II 

112TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1614 

To provide grants to State educational agencies and institutions of higher 

education to strengthen elementary and secondary computer science education, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

SEPTEMBER 22, 2011 

Mr. CASEY introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions 

A BILL 

To provide grants to State educational agencies and institutions of higher education to strengthen elementary and 

secondary computer science education, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Computer Science 

5 Education Act of 2011’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

7 The Congress finds the following: 


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1 (1) Computing technology, driven by break2 throughs in computer science, is an integral part of 

3 the culture of the United States and is reshaping 

4 how people interact. 

5 (2) Computer science is transforming industry, 

6 creating new fields of commerce, driving innovation 

7 in all fields of science, and bolstering productivity in 

8 established economic sectors. 

9 (3) Computer science underpins the information 

10 technology sector of the United States economy, 

11 which is a significant contributor to the economic 

12 output of the United States. 

13 (4) The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 

14 that from 2008 through 2018 more than 1,500,000 

15 high-wage computing jobs will be created in the 

16 United States economy, making high-wage com17 puting one of the fastest growing occupational fields. 

18 (5) Computer science is critical for national se19 curity and for meeting the challenges that a modern 

20 society faces. Of the 14 Grand Challenges for Engi21 neering determined by the National Academy of En22 gineering, 8 have a predominant or significant com23 puter science component. 

24 (6) Providing students with computer science 

25 education in elementary and secondary school is critVerDate Mar 15 2010 03:52 Sep 24, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1614.IS S1614

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1 ical for student success in the 21st century and for 

2 strengthening the workforce. 

3 (7) Elementary and secondary computer science 

4 education gives students a deeper knowledge of the 

5 fundamentals of computing, yielding critical thinking 

6 skills that will serve them throughout their lives in 

7 numerous fields. 

8 (8) Computer science courses in elementary and 

9 secondary schools are fading from the national land10 scape at a time when they are most needed. The 

11 Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) has 

12 found that introductory secondary school computer 

13 science courses have decreased in number by 17 per14 cent since 2005 and the number of Advanced Place15 ment (AP) computer science courses has decreased 

16 by 33 percent. 

17 (9) Significant disparities in access to computer 

18 science education exist for minorities. Research in 

19 the Los Angeles Unified School District, the second 

20 largest and one of the most diverse school districts 

21 in the United States, found college preparatory com22 puter science courses were commonly missing in 

23 schools with high numbers of Latino and African24 American students. 


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1 (10) According to the National Center for 

2 Women and Information Technology, women and 

3 certain racial minorities are underrepresented in 

4 computer science education. In 2008, 17 percent of 

5 AP computer science test takers were women, even 

6 though women represented 55 percent of all AP test 

7 takers. In 2008, only 4 percent of AP computer 

8 science test takers were African-Americans, even 

9 though African-Americans represented 7 percent of 

10 all AP test takers. Only 784 African-American stu11 dents nationwide took the AP computer science 

12 exam in 2008. 

13 (11) While some States, including Texas and 

14 Georgia, allow computer science courses to count to15 ward a student’s secondary school core graduation 

16 requirements, most States that have specific course 

17 requirements for graduation count computer science 

18 courses only as electives, chilling student interest in 

19 computer science courses. 

20 (12) The CSTA has found that many States do 

21 not have a certification or licensure process for com22 puter science teachers, and where processes do exist, 

23 such processes often have no connection to computer 

24 science content. 


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1 (13) The CSTA has developed model computer 

2 science teacher certification pathways for both new 

3 and experienced teachers. 

4 (14) Computer science education has been en5 cumbered by confusion regarding the related but dis6 tinct concepts of computer science education, tech7 nology education, and the use of technology in edu8 cation. 

9 (15) Computer science education courses have 

10 often been placed within the vocational education 

11 pathways in schools, creating a focus on applied in12 formation technology skills rather than a focus on 

13 developing core computer science knowledge. 

14 (16) The Association for Computing Machinery 

15 and the CSTA have established a clear 4-part, 

16 grade-appropriate framework of standards for com17 puter science education to guide State reform ef18 forts. 

19 (17) With the growing importance of computing 

20 in society, the need for students to understand the 

21 fundamentals of computing, and the significant chal22 lenges computer science education faces in elemen23 tary and secondary education, broad support for 

24 computer science education is needed to catalyze re25 form. 


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1 SEC. 3. STATE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING GRANTS. 

2 (a) PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary of Edu3 cation shall award grants to State educational agencies to 

4 develop comprehensive plans to strengthen elementary and 

5 secondary computer science education in accordance with 

6 this section. 

7 (b) OBJECTIVES.—A comprehensive plan developed 

8 under this section shall outline strategies for achieving the 

9 following objectives: 

10 (1) Provide an engaging and rigorous computer 

11 science education intended to ensure students are 

12 prepared for the 21st century. 

13 (2) Assess the State’s needs for computer 

14 science education, particularly for underserved stu15 dent populations. 

16 (3) Ensure access to computer science courses, 

17 particularly at low-performing schools and for low18 income students and students underrepresented in 

19 computing. 

20 (4) Ensure that students are exposed to grade21 appropriate computer science concepts in kinder22 garten through grade 12 and that computer science 

23 courses at the secondary level are viewed as part of 

24 the core curriculum students need to be ready for 

25 postsecondary education and careers. 


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1 (5) Ensure that teachers have the appropriate 

2 background, skills, and access to resources to teach 

3 computer science. 

4 (c) CONTENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE PLANS.—A 

5 State educational agency that receives a grant under sub6 section (a) shall develop a comprehensive plan that meets 

7 the objectives described in subsection (b) and includes the 

8 following: 

9 (1) An assessment of elementary and secondary 

10 computer science education in such State. 

11 (2) Proposals to improve elementary and sec12 ondary computer science education in such State 

13 through the development and implementation of— 

14 (A) challenging and grade-appropriate aca15 demic content standards for computer science 

16 at elementary and secondary education levels; 

17 (B) grade-appropriate assessments of com18 puter science learning; 

19 (C) programs to increase access to com20 puter science courses for students at low-per21 forming schools and students underrepresented 

22 in computing; 

23 (D) improved computer science teacher 

24 certification or licensure requirements and proc25 esses; 


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1 (E) professional development programs for 

2 computer science teachers; and 

3 (F) programs for ensuring that computer 

4 science courses at the secondary education level 

5 are considered an integral part of the cur6 riculum students need to be well prepared for 

7 higher education and employment. 

8 (d) CONSULTATION.—In developing a comprehensive 

9 plan under this section, a State educational agency shall 

10 collaborate with representatives of institutions of higher 

11 education, with other interested parties, and, where they 

12 exist in such State, with State P–16 or P–20 councils. 

13 (e) DURATION OF GRANTS.—The Secretary shall 

14 award each grant under subsection (a) for a period of 2 

15 years. 

16 (f) FUNDING STRUCTURE.— 

17 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall award a 

18 grant to each State educational agency that applies 

19 for a grant under this section in an amount that 

20 bears the same relation to the total amount available 

21 for all such grants as the number of low-income chil22 dren served by the State educational agency bears to 

23 the total number of low-income children served by all 

24 of the State educational agencies that apply for such 

25 grants. 


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1 (2) COUNTING LOW-INCOME CHILDREN.— 

2 (A) CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN.—The 

3 number of low-income children to be counted 

4 for purposes of this section is the aggregate 

5 of— 

6 (i) the number of children aged 5 to 

7 17, inclusive, in the State from families 

8 below the poverty level, as determined by 

9 the Secretary on the basis of the most re10 cent satisfactory data; 

11 (ii) the number of children (deter12 mined for either the preceding year or for 

13 the second preceding year, as the Secretary 

14 finds appropriate) aged 5 to 17, inclusive, 

15 in the State in institutions for neglected 

16 and delinquent children (other than such 

17 institutions operated by the United 

18 States); and 

19 (iii) the number of children aged 5 to 

20 17, inclusive, in the State from families 

21 above the poverty level as determined 

22 under section 1124(c)(4)(A) of the Ele23 mentary and Secondary Education Act of 

24 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6333(c)(4)(A)). 


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1 (B) METHODOLOGY.—In making computa2 tions under subparagraph (A), the Secretary 

3 shall use the methodology described in para4 graphs (3) through (5) of section 1124(c) of the 

5 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 

6 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6333(c)). 

7 (3) MINIMUM GRANT.—Notwithstanding para8 graph (1), each State educational agency approved 

9 by the Secretary to receive a grant under this sec10 tion shall receive a minimum grant of $250,000. 

11 SEC. 4. IMPLEMENTATION GRANTS. 

12 (a) PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.—The Secretary shall 

13 award grants to State educational agencies in accordance 

14 with this section to implement computer science education 

15 improvements proposed in comprehensive plans that meet 

16 the requirements of subsections (b) and (c) of section 3. 

17 (b) BENCHMARKS.—Each State educational agency 

18 applying for a grant under this section shall— 

19 (1) develop quantifiable benchmarks for the ac20 tivities supported under such grant, which may in21 clude benchmarks for increasing— 

22 (A) student knowledge and competency of 

23 grade-appropriate computer science concepts; 

24 (B) the number of students that take com25 puter science courses; 


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1 (C) the diversity of students who take com2 puter science courses; 

3 (D) the number of students who plan to 

4 pursue postsecondary computer science degrees; 

5 (E) the diversity of students who plan to 

6 pursue postsecondary computer science degrees; 

7 and 

8 (F) the number of teachers who are cer9 tified to teach computer science; and 

10 (2) submit such quantifiable benchmarks to the 

11 Secretary for approval. 

12 (c) ACTIVITIES.—Grant funds received under this 

13 section shall be used by each State educational agency for 

14 the development and implementation of— 

15 (1) challenging and grade-appropriate academic 

16 content standards for computer science; 

17 (2) grade-appropriate assessments of computer 

18 science learning; 

19 (3) programs to increase access to computer 

20 science courses for students at low-performing 

21 schools and students underrepresented in computing; 

22 (4) improved computer science teacher certifi23 cation requirements and processes; 

24 (5) professional development programs for com25 puter science teachers; 


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1 (6) programs for ensuring that computer 

2 science courses at the secondary level are considered 

3 an integral part of the curriculum students need to 

4 be well prepared for higher education and employ5 ment; 

6 (7) effective computer science curricula; 

7 (8) computer science distance learning pro8 grams; and 

9 (9) such other activities that strengthen com10 puter science education and that such State edu11 cational agency considers appropriate. 

12 (d) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—A State edu13 cational agency may use not more than 5 percent of a 

14 grant received under this section for administrative ex15 penses. 

16 (e) PARTNERSHIPS.—In performing the activities re17 quired under subsection (c), each State educational agency 

18 shall partner with institutions of higher education and 

19 local educational agencies, and may partner with nonprofit 

20 organizations, businesses, and other State educational 

21 agencies. 

22 (f) NON-FEDERAL SHARE.— 

23 (1) IN GENERAL.—Each State educational 

24 agency receiving a grant under this section shall 

25 provide a non-Federal share, in cash or in kind, of 


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1 the funding for the activities described in subsection 

2 (c) of not less than 20 percent of the total cost of 

3 such activities in any fiscal year. 

4 (2) FINANCIAL HARDSHIP WAIVER.—The Sec5 retary may reduce or waive the requirement to pro6 vide a non-Federal share under paragraph (1) for a 

7 State educational agency if such State educational 

8 agency demonstrates a need for such waiver or re9 duction due to extreme financial hardship. 

10 (g) DURATION OF GRANTS.—The Secretary shall 

11 award each grant under subsection (a) for a period of 5 

12 years. 

13 (h) SUBSEQUENT GRANTS.—At the end of the 5-year 

14 period for a grant, the grant recipient may apply for an 

15 additional grant under this section by submitting an up16 dated comprehensive plan that meets the requirements of 

17 subsections (b) and (c) of section 3. In considering an ap18 plication for a subsequent grant under this section, the 

19 Secretary shall take into consideration the reports filed 

20 under subsection (l). 

21 (i) COMPETITIVE BASIS; PRIORITY.—The Secretary 

22 shall— 

23 (1) award grants for a fiscal year on a competi24 tive basis among State educational agencies that 


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1 meet the requirements for funding under this sec2 tion; and 

3 (2) give priority to State educational agency 

4 proposals that include an emphasis on serving low5 performing schools and on increasing participation 

6 in computer science by students underrepresented in 

7 computing. 

8 (j) FUNDING PRIORITY.—In allocating grant funds 

9 received under this section, a State educational agency 

10 shall give priority to proposals that include an emphasis 

11 on serving low-performing schools and on increasing par12 ticipation in computer science by students underrep13 resented in computing. 

14 (k) SUPPLEMENT, NOT SUPPLANT.—Funds made 

15 available to carry out this section shall be used to supple16 ment, and not supplant, other Federal and State funds 

17 available to carry out the activities described in this sec18 tion. 

19 (l) REPORTS.—Each State educational agency receiv20 ing a grant under this section shall— 

21 (1) measure the progress of such State edu22 cational agency in achieving the benchmarks devel23 oped under subsection (b)(1); 

24 (2) collect data relating to student-related 

25 benchmarks developed under subsection (b)(1) in a 


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1 form that is disaggregated by student race, eth2 nicity, gender, disability status, migrant status, 

3 English proficiency status, and low-income status, 

4 except that such disaggregation shall not be required 

5 when the number of students in a category is insuf6 ficient to yield statistically reliable results or the re7 sults would reveal personally identifiable information 

8 about an individual student; 

9 (3) collect such other performance information 

10 as the Secretary may reasonably require for the na11 tional evaluation conducted under section 7; 

12 (4) submit a report to the Secretary addressing 

13 each item in paragraphs (1) through (3) not later 

14 than 4 years after the date on which the State edu15 cational agency receives an initial grant under this 

16 section; and 

17 (5) not later than 2 years after the date of the 

18 submission of the report required under paragraph 

19 (4), and biennially thereafter until the State edu20 cational agency no longer receives grant funding 

21 under this section, submit to the Secretary an up22 date of such report. 

23 (m) GUIDANCE.—The Secretary shall provide guid24 ance to State educational agencies regarding acceptable 

25 data sources and methodologies for— 


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1 (1) establishing performance benchmarks; and 

2 (2) measuring progress by State educational 

3 agencies receiving grants under this section. 

4 SEC. 5. COMMISSION ON COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION. 

5 (a) COMMISSION.—Not later than 90 days after the 

6 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall es7 tablish a Commission, to be known as the ‘‘Blue Ribbon 

8 Commission on Computer Science Education’’ (in this sec9 tion referred to as the ‘‘Commission’’), to provide rec10 ommendations for expanding and improving computer 

11 science education. 

12 (b) MEMBERSHIP.—The Commission shall consist of 

13 not more than 20 members and shall include not less than 

14 1 of each of the following: 

15 (1) A State education official. 

16 (2) An expert in computer science. 

17 (3) A representative of an elementary or sec18 ondary computer science education practitioner orga19 nization. 

20 (4) An elementary or secondary computer 

21 science teacher. 

22 (5) A social scientist with expertise on equity 

23 issues in the field of computer science. 

24 (6) A representative of the computing industry 

25 or an industry that depends on computing services. 


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1 (c) REVIEW.—The Commission shall— 

2 (1) review the state of elementary and sec3 ondary computer science education; and 

4 (2) review the state of computer science teacher 

5 certification requirements. 

6 (d) REPORT.—Not later than 270 days after the date 

7 on which the Commission is established, the Commission 

8 shall submit to Congress and the Secretary a report con9 taining the results of the review under subsection (c). 

10 Such report shall include— 

11 (1) recommendations on best practices for com12 puter science instruction, teacher preparation, and 

13 professional development; 

14 (2) recommendations on best practices for com15 puter science teacher certification, including rec16 ommendations on achieving congruence between 

17 State computer science teacher certification stand18 ards and the content of teacher preparation pro19 grams offered by institutions of higher education; 

20 and 

21 (3) recommendations for expanding capacity— 

22 (A) to help students understand computer 

23 science, the job opportunities available to those 

24 who pursue computer science education, and 


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1 the importance of computer science in the econ2 omy; 

3 (B) to strengthen computer science edu4 cation in the elementary and secondary public 

5 education system in the United States; and 

6 (C) to increase participation in computer 

7 science among students underrepresented in 

8 computing. 

9 (e) TERMINATION.—The Commission shall terminate 

10 on the date that is 30 days after the date of the submis11 sion of the report required under subsection (d). 

12 SEC. 6. MODEL TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS. 

13 (a) MODEL TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS.— 

14 The Secretary may award grants to institutions of higher 

15 education to improve computer science teacher training. 

16 (b) ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES.—A grant received under 

17 subsection (a) shall be used to carry out not less than 1 

18 of the following activities: 

19 (1) Development of courses for undergraduate 

20 students that— 

21 (A) prepare such students to teach com22 puter science at the elementary and secondary 

23 level; 

24 (B) address content and pedagogy in com25 puter science education; and 


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1 (C) engage teacher education and other 

2 relevant departments at such institution of 

3 higher education. 

4 (2) Development and support of mentoring pro5 grams to support computer science teachers who are 

6 new to the profession. 

7 (c) DURATION OF GRANTS.—Each grant awarded by 

8 the Secretary under this section shall be for a period of 

9 5 years. 

10 (d) LIMITATIONS.—The Secretary may not award 

11 grants under this section before the earlier of the date of 

12 the submission of the report of the Blue Ribbon Commis13 sion on Computer Science Education required under sec14 tion 5(d), or the date that is 1 year after the date of the 

15 enactment of this Act. The Secretary shall consider such 

16 report, if available, in awarding grants under this section. 

17 SEC. 7. NATIONAL EVALUATION. 

18 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not earlier than 4 years after the 

19 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall con20 tract with an independent organization for a comprehen21 sive, scientifically valid, and quantitative evaluation of the 

22 performance and effectiveness of the activities funded by 

23 grants received under this Act in improving the availability 

24 and quality of computer science education, the overall par25 ticipation rate of students in computer science courses, 


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1 and the participation rate of students underrepresented in 

2 computing in computer science courses. 

3 (b) REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.— 

4 (1) INITIAL REPORT.—Not later than 5 years 

5 after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Sec6 retary shall submit to Congress a report on the re7 sults of the evaluation described in subsection (a). 

8 (2) REPORT UPDATES.—Not later than 2 years 

9 after the date on which the Secretary submits the 

10 report required under paragraph (1), and biennially 

11 thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress 

12 an update of such report. 

13 SEC. 8. DEFINITIONS. 

14 In this Act: 

15 (1) COMPUTER SCIENCE.—The term ‘‘computer 

16 science’’ means the study of computers and algo17 rithmic processes and includes the study of com18 puting principles, computer hardware and software 

19 design, computer applications, and the impact of 

20 computers on society. 

21 (2) COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION.—The 

22 term ‘‘computer science education’’ includes com23 puting education in any of the following: 

24 (A) Software design. 

25 (B) Hardware design. 


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1 (C) Creation of digital artifacts. 

2 (D) Abstraction. 

3 (E) Logic. 

4 (F) Algorithm development and implemen5 tation. 

6 (G) Programming paradigms and lan7 guages. 

8 (H) Theoretical foundations. 

9 (I) Networks. 

10 (J) Graphics. 

11 (K) Databases and information retrieval. 

12 (L) Information security and privacy. 

13 (M) Artificial intelligence. 

14 (N) The relationship between computing 

15 and mathematics. 

16 (O) The limits of computation. 

17 (P) Applications in information technology 

18 and information systems. 

19 (Q) The social impacts of computing. 

20 (3) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The 

21 term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ has the 

22 meaning given that term in section 101(a) of the 

23 Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)). 

24 (4) LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY.—The term 

25 ‘‘local educational agency’’— 


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1 (A) subject to subparagraph (B), has the 

2 meaning given that term in section 9101 of the 

3 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 

4 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801); and 

5 (B) includes any charter school (as defined 

6 in section 5210 of the Elementary and Sec7 ondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 

8 7221i)) that constitutes a local educational 

9 agency under State law. 

10 (5) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

11 the Secretary of Education. 

12 (6) STATE EDUCATIONAL AGENCY.—The term 

13 ‘‘State educational agency’’ has the meaning given 

14 that term in section 9101 of the Elementary and 

15 Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801). 

16 (7) STATE P–16 OR P–20 COUNCIL.—The term 

17 ‘‘State P–16 or P–20 council’’ means a body of pub18 lic officials and public and private sector leaders 

19 that— 

20 (A) is established by a State executive 

21 order, statute, or voluntary agreement and may 

22 be regularly chaired or co-chaired by the Gov23 ernor of the State; 

24 (B) sets formal aligned expectations for a 

25 seamless system of education from the earliest 


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1 years of a child’s development through the kin2 dergarten through grade 12 system and into 

3 and through postsecondary education; 

4 (C) acts as a venue for collaboration across 

5 early learning, including preschool through the 

6 first 4 years of higher education or through 

7 doctoral and professional schools; and 

8 (D) receives State, foundation, business, or 

9 other funding to carry out the body’s agenda. 

10 (8) STUDENTS UNDERREPRESENTED IN COM11 PUTING.—The term ‘‘students underrepresented in 

12 computing’’— 

13 (A) means populations historically under14 represented in computer science disciplines; and 

15 (B) includes females, racial minorities, and 

16 low-income students. 

Æ 


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