IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-23-00044-CR

STEVENSON RANDOLPH CARL,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 19th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2019-2197-C1

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant, Stevenson Randolph Carl, was charged by indictment with five counts 

of possession of child pornography. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 43.26. Carl filed a 

motion to suppress, arguing that items seized during a search of his residence should be 

suppressed because the acquisition of Carl’s subscriber information by use of 

“investigative software” to determine Carl’s IP address and an administrative subpoena 
Carl v. State Page 2

constituted a violation of his rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution and article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV; 

see also TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9. After a hearing, the trial court denied Carl’s motion to 

suppress.

After the denial of his motion to suppress, Carl entered an open plea of guilty to 

the charged offenses without any recommendation from the State. The trial court 

accepted Carl’s guilty plea, found him guilty, and assessed punishment at ten years in 

prison for each of the first four counts and two years in prison for the fifth count. The 

trial court ordered the first four counts to run concurrently and the fifth count to run 

consecutive to the first four counts. This appeal followed.

In his sole issue on appeal, Carl contends that the trial court abused its discretion 

by denying his motion to suppress. We affirm.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a 

bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2007). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not engage in our own factual review. 

Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The trial judge is the sole 

trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their 

testimony. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Therefore, we give 

almost total deference to the trial court’s rulings on (1) questions of historical fact, even if 
Carl v. State Page 3

the trial court’s determination of those facts was not based on an evaluation of credibility 

and demeanor; and (2) application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of 

credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; see Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 

101, 108-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). But we review de novo the trial court’s determination 

of the law and its application of law to facts that do not turn upon an evaluation of 

credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673.

When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we must view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; 

see State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the trial court makes 

explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most 

favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those fact findings. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818-

19. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo, unless the trial court made 

explicit findings of fact supported by the record that are dispositive of the legal issue. Id.

at 819.

Analysis

In his sole issue on appeal, Carl contends that child pornography seized from his 

residence based on the search warrant should have been suppressed because the search 

for Carl’s subscriber information required a search warrant, similar to the collection of

cell-site location information (“CSLI”), and because a subpoena cannot be a substitute for 

a search warrant. We disagree.
Carl v. State Page 4

APPLICABLE LAW

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 

of the Texas Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures by 

government officials. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9; see Wiede, 214 

S.W.3d at 24; Hunter v. State, 92 S.W.3d 596, 601 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. ref’d). 

Generally, officers must obtain a warrant before they can examine an individual’s private 

property. See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S. Ct. 507, 514, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 

(1967); see also State v. Rodriguez, 529 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2015), aff’d, 521 

S.W.3d 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). In the past, a violation of the right against unreasonable 

search and seizure was a matter of trespass, but in Katz, the United States Supreme Court 

stated that individuals may be protected from unreasonable searches and seizures if they 

demonstrate an expectation of privacy. Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2213, 

201 L. Ed. 2d 507 (2018); United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400, 407-08, 132 S. Ct. 945, 950-51, 

181 L. Ed. 2d 911 (2012); Katz, 389 U.S. at 353, 88 S. Ct., at 512; Sims v. State, 569 S.W.3d 

634, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). Whether a legitimate expectation of privacy exists is a 

question of law. Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The 

defendant bears the burden of proving facts establishing a legitimate expectation of 

privacy. Id. at 138. “To carry this burden, the accused must normally prove: (1) that by 

his conduct, he exhibited an actual subjective expectation of privacy, i.e., a genuine 

intention to preserve something as private; and (2) that circumstances existed under 
Carl v. State Page 5

which society was prepared to recognize his subjective expectation as reasonable.” Id.

(citing Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S. Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L. Ed. 220 (1979)); see 

Sims, 569 S.W.3d at 643; see also Rodriguez, 529 S.W.3d at 87.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Carl contends that he has a privacy interest in his subscriber 

information such that a search warrant was required to obtain this information. Texas 

courts and courts throughout the country have held that an individual does not have a 

reasonable expectation of privacy in subscriber information provided to an Internet 

Service Provider. See Russo v. State, 228 S.W.3d 779, 802 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. 

ref’d) (citing numerous cases from the federal system and other states holding that there 

is no Fourth Amendment protection against the disclosure of subscriber information by 

Internet Service Providers because there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in 

subscriber information provided to Internet Service Providers); see also Chavis v. State, 

2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6838, at *14 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 26, 2011, pet. ref’d); accord 

United States v. Bynum, 604 F.3d 161, 164 (4th Cir. 2010) (noting that every federal court 

that has addressed the issue has held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in 

subscriber information), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 3442, 177 L. Ed. 347 (2010); Guest v. Leis, 

255 F.3d 325, 336 (6th Cir. 2001) (noting that “computer users do not have a legitimate 

expectation in their subscriber information because they have conveyed it to another 

person—the system operator”); United States v. Hambrick, 55 F. Supp. 504, 507-09 (W.D. 
Carl v. State Page 6

Va. 1999) (holding that an individual has no reasonable expectation of privacy in his 

name, address, social security number, credit card number, screen name, and proof of 

Internet connection obtained from an Internet Service Provider because “a person has no 

legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third 

parties”).

Moreover, Carl does not direct us to any authority specifically holding that he has 

a privacy interest in his subscriber information such that a search warrant was required 

to obtain this information. Rather, Carl attempts to analogize the procurement of his 

subscriber information to CSLI. See generally Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2206. However, we 

note that the Court of Criminal Appeals has emphasized that a recognized expectation of 

privacy in CSLI records must be decided on a case-by-case basis and that short-term 

surveillance of CSLI does not violate a person’s legitimate expectation of privacy. See 

Sims, 569 S.W.3d at 645-46. In addition, we also note that Carl’s conduct did not exhibit 

an actual expectation of privacy.

In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court noted the following:

Sgt. Gary Marquis, with the Attorney General’s Child Exploitation Unit, 

began an investigation with peer-to-peer cases on BitTorrent network. 

Peer-to-peer is a network which shares files from one device to another 

device if the devices have the same software. One of the software types is 

BitTorrent, that allows file sharing, is an open software program that is 

available to anyone who chooses to download it on their electronic device. 

BitTorrent is an open software program which means there is no reasonable 

expectation of privacy.
Carl v. State Page 7

Sgt. Marquis, using a law enforcement program authorized by 

statute, opened his software to begin looking for “info hashes.” The 

software looks for the info hashes which denotes files of interest that are 

known to contain child pornography. The software indicated a device 

contained the info hashes which indicated said device contained child 

pornography. The law enforcement software further identifies the IP 

address of the device that is openly sharing information which further 

means there is no reasonable expectation of privacy.

The IP address provider is found by using a public database; 

“www.what’smyIPaddress.com.[“] Thereafter, after additional 

surveillance, investigation, and the issuance of an administrative subpoena 

authorized by the Government Code Section 422.002 to obtain subscriber 

information, Sgt. Marquis obtained the address of the identified IP address 

user.

Thereafter, a Search Warrant was issued based upon probable cause 

that the defendant lived at the target address and used a device with the 

identified IP address which share the info hash that was consistent with 

known child pornography.

None of the technology used by Sergeant Marquis intruded on Carl’s reasonable 

expectation of privacy. Indeed, the fact that Sergeant Marquis used open software that 

allows peer-to-peer file sharing and a law-enforcement program authorized by statute to 

determine the IP address of the device Carl used to download child pornography 

lessened any reasonable expectation of privacy Carl has in the IP address. See Brackens v. 

State, 312 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet ref’d) (“[A] private 

party search can destroy an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy if the 

individual’s conduct or activity or the circumstances of the situation significantly lessen 

the defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy by creating a reasonably foreseeable 

risk of intrusion by private parties. In such a situation, any subsequent law enforcement 
Carl v. State Page 8

search must be limited in scope to the private party’s legitimate search.” (citing United 

States v. Barth, 26 F. Supp. 2d 929, 937 (W.D. Tex. 1998)).

Carl also complains about Sergeant Marquis’s use of section 422.033 of the Texas 

Government Code to obtain the issuance of an administrative subpoena to gather further 

identifying information. Carl emphasizes that law enforcement must obtain a search 

warrant for the information gleaned from the section 422.033 administrative subpoena 

because he has a privacy interest in his subscriber information. As we concluded earlier, 

Carl did not demonstrate that he has a privacy interest in his subscriber information. 

Therefore, a search warrant was not required to obtain his subscriber information. 

Furthermore, the administrative subpoena procured by Sergeant Marquis is authorized 

by statute, and Carl has not cited any authority holding that section 422.033 is invalid or 

unconstitutional. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 422.033(a) (“The attorney general shall 

assist persons authorized under this section in obtaining administrative subpoenas to 

investigate and prosecute offenses that involve the Internet-based sexual exploitation of 

a minor.”); see id. § 422.033(b) (noting that an administrative subpoena may issue to 

require the production of records and documents if (1) “the subpoena relates to an 

investigation of an offense that involves the sexual exploitation of a minor”; and (2) “there 

is reasonable cause to believe that an Internet or electronic service account provided 

through an electronic communication service or remote computing service has been used 

in the sexual exploitation or attempted sexual exploitation of the minor”); see also Robinson 
Carl v. State Page 9

v. State, No. 09-21-00350-CR, 2022 Tex. App. LEXIS 9076, at **15-16 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont Dec. 14, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“We 

conclude that the trial court did not err by straying from the literal language and 

considering extra-textual factors such as legislative history, intent, and purpose; 

determining that section 422.033 applied when Robinson believed the undercover officer 

was a minor; and finding that section 422.033 allowed the undercover officer to use 

administrative subpoenas to recover records from KIK and Grande Communications to 

investigate and prosecute an offense that involved the internet-based sexual exploitation 

of a minor.”).

Therefore, based on the foregoing, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused 

its discretion by denying Carl’s motion to suppress. Accordingly, we overrule his sole 

issue on appeal.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

STEVE SMITH

Justice
Carl v. State Page 10

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Smith,

and Justice Rose1

(Chief Justice Gray concurs. No separate writing will follow.)

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed November 2, 2023

Do not publish

[CR25]

1 The Honorable Jeff Rose, Senior Chief Justice (Retired) of the Third Court of Appeals, sitting by 

assignment of the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. §§ 74.003, 75.002, 

75.003.