Filed 4/30/14 P. v. Parker CA2/1 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION ONE 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

DION C. PARKER, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 B247405 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. MA047683) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. David 

Walgren, Judge. Affirmed as modified. 

 Lynda A. Romero, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Eric E. Reynolds and Thomas C. 

Hsieh, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

__________________________________ 
2

 Dion Parker (Parker) appeals from a judgment entered after a jury found him 

guilty of second degree murder and assault on a child causing death involving his eightmonth-old daughter. The trial court sentenced him to 25 years to life in prison. He 

contends neither conviction is supported by substantial evidence. We reject this 

contention. He also contends, and the Attorney General concedes, he is entitled to one 

additional day of custody credit. We modify the judgment to correct Parker’s custody 

credits. As so modified, we affirm the judgment. 

BACKGROUND

Prosecution Evidence

The victim, baby Dionne Parker (Dionne), was the daughter of Parker and Barbara 

Sloan. Dionne was born in early April 2009. Parker first met his daughter Dionne in 

July 2009, when she was two months old. Thereafter, Parker helped Sloan care for 

Dionne. During Dionne’s life, Sloan started consuming alcohol “a lot” and taking the 

drug ecstasy. Taking care of Dionne sometimes overwhelmed Sloan and she would ask 

Parker or other relatives to watch Dionne. 

Around the time of the December 8, 2009 incident, Parker usually stayed at 

Sloan’s home a few nights a week with Sloan, her eight-year-old son Romeo, and 

Dionne. Parker would spend the other nights of the week at a cousin’s home. For a few 

nights leading up to December 8, 2009, Parker had been staying at Sloan’s home with 

Sloan, Romeo and Dionne. 

The December 8, 2009 incident and investigation 

 Eight-month-old Dionne had been ill with a cold for about a week and was fussy 

and crying during the evening of December 7, 2009. Dionne slept that night in bed with 

Sloan and Romeo. Parker slept on the couch in the living room. This was their normal 

sleeping arrangement in the days leading up to December 8, 2009. Dionne woke early on 

December 8, 2009, at about 7:00 a.m. According to Sloan’s trial testimony, Dionne was 

“ready to play” and was not crying that morning. Sloan asked Parker if he could take 

Dionne out of the bedroom so she “could get a couple more minutes of sleep.” Parker 
3

brought Dionne to the living room, placed her in her playpen, and he went back to the 

couch. 

 Sloan and Romeo left home at about 8:00 a.m. on December 8, 2009. Sloan’s 

cousin Roisha picked them up. Roisha dropped off Romeo at the corner so he could walk 

to school with his friends. She drove Sloan to her home so Sloan could help her babysit. 

Roisha lived close to Sloan, “[j]ust a couple houses away on the other block.” When 

Sloan left, Dionne was still in her playpen and Parker was on the couch. Dionne was 

wearing “[a] onesie.” 

 Thirty to 40 minutes later, Parker knocked on the door of Roisha’s home. Parker 

was holding Dionne, who was wrapped in a towel and wearing only a diaper. Sloan 

noticed that Dionne had blood on the bottom of her lip and was having difficulty 

breathing. Dionne did not have blood on her lip when Sloan left home. Sloan talked to 

Dionne but the baby was unresponsive. Sloan asked Parker what happened. Parker told 

her Dionne “pooped on herself,” so he left her on the couch and went to get the bath 

ready. When he returned, Dionne was not breathing. Sloan did not see any feces on 

Dionne. Parker also stated that he had tried to give Dionne CPR before leaving Sloan’s 

home. He continued to try to administer CPR at Roisha’s home. At 8:43 a.m., Sloan 

dialed 911. 

 Sergeant Theresa Dawson from the Lancaster Sheriff’s Station was the first 

responder to arrive at Roisha’s home. Parker, Sloan, Roisha and two small children were 

outside, frantically waving at Sergeant Dawson and yelling for her to come inside and 

attend to the baby who was not breathing. Parker appeared excited and concerned, and 

he adamantly asked about the whereabouts of the ambulance. Sergeant Dawson observed 

Dionne on the couch “with her arm[s] outstretched to her sides, laying there motionless 

with her eyes fixed open.” Dionne was not blinking or moving. She was limp when 

Sergeant Dawson picked her up. Dionne’s skin was discolored, but Sergeant Dawson did 

not notice any injuries on her, other than a “scratch” or “little white mark” on her neck. 

Sergeant Dawson checked Dionne, but could not hear breath sounds or feel a pulse. She 

began administering CPR. At that point, she noticed that Dionne had a cut on her lip and 
4

an injury in her mouth. There was a red substance on Dionne’s mouth. Other deputies 

from the Lancaster Sheriff’s Station arrived. After another minute or two, fire 

department personnel arrived and the paramedics took over administering CPR. 

 When Deputy Kenneth Saylor arrived at Roisha’s home, Parker was still outside 

asking about the paramedics who were not yet on the scene. Deputy Saylor went inside 

and saw Sergeant Dawson administering CPR to Dionne. He observed Dionne and 

noticed blood on her lip, but he did not notice any bruising on her face.

1

 Deputy Saylor 

went back outside and asked Parker what had happened to Dionne. Parker told the 

deputy the same story he had told Sloan—that Dionne “had a messy diaper,” so he left 

her to go get the bath ready, and when he returned she was having trouble breathing and 

was wheezing. He tried to administer CPR. Parker explained that there was no telephone 

at Sloan’s home, so he ran with the baby to Roisha’s home so Sloan could dial 911 on her 

cell phone. Deputy Saylor asked Parker about the blood on Dionne’s lip. Parker stated 

that Dionne had fallen off the bed a week or two before December 8, 2009. Deputy 

Saylor also asked Parker if Dionne had been sick. Parker stated that Dionne had been 

coughing and crying. 

 Deputy Saylor and Parker went inside Roisha’s home. The paramedics questioned 

Parker about what had happened to Dionne. Parker told them the same things he had told 

Deputy Saylor about the messy diaper and the bath and returning to find Dionne having 

difficulty breathing. He also told the paramedics that Dionne had fallen two feet off the 

bed onto carpeted ground a week or two before December 8, 2009. The paramedics 

asked Parker if he had sought medical treatment for Dionne after the fall and he stated he 

had not. 

 1

When Deputy Chris Voda first arrived at Roisha’s home and observed Dionne he 

noticed “red fluid around her lip area,” but he did not notice bruising on her forehead. 

Later, after paramedics arrived and took over administering CPR from Sergeant Dawson, 

Deputy Voda noticed bruising on Dionne’s forehead and “a small white scratch on her 

neck.” 
5

 Parker told Sergeant Dawson that Dionne had been sick for a “week and a half or 

two,” and “she had been extremely fussy,” and Parker “had been trying to console her 

and he wasn’t able to do that.” Sergeant Dawson asked Parker if Dionne had suffered 

any injuries. Parker said Dionne had sustained a cut on her lip when she fell off the bed 

about a week before December 8, 2009. Sergeant Dawson asked Parker “if he had gotten 

medical treatment for the child, and he said no.” After hearing Parker’s statements to 

paramedics and questioning him herself, Sergeant Dawson contacted the child abuse unit, 

the Special Victim’s Bureau, because “things weren’t adding up” and “didn’t feel right.” 

Dionne was transported to Antelope Valley Hospital. Deputy Saylor collected a 

towel with spots of blood on it from the couch in Roisha’s home where paramedics had 

been administering CPR to Dionne. 

Deputies drove Parker to Sloan’s home so Parker could put on appropriate 

clothing and shoes before going to the hospital. Sergeant Dawson met them at Sloan’s 

home shortly thereafter. She wanted to see the location and have Parker explain to her 

how Dionne had fallen a week or two before. When Sergeant Dawson entered Sloan’s 

home, she saw “a brown substance like a splash” on the heater or air conditioning unit 

that she thought might have been blood. She also observed possible blood stains on a 

pillow and blankets in the playpen, and a spot on a couch cushion which was on the floor 

in the living room. In the bedroom, she noticed a “brown substance on the wall behind 

the bed where the headboard was” and a brown substance on a pillow. 

Deputy Voda conducted a videotaped interview of Parker at Sloan’s home. The 

prosecutor showed the video to the jury. A transcript of that interview is included in the 

record on appeal. Parker told Deputy Voda the same things he had told the deputies and 

paramedics at Roisha’s home about the messy diaper and the bath and returning to find 

Dionne having difficulty breathing. Parker also told Deputy Voda that Dionne had been 

congested, and on December 7, 2009, “she was crying all day, crying, crying, crying, 

crying, crying.” Deputy Voda asked Parker about “the last time” Dionne fell off the bed 

and Parker said it was “a couple of days ago.” Parker stated that Dionne “messed her lip 

up” as a result of that fall. Parker denied that Dionne had fallen on December 8, 2009. 
6

Detective Cecilia Barragan, a deputy with the Special Victim’s Bureau, went to 

Antelope Valley Hospital on December 8, 2009 and observed Dionne. Her partner, 

detective Timothy O’Quinn, took photographs of Dionne before doctors took her into 

surgery. The prosecutor showed the photographs to the jury. The photographs depict 

bruising on the right side of Dionne’s face, “from the upper portion of her forehead down 

to her lower ear,” “a large bump on her head along with dark bruising from the front of 

her head down the left side,” a scratch on her neck, a “bite mark” on her left shoulder, 

and bruising, swelling and scratches with dried blood on her feet. 

Detectives Barragan and O’Quinn interviewed Parker at Antelope Valley Hospital. 

The prosecutor played an audio recording of the interview for the jury. A transcript of 

that interview is included in the record on appeal. Parker told the detectives the same 

things he had said earlier about the messy diaper and the bath and returning to find 

Dionne having difficulty breathing. Detective O’Quinn asked Parker if Dionne had fallen 

off the bed the night before when she was sleeping with Sloan, and Parker said he did not 

believe she had. O’Quinn also asked Parker if Dionne had any marks or bruises on her 

that morning. Parker mentioned a bruise on her forehead and a cut on her lip from when 

she had fallen off the bed onto the carpet a few days before. Parker stated that Dionne 

had acted normally after that fall. 

The detectives showed Parker a photograph of bruising on Dionne’s head, and 

Parker said the bruising must have resulted from the fall off the bed. The detectives also 

showed Parker a photograph of a scar on Dionne’s neck. According to Parker, Sloan said 

a picture frame fell on Dionne and cut her neck about a month before when Dionne 

reached for something and the picture fell. Parker stated a photograph of Dionne’s arm 

showed a bite mark Dionne sustained when Sloan left Dionne with her sister and her 

sister’s children.

2

 Parker believed one of the children had bitten Dionne. The detectives 

told Parker it appeared that Dionne’s toenails had been crushed. Parker stated Dionne 

 2

Sloan’s sister and her sister’s children had lived temporarily at Sloan’s home 

during the latter part of Dionne’s life. 
7

had a habit of putting her feet in her mouth and Sloan told him that was why her toenails 

looked like that. The detectives showed Parker photographs of the marks on Dionne’s 

ankles and Parker said he believed those injuries resulted from the prior fall. When 

Detective O’Quinn told Parker that Dionne had a fresh brain injury which “happened 

within the last several hours,” Parker responded, “It couldn’t have.” 

Detective Barragan went to Sloan’s home with a search warrant and the assistance 

of technicians from the crime lab. In searching the premises she exited the back door and 

discovered a washing machine and a dryer. Inside the washing machine were baby 

clothes (a white onesie, a green and white sleeper and a pair of white socks), which were 

soaking wet.

3

 The clothes were examined and there were no blood stains found on them. 

A criminalist determined that blood stains on a pillow from the playpen, another pillow, a 

towel, and the front of the washing machine were from Dionne’s blood.

4

 

Parker agreed to go to Detective O’Quinn’s office on December 8, 2009 for a 

further interview. Deputy Scott Mitchell conducted a videotaped interview there. The 

prosecutor showed the video to the jury. A transcript of that interview is included in the 

record on appeal. Parker told Deputy Mitchell he had a lot of stress in his life because he 

had been unable to find a job. He also stated that Dionne “crie[d] a lot” and it was 

frustrating. Parker told Deputy Mitchell he dropped Dionne twice. He explained that he 

was “scared” and “didn’t mean to do this to my daughter.” Parker stated that a couple of 

days before, when Dionne “was just so fussy,” he put her on the couch and she fell off. 

He said the same thing happened again on the morning of December 8, 2009—he put 

Dionne on the couch so he could get the bath ready to clean her up after she pooped, and 

he turned around and she fell off the couch onto the hardwood floor. He told Deputy 

 3

Sloan testified at trial that she did not put those items in the washing machine 

and she did not know if they were in the washing machine when she left home in the 

morning on December 8, 2009. 

4

Sloan testified that when she left home in the morning on December 8, 2009, she 

had not seen the dark reddish spots on the pillow in the playpen and on a towel and a 

pillow in her bed, depicted in photographs shown at trial. 
8

Mitchell, “That’s the honest to God truth” about what happened on December 8, 2009. 

Parker added, “I got frustrated, I dropped her.” 

Later in the interview, Parker told Deputy Mitchell he would tell him the truth 

about what happened that morning. Parker stated that Dionne had been crying since the 

day before, and she continued to cry when he placed her in her playpen that morning so 

Sloan could go back to sleep. On a scale of 1 to 10, Parker’s frustration level was at an 8. 

After Sloan and Romeo left, Parker tried giving Dionne a pacifier and then a bottle, but 

she would not take either one and she continued to cry. In describing Dionne’s 

demeanor, Parker stated, “And it wasn’t no cries, it was screaming like, you know like 

‘AAHHHHH, AAHHHHH!’” Parker changed Dionne’s diaper after she pooped, but that 

did not calm her down. He walked around holding her and patting her. Parker stated: 

“So I’m walking around like, ‘Citas [Dionne’s nickname], okay, okay, okay, okay, and 

by then it’s just like my head, just the crying, my head is pounding, you know pounding. 

I just wanted to get her to be quiet. So I’m walking around the house, walking around the 

house, walking around the house, and she’s still screaming and screaming and screaming. 

So then I just yell, ‘AAAAHHHHH!’, and when I went, ‘AAAAHHHHH!’, she fell.” 

Parker further explained that “when [he] just lost it” and screamed, “AAAHHH!”, he put 

both hands up to his head and dropped Dionne. Parker believed Dionne hit the floor head 

first. He denied that she bled. He also denied that he threw Dionne on the floor, but 

admitted he dropped her on the floor and allowed her to fall because he was frustrated. 

Deputy Mitchell told Parker it appeared that Dionne had two bumps on her 

forehead and he asked Parker how she sustained the other one. Parker stated that a 

couple of days to a week before December 8, 2009, he was not feeling well and he passed 

out while holding Dionne, and they both fell to the ground head first. Parker sustained 

facial injuries, which he pointed out to Deputy Mitchell, and he claimed that Dionne 

sustained bruising to her face. When he regained consciousness, Dionne was lying 

beside him on the floor. She was not crying. Parker called Sloan and told her to come 

home. After Sloan came home, Parker was throwing up blood for the rest of the day. 

Deputy Mitchell told Parker there was blood found in Dionne’s playpen, and Parker said 
9

it was from the day he passed out because Dionne cut her lip when they fell. Parker did 

not take Dionne to the doctor on that occasion because he could not find a ride.

5

 

After this interview, Detective O’Quinn transported Parker to the Lancaster 

Sheriff’s Station. Parker asked the detective if he could write a letter to Sloan. Detective 

O’Quinn agreed. In the letter, Parker stated that he dropped Dionne by accident. He 

explained that Dionne was screaming, so he screamed, and he grabbed his head with both 

hands, not remembering that Dionne was in his arms.

6

Sergeant Dawson saw Parker at the Lancaster Sheriff’s Station at about 7:00 p.m. 

on December 8, 2009. He approached her and said, “‘I’m sorry I lied to you earlier about 

what happened.’” Parker told her “he had the baby on his shoulder, and she was fussy, 

and he couldn’t get her to stop crying, and he just got frustrated and he went ‘Wheooo,’” 

and he threw his hands up in the air in front of him. 

No witness who testified at trial had seen Parker inflict any injury on Dionne. 

Testimony from Dionne’s treating physicians regarding her injuries

Dr. Mukesh Misra is a neurosurgeon who performed brain surgery on Dionne on 

December 8, 2009 at Antelope Valley Hospital. Dionne had “a very large blood clot in 

 5

At trial, Sloan, Parker’s mother (Cora Martin), and Parker’s cousin (Jarvis 

Breatlove) all testified that Parker had told them before December 8, 2009 about the 

incident during which he had passed out while holding Dionne. Prior to December 8, 

2009, Sloan had seen a bruise on Dionne’s left eye and a bruise on the back of Dionne’s 

head that she attributed to Dionne falling when Parker passed out. Sloan also was aware 

prior to December 8, 2009 of the scratch mark on Dionne’s neck from the picture frame 

and of injuries to Dionne’s two big toenails from putting her feet in her mouth. She was 

not aware of any other visible injuries on Dionne’s body at the time she left home in the 

morning on December 8, 2009. A bite mark Dionne had sustained on her shoulder in 

October 2009 from an unknown source already had healed, according to Sloan. Sloan 

testified that she did not inflict any injuries on Dionne, but she felt like she failed to 

protect her because she did not know about all of Dionne’s injuries and where they came 

from. After Dionne died, Sloan pleaded guilty to felony child abuse and served half of a 

four-year sentence. 

6

The trial exhibits were transmitted to this court and we have reviewed them, 

including Parker’s handwritten letter (People’s Exh. No. 40). 
10

her brain” that “was causing a tremendous amount of pressure into the brain.” Dr. Misra 

opened Dionne’s skull and removed the blood clot. The bleeding in Dionne’s brain was 

“acute,” meaning that it was from a recent injury. The blood was bright red. There was 

no darker blood in her brain which would have indicated an older injury. The membranes 

in her brain “were recently bruised and fresh from the recent trauma.” The bleeding in 

Dionne’s brain was not consistent with a “rebleed” from a prior brain injury. Based on 

what Dr. Misra saw when he operated on Dionne, he determined that the injury would 

have been instantaneously incapacitating. A rebleed typically does not cause 

instantaneous incapacitation. After surgery, Dionne was transferred to Loma Linda 

Children’s Hospital for further care. 

Dr. Amy Young is a forensic pediatrician at Loma Linda Children’s Hospital, who 

is board certified in child abuse pediatrics. On December 9, 2009, Dr. Young was called 

in to consult on Dionne’s case. Dionne was in a coma after her craniotomy at Antelope 

Valley Hospital. Dr. Young observed Dionne and photographed her injuries. The 

prosecutor showed the photographs to the jury. 

Dionne’s feet were swollen, with “curve linear bruising” on the top and bottom, 

gouge marks and scabs on the ankle and heel, bruising on her toes and blood under her 

big toenails. According to Dr. Young, the curve linear bruising was consistent with bite 

marks caused by adult teeth. The toe injuries were consistent with “a crush injury to the 

toe.” The injuries to Dionne’s feet appeared recent, or acute, based on the nature of the 

swelling, redness and bruising. 

Dionne also had bite marks on both of her thighs, her left knee, her left upper arm, 

and both of her hands, which appeared recent based on the swelling, redness and 

bruising. Abrasions on her neck were consistent with a recent strangulation injury.

7

 Dr. 

Young also observed an older injury on Dionne’s neck where the scab had fallen off. 

 7

A photograph of Sloan’s living room taken after the incident shows a belt on the 

floor near a Christmas tree. Sloan testified that she did not see the belt when she left 

home in the morning on December 8, 2009, and she did not know whose belt it was. 
11

Dionne also had a “very distinct S-shaped marking on her nose” and some of the skin on 

her nose had been rubbed off. 

 According to Dr. Young, “Dionne had a lot of pretty significant mouth injuries,” 

which appeared recent and bled when Dr. Young touched them. The skin along her 

bottom lip and onto her chin was rubbed off. She had a large cut inside her upper lip 

where the tissue (the frenulum) had torn away from the base. She had puncture wounds 

inside her lower lip. Dr. Young believed the cause of these injuries was “multifactorial,” 

consistent with smothering, something being shoved into Dionne’s mouth, and being 

struck in the face. Dr. Young did not believe these injuries could have been caused by 

intubation or CPR. 

 Dionne had swelling and bruising on her upper eyelids and her mid-forehead. She 

had a patch of broken hair on the other side of her head from where she had surgery, 

consistent with her hair being pulled out. X-rays showed two fractures on each of 

Dionne’s legs, and a fracture on each of Dionne’s arms. Most of the fractures appeared 

two to three weeks old. One fracture on Dionne’s arm, a chip off the bone on her right 

humerus, appeared recent because there was no evidence that it had started to heal. 

 Photographs of Dionne’s eyes showed hemorrhaging. Dr. Young explained that, 

“In her right eye, basically all the normal retina had been obliterated.” There was only 

“hemorrhage and blood in her retina.” There was a fold inside the retina, meaning that 

“there ha[d] been injury to the retina that ha[d] taken the retina and split it and pushed it 

up on itself.” There also were “blood hemorrhages that go throughout the entire retina in 

the left eye” as well as “a fold in her left eye.” Photographs of Dionne’s left eye showed 

“very little normal retina.” According to Dr. Young, “this is the most severe eye findings 

you can see in an infant.” These eye injuries were consistent with “massive acceleration 

deceleration” of the head which “can pull traction on the retina and causes the retina to 

fold on itself.” Injuries such as these had been documented in cases where children were 

in car accidents and ejected from the car. 

 C.T. scans depicted blood in the subdural and subarachnoid spaces of Dionne’s 

brain. The scans also depicted a skull fracture in the back of Dionne’s head in the right 
12

side of her occipital bone, which appeared to extend into the temporal bone at the base of 

her skull. 

 Dr. Young opined that the cause of the injuries to Dionne’s retinas and brain “was 

repeated acceleration deceleration in conjunction with some sort of blunt impact.” These 

injuries were not caused by someone tossing Dionne in the air,

8

 jiggling her to calm her 

down, dropping her onto a hardwood floor while holding her at shoulder level, or a fall 

from a couch or a bed. The injuries were caused by “a very violent act” like “swinging a 

baby around and impact[ing] their head on something.” Dr. Young had treated children 

who had fallen out of two-story windows who did not have the severity of injuries 

Dionne had. The symptoms Dionne experienced on December 8, 2009 would have 

occurred immediately after she was injured. Her injuries were not consistent with a 

rebleed from a prior injury. Dr. Young testified that Dionne could not have sustained the 

injuries to her retinas and brain prior to the date she lost consciousness. 

 Dionne died on December 12, 2009, after being declared brain dead. 

Defense Evidence

 Dr. David Posey, a forensic pathologist, testified for Parker. He believed Dionne’s 

C.T. scans showed an acute (recent) brain injury from a fall on December 8, 2009, and a 

subacute (older) brain injury which had occurred four to eight days before. A radiologist 

from Antelope Valley Hospital noted a subacute injury. Dr. Posey examined microscopic 

slides from Dionne’s autopsy and “saw evidence of a fresh, or acute, bleed” in her brain, 

and also saw “the presence of a very thin membrane,” indicating a subacute injury in the 

brain. Dr. Posey opined that a second injury from a fall on December 8, 2009 caused a 

rebleed of an older brain injury. Dr. Posey stated that the fracture in Dionne’s skull 

appeared to be “an old fracture that’s healing,” and could be related to the subacute bleed. 

The hemorrhages in her eyes were due to swelling in her brain. Dr. Posey did not 

observe evidence of a blunt force injury which would have caused the optic hemorrhages. 

 8

Parker’s mother, Cora Martin, testified that she had seen Sloan and Romeo throw 

Dionne in the air. 
13

There was no bump on Dionne’s head visible in the coroner’s photographs which 

indicated an impact site. Dr. Posey believed Dionne’s injuries were consistent with 

Dionne falling when Parker passed out and then Dionne falling again a few days later 

when Parker dropped her. The brain injury on December 8, 2009 would not have been 

lethal if not for the subacute injury. Dr. Posey did not believe the acute injury was 

caused by excessive force. 

 In discussing Dionne’s other injuries, Dr. Posey stated that he could not date the 

bruises on Dionne’s body absent an examination of tissue samples reviewed under a 

microscope. He did not believe marks on Dionne’s neck were indicative of strangulation 

because there did not appear to be damage beneath the skin. Scabs and bite marks on 

Dionne’s body appeared to be older injuries that occurred before December 8, 2009, 

because there was evidence of healing. Dr. Posey believed the torn frenulum in Dionne’s 

mouth was caused by intubation or resuscitation efforts. 

 Parker’s mother, Cora Martin, testified for the defense. She also testified for the 

prosecution. In the defense case, she stated that when she first saw Dionne on July 2, 

2009, before Parker had begun caring for her, she was dirty, smelled bad and appeared 

not to have been bathed in days. On November 28, 2009, Martin observed a cut on 

Dionne’s ear after Dionne had been with Sloan. On one occasion, Martin saw Sloan grab 

and twist Romeo’s arm. Between July and November 2009, Martin noticed that Dionne 

had a bald spot on her head. 

Verdicts and Sentencing

 The jury found Parker guilty of second degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. 

(a);

9

 count 1), and assault on a child causing death (§ 273ab; count 2). The trial court 

sentenced Parker to 25 years to life on count 2, and imposed and stayed a term of 15 

years to life on count 1. 

 9

Further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
14

DISCUSSION 

Sufficiency of Evidence Supporting Convictions

 Parker contends neither of his two convictions is supported by substantial 

evidence. With regard to his second degree murder conviction, he argues there is 

insufficient evidence demonstrating he acted with malice aforethought, either express or 

implied. With regard to his conviction for assault on a child causing death, he argues 

there is insufficient evidence demonstrating he acted with an awareness of facts “that 

would lead a reasonable person to realize that his act by its nature would probably result 

in great bodily injury to the child.” 

 “In assessing a claim of insufficiency of evidence, the reviewing court’s task is to 

review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether 

it discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of 

solid value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The federal standard of review is to the same effect: Under 

principles of federal due process, review for sufficiency of evidence entails not the 

determination whether the reviewing court itself believes the evidence at trial establishes 

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but, instead, whether, after viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] The standard of 

review is the same in cases in which the prosecution relies mainly on circumstantial 

evidence. [Citation.]” “‘“‘“If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s 

findings, the opinion of the reviewing court that the circumstances might also reasonably 

be reconciled with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment.”’ 

[Citations.]”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.) 

Second degree murder

 The unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought is murder. (§ 

187, subd. (a).) As set forth in section 188, “Such malice may be express or implied. It 

is express when there is manifested a deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life 

of a fellow creature. It is implied, when no considerable provocation appears, or when 
15

the circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. [¶] 

When it is shown that the killing resulted from the intentional doing of an act with 

express or implied malice as defined above, no other mental state need be shown to 

establish the mental state of malice aforethought. Neither an awareness of the obligation 

to act within the general body of laws regulating society nor acting despite such 

awareness is included within the definition of malice.” 

 California courts “have interpreted implied malice as having ‘both a physical and a 

mental component. The physical component is satisfied by the performance of “an act, 

the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life.” [Citation.] The mental 

component is the requirement that the defendant “knows that his conduct endangers the 

life of another and . . . acts with a conscious disregard for life.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” 

(People v. Chun (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1172, 1181.) “An act is dangerous to life, for 

purposes of implied malice, when there is a high probability it will result in death.” 

(People v. Calderon (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1301, 1310.) 

 “‘Implied malice, like all other elements of a crime, may be proven by 

circumstantial evidence. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘The very nature of implied malice . . . 

invites consideration of the circumstances preceding the fatal act. [Citations.]’ 

[Citation.]” (People v. James (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 244, 277-278.) 

 Substantial evidence presented at trial demonstrates Parker acted with implied 

malice when he inflicted injuries on Dionne on December 8, 2009 which resulted in her 

death. Dionne was alert and ready to play when Sloan and Romeo left home in the 

morning on December 8, 2009. After being in Parker’s sole care for a period of about 40 

minutes, she stopped breathing. The medical evidence presented by the prosecution 

indicates that the lethal brain injuries Dionne suffered were inflicted on December 8, 

2009 by violent acts consistent with repeated acceleration and deceleration—shaking or 

swinging—in conjunction with blunt impact. Such acts obviously are dangerous to the 

life of an eight-month-old baby. The severity of the injuries inflicted on Dionne—the 

retinal hemorrhaging and folds, and the bleeding in the brain—indicate that Parker acted 

with a conscious disregard for Dionne’s life. He was frustrated and angry and wanted to 
16

silence Dionne’s unrelenting cries. Parker’s repeated lies about the manner in which 

Dionne sustained her injuries—that she had not fallen or hit her head, but had merely 

stopped breathing when he went to get the bath ready—indicate he knew his conduct 

endangered her life. 

 Parker asks this court to ignore the medical evidence presented by the prosecution 

and make a finding that Parker accidentally dropped Dionne on December 8, 2009. This 

we cannot do in applying the substantial evidence test. It was the jury’s task to determine 

the credibility of witnesses. 

Assault on a child causing death

 Section 273ab, subdivision (a), states, in pertinent part: “Any person, having the 

care or custody of a child who is under eight years of age, who assaults the child by 

means of force that to a reasonable person would be likely to produce great bodily injury, 

resulting in the child’s death, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 25 

years to life.” “[A] defendant may be guilty of an assault with the meaning of section 

273ab if he acts with awareness of facts that would lead a reasonable person to realize 

that great bodily injury would directly, naturally, and probably result from his act. 

[Citation.] The defendant, however, need not know or be subjectively aware that his act 

is capable of causing great bodily injury. [Citation.] This means the requisite mens rea 

may be found even when the defendant honestly believes his act is not likely to result in 

such injury.” (People v. Wyatt (2010) 48 Cal.4th 776, 781.) 

 The substantial evidence demonstrating Parker acted with implied malice when he 

inflicted injuries on Dionne on December 8, 2009, summarized above, also demonstrates 

Parker acted with an awareness of facts that would lead a reasonable person to realize 

that great bodily injury would directly, naturally, and probably result from his act. The 

evidence indicates Parker engaged in violent acts against this eight-month-old baby 

which caused instantaneous symptoms including respiratory arrest. We need not further 

summarize that evidence here. 
17

Custody Credits

 Based on defense counsel’s calculation, the trial court awarded Parker 1,185 days 

of presentence custody credit. Parker contends and the Attorney General concedes he is 

entitled to 1,186 days of actual custody credit because he was arrested on December 8, 

2009 and sentenced on March 7, 2013. On or about August 7, 2013, Parker made a 

written request to the trial court for correction of his custody credits. As of the date he 

filed his appellate reply brief, January 23, 2014, Parker had not received notification that 

the trial court had corrected his credits. In the event it has not done so already, we order 

the trial court to make the correction. 

DISPOSITION

 The trial court is ordered to correct the judgment to reflect that Parker is awarded 

1,186 days of actual presentence custody credit. As so modified, the judgment is 

affirmed. The clerk of the superior court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of 

judgment and to forward it to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED. 

 CHANEY, J. 

We concur: 

 ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J. 

 MILLER, J.*

 *

 Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant 

to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.