## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### AUG 27 2002 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk PUBLISH
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

CARL L. JAMES; RANDY DERRYBERRY; RALPH SACCOMANNO; BRUCE GATES; ALLEN BOWER; R. L. GARRISON; UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY GENERAL COMMITTEE OF ADJUSTMENT; JOHN DOES 1 - 286 WHOSE IDENTITIES ARE CURRENTLY UNKNOWN,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS, an unincorporated labor organization,

Defendant-Appellee. No. 01-1257

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

(D.C. No. 00-Z-683)

Submitted on the briefs: John R. Olsen of Olsen & Brown, L.L.C., Niwot, Colo rado, for Plaintiffs-Appellants. Harold A. Ross of Ross & Kraushaar Co., L.P.A., Cle veland, Ohio, and Michael S. Wolly of Zwerdling, Paul, Leibig, Kahn & Wolly, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Appellee.1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a dec ision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. -2- Before SEYMOUR , McKAY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

SEYMOUR , Circuit Judge

This case involves a dispute between a union that c onsolidated its internal structure and one of its local affiliates eliminate d by that consolidation. The union constitution requires mergers of local affili ates to be approved by a “majority” of members from the “affected” affiliate s. Union members voted overwhelmingly in favor of the consolidation undert aken here, but a majority of the plaintiffs’ affiliate opposed it. Interpreting a “majority” to mean a majority of all votes cast, rather than a majority from within each local unit, the union implemented its proposal. Plaintiffs, whose local was dissolved and merged with another, filed this lawsuit asserting that the unio n’s interpretation was unreasonable and that its actions therefore violate d the union constitution and various of plaintiffs’ rights. The district court granted summary judgment to the union. Plaintiffs appeal and we affirm. 1-3- I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND The individual plaintiffs are locomotive engineers employed by the Union Pacific Railroad. Until 1996, they worked for the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Rail road. The associational plaintiff, to which all of the individual plaintiff s belong, is the Union Pacific General Committee of Adjustment (the plaintiffs’ co mmittee). Based in Pueblo, Colorado, it is a subordinate entity of a larger ra ilroad union. Until the events giving rise to this lawsuit, it was designated by i ts parent organization as the collective bargaining representative for its member s. Defendant is the parent union, the International Br otherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE), headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1863, the BLE is North America’s oldest railroad labor union. On ce limited to locomotive engineers, its membership now includes other railro ad employees and its total membership in the United States and Canada numbers 35,000. The origins of this dispute lie in the 1996 merger between the Union Pacific Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad (including their subsidiary railroads), from which an expanded Union Pacific em erged as the surviving2 Railroad mergers must be approved by the Surface Tr ansportation Board,

the successor to the Interstate Commerce Commission . Authorized to exempt the involved carriers from antitrust laws, the Board mu st find that the proposed merger is in the public interest and offers adequat e protections to displaced railroad workers before it can approve the transact ion. 49 U.S.C. §§ 11324-26. The Board approved the Union Pacific-Southern Pacif ic merger in August 1996, subject to a five-year oversight period. See Hagerman v. United Transp. Union , 281 F.3d 1189, 1192 (10th Cir. 2002). -4- railroad. 2Part of a trend toward greater consolidation in the railroad industry, the Union Pacific-Southern Pacific merger has spawned i nternal union conflict in a number of areas, including the determination of sen iority status and the location of employee home terminals. See, e.g., Swonger v. Surface Transp. Bd. , 265 F.3d 1135, 1137 (10th Cir.), petition for cert. filed , 70 U.S.L.W. 3444 (U.S. Dec. 18, 2001) (No. 01-93). The current dispute stems from the union’s decision to restructure its local affiliates that directly serv ice workers on the newly enlarged Union Pacific, a move that eliminated several small general committees of adjustment across the western United States, includ ing the plaintiffs’ committee. These smaller committees were merged with others to form larger regional affiliates. The general committees of adjustment, or GCA’s as they are sometimes called, are a creation of the BLE constitution. Th eir powers and duties are set forth in a section of the constitution entitled “St anding Rules,” as are the conditions under which a new committee may be estab lished. The union contends3 The Standing Rules provide a GCA may be established“[o]n any system of

railroad where two (2) or more divisions are organi zed” and on any subsidiary road or branch that “constitutes a separate departm ent of the system . . . on which the BLE has separate and distinct schedules of pay . . .” Aplee. App. at 23. -5- the primary purpose of a committee is to administera collective bargaining agreement. 3 Aplee. Br. at 6. That contention is central to t he union’s position because the merger between Union Pacific and Southe rn Pacific eliminated several collective bargaining agreements, including the contract that formerly covered the members serviced by the plaintiffs’ com mittee. Accordingly, the loss of these collective bargaining agreements sparked astruggle over the future role of the GCA’s that administered them, including plai ntiffs’ committee. Section 33 of the Standing Rules anticipates that arailroad merger may warrant the dissolution or consolidation of one or more committees. Under a heading entitled “Mergers, etc.,” Section 33 states : “The committees involved on the merged [railroad] systems may be consolidated, if necessary, to meet the representational requirements of the membership.” Section 33(a)(1)(B)-Standing Rules. (Section 33 of the Standing Rules is attach ed as an appendix to this opinion.) The rule requires a majority vote of the affected union membership to approve such a consolidation, and it sets out the t erms and procedures that guide an election.-6-

As we discuss in detail below, the parties differ o n a single issue: Which majority governs a consolidation election under the terms of Section 33? The union contends only a majority of the entire vo ting membership is required to approve consolidation, while plaintiffs maintai n a majority from each committee must be obtained. Before the merger between Union Pacific and Southern Pacific could win government approval, the union and the railroad wer e compelled to negotiate and adopt so-called “implementing agreements.” One of the topics addressed by the implementing agreements was the replacement of exis ting collective bargaining agreements with newly-created agreements. Under th e terms of these implementing agreements, the territory covered by the plaintiffs’ committee, whose members worked for the then-existing Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, was split into two regions or “hubs”: a Salt Lake City hub and a Denver hub. New collective bargaining agreements for eachhub now cover employees from several of the merged railroads. These contra cts replaced the contract formerly administered by the plaintiffs’ committee. Union contracts covering other workers from the merged railroads were similarly affected. As a result of these changes, the union had a great er number of committees than collective bargaining agreements. Then-BLE Pr esident Clarence Monin decided it might be desirable to consolidate the el even committees serving the4 The Board is authorized to review certain actions o f the union president.

See Section 44(a)(1)-Standing Rules, quoted in Aplee. Br. at 7 n.3. -7- enlarged Union Pacific to correspond with the conso lidated union contracts. He directed union vice president Edward Dubroski to explore the issue. Id. at 663. In his resulting report, Dubroski recommended that while “in time . . . a case could be made in favor of consolidating committees, ” in the meantime the international should “continue to let the General c hairmen work things out among themselves with our assistance.” Id. at 664. In response, President Monin merely encouraged other committees to voluntarily consolid ate, but with respect to plaintiffs’ committee he effectively stripped it of jurisdiction over the applicable collective bargaining agreements by declaring a dif ferent committee the representative and agent of all members under the new agreements. Id . at 696-97. The plaintiffs’ committee appealed to the BLE Board of Appeals. It charged that the president’s actions triggered Sect ion 33 of the Standing Rules and therefore required a vote of the membership. 4The Board of Appeals agreed, ruling that the president’s unilateral move constituted an effort to force a committee merger and therefore “each member represe nted by an affected general committee [must] have a vote on whether or not the recommended consolidation/merger will take place.” Id. at 697. The Board expressly refused to take a position on the “methodology” by which the e lection must be governed and-8-

therefore did not address whether a majority of all votes or a majority of each committee’s membership was necessary to approve a merger of committees. Id. Even before the Board of Appeals announced its deci sion, plaintiff James, chairman of the plaintiffs’ committee, launched a n ationwide campaign to recall President Monin. His efforts were successful. In 1999, the rank and file voted to remove Monin as BLE president. Union Vice-President Edward Dubroski succeeded his former boss on August 1, 1999. Now-President Dubroski continued the effort to cons olidate the Union Pacific committees. He convened a meeting of the c hairs of all the committees to attempt to forge a voluntary agreement to consolidate, but the chairs, some of whom would have been forced to surrender their posi tions, were unable to reach a consensus. Dubroski also attempted to convince U nion Pacific management, in the wake of the decision by the BLE Board of Appeal s, to recognize plaintiff James as the bargaining agent of the employees he r epresented before the railroad merger. Union Pacific refused, asserting that the merger-related accords negotiated between the railroad and the union permi tted only one representative for each collective bargaining agreement and that U nion Pacific had recognized the chair of a different committee as the represent ative for James’ members. Dubroski next proposed consolidation in a letter se nt directly to members: While no one likes change–it creates much pain–we s imply have to restructure our general committees for reasons of e conomy,-9-

efficiency, sound business principles and effective representation. The maintenance of eleven (11) separate committees, or even more as some suggest, is too costly and would require incre ases in dues or even debt. Furthermore, the committees must be formed in a fashion that they can provide strong, adequate and unsplint ered representation for all members within their geograp hic jurisdiction. Only through the changes recommended in my decisionbelow could we be reasonably assured of a financially stable, h ealthy organization on Union Pacific that will meet the present and fut ure needs of you, the members, in negotiating agreements and enforcin g them. Aplee. App. at 25. Dubroski proposed restructuring the existing eleven committees into six. Each new committee would cove r a distinct geographic area, larger than any of the previous committees, and eac h would administer similar collective bargaining agreements within its territo ry. The letter also stated that a vote on consolidation would be conducted accordin g to the process provided in Section 33(a)(1)B. All eleven committees were, according to the langua ge of Section 33, “affected” by the proposal, so ballots were sent to all BLE members on the Union Pacific system. An overall majority of members app roved Dubroski’s plan by a vote of 2,401 to 425. However, a majority of membe rs covered by plaintiffs’ general committee voted against the merger. With t hese results, Dubroski announced that the entire consolidation plan had be en approved and would be implemented, thus eliminating plaintiffs’ GCA. Plaintiff James, on behalf of himself, his membersh ip, and his committee, notified President Dubroski of his intent to appeal the results of the election,-10-

contending that under Section 33 a committee cannotbe dissolved and merged with another committee unless a majority from each committee consents. President Dubroski refused to submit the appeal to the BLE Board of Appeals, asserting that the Section 33 election result was n ot subject to appeal because Section 44 of the union constitution excepted actio ns taken under Section 33(a)(1) from the appeals process.

II. DISTRICT COURT PROCEEDINGS AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW After President Dubroski rejected their appeal, pla intiffs filed this lawsuit. The complaint alleged that the union’s use of a str aight majority vote to decide the outcome of the restructuring election was contr ary to the process mandated by Section 33 of the union constitution, thereby violating the Railway Labor Act’s duty of fair representation, see 45 U.S.C. § 152, and the union members’ Bill of Rights set out in the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, see 29 U.S.C. § 411. The complaint also alleged breach of contract and promissory estoppel under state law. Adopting a lengthy recom mendation from the magistrate judge, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the union on the federal labor claims and held the stat e law claims preempted by the Railway Labor Act.-11-

We review de novo the district court’s grant of sum mary judgment, which is warranted only if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, i f any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” F ED
. R. C IV
. P. 56(c). We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, in this case plaintiffs. Jurasek v. Utah State Hosp. , 158 F.3d 506, 510 (10th Cir. 1998). In this internal union dispute, two additional prin ciples underpin our decision. The first is that judicial interference in intra-union affairs should be undertaken with great reluctance. Lucas v. Bechtel Corp. , 800 F.2d 839, 850 (9th Cir. 1986). Second, “[a]bsent bad faith or sp ecial circumstances, an interpretation of a union constitution by union off icials . . . should not be disturbed by the court.” Teamsters Joint Council No. 42 v. Int’l Bhd. of
Teamsters , 82 F.3d 303, 306 (9th Cir. 1996) (quotation and c itation omitted). These principles rest on a strong federal policy infavor of union self-governance. See generally Local Union No. 657 of the United Bhd. of Carpenters v. Sidell , 552 F.2d 1250, 1255-56 (7th Cir. 1977).-12- III. THE DUTY OF FAIR REPRESENTATION Plaintiffs charge that the union dissolved their co mmittee and stripped its chairman of any authority to negotiate on their beh alf with the railroad. They contend this conduct violated the union’s internal constitution and breached the duty of fair representation. The Supreme Court has recognized an implied duty of fair representation under the Railway Labor Act. Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. , 323 U.S. 192, 202-07 (1944). This duty is breached when a u nion’s conduct toward a member or group of members is “arbitrary, discrim inatory, or in bad faith.” Rucker v. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. , 917 F.2d 1233, 1238 (10th Cir. 1990) (quotation and citation omitted). While the duty d oes not reach purely internal union affairs, it does extend to matters regarding a union’s role as the collective bargaining agent for its members, including the neg otiation, administration, and enforcement of collective bargaining agreements. Distler v. United Mine Workers , 711 F.2d 76, 79 (7th Cir. 1983). The magistrate judge expressed some hesitance as to whether plaintiffs’ claim implicates the duty of fair representation. We agree that the question is a close one because it involves internal union matter s. But because the plaintiffs attack the voting procedures employed by the union, alleging that newly5 In light of our concerns, we sought and received supplemental briefing

from the parties on this issue. As indicated, we are persuaded the plaintiffs did plead a justiciable claim because they allege that the union’s voting procedures denied them fair representation. See Steele , 323 U.S. at 200 (implying a statutory duty of fair representation and noting that raciall y discriminatory membership rules “deprived” black railroad workers “of the rig ht, which they would otherwise possess, to choose a representative of their own”); see also Davenport v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 166 F.3d 356, 361 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (noting that “‘ the discriminatory denial of the right [to vote in contract ratification election] may be inconsistent with a union’s [duty of fair representation].’ American Postal Workers Union, Local 6885 v. American Postal Workers Union, (‘Postal Workers’), 665 F. 2d 1096, 1105 n. 20 (D.C.Cir. 1981).”) -13- formulated, unlawful procedures diluted their vote and deprived them of their designated bargaining representative, we conclude that their complaint is sufficient to state a claim for breach of the fair representation duty. 5 Turning to the dispute, “[i]t is well settled that the relationship existing between a trade union and its members is contractua l and that the constitution . . . constitute[s] a binding contract . . . .” Adams v. Int’l Bhd. of Boilermakers, 262 F.2d 835, 838 (10th Cir. 1959). The meaning of a provision in the union constitution must be viewed in light of the overrid ing “federal policy of noninterference in internal union affairs.” Fulk v. United Transp. Union , 160 F.3d 405, 408 (7th Cir. 1998). “We defer to a union’s interpretation of its own constitution so long as the interpretation is not unreasonable.” Id. at 407. “[W]e must be able to call the interpretation unrea sonable, perhaps even patently6 The BLE constitution indicates that the union presi dent’s interpretation of

the constitution is “the union’s” interpretation: u nder a heading titled “Duties of the International President,” section 7(b) of the c onstitution specifically grants the president the authority and responsibility to “rend er interpretations of the law of the BLE.” Aplee. App. at 5. -14- unreasonable, before we can set it aside.” Id. at 408 (quotation omitted). In addition, we regard the President’s interpretation as the union’s construction. 6 Section 33(a)(1)-Standing Rules is part of the BLE constitution. The rule begins by requiring the union president, upon notic e “that a merger [or] consolidation” in the railroad industry will occur, to “assign an officer for the purpose of directing the committees in the handling [of the matter] to the best interests of the members involved.” See Section 33(a)(1). It continues by stating that committee consolidation may be necessary in re sponse to a railroad merger, and sets out the procedures governing any such consolidation. Id. at (a)(1)(B). The relevant provisions read:

The committees involved on the merged systems may b e consolidated, if necessary, to meet the representat ional requirements of the membership. The officer assigned shall submit his recommendatio ns to the International President. If the recommendation is to merge the involved committees, the International President sh all forward said recommendation with all facts in support to th e involved general committees. . . . . If the decision of the majority is to merge the committees in question , the International President shall notify the affected general committees of the decision and [arrange for the election of new officers]. . . . . If it is the-15- decision of the majority not to merge their GCA’s, their individual GCA’s shall continue as heretofore

. Id. (emphasis added). As we have said earlier, the p arties read these words quite differently. The union interprets the phrase “of t he majority” to mean a majority of the total votes cast. Plaintiffs argue “of the majority” refers to a majority of each separate committee. The rule fails to identify unequivocally which majo rity shall control the outcome of the vote. We recognize our task is not to determine the true or correct meaning of Section 33 nor to decide which of the tw o competing readings of “majority” is the better one, but only to decide wh ether the union’s interpretation is reasonable. Laturner v. Burlington N., Inc. , 501 F.2d 593, 599 (9th Cir. 1974). Our determination of reasonableness is a legal one. See Lucas , 800 F.2d at 850 (“The controversy before us is a legal one: was the IBEW’s interpretation [of its constitution] reasonable and made in good faith?”). We conclude the union’s interpretation of Section 3 3 is reasonable. The rule contains a syntactical clue suggesting that “the decision of the majority” refers to a majority of the voting membership as a whole. It states that “[i]f it is the decision of the majority not to merge their GCA’s, their individual GCA’s shall continue as heretofore.” Section 33(a)(1)(B) (emphasis added). The use of the plural possessive pronoun (“their,” as opposed to “its”) undermines the notion that each separate committee retains a veto. It al so points to a broader set of-16-

relevant decision-makers, since “their GCA’s” denot es the existence of at least two committees and suggests that the “majority” nec essary to effect a decision “not to merge” comes from more than one committee’s membership. Moreover, there is no clear textual support for pla intiffs’ interpretation of Section 33. This lack of support is particularly c onspicuous in light of plaintiffs’ earlier, unsuccessful attempt to amend the rule to align it with the interpretation they assert now. In late 1997, a local division of the BLE based, like the plaintiffs’ committee, in Pueblo, Colorado, circulated a petition seeking support for an effort aimed at rewording Section 33. The p roposed amendment would have made clear that “the committees involved may n ot be merged unless all of the involved committees agree,” and would have elim inated some of the syntactical flaws discussed above. Aplee. App. at 127. For instance, the amended rule would have read: “If the decision of each separate committee is to merge the committees in question, [the merger shall proceed]. . . . If it is the decision of one of the committees involved is [sic] not to merge their GCA’s, their individual GCA’s shall continue as heretofore.” Id. at 127-28. Plaintiff James sent these amendments to the chairmen of all BLE ge neral committees, urging them to support “Division 29’s efforts to insure th at your members and ours have the final say in their destiny.” Id. at 130. Section 33 was not amended, however,-17-

failing to gain the currency necessary to be submitted to the rank and file for

a vote. Plaintiffs also point to what they call the legislative history of Section 33, claiming it reveals a clear intent to require major ity approval from the membership of each committee before any such committee can be dissolved and merged with another. The record on which they relycomprises a history of the bitter relationship between small committees and th e central union, much of it predating the enactment of Section 33. To the exte nt it is relevant, we are not convinced. As an initial matter, plaintiffs lean heavily on co mments made by delegates to the 1991 convention that drafted and ratified Se ction 33, comments like those made by Brother Chenchar, who said: “My members fee l the International President shouldn’t have the right to merge General Committees against their will.” Aplt. App., vol. III at 442. Brother Myers expressed similar feelings: “Our divisions have felt the effect of a forced mer ger . . . and we are in favor of keeping the committee merge[r]s in the hands of the membership, not the International.” Id. These remarks and others like them, cited extensi vely in plaintiffs’ briefs, reveal no more than a desire to abolish the president’s authority to force a merger without a vote of the membership. They are not inconsistent-18-

with the union’s actions here because they do not i ndicate conclusively the outcome of this internal debate. In addition, the comments quoted above were directe d not at Section 33 but at a different constitutional rule, what became Sec tion 4(c) of the Standing Rules. See id. at 441. Under the dubious proposition that the le gislative history of one provision illuminates another, plaintiffs call Sect ion 4(c) a “related” rule. Yet Section 4(c) is significantly different from Sectio n 33. Section 4(c) relates to the desire of “a General Committee of Adjustment on any small road or system” to merge with another committee against that committee’s wishes. Id. (emphasis added). We are not confronted with a committee “on a small road or system,” nor do we face a committee seeking to merge without the assent of the acquiring committee. Moreover, the meaning of Section 4(c) i s more under-determined than that of Section 33; it says only that “[t]he final decision will rest with the affected members of the involved Committees.” Id. Plaintiffs also question whether resort to Section 33 was even appropriate, given the scale of the resulting changes. They ass ert that because the union intended to restructure its entire internal organiz ation, the rule did not cover the election since it speaks not to a wholesale realign ment but only to mergers of existing committees. We defer to the union’s broaddefinition of the rule because it is neither unreasonable nor contrary to law or p olicy. The rule itself contains-19-

no express limit on its scope, and it repeatedly ca lls its contemplated response to such a unique event a “consolidation.” The plan ap proved by the union membership, it seems to us, represents a fairly typ ical, if extensive, “consolidation” plan. It reduces the number of exi sting committees, combines and enlarges geographic territories, and requires the election of officers to head the newly created committees, all in correspondence to the changes brought about by the underlying merger. The consolidation theref ore appears to be reasonably within the scope of Section 33. Our conclusion that the union reasonably interprete d Section 33 does not end our inquiry. Even if a union’s action is autho rized under its constitution, it may still breach the duty of fair representation. Local No. 48, United Bhd. of Carpenters v. United Bhd. of Carpenters , 920 F.2d 1047, 1053 (1st Cir. 1990). Thus, we still must determine, in light of the unio n’s interpretation, whether the union breached the duty of fair representation, that is, whether its conduct was “arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith.” Rucker , 917 F.2d at 1238. Given our belief that the union’s interpretation of the rule was reasonable, we reject the argument that its conduct was arbitrary. Nor do we agree that the union discriminated against plaintiffs or singled-o ut their general committee. All BLE members on the Union Pacific, including the individual plaintiffs, were-20-

given an equal vote, and four other committees in a ddition to plaintiffs’ were eliminated as a result of the union’s merger vote. We likewise find no evidence of bad faith on the pa rt of the union or any union official, despite plaintiffs’ argument that t he elimination of his committee through a membership vote was a continuation of the campaign plaintiffs allege former President Monin undertook against Mr. James and his committee for “being a thorn in the side of the International BLE .” Aplt. App., vol. II at 178. To the extent that James himself has been an irrita nt, the person who bore the brunt of his offense was President Monin, whom Jame s toppled in a successful recall election. There is no evidence of personal animus in this record between James and Monin’s successor, Edward Dubroski, who c alled for and presided over the challenged election. The union contends its of ficials were motivated solely by the rational concern of how best to preserve the un ion’s strength in the face of sweeping changes in the railroad industry, and plai ntiffs have advanced little or no evidence to contradict this. Plaintiffs therefo re fall short of the legal standard for establishing bad faith, which in this context r equires evidence that “union officials acted contrary to the International’s bes t interest, out of self-interest, or in an unconscionable or outrageous way.” Teamsters Joint Council No. 42 , 82 F.3d at 306.-21-

In addition to its decision about which “majority” governs a Section 33 election, plaintiffs also allege that the union bre ached the duty of fair representation in two other respects. First, they claim that President Dubroski violated this duty by refusing to consider their internal administrative appeal. They rely on Section 44(a)(1)-Constitution, which p rovides that the BLE Board of Appeals “shall have authority to render a final and binding decision on all appeals from decisions and interpretations of the I nternational President.” Aplee. App. at 2. However, they ignore language in the ru le that “excepts,” among other things, decisions and interpretations arising underSection 33(a)(1) of the Standing Rules. Id. President Dubroski cited this language in rejecti ng plaintiffs’ appeal. We cannot say his interpretation of the ru le was unreasonable in light of Section 44’s clear language. Nor can we say that h is refusal to grant plaintiffs any other right of appeal was unreasonable. Second, plaintiffs assert that President Dubroski’s failure to include position statements from the general chairmen along with the ballots provided to the rank and file members and the fact that the Int ernational (Dubroski), rather than committee chairs, sent the ballots to affected members, violated the duty of fair representation. Plaintiffs are correct that S ection 33(a)(1)(B) provides the general committees shall prepare the ballots and th at the recommendations of committee chairs shall accompany the ballot along w ith the International’s-22-

recommendation. It is also undisputed that in this election the ballots and the International’s recommendations were instead sent b y the International and without recommendations of general committee chairs

. Defendants offer several reasons for these departur es, including that some of the general committee chairs asked the Internati onal to distribute the ballot, general chairs could not agree on recommendations, and the International had distributed the ballots for previous mergers. More over, committee chairs were apparently still able to communicate their recommen dations to members by doing so directly; plaintiffs have not asserted defendant s attempted to prevent such contact in any way. There is also no evidence thes e departures were undertaken in a way that is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith. Rucker , 917 F.2d
at 1238. In light of the broad scale of the consolidation un dertaken here and the ability of committee chairs to make their views kno wn, we believe these departures from constitutional procedure are withinthe bounds of reasonableness as constrained by the deference we must give to a u nion’s interpretation of its constitution and union conduct with regard to its own internal affairs. Fulk , 160 F.3d at 407-08. We conclude that although the election procedure departed somewhat from the strictures of Section 33, plainti ffs have not shown the union violated its duty of fair representation with these fairly minor derogations.-23- IV.
PLAINTIFFS’ REMAINING CLAIMS Relying on the same facts, as well as the same inte rpretation of the BLE constitution, plaintiffs contend the union’s intern al restructuring violated two provisions of the Labor Management Reporting and Di sclosure Act. The first is Section 101(a)(1) of the Act, which grants union me mbers “equal rights and privileges . . . to nominate candidates, to vote in elections or referendums . . ., to attend membership meetings, and to participate in t he deliberations and voting upon the business of such meetings. . . .” 29 U.S. C. § 411(a)(1). The magistrate judge rejected plaintiffs’ claim, re asoning that any infringement of the statute “must be predicated on some form of discrimination.” Aplt. App., vol. V at 831. The judge found that pl aintiffs had failed to allege facts showing they were “treated differently than o ther union members with regard to their opportunity to vote on the recommen ded merger of General Committees.” Id. at 832. She made the same finding with respect to the plaintiffs’ right to pursue an administrative appeal of the merger. Id. The district court adopted these findings in full. We agree. T he magistrate judge correctly interpreted the governing law and properly applied that law to the facts. See Calhoon v. Harvey , 379 U.S. 134, 138-39 (1964) (Section 101(a) is “n o more than-24-

a command that members and classes of members shall not be discriminated against in their right to nominate and vote.”). The district court, acting again on a recommendatio n from the magistrate judge, also was correct in rejecting plaintiffs’ se cond claim under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, this one r esting on Section 101(a)(2) of the Act. That section protects union members’ “ right to meet and assemble freely with other members; and to express any views , arguments, or opinions.” 29 U.S.C. § 411(a)(2). The record contains no evid ence to support plaintiffs’ claim under this statute. Finally, the magistrate judge and the district court both ruled that plaintiffs’ state law claims were preempted by the Railway Labo r Act. Plaintiffs do not quarrel with this conclusion, and we therefore conc lude they have waived their state law claims. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon , 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7 (10th Cir. 1994) (failure to raise an issue in the opening brief waives the issue). We AFFIRM the judgment of the United States Distric t Court.-25- STANDING RULES Authority of International President in Mergers, etc.

with Protective Agreements Note: The term “Mergers, etc.,” as referred to in s ubtitle and as hereinafter expressed in this section, means - mergers, consoli dations, coordinations, control, absorptions, diversions of traffic, purchases or any other action whereby separate facilities or operations of railroads are going to be unified. Section 33 .(a)(1) Mergers, etc. When the International President has sufficient inf ormation that a merger, consolidation, coordination, control, absorption, d iversion of traffic, purchase or any other action whereby separate facilities or operati ons of railroads are going to be unified, he shall immediately assign an officer forthe purpose of directing the committees in the handling to the best interests of the members involved.
A. Contracts A. There shall be a revision of the existing agreeme nts on the properties involved which will have for its purpose the consolidation of contracts covering the merged, etc . property. B. The assigned officer, in conjunction with the int erested general chairmen, shall represent all of the committees in negotiations with the carrier and/or carriers. C. Contracts shall be ratified by a majority vote of the active members casing a ballot. B. General Committees The committees involved on the merged systems may b e consolidated, if necessary, to meet the representational requirement s of the membership. The officer assigned shall submit his recommendatio ns to the International President. If the recommendation is to merge the i nvolved committees, the-26-

International President shall forward said recommen dation with all facts in support to the involved general committees. The affected g eneral committee(s) shall refer the question to the membership under their jurisdic tion by instructing each affected division to prepare a paper ballot to be delivered within sixty (60) days to each member of the division, by government mail, directe d to his/her last known address. The ballot, with a large envelope, approximately 4 x 9 1⁄2 inches, which must contain space for the member’s name and address, must have first class postage affixed thereto and must contain the division number and ad dress for returning the ballot. The ballot and return envelope must also be accompanied with the written recommendation of the International President, the written recommendation of the affected general chairmen, and written instructions showing purpose of the ballot, time, date and place for counting the ballots. The ballot shall also contain a signature and date line, which must be signed and d ated by the member. The return envelope containing the ballot must be returned andpostmarked within fifteen (15) days from the postmarked date on the envelope sent to the member. The ballots shall be counted by each division at the first regular di vision meeting following the date for return of the ballots. Each division secretary -treasurer will notify the general chairman of the results from the ballots received within ten (10) days. The affected general chairmen will forward this information to the International President and the other affected general chairmen within thirty (30) days fr om date received from last division reporting. If the decision of the majority is to merge the committees in question, the International President shall notify th e affected general committees of the decision and instruct the merged committees to mee t within ninety (90) days for the purpose of electing new officers, as provided in S ection 9 - Standing Rules, and conducting any business or grievance that may properl y come before the body. The new date to meet regularly shall be decided as per Section 8 - Standing Rules. If it is the decision of the majority not to merge their GCA’s, their individual CGA’s shall continue as heretofore. C. Divisions Representation The general committee or general chairman and divis ion or divisions affected shall, after the determination h as been made relative to a merged seniority district or district s, make a study of the BLE divisions in the affected are for the pu rpose of reducing, if possible, the number thereof to only thos e necessary to maintain an efficient operation.-27- The general committee or general chairman and divis ions affected shall give consideration to the following points as a guideline for making such a determination: a. The number of members in a division. b. The location of the majority of the member’s plac e of residence. c. The availability of the majority of the members t o attend the division meeting place. d. The location of the operating division offices ne arest the BLE division. Changes as referred to in the above paragraph shall not be put into effect by a general committee or general chair man until the proposed changes have been submitted to the Executi ve Committee of the ID and approved. II. Jurisdiction Should it be, in the judgment of the general committee or general chairman and divisions affected, that more than one BLE division is necessary on a seniority district, and said BLE divisions have been set up, each division shall be given a definit e territory by the general committee and/or the general chairman. Elections to all offices of each division shall be held immediately after they have been set up, provided divisions hav e been merged or a new division has been created. Should the GCA and divisions fail to reach an amicable agreement in the merging of and/or creating a new d ivision within sixty (60) days, the matter shall be referre d to the International President who shall, upon receipt the reof, make an investigation of the facts within thirty (30) days, after which the Executive Committee of the ID shall make a recommen dation thereon, which shall be final and binding.