UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

HAROLD L ICKES. S«cretan

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Vf. C. MENDENHALL, Director

CIRCULAR 4

SOME DEPOSITS OF ORNAMENTAL 

STONE IN MONTANA

BY

G R MA.NSFIELD

VvASHlNGTO.N 

1933
UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

W. C. MENDENHALL, Director

CIRCULAR 4

SOME DEPOSITS OF ORNAMENTAL 

STONE IN MONTANA

BY

G. R. MANSFIELD

WASHINGTON 

1933
75001

CONTENTS

Introduction ------------------------- 2

Field work and acknowledgments ---------------- 3

Manhattan onyx deposits- ------------------- 2

Location- ------------------------ 2

G-eneral features- ------------- . ..-.*. ,. 2

Geologic setting- -------------------- 3

Country rock- ---------------------- 3

Calcite veins ---------------------- 3

Principal deposit -------------------- 3

oJt? v Gx OTpniGH w *-* - '- - * >^«»-.^-,«-P »*»« * »-.»- £j

H^ViCi JL x-ic- rt*mnr»*a u il^ J±r* * »« *-..-» -.»«. .»_ ._____ «-P .. . _ -,.-.«»-. - , ___ .^ _ ~-^P\

G-eneral character- ----------------- 5

f"j*n ^U-OUX «"i T^T^T^T XJ' J-ilgj TTl r** HM - -TI - - - . - . _ . -. -. - - _ - _ -, __ ^ -» ^ ^ v^Q

Possible uses- ------------------- 6

Available quantity ----------------- 6

Utilization of waste ---------------- 6

Travertine deposits- --------------------- 6

T UU^ct , f\ /-i * % 4" U T J-U-1 r\Y\ _* «»^*- - - _ - * « «- *-* «, *« _ __^-_ ,^^ ^. » »».- ^-^-- .-»-.-*4-. -.-. ^* . , ^ *- ^- * Ajj

General features- -------------------- 6

Geologic setting- -------------------- 7

Extent and thickness of deposit ------------- 7

Surface features- -------------------- 8

Origin and nature -------------------- 8

Chemical and physical properties- ------------ 8

Development ----------------------- 9

Description of quarries and associated features ----- 10

Big Boulder quarry ------------------ 10

Travertine cliffs of Scott Gulch ---------- 10

Northeast quarry ------------------ 12

East quarry- -------------------- 12

Roadside and old quarries- ------------- 14

White quarry -------------------- 14

Red quarry --------------------- 14

Pink quarry- -------------------- 15

Sienna quarry- ------------------- 15

Summary of structural features- ------------- 15

Significance of the structure -------------- 16

"D Jj^JX f\ v» A J-IIg/o -r\ rt* c* *_ P^»-«*^*^*^*-«te*»^.-»-i»-«»^«^»-i»***»«*«-^w^»*p^««.*-««» « » ^.j .__ ._ fajt ^T , _ ^ -^ , .... ^ ^^ ___ .^ ^ ^^ _,_ _._ __. »^_ *} XwK

Grant shaft group- ----------------- 16

Sienna quarry group- ---------------- 17

Other openings- --------------------- 19

Ornamental stone products ---------------- 19

Possible reserves- ----------------- 20

Utilization of ornamental stone- ---------- 21

Possible by-products- ------------------ 21

Note on travertine from the Little Rocky Mountains west of LandusKyj Mont»~* - - <JJL

Note on banded rock near Virginia City, Mont.- ---^----- 22
75001

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

Plate 1. Topographic map of part of travertine deposit, Gardiner, Mont. 

2. 4» General view of the onyx workings north of Manhattan,

Mont., looking south; B. Onyx quarry north of Manhattan, 

Mont. , showing the three major joint systems ------- 4

3. Blocks of travertine at Big Boulder quarry, near G-ardiner,

4. Face of Big Boulder quarry, showing massive "bed of travertine

and irregular jointing- -r.^---^----«----«'-ll

5. "Faulted" travertine "block in Scott Gulch, near Gardiner,

^/T/"*lY1 iviUll 4* u» ^* ^* t * «. < » , »- T ._. r- __ __ _ -*.» »_- .__ __ . . H__ ..«p . TMn, «._. w ««_ T . »«M«wp» _ . MM* -* T «> .* Trmf v*w-^« »T* -» ^* - ** JUOI T

6. Face of White quarry, near Gardiner, Mont., showing massive

travertine layer "between thinner-bedded layers and three 

systems of joints. ~~~--~~~~--~--~-~---~~13

Figure 1. Geologic map of Manhattan, area, Mont., showing location

of onyx quarry --~^~r-^---«-r-»-- -I&set .on'J^at.e ! 

2. Northwestern Improvement Co,, ownership map-- - - -Inset on Plate 1.
V. S. GFOKH3CAL SURVEY

CIRCULAR 4 PLATE 1 EXPLANATION 

Q Quaternary 

T Tertiary 

K Cretaceous 

J Jurassic 

C Carboniferous 

D Devonian 

 Cambrian 

P Pre-Cambrian

_-./\l INDEX MAP 

t

Geologic map of Manhattan 

area, Mont, showing location of onyx 

quarry (U.5.G.S.)

T Travertine 

OB Overburden

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

of part of

TRAVERTINE DEPOSIT

KARDINER.MONT.

From survey by Northwestern 

Improvement Co. October 1932 

Modified by G.R.Mansfield 

Contours based upon barometer 

elevations

nterval 10 feet
75001

SOME DEPOSITS 01 ORNAMENTAL STOUE IN MONTANA

By G._ R, Mansfield

Abstract

Pour interesting occurrences of ornamental stone are described 

in this paper. Two are of onyx marble, one is of travertine, and the 

fourth is a siliceous rock, possibly an altered volcanic ash.

The two larger calcareous deposits, those at Manhattan and 

Oardiner, are accessible to the Northern Pacific Railway and are being 

explored with a view to production by the Northwestern Improvement Co,, 

a subsidiary of that railroad. Both deposits are capable of supplying 

ornamental stone in blocks of desirable ?ize. Ho estimates of quantity 

are available for the Manhattan locality, but for the G-ardiner locality 

estimates for a 200~acre tract show about 2,613,000 cubic yards, or 

5,880,000 short tons, of material suitable for ornamental uses. This 

figure, however, does not allow for waste in manufacturing finished 

products, which might amount to 50 or 75 percent. The entire deposit 

of 1,250 acres may contain five or si?, times that amount. The nature 

of both deposits is such that successful operation will depend largely upon 

the selection and sorting of the material intended for ornamental uses and 

the building up of stocks of the various merchantable types. Thus the cost 

of operation will doubtless be high, and to obtain a profit it may be necessary to utilize the accompanying thinner-bedded and broken material as well 

as the waste from the sawing and finishing operations, It is thought that 

sugar factories and various more or less local construction projects would 

furnish the principal potential markets for such by-products. At present 

such outlets are relatively meager.

The onyx marble deposit west of Landusky is not developed, and 

its size is not known. The material has some possibilities for use in small 

ornamental objects, such as paper weights. It is far from a railroad.

The siliceous deposit is also far from a railroad. It has not 

been developed sufficiently to afford much information about its availability 

for ornamental use in any large way. The material is attractively banded 

and colored and polishes well. It may have commercial possibilities.
75001

Introduction

Several deposits of ornamental stone in Montana have recently 

attracted attention. These include the so-called "onyx" north of Manhattan 

and west of Landusky, the travertine near Gardiner, and a siliceous deposit, 

probably an altered volcanic ash, near Virginia City. Two of these, the 

Manhattan and Gardiner properties, are relatively near the Northern Pacific 

Railway, which owns them and through a subsidiary, the Northwestern Improvement Co., is carrying on explorations with a view to development. This 

article deals mainly with the deposits near Manhattan and Gardiner but includes "brief notes on the other two deposits mentioned. (See pi. 1.)

Although true onyx is composed of silica, the practice of referring to banded calcite as "onyx marble" or even "onyx11 is so common that 

the term "onyx" is so used here.

Field work and acknowledgements

The writer examined the Manhattan and Gardiner properties on 

November 25,and 26, 1932. He is particularly indebted to Messrs. W. A, 

Stalnaker and B. P. Segur, field representatives of the Northern Pacific 

Railway, who showed him the property and extended many personal courtesies, 

and to Mr. P. E. Thian, consulting engineer in the St. Paul office, who 

supplied him with maps and other engineering data and a set of polished 

samples representing the principal varieties of ornamental stone products 

available at the two localities.

Manhattan onyx deposit

Location.- The Manhattan, onyx deposit is in the NWjsii sec. 14, 

T. 2 N., R. 3 E., about 5 miles in a direct line north of Manhattan, Mont. 

The distance "by road is somewhat longer.

General feature^.^ The general nature of the country around 

Manhattan and in the vicinity of the deposit is shown in the geologic folio 

on the Three Forks quadrangle, !L/ The deposits have been briefly described 

"by Rowe. 2/ Manhattan itself is on a flat, underlain "by Tertiary rocks, 

which constitutes part of the Gallatin Valley. The road to the property 

crosses the river about 2 miles north of the town and ascends a dry tributary 

canyon which, according to Mr. Stalnaker, prior to the earthquake of 1925 

contained in its lower part active springs that supplied a small permanent 

flow. The onyx occupies veins in limestone beds that cross the canyon 3 

miles or more above its mouth. (See fig, 1, on pi* 1, which is modified 

from the geologic map in the Three Forks folio). ~I/

U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Three Forks folio (no. 24), 1896. a/

Rowe, J.F., Some economic geology of Montana: Montana Univ. Bull, 50, 

Geol. ser, 3, p. 48, 1908.
75001

Geologic setting." " The country north of the G-allatin River is 

underlain "by folded sedimentary rocks that trend generally northeast and 

have "been intruded in several places "by sills of igneous rock that conform with the folding. The sedimentary rocks range in age from preCambrianan the foothills just north of the river to Upper Cretaceous 

farther back in the mountains. The folded rocks pass under, a cover of 

Tertiary beds in different directions, and patches of the-Tertiary beds, 

representing erosion remnants, lie here and there upon them. The southeasternmost fold is a relatively broad syncline whose axis trends northeast, but near the southwest tip of this fold the beds strike more nearly 

east and dip north. This part of the fold is cut by numerous veins containing calcite, the largest of which is the one nov/ being quarried for onyx.

Country rock.- The limestone at the quarry forms relatively thin 

beds of purplish-gray color which correspond fairly well to the "laminated 

linestones" mentioned by Peale, the author of the Three Forks folio, as constituting the lower 325 feet of the Madison formation. The hill to the north 

is underlain by massive beds of gray limestone, which agree very well in 

character with Peale's middle division of the Madison, to which he ascribesr 

a thickness of 350 feet. The upper division of this formation, which he 

says is 575 feet thick, and is sometimes called the "jaspery limestone," 

from beds near the top, lies still farther north and was not seen by the 

writer. At the quarry the strike as measured is IT. 78° E. and the dip 30° 

N., though farther down the canyon in the older formations the strike varies 

somewhat and the dip is in places steeper.

Calcite veins.*- The calcite veins are in general steeply inclined 

or vertical and at right angles to the strike of the beds. They range in 

width from a few inches to tens of feet and cut the older limestones as well 

as those of the Madison formation.

Principal deposit.- The principal vein that is now being explored 

extends from the quarry southward about a quarter of a mile and northward 

about half a mile. Thus its known length, as indicated by outcrops and a 

few small openings, is about three quarters of a mile. At the quarry face 

the width of the vein is about 65 feet. It strikes N. 10° W. and dips 880 

W. (See pi. 2, 4.) One set of practically vertical joints conforms with the 

attitude * of the veins. A second set is parallel with the bedding of 

the country rock, and a third dips south, intersecting the bedding at 

approximately right angles. (See pi. 2, 33. )

The east half of the quarry face exposes material that is slabby 

and broken; part of it is brecciated, and some of it looks like slide material that has become recemented. The rock exposed in the west half is 

more massive and would yield larger blocks. (See pi. 2.) A zone about 10 

feed wide is massive enough to furnish blocks 2 or 3 feet thick, 5 feet or 

more long, and 3 or 4 feet wide. The rock in the rest of the exposure 

is thinner-bedded and more slabby.
75001

Plate 2,4- General view of the onyx workings at Manhattan, Mont., 

looking south.

Plate 2, B. Onyx quarry north of Manhattan, Mont., showing the three 

major joint systems.
75001

Development.** Aside from a few earlier pits here and there along 

the outcrop of the vein the only development is the present quarry, the face 

of which has "been opened 15 to 25 feet for much of the width of the vein. 

At the time of the writer's visit the face of the quarry had not "been entirely cleaned. Stripping with plow and scraper at the top was just "beginning, 

and men were working on the massive layer, removing "blocks of a"bout the 

dimensions indicated a"bove. A test hole in the massive layer, drilled a"bout 

20 feet deep in the floor of the quarry, had disclosed similar material to 

at least that depth. The "blocks were separated "by drilling holes close 

together and "by wedging rather than "by "blasting, in order to avoid damage. 

These "blocks were hauled by truck to the railroad. The material thus far 

shipped has "been sent to St. Paul, where it has "been sawed and polished 

for use in demonstrations.

The onyx

General character.- The stone being quarried exhibits a vertical 

banding structure, in which the larger bands, each composed of thinner layers, 

are about half or three quarters of an inch wide. These bands of pure calcite have formed successively in what appears to have been a progressively 

widening fissure. Throughout much of the massive zone and in a lesser degree in other parts of the vein the successive layers are joined firmly 

together to form a solid mass that has few or no visible openings. In 

some places in this zone, however, and to a greater extent elsewhere in 

the vein the vertical layers do not completely join, so that cavities 

ranging from those of minute size to some 1 foot or more in longest dimension 

have been formed. These have been filled progressively to a greater or 

less extent, so that they are themselves wa!3,ed by curved bands of calcite* 

Some have been completely filled; others are still open but lined with projecting crystals that form mammillary groups or peculiar clusters or individuals, the whole giving the effect of a series of geodes.

The progressive opening of the fissure, with perhaps some differ-* 

ential movement of the walls during the process of deposition of the onyx, 

has served to fracture some of the material previously deposited and to 

permit later filling of the newer fractures. Thus a considerable degree 

of irregularity of deposition has occurred, and this serves to provide 

ornamental stone with different patterns, markings, and textures.

The onyx polishes well, and many beautiful patterns or combinations of patterns may be obtained, according to the nature of the block 

selected and the direction in which the block is sawed. For example, a 

vertically banded block sawed -at right angles to the direction of banding 

will give slabs that have a characteristic banded effect, somewhat-'wavy 

because the bands are more or less irregular. If sawed parallel to the banding the material will tend to be more uniform, depending on the regularity 

of the banding and the relative amount of fracturing, If a block containing 

some of the other irregularities noted is chosen the direction of sawing will 

affect the appearance of the resulting slabs in corresponding but different 

ways.
75001

The color of the onyx ranges from white (chiefly in the streaks 

caused "by minor veinlets) through amber to deep honey-yellow. Sla"bs not 

too thick are translucent when "backed "by a strong light.

Quarrying.~ Owing to the nature of the deposit, as described 

above, quarrying operations cannot be carried on effectively by machine 

methods as in the ordinary marble quarries. The process here must be selective, 

and the product will be individual blocks of irregular sizes and shapes.

Possible uses of onyx.~ Many uses for such stone suggest themselves. 

The larger blocks may be sawed into slabs for wall panels or wainscoting or 

into blocks for pedestals, mantels, balustrades, small columns, etc. Some 

smaller blocks can be adapted to similar uses, and others to various types 

of ornaments or works of art .such as vases, statuettes, paper weights, and 

pen-stand bases.

Available quantity.- At the time of the writer 1 s visit exploration 

of the deposit had not progressed far enough to indicate how much of the more 

desirable stone is available. From the exposure at the quarry it is evident 

that only a small proportion of the vein as a whole may be expected to produce 

large blocks of good quality, nevertheless if the material exposed at the 

quarry may be regarded as a fair sample of the vein as a whole, it is clear 

that even on the basis of such a proportion a vein three quarters of a mile 

long and having a maximum width of 65 feet, if worked to depths of 50 feet 

or more, may be expected to yield in the aggregate a large amount of goodsized material. With every reduction in size requirements, the proportion 

of usable material would increase.

Utilization of waste.- Even after every allowance is made for the 

classification of the material of the vein into usable sizes and grades of 

ornamental stone, there must still remain a large proportion, perhaps more 

than half of the mass, that through fractures, irregularities of deposition, 

discoloration, and other causes cannot be used for ornamental purposes. 

The working up of acceptable material in the shop will also involve considerable waste. The successful exploitation of the property will therefore 

require due consideration of all these factors, including plans for the 

possible disposal of the waste from both the quarry and the shop in the form 

of merchantable by products. JFor example, chips might be sold for mosaic, 

terrazzo, and facing of ornamental concrete or artificial stone.

Travertine deposits

Location.- The travertine deposits are in sees. 14, 15, and 22 to 

24, T. 9 S., R. 8 E., near Gardiner, Mont. (See fig. 2, on pi. 1.)

General features.- The general nature of the country around Gardiner 

and in the vicinity of the travertine deposits is shown in the geologic folio 

on the Livingston quadrangle,I/ Gardiner lies in the Yellowstone Valley, 

just at the entrance of the Yellowstone National Park. The north side of the

__ -

U. S 0 Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Livingston folio (no. 1), 1894.
75001

valley rises abruptly to a terrace that stands 600 to 800 feet above the 

river and extends northwestward for 5 or 6 miles. The travertine deposits 

occupy parts of this terrace at distances of half a mile to 2 miles or more 

from the town/ The road to the deposit winds "back and forth up the hill and 

is considerably longer than the distances named.

Geologic setting.- On the south side of the river the land in the 

immediate vicinity of Gardiner appears to "be underlain "by glacial outwash 

or modified moraine, which, a short distance from the river, givws place to 

slumped volcanic material with irregular surface. The land slopes gently 

toward the river from higher hills, which are comp-osed partly of igneous 

and partly of sedimentary rocks. A conspicuous landmark is Electric Peak 

(altitude 11,155 feet), which is within the park about 7 miles west-southwest 

of Gardiner.

As shown in the Livingston folio, the terrace on the north side 

has been carved in rocks ascribed mainly to the Livingston formation, here 

probably of Cretaceous age but elsewhere in part Tertiary. A mile or more 

east of Gardiner this terrace also includes older Cretaceous and Paleozoic 

rocks. Basalt has been poured out on this terrace. The travertine lies 

partly on this basalt and partly on old discolored and disintegrated gravel 

that from its lithology may be Livingston but is more probably either of 

late Tertiary or early Pleistocene age. Beneath the travertine in places 

is basalt showing deep spheroidal weathering. This may also be part of the 

Livingston formation, which is known to contain igneous bodies as well as 

sedimentary rocks; but it is more probably an altered part of the later 

basalt flows, which are of late Tertiary or early Pleistocene age. The 

mountains bordering the terrace on the north consist of ancient granite, 

gneiss, etc., with scattered patches of younger igneous rocks. They rise 

to heights greater than 10,000 feet. The contact between the gneiss and 

the younger rocks is mapped in the folio as a fault with downthrow to the 

south. This fault is thought to have played an important part in the formation 

of the travertine by affording a means of escape for the carbonated waters 

that caused the deposit.

Extent and thickness.-' As mapped in the Livingston folio, the 

main body of travertine extends about !§ miles along the terrace northwestward from the vicinity of Gardiner. A few outlying patches lie to the southeast, including one that caps a butte south of the river opposite the mouth 

of Bear Gulch. The deposits here considered include most of these areas as 

shown in figure 2, on plate 1. They are grouped in two tracts, one large and 

©ne small, which amount in all to 1,250 acres.

The travertine, whose general thickness ranges from a few feet to 

more than 20 feet, apparently underlies the entire area northeast of the 

Sienna quarry (pi. 1) to the vicinity of the mountain base north of the Grant 

shaft. On the southeast it is bounded roughly "by the road that passes southwestward from the Northeast quarry. Northwestward, as shown in figure 2, 

the travertine extends some distance beyond the area represented by plate 

1 where present exploration is in progress, but this part of the deposit and 

the small area in sec. 24 were not visited.
75001

Surface features..- The travertine deposits form a succession of 

low ridges trending northwest with intervening depressions, a number of 

which are sinks, as shown on plate 1. The land southeast of the principal 

travertine area contains many exposures of a rather fresh and roughly "broken 

"basalt, which displays in places a remarkable development of columnar 

jointing. The line of sinks in Scott Gulch is continuous southeastward with 

a narrow "basalt-walled depression which comes out to the road near the southeast corner of sec. 14 and may mark a line of minor faulting. The travertine 

is doubtless thin or absent in the "bottoms of the sinks, though no special 

observations "bearing on this point were made.

Origin and nature." The travertine here, like that of the Mammoth 

Hot Springs in the Yellowstone Park, has "been deposited on the surface "by 

hot-spring waters, in part through the agency of algae. This has given it 

a general horizontally banded structure. Ho doubt it was originally porous 

and somewhat earthy, like the travertine at Mammoth Hot Springs, but it has 

been consolidated into a hard and generally compact mass. It still, however, 

contains irregularly distributed pores o,nd openings ranging from those of 

pinhole size to streaky, irregular discontinuities or cavities in all gradations 

from mere lines a fraction of an inch long to openings a foot or more across 

and several feet in length. The minor irregularities and smaller openings 

noted serve to make the stone attractive for ornamental use or interior con~ 

struct ion in buildings, but where, these features are of undue number and 

size the material becomes unfit for such purposes. ,

Metallic oxides, chiefly iron, have imparted colors to some parts 

of the deposits, so that the tints in different places are grayish, flat 

wlUrte, cream, yellow, pink, or even fairly deep red.

Chemical and physical properties." According to information 

furnished by the company, chemical and physical tests of the travertine 

have been made as follows!

Analyses of travertine from G-ardiner, Mont.

Q -i 1 -1 r« * > _ _J

I; erne oxitie 

Calcium carbonate 

Magnesium carbonate 

Sulphate lime a/ 

Sulphate anhydrate^/ 

jrnospriorusv~ 

Organic matter 

U.S. Geological 

Survey

0.05 

C\A. U^t

99.74 

.07 

.00 

.00

*"S/"\ .00 

.00

University of 

Minnesota

0.05

 u^t r>4-

99.47 

.07 

.00 

.25

.00 

.00

Engineer of t« 

ITorthern Pacific

TT*

0.40

98.92 

.53 

.00 

.00 

.00

.00

ssts, 

Railway

r

The meaning intended by these terms is not understood-G.R.M.
75001

A cube of travertine 6 by 6 "by 6 inches, weighing 12 pounds, was 

immersed in water and weighed at intervals, with the following results, 

according to the engineer of tests, Northern Pacific Hailway:

Percent

Water absorbed after 2 hours 1,20

4 hours 1.22

6 hours 1.22

8 hours 1.23

24 hours 1.23

A compression test by the engineer of tests, Northern Pacific Railway, on a cube 6 by 6 "by 6 inches, under a maximum load of 294,760 pounds, 

showed an ultimate strength of 8,188 pounds to the square inch.

A determination in the laboratory of the Geological Survey indicated for a specimen of a rather coarsely crystalline facies of the rock 

a specific gravity of 2.69. Finer-textured material if free from pores 

would "be expected to yield a slightly higher result.

Peve 1 opinent. - The travertine near G-ardiner has "been used to some 

extent for lime-TDurning and was once included in a fairly pretentious project 

for cement manufacture, a mill site having been selected and partly prepared 

north of the river sjid below the northwestern part of the deposit. The 

present development, which is designed principally to quarry the rock for 

ornamental use in the interior of buildings, was begun early in 1932.

Because of the variety of coloration in the rock eight quarries 

have .been opened in different places by the Northwestern Improvement Co., and 

roads have been built connecting them with Gardiner. These quarries are 

shown on plate 1. Two groups of core test holes, also shown on plate 1, 

have been drilled - one near the Sienna quarry and one in the vicinity of 

the Grant shaft. In addition many scattered test holes and pits and some 

larger openings such as Wards quarry, have been made, most of which antedate 

the present development.

The equipment on the ground includes, besides smaller tools, compressors, etc., a Bucyrus Diesel shovel with crane attachment and a 25-ton 

Linn tractor.

The rock is taken from the quarries in the form of rough blocks 

ranging in size from 2 or 3 feet on a side to 6 or 8 feet in longest dimension, 

These are separated by drilling closely spaced holes and wedging rather than 

by blasting, to avoid damage to the stone Prior to the middle of October 

1932 six carle-eels of such blocks had been shipped to St. Paul, Minn., where 

the material has been sawed and polished for use in demonstrations.