OFFICE OF NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

DIVISION OF REVIEW 

• 

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS INDUSTRY 

33 8 

U.585w · 

)U,_ 79 

By 

Peter A. Stone 

William E. Yost 

D. N. Burnham 

C. Stowell Smith 

Spencer H. Reed 

Sterling R. March 

WORK MATERIALS NO. 79 

INDUSTRY STUDIES SECTION 

MARCH, 1936 
UNIVERSITY 

OF FLORIDA 

LIBRARY 

• 
9813 

OFFICE OF NATIONAL R"SCOVEW .ADMUTISTRAf11IOH 

DIVISION OF BEVIEW 

ECONOMIC FrtOJ3LEMS OF THE LlfMlfER AliD "'I M3ER PRODUCTS INTIUSTRY 

:By 

P3ter Ae Stone 

Wi l_l_i am "S . Yost 

D. N. :Burnham 

C. Stowell Smith 

Suencer H. Reed 

Sterlins R. March 

. , . ' ' 

I NDUST-:1Y STtilliBS SECTION 

ARCH~ 197-6 

> 
.. 

• 

33 8 

I ' 

.. . .· 

.. . 
This study of the Lumber and Th1ber Prod.uct s Industries was completed by Rir. T7illiam E. Yost, of the Industry Studies Section, Mr. M. D. 

Vincent, in charge. 

The report concerns one of the oldest and largest industries in the 

United States, but because of lack of time and personnel the original 

plan for a report covering a study of the entire subject of Lumber and 

Timber Products has been curtailed to the basic portions only. Forests 

have been dealt with exhaustively. Logging and s~1-mills have been covered extensively, but not as adequately as was desired. Other parts 

of this industry have only been touched. The stresses of administration 

have been pointed out, and their effects and results analyzed. 

The National Lumber Manufacturers Association has cooperated with the 

Division of Review by generous contributions of data and by cordial availability for conference and discussion. On the page immediately following 

this foreword will be found a statement by the Association. 

It should be pointed out that there are masses of material in NRA 

files and in the files of the Association tha.t are not reflected, or are 

at best inadequately reflected, in this study. The report is precisely what the cover page implies, work materials for further study. It 

is to be hoped that in some way the subject may be reopened to the end 

that, through further cooperation with the industry, a more complete and 

informative report may be written. 

At the back of this report will be found a brief statement of the 

studies undertaken by the Division of Review. 

March 17, 1936. 

9813 

L. C. Marshall 

Director, Division of Review 

-i-

Division of Revie'.7, 

National Recovery Aruninistration. 

In response to a reqnest from the National Recovery Admihistration, Division of Review, the national Lumber Manufacturers .kssociation apyointed a representative committee to review and comment on the 

work of the Division of Review in the preparation of a study of Economic 

Conditions in the Lumber Industry. Early· in December the Committee 

received for comment a copy of the prelimina~r draft of the study. The 

Committee made a brief review of the preliminary draft and sent numerous 

suggestions and criticisms thereon to the Division of Review. Subsequently it uas informed that the proposed report had been substantially changed 

in scope and content. 

The final draft of the study, except for Appendices II and III 

was received from the Division of Review for transmission to the Committee early in March. Due to the necessity of having the re'!)ort memeographed before April 1st, the time was insufficient to permit the members 

of the Committee to make adequate study of, or comment upon, the report; 

and they have not done so. 

The proposed revised report, however, has been generally reviewed by the Association staff aided by conferences with members of the 

Division of Review. These have resulted in a partial but substantial 

correction of inaccuracies, and of important omissions of fact. Upon 

many points the Association is in entire accord with the statement of 

facts and conclusions by the Division of Review. On some points differences of opinion concerning the facts and their significance, and lack 

of sufficient time to collect and prepare pertinent data have prevented 

more com:9lete agreement. On still other points the Association believes 

that the material has been J?resented in such fashion as to point to or 

at least readily to invite erroneous conclusions and unwarranted inferences. 

The participation by the National Lumber Hanufacturers Association i:..1 a review of this work does not imlJly either agreement or disagreement nith the substance of the report or with its conclusions. Nor is it 

to be interpreted as signifying agreement with the approach to and planning of the study, the selection of material, the manner of presentation, 

or the conclusions stated in and to be inferred from the report, It is 

in entire accord with the jud~nent of the Division of Review that the 

time and facilities available for the preparation of the study and the 

difficult conditions under which it has been conducted, have not permitted tb.e full achievement of a balanced, thorough, and objective study. 

It is understood that a copy of this communication will be 

included as a nart of the re;Jort of the Division of Review on Economic 

Conditions in the L~unber Ind~stry. 

Respectfully submitted, 

NATIONAL LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 

March 25, 1936 

9813 -ii-

TABLE OJ!, CONTENTS 

HISTORICAL SUMMARY .................................................. Page 

1 

CHAPTER I • INTRODUCTION . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 7 

A. General Description of the Industry • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . 7 

1. Forest Lands and s-peci e s • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . 8 

2. EarlJr Hist ory . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 8 

3. Western Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

4 . Volume of Production . ............................... 10 

5. Effect of Logging on Product ion • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

6. The Production Cycle • . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

7. Labor .......... . ...... ................ ............... 13 

8. Lmnber Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

9. Pro<luction Costs • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 15 

10. Transp ortation....................................... 16 

11. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

12. Improvements in Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 19 

13. Other Lumber Prod.ucts • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 20 

B. Scope of Dis cussion 23 

CHAPTER I I. THE PROBLEMS OF :2-,0RES'I IviAlJAGEMElJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

A. Timber Supply and Location 24 

1. Present Forest .Area • . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 24 

a. Commercial Forest Area.......................... 24 

2. Forest Stand . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 27 

a. Stand on Total Area ............................. 27 

b. Stand on Saw Tir.1ber Area........................ 28 

c. Stand on Cordwood Area • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

d. Stand on Restocking Ar ea... ..................... 28 

e. San Timber Stand • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • 28 

B. The Problems of Timber Ownership and Value .•.. ... . . . .. ...• 30 

1. Ownership of :untire }!'orest Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

a. Indus trial Ownership • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 30 

b. Farm ~Joodland.s • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 31 

c. Public Ownership • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 31 

2. o·wnership of Sa~ Timber Stand • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

a. Industrial Ovmers h ip • • • . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. • 32 

b. Farm ':'{oodlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . • 32 

c. National ::!'orests ... ................ ............. 32 

d. Other J:.ederall y Owned and lfanag ed Forests........ 33 

e. State, County and Hunicipal Ownership........... 33 

9813 -iii-
( ' 
c. 

D. 

3. Average Stand of Saw Ti mber per Acre .•.... .... . . ..• 

Page 

33 

4. Forest Growth and Drain ••.................... . ..... 33 

a. Forest Gro,.vth • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • 33 

b. Forest Drain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

5. Value of Forests and Forests Lands ••.. ... ... .. ... .. 39 

6. 

7. 

The 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Pre 

1. 

2. 

a. Privately Owned Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

b. PubliclJr Owned Lands . • . .. . • .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . • 40 

St1..llilpage Values ••.............................. . ... 

Concentration of Timber Ownership ••.......•.......• 

Problem of Holding Tiillber Land ..................... . 

Interest ....................................... . .. . 

Fire Protection Cost .....................•........• 

Taxation ...................... . ................... . 

Code Efforts at Conservation •....................... 

P'tlblic ............................................ . 

Private . .......................................... . 

40 

41 

43 

44 

45 

48 

50 

51 

52 

E. Cons ervation Under the Code • • .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . 54 

1. The Private Forestry Program....................... 57 

2. The P'tlblic Forestry Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 60 

CHAPTER III. THE PROBLE11S OF PRODUCTION......................... 64 

.A. Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

B. Production - Volume - Usage • • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 

C. Financial S true ture • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 79 

D. Production Costs • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

1. Raw },1aterial Costs •................ ·· ·. .. . .. . . ... .. 92 

2. Sawmill or Rough Lumber Conversion Costs........... 93 

3. Dressing or Planing Costs • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . • . . • 94 

4. General Expenses and Overhead...................... 94 

5. History of Costs Under :NRA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 94 

E. Prices and Mill Realization ......................... ~ ... 103 

1. Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

2. 1A ill Realization • . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . • • 110 

F. Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 

1. Statistical Coverage............................... 115 

2. Numb er a~d Type of Employees ....... ·.·. ..... .......• 115 

a. Number of Employees .......................... ~ 115 

b. Seasonality of Employment •.................. ·~ 117 

c. Type of EmploJrees • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

9813 -iv-

3. General Labor Conditions ••...•...........••••.•...• 

a. Hazards of :EmploYIJlent- ••..•.....•..•.•........• 

b. General I,abor ConcH tions on the West Coast •... 

c. 

(1) 

( 2) 

(3) 

High Labor Turnover •••••......•....•..•• 

Causes of Labor Unrest ••..••.••.••....•• 

I oproveillent in Labor Conditions ......... 

General Labor Cond.i tions in the South . ....... . 

Page 

121 

121 

123 

123 

124 

126 

127 

4. Organization and Disputes • • • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . • .. . . • 128 

a. West Coast ............. . .. , . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 128 

b. South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 

c. West Virginia • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • 136 

5. Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 

a. SaVi!!Ilill and Millworl~ Combined • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 138 

b. Sawmill and Millwork Compared................ . 139 

c. .Area Comparisons • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 140 

d. Payroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 

6. Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 

7. Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 

8. Code Labor Provisions and_ their Interpretation • . • • • 153 

a. General Labor Provisions • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 153 

b. Hour Prov isions . • . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 

c. Wage Provisions • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . 156 

9. Operation of Code Labor Provisions ••.•..•...... .. .• 159 

a. Child Labor Provisions........................ 159 

b. Hourly Provisions ••....... ... ... .... ..•.•. ..•• 159 

c. Wage Provisions . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . 160 

G. Production Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 

CHAPTER IV. PROBLEMS OF DISTRIBUTION .•••.....•.•..•.•.••••.••..• 189 

CHAPTER V. ...................................................... 223 

A. Future Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 

B. Timber Ownership Statistics • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 231 

C. Transportation and Cross Hauling........................ 232 

D. :tviethodolog;y • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 235 

APPENDIX I. HISTORY OF PRECODE EFFORTS AT PRODUCTION CONTROL .•• 237 

APPEND IX I I • TABLES AND EXHIBITS ................................ 261 

9813 -v-
. . .... 

. ...... 
APPZNDIX I1 

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF THE LUMBER D TI ffiZR PRODUCTS INDUSTRY 

TABLE NO. 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

v 

V (a) 

v (b) 

VI 

VI (a) 

VII 

III 

III (a) 

IX 

IX (a) 

813 

IJDEX .OF TABLES 

PAGE NO. 

Com~ercial Forest Ar,ea of the United States ..•• 262 

Tota l Stand in the United Sta tes of Saw 

Timber CordvJOod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 263 

Stand of Saw Timber ~n the United States by 

Regions, States, and Classes of Ow:~ership •••••• 264 

Stand pe r Acre on Saw Timber Areas •.•........•• 265 

Production of Lumber in t he United States1925 to 1929 •..............................•••• 266 

Soft\'vood and Harc:lwood Production by States -

1929 to 1934 ••••..............................• 267 

Softwood and Hardwood Production b y Sta tes -

1929 to 1934... . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . • • • 268 

Annual Drain of Forest Prod·1cts (other tfla.n 

lumber) Avereges 1925 to 19~ 9 •.•....•......•••• 269 

To t a l Forest Pro duets Dra i n ( i ndi vidu.::tl 

products).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 270 

Annual Forest Dra in ( o t:1e r t ilan Forest Products) 271 

Total Annual Forest vra in, ba sed on 1925 to 

1929 ave rage ••.....................•.•.......•• 272 

Timber Cut on Na tiona l and Indian Forests 

com_p ared to To tal Cut. • . • . . . . . . • • • . . • . • • • . • • • • • 273 

Present Current Annual Growt h of Usable 

Material on Commercial Forest Areas of the 

United States •................. , .. , ............ 274 

Comparison of Forest Products Drain and 

Fo: .... e st Growth •............... .................. 275 

-vi-

TABLE NO. 

X 

X (a) 

X (b) 

XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIII (a) 

XIII (b) 

XIV 

XVI 

XVII (a) 

XVII (b) 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XXI 

XXII, 

XXIII 

001 'Z 

PAGE NO. 

Average Stw~pag e ?rice s by States and Regions .••.• 276 

Stumpage Prices by Sta tes- 1928 to 1933 ••.••••..• 277 

Stumpage Prices - Selected States fl.nd Periods ••••• 278 

Fire Protection Expenditures •..•.............••••• 279 

Estimated Annual Tax Burden on Commercial 

Privately Owned Forests by States and Regions ••••• 280 

Estimated Annual Tax Burden on Comrnercial 

Privately Owned Saw Timber Areas by States 

and Regions •••.•.................. ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 281 

Timber Taxation as related to r a te of 

Lurnber Production.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 282 

Timber Taxation as related to Lumber 

Productio:1 and Timber Owned............ . • . . . • • • • • • 283 

Relative Statistical Position of Principal 

Producing States for Softv-rood Lumber •............• 284 

Relative Statistical Position of Princi•;al 

Producing States for Ha rdwood Lumber ••.....•.•..•• 285 

Percentage of Cal"')aci ty and Number of Bills ••••...• 286 

Lumber Production - Softwoods by Sta tes •••... , .••• 287 

Lumber Production - Ha rd\7oods by States. . • . . . . . . . • 288 

Recap itulation by Interva ls of Lurnber 

Prod11cers •.......... .............................. 289 

Recapi tula.tion by States of Known 1-L.unber 

Pro d.uc e r s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 . , 

Comparison of Equipment Utilization •..........•.•• 291 

Table of Capacity by States and Ratio of 

Stand to Capacity •.••.••••......•......•. ( ...••...• 292 

Quar terly Softwood Stocks by Division •••........•• 293 

Quarterly Ha rdwood Stocks, by Regions ••••••.....•• 294 

-vii-
.. 
ABLE NO. 

XXIV 

XXV 

XXVI 

XA'VII 

XXVIII 

XXIX 

XXX 

XXXI 

XXXII 

XXXIII 

XXXIV 

XXXV 

XYJ.:VI 

OCXVI II 

1R1 ,..-< 

PAGE NO. 

Quarterly Softwood. Production by Regions ••••..•..•• 295 

Quarterly Hardwood ?rod.uctio:a by Regi ons •.••.....•. 296 

Quarterly Softwood Shipments by Reg ions •••..•....•• 297 

Quarterly Hal'dwood Shipmen ts by D . ~~ 1ons ••.........• 298 

Southe rn Pine Costs •••............•..•........•• ~ •• 299 

Western Pine Costs .................................. 300 

Cost a11d rtealization ..............................• 301 

Cons 1:m~l tion of Domestic Lumber by the 

Cons truction, Wooden Container, and a.ll 

other Industrial Us e rs for the year 1928 •••..•••••• 302 

Consump tion of Domestic Lumber by the 

Construction, Wooden Con te.iner, and all 

other Industrial Users for the year 1933 ••.•••..••. 303 

Co~Jarison between Total Construction c.md 

Units Shi)2? ed lJe r $1,000 of Construction :Sor 

Selected Products during the years 1920-1934 •.••••• 304 

Lumber and Timber Corpora tioDs (Forest 

Products Industries) Condensed Balance 

Sheet and Profit EJ.:nd Loss Data,..... • • • • . • . . . . . • • • • 305 

Lumber and Timbel~ Cor1Jora tions (:F'orest 

Products Industries), ·- Number of Corp orations 

reporting ?rofi t and No Profit in each of 

the Cl-'3-ssified Groups •••...•........ ········~···~· · 306 

Corpora tions Returns Cla ssified by Liaj or 

Industry Groups - Percenta.ge of Corporations 

reporting Profit... • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • . 307 

Corp ora te Returns Classified by WBjor 

Industry Groups - Percen tag e of Asset Values 

of Corporations rep orting Profits •.••.•••..... _ .•• ~. 308 

Forest Products· Cor:uore,tions, Net Income, or 

Loss, Cash Dividends, and Federal Income 

T .. ::txe s Pa id.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 

-viii-
.. 't . 
TABLE NO. 

XXXIX 

XL 

XLI 

XLII 

XLIII 

XLIV 

XLV 

XLVI 

XLVII 

XLVIII 

XLIX 

L 

LI 

LII 

LIII 

LIV 

PAGE NO. 

Distribution of Ha rdwood Lumb e r from Producing 

Regions to Consumin~ Regions and Sta tes 1929 ••..•.. 310 

Distribution of Hard ood Lumber from Producing 

Regions to Consuming ReGions and Sta tes 1932 •.•..•• 311 

Distribution of H2.rdwood L1.unber from Producing 

Regions to Cons~~ing Regions and Sta tes- 1934 •.... 312 

Shipments of Principal Softwood Species of 

Lumber to State s from Principal Producing Regions •• 313 

Imports of Softwood Lumber •••....................•• 314 

United States E~oorts of Specified Lumber and 

Timber Products to Principal Importing Countries, 

1933 - 1934 ..... ................................... 315 

Softwood Exports- United States' Share of World 

Market •.... ....... . . . .............................. 316 

Retail Lumber Dealers - N-wmber of Dealers and 

1934 Q,uestionna.ires Received ••................. . ••• 317 

Retail Lumber a.nd Building Materials Code -

Reca~itulation by Divisions of Reclassified Data 

contained in 1933 Q,uestionnaires. Total of Sales 

is Base of all Percentage Given •••................. 318 

Retail Lumber Dealers - Reca:o i tula tion Ex_penses 

to Het Sales Dolla r, 1934 - Knmm Dealers 23,531 -

Dealers Reporting 3,554 •....•.............•........ 319 

Retail L1...1mber Dealers - Recap itulation Modal 

Cost Details Year 1934- Known Deale rs 23,531 -

Dealers Reporting 3,554 •..........................• 320 

Retail Lumber Dealers- Recapitulation for 

Industry - oe ration Results 1934 -Known 

Dealers 23,531- Dealers Re orting 3,554 •..•.. . .•• 321 

Lumber Cost at Chicago, Illinois, Code Period 

J anuary to ~rch, 1934 ••............. . ...........•. 322 

Lumber Cost at New Yor:c, !Jew York Code Period 

Janua ry to March, 1934... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 323 

Stock s, Shipments and Production of Softwood 

Lum-ber, 1923 - 1935 •••.•.•.......••..•..•..••...••• 324 

Hours of L-2bor: Humber of Establisl1ments and 

Humber of Vlage rners by Prevailing Hours of 

Labor per Vieek , 1929 •.•.................•.•••••.••• 325 

-ix-
.-
EXHIBITS 

XHIBI'J.l PAGE NO. 

A. Pric e T1·end- Southern Pine Roof er s •.•............. 326 

C. Quarterly Softwood Shiuments , by Reg ions , 

1929 - 1935........... . ......... . ............ . ..... 3 27 

D. · Quarterly Hardwo od Shipments , by Reg ions , 

2~ - .··19 35.... . ............. . ..................... 328 

E. Softwood Stock on Hand, by Reg ions, 1929 - 1935 ...• 329 

F. Ha rdwar e Stocks on Hand, by Regions 

19 29 - l 9 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 30 

G. Quarterly Softwood Producti on, by gi ns, 

1929 - 19 35... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 

H. Quart erly Ha rdwo od Producti on, by Regions, 

19 29 - 19 35. • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 

I. Average Lumber Price Breakdown a t Chicago, 

Illinois, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 

J. Av erage Lumber Price Brenk!].own Cl.t New York, 

New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 

K. Average Price of Softwood Lumber •••.. ... ..•......•• 335 

-X9813 
.. 

,\ 
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ECONOMIC PROBL "EMS OF THE LUMB~R AND TIMBER PRODUSTS I l'TDUSTRY 

HISTORICAL. SUMMARY .... ~ : . ~ 

The Lumber Indus~ry is one bf~our -- oHiest :lnq.~stries. It differs from 

other industries tn that . the -- line o:f der•1 ar~.at i.~. et we n nrocessing and production of ~a:w mater.i~Ls . is not -so ·<oronounced. In _lumb e r the nroduction· of 

raw rtiat'erials is more a~alo ous to :a g ri'cul ture t he" n to industry in the accented sense of the latte r term. 

The pro-duction . o.f logs and timber ·perhans preceded agriculture as an 

activity of"' the early colonists : since · s·itelte·r, a.s ' well as food, was an immediate -r -equirement. ¥.ore<?ver, clearing of land in most cases was a 

reauired process t9 the uursuit of -agriculture. It _is no wonder then that 

the New England colont.~ts en aged in lumbering as a ~rincipal activity, and 

for more than ' 200 : year.s the forests of · New ''Enp-land. u~oduced not only the 

materials for shel ter r.e 0 uired in America·:but -c-ould exnort crmsiderable 

auanti t'ies to tne w~ st-: t'ndi ~ and· t 'o 'Euro-oe· as well ·. ·. . . . . : . . . . ... ~ ' . .. 

This do es not m"lan that New 'En~land wa s the sol e uroducer of forest 

oroducts during this neriod. The S0uthern colonists alsu found rich stands 

of timber and -pro ceded to exn :. oi t these r 2source s. Ho •"'ever, the natural 

conditions which obtained were such that Southern lumb"lr e.Y.nloi tat ion was 

only a minor f~ctqr ... a~ ___ comnareg.- to Q:g'ri:cultural t\~i t.i er.s .• · . Neverthe less·, 

the f'ores:ts: of_ Ne_w "81rigl.and w:~r..e -- the urinciual "s6ur·c e qf . .lumber U1') until 

about 1880. ·in: this ._.dis.Gussi-on -the; region· designated as. New. !!::ngland includes 

Northern· New York: ~nd. P "l nnsylvania as well ~as· what is n·ow comJTlonly termed 

the New England s·tat e .. ~~ . · . . . · · ·· · .. . . . ...... 

. .... ''. ~ 

After the.Ci\ri1'War and with the devlopment .. of the uppe r Mississipni . 

Valley, the .Lake . Sta'l{eq of Wisconsin; Minne sota and Michigan became the 

orincipal sup·olfer o:f ·:ll.;tmber •.. Ho.wever, b y this t{me uroduction methods had. 

imurov . .::.·d arid the' st eam sawrriill with t.he ci:i'chila.r ·saw ·allowed for more ranid \ ' . eY.Dloitation of greater areas in a shorter time; hence ~t ~as only t~enty 

years later that the D~~l{ of urodu.ctirm nassea. f'rom the Lake States to the : 

South. 

. . - . The · ueriod :from +870 to 1910 represe:rlts the ··y ears of greatest forest · 

emloi tat ion. 'l:!).e ~tr an:;;contin~ntaJ ·railroads nad 0n "'ned u-D .vast new ter- . - . • • . • •· • t ' 

ri tories, and new farms, .. to~ns -and --vi'J!.lages:rwere heing create d at a rapid 

rate. The chief hiate~ial fo.r both -f.e.rms a:nd ·towns was lu1nber. Forests wer·e . .. . . . 

close at hand and 1urrib.er was. relatively chea:o~ . ·This era reached its peak· in 

1906 and '1907 ,· dur:lp ~cf ~51\~h.. years. approximately · 46 billion feet of lumber 

oer year were ' n'rodu·c·ed •. . . . . .. . . . 

During~the neriod ~fter 1890 and when nroduction in th~ Lake States 

began to decline ther~ was a considerable movement ·to the Pacific Coast and .. 

the eroloi tti+.ion of t~e ri~ri fir region of the No~tnwe~t b.e.came an important 

factor. The· produqts' o/ .. this regio11- e-ntered· t he· inter.ior .markets with the 

ouening of the No-rthern P~c ifj.c Railroad i n· 1892 and· a considerable nortion 

of the ·oroduct-ion found 'i 'ts way int.o the ·d evlo·ome·nt or" the urairie .states · 

just east of· the Roc~ies. The f ·ir region which ·li es. west of the Cascades · in· 

Oregon and Washing ton had. ·_ ~reviousl~ found ·its ·nrincinal outlet in the · 

requirements of the ~ac~ d~yelQpi~g State. of· C~~ifornia. With its timber 

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... ·: .. 

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growir~g right d<. -"n to the sho .. e 1 iro i i was rela l;i ;ely e"'.S;) to load i ~s 

nrod-:.1ets atoa}~d sal.ling veseels alr:-ost at the tuint t'" -or)d~ ~ti.,n. 

In 190rc !'Liter ti:1.e onenl ~ of the Panama Cana1., th ~s ·or Hiding an 

easie~ access ~o t.:le Atlanti..c Coat t. the t>roduction .from th~ '~aci.~..~ic Northwest bec3rae a.n i-'C'crtant factor .in .!I::stern m~rkets ar.1 ha<s continued a 

struggle with the South for the ~ofvwood market. 

I~ may r~ ~e8n ~hat the Lu~ber Industry hag be~n ~ con&tantly 

migr~ting one~ e~~loitin~ tne roost ~cces~ible natural res~~~es and moving 

on to richer :j~ .us when its ope.ratil'lg area became mo.~e dl.ff'cult of produci::"lg both sn~c 1lating and operating profits. , .A.~ the i'.dustr. ·moved on it 

left in i t e ~ake a less important segment in ~Tery regl.o~ wi;~n had been eY--

-oloi ted. 'i'h~s se~ ent e1:nantied or contracted a:! economl ~ oo.1di tions warranted, but it was always a factor in the control of ecc,.lr ~nic 1'Jr(')blems of 

the i.ndus try. 'Iro segment, com-oosed o small mills w', t, ! J Re-E. more or less 

marginal factOI'S during the greatest nerio:l of e1:0loi ',!t:1tion o~ an area, 

became the margln~1 factor which det~rmineti the det_;r~e c.f nt J s-oerity during 

t he dec~dent ers • 

. Ir~ e. d 2'\ :,.,-:)in~ country with rich natural resou.·ces it ,.,as but natural 

that the bost. ar.d TDo~t acce ssible t im'Jer sh~u1d be eut ~i,..& '"·· It w~s this 

urinr-iple that motivated h~ in~ustry to move from un~ araa to another as 

ranidly as fae ; lities for tran~uorting the nrodu~t bec~mo availa~le. Howev'3!, after "lEJ lopi!~nt of t he Pac .1. fie fir region h8d reach~d a high 

s t age, in ~ it ~a~ nrod ~in~ a~ mueh a~ the South, ther! .ere no new 

ar eas which , ff er ed ':>us::;ihlities of clasily acce ssible vl.r,e:i.4 forests. It 

followed t hen h.3.t 1:1s he indu-;.cry was forced bl3e" int t'he more inaeCEfSsible ar~as Vi th i: e COn!'l ~uucnt highe ... C'1 G t of re r, ,•hin,g the C'1nsuming market 

he~c was, of neees~ ty, an in~r fJc iP the -orice l e v 1. 

At about this time many blic svirited neoule b e came ~)?-med at the 

rate of e.:nloi tation of th~ forost a.PC~ we1 e led to ure Jict en early eY~. 

haustion of for~st resources. .A.n im1 ~..~ r+.ant result ot this alcrmiot a.tti tude which rai ca'vtt tho nonula.1· 1ancy was an inerea·;;~ in timber 

s-peclllation. If, reasc,ned ~he s-oec-.lltors, our ~tandir.g timbur ie ra:pijly 

becoming eY.hau~~~d, higher values of exiatiPg standing t~mbe4 ~~~t , 

ncc:Pssarily follow. As & conseauence large tracts of ~t~rding timb~r we~e 

-ourchc..sed at !!:oun·viPg nrices, wi tb IH' thought at the +.ittJe ,_,f eunvel"ting this 

timber into lumbe~. Su~s~quen t ev~~ts forced th~ ast~ li~h~~nt of sawmill facilities for the oole n~ooe ef liquidati~~ tl eee investment!, ~ut 

at the time of ac~uisi ion the1·e was nc thoug~t given ~c ~~is ne~~sity • 

.lnothcr develonmen ~ of tl.is period wae the ra~id inc·game in the use of 

s~e~l ancl celLf::nt. The uer:i'ection of the :Bessemer U.L'~Less made steel an 

irrrcc.rtant cora.Jeti tor in bui ldj ag~ and other struc turee-. Tr ~ orocess for 

making cemeLt hRd develo~ed to the noint wh~re eoncrete, wt~h its lacting 

qualities, entiroly di~placed lumber for ~idewalks and ~tL r f.loori~g 

nurvoses where heavy traffic waG~ factor. @his, eou~led .1th the rising 

cost of lumber, bro~~t about a ra~id uis~lacement of lumber and a dsclinin,e: 

ner capita con~urrution. ,lis 1\eclinine; co11e~tion was r..,t t o....,arent to the 

industry until after the Yorld War, but toward- the declining ~eriod of the 

post-war buil~jne bo0m i~ became ovident that s~umoage orice~ were likely 

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to remain at a standstill, and with mounting taxes stumnage became a 

liability. Hen~~ it became nes:~ssary to nrovide facilities for liquidation, 

and this, with rthe adv'en.L . of ~he . den:ression, C"aused a comulete demoralization 

of the lumber markets. 

lhe increase i _n the nrice levP_ls brought about by the mi~ration of the 

industry ~nto. higher cost are as had ano "- her imu,rtant effect. As stated 

previously, the small sawmill with i~s lacf of volume facilities was always 

a margtnal facto_r. Paying low "r~ges _and with _:;mall .. investment the small mill 

could ODe rate in small timber that would be unnrofi.ta.ble for the large and 

medium-sized mills with ~he ~reater inv8stment. Howeve r, since tpe timber 

available to this tyne of mill is so small, the mill · cannot u roduce at a 

nrofit e:~-cept ~t a urice level , t hat is ~h enoueb to warrant such nroduction. 

Such mills ~uerate in cutov~r areas i~c~ted ~or the mos{ uart close to the 

areas pf consurnution. However, the r 2sul t of _their oueration i ·n such areas 

is s~ch as. to nrevent the full r egrowtp of a given forest area to a uoint 

where it migh,t ?-gain. beco~e an imu<"rt ant -pro9-ucing _ re~ion lyin.g clos e to a 

consuming area. · Wne·n the urice level of lumber rose, due to the higher costs of 

he major po;_t i ;p .of _i~he ' i~dustry ·,the~~ was r 4l:way~ the tendency to encourage 

.. the small mil]. tp aga~l). E?_p t er. urodu.ction, ~hu~ il)._cr.E?asing the volume to the 

POint o_f · ove r-n:t:P9..\l9ti on~ .causing . a. u_riye _ 9- egl ~~e . which would force _them to 

re.tire unti.l .t he -orice ros "' aP-:a.in. · In this manner the small mills acted as a t -.. - - • - • • • ~ .. . • • • 

. pressure .. on the. mark.et. . . . . . _ .. , . 

The need for liquidation o.f sne 9~1 ~t t~; ti~per ~came aDuarent with a 

declining volume of use, uarticularly during the latter uart of the building 

. boom, . and it . wa.s O.u.r.ing this. uer.i9d that . .IJ!any w rni l). s we re nut in to 

oneration for' that. ~.u.rposeo ,D'ur.ing t .he d.enression this situatirm became more 

acute and from 1930 to 193~ mills continued to onerate .for the .nurnose stated - . " r · -' .. , . ~ ~ , . • • 

above, .al tho~gh cons.UJ.Iln_t i rm haQ. <;1e9l ip.eP, to . apo)i t , 25 ner cent . pf _the ueak. 

'rhi s' of cou.r se ,' ~n t an eno.r;nOl,f.S sjiocl< OP .. h.c?-n.d . e£! cl;l" Y!3B.'J; during tpe 

denression ye~;q>. ·. ';rhe ayerngE? am ~mnt of s~qck l')n . hand. dur.tng the 20's was 

about 14; 'Oil.~ion fee_t_ During. th "3 se _. year~ ~ bet_ween 25 billion and 39 billion 

feet per year, were used, b.ut 'Qetween 1.9.30 ' ana ;1.932 _it ran between 10 billion 

and 17 Qillio~ _fe e_t ~ · : The stoc\cs on han(l. at ~ tb.§ beginni ng .9f the year 

rec~ded very~ l .i t~le, av :ragin~. from ~ . . t9 ll b~ll~on feet. Naturally p~ices 

were demora~iZ$.d, w~es ., were cut, ap.Q. Ol).dit~Pn , g~came chaotic. Alth~)Ugh 

th~s . situatioi:l J;Digl;l~ , :p.ot h~ye apu~a:red so r~p~<H.y had construction r~main d 

_ at th~ same le:ve].. P:s. tba.t Qf the late 1 29.'s,_ ~ventually the over-c~na.cit Y of 

the ind~stry_ ana ·. t' . nec<i to liquid"ate ··'speculatj,ve holdings would become 

an"Jaretlt; ahd B:+ th.ougp the deuresston 't;lr~ug~t about the chaotic col)di ti on, 

· a denression i~ t}:le tUI)lber Indust'ry !DUst haye eventually com~ about under 

any Circum~itaJ;lC~S if .the industry' had ont~rll~ed . under . the Sa!De influences, 

l'HE CODE , .. 

After the passage of 

industr·; was. aware of . the . . ~ ' . ·- . .. , . . 

the 'Nati ~nal Recovery Act it was auuarent that the 

condition of . over-canacity and chaotic prices, and 

in uresenting. · 'its 

··. Code ... .... it had three major urono~als: 

·-

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. (if .. ·T~e . r9~lat io~ .of' ~rod"-l~tion ~i th a . view to ' cutting 

. ..... , ... ~d.i:> !I} . ~-~9 {> .9n h~~d . to ·I?eet .. deJ[' a~Q. .• 

, .",.. ,• _.., 1' .. ~~ .. .. .... • r t • •· • ·• . .. . . .,. • ... . 

(2) - .!\,~ , \11P.re~~e .. i,n the y;a e~ . .l~vel, wh ich had fallen 

· :P l.o · .su'QsistencE.3 1.ey 9. ·• ,· ' f 
" : • 

.~ 

'-... ~4-- . '· ... ""· ... 

• !' . ~ .. . 

( 3) · The fi::r.:ing ·o"f!."""m.inimum -or ices of 1 umber at a uo in t , 

at which it was estimated costs of uroduction would ' 

be recovered • . - " .. · ... 

The oueration of the ·rf·ir:st nrov1s1on eventually resulted in some decline 

of stocks. However, it -p·rcvided for no permanent imorovement; since the 

elimination of t.he c·ode the .. ~industry is in apuroximately .the same uosition it 

was in befo e, as far a:s the ·fundarnental evils are concerned, although the 

reduction of stocks during .L.he Code urovided a temnorary benefit which will 

last for some time. 

The fixing of ·urices anuarent·ly failed to orin ~ any uermanent e;ood · or 

contribute to any nermanen t imuro·vement in the industr.y. One of the results 

of fi::r.:ing of urices at a noint of cost r s covery was to increase the nrice 

above the point which would ·encourage a greater use. In fact it is believed 

by many students of the situati on t t at the urices ~o fixed tended to retard 

an increase in consumption.- Moreover ther e were mnny oneratin~ difficulties 

inherent· i·n all attemnts at de t ermining true costs or in settinP rigid urice 

regulations for so vast ·and comulex ·an industry as this one • . In any e::r.:-

periment toward an imurovement through uublic regulation or even industry · 

r egulation, urice fi::r.:in~ ap-oarently should be the last resort, but in this 

particular industry it is highly imurobabl e that it should ever be resorted 

to since there ' are so many other ways 0f u r oviding more uermanent cures for 

obstacle~ to -onogress within -the industry, 

' As to w~ge rates, there was a considerable incr ease in both the Northern 

and Southern ·sections. Withcrut, nrice fi::r.:ing the increase in wage rates 

alone, it is believe·l, would have had a ·tendency. to JOrevent the incursion of 

the numerous small mills dependent uuon a hi her urice. H~wever, wit~ this 

increa:se in -orice level provide d· for under the C·ode· many of the small o-oeratort 

beli eved they could either make a profit at the higher ~rices, even though 

they paid the minimum wage, ~r e:r.pected to evade the higher wages while thye 

collected the higher prices. During the very early uar.t f'lf the Code the formeJ 

was the general rule; th~t is, a higher wage level was .generally naid. But 

as it becam.e anparent ~hat the uroducts could not be sold .at the nrice level 

set, there was a greater t~hdency to evade the minimum wage. This wage 

lev :l for the South, incidentally, was set at a ~oint eQual to that of any 

period in ·i t s history. Thi:S evasion of' minim'Um wages T~roduced bitter recriminations, · since many of the small and medium-size mills,- havin~ once 

entered into production , were loath to discontinue. Nevertheless, toward the 

l~tter part of the codal period a great number of them did discontinue. However, since the elimination ~f the Code it is apuarent that the ~en ral wage 

l evel has remained 15 to 20 -oer cent hi her than during the deuression period. 

In he West Coast it is urobrrbly 50 to 60 ner cent higher on the avera" e than 

during the lowest point of the depression. 

As has been stat ed:, the oueration of fi::r.:ed· minimum urices frr cost 

recovery proved burdensome and failed of any uermanent p~od. Th~s provision 

was canceled, therefore ·, sir months ·urior to the Schechter deci·s.ion which 

invalidated the NRA. There apneared no· immediate after-effects, since by that 

t ime the various efforts of other Government department! to imurove construction began showi~ result.s., ·which nat'U.rally increased the demand. It is 

believed that this demand had reached a · p'oint ·t·oward ·the latter uart of 1935 

that justified the nrice level, which had remained at about the u0int fi::r.:ed 

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under the Code • . Royvever 1 with a lower stock on hand, in comnari.son to the 

~erle ral demand level, it is· believed that prices may reach a disnronortionate 

level again if indu~try, through its own efforts, continues to keen stocks at 

such levels. 

CONCL US I OtTS. 

(l ) Chaotic cond.itinns caused by e~cess stocks we re reliev""d during the 

neriod of N1RA, but the Lumber Code fail d to provide a nermanent remedy for 

cause s of such eY-cess. 

(2) The operation of price fiY-in~ has prpven itself to be imnossible, 

even under Government r 3gulation. 

(3) Lapor has been .b enefitted by a 'rise in the wage level, which will 

annarently remain 'and is nronort i onate to t he e-eneral wage level of the 

entire count ry. However, certain inherent characteristics of the timber and 

the nsycho;l.ogy of t pose ene-aged in the Lumb er I~dustry in the South are such 

that lab.or is not free to us.e its own bargainin8; lJOwer in any effort to maintain a reasonable level of wa~es~ 

(4) There are c'ertain steps which mi ght be t.al<:e n by both the industry 

and the Government which might, in the 'long run, tend to imnrove the general 

level uf the industry and the labor employed by it. Such imnrov ment must 

start. with the for e sts... It is recogni.z ~q that for the purpose of a stabilized 

industry --. one that is not . o~ly keP.t at a r easonably h:igh level but is 

continually imuroving -- there must be a continually imnroving forest status. 

In other worc3s, +-l)..e indu.stry must be removed from one of a migratory nature 

to a mo;re uermanent position • . Th is involve s the .operation of a forest, which 

is the basis of the industry, on a l o'ng·-time continuous nroduction basis. It 

has been de~onstrated in ~urouean C01h~ ries that this can be done. Not only 

in Eurou ean countries are there continuing forests -- that is, forests with a 

sustained yield -- but there are a number of far-seeint; corporations in the 

United Sta.tes that have also ul_aced their operations on such basis. 

It must be remembered that first there are large areas of cut-over lands 

which will not come into nroduction for many years -- narticularly production 

of saw timber. There arc other are?. s where saw timber would come into production in a reasonable period if it were allowed to €row, but that is now 

being cut in an immature stage, nroducing an inferior nroduct at a higher cost. 

For such areas it is a~ arentlv impossible for private industry to bear the 

burde n of taY-ation and other costs of holding until the timb er come s to the 

income-producing stageQ Such areas might be purchased by the Forest Service 

and held until they are income-prod~cing, then sold to nrivate industry for 

private production on the basis of selling the product, and only such uroduct, 

that will permit of further growth and further yi eld. It is realized that 

this, in effect, recommends the Government oing into the business of managing 

for 8 S ts on a sustained yield basis, but as already n0in ted rm t, the costs, 

including taxes, fire nrevention, etc., are such that these areas do not hold 

any nossiblity for nrofit to ~rivate i~ ou s~r . These areas are located close 

to the consuming marl<:ets for t he most ua rt and wo1.1.ld, in the long run, benefit 

the consumer by affectine; the nrice level o:f' l_lJ.mbe r, and benefit t he industry 

by removin~ a considerable threat of lumb er cut from immatur e trees, thus overburdening the market. · 

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It is realized that there . ar3 c~nsiderable holdin~s of timber areas by 

very small nroducers and farmers throughout the Southern states to whom such 

holdings· are not burd~nsome. In order to encourage a uroner regard for 

forestry among such holders, the Government might take advantaee of the 

financial stringency among these holders by formin~ coouerative ~roups for 

sustained yi eld under Government aid in financing and fire and forest 

protection. AJl of these recommendations noted above have been more or less 

accepted by the Forest Service, who ha.ve partially initiated many of these 

nrovisions. 

(5) Transnortation rates should be lowered from the Atlantic seaboard 

west to Chicago and ~rom the Pacific seabo8rd east to Chicaeo. This will 

encourage the use of timber from the Pacific Northwest, where eY-ist the best 

resources and gr~atest eY-cess holdin~s . A cut in rat es from the Atlantic 

sea board would nermit an eY-tension of the market for lumber noa moving by 

water from the Pacific Northwest . 

(6) The industry may imurove its nroduct by the manufacture of more 

comulete assemblies for buildine nurpos e s and see~ to uromote shop fabricatior. 

as against fabrication on t he job. This will enable individual manufacturers , 

to obtain marke ts in which quality may be a selling factor. This w0uld also 

tend to eliminate the more migratory manufacturers and nromotc forest 

managemen: on a sustained yield basis. 

(7) There has been considerable contraction in the lumber market along 

with that of other industries. For lumber this is particularly due to the 

loss of t he Australian and o he r British Empire markets as the outcome of the 

·Toronto agreement of 1933, in which Preference· was given Empire markets for 

Canadian lumber as against American lumber •. The adjustment made in the recent 

t rade agreement with Canada, in which some of the restrictions have been 

removed, should b e carried forward in favor of the Ame ricen lumber industry 

into any t rade agreement with Great Britain, so as to r e store to the American 

industry at least a portion of the markets equal to tha r e stored to Canada 

by the United S ates. 

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CH}',p ;_FjR I ---·---

A. G:::lilirtAL DE SCR IPTI O!.~ .(:I' ·f!' ~ I:i.DUST:;::Y 

The Lur:1be r ancl Ilir.1b e r :? J. (.u ct s In0.ust :.:y :'lEJ.s no ea:i. y Cl. e fine d 

l iElits . Ge:no :L~al).. y S}JeoJ>:: i ng , it i s COJ:'lp O;;eG. of a ll t h o se enga[.;ed in 

(a) man a .::; inc; t he com::-l -~c ie l : ore st s of t l:.e nation ; ( b) in the conversion 

of s k mdi ng t i j:1ber i n t o 'l:J_sefl.l..J. ~i! :c :o t s ; a n ci. ( c ) in the d i s tri but ion of 

tho se p r oc'luc ts t o t h e conmme:i. . ~1e p rin cip a l t ir:1b e r l~o c~ucts are : (*) 

Lur.1be r, l a,t h a n.c:. shi ngl e s 

fue l ·r:ood. 

iiem1 ti e s 

.:?on c e po r; t s 

? n l ··-J '. ·oo C::. 

i~ ne t i : ibe:::s <.~ncl n L1e )ro s 

Vone0rs 

~era{'; e stocl: 

Poles a 11C'. :l ilin.:; 

Di st i lln t ion ~o d 

n. ni {~ FO Od. <:tn C:. b a :cL 

The Eureau. of the Cen m1s O..efines lu.nb e r and timber }J r oauct s as 

11 l ogc in6 c anp s , me r chc:n t sam:.1ills , corabinecl s amnills 

and r> l anLnc •.1 i lls, inc luuing those age d in the 

Ela.nufac t urc of boxe s i f c onne ct ed ·7i t h a sarm.ill, 

ven ee r n ilJ.s a ncl co pel~ac; e stocl: u i lls ." (**) 

The :-.1 be1~ d Ti E'.Oer ProC..uc t s I ncl.u s ies Coc:e ext e n ded. a bit furthe r tha:.1 t l1e Cen sus d.efi n i t i on D.J1 cL inc ludec.i.: ( l) Log s , p oles and il ing ; 

( 2 ) s arm hmbe r anc:. other S2X!l1 TIOod. ·i l~o c:_ c t s of sa,.n ill s, and -p r oducts , 

of p l an ing nil l "' op e r a t ec:. L1 conj ·cmc.t ion u i t h s a•:1t1 ills; ( 3 ) s; 

( 4 ) rr od.n k (nil lr:-orl.:: ), inc l u C..i n.; t l1e j> r o d.IJ.cts of p l aninG mil ls ope ratins in conjuncti on ...-: i t h r e t a i l b .J.n.be r yarcl.s ; ( 5) h arduo od flooring ; 

( 6) ven e e rs.; ( 7) ) l y·:rood. ; ( 8 ) k iln liri e d .hc.rdi7o od .. di!:nnston; (.9~ l a th; (lC') 

sauecl b o:;.:e s, ho :;: cra t e s ; ( ll p l ynood. , en e:!.~ a11G.. '7i r ebounc1 p ack age s 

and c on t a i ne :rs; ( 12 ) c ertai n a cLcU t i or..al u i no:r p ro cluc t s spec i f ica lly 

p :ro v i de rl for. ( ***) 

(*) "A 1~a ti l Plan fo r Ame rican Fore stry ", p . 214 . A r epo 1.·t of 

t he Fore st Se rvice (1933 ) 

(~~) 11 Fo r est Pro ducts i n 1932 11 , Bur eau of t h o Census, Depctr tment 

of Comme rce. 

(***) Ar ti c le II (A ) , Lunb e r C1nC: Ti nber rot~. ts I nc.ustri e s Code. 

981 3 
- 8-

1. Fol~est Lands and S·pecies 

The basis upon nh ic~ the entire indust~r rests is, of course, 

the :forest lane. of the tJni teo. States, vrhich ar.aounts to -p ra:ctically onethird its total land area, or about 600,000,000 acres. (Originally the 

forest area of this country -rras estinate<i to be 880,000,000 acres. ) 

HoTiever, not all of this forest area is available for commercial use. 

About 495,000,000 acres out of the total area have been classed by the 

Forest Service as corme:::-cial forest land capable of producing tinber 

of con lel~cial quantity and quality, acco1~ding to present day standar<is, 

anc.. ave.ilevble f'or cor_mercial use. ( *) 

In consi<ierin.t; availability of saYT tim bel~, species play an 

r1p01~t~1t role. 1Jot all species are suitable for the same purpose . 

Generc.lly s::~eal:in . the entire s:'Jecies g roup is c ivided into tTIO classes 

-- softnoods and hardnoo<is. The terr:1 11 soft...-·ooc't_s 11 is generallJr applied 

to all o~· t~ e conifel~ous trees as di stingui she G.. fron the broadleaf 

varieties, anct {oes not necessarily evpply to the a ctual softness or 

harc!_:1ess of t:1e nood itself. The term 11 ha:-dTioods 11 is generally applied 

to all of the broadleaf trees \-hen used cor.merciaJ ly. 

The geographical <iistribution of these species has determined 

to a great exte!lt the divisions of the inclusti"''J '.7hich have been folloT7eo. 

more or less in its organization. Particular uses have sprung rrp in 

ind.ustrie,l processes d1ich require certain species. Such species may 

or 1ay not be interchangeable ·.·itl:. othe :· S}Jecies. This division is 

fun6..a::ental in the i:nC:.ustry 1 s organization, 8.Il<i 11erho.ps accounts for 

many oi its y>robleos, due to the fact that certain species are native 

to certain sections of the count~r 01:ly, ,,nereas t11e use of tl e Tiood 

may be :1ationTI'i<ie . 

2 . Early liisto~r 

Since tJ.lis inC:.ustry had its beginnings ·- i th the early colonists, 

naturally the first forests e:q')loi teo. :-rere those of HeTI England and 

of - irginia, both softi7oOd areas. Tl e lie•r Englru1c. forest consisted 

· ch,iefly of ~Jine anc. spruce, and. although they have passed. through a 

cycle of e:~loitatio:n ru1C:. are about to enter into the second cycle of 

production , the area still procuces tl e sw1e native noo<ls , Tiith the 

p ossible exce~tion of northern Tihite pine Tih ich, because of its adaptability for most :ourposes, as used up oost ra~id y and had not been 

repleni Sl1ed to the sane extent a s1Jruce. 

Pl~ior to 1850 :i:Te :Sngland -rras the ]Jrincipal p roc.ucing ret;ion, 

up to that tine accounting r'Ol' more than one-half of the total lumber 

used . Ho,:Iever, bet1.7een 1850 a!ld 1860 lJe ., Yor:--: a'lc', Pennsyl va'lia tool: 

(*) See TE'..ble I. See Ap)en<iix II. 

9813 
-9-

the l ee.d. (*) These tno stat es , ··hile l-1.aving a con id.~Hable ar1ount 

of sort·7ood, a g ain principally jJ Lle r.;:lC. s~::n~uce, had a ;-;reater a_r:10unt 

of h :J..:c<i:!ood, more sui table fo1~ r.'la.'1ufact·..lri.ns IJU:LiJOs e s than for construction. 

i.""flDat is s cLi<i of 1~e '-r Yor):: 2.nd Pelm:Fl7;:mia ar:rplies e.s 1-;ell to " -- rJe1; Je:cse;y-, La:::-ylond. t:m C:. 2:J <:> la':rc:-.r e , t hese live states comp:~i sing the 

i.l id.d.le Atlantic :leg ion. In tile ec:. l~:L v· pe rioo.s of ~J roduction in the 

i.iidcile A tlDJl tic R.e o~~ ~:e <,o:ft •'O oc, s rrere q_uicl:::ly depleted, the hard-

\700<is :ce1 :.s.ininG, since 1.1_ s e s f or ar cl~rooC..s ad not developed to the 

e:ctent that they had. fo:r soft··mo C:.s . ':Ch is area is still consi<iered a 

ha:cd:r:ood producing section anc.-;. 1.mc e1~ tl1e C'Oc.e was called. the lJo:rtheastera Rard.nood. SubO.i vision, thou;;h combined rri th part of the easterly 

Lal>..:e Stntes anC:. also a p art of the .\.:::lJ.Jalac1 ia.'1 Recion. 

The next D.aj or y_)rod:ucing area, chronoloc; icaJ)y, •:e.s the Lake 

States .-- Linnesota, lfis consL: e.ncl :~ ichi an. Here the species nere 

chieflJ pine c=md herrlloc~.: -- bot ~ sof't-·.'ooC:.s . Ho•.:rever, this area has 

alTia.~;rs had, in adC..itio:.1, a con: el~cicJ. ':; ro ~:: th nf hard. napl e , though nith 

some slight excelJtions as to he.i.J loc : it no•.: pl oouces little soft11ood.. 

It is still tl1e princi1_J.:1l napJ.e 1J rO l,_cing section of the cmmtry, soue 

80 ::_Jel~ cen·c of the maple floorint; conL1c; fro:.l tn.at area. The iJeak of 

proc.1ction :or this a:cea ' ;as arm.mG. 1830, in ,·:hich ~rea_ the Lal;:e Stat e s 

accm.mteC:. for 34 per cent of the totL'.l lU11ber volume. 

F1~om 1890 to 1919, nhic~1 11as a p e:;:-iod of rapic1. progress in the 

develo-y;J ent oJ:' this nation, the forest a rea of t·he South, embracing 

Ala.bar:a , Ar~:ansas, Florida , Geor.;;ia, lCentucey, Louisiana, r. ississi~pi, 

i;iissou.~~i, ITorth Carolina, South Carolina, Oldahona, Tennessee, Texas, 

Virginia an.Cl. rTest Virginia, ".'as the n rincipal prodL;Lcinb area . The 

species ia this area consist of yellou pine an~ racticall~ all the 

kn0':7il c'I.CI'lestic hardwoo u.s . The ior:·.1er h as become the !:lOst important 

cornel~ciall~r. 

Short leaf 'f)ine flourishes on t he Atl2.ntic Coastal Plain as 

one of tl1e fastest c;ro,...,inG cor.u:'le l~ci l speci e s aJ ong softTioods, and 

its renenability has k ept t!18 r egion a continuous lu.rnber producing area 

since the · 1890's. 

It should be understood t hat t h i s sh ift froB one aree. to 

anothe:t cLaes not Dean that the ori::.; in8-l areas were completely denuded, 

but nel~ely that the ne1: areas of virg in tir,..ber present ed more attractive p oss ibilities than the oldel~ pro ducing regions, all of uhich are 

continuing proc1ucing reg ions to a :Jinor extent. 

3. ~estern Areas 

Per}i.aps the nost i nportant cl evelo~p nt in the Lumber Industry 

is the expolitation of the ~est l~ forest areas. These begin in the 

Roc~::y ! :oun tain Region, ext en o.inc; throuc hout a ll the Rocl~r i.Iountain Region 

(*) "An Outline of Gene:ca l For:">str~-11, by J. s. Illic.k, p . S2 (1935) 

9813 
- 10-

The Do·ug las Fir Region, al thou:;h called that, is not conf tn.~(l to 

Douglas fir but graTis henlock, sprue~ an( cedar in additio)1. This 

regiou contains the most b.L"'CU.riant stancls of cedar in this country 

anc is therefore the center of the cedar shingle production industry 

as nell as being highly im:9ortant in soft•ood p roduction. 

The Rocky l.iountain .Region, vrhich includes the area east of the 

Cascad.e s, tog ethe:c ,_.,. i th the Sierra : evad.a Rcl.nge through California, 

g rorrs estern pine s . Sane spruce an0. rrhi te fir a::.·e D.lso found in this 

region. 

On the ,,est Coast is founC::. the ~1ost lu..."'CUriant gronth of timber 

in the United States, nith the g reatest cotmercial p ossibilities. The 

average stand per acre in the State of Jashington is about 45,000 

feet per acre. This is compal.~ed nitll 6 ,000 to 7,000 fe e t ~Je r acre 

ior Qost of the Southern States. I n California, chi efly ~n the feu 

counties in the nol·th central :part or' the state, lies the 3.ednood 

.Region. Red ooc~ trees are Dell lmom1 fol.~ their enonnous size and 

their com: ercial uossibili ties. 

Although the Lumber Industry in the Uest started in the early 

1 830 1 s, it clicl not becoMe connerciall.,- inportant until the conpletion 

of the l;orthern Pacific Railroad in 1882 . (*) 

Ac stated at the beg inning of this chapter, although lwnber 

is o~l~l one of the products of the forest it is b;;r far the :r1ost i!i1portant since the sa1

.7 tinber area consists of approxinately five-sixths of 

the total commercial area. The o m.ercl ip of this area therefore involves the Lu.r.1ber Inclustry in the p robl em s of forest manageMent. HoTIeve:;.· '· 110s t of the industry it self has only lately given adequate consideration to such problens. Uitb the shifting of the industry as each 

neu area 1as tapped, the acquisition of the vir~in forests bec~~e one 

of the L1portant factors in the development ancl nanagemcnt of the industry . I:uch of it Tias included ..,-rit;1 the land g rants to the transcontinental railroads in the latter ~art of the nineteenth century . 

Sane of it uas acquired by those ',7ho ere interested only in speculating on the increased values, but for tlle wast part lumber producers 

a4ten~tec to acquire sufficient acreace Dnd stumpage to assure the:rJselves tl1e longest possible period of continued Oj1eration . 

4 . VolUL1e of Produc tion 

Turning no-rr, to the volu.: !e of h :lJaber used in this country, 

it is fmmc. that a ·o eak -rras 'eachec~ in 1906 and 1907 Hi th the large 

total of 45,000, 000~ 000 feet for each of those yen.rs . Up to that 

(*) 11An Outline of General Forestryll, by J. S. Illick; p . 53 (1935) 

9813 
-11-

ti!1e it ~12 0. been continuously inc~~ eas int:; . After that time it started 

on 2- o.o-""'Ilr-a rc. trenc. . Ho·::eve r, lun bernen , int ent on acqui:i..~in<3 a volume 

of stun)a{;e for the ir ~1e t io ., chi efly SlJ e cuJ.ate d on the incree.sing 

trenc~_ of p:c~ociuction MC1 ...-:e re :.1an3- ~r ea~ s too late in becoming exJa-:..~e of 

the dec linic; volu:Je cf' consurJ}Jtion . iT~·- s l1...1! 1b err1en fmmd thenselves, 

at t he beg iiminc; of the l.e}J:L'esc ion , overstoc:;:ed. ':'l ith tinber a creage . 

It rJc:~y be 1··ell t o expla in he::te that t he t e:r:1 stum:page is 

appli eCt. to the stan nt~ tree , ar.cl ~1e ~ of sturrpag e is t he value of ' 

the lUli10el1 cont ent o:f' t he t :c ees ···itl'. out regarcl to the land up on uhich 

t hey :c~o ._.-r . This is usua ll;T ca lc·u.lat ed in ·o oard r.1 easure, log scale. 

The t eim 11 l og scale 11 has var i ous neanine;s nnd is ap::Jli eG. ._.-r i t h di fferent 

rul es in c_ifferent area s, b e ine; particula rly ap]Jl i ed to a g iven spe ci es 

than to e;iven g eographica l a r ea . Ho, ever, in speaking of J:wnber production tr~e te rm llboard neasure 11 is used, yrh ich ue an s one bo -:..~d foot 

equals a board one foot lonE, , on e foot de , and one inch thick . 

'1.he first san:nill was esta.bli sl1ed , accorc"',_ in~ to one historian, 

in J nn esto':711, Virgini a , in 1625. This, as nell a s other early colonial 

sam7l ills, ~as operateC:. e ithe r by ·rater p o'.7e r or rrinclrlills, It is believe6_ t hat the mc::t.Xinum calJ aci ty of these early sa;mill s rras not J710re 

th2n ~00 board fee t per day. 

"l'he f irst record of steam a:o"l lication 11as i n l'Je'\'J Orleans in • • • j 

1811. Ho~e r, shortly a ft e r tha t ~e riod, in 1814 , the circula r sau 

tras invented , but it d.id n ot cone i~t o general use until about 1 840 . 

The first band sa':'r was exhibited at t he Ph ilade l ph i a Centennia l Exhibition in 1876. Such a sex: to<lE~ , 1.7 i th all oth er modern a ppliances, 

has a ca;:mci t y of C1ppro i!' l~r 100 , 000 fe e t el~ day. ( *) 

5 . Eff ect of Loggin,c; on Pro c~uction 

OnG i :"lportant factor i n the G..E;! velopr.1en t of the Lumber Indu stry 

has been tha t of transporting logs from t he uooo.s to t he mills. In t he 

orig i ne?.l o.evelopment of the n(ust ~r nater trans ortation of log s by 

floa~in~, and l ater b~· r[:.:::'t c~ an{_ sL1 ilar ne thods, was tl1e p rincipal 

means of trans11o rtL1g l ot;s . L'l t l.te riOocls , horses anc_ r.mles p rovided 

the chief mo tive ~J on r l or dro.G:::; i ns t ho lob s to p l a c e s t!here they could 

be trans:ported by nate:;,~, or G. ir ec tl~r to t h e mill located. in the n oo d s. 

IndeecJ_ ~1 e j)roC:.uction of logs ~~a s :!lo re a separat e part of the industry 

in the first half of the nine t eenth centur~r t han it has b e en since, due 

to the f a ct that log s we re flo a t eci. to c entral bo oms and could. be 

purchased_ by r.1ills 'Wh ich had. no timbe r lan<:Ls of t he ir ov:n . An open 

log mar!.:e t eA:i sts today onJ.y in t he far Northuest. 

::Seginning about 1880 , ':'!i t h the cievelopr:!ent of lumberi ng in 

t hG ~: e States, railroad ing started in prominent u se in log transportation, and has since becor:1e t he ~.1r ci l factor f or such transportation. This i s an mpo-:..~tant f c:.ctor in t~:1e cycle of tiJ11ber areas. 

( *) t!An Outline of Gener~al For e~~ tr~{ ll, "o;-..r .T. S 1111· cl ~ · "JP 51 56 v - ~ • - .. ,, l • ' • 

9813 
- 12-

In the earlier timber developments nhere the nore primitive nethods nere 

used., a lu:-Jbering operation <ieveloped to nhat VTould norr be tenned a medium 

size operation , but never to the enormous size of ~resent day operation. 

This restriction Tias clue to the limited means of supplying logs. 'li1i th 

the 6_evelopment of railroa( logging, however , operations grew i n size , 

and_ torlard the latter part of 'the Lake States W'lberin~ period the ne•1er 

ente1~rises ~ere much larger than the earlier ones. 

6 . The Production Cycle 

iJi th the· more pri:-1i ti ve Deans of logging, clear- cutting , that 

is the co::1p lete denucl.ing of an area, nas 10t :;;revalent . It \!as econor1ic 

to t cJ:e only the most available los s, and there ~as a 11 thinning out" 

operation rather than a cor.1plete "logging off" operation. It is probable , 

for this reason, that the older areas have continued. producing fo r a much 

longer period than the nener areas, and thei:c reneTiabiJ.ity has been more 

pronounced_ . This fact brought about a cycle of O.evelopments ~1.ich are 

illustre1ted in parts of Penns~rl vania and the Ap-oa.lachiM Region . The 

cycle consists of, first , nhat micht be t ermed preliminary operations of 

fairly s:-~all size, then the e:::ploitation of an area on a large scale , 

and then the return again to sr.1all , po::.·table O}Jerat ions . 

Honever, nith the development of railroad logging this cycl e Pas not 

so pronounced. Railroad log::;ing sonetime s involved the laying of a railroad 80 niles in length . Wh en an area na~ cut out the most econonic thing 

to do nas to salvage the rail line end completely abandon the norkings. 

The upkee~ and. overhead of a railroad log~ in5 operation being so great , 

it ~asn t feasible to continue on a S@all basis \!ith the remaining thin 

stan~s . This also tended tonard a co~plete cutting out operation rather 

than a thinning out operation, and in a measure is responsible for some 

completely abandoned areas of the L~:e States and of the far ~est . In 

such area_s the hope of sustained yeild ope rations presents much greate r 

proble!'tls than in the older areas of the Appalachian and_ Southern districts. 

The :i:o reGoing description briefly brings us up to the situation 

of the late tnenties. In 1929 the 1-wJber Industry, as defined by the 

Census Bureau, Pas composed of approximately 18,556 units doing mo r e 

than $5,000 in business annually, accounting for a total production ~ount

ing to $1,962,000 ,000 , and had 539 , 775 wage earners, with an annual wage 

bill of $367 , 202 , 000 . ~ne mere figure as to the number of sawmil ls is not 

of inportant significance nhen it is considered that the first census 

givin6 the nuober of sanmills in 1840 recorde~ 31,650 sawmills in the 

United. States. Honever, the 18,550 sannills re~orted in 1929 had an annual capacity of 70 , 000,000,000 feet, nhereas the 31 , 650 recorred in 1840 

had a probable capacity of 7,000 ,000 ,000 feGt, although the total production recorded for the year 1839 v1as only 1 , 603 , 000 ,000 feet . (*) 

(* ) Forest Service estimate . 

9813 
-13-

There is still a 1 ::1r ge n~ er of very sMall n ill [' '"'i th a Ca)aCi ty 

of around 5, 000 fe e t a d:'.Y• On the other h :':l.ncl , sor.1e of the largest 

mi l2.s have a cap acity of as much a s 1, 000 , :JOO feet a da•r. The iMportant factor in the d.i f ference toc"..a:r i s the fact that the smaller 

mill must compete in the s ane r.':larket as the giant producer , and herein 

lies. the. beginning of ma.YJ.y of the pro.Jl er.1s of p roduction. 

The pe ::~k of production rr s in 1 906 :--mel 1 907 1.'Ti th 46 ,000 ,000 , 000 

feet. It must b e r emeD·oe r ed th<".t this peak of production came before 

the rich areas of the Dougl as "tir Rec i'1.ID. anc::_ the \iestern Pine Ret:;ion 

were fully developed and th:l.t the ca aci t y in these areas , f•hich is 

the gr ec:.test part of the tota l mill capacity , has been develeped since 

that time . Coincident n i t h thi :: c,-:·Y.c i t y developmen_t there has been a 

declinin~ vol~e of production. Since 1 91 7 , with the Exception of 

1923 and 1 925 nhen a tot ~ of 41 , 000 , 01J.O,OOO feet was r e ached , at no 

tiDe :1as a total of 40 , 000 , 0C0 , 00\) fe e t be en r eached. In 1 926 a total 

of 39,000 , 000,000 feet was r e 0chedc HoTiever , in 1929 which is generally considered the peak ye ur of ind.ustri c.l production , only 

37,000 , 000,000 fe e t of luob r '.re re proc"t.ucc d . Follo~ •ing that year, 

of course , came the depr t;f sion , t l1e low p oint being reached in 1932 

n i th only l O·, ooo , ooo , ooo feet of -o roductioh. 

At the beginning of 1930 there ~7 ere stocks on hand of 9 , 500 ,000 , 000 

feet. The depression d i d. not becoMe full y effective , as far as the 

C Ol1S t r-u.ction InC:. us t ry was conc t:rned , until the latter pa.rt of 1 930 , although ship':Jents dro">Jued froT'! a..YJ. averr.ge of 7,0CJO, OOO ,OOO feet per 

quarter in 1 929 to 5 , 000 , 000 , 000 feet per quarter in 1930. Stocks 

incr ~. sed durine; thE: l a tter half of the year 1 930 to 10 ,250,000,000 

fe e t. This gre f-'.t stock on h:-illd , tot:;ether ,..i th the pressure of liquidation of the indebtedness incu rred in the development of the Uest 

Coacc t Re t;ion during t.1e boor;1 period_ and particulaT'ly in the t Pe.ritiB:s 

bave ris e to the mos t ir.1p ortant probl ems of production. (*) 

7. Labor 

While no figures al' e avail a'i)le as to the nu.r.!lber of employees in 

the early days of the i.:1clustry , t l.1e r e h as b e · n a vast fluctuation 

during the late r years, ~artic rl y fo r the period fr om 1 9l 'J on. 

Prior to 1919, [).lth ouGh there has b een a mig ration of the indust r y , ·, 

,_-·here it dropped enployees in one area it would ·9 ick them up i n 

another , bringing about a migration of enp loyees as 11ell as a rui,;ra-

:tion of the ir..d.ustry:itsalf, Houever , in the period of declining 

:production, the effect of the (l_ rop in production on enployees may be 

me c-\""Ur ed by the fact that the number of employees declined from 

539 ,775 in 1 929, when the total production was 37~000 ,0 00 ,0 00 feet, 

to 178,000 in 1932 r~en the p roduction was 10,000,000,000 feet. 

'While it is possible to estiTJa te the number of em:Jloyees in the industry back in 1906 and_ 1 907- ,-,hen the tot al volume was 46,000 , 000 , 000 

feet, actual statistics on th2 t acore are l ackL1g. 

( *) Figm,es from Nationa l Lun'ber Iianufacturers .Association 
-14-

In gener al, employees mey be di videcl into -tuo main ~roups-lo gg:iJ!g 

employ~es 211d. sawmill emr>lo~rees . There is sor.'le cliff erence in the 

type of lG~ bor and living concii tions bebveen the tvro . I n those older 

areas where the more primitive methods still p r evail, woodsmen still 

saw down the _tree s and. te mste rs l1aul t}le logs to the main point of 

transporta.tion , whet:h.er ·chat be mill roncl or some gathering point 

such ns r pJlroad. sidinG or fluming c enter. In the Northwest and in 

soQe of ~ile larGe r oper['.tions of the South t particularly where railro ad log_;in ~ is involved, more me cl1a..""lical methods are used . ·:.eavy cables 

are strun& over a. v.ride area Cln0. l arge logs e.re b::-ought to the railroad 

by me"ns of electri c or stec-m c-;.ont:ey ens ines and loao.ed onto the cars by 

steam loaders . More recentl r C['.t erpillP.r tra c tors h .-we been used in logging to ::.n increasing e::tent , om.c advc-.ntage being t hat it is less destructive to r er.c ining t r ees t han tc1e va11i..ous cable methods. 

The actual falling nnd bucking ( savring up t~ e felled. tree into logs 

of 16 to (:0 feet g~h s) h <we c'1n::.:ged. little from the original methods. 

One of the l Hter developmen.:;s i s t r.e use of o. po rtable gasoline saw for both 

falling a.~c. buckinr:; . 

All o:!:· tl;.i s invc lves n hi.;her t~n)e of l2.bo r, \i i th n consequent hig~er 

stDnd1.rd o; l.Lv:..~t.;> C'n · a h i .;he:c wo.c;e r a te . Eov1ever , ~:1e sibriificant division be tvre ~:-L :.n.r:ill and logwL'lb lc-bor i s its oethod of li vin~ . Log;_;e rs, 

fo'r t'1e .Jo · -!-, ·:.: ::-t , a r e by necessi tJ forc ed to live in CMipS w'1ich can be 

mov~d e'oo·~ ... ::..·".:,1 cbe center of los i nt; t o eJ ot:er . lith modern methods 

it t al:Ps bllt ['. ci.wrt time to log nll t h-:: COE1r.,e rci8l trees on quite a lar&e 

areD ~ It is no~ feB.sibl c to }lave t r.ose engaged in these oper['.tions living 

too fn.r f:com cileir wo rk . ~1erefore there are v er"J fev1 "1crmanen t living 

qUB.rters :o'~ loG.:.ers . T'.nis r.e['ns , of COI.'.rse , thnt the;r arc , fort.he most 

part, un:n('.::.::cied c·1d more or less trc-.n sim.t in n ost of the Jro c'.ucing [l.r eas. 

Where l ''..; ..... :i.! G ~.!'8"'S are co r e or less contisuous to agricultural areas , as 

in the ~~c'~:1 -r:.. . ";)ua~achiaJ. Ret;ion , l ogr;inb l a.bor i s mo r e or lesn interhangto2·~!.J · ·,.-_; ~~~ tn:1t of ['.gricultur a l l abor and there is no cleo.r-cut division r,p ;·•t .1 i.: rr .. , r.ost losbf'rs worlri"lg ·"'o.rt of the: e<'r in lot;uinc operetions :_,-::: L •, · :..·._~ ~l . .Ji r permar:ent r esi('.e}1Ces on tn0 f n.rms in the neighborhood. 

81. rrr.i J.l 'ro::..·~:e rs r,-u•jr be lE:encd , for t -8 mo ... t part , to 8T r other 

fac '.;or- lJ.Jr.- :',-n:.l' i n the ·westei'n a r oa.- ".;hP.J n r e less t.ransie1.., than 

logc;e-;:-s, 

I r !1.e S01..1t.:1 negro labo r ~S~.o;:t ir_·J.J-.cs in bo t!1 sav.rmill "nd lor;t:,ing 

oper~~-! ·~ . .,, -~ ,, ·· ·r,.: he· '3 the :no::;r·· 1_ ~be.~-: L"' ~;?lC Luniber Industry , particularlJ t·.-.-.;..: -.:e 1",:;-Ji:r:'; ~ can he.:r--,~y b-; set. cs:p.J.rt from the agricultur.ql 

negro L1'1or of tl:.P So~.;'L. , of •,7~1ic~1 it is <}l so a part . LikeYii se, sawmill 

labor in t':e "~;;.;, . . , al t:"::>u gi.: :ol' t t.e :-10st part negro , is someHhat similar 

to all f nctOT"J lc..:."...o i." :0~1 thf South. TJ.1e f8.ct t hat such n gr e2t percent aGe 

of l abor ill tfl.e o'il'..·;·_ is neGro l abor , a.'1cl tl.1at t h ere is considerable 

difference i.!! t;J.-,_e C.enni ty of ~ e timb e r stands of the South and those of 

t he West , lee. to the i GlTJO rtant differences in Co de wage p rovisions and gave 

rise to ~e m~o rtant nbo r problems of the intustry . 

8 . Lumb e r Uses 

The consurners of lwuber may be divided into three general classes. 

9813 
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First, and for emost, is the Construction :Inc.lust:l:y, incl u c."'t.ing railroads, 

Hhi d : conS<.:i-ile s ap~ roxi:oat el y 6;:) · to 70 l_)O l~ c ent of the tot al. H ext in 

import n::.:ce are t he Wood..e n ac~.:aGe !J c:. -;.~ stries , inclucling boxes , barrels, 

etc ., Wil iC~1 inclustri os C0l1SD..lll':" l~O :-J l :J to r,O ;e ~ c ent of the tot a.l . The 

balance goes into ~h r i nc'.ustri (l1 "\:_s es of v a ried.. sorts. T:1u.s it mcy be 

s eem t11[-l,t t~:e mast i nport gn t cl..e nr~in0J: t of r~he re lumbe r is used is the: 

volume of COliS tn:c tion in clif:feren t pL .ces one. a.t diffe rent times. This 

also s~.ns "Gi~o. t lumber i s us ed to t he gr e, .. test ex tent in centers of population . On the ot"he r Ilt1.nd the ::;ree.test c enters of merchant c.bl e timber 

lie Hhere t ha re is t he l east p opul ation c ~1 s involves a..n mp ol~tant 

factor in ~~ rketing . 

At the outset it v.ras st::.>.t ed tha.t the industry may be divided betv,re en 

t l1e hC~ clrr oods and s oft\:o ods. Il1 ~le so:t. tyroods, i nclustri a l consvruption 

aside f:corJ r!ooclen l_")aCJ.:c>.se s El.illOU11ts to 2n insi gnificru1t factor, perhaps 

not mor e ti12.n t r10 ~er c ent, wooden IJ :ag s t.1.bout 22 per cent, am1 constrttction ['Jlcl r .:-·ilroads about 75 pe::.· c ent. ( *) Construction lumber as 

used here includ.efS ~) anin.:::; mill l)roc."_ucts and milhwrk usecl in -JuilcUngs. 

The soft u ooo_ a reas of t :!.1e :Cast and South are so located that their 

shipments to t he c e:nt ers. of p opulation of the '·.:i ddle Atlantic States must 

be by ill~oad . The We stern f ore st s , on t h e othe r hand, being located 

on the coa.st ni th its harbors, requ ire very little tra.nsportation to 

wate1~s 1, e, thUlS offsetting the a])parent n e['.rness of tne Eo.st e rn softwood_ 

areas of ~:n~ocluction to the c enters of p opulation, and bringi:t.1g about an 

in:rport o.nt comte ti vo con eli tion. The co;,1binati on rcdl and water rates in 

the We st ill[\~.:es this comn eti ti-on more a cut e . 

9. Production Costs 

This competitive transpol·tation factor ro2.Cf1es in·to l)roc.-;_uction, 

-vvhi cn maJ:es the cost of proc"Luction al so E~n irtt:oorte.nt factor in competition. T: e com-1nri son b e t ween ~:e cost of p ro duction in the Southern 

Pine e~; ion a.."'ild_ the Dougl as Fir 3.e::;io:n is as fo l l ows: 

S tw;y_)ace • . • . . . . 

Lo ~; inc: ano_ mill l ;'"'.bor 

Ot r lot;;._ i llt; an d mill 

. . . costs • 

Slli l)PL1G am"\.. selli:.lG l ab or 

(18 r shi -"J)il1 ~ and sell i ll':" . '-- u 

Of ic :L s 1 c'.nd_ ov.~ r:e rs' !!DY 

Ad -1L i strati ve ver~1eo.C_ 

( *~ Tabl e XLIII 

9813 

Dougl e'l.S 

? ir 

Pe r : fee t 

( ''nr _- ___ v '"' e·-l! .~- v \ f 

l 3 ol 

27~6 

35 5 

5.7 

6 . 5 

3 . ? n ll u . _; 

100 . 0 

Southern 

Pine 

Per l':i fe e t 

(Per Cent) 

17.6 

30.9 

25 . 0 

6. 5 

L..:: • .{.: 

11.1 

100.0 
J , 

-16-

In vien of the vride difference in the type of labor employed 

and the dissimilar conditions of o-per c:·.tion , the similarity of the 

proportionat-e relation of costs betTieen the t 1.70 areas is remarkable 

and indicates that methods have been Tiorked out to meet the comoetition rather than t·o ta.ke the grec..test possible advantage of the area. 

The importance of transportation as a competitive £actor is reflected 

in the breakdown of the selling price of Douglas Fir and Souther Pine, 

which ~haws that manufacturing costs are 46 per cent, transportation 

costs 30 per cent, and distributi on costs 22 per cent of the total 

price . Thus in s2ite of the co~ aratively small selling margin , ~2 

per cent, the manufacturer received less than one-half of the consumer's 

dollar. ( *) . 

10. Transportation 

The chief means of transporting lumber has been by water and rail. 

The use of trucks in lumber transportation is a co~oaratively recent 

development . Water has al~ays been considered the most favorable means 

of transportation because of the bulkiness of the product , e>ecept for the 

finer grades of some species ea sily damaged in handling. In the 1870's, 

when canalization was making r apid strido s in this country, this means 

of transportation was used to consiqerabl e extent . In 1872 ne crly 

1,500,000 tons of forest p ro Qu cts moved i nto the Hudson River from the 

Erie and Champlain canals. The development of the r a ilroads, of course , 

brought about the r epl acement of .canals to a gre:1.t extent , as shov.rn by 

the fact that by 1907 theamal movement of ,lwJber had dropped to less 

than 250 ,000 tons (**) 

In the 1880 's when the center of p roduction had i 10ved to the Lake 

States it was quite natural that qater transportation should be the 

chief means used, and this is show.n by the figures reported for 1885 

when 659,000 ,000 feet of l umber nere shipped via the Great Lruces and 

149,000 , 000 feet moved by rail. Houever, as ne stern railroads developed 

this D~so changed, and in 1897 , 379,000,000 feet moved by rail into 

Chicago, ~s against 89,000 , 000 feet by water. It is stated in the above 

cited r eport that in 1885, 81 per cent of the lumber reaching Chicago 

came by TI ater. In 1913 less than nine per cent arrived by this route. 

When the center or production moved to the South in the 1890's 

water shi~) ment of lumber to the :Forth Atlantic p orts was most important. 

In 1890 out of S96 , 000 ,000 feet delivered by water to the port of New 

York, 39.3 , 000 , 000 feet or more than one- third of the total came from the 

South. As late as 1907 out of a totnl of 447 ,000 ,000 feet of southern 

pine shipped to Neu York, 224 ,000 ,000 feet were discharged from vessels.(***' 

(*) Tables LI and LII 

(**) Report on Transportation by Water in the United States, by the 

U. s. Commissioner of Corpora tions/ Part II (1909). 

(***) Report on Transportation by Water in the United States, by the 

U. S. Comoissioner of Corporations, Part II (1909) 

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-1 7~ 

However, after 1907 as the network of railuays in the South 

increased, rates competitive . with. water tran~ortation were established 

and the area closest to t idewatert was lo·gged out, which meant that as the 

centers of p roduction r e ceded 1nland , the water-borne movement of Southern 

pine on the Atlantic s e aboard de6re sed ~o an insignificant amount. 

The early development of the L:umb_e r Indu stry on the Pacific Coast is 

largely linked with wate r trans-p ortation. California was the earliest 

market for the products of lhe Dougl a s fir region which, as has been shown, 

lies west of the Cascade s, north of the CSJ.ifornia line. Many Mills in 

the early days were erected for the sole purp ose of shipp ing lumber to 

California by wate r, and as heretofore sho ,.-_n it vrasn' t until the completion of the Horthern Pacific Rail way in '1882 tha t r a il shipments figured 

at all in the production of this. Q;rec. . . . ··; :1 : .. . .... 

In the ~. r 1902 some thing .·-over 571,000 ,000 fe et of lumbe r vrere 

shipped from t he State of i7ash i::o.gton by w o.~e~~ · n_f> against 562,000 ,000 f eet 

by mil • .Although p ro c.l.uction incre s.sed by 190 ~ ~ ~here was a slight cha nge 

in the proportion shipp ed' oy:'i

1

t·.il'"Q;.J.d water' the . former tcldng the l e c>,.d. 

Tot al water shipments in thc"t y 2-8.r amounl~~ t 'o i ' ,lOO,On0 ,000 f ee t a s 

against 1, 500,000,000 f eet by r ail. Ho wey~~ / }n' the early 1920's the 

~hiprue nts of Pacific Co c;st wood s t o the At1 an'tic( seaboa rd began moving · · 

thr Gugh the Panama Cc:mal in subkilltial vo ume~ '. T'i-18 year 1922 s aw 

1, 122,000 tons of. forest products going :thr.m,:ie h the canal from the 

pacific to the At~an:ti c seabo a rd (a ton . eq,ui:il's approximately 800 board 

feet~. By 1926 this volume had increased · to 3,312,000 tons. This dev elopment of wat er ~:r;-ans-portation has bee~ . the most serious factor of 

comp etition and has' placed Dougl a s fir o:ria12_a r.i'tywith Southern pine in 

sp ite of the latterl _s more f avorable lo·cation with respect to conmuning 

markets. 

The f a ct that trucks oecaroe a f a ctor in transportation during the 

period of the depression h a s been noted. This was chiefly due to the 

incre2,se in highways during the boom period. of the l ate t wenties, extending through the yea rs 1930 and i931. It is chiefly a development in the 

delivery of lumber from the Southe,rn pine a rea and Southern hardwood 

areas to the Mid-Atlantic and North . Central St a tes from the more nearby 

producing areas to those locat ion s· • . This f orm of transportation received 

some impetus during the Code p e r iod, since i n most ca ses, 1.-ri th fixed 

prices based on costs, the amount of tr ~~oortation was the only competive 

factor. Such transportation may h ave been further accentuated by the fact 

tha t throughout the entire pe i~ od of dep r e ssion purchases were made in 

minimum quanti ties. Minimum qu.a.J.;lti ties could be deli vere cl by truck at a 

much lovrer cost than the less-than-ca rload rate gene rally applicable to 

lumbe r shipment s. 

11. Distribution : . . ~ . 

In the early hi story of t .he industry, with t he small output per 

day,mills usually sold thei-r output in their i mrilediate 1ocali tyo Lumber 

was used close to its sour ~e of .p ro duction since centers of pupulation 

and the centers of production were. not so wi Qel y segrega ted. As village s 

grew into towns and lumber ou t put i n crea s e d t here developed the retail 

lumber dealer. For many years t he retail lumbe r de a ler was the sole _ 

distributor of lurnber p roducts. In t hose early days . the retailer's 

field was considerably bro<id.er t hcln that of today. Evidently there was 

9813 
I 

-18- . .... : 

some competition between mills selling direct within a given retailerts 

area and the retailer, for it is recorded that in 1850 a convention of 

lumber retailers protested against manufacturers selling to their customers -- undoubtedly the local builders. 

Not only was there an increase in the number of individual retailers 

but with the advent of the large band saw mills, with their enormous proe. 

duction, such mills established their own retail yards in the newer 

towns and cities. 

No records are available as to· -v1hen the wholesaler enetered the 

picture but it is quite probable that with the demand for larger and 

larger quantities a distributor might require the output of a large 

number of mills. Further, the number of retailers had been growing at 

a rapid rate. .All of t.he new to®s n.hich sprang up in the last 25 years 

of the nineteenth century: and the early part of the tyrentieth century, 

due to the d,.evel.opment of the new transcontinental railroads, resulted 

in an: excess number of dealers uhen such nevr developments fell off. 

However, during the period of this development, retailers, due to their 

number, had no access to all possible sources, and it is quite probable 

that the earliest development of uholesaling was that of the establ-ishment of distributing yards to serve other retailers who were established 

.in the larger cities. All of this is very much in the nature of surmise, 

since no historical records of these developments are available . 

Records do show that the National American 'Whole sale Lumber Association reported 573 members in the year 1928, and estimated that in 

1933 there were approximately 1,438 persons engaged in that business, 

although there were only 238 members of the Association. Roughly it 

may be estimated that during the boom period of the late t~enties there 

were approximately 2,000 persons engaged in the wholesale business. 

The term t1uholesaler 11 may be ap_plied to various types of dealers. 

Little is known of the development of each ty_pe . Horyever, the original 

type, vrhi ch still functions, wan the vrholesaler who sold only to retailers requiring the output of several mills. This type of wholesaler maintains regular salaried employees vrho call up on the trade, and 

is distinguished particularly by the fact that he supplies credit to 

the mills, ofttimes financing some of the smaller and mediumsized mills 

through a contract arrangement nhereby he disposes of their entire output. 

It is c1ui te probable that ci th the development of the lumber market, 

which occurred at a considerable distance froQ the sources of production, the smaller mills had fener facilities for disposing of their 

product and re forced to turn to this type of distributor rather th~ 

sell either direct to conguners, which at best could be only local consumption, or to retailers at distant to\~S an ~ cities. 

Coincident cith the development of this typ e of distributor vras 

the establishment of distribution yards. Such wholesalers maintained 

central yards within a given area from uhich they could supply smaller 

amounts t o the local. retailer and_ furnish quicker service than could be 

obtained if the retailer had to depend directly upon the mills for his 

!Ource of supply. M~ny mills, particularly of the ·larger type, also 

maintained such distributing yards in principal centers of conswmption. 

9813 

I 

.. 

r 
A third_ tJ~e of vrt1olesaler came ~ith the development of large 

building s. tt became a.:_Jp q.1:ent to con t:;.~a to rs re quirLls 20 and more 

carloads of lumber for a single pro ject · tha t they shou1cJ. be in a 

position· to ·purchase th~ir re uir emonts either from \7hole sal -c; rs or d.i 

direct from -!:he mills. ·The olcl.er e st c.bli s::.ed retaile rs, as sho~ heretofore, have al ways co:1sidere d thems e lves t 0 oe the rnain contact between the consumer ancJ. the source of supply, whether that supply be 

from t h~ whole saler, di stri but ion yard or the mill. naturally such 

retailers vrere at all times 'U11der vi gorous O_)_)osi tion to wholesale rs 

who acceded to the demands· of the l a rge builder in supplying such builder's needs. ctu(te ·naturally they used every means at their disposal to mai 

maintain such bu sine ss, and their p rincipal ans was the boycott of 

wholesalers or mills v:-hich engc,sed in such de c;.ling s. This led to the establishment of v:hole~ rs, P ho de:9endecl -in the main up on the business 

·of l a rge contra cto,rs anct other large users. 

-

. _- There bas also develop ed in t n i s industry, as in most other manu-

_-_facturing industries, _the b1·ok er l.llid the commission man. There is 

very litt le distinction et~: n the o, the principal distinction being 

the f a ct tha t a commission m~1 u sually a~igns himself v.dth one producer 

and r'epresents that produ.-cer in 811 his d e2lings, whereas a broker feels 

free to sell lumber on a comm ission basis, transferTing the order to any 

produ cer he thinks can 'fill the ne e ds and ;ho can g ive him the gre c;.test 

advantage. :Brok ers, as a rule~ a.re not expected ·to supply credit to 

eithe r the p roducer or the buye r, but merely to act as an intermediary 

betwenn the two. 

12. Imorovements in Product 

In the early days of the industry, ·ci th the inadequate facilities 

of the lu.rnbe r mill of that time, it is but n atural tha t the product was 

rather cr-u.de, being but a slight· 'i mp rovement ove·r the hanCI. sawn product. 

_Dimensions were irregular and the re was an inadequate lmowledg e of the 

p roperties 'of the various spe cies, uhich led to considerable misuse of 

lumber. Prejudices g re y1 up vThich had no foum"lation in scientific fe.ct. 

The first step toward imp rovements in lumbe r ·was a realization of 

the imp ortance of the d~ing p rocess. The water content of lumber 

determines its shrinkage; hence wh en green lumber, that is, newly cut 

lumber, is used it may shrink considerably upon drying out, causli.ng 

the product made from that ' lumber to become loose and function inproperly. 

In the early G.ays air ~rying nas the p rin ~ipal method used, a method 

which is in considerable use todo.y ·- and is, in many cases, the cheapest 

way of curing lumbe ro However, to i~ rove the product and to make it 

usable as soon a s possible after sawing, the· establi shr.:lent of dry kilns 

became common. Kiln drYing is merely a method of drying the lumber by 

heat in builciings built expre ssly for-t ha t purpose. ·The process, controlled to prevent too fast drying r;hich 1"ill warp and check the lumber, 

enables the producer to accuraoteJ.y co nfrr 1 tbe YTc: .t e r content of the 

p roduct he sells.. This process is p lso :m::_~ or t.., nt in the cornpeti tion 

between the small mills ancl the l a r Ge · o i l l s. The small mills, with 

inadequate facilities or a smnll ~o rod:u~tion which does not warrant the .J; • 

investment required for' dry l:ilns, prod:uce, on the ·v1hole, <::!-poorer 

product than the large mills. 

9813 
-2o...:· 

The investigation of the properties of nood was a further step 

in the improvement of lumber. It was found that various pieces from 

the same tree had properties different from other pieces• Also , the 

effects of knots upon the structurai properties of lumber and timber 

were measured. 

With these refinements cz~e the establishment of grades. Originally the lmowledge of hardwood grade was kept from the consumer. It has 

been stated by a prominent hardvood lumberman that one of the earliest 

conventions .of t he hardwood lumber producers uas marked by a vigorous 

fight to oust one of their members who had disclosed some of the secrets of grading to one of his customers. This tendency to withhold 

grade s from tthe customer, which allows manipulation by unscrupulous 

dealers, though deplored by the majority of members of the industry, 

has so far failed to become of sufficient moment to the producers to 

induce them to mark the grade upon the product excep t in some instances. 

There has been , however , considerable agitation for grade marking in 

the past few years and grade marking has received conside able impetus. 

There have been o. few recent refinements in sawing lumber. However , 

many of the old prejudice s remain, and for genera.l competitive purposes 

t he buying public has not yet been educated to the point of demanding 

individual qua.li . Hence there haG been no encouragement to individUal producers to i mprove t he quality of their products. 

As yet the proper t i e s of the produc ers rather than of the consumers, which mak e s lumber a product t ha t competes 'l i thin certain classes chiefly on price , the general species of softwoods being considured 

competitive with oach-·other. 

13 . Other Lunber Products 

Up to this point the discussion has been confired principally to t he production and distribution of lumber, However , the 

Lumber Industry under the Code considered itself as including woodwork , 

hard'-oo d flooring , vene er and plywood, dimension, and wooden package 

producers . 

Woodwork is generally considered to include planing mill 

produc t s , that is, such items as molded pi e ces, sash,doors, frames, 

and other products for building r equiring more fabrication than just 

plain lumber . Woodwork, in turn , maJ be divided into two branches 

namely , st ock millwork and special millwork. Stock millwork is consiliered as the product of those producers who t1anufacture. sash , doors, 

b~inds and oth~T millwork of standard dimension , including, of course , 

molding , which , in most cases , is manufacturQd dire ctly in connection 

with oO.V7IDills and is usually stock. Many large sawmills ,have woodworking departments for the production of stock millwork. 

Special millTiork has no defined limits; there is no 

point where the craft of cabinet· making is separated f rom that of 

special millwork. Special millwork , besides including sash, doors and 

other building products not of standard dimension, also includes special 

9813 

t 

. 

l'1 

·-
- 21-

s~let-)es and c a rved wo r k w:1erev er ~le _"'r Jr1uce r of suc~1 ;nillwo rk feels 

th:.:.t ::e is 2.ble t o ~) oduce it. T: e fc..ct ~).c. t ~1e re v1e.s no sucl-1. LL efined 

liiait w:::..s ~.e source of t:1e :11 -.:.>·t "Jitter· jul~isr .ic ti onc-.l d. i s)ute during 

t:1e en tire c odal ~)e riod r',s i t concen1eci ~e Lrunber Indut:' try . !.ivny of 

t :1e se -:;reduct s, wh ici1 a re m.-.d.e t o order c:1i efly f r o;11 2.rc:1i teet s 1 s)ecific [, ti~ns, c:re Encle in s~l ::') S c onnect e,, YJi t:1 r e t a iJ. l\.1Jribe r yarc1s. . 

I:lonev e r, such ~-;ho:._ s ccn : 'r oc!.uce t:1e requir emen t s f or o:nl y smn.ll :._) rOjects. The large build.ing ~)ro_ject recruirinL,; s:Je cinl :~o dwort: must 

look t o t:1e large ::;~-,s o._.) .~·.bJ .. e of ) r ocb.lcing sue>. . :iuc 1 of t h is is 

done i n factories vLL) ''C _ _-ri nci·=·o1 ou ~mt i s t:. ~c. t of st ock millwork. 

I-~en e it b ec omes l[: rcl t o :i..~ic l~r di vi ~~e t :...e entire woodwo rk industry 

between sam:1il J. s, st ock mi l l work :._) r o-:l.ucers nd ~; ci c-.1 mill wo rk ')roduc e r s , Some iTiilJ.s .::re ca)nbl e of ~') c.,cJ.uc in{; ~e r..1o st i n tricn t e of · 

woodwork de si gn s, w~'lile 'o ther mi lls d.o no t extend b eyonct :)le.ned ·lumber. 

T lere a re SQEle_ stock mi llwork: ~_uc rs .:.ncl. , 'indeed, some s) eCi2.1 ' 

tllworl~ :::,1 r ocl_ucers c~onc t:1e ou~1s witll s.r"".l ler ~1 ~:s , who , if r,iven 

St;lch r.n or cle r, wo1.ll \.l l1n:ve i t e·xecu. t er::. in ". l a r ger :._)1 c11 t ca:._;a-bl e of 

:no re ec onomic oc1_uc ti on . 

!:!:a rc1vvood flo orin,; )rOG ucer~ ~1[\Ve for n lon (~ time 'been o r .::.,P.,nizecl 

2.s .. such , due t o ti1.e fact t l1e:.t t:.1i c :n·oduct is !TI."'.cle on special mach i ne s. 

It d::Jes no t 'follow t:l.e--usue,l cll.s.nnel. s of d i st ributim , lth u~1 most 

lurnbe r dealers stoclc l1ardwoocl flo o r ing . ~avi n:g 2- .:;er nUJ."''lber of 

g r Lde s ind e 1e ethcc~.S of ) r oducti cn and d i s triouti on being different, 

~1ardwood flooring h ."'.S generall~r been consid.er ec1 2 .. se:;xtrP..te :)<.rt of the 

industr y , nltl1ou .:;l1 its bc,se :._)r oduct is har c".wood l umber. Due t o t he 

f a ct t llG.t l1ardwoocl flo oring is l)r oduced, in syeci 2.l ma ci1 ines, some of 

it i s :·nade by thos e eng,...,_g ed. in ~; oduci ng floorin{:; .:md not lumber. 

There are t:lree GenGro.l brc.ric:'.eS of iS 'inclustry, namely, 

~l e oak floori ng ) roC.ucers, wl10se duct is oclc fl oori ng pr oduced in 

an area wi1icJ.1 ce:1.ters a r ound i.Iem)llis, Tcrnnessee, ancl extends through 

t;'l.e :_J~)<.:. o. c:li DJl CUld N ort:t Centrc.l ~:.c. clw.Joc"t. ') oclucing st a tes; th e 

ma)l e flo o ring producers , 1oC 2. ec~ '. i efl y in the v i cinity of C:::tdill e,C' 

ltli ch i gan , v,ritll·a :')roctucti ::m ar:1cunting t o o.) ) roximately 80 :~e rcent of 

the t o t al used, ab out l:J ~!e rc en t be in,s llr oduced in, the New Englond 

S~ es c.nd <:. sma.l l ruaoun t in t:•.e ~1o n Sta t es (:1cwever, t h e ~) le 

flo oring i ndustry considers itself chiefly D. ~ic gan proc.lu.cer); and 

s:_Jecial flooring ~') ·.)ci.ucer s v.':'lO a re engased. h1 -r ducing made-to-order 

y~)es of hardvvood floo:ci ng . 

Both veneer and )lyr10o cls c.re ~! c., duced b:y mam .. 1.fac turers w~.1o 

are ver r closely ullied. with tl1e Lumbe r Industry i n view of t:1e fact 

L:.2.t t :1ey r..r e yr oduced direct from the log ~'le r t hc:m from manufc.ctured 

lumoer. T.:is is a newe r )P.rt of t :1 e industry and. re~) es ents t: .i e most 

economicc.l utili za ti cn of tl1 e tree , ~1 e veneer s being sliced off tl1e 

J.o g in ic~nes es of one si x ty-fourtl1 to on e-quc .. rte r of an inch. 

·;n.1en t rw or ~o e layers of such wood are slued t oge t!1e r they a re c 2.lled 

:~ ywood . T:1e finer and. mo re c.;_e c or :1.ti v e wocds '..re oduced in ~: i s 

mc:.nner end f or suc:i.1 t h inf;s as furni turf! nre r:et'l ly c om·:e ti t ors of solid 

lUJ.11ber. .Amo ng tl10se s2.wmill s ~1r t :··.1 s0 ce ene er~ nnd J}lywood 

t:1e ~? rinci :;_)e.,l rel i unce is en S<.',wed lumbe1.;. _ ? :!,ywo : d , )articul a rly, is t :1e 

one J}a rt of t h e industry_ tLat i s .:;r c.rring , si_::.1 ce new uses 2-re being found 

981 3 
- 22-

for this i_) roduct in l a te yea rs. As c. cut!r_:·e titor of solid lu..-nber, 

~J lywood, c..l th ug~ . ~Jroducing a n increas e in doll a r volume for t h e amount 

of tree tha t it uses, may be largely res onsible for decrea sing tae 

2.rnount of s olid lumber in i ndustri al and constructi on uses. 

T:1e next most i m)ortant Divisi on of t h is industry is t:1e 

Wooden Pa cknge Indus try. Tl1i s branc:1 of t:1e industry is further subdivided ) rinci) ally in to the Sawed Box o.nd Shook Division, t:1e o the!'s 

being such Divisions a s Plywood k~g e, g~ se, Wirebound Box, and 

\7ooden Pa ils and Tubs. It l1a s been st2.t ed t h2.t wooden :::nckages 

e::~ e s en t a)~Jroxi flc'l. teJ.y 15 to 20 ~Je rcen t of 1e en tire lum-ber reducti on . In some Division s of t h e Lumber Industry , l10wever, f.'.S , fo r 

i n stance, t h e ~es n Pine , 33 :"'le rcen t of the ::_-1 r oclucti on goes into 

wooden b oxe s and s~ oo s ( 11 shook s 11 is t J.1e term C'.l'))l ied to the finished 

) iec e s t :w.t go t o make ::~ t he wooden box). T:1i s ) r educt i s :;rep onder2.n t l y ma l.,~ .:.c ":. n-:--0i in f a ctori es conn ected with s awmills en d is 2.n outle t 1'or 1n. ,.. . .... ~e l o';Je r g r a d es of lumb e r a.nd t .1e oorer ~')e cies of 

timl- .:: r . 

I·-: J.:::'~'l t of c.. t ot a l of 18 , ..55 6 :;? r od.uc ing pl ants , 792 

cluc ed vooc.·~-~ 'Lc-; _)r r;dncts. T.n. e Wooden :Box Divisi ::m i s a lso t h e more 

se 2. Pb~0 :~r- r .. u!. -Gha industry becnus e a gre<:'.ter ) art of its ~Jroclucts 

a r e u s E:d :f...,.c· S!l ;_--._ ... i ng o.~ icul tu.ral ::_Jr oc:u cts , 0.nd t l: e s eason ther efore 

fol l ou s ,3 h a r 1est e~ son . 

1e i nde-:enden t ost abl i s .. :men t s in t h e rrumu facture of wooden . cra t es , boxe s , e t c., a r e loc a t ed cl1 i efly i n t h e Ea st and away from the 

lumb er ) r educ i ng c en t er s . Such J>lan t s -:;u rchase t h eir lumb er, usually 

t h _e lov.re r gr c.d e s , fo r t he manufo.ctu r e of t :1e ve.ri ou s t y-,:XJs of b oxe s 

and :x,_ckages f or i ndustr io.l use . It is t l: i s -a rt of t he -foo den Box 

I ndustry t:m t ~1a s been. t:1e ~.C'.. des t h it by t he substitutes ~J a)e r bo2.rd 

and :Jer b oxes, the :')a)e r b ox f i eld hav i ng n ot ye t b e en extended to 

i n clude agricultur al _-:Jr oducts in any subst an ti a l amo unts . 

J! 

Ano t her Divisi on inc l uded as a ::_Ja rt of t he indu s try, ch iefly 

b e cause t he ~) ed ct is manuf <'.ctu r ecl i n connection •u ith sawmi lls, is 

t ho. t of t L1e Ki ln Dri ed ~a dwood Di:!1en si on I ndustry. By hardwood dimensi on i s meant bo t :1 t ... 1e cu tting Cl1d &1 a::_Jing of wooden ::_')fl.rts used in 

i ndust r i a l ::_J ro c e sses. Th is b r anch of the i ndustry ~') 1 eys an i m::!ortant 

·;a r t in th e a:JlJ11 ca tion of wood t o ~dus tri l :;_Jr oduc t s , an ill u s tra -

ti on be i nt; tb.e Furniture Inclus try . fVoocl en jJa rts for furnitu r e , in 

f a ct en tire ic s of unassembled furn itu r e u r e now manufa ctur ed in 

s awmills, t!1e only :;.Jr ocess r e qu ired t o rJ'k".ke them i nto f inish ed furn iture 

being t :1c::.t of a ssembling and finisl1i ng. 

Th is i ndustry has devel op ed r n_Jidl y wi t:1i n t he :::u st few y e r..rs, 

ch i ef iy because it re='r esen ts a. me t hJrl Glelivering Yloo d :y r oducts n ea r e r 

t o its t of d istri bution with l e s s W<'.s te. I n s o:-ne i nst c:.nces a s 

muc:1 as 4-0 rce t of ~1e lumb e r used i n t:1e men ufacture of v::- rious 

wood ducts r epresents wa ste. The SP.Ving s fr om mal~ in6 f ini shed ) a rts 

n ear e r ~1e )Oint of l umber :Jr oduction, o.nd t l1e c:w oi danc e of t!1e s:1i :1:')ing 

of waste ) rodu cts, · re re ent ' a conside r abl e saving to i ndustry . is 

developmen t is c:. furth er ste;>· in t h e integ r a tion of t h e industry and 

9813 
seeri1S to l10L1 t:1e ch i ef ~J s of t:,c.t i n (

1.u s t r y i n ma.in t r:.i n i ng EJ. h i ghe r 

r e.ti o of h c:.rdwoocl. lumbe r nsur,l~ ti . 

Pr o.c ti call y E'..ll of t :1e se au::il i a r y Di vi si an s , w:1il e no t 

on tri uti n~ v ery si o 1ii'icon t l y t o ~ e br-2-s i c ~J roblems of 1e Lumb er 

I ndustry , were included under ~1 e Cc(-:.e , brin[;i n!; v- it~l ~l8 m a l l of 

their mi nor :_Jr obl ern.s t o c o:·,T _::J. i c ''.te L 1G o·'e r E'.. t i ::n of t l1e Cocle , w~1 ic , 

i n t l1e f irst ] l a c e , was ·Jo int ed. t oH2.r f. ~. e sol u ti:: n c f 1e :_J r obl ems 

of e Th ber I ndustry . 

B. SCOPE OF DI SC'U SSI CN 

To .~n u:y , t h e b r oa d. OEl.cl.::grou nd of e en ti :...'e Lumb e r In dustry as it pre s en t ed itself ~' t o t h e time of ~1e Code ha s be en outl i ned here . The ) Ur)o se of Cocle G.C tion Vlc.s c. so luti on of t l1e ) r obl ems 

of the industry . Fr om is -) oin t f or w2.r<l t h e c!_iscussi on o f tl1 ese 

-)robl ems is cU v ide<l i n t o t l1e f ollowi n t<s f i elds: 

First, t he b <-'.si c ) r oblems CJf st c- ndin t; ·timb er, which is t h e 

b a se of t _,_le Lumb e r Inclu stry . Tl.::.e s e ·_J :cobl ems c on c e rn t h emsel ve s with 

v olume , l oc a ti on , timb e r own ~1 ~> and <:~ lue , and costs of hold.i ng , 

2..nd effo rts r.tt conserva tion -- in fc.c t, a ll of t' 1e ) r oblems of f or e st 

ma n£'.gemen t. 

Se c ond, t:1e bl ems of j_Jr oduction . Th e s e, while clo sely 

rel a t ed t o S:_J $Cies a nd tile oble s of f or e st mano.gemen t, a r e also 

c oncerned ~! Sj_) eci a J. ) r ob J. e ns r ev olvin g ::..round v olume , co st s, l ab or, 

a~n , ca}ita l , credi t, e tc. 

Th ird, t he ) r obl ems of distri bu ti on. I nvolved h e re a re t l1e 

factor s oi :.~ ti t i on , 1 r egi ona.l anc'. q::::•e c i e s , ~: e d emond fac t ors, 

t :1e ~; blem of substitu t e s , ric es , t r an s:_Jorta t i on cost s , e tc. 

Fourtl1.,. a r e sume of t :1e a t em s :t o me e t t l1e s e }lr obl ems 

t l1r oug:1 t:1e :.1edimn of a c od e of f .::..ir c o;,ne t i ti on c:md em anD..l ysis of 

t ile ~J er ti n of ~1a t code , and 

Finally , t h e ) r e s ent st a t us of 1e i ndustry and issu e s r el a ting t o its fu t u r e n e eds. 

9813 
-24-

CHAPTER II 

THE PR013LEL1S OF FOREST MA.lJAG:Zl i~1' 

Forest m2.na..:;ement has a rride ren:;e of mec:~nings O.epenc inc u·,Jon tne 

:ourposes und.erl~ring it. '-2hus in commerciel forest menc:.genent there is 

a tenclenc:r to stress the -ori~ciples of profit and.. maximum 1)roduction, 

11hereas in ··Jublic forest management speci l em3)hasi s is usuall'r -olaced 

upon the :_:> rL1ciples of sustained yield a.nd highes.t use and service of the 

forest. The Society of American Foreste-~s 0efines it c: s folloPs: "Forest management is the practice or application of fo restry in the conduct 

of the forest ·ousiness. 11 

A. TIMBER SUPPLY Al'ID LOCATIOJ::r 

Like all natural resou rce industries, the successful development and 

management of the lumber ~c t imbe i' procucts industries are tdenendent 

upon: (1) The loce.tion of ra i materials '.7i t!1 res"Ject to consumer reauirements; .:md (2) upon the farm, che1 ract er, valUl"'e and accessibilit~r and, 

therefore, cost of meterial ir. a spe cific re.:;ion nhi ci1 rrauld -oermi t its 

use or conversion at a p rofit. 

These de~Jendencies i::1volve p roblems of c·uttii1g, of tran~portation, 

of com,Jetitio _ 11it1 similar 'Jrocucts n:.c. ·')osc;ible substi tute s , of costs 

of a~ nate_ic.11 and co;,1version, and of <ier'l&ncl_, 'TI1e su-.Jpl·r , loca tion, c-md 

other heracte1~i sties of the ··)rirci)al kLr.0 s of tinber avci lable far conversion into useful 1)rocucts are desc ibe( in t~is section. 

1. Present 7orest Area 

From the originel forest arec- of more than 800 ,000,000 acres, a1)-

lJroximotel-r 304 , 000 , 000 ceres, or ..3P Jer cent, hove been \.fithcra:m from 

com~1erc ial timber g O' ir:g. This ··ri t!1cranal is mC'lc.e up of 150,000, 000 

acres chie.t:'l r cut to cleax- lan6. for fr ~mc; in early C.ay _ .<?..nO. the timber 

destrofeC. bec~use of no mc..rket; 10,000,000 .Jeres of re"'ervation , ·J ar:~s, 

-oreserves, etc.; c-nc'l t~ e bc?lo.nce cut ave.,... foi~ ti;·,ber and. subsequentl-r for 

use for other purposes. 

The conversion of fore~t land into farm lane is stil1 ;oing on, 

particularl·r in the -.-est , ,.,here the removal of vir~in timbe.,... of relativel y l0\7 present VE1.lue for com,-,ercial -purposes release s gooc'. soil for farming . It is estimated that eventuall-· some 2,000,000 ."' cres of com'"1ercial 

forest land. i n the ~7est rrill be removed for this ':>Urpose. In the East, 

hov.rever, en onpo site tenC:.encv is bein.cs mai ife stec on a major scale, for 

here farms are being abandone<i and becomi~g increasing ly available for 

forest use. Already some 52,000,000 a cres are estim[' ted to be so available, and it is estimated that from 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 adclitionc.l 

acres of a·ba.nc.oned farm and other lanC:.f mF'' ' be o"'-C:.cled to the commercial 

forest a.ree. by 1950. :Further, 3,000,000 c•c rcs of treeless prairies could 

be planted. i~ the need for increosec for:=st area develops. This acreage 

of aba..-,.doned. or potential forest area, on cccount of its variable ouantity, is not co r. sicered in this stu~y , 

a . Commercial §orest Area 

The rema.L-:.ing 495,000,000 acres left of the original 800,000,000 

9813 
-25-

acres of forest a·~ea , arte:: cl<:;duc ting the 301 , 000 , 000 e..c::es ci -!;;ed above 

c;.s wi thc Et~'n f::om conJ::e l'Ch l tim"!)·Jr ~r o' ir1;: , constitute t he -')ror-Gn t comme rcial forest area E,.nd. e?l CO ~)as: t~1e ·ol lo, .. i:.:: ~ c'i scussi on. 

The South conta ins the l prgest are<"' of comrrterc i o..J. forest l anes, '.Ji t h 

a-onroximetalv 40 ·oer c ent of th0 total .. or the TJ:ni t ed States. 'L1he Pacific 

Coe.st r egi or: r.:ml-;:s m;:(t , w·i th a , i ttle ov0r l3 -:Jer cent; closel~r follor;-ed 

07 the Central re -.J on '~ith a.bollt ~ pe:c ceT"'t; anC:. -~he Le.:z:e re.~ n, with 

sli ~h tlv o rer 11 pa:~ c ent . These four re.?; i ·, ns contc.in about 7 o :9e r c en t 

of the totc."..l com::~erc ial forest arec.. . T:1.e ;:i f. cle Atlantic req;i on c on t a ins 

the smallest o.rea, or a.bo·J.t 3 per c e r.t; ·. ':.!.i l e the 0ther tllre ~~ region s , 

l~e-:-• ::Bn-slanc --·i th 5 l e r cen~ nn( -the o-~t l I~c Sout·l :.ocl~,,. Lounte ins ,-,i t :'l 

7 per c ent and 5 De r car.t , resuectiv e~- . ~ossess ~e rest of the ~creage .(*) 

~)~; ro~:imr.> tel )65 , 00::' , 000 r-.c::. eEO , O:' 7 :1. -.)er C'3~1t, of the cor:merciE·.l 

fo::ef't }_;:-nC:.s :ue ea"'t oi )~~-1e 0--:..·e.st ?':.r·i: s, ,.!i tr!. the bnlc.nce stt"e tch i lK' 

.:est· ·e re r:,~oE! th-; ?.oc .~r Lo1.::c. tc. .i r.:.s . 

A'Jo,_lt 33 pe-r c -.':.:t o:· t:·~e total CfV"ii"le~~ci::: l :o::2c-.t .~ ee. o.f the United 

Stc;.t es is ch arcct '~i~ac~ b .. r t ;:-t.·es la:.·-:;s 8l1 '"-·':: ~l 1o :- -::-;~ -- 6"~ , in accor0.C1.n c o 

:' t~1 ·9rev ilin '~ 1 .. o·· ..,in-; "'~~c- il l~:..-: ·.-";·'-.ctice , c;..nC. i r tl·:erefOJ'e des no.tect 

as ~n -ti mber arec . 0~ t !i s Er~n , 5~ n er c ent is locpted ea~t of the 

GreP..t Plains. He:.·e D.gs.ir:: t >l e ScvL c lee0,C:.s i_-_ 1is ty·,Je o~ l[;l .. n0, la.i mi:n~ 

~0 p e r cent of t ;1e to t al , ·.-hil..e t :le P"'_cific ~oa-;t r f'.n'':s ::.-1ext ·-it:l 23 ~')e r 

cent. 'ihe Lake St c-te s c oj;tc.ir. t~18 ·

1.eG. r; t ~: ,-· be:;.~ L ·,no., or e.O}Jro:-::Lilr taly 

3 ·par c ant of L1e totc:..l , f'ollo· .~c: ·a·• tLe !.:i 6U.e At:;·n tic States -, i th <?,OO'lt 

4 per cent. 

( *) Thl~OlJ..ghout this re1Jo -:-t L~ c"i ::-ci7.s<;i ·, ·'S ti '.1 -ba:· OI' timbe r l pnc! s Vc.ri ous 

re ions are err~cl to E s follo~s : 

} er:r :3:nA;lanC'. 

Connecticut 

h·Ic;.ine 

tlass achuset t 

lTei7 :18IIlp shire 

illlode I sland 

Vermont 

South 

Alabama 

Arkans[' s 

Florida 

Georgia 

Lon i sian~. 

~ :i ssi ssi ·9-·Ji 

l-orth Ce.rolina 

Oklahoma 

· South Ca.rolina 

Texc..s 

Virg inia, 

9813 

.. 

i'ii cc l : il..tlrntic 

Dele: ·r;._r "3 

i:ar ylnnC:. 

l-~err J e ::.·sey 

:;:-e,., Y0r~~ 

Per1:·1 :~ l v;_'..Yl i n 

Pa ci.fi c Coast 

Californ i <'. 

Orssrn1 

)lasllL ,. ;ton 

.• .. ') .. t 

. ' . ~~ ... "' . . . 

... 

Lal'::e Cent r rtl 

iii chi{:;r.:.n Ill i no i s 

~ :im1e sota Indie.na 

lJorth Dc;J::ota Iowa 

7iscon sin Kentucky 

1·.- • --;_o cky l',i t . 

I caho 

l•i ontc.na 

l1i ssouri 

Ohio 

Tennessee 

...-test Vi r :;inia 

Ariz una 

Golorac.o 

Fev ada 

1 e-:-: ; ·e:.;:i co 

South Da~~ota 

Ut ah 

Wyomin:: 
-26-

Tr?enty-four ( 24) uer cent of the comn ercial forest lands contain .i 

trees too small for sa\7 logs but l e> r ge enough for corcln oocl, re ~-:; Frdless _ c 

of nhether the stand is to be cut fo r cordrrooC: or held for sen timber. ~ '"' 

As noula be expected, the states east of the Great Plains contain most of 

the cord·.•ood. areas, or ?.bout 85 ~e r cent, C:ue to the f eet that a g reater 

) rO"_.) Ortion of the virg in timb e r in the Ea;-.t has -~ :3 n cut over, th11s :rele ~s ing t~e l ands for secoLd g ro :t h . 

The bul'-: of corc''.7ood l ands, or 44 pe r cent of t he total, a~~e J.oca ted 

in the South . T:1e Centr a l Ste.tes come ne.:t , -·i th 21 ·1e r cent; fol ~.orr d 

by t ile I:idC:.le Atlantic and Lake States r:ith 9 enC. 7 ~er c ent, res·0 ectivel y . Ye·-- Engl and has the least, o:o ::>roxi matel:r 4 ~J el' c ent , end. t~1e ot:1er 

three reg i or: s :90s sess a~op roxi rJa l v 5 per ce:nt each . The relatively 

srrwl 1 corC. •oo d. area in the Pacific Coa P- t States i s due to t l1e high ·oerc en tag e of virg i n sn•·r timber on fue i r total corn·..,erci £!.1 forest area. 

":les tock inc a r ec ~ com·vri se lrnl',... t '..at once su:-~r>o rt ec a s te.nd of timber and <1i ch c re no· · oein.:::_: r cne"ed. r:'he bul~- of this n e -, : ror;•th is 

smaller t:1an co rcx·ooc-:. size . :J'p i :r to sFtisfactor'r restoc~::ing areas, a cco rC.ing to ·Jresent stan6.2rds , rna·- be d.efined 2 s lanc.s 40 ·1e r c ent or 

more iee st ocker~ r· · th cor.merci al soec ie s , ,-hile areas ' i t h 2. loner "restock " 

·)e rc entag e a.re con sidel~ec. :ooo r to non- r est ocl-:: n.~ areas. 

__ estockil g lrnds co.1sti tute about 37 l)er c ent of a ll comme cial 

forest lc'..ndS CU1C 1 aS i S tO be e:Y::TJ8Cted , t:te•r r r e IOUnC in thOSe reciOnS 

'7here the lart3est volume of lumber J.les be 0n p-roo.ucecl ovel~ r consi de rable 

~:> erio cl of time, nernelv, in t~1e Scuta cS~nC the Ld:::e Stat_e s . The South 

cont.:.. ins over 80 , 000 , 000 c ere of suc:1 area , or 16 pe r cent of the total 

com 1ercial forest area of the entire country . O:l tl.~.is emm .. mt nearly onehalf is cond Cl.e reC:. fc.ir to satis:c.ctor·· r 3:oroc·ucti on . The Le>lce re<c:';ion 

contai ns r e stocking lanes runount irv?; to 8 )e r cent of the total c omMe rcial 

forest lands, ~· it 67 pe r cent of tJ. em fD.i r to SE'ti sf act or-r. 

The eastern reg ions contain neP rl·r si:. times r.s much repro C:ucing 

area e.s is found i n the 11estern re"':ions, me the -.)ronort ion of fair to 

satisfacto r y r estock-ing lands to total restod;:i ll-~ J.ano.s is r.mch g reate r. 

Reprociuci n:; ereas are i n t e best condi tier in t he l·e· : En?.:lr·nd r:~ild Cen tral 

r egions, apuroxi mately 70 ·9er cent con tainin,-s f air to sa ti sfC'.CtOr'J reproe-.;.cti on . The p oorest re:;_:>roC.-ction is found in the South ::toc .. :::y l.fountain e~ion, rhere or;l y 9 ne r c ent of t :1e re1 roC.ucing r reas are fair to 

satisfa ctory . 

It is ap')arent that t:!e cor111e cial forest lc:mG.s of the Hnited Stn.te s 

are , generc.ll:r s::_)ee':in ; , so c i st ~i buteC::. ~ s to produc e f uture supplies of 

for est )roC:uct s :':'a.i :rlv close to l a :c "'e i:1 0?Ula tion cer. teTs , en( t:1erefore 

to e~c ecteG. demand . Po ssible e::ce )ti ons a:.:e the r·'c-::n .' 8n':'lo.nd and the 

Mi dcle Atle.ntic r egions, nhere t he expansion of forest i ndustri es to an'-

where nee..r t :1e ir former :'~)a citv mi :ht necessitate t he c.r n··ing of ··)artial 

future SU'o)'1 lie s frO'Tl t :le Sout ~l ano -:.'est . The c omne rcial forest lanC::.s in 

the se t ··.r o reg ions, hm7ever, i f inteP i r;erit l? r:1an<-\:_;ec', ma •r be e .. :~e c ted to 

-~:> roc1uce forest ~o.,~o C..uct s on~s .de ab ly in e.rcess of t::eir COl s·umptive demands. 

Of c ourse t h ere me.y be D. trend of future forest i nc.ust:.:i es toParci. regions 

of abunde.nt suppl ], a. movemen-t \7ll ic 1 has characterized such industries in 

the ·oast . 

9813 
-27-

2. Forest Stand. 

From the st an d.:;JOLlt of f uture generations, the f orest area non 

availabl e r:ill f u rni sh su£ficieut l c..nC. f or t he -::;ro,..-. i nc; of r e quired for e st 

cro_Js . For the n r esent a n c rrne c~ e :~u , the su-!J')l y of timbe r n ow 

str-nc inf:' , its locc:>.ti on , .. i t~1 :re c::··Je c t to t he n e86_ f or fo r est '0 cluct s, a nd 

its marke t a.bi l i ~r a."!"'e of ')ri ""!e conc e rn. 

In 19 28 , thr ou::;l1 t he 1 ;c St'G ney l~a v Act , Conr-;re s s C:'.\lt h or i z'3 cl a 

national surve3r of t~ e t. Lmb e r a'='o ::.~c es o:f t;1e Unit ec1 St a t es. Its obj e cts, 

fo r the su:;t"yey i s not yet c or:n l ete , 2r 8 : ( 1) '?a ma.\:e o.n i nv ent or y of t h e 

Jr esEnt supnl y of t imb e r c>.ncl ~1e r _:o:rest ··;roc'.u c ts, ( 2) t o o.sc ert a ir: t h e 

r e t e of t;rm1t 1 , ( 2i) t o c!et e r:1 ine 1e d.:~<-: n on t ile fo r est s t 11:::'ou..:;h i nC..ustri a l a no. o t her :.1ses, on e f r an l:' ."' , t: isec.ss, et c . , (4) to o.et ermi ne tl1e 

·or esent a.nC:.. 'Jrobab l e f .1t u r e eau rerJe~1t r- . fo::· t ir1be r an('_ 0the r fo rest 

cluct s , a n c. ( '5) to o:r:ralc:::~G tile i: c" Lv s ;·ri t l1 ex in ~~ 0.!1c' ontici·:Jat e d 

economic c ondi t i ons. 

Al th011g~1 t !w fi e l d ,-,ork on over l50 , 000 , 000 c:>cres has been co m-~ ted 

a n cl sub s t 2.n t i o..l -J re ss :·1EJC' s 0~1 1e c om:ol i c a t ec1 offi c e crork of this 

ne.ti onal survey , no Tesul ·c: a ;:'e vet c;.v[·i l[•.bl e f or a.ny or:'3 st a t e or g r ou-:9 

of stetes. rrhe aren, st .qnc., r; o'- t~1 cnr.: ·oarti «.l O.r ::d n fi :;u es in t his reort, t he r efore, hav e ·bec:c1 a::r;e~_ r t .e.1

.-::: en f X' Oi .. t u. S. i?oreG t Service 

source s. (*) 

Preliminc:.ry an d ~L10f :' l ertir1 tee: gaine C:. f :::-om the survey cit ed 

above i ndic <:'.ce t :1o.t sor'le of t. ~t. e st ;~ c r n6_ ·': ~::-o, ·th fi~c;u es t c:;]:en f rom t n e 

Fo r est Servi ce r ep orts a r e t oo lory . It i s b e l i eve(, there f ore , that t he 

conditi ons de scribed ane_ conclusi on s rec.c:1ed. i n this r e-o ort are conse rvative . 

a . Sta:r:.e. on Tota l Ar eo. 

Products O. eri veci_ fror:1 t iJ. t:; fo rest s a:ce of •r de 7 v c.\r;rh;,:; ci1a.r o.ct e r, 

a n d the i r uni t vol·wne is exp r essed :t n c. m:unber of C:: i:~f t -::a:rs . Thus, 

lumbe r a.n d log s are x~ se 0. i:-:-. fee t , board r-:ec:u;ure ; fl:. e l \'Jood , pu l p 

vrood. , distill,-=-.ti on Poo l.., t:\nd ot:.1er co re: · ro o O. , i n cord s ; herm ti e s , f ence 

·9osts, stave s a nd l1oo·.)s, sl1L"gles, pol e s C~.nd T-) i liDC, i n -')i e ces; r o1...mo. 

l!lin e timb ers, in cubic feet ; en0. sl c.ci: he: fci~g e.nd_ ti :~h t hea ch ng coo-pera.ge , in s ets . The onl -- -.Jo~::i ble cor-r. 1on d.en omi no tor of mea surement is 

cubic f eet . Chart II a nd T8b1 e II sllo'.- t he totD.l st a nd., ex:o r e s sed i n 

1nillions of cnb ic f ee t , of 2ll for~st 1n·ocu ctP est ima t ed t o be Gtar:ding 

in tree f orm e n the a··Ji') ~imc '' 493 , 000, 000 c.c n:-; s of c0rnr1 e r cial for e st 

l c: no_. 

Fift:r- sLc ( 56) '!Je r c ent of the es t s "c <-:' 11<l of the ~J:n i ted Sta t e s is 

in the West . ~1e P2cific r egi o71 , ,-,ith 39 oe r c ent of t he t otal, hr- s the 

lcrge st str•nd . The Sout h i s ne ~: , ,_· i th 23 ') r cent , a nd. the Lal-ce r e,o;i on 

last , ith 4 p er c ent . 

(*) U. S. Forest Ser-.rice . The For est Si t u::-.ti on in t l1e Un i ted States; 

a f:·0 eci 0.l :rt t, o ~e P1be ~ servr-.. ti on 3 ooT<.\ , Ja::u 2.ry 30, 1932 ; 

anc:. Sena t e Document $1 2 , A ~;;-::~ i o:r~C!.l Pla n : or Arnoricnn Fo:;.·e strv , 1933 . 

9813 
. 

-23-

SoftFood comprises about 7·1 Jer cent of the total ste:nJ.. in t l1e United 

States. I n the eastern reg ions 40 per c ent of the stPnd consists of soft-

~!Ood, and in the nestern regions J?re.cticall:r 10 p er cent is soft\7ood. 

Hard··:oo<is p reciol'!lina te i n the r~et: :djngla:r:d, Ei cld.le Atlantic, Lake anci Central reg ions. Onl r one reg ion ee.st of the Grea t Plain s, the Sout:·l , cont a ins a g reat er volume of soft'.7 00d than hardTiood . 

b . Stand on Sa1 Timber Area 

The stE".n<i on the s a'T- timber area comp ri ses 7 ) ue r c en t of the total - ... 

United States stand , TI" i tli hard·-rood predominating in the east ern ree;ion 

nnd softwood in the 'IT est. Ei ghty-one ( 31) ~) er cent of t :1e total stand 

on tL1e sa·..,-timber area is r of tPood . rhe stcmc~ on the sr"··- timber area is 

further discussed i n t erms of boarc feet, under t :1e caDtion 11 Sa Timber 

Stand . " 

c . St and on Cortt1:Tood Area 

The stand on the cord :-~ ood area amounts to 20 per c ent of the total 

stand of t he United States. About 81 ~er c ent of it is locatee east of 

the Great Plains. Thirty- ei -r;ht ( 38) pe r cent of the Eastern total and 

99 per cent of the . este::..·n total i s soft 1ood. The SO'\ t.1 ha s the lar.:;e st 

corc.':Too d stand, i. e ., 39 per cent of the total, of. rrllicll 61 per cent is 

softnood . I n all of the Eastern reg ions, e ::cept the South, hard'7ood 

greatl v p redominates in the co r c.11ooc. nrea . 

d. Stand on RestockL1g Area 

The stand on the re toc':in r; area amounts to 4 ~Jer c en t of the total 

stand in thG United StPt ec:. . ( *) A brec.u:c1oun of the :re~toc dn~ a r ea i n to 

softr-oo Ci · nd haronooc"'.. is imuos~iole fro1 existing C:.ata . o·: the various 

reg ions, the Sout 1 <='gain leac.s in volume of stand on the r estockin,g area, 

ni th 42 per cent of' the tot l volume . The i.iorth Roc::~r 1:ountain r egion 

i s ne:;:t , •1i th over 14 per c ent , follo ·eo bv the PDc i fic , MiccO.le Atlantic 

c.nd Ne~ England r egi ons. The South ::loc.cy ·1ount2 i 11 r e r;i on has -p r a ctica lly 

no vol ume on the r estoc{in; area . 

e . a~ Timbe r Stand 

F:;:-om the stand~Joi nt of ·o oth the l UJnber industry a n d the publi c, the 

amount of sa··r timber, i ts c:1aracter, .sm<i it!'> avai 1E.bi l i t :r a1·e ::'ore st 

mana..~el'!lent 0roblems of :'und.a.Mental im~:)O rtance . No t onl~r· does the .u·Jp ~• 

of sa .. r timber taLe care of current lumbe a.no. other important re auirement s but it governs pre sent anC:. ·oo ssi ble f c1 ture C0! 1~)eti t i v e conc.H tions 

for t ile inciustr:~,r anci fo r est pro0.ucts users. Che.rt I I I unC' Table III show 

the p r esent sau timber stand o: soft'7ood anC. bard"ood e.nC: the various 

classes of o'·mership . 

The saTI- timber stand in tne Uni tee. States is estimate d. to be l, 667,-

803 , 000,000 feet board measure . Of t h is 59 ~e r cent is privately 7ned , 

and the balance is on ned or a.dministered b:r the public in the forrfl of 

( *) ·Omits data for Lake reg ion, nhich are not available . 

9813 
national, Inc.ian, st.:~te , county , c.nd mn.n icipal for e sts. Of the p riva t e i :r 

o'.-:ne6_ timber 88 pe r cent :L s ec~ lr--· l and , l umb er, pulp r>.nd pa:pe r, and 

mining: com:oani es; naval st or e s er to rs ; railroe.ds; <1.n6. f!l iscellaneous 

inC.ividuals anC.. a:s enci es; r nd t he oal a11 ce by faTmers. 

All of L1is su)p l 7 i s not i mrf1eC..i atel-r availabl e IJe c ause of poor locati on Tit~1 r espect tq trans.Jort o..tioD facilitie s , '6.ensit·r of stanc., com-

·oosition of stand, and other f a c t ors . Ooviou.sl:r its com-)lete co:r!version 

into forest rod.ucts i _s gove rned by tb.e '-'r illi n.gness of t ile public to ?Jay 

t ·.e cost of ge tting out t he more ina cce ssibl e an o. scattered tiT!lber. 

Availability i n the "Test is illustrated o~ the State of California. 

In a tuc.~r o:f the timber si tua.t i on ·i n that state in 1914 the ouest ion of 

accessibility lias i~ef l.l y· con siCi.e r ed. ·(*) li'or :9-llrposes of the stuc~r , 

the state, outsi de of t he r ed·. ,·ooc:L rer itm, ~7B s divi c1ed u:p into t h r ee zones 

of accessibility , i n 17hic::.-1 the 1.ot_·zir.s c o st s .-.r ere estima t ed a t $6.50 per 

M fe e t or l e s's for Zone 1, $6 . 50 to $9 . 50 for Zone· 2 , CJ,hd ove r $9.50 for 

Zone · 3. It ri·as founcl_ thEJ.t 34 pe r cent of the tota l stund, ooth l::>ublicbr 

and ~.J rivateJ_ ~, O':';nec\ 1.-:;as availaoi_e at $6 .50 or l es" , 46 1)e r c ent at Zone 

2 cost, and t he -bP.-l an ce at Zone 3 cost. In 1914 the '. Ve :'age logging cost 

for 20 repre sen t a t i v e p i 11e mills in California. n2.s $5 . 24 ~oer .-~ f ee t. In 

1934 , however, a.c c ord.ing to st0.ti sties f u rni sheC. b;r t l1e ~ies tern Pine Associ a tion, average lo ·~ ing cost i n tlle ::1 ine reg i on of Calif oTni a 1.-ras 

$8 .61 per I.! feet, or · still .1-r i th~n t he Zone 2 cost limit of 1914. 

The ave rag e y rice r.ec e i v eo. in 1914 b~r the 20 r epr esen tative p ine 

mills in Calif ornia fo :c t!1ei~ ") ro C: uct f . o . b. s~1 }Jp ng 'Jo i nt .·!P, s $16.08. 

Although ave rc:>.g e ~or ic e fi -:,u.r e s f or 193-1 a.re not c- vo.ilable, average prices 

by species f. o. b . sh p~oit~ ~1 int e.r e e~ orte C: . b~r the -:!est e rn Pine Ass ociation B.s varyL:g .froPl· a:o out 8 to <:1:oout $43 , '"'i th a n estimat ed average 

for a ll spe cies in tl1e ·pine r e:;ior: of Cc,lifo:>:>nia of au-o ro~:imately $25. 

~1u s, t l1e log :; ils co st i n 1914 '.""'as 32 ">Je r cent of the se llin '?; price, or 

sub stanti e lly the sar:Je atio a.s in ~4 . This ::.nc:.ica t e s that as loge;ing 

costs increase due to r ol e.t i v e il~o. cc ess i bi l i r, eithe r sell_ ing :Jri ce s 

increase or the p roduct i s sole belou cost. Furth ~ discussions as to 

the eff e cts of eithe r 'of these cou rse s 1,-r ill ·be founo. in a later chap ter. l ' • -

Anothe r p ro-blem inci den t to for e s t m8nc.g ement li es in the trenc"l 

away from lumb e r as' a Drimary fo re st Jr c:,:tct and toParcl ;'1aterial that 

can be convert ed. int o }JUl "? c-ncL L1en r1ac"'t.e into a variet'r of prociucts. 

Timber c.iff icu l t to ge t out i n ·l og f orin may be exploit ed in cord.wood fo nn, 

which i s mo re sui t r.ole fo ~:' ;::>ulp ~n rsion, c:mC:_ t a substr ... n tially lo•rer 

cost than that re ouired for t he removal of saT: loGs· 

Of the total sarr-timbe r SUl)lJJ.•r 89 }Jer c ent is s oftn ood and 11 -ver 

cent hard1;1ood. About _ 3 :.oe r cent of t he t otal cu t cturing the lJe riod 1929-

193'"1 was softnood. It. i ·s' thus se.en t :.1at t he r~ ti v e d.e~and. for soft,:rood 

and :1ard·woo d is in ab out the same prop ortion as t he supp l y of s oftrmod 

and. harctPood. sa';; timb~f • . ( **) . . · 

( *) 

in 

( **) 

9813 

! 

Smith, C. Stm-rell, Assi s t s.nt Di sta:i ct (ore ster, The Lumber Ind.ust r y 

California; en unpublisl'1e d rep ort of t he U. S. Fore st Se rvice. 

Table V (a) of t his report. 
-30-

Seventy-nine (79) per cent of saw timber is located west of the 

Great Plains. Of this racticall~r all is ooftwood. It is strikingly 

evident, therefore, ti.1at the bulk of .soft\7QOd saw timber is not in close 

proximity to the centers'of popula tion and demand, as is hardwood saw 

timber . However, the location of softwood on the Pacific Coast makes it 

possible for producers to t ake advantage of water transportation through 

the Panama Canal, with consequent shipp i~ costs lo~ enough to ?ermit 

considerable back haul by rail from the Atlantic Coast before equaling 

the all-ra~l cost overland if the haul wer e made that way. This favorable freight differential, together with the relatively larger timber 

and denser stands on the Pacific Coast, has made it possL)le for Pa,.. 

cific Co ast lumber to ~ompete successfully in the East nith lumber produced close to points of consumption. 

It is not necessarily unfavorable to have timber, the raw material 

for certain forest products, raised und'Elr condi t·ions of maximum growth 

and at loTie st cost and to have the material transported considerable 

distances to the industries requiring it. The i ~ortant matter is an 

adequate supply of suitable material at reasonable cost to the industry 

or other consumer making· use of it. 

The Pacific Coast reg ion contaL1s the largest stand of sav1 timber 

(62 per cent of the total in the United St a tes). Of this, however, less ~1an three- tenths of one .Jer cent is hard :v ood . The large st su:9~Jly of 

softwood is in Oregon, f ollowed by ¥7o.shington and California. '[,fost of 

the hardwoods in the \'lest are f ound in.Oregon. 

The ne;.;:t largest stand of saw timber , ap:9ro:·imately 12 ~er cent of 

the total, is in the South, with 61 Jer cent soft.1ood and 39 per cent 

hardnood. The orth and South Rocky ·:"ow1tains come ne:~ t ":"vi th a little 

less thaJl 9 and about 7-1/2 per cent, r es:9ecti vely -- practically all 

softwood. 

The Fiddle Atlantic region possesses the smallest amount of sa'7 

timber, about 1-l/2 pe r cent, of nhich 68 per cent is hardwood . The 

saw- timber supply of the Lru<e and Central reg ions is also pre9onderantly 

hardwood-- 74 per cent and 91 per cent, respectively. 

B. THE PROBLEI 0-:'\ 1I 1·i.3ER 0 ~lERSHIP AlD VALUE 

1 . Ownership of Entire Forest Area 

a . Industrial Ownershiu 

Over one-half of the total co;1n1 ercial forest area is owned by land, 

lumber, pulp and paper , and mining companies; naval stores operators; 

r ailroads; and miscellaneous individuals or agenci~.s . (*) 

Industrial forest-land ownership is the predominating type of o~nership in the eastern r egions, comprising over 60 per cent of all 

(*) Chart I and Table I. 

9813 
- 31-

ownership. Eighty-six (86) per cent of the industrial acreage is in 

the Ea st and 14 p er cent in the West. The South contain s nearly 50 per 

c ent of t he industri al l ands of t he . entir e Unit ed Sta tes . One-third of 

t he total area under .industri a l ownership is classified a s saw-timber 

area . ]ecause of' the larg e ar eas of s oftwood and ha rdwood forest which 

we r e orig ina lly cull ed of softv:ood a lone on a ccount of ea sy river driving , l eaving an e ss entially unbroken old g rowth ha rdwood s aTI timber fore st, over 50 per c ent of the Nev1 Engl a nd r eg ion is cla ss ed a s saw timber. 

In the Lcl{e reg ion l ess than 10 p er cent is s aw timb er. 

Cordwood areas i ndustri a lly owned in the Un i t ed Sta tes amount to 

23 p er c ent of t he tota l a r ee. i ndustrially owned, with a bout an equal 

amount of f a ir .to s a tisfa ctory r e st ock ing ar eas a nd s omewh a t l ess of 

p oor to non-restq~ int:; areas. 

The East er n r eg ion s ·cont a i n ? 4 yer c ent of t h s i ndustri a lly owned 

s aw timber, .93 .p er c ent ·of ' t he corclv;ood, and 90 per cent of the r eproducing a r eas. Al though t he We st er n r egions con t a in a r elatively sma ll 

percent age of i ndustri a i m·mership , t hat ownershi p , e sp e ci a lly in the 

Pacific Co a st r cg:i. on; i s v er y i mportant be caus e it includes l a nd that 

is p ot entia lly h i gh l y pr oduct i ve a nd a l s o b e c au se considerable areas 

p oss e ss virg in .. stands Y'h ic:h e.t e pr e ss ing 'fo r liquida tion. Industrial 

ownersh i p in t~e South includ e s 30. per c ent of a ll r e stock i ng l a nds in 

the United Sta t e s. Of t his 44 p~ r cen t is a~s ifi d a s f~ ir to satisf a ctory. t 

b. Fa r m Woodl a nds· . . ·.·~.;:.· 

Approximat ely 26 e~ c ent of ·the comme rci al f orest area consists 

of farm woodlands. Of this, 95 p er c ent is i n t h e Ea st, where it c~

sti tutes approx ima t el y one- third· or the Ea.st ern commercial a r ea. In 

the Centra l reg ion it include s about one-·h alf, a nd in the South and 

Middle Atlantic abou t one-third of the r;t :-~e rci l a creage • . Farm woodl a nds consist of 28 p er c ent s aw timb er, 34 per c ent of cordwood, and 

38 per ce~t of ·r e stock i n,:; l and.s . In t he South , vth e r e t h e large st ar ea 

of restock i ng f a rm l a nC.s is loca t ed , · sligh tly l e ss t he.n 50 p er cent is 

in f a ir· to satisfa ctory cond i t ion. In a ll other . ·J..mportant farm-wood .... 

land reg ions t h e · bulk of t he r e stock ing a r eas ar e in f air to s a tisfactory condi tibn, vvi t h t he exce:9tion of :t he Pa cif ic Co a st reg ion, vvhere 

54 per cent of such areas r ang e· from p oor to non-restock ing . 

c. Pu blic ers . 

Approx imat el y 20 p er c·ent cif t he cominer c i a l forest area is publicly ·awned. Of t h is amou nt. a·bau t 90 ~; r c ent is owned or managed by 

the Federal Government, a li t t.le l ess t ha n 10 p er cent by the sta tes, 

a nd the balance by .other publi c ag en ci e s .• ' Ei gh ty-five ( 85) per cent 

of public wn~ sh p .is· i n t h e 'iie st er !l r eg ions and includes abou t 

75,000,000 acr e s o:( nat.ional f or est·. ' Ac quisition of l ands for national 

for e st in the st ~ regions· did not sta rt lintil 1899. The larg est 

area of publicly ·myned comm.e r c'i.e.l f or e st \ a nd is i n t he Pacific Co a st 

reg ion, amounting to 34 p e:r ·ce·n: t of t he t ota l. 

9813 
-32-. 

Sixty-three (63) per cent of the total publicly owned area consists 

··· of saw timber, 16 per cent cordwood, and 21 per cent restocking area. 

The greatest publicly owned sa~-timber acreage is in the Pacific region, 

followed by the South Rocky and the North Rocky Mountain regions. The 

public ow·ns a little over 10 per cent of the total cordwood areas and 

about the same per cent of the restocking area. 

2. Ownershi·p of Saw Timber Stand 

a. Industria."l . Ownership. (*) 

Generally speaking, the saw-timqer industrially owned is the best 

and most accessible. It includes 52 per cent of the total saw-timber 

stand. Sixty-six (66) per cent of the industrial saw timber is in the 

Pacific Coast region, consitituting 55 per cent of all classes of ownership in that region. The percentaee of industrial to all classes of 

ownership in the various regions is as follows: Ne~ England, 82 per 

cent; Middle Atlantic, 53 per cent; Lake, 61 per cent; Central, 48 per 

cent; South, 59 per cent; Pacific, 55 per cent; North Rocky Mountain, 

27 per cent; and South Rocky Mountain, 8 per cent. 

Industrial Jwnershi~ in the United States as a whole is divided 

into 86 per cent softwood and 14 per cent hardwood ownership, although 

in the Eastern regions the onnership is 52 per cent softwood and 48 per 

cent hardwood. 

Next to the Pacific Coast, industrial ownershi9 of saw timber is 

greatest in the South, accounting for 17 per cent of the total. New 

England follows with 5-1/2 per cent of the total, and the North Rocky 

Mountains third with 4-1/2 per cent. The smallest industrial ownership 

is found in the South Rocky Mountains. 

b. Farm Woodland 

Of the 7 per cent of saw timber owned by farmers, 55 per cent is 

softwo od and 45 per cent hardwood. The bulk of farm ownership of saw 

timber is in the East, accounting for 78 per cent of the total. Of 

this Eastern group, the South leads in farm owne rship , with 39 per cent 

of the total; the Pacific region is next, with 20 per cent; and the 

Central region third, with 14 per cent. 

c. National Forests 

The national forests claim 33 per cent of the total saw-timber 

stand, of which 99 per cent is softwood and 1 per cent hardwood. 

Ninety-eight (98) per cent is located in the West. The national forests are concentrated in the Pacific region, which holds 65 per cent 

of the total. The North and South Rocky Mountain regions contain 34 

per cent . This leaves only about 1 per cent for the rest of the United 

States, of which 56 per cent is in the South, 18-1/2 per cent in the 

Lake region, 17 per cent in New England, 7 per cent in the Central region, and about 2 per cent in the Middle Atlantic region. 

(*) Chart III and Table III 

9813 
-33-

d. Other Federally Owned or Managed Forests 

Approximately 5 :_t) er c ent of t he to.t a l saw-ti1aber stand, largely 

Indian, is Federally owned or managed in addition to the national forests. It is almost entirely softwo od and all but 2 per cent is located 

in tho West. Seventy--six (?6 ) }'l er c ent is in the Pacific region, with 

the balance scattered. New Er..glancl does n_ot· nave this type of ownership. 

e. State , County and Municipal Own ersh i p 

Approximately .3 per cent of the total saw t imber is under sta te, 

county or munici ~al owner shi p . Of this amount , 97 per cent consists 

of softwood. Ninet;;·- th!' ee ( 93 ) :9 ~::c cent of the s aw timber so owned is 

locat ed west of the -Gr eat Pl ins -- 62 per cent in the Pa cif ic region; 

27 per c ent in the North Hocky Mou ... YJ.ta.in r egiC?n; a·bout 3 per cent in each 

of the South Rocky Mountain a nd New Engl and. reg ions; and the balance 

scattered. 

3. Aver age Stand of Saw Ti mb er per Acre 

One of the p rincip a l f actors affectin6 the cost of logg ing is the 

density of stand, . or arnm.mt of timb r p er a cre on the forest area • 

.Adverse factors so:ne time s off set the advant age of dense stand, such as 

rough topography, swamp s, etc ., but in genera l the forests of greatest 

density can be logged at the lou est costs. 

Table r r shmvs t he s t a..YJ.d :per acre on sa11-timber areas. It will be 

noted that the heaviest stands, _33, 127 fee t ::_J er acre, are found in the 

Pacific region a nd a re under industri a l ner sh . 

In all class es of ownershi_9 the Pa cif ic reg ion likewise leads in 

density, with a n average stand of 23,598 fee t p er a cre ; whereas the 

Central r 0gi on r anks l a st, with 1, 631 feet -oer a cre. As the Central 

r egion contains over 90 per cent hardwood (*) ~YJ.d is locat ed in the 

heart of a large hardwood consuminb section, the conversion of relatively 

small tree s of low yield per a cre into s ""v.r timber i s normally profitable. 

The verag~ sta nd y er acre for all classes of ownershi:9 throughou t 

the saw-timber area is 8 , 841 feet. Publicly owned timber l a nds lead in 

stand per acre, with 10, 893 feet, followed ·by industria lly owned l ands, 

with 9,551 feet, and f a r n1, woodlands, with 3, 456 feet. The relatively 

low stand per acre on far m woodlands is probably due to the continuous 

selective cutting on such l a nds, par t ly for farm us e . 

4. Forest Growth and Dr a in 

a. Forest Growth 

In the following discussion computa tions of growth are based upon 

past standards of forest pro ducts utilization. In the ca se of saw 

timber it ref ers primarily to those spec ies assessing certain physical 

(*) Chart III a nd Table III 

9813 
··.· ' .. -34-

and mQ~banical qualities which· have appecled to consumers, so long as 

they could be secured at reasonable competitive price's. Future req_uirements may call to ·a .considerable extent for species which will produce 

the greatest vulurne of wood in the · shortest possible time. Some of the 

n;10 st ra-pid growing species, at present considered as "inferior, 11 may 

well be in the desired class. Accordingly, the growth data given muy 

prove to be considerably belm-v pre sent es th1a tes. 

The total current growth of usable material on the commercial forest areas of the United States is estimated to be 8,912,000,000 cubic 

feet. (*) This is a ''netll estimate, which allows for so-called "normall! losses from decay, insects, etc. Abnormal or unusual losses from 

disease or insect epidemics; fires, hurricanes, etc., are ta~en care of 

in the estimates of drain. (* ~) 

Of the total current annual gro•.7th the South leads by a wide margin, claiming 54 per cent of the total. This is accolinted for by the 

fact that the Sauth, besides possessing some of the best timber-growing conditions and fa~t~st growing species, contains largely second 

growth o~ young timber that is. putting on volume at a much more rapid 

rate than trees in regions containing mature or over-mature forests. 

J:he Central region ranks second, witn over 12 per cent; the Lake region 

third, with 7 per cent; and the Middle Atlantic region fourth, with 

slightly less than 7 per cent. 

Softwood accounts for 55 per cent of the total growth, 62 per cent 

of which is in the South. The Pacific Coast ranks next in softwood 

growth, with over 7-1/2 per cent of the total, followed by the North 

Rocky Mountain region with 4-1/2 per cent, and the South RoclC'J Mountain 

region .with 2 per cent. 

The South also leads ·in hardwood growth, followed by the Central 

region, the Middle Atlantic, and the L~ce region. 

The comparatively low growth in the Pacific Coast region, constituting a little less than 8 per cent of the total, is accounted for by 

the fact that the forests are largely mature and over-mature and hence 

putting on very little new growth, although that region includes the 

fastest growing species in the United .States. · Only by cutting off the 

mature timber and releasing the land for reproduction can the potential 

growth capacity of the Pacific Coast region be realized. The same situation applies, but to a lesser extent, to all forests west of the Great 

Plains. 

The total United States .saw-timber growth amounts to 11,731,000,000 

feet board measure, of which the South has 58 per cent, followed by the 

Pacific Coast with 15 per cent, New England with 5~1/2 per cent, and 

the Central region with approximately the same. The Lake region has 

the smallest annual ·saw-timber growth,. almost entirely hardwood. 

(*) Chart IX and Table IX 

(* *) Table VII 

9813 
-35-

Greatest hardwood saw-timber growth is in the South, or 54 per cent of 

the total hardwood growth. The Central region is next with 20 per cent , 

followed by the !viidG.l e Atlu..Yltic reg ion with appro ~imately 1 2 :per cent, 

and New England with nearly 9 per cent. 

b. Forest Dra in 

In addition to the supply of ava ilable timber, the rate at which 

it is being removed and reproduced constitutes a major p robl em of forest 

management, and is of prime importanc~ in ~1 e ba l ancing of forest accounts. · 

This removal, or dr ain as it is commonly ca lled, is brought about 

in many ways, chiefly by cutting f or commercial purposes, by fire, disease, etc. For p_~posty s .9:f tl:- ~s report, . the average annua l drain for 

1925-1~29 has been 1.;1.sed unle ss oth vi.s ·~ sp e.cified, because statistics 

on average drcdn · for . subs-equent ye<.U' S 'are ·available only for lumber. 

Obviously, the use of only l mnber' data would distort drain figures, for 

· lumber · compris e s more th2.11 one-half of t:P,e t~tal · for.est pr·oducts 1 drain 

and the forest ·Jroducts I dra in. accounts for 89 ·oer cent of the total 

drain. · The ea:~s 1925-:ol929 cover a p eriod:·of g~ nerally e:-cpanding business, including the penk lumber pro O..;_ct'ion "year ·cif the past 24 years. 

Each of those fiv·e years sho':red a higher ·,Ji-o·d.uctiori. than · at a ny time during the past twenty yea:rs, \V ith a few e2'~c ~p tions. · Further, there was a 

general decline in lumbe r producti on from 1925-1929 in ·spite of a general increase in ·the production of commoditi e s. of a com:9etitive nature. ,.,. , 

The . Lumber Industr~l has no assurrutce t11at ··i

1

n th'e f uture the forests 'Will be utilized exactly as in the past. On 'the contrary, a 11ew 

conception seems to be f orming as 'to · \vhat products should be produced. 

For ins~ nce, clear boards are possibly no more valuable, and perhaps 

less valuable, tha n built-up ;y-~r ood. Such substitution of pl~vood for 

clear boards woulu mru{ e presentiy available .mature timber, suitable for 

veneers, sufficient to suppl y the demands of ·a market thirty times as 

large as the one v1hich nou e:.cists for clear boards· · Thus, there may be 

a potential surplus of clear ·Joards. " Furth er, large-dimension timbers 

Cas>) not now succ.essfully co'm:pete with steei or r einforced concrete for 

many purposes . . 

Clearly, ne ~ developments in the utilization of forest products 

have effected a decrea seG. de:.1and for t hose p roCi.ucts which in the past 

have formed the bulk. o·i requirements, ana a:t the'· same time these developments are making available a very much larg.er volume of raw material 

than would have oth e rwise be en the case.· In brief, any anticination of 

what future consumers o:f fore~t products wil\ Q.emand must be p;edicated 

up on present conditions rather tha n u pon those of the past. Any discussion of for e st dr a in nmst tcl{e into consideration this changing market. 

It is cor:1mon practice in describing the relation of growth to drain 

to a~e this comparison without t aking into consideration the large supply of standing timber which must in many regi~:ms be removed before the 

full p ossibilities of growt n ~ be attained, Aga~n, the relationship 

of gross drain to tot a l stand is frequently stressed without reference 

to eit~er ~ITrent annual growth or po~ential growth. The first prac-

. ~ 

i~ 
-36-

tice overlooks the fact that the -oroduction of any commodity is ordinarily governed, so far as financial exigencies will _-,ermi t, by the amount 

of stock of raw material in inventory. Th e second assumes t i.1at the forest is static, that it consists onl; of what ca~ be seen an<i mec sured at 

the present time. 

In order, ther efore, to give proper J erspective to tho robl e~ of 

dra1n, a comparison of forest-products drain a:.'ld forest groY,'tr1 in relartion to the available stan<i of timber is here :'?resent ed. Thus the possible life of our forest resources m~' be predicted ry~th so 1e degree of 

accuracy. ( *) 

The upper half of Table IX (a) sho':Vs for e st products expectancy, 

assuming that the lumber drain, ot~1er forest-pro<iucts dr in, and drain 

occasioned by fire, insects, disease, etc., will continue indefinitely 

at the 1925-1929 rate. The lowe r half of the table is based upon the 

assumption that the drain of lumber an<i other forest prouucts will continue at the 1929-1934 rate; en<i that fire, insect and disease drain will 

continue at the 1925-1929 rate. This latter drain should steadily decrease as methods of control are perfected. However, since the rate at 

which this reduction will proceed is unknown, ~~st experience must necessarily be used. 

Consider:J.ng the entire commercial forest area rli thout regard to 

the ultimate use or form of its products and assuming no increase in the 

current annual growth, it is esti mated that the average 1925-1929 drain 

of all forest pro<iucts Cfui be maintained without total depletion for 65 

years in the Unit -d States as a ~h ole. However, during this 65-year 

period, growth wi ll increase as additional growing lands are released 

by the cutting of mature timber ['nd improved for estry practices are put 

into effect. (**) On this latter basis it is estimated that growth will 

exceed drain to such a degree that a perpetual supply of forest products 

at the 1925-1929 rate of drain 'i7ill be available , even with a substantial 

increase in consumption. It should be re- emphasized, however, that this 

prediction refers to the total volume of wood available for the total 

volume of wood requirements and not to certain specialized products such 

as lumber. 

As for the saw-timber area only and considering only saw-timber 

size trees, assuming the 1925-1929 r ate of drain, and that growth \7ill 

continue at its ] r esent rate, a 35-~rears' supply of saw timber, according to current manufacturing ) ractices, is available, varyi~g from a 

?-years' supply in the Central region to a perpetual sup~ly in the South 

Rocky L'ountains. AllowinG for increased gronth as mature forests are 

remov ed, ho:vever, and ap;>lying the same assumJti ons just cited, there is 

a sufficient sup~:::>ly for 49 years, with a minimum of 8 ~rears in the 

Central region. 

(*) Table IX (a), Comparison of Forest Products Drain and Forest Growth. 

(**) Code of Fair Competition for the Lumber and Timber Products 

Industries; For est Practice Rules. 

9813 
--37-:-. 

A,cce}Jting the abov e assump tions of drain ·· nd grovr th, it is ap-

·oarent that a shifting o:l:' lunh er "J rod ction. from certain reg io:1s to 

others is irtdlcatecl. Th:ls y,:i ll automc::.ti.8a l -l r t akG y l ace , as it has in 

the pa.s.t, a s av il -b e sup·9lies of · "S 3W ti111ber become tempore.rily exhausted. On the other h,.nd, t h e conversion of increasinc; quanti ties 

Of trees too sma J.l for S i:iVl tif.1ber i nto lJrOducts rrh ic~1 directly COmy ete 

"~• i th lu.'Ilber, ma;r occasion a shift to ner; WQo d- manufacturing enterprises 

in c_ertain regions r a.t h er thc::n a shift to new s aw-timber fields. 

The da t \:1, in the U})per h a l f of Table IX (a), ba sed u:y on the 1925-

1929 average dra in; i s o:cdln:Jiil ;y taken as an i rld ication of the maximum 

p robc.ble r e latio11s11i·p of fbr .""s t dr a in· on d g roTith · t o the su9;>l y of standing t1mber o:r to the nven to :c ~r of r aw mat eri a l f r om YVhich forest pro-

<iucts a r e deriveC:.. A 'LlUCh SOU':!.uer ::J. /SJ.S i s po ssibl e from a consideration of the lower l~ of Ts.ble ~ ( a ), i n •:vhich the p robab._ i e dra in of 

forest -.)roducts is esti · ;at eti t o be the ave r ag e of the 1929-1934 period, - ' - . with_ the ex cep tio·n of the fire, inse ct and_ d -iseas_e dra in ( 1925-1929). 

The lower h c-: .. l f of Table r:c (a) si10ws t hat on . t _h-e entire commercia l 

for e st area ,a volu..:ne oi' mat eri'al e qual t o th_e tot a l volume of all forest 

drains riill be· a .:mu a ll--,.. avc.ilable ·ior · ov er 700 :rearp, . even though no increased gro':rth i s t a:-c en i nto co id r. :--,. tio . With an tic~ ated increased 

groy,r th, it :9J ea:~ s that nec:rl-, t ';; ice tl1e 19 29-1934 dra in can be perpetually fnta~n d• 

On saw-timber area s 0111·' ·and consider L.1::-; no 1ncr ~ased gro'?.t h as --~ 

mature timber is r e•J1ov ecl , . the s avi-timbe r si ze tree? will sustain t.he . 

'1929..:.1934 q.r a in for an- c;,verage of 73 .;)rears, ;zi t h a .minimum . of., 15 7 eEu:s 

in the Central' r eg io-::.1. With anticipated i n creased gro':rt h , . the su:9~J ly of 

saw timber is expe·cte<i to l a st 204 year.s in t he Uni t eci States . as a whole, 

varyi il .~ from 19 ] ears in·, t he Centra l re-g ion to a :9 erpe.tual supply in 

New England, ·the i.:idd.l e Atl c.1~1ti c sect.ton '- nd . th ~ South Rocky lJiountains. 

Before the e::tpiration of 204 ~r ea , c::no_- i :f sound. fo_r est ·y:tactic_e p rovisions ·such a s -were p rovi ded in :the Co d.e -ar. e carried out in the meantime, · it c c>.n be conf idently · e:;.p ected ti1at th~ ;forest ledger 1;dll be permanently- ·bulanced with respe ct to. supply Clld dE?mand. 

• I • o • , I 

In view of this pr edicti on it mi ght ell b e contended that the 

. t1mber supply p roblems of f or·e st areas · a.nc:l ·:fore s t industries are entirely solved ·e: .nd re quir e rio fu.T ther coo~e ration betwe en the industries 

and the pu blic. _ -The prob :~1s ·are not t hat simple. If liquidation of 

forest p rop erties 'e:;dsting j?xior to ·the Lumber Code were a llowed to continue i ndefinit e ly, a t lea st s ome of ths following results ~ight be expected during the t few ecades, or until the cut-over areas in certain reg ions had h ad en o:pyortunity to recuperate: 

(1) A shortage in sup:~_) y of certain of the most desirable species 

or grades and the . n_ece ssi t y . of ei t:ner· 8'\J.bti't'; i tl.iting other spe c ies or 

grades. or other mQteri als f or them , or going without during the period 

of adjustment. 

(2) A continuation in c ertain f or e st reg ions of the cutting of 

immature timber duri~g· the p erioci of its grea t e s t volUJne grov.r th, thereby reducing the vood.:.. roducin~ ~paci t y of t h os e reg ions • . 

9813 
) 

.... 38-

(3) Gradually increasing cost of forest products as the most accessible and best quality material is removed. This in turn decreases con-

~umption and forces a liquidating industry to again reduce its co~ts 

through the conversion of only the best or most available material, Tilth 

a .. further depletion of the growing stock. Thus a vicious circle is established which makes the campetitive problems of the industry more acute, 

prevents the ma~imum utilization of the forest resources, and interferes 

with the economic stability and general pros~erity of the entire country. 

(4) A shifting of forest industries from locations of scarcity of 

raw materials to neTI fields, or thP.ir ter.1porar:? discontinuance. 

(5) A further concentration of production on the Pacific Coast and 

in the South. 

It is a basic premise that both the public and the forest industries have an interest in see ing that ample supplies of forest products 

are continuously available at reasonable prices, and that stability of 

employ1nent through industry p rosperity is maintained. The removal of 

all possible obstacles to that result is therefore the obligation of 

both the industry and the public. 

Based upon the evidence of migratin5 forest products industries, 

rapidly increasing populations and consumption, and a rather sketchy 

kno\lledge of potential forest area , stands and growth, it '.?as but natural that a considerabl e number of persons, some 35 to 40 years ago, 

should raise the cry of an impending timber famine which has since largely resulted in the moulding of public opinion and in the fixing of public 

policy t oward forest resources and those industries dependent upon them, 

It seemed logi cal that the current rate of consUmpti on of forest vroducts, which had developed durin6 a period when wood was cheap and plentiful and housing and all industry was expanding, should continue indefinitely. The ll timber faminen idea caught the popular imagination and was 

at least partly responsible for the establishment and support of the 

national forest system and the other Federal and Stat e measures affecting the conservation of timber resources. 

In many r gions the time at which the timber resources were estimated to disappear has long since gone by, y t forest industries are 

still much in evidence. The three factors which were eventually largely 

responsible for dispelling the belief that a timber famine was impending 

were: 

9813 

(1) A general, declining lumber consumption during the past 

two decades, not only per capita but total. 

(2) Inaccurate data covering the total available supply of 

standing timber, the interchange of species for given uses, 

and particularly the ability of the forests to renew themselves after removal of the mature timber with little and 

inexpensive assistance from man. 

(3) An evolution in the method of utilizing the raw material 

through its manufacture into veneer and plywood or its 

. conversion first into pul p and then into pressed boards 
... ';..;.39-

; ~ I 

and other ·products whe reby a grea~ er a,mount qf· fi:nished 

_i)rO duct may be secured f;LOID the s ame vo:vumF!: Of ·timber 

t'han i f s a.rm il).t o ·h i.mber. (.~) ' . 

Although. any }l·rediction .of .future for es-t-products. ·~ eq_uirements is 

lar ge ly sp ecul ati -ve ,' snffic.ie:'lt f a cts are ·availa.ol ·e to; clearly indicate 

that a ntimber f amin en is improbable. This do e s not mean tha t reasonable 

car e should not be t aken of the p r e s ent f ore sts and corrtnercia l forest 

areas, both in the int er e st of t he i ndustry c..nd the :9ublic, nor tha t local 

.sho r.t el:g e.s :i,n· s:uppl-y .. a:te not )..i k~ ly to occur temp orarilr .in certain r egions. 

It d.oes mea.."l, howe:vetr, 1~ t . the forest problem in t he United State s as 

a who_l e is not one of titnb.er ·s-hortage bu~ r ather . ·one of :proper protection 

a nd, mc..nagement of the· f0:res:t ed a rea s , incl u c:i.ing . a:cijustment of production 

of forest p r oducts between · &>nd.. Yri .t,hin -.tht. ·Various forest reg ions, so as 

to secur e the best r esults from e:.;:1st 1ng forest gro'ving stock. The area 

now covered with commer cia.l "' sts and like ly to ret;min ava ilable for 

t hat :purpos·e is more t 1·s n : su f:C' ici ent t o me e t any p_redictabl e future demand. · 

Aside from the -orudent c onv ersion of fo rests, to rvh ic~l t he "timber 

famine n idea sc .~. icall ,

7 appli e s, there a r e other and i m-9ortant p roblems 

that must be ~cen ~nt . !J-st e:J?~t ion in &J.y n a tiona l conservation p olicy. 

These include th ~ .Jrot e.ction· of water sheds. wher e for As t s or other eq_ually "' • ,1,. • ' • ' I 

or mor e sui t abl e _ cover ffi;?Y . exert ~m ort ant influences on a.'bsorption and 

l':'Un-off; recr eation, and th,; '? ro~ectj,on o:f f ish anc'L g ame . Since, however, 

these values ap_)ly onl:/ indire ctly to the , ind.us t r :i_al use of forest.s 1 a..."ld 

SlnCe the indu~tri l f or est user i s i nter e$ted. in t,heir maintenance no 

more than is t he average good citi zen , t n ey d.o 'not constitute a -9art of 

the p resent ii).du~tri ~ p i cture .. 

5. Value of Forests ec nd 1' or est Land 

a. Privately Q•,•:ned Lands 

The tot al estimat ed value of l a nd on 1:;;hi ch .. tpe cor.nJn.e rci a l p rivately 

owned forests of t n e United States are standins i s · a . little over· $1,000, 

000,000. (**) On .thi.s l a nd .is ti1ober with an e stima ted v a lue of $4,759, 

000,000, or an estimat~d l and. anci timber v a lue . of abou t $5,836,000,000. 

Land Yalues are estimated a t from $ 2 to $.4 per a cre, with a n average 

of $2.72; saw timber at from $1.58 to $16.55 ·peT i,~ feet, depending u p on 

species anci location; o.nd cord1.v ood a t fr om $0.35 to $1 per cord. 

The aver age softv:bod va l ue is e st.i mated to . b e $3 . 36 p er M feet; 

hard-vo;ood $6 . 34. 

( *) If con sump tion had . co!!.t1nuec1 at the 190 6 or even at the 1915-1916 

r a te, c:m<i if fire prot ection h ad bee;1 longer .delayed -and less 

readily ac'-'epted, a timber ·f amine wou l d have .been in sight at the 

present time. 

(** ) Table XI 

9813 
-40-

. I . ·, 

Of the. tn;~1 land and timber value~ ~3-l/2 per cent applies to 

forcs c~· in the South. The Paclii'c Ooast region comes next with 31-l/2 

yer cent, the Central region next ·with_ a 1. i ttle over 10 per cent, folJ,.ow,ed by New England with ne~ly s· p·er cent, the Lake region with 7 per 

cen~, and the Middle Atlantic with ·6-l/2 per cent. The forests in the 

South Rocky lvlountain region are· of _l .east value, be1ng valued at less than 

l per cent of the total, 

b. Publicly O~ned Lands 

' . 

' 

It is impossible to estimate clos.ely, from data available, the value of yublicly-owned forest l ands and timber. ~uestions of relative accessibility, species, stand per acre and 'quality of the land its\?lf for 

other use if the forests were removed, all enter into ti1e picture. 

However, certain facts are known and from them a general idea may be 

obtained. 

~ublicly-owned or controlled l ands include ru1 area of 98,659,000 . . acres. (*) These lands contain 672,636,000,000 feet of softwood and 

6,878,000,000 feet of hardwood saw timber (**) as well as 175,424,000 

cords of cordwood. (***) 

For the purpose of estimate, publicly-owned land values are figured 

at $2 per acre ( ), softwood stumpage at $2.50 perM, hard~ood stumpage at $5 per U a11d cordwood at $0 .50 per cord. On this basis the land 

value ~! ould be $197, 318,000; soft ~ood timber, $1,681,590; hardwood timber, $34,390,000; and cordwood, $87 ,712, 000 ; or a total value for publicly-owned land and timber of $2,001 ,010,000 . 

Thus, the total value of all commercial fore3t land and timber, 

regardless of 07nership, is estimated to be slightly less than $8,000, 

000,000. 

6. Stumpage Values 

For several years the United States Forest Service, in cooperation 

with the Bureau of the Census, has been collecting data on stumpage 

transfers. In some y.ears and in some individual states the volume of 

· such transfers has not been sufficient to accurately determine true 

values. Accordingly, records fo r the years 1924-1933 have been averaged to secure estimated stumpage values of softwoods and hardwoods by 

states and regions. (** ***) 

( *) 

(**) 

(***) 

( ) 

(** ***) 

Table I 

Table III 

Forest Service, Department of Agriculture, A l:ational Plan 

for American Forestry,(l933), Senate Document No. 12, 

Table 9, p. 188. 

On the basis of value for grazing. 

Table X 
-41-

During that perio~ the total volume of sales reported amounted to 

104,784,869,000 feet bpard measure, for wh1ch a total price of $392, 

09 7 ,586, or $3.74 perU f eet, wa s received. 

By regions, t he highest average price wa s received in New England, 

nPmely, $6.64. The Middle Atlantic W<-'. S next with $6.55, then the Lake 

reg ion with $6.35, the :central region with $6.14, the South with $5.43, 

and the Pacific Coa£t g,nd North Rocky Mountain regions with $2.97 and 

$2.96, respectively. Not enough sales were report ed from the South 

Rocky MOUi.'1tain region to 9rovide a reliable figure. 

The downward trend in stumpage value during the past several years 

is quite marked. (t) Du.ring the period from 1928 to 1933 reports of 

total stumpage sales show t l1at softnood stumpage dropped 27 per cent; 

hardwood stumpage 32 per cent; and t he aggregate s ales of both hardwood 

and softwood stumpage 30 per cent. 

The above 9ercentages based , as they are, upon a large volume of 

sales throughout the tlmbered states, should be fairly reliable as they 

1ron out the discrepancies a.p:9 ear1ng in individual state reports. Each 

stumpage trans a.ctian ha s peculiarities which ma:'.ce averaging difficult. 

The value of a given bloc~c of timber depends upon its location with respect to market, topogr aphy, soil and climat ic conditions, species, timber stand yer a cre. and several ot~er factors. Thus, the averaging of 

softwood and. hardwood s tum )age sa,les within individ-ual states and by 

individual y ears is sub j ect to considerable criticism. 

In a few st ates, however, the number and volume of stum) age sales 

have probably been sufficient to justify averag ing over a three-year 

period (**), and these rnay be considered as representing current values 

of accessible sturapage. 

7. Concentra tion of Timber _01.vnershi_E 

As a result of t he u. s. Senate and House resolutions enquiring 

about the high price of lumber ond the possibility of combinations of 

lumber manuf acturers ano_ timber ovrners in restraint of trade, the Bureau of Corporations of the De oartment of Commerce and Labor conducted 

an investigation from 1907 to 1910. This investigation included the 

amount of standing t1mb er, tinber ownership in important regions and 

land holding s of large timber ovmers. (*"'*) 

Although the investigation wa s made about 25 ye lrs ago, it is 

believed that the principal consolidations of timber ownership had been 

(*) Table X (a) 

(**) Table X (b) 

(***) Bureau of Corpora tions, De )artm nt of Com:nerce and Labor, 

The Lumb er Industry , Part I, issued JanuarJ 20, 1913, and 

Parts II and III, July 13, 1914. 

9813 
-42-

completed prior to that time. Certainly for the 9ast several years, 

with decreasing stumpage values, the tendency has been to break up large 

concentrations through sale, often forced, or to liquidate the timber by 

increasing production. 

Considering the industry as a whole, the situation has dev~l~p~ 

somewhat as follows: 

In the beginning the most available timber was converted; that is, 

timber which was located. close to market vn th low delivery costs, timber 

of high quality e~d occurring in dense stands, nd timber found under 

conditions of easy logging and manufacturing. All of this meant low operating costs. The gradua lly i~creas1ng value of stum age over a long 

period in<iicated to speculative lumbermen that this would continue indefinitely- Accordingly, large investments, often far from the then existing market, were made in standing timber •:fhich could be retired only 

through eventual conversion. 

As the areas of virgin timber bega·. to f a il in availability, new 

forest areas were opened up farther away from the market, thus increasing the cost of delivery which in some cases became as great as the total 

of all other delivered costs. Costs were also increased as the industry 

had to go farther and farther back in rougher country to reach the timbe 

Thus the industrJ ·. as faced with tTio alternatives -- either to get 

a higher pr i ce for the product or to reduce costs. Both courses were 

taken. The quality of the product was improv . d through careful grading 

and seasoning , which made it more desirable to t ne consumer. New, lower 

cost sy stem of lodging i7ere employed. In spite of these efforts the increa si ng cost of holding t i mber, due to interest, taxes, and ot er carry 

ing charges, nece ssitated a pr1ce for the reduct that permitted many 

substitute mat eri c:: ls to successfully compete with it, and made possible 

the exploitation of young immature timber wh ich had been left behind in 

previous migrations. 

Up to about 1921 to 1923 lumber prices were generally appreciating, 

and thus compensating in part for gradually increas1ng costs. About 

that time, however, the comp etition of other materiJls became acute, 

with the result that l~~ber prices could no longer be maintained. Furthermore, stumpage values began to decline for the first tLne in his 

tory . Thus, many units of the industry faced \"J ith steadily mounting ca 

rying charges found themselv es forced to a polic:r of liquidating their 

surplus supply of timber almost regardless of cost. Up to the time that 

the Lumber Code became effective this policy was generallJ in effect. 

The above outline of industry development covers only the general 

long-time trend. Ther e were many deviations from it. For example, 

whenever a satisfactory price situation \7as attained, new manufacturing 

facilities would enter the production field, and e·:isting ones would be 

increased in capacity. Over-production would then inevitably follow 

with a r esultant price drop, thus forcing the high-cost operations to 

close dovm, and stay do·.1n, until curtailed production and increased 

prices again permitted them to compete. 

9813 
All of these f a ctors have p l ayed a part in removing the incentive ; 

to laree concentra tion s of nership. 

In vi ew of t h e above .. facts the conclusions of ~4e :Bureau of Corpora tions ar e of little pres ent appl i cation, although its finding s covering concentration were of int er e st i n shou ing how mistaken the Lumber Industry and t h e public may b e in pr ed icting future e_conomic trends. 

The Bureau found t hat at the time of its. ~nv sti ation two railroads and t h e ir subsidiaries, throus h land grants, and one timber company, 

held nearly 11 per c ent of t he estiiaated total :privately-owned timber in 

the Unit ed Stat es, A l a r ge e .. mount of the railroad tii.1ber has since come 

back into public con trol. It wa s estimat ed t hat ·the above holders, together with fiv e others , hel d ov er 15 p er cent of the total private timber. 

In C:1lifornia , Or egon, · \Ja shi ng t on, Idaho, a nd Montana, it was estimated t hat 37 ho.lders owned ap;_Jrox i ruat el y one- half of the privately-owned 

timb er in that r egion. 

I n tr· .. e Sou.t h it wa s e stima t ed t hat 67 holders owned 3Q per cent of 

the l o·!g ~~ 8af :p i . .ne, 29 p er cent of the cypress, 19 per cent · of the short 

leaf and l oblolly pine , and 11 qer cent of the hardwoods .• 

'· I'n '-the M .ke .. ·S·t a t e s .it wa$ stimated. t hat 215 holders owned 65 per 

n:t ' 'of 'all th-e timber • ... I ' . 

No r e c·ords eire ·ava ilable . to d e t ermine . t he present degree of ownership conce:a tr a tion, b ut expe ri ence during. the p a st several years has 

shown t hat it is not nor; a ma tc:ria l f a ctor in t ne economic problems of 

the indu s try . 

,-

C.' T"".HE PROBLEM OF ROLDEJG Til11BER LAND 

The co s t of h olG.i ng timb er l and i n cli.1de s adilini stratibn, interest 

on mon eJ b.-,rr 2':-':d to e. cquil·e t he l a nd, fir e sn o_ other }?rotection e~enditu .-: ~ <"r ~- r. ·:_ -J, No <iat a are available on adminis tra tive costs, and 

ar e ~ !·. ) ·~··: c \-.. " c ·1 the .i0.\'3:lanc e . However .•. it i s p ossible to roughly ap .... 

-_ pro ~n :;·_ .-,_._." b- lo-.:.:·-' I' J- .- rza:l annu a l burden on. the f orest ·products industries 

throug~1 \:r·. bir saw t i mb er and s aw tiTnber. ':holding s , :is f~ll ows: 

I nterest on i ndebt edness 

Flre pr.-Jteoti on ............. TG...X e s · . •.•••..••.••••••••.••..•••• .. • • -- 4 

I • 

$ 63,122,835.00 

2,541,391.15 

40, 470, 862.00 

$106,135 ,088.15 

The TJumbe r I_ndus_try ob:viously does not ·oay the a11.nual bills for 

all f or e st p rodLJ. c.ts indU:ptr~ . However, it ... p roduce s approximately 50 

p e r c ent by -vo ~ 1u: e of ali f ore st- p roducts ·c *) of every kind. Moreover, 

it is c orr1r.o n A:nc lv1 edge that; a s com:9ared to most other forest products 

industri e s, t h e I:u :..ll-ber Indu stry ca.rries a considerably larger reserve 

,_: 

(*) Table VIII 

9813 
-44-

·supply of timber to justify its plG.nt and railroad investment. Therefor 

it seems safe to assume that :i:t ·should stand at least 75 per cent of the 

~J<:!;> J.~e of ·hold.ine; the ·-::Jrivate:ty · d· n~d -sav-1-timber area . On that basis 

it~ annual burden would be: 

Interest on indebtedness ..... Fir e protection ........... .. . 

Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . 

,p47, 342, 126. 25 

1, 906,043 . 36 

30,353,146 .50 

$79 ,601,316.11 

Since conversion of timber into lumber must, in the long run, be 

relied upon to meet the carrying charges, this annual cost, if charged 

to lumber production per U feet would be: 

Based upon 1934 production . ... ... ..... ... .... . 

Based ·upon average 1929-1934 production .... .. . 

$5.14 

4.01 

The bases for these estimates are develooed in the follmving 

sections: 

l. Interest · 

The largest cost involv ed in holding timber consists of the interes 

on the money invested in it. Uith a total stand of privately owned saJ 

timber amounting to 988,289,000,000 ft. b.m. (*), and valued with the 

land at a}proximately $4,208 ,189,000 (**), interest at the rate of 6 per 

cent would amount to $252,491 ,340 annually. 

It may be contended that interest r epresents profit on the investment and, therefore, has no pl a ce in the cost of holding timber ~d timber lund. This . i gh t be conceded if the privately owned timber land was 

paid for. However, that is not the case and the interest on money borrowed to acquire and convert it has to be pr id through conversion in the 

long run. 

Studies made in California and the Southea stern States in 1914 (*** 

show the following relationship of indebtedness to total investment: 

Region 

~Jumber 

of 

Oper8r- Total 

tions · · Investment 

Total Jonded 

or 

Other Indebted.L"less 

California Pine 12 $ 19,248,014. 32 $ 9,029,672.48 

California Redwood 18 38,691,393 . 63 17,139,710.30 

Southern Pine 108 137,476 ,360 . 63 52, 629,210.63 

Table· III 

Table XI II 

Per Cent of 

Indebtedness 

to Total 

Investment 

46 . 9 

44.3 

38 . 3 

(*) 

(**) 

(***) u. s. Forest Service, The Lumber Industry in California, and 

Timber O'.vnership and Lumber Production in the Southern Pine 

Region; unpublished reports. 

9813 
The above fi.gt.-;:r e~, · rep'!'es enting ro~a'biy t he largl3s t and most imp ortant ope?.'a tions in the ef' ~ns studi e·d. , "indi cate that a substant i fl .. l 

portion of t he money i nvest ed in th e enterp r ises in 1 914 was borroued. 

A consi~e ab le portion df ·t his consi s t e d of bo nted indebtedness 

incurred la c; el~r fo r ~e :p'til~ ::;e of Hcquiring tin1-oe r a n_d to ext end 

short terE otliE;a'i:.ions over · e. perio d of years. Such bonds were sold 

with the IJrovisio::l for a · sinl-i11g :ft•::.t(i to rG tire t het1 wt thin the spe cified period. Usuo.lly f:com .. $~ tc5 $3 J-')er H fee t cut (log scale) and to 

be laid aside for a s:in~<: ing fund. Bonds carri ed 6 :per cent i nterest. as 

a rule and. sold at from 90 ·to 98 , t iTus !'!la~ ·i! .. g t h8 actual i n t erest obligation '7 per c ent or over. · Short t e r m notes sometimes bore interest a t 

10 per cent or more . 

It is thus shovdl-- t hat in 1 914 the l&rger operators in the Unit ed 

States uere carry ing ·a debt varyi :q.g from 3 8 to 47 per c ent of the ir 

total investo nt~ The condit i on of the srrnll operators is unl:norm, but 

there is no reason to'-'b elieve that t hey 1-.rere in a substantially d ifferent 

position exc ep t t hat their obli gations r:er~ g_enerall y sh ort t e rm a nd 

. their int e r est rat e s coi'+espc.1cd.ngly J::i gher• '•, .. 

Statisti cs of I ncome fron1 t :O.e :Slu' ea-u. of ernal Re v enu e for 1 933, 

covering 6 ,161 :pr od.uce rs of 1'o:r-es t prod1;_c t:-:;, sho-.7 t hat -o on<ied debt and 

mortgages a:lOU:I'lted to v'1ly 17 11er c e11t of· t he d.e)re ci a t ed and dep l e t e d 

capi to.l assets, ~To da-i_.:t are avc:?.'ilc:::.b1.o to s h 9w o tl!.e r p:)r; si ble liabilities against t~1e capit.[_l asse7,s, n:cr is there info rma tion on interest 

rates nou prevailing on indcbteclness, · Acc0:cdiri.gly, f or tho :purp o~E; 

of this discu ssicn, co..rt c:·,in 2.s:n:unp tions a r e nec e ssar y . 

The first i s .t 0?-t :'35 ::?er c ent · of t he p r esent total inves tme~t in 

saw-tinbor larid.s coni{ists of iC.ebtedne s~. The s c; co nd i _s that this 

indebtedness beC~ rs ·a t 'lea.st 6 per. c ent i ntere st . 'liJ.1o t l·li rd i s t hat the . 

Lumber InC'.ustry pays the biJ.l on 7 5 lJer c ent of the saw-timb er l ands. 

On this bc..sis t he a nnUf'l interest chE1rge a cai ::1st t;ho L·umber Inciu stry . 

would be ~47, 342,126.25 or $2 . 38 per U f ee t on t he -1929-·1 934 production. 

2. Fire Protocti on Co r:_~s 

Since ~oub lic a nd 1;ri va.te1: -o~-: d for e st l ands in certain reg ions, 

are intermingl ed or aci~ia ent , it is oft e n irrpractical to protect one 

class withou t p rot e ct ir.g t he other. J..ccordingl y n t l'l0re has developed 

the cooperative system financ ed. jointJ.y 1\)T· b otl:. :.;:nibli c a nd p rivat e interests, ,_:..,i th t he b enefi ts s·oread ov er a ll l ands include d. In ad.di tion, 

there a re large blocks of public and .priva t e fo~c·~s t lands not so r. i tuated 

that the cooperative lJl an is feasible . Tbese may be p rotected by t h e 

particular i n terest i nvolved . Freauentl~r, i n addition to coouer ative I .._ t. -

expendit-ures, both pub }.ic and :'!riva t e agencies s pend substantial amounts 

in order to streng then the p rotection of t he ir own l a nds. 

Forests are not always fOU.L"1.d in solid. blocks, b~ t frequently include 

grazing allo. other type r. of l ano.. As fir <:;s are no respecters of bounc.ary 

lines, for the purposes of t !lis re:Q Ort t he p rot e ction of such inclu de d 

lands is considered a necessar y ·.ancL p roper part of the whole protective 

effort. 

9813 
The total annual exp~nditure for fire protectionf both prevention 

and supJressio:r.. , is B:9 :•J :dmatel~r $15,400,000 , (*) or one cent perM 

feet 01~ the total stand of sarr ti.:Jber ·in the United States regardless of 

o~ ership . Of this, $9,049,077 . 49 is spent or the Feder al Government 

dir ec t to ~Jrote t l'Jati0nal Forest , Indian, and National Park lands. The 

bulk of t his effort is i n tho west where the largest areas of such lands 

a r e l ocated. The largest expenQiture is in the Pacific reg ion , 33 per 

c ent of the total , follo11ed by the 1-iorth Rocl::y I.1ountain reg ion, 11i th 22 

per c ent , and t 11e Lake r egion \:i th 14 per cent • 

. Outside of these straight Federal ~~e nditures for the protection 

of Federal l ands, there is sp ent annually for coope ra.tive fire protection 

approxi .. mtely $6 , 000 , 000 . Of t his the Federal Governnent· contributes 32 

per cent ; tho States 48 per cen t, a nd :private timber land ormers the 

balance . This coope rative effort covers pri vately- ormed , Sta.te, and sone 

Federal lands on the theory that or-ly t h ro1Jbh a pooling of resources can 

a satisfactory job be accomplished and t he public interest in all forest 

lands, regardless of o•mersh i p , be safegu~r ed . Such cooperative effort 

is administered by the Sta t es. In addition, private owners spend ap·;ro:::imately $1,300 , 000 fo r the more int ensive p rot ection of the ir om1 lands, 

thus m~ing available ap~roximatel• $7 , 400,000 ru1nually for the protection 

of private and Stat e l ands. 

Of t 1is amount 31 per cent is s·Jent in the Pncifi c r et?;ion alone, 19 

per cent in the ~:e States, 1 5 per cent i n the South, ll per cent in the 

Midclle Atlantic r ee:; ion , ll per cent in the l;orth P.oclcy Hountn.in region, 

a nd 8- 1/ 2 per c ent in tho .er: u;gl<:nd re ~ion . Less than 1 per c ent is 

spent i~1 tho South Rocl:y .:ou t a in reg ion. 

CharGing the entire fire ~rotection e~~ense , outside of straight 

Federal e:::.9ense , to t 1e avera.g ~ lumber production of 1929-1934 , gives an 

average a!nual ehai.'t;e p er :: fe t t of $C. 37, var rin .J f rom a maxim1l1'1 of 

$2. 84 in the .<icldle tla'Yl tic re ,.·ion to a minirm..un of $0 . 0 7 in the South 

Rocky -.-ountain region . I t is obviously incorrect to chn.rge the entire 

cost of :;> rivate and coou erative fire urotection on St a t e and private lands 

to the Lunbe1· I nduC! trur, since other fo r est p roduc ts i ndustrie s participate 

to a conGiderabl e extent i n sor.1e rer-;ions. . or is the fact t hr:1.t lumber 

constitutes onl r appr oximat ely 50 per t of all fo rest "Dj~oductG produ ced 

a safe guide , since t he L . ber I ndustr:r is better organized, 1 olds more 

forest l and, and. generall:r cooperates to a g r eater extent in an~r fire n rotection novei·Jent than most forest inG.ustries. It is therefore assumed 

t hat 75 per c ent uould better represent the Lumber Industr;:, 1 s stake in the 

fire )rotection effort . On that basis, the cost per U feet p roduced 

(aver age l 929- 193L1) rrould. be $0 . 28 , varying from a maximum of $2. 13 in the 

Middle Atlantic r eeion to a minim,JJ!l of $0 . 05 in the South Roch.-y J.iountain 

reg ion. 

If charged agai st t he stand of sa-, timber industrially o :med, the 

annual cost of the p resen t fire )rotective effort (private and cooperative) 

would be about 8 mills -uer li feet for the -·n ited States as a uhole, varyi ng fro~ 2 n ills in the- South Roclcy _ountain ion to $0 . 135 in the _eu 

Engl and. If char ged against the total saw timber stand privately ormed, 

whi ch includes ind.u, trial and farm o-rnersh i p , the average per i feet for 

the United States would be 7 !':lills, var,ring from 2 mills in t he South 

Rocky l.Iountain reg ion to $0 . 068 in e'\1 England. 

(*) Table XI. 

9813 
-47-

Since the forest products industri es annu a lly pay $2,541,391.15 

of the total priv?te e:1nd coo e:..~?t:.-Je P.x_p er~ 1it'u.:r s o.f c:-_Jurox i:"!lately $7, 

400,000, and since the ~J·w:1 ber ).:nd1,1str~r s s~wre is a.,sll.med to . ·be - 75 '}8r 

cent, its cn.nual_. ex:panct.iture ·.i'ot;]_d awount ~o $2.,90 6,043.36, or $0.096 

per M fe~t on the aver%~ 19;:,9-19:34 9rOd1.::.cvion. 

The u. s. For e st ::.~vice estirnat;e s t h':lt COID.:?lete .:ll..id adequ.ate p rotection for Stace and pr .ivate ~o t a:rea ·:v.i..ll cost $13 ,381,100 . onnu.ally. This Tiould in.vqlve protectjon of 209,557,738 acres in addition to 

the 280,422,032 acres now protected. 

The p~o.:;_J ortion of pro~ect8d to unprotectecl Ste.t e and priva t e forest areas en the degree of pras E:nt prot e ction v:ll'y widely in different 

forest regions. Thus in :Nen- England the entire State and priva te forest area is under so:na sort of p rot e ctio,_, r nd the fo:c est iEd.ustri es 

and the Federal c:..nd State agencies are spend L1g a _Jp rox i :-:1at ely $6·11,453. 

48 annually, or 81.- per c ent of t he $792 ,000 . esti:Jat -'d. to b e needed. 

However, in l:Iassachusetts end I'illode I sl ancl ulOf'e T'"luney is b eing spent 

for fi1 e p :!:'ote cti0n t~w n is b elieved a bsolu..t eLr necessar:r in comparison 

to the other States. 

In the Midci l e Atluntic region, whe r e nearly 1,430,260 acres of 

State and private f ore st l and are still un':?rote cted; c.,:9pro:dfnately $808, 

000. is being s_Jent a n aga ins t ne eds f or $'.155 , 000 ., or a coverrge of 

about 84 per ce11t. Ti.1e amount of rlv c?. e exr- encliture in this region is 

relatively smc.l l. 

In the Lak ·~ region a s a -.,·"h ole, wller$ all State and p rivate forest 

areas are p rotect ed to Sf.?me extE::nt , expenditures are 82 p er cent of the 

amount needed, altho1~h i n ITisconsin slightly wore tha.n the re <Juired 

amount is being spent, wi.1eroas l·Iinnesota is cons iderably sho rt of its 

needs. 

In the Central region ov e r 65 p e:c c ent of the Sta.t e and. ·private 

for est area is unprot e eted, and only 16 per cen"c of the · amoun·c needed 

is being spent for fir e _t_Jr ot e ction. 

In t he South, r~ he:re only 32 per cent of the State and private forest area is p rotected, t~e per cent of actua l to estimat-ed required expenditures is only 20. 

In the Pacif ic reg ion, ;;here fir e risk is very great and vhere 

most of t he State and privat e fore t £.r e<-.L i s u:..'1d er pro t acti_cm, the annual expenditure s for f ire :?l'Ote cticn era e stL..wt ed to o e ap:pro:;df'l.ately 

$2,275,159~02, a s against $2.1 85,0UO . ne eded. Over 60 per cent of the 

total is paid by private agencies. In Oregon and Washing ton mor e tha n 

the estimated amount r 0qu.ired is being s:9en t. 

In the North Rocky Mounta in r egion, another reg ion of high risk, 

where approximately 95 p er c er.. t of the StP.t e and _p ri-.rate for est area 

needing prot ection is p rot e c ted, _p riva t e e:cpendi tu:res a.re over onehalf of the total expendi tuJ.~e s for f ire ·-1rot c ction. Tot a l expenditures 

are approximately 125 per cen t of t he amount estimated. to be n ee ded. 

9813 
- 48-

In the South .::toclcy Mountain reg ion, ':.'i th only a nominal fire risk, 

about 80 per cent of the State '- nd privat e :;'ores t crreE. is bei ·1g :protected. In this· reb ion onl;y $44,100 . is considered ne cessa r y r'or adequate :?rotection , or l e ss· tha n the amo 'nt required for .:10st individual 

S-tates. .Abo;1t one- h alf of the r equir ed amo·Lmt is bein:'5 spent . 

3. Ta:{ation 

The annual burden of t~~ation on mature standing timber is one of 

the most imyortant si!lgle f a ctors L'l ti ul E~ ti ng the sale or cutting of 

timber and p roportionall;:,r i!lfluencing t he manufDcture of forest products 

ni thout due regard to current mar~cet demand . Up on the solution of this 

problem substantially depends the }resent and future security of o :mer-

~hip of privately ned timb er a s u ell as the maintenance of reasonable 

bal.ance bet~een l"'roduction ami consumpti on . 

La te in 1931 the Secretary o the Timber Cons erva tion Board requested the op ini on of t ' e ~ember s of its Advisory 3oard on the subject 

of the timber t a:{at ion. (* ) The Advisory Board ·.ras comp osed of 22 

leading authoritie s on the su'b.j e ct, including f or e st ers, economists, 

educators, conserva tionists c..nd e.-w cutives. To t:he quest ion a s to 

whether stat e a "'ld county a.:~a tion 11cd become a sul'fiGi ently he avy burden 

i n enough re5 ions cmd inst anc es to b e an imp ortant f ac tor in determining 

ownersh i :9 and ma nagembnt :•?L.ms f or mature tiMber, all answers directly 

received we re in t he affir mativ e . 

To t he q_ue stion as to , i1et 1er t a::at ion had in ;ny importa nt degree 

already :"'lastoned cu tting un1.e sirably, f rom an industrial or cor.ununi ty 

vie\\'p oint, t he re 9lie::.3 "er e in the a.f:t' irmativ e , a lthough two members emphasi zed the locc 1 r atbe1· t 1<. :1 i ~ na tional effect. 

In J anuar y , 1932, t ile Hation-:.1 Lumb vr i..anufac.; turers Association 

addressed a questionna ire to _t-> rominent l umber ·orouucers throu hout t he 

Unit ed Sta tes f or the yurp ose of ciet rm .~. ning t ne eff ect of t axation upon lumber producti on. (** ) 

The questions wer e : 

First: liDo y ou think ta:-~ation is in a ny i m-oo rtg,nt degree the 

cau se of hastenin~ t i mber cutt1ng undesirably from an industrial or community vi ewpo int?" 

Seventy-three oper a tors answered unquulifi edly in the affirmative. One 

ans'itered "No", one rr- ot in this section", and one "D ifficult to say. 11 

Second: "Have you put <1ny ti•Jber into p roduction in order" to 

carry t axe s ?" 

Forty-five opera tors answered "Yes" , End 27 "No.rr Tno operators answering ttj_~o II stated t:hat they O\-med no timber. 

(*) Timber Cons ervation Board; Taxati on ~estiOL1naire ( 1931) 

(**) Table XIII ( a) 

9613 

c 

c: 
Thir d : "H ow much caD<::.ci '"Y to -:JroJ.uc c have you adci.ed? 11 

Of the r e:9li e s r e c e i v ed, 19 i m1.ic-J.t ei i.1creasea. capacity anci. in s everal 

c ases sp ecif ied e a.Jo-..rut . 

Th e a bove CJ o c;s...:.sectio:!l cf i n( ustry a nd c;:rc..t l::.c o·oi:J.ion i s s·u fic ient t o i ndi cat e t · e s e::-io,·sr.sss o: be e·d!3ticr; t a:· SJstar:-1 in i t s eff ect Uy On the n .... : ..nd ~in_; o:.: p ·':'J, \·.Tt.::ely---OF TIS.i tiiJber l.en<J. • ad_(= i t :i. on to 

the cm'ren t and kno n t3.X bcr.i3n , i:-.a Ui.lusr tc:..irt y of the f uture offers 

little e:r:ccurager.ent fer timller . -le•:'i o ,;flPrs. '!.'Lis i s i l l u str a .:. ed by 

Ta" le XIII (b) aud the foll o· . .- i'1g sl:.IDr-::ry bas ed u ·9·J n r e-yorts f roM 32 

l u mb er ma'1ufact1:ri '1g ccm~;a!'.ie s 0 ni ~ ti .. 1'bel' ai1d _t) rO ·u cin.g lu.J·oer uri ng 

e ac... of e tnree yea:-s 1909 , 1919 a.!ld ~:::> Q 

"'-;,res 

Pe r Per 

Cent Cent 

In- InTo tal Total P er c reas e P e r c r ease 

Timb e r Produ cti on ft . :fro .. "'J.. 

.. l •. I " • om 

Year 'I! ft. b . m. L' f t. o. m. Gross 0:7:1. <i 1S09 Ch J,. 1909 --

1909 44, 504 , 507 2, 051 ,169 $ 856 ,136 . 47 $. 019 $ . 417 

1919 37, 315, 154 2,177 , 278 2, 270 , 312. 31 . 061 221 1. 044 150 

1929 30 ~ 2, 3-± _' 737 2, 799 , 205. 80 . 091 379 1.192 186 

Tne r c ti o o f inc r Pas e s:ncP- 1929 is ~ot KnCTTI . t on y r a te he 

o me r of timber l a nd ced vi tn a r ossi ble t -: x :.n::re qse of fr om 200 to 

400 per cel!t ev'3 r j· cO ;/ elrs :.s hc;r -" l y ,'u..., t :.:J.aj_ i::l v-::thh ol ll g such 

l and from co~1v ·,~s n i de fi nit e l:; , :r:ar.ic'.:.l rJ~, sir c c; s "w-r.pp e has 

shown a consi.st e_nt _dec l ine L . v nl ue du·i~ t '.e :r:as t s l; ve J.a l L;e a r s . ( *) 

The estimate d p r e .3 e n t a1 nual t ax ·oL:.rC'te!'l c:n c ow.r:'3 _ c i al r r i v a te lyown ed f or e sts is $58,35'3 ,675 . ( ""* ) rr is 8pflie s to 396,239, 000 acre s 

wi th a n e t Lnated la:-.d Ya lue c f .;: 1 ,077 , 169,000; s a t irrber r:unounti11g 

t 088_, 289 ,000 ,0no f eet board ~Te s, u·e <-nd 925 , 7.!.9 ,000 c or ds of ccrdV'o od, 

toge t her v n lued a t ?4, ?58, 93 , k40 ; c r a tof.a l : o r .... co::1 J anc t i mb er o f 

$5, 835, 6.67 , 520 . Lad ve l ue .J, i b :::mt ti::'ber, or e e~ i.:!a t ed c- t c:m . c:> verage 

of $2 . 72 p er acre, v-ar :ri.!lg _.t·cn $2 to . .::4 . unit s t1JJI.pA.t; e ·alL:.e s ( *** ) 

aver aged .... 3.40 per · for sofr,-.7ood d ~6 . n 5 fo :>: 'a:rG. n:)C d . 

The timber o f hi ghest va l u e i s fo· .d in the Pa c i fic region, n ame ly, 

$1, 771 ,472,580 . The South is next ith ) 1,397 ,661, 450 . and the South 

Rocky Oll..'1ta in r egion last with ;!; 24 , 150 ,500 . · 

( *) 

( * *) 

( ** *) 

9813 

'Tab l e X (a) 

Tab le XII 

~ab e X 
- 50-

The ratio of assessed to total vnlue varies from a high of 96.6 

per cent in Wisconsin to a low of 12 . 7 per cent in Iowa. 

The total estimat ed nsse ssed Volue of $3,313,398,247. is bnsed upon 

the total estimated land and timber lue for each state multiplied by 

the ratio of assessed to total va lue for tha t state. 

The highest assessed value of ~n d and timber is in the South, 

$998,073,936., followed bJ the Pacific Co a st region with $937,388,826., 

the Central region with i381,526,56 2 ., and the Lake region with 

1>354,815,452. 

On t he ba sis of an estima ted one per cent tax on total value, the 

South pays the l a rge st timber l and and timber tax bill, amounting to 

over 33 per cent of the total, follo •ed ~· the Facific Coast with a 

little over 31 p er cent, and the Central region with a little over 10 

per cent. The Soutn 3.ocky ?>!Jount ain r egion p~y s l ess than one er cent . 

The e stimat ed curren t an u a l t ax burden on commercial privatelya •ned s aw timber ar eas is $40 ,470 ,86 2 . ( *) The mnximum is in the 

Pacific Co a st regio n , 41 pe r ceLt, followed by the South with a little 

over 31 per cent, ew Engl and wi t h about 9 er ce t, and the Central 

region with sligh tly l e ss . Thus t Le r ncific Ca nst c:md the South pay 

approxi mat e l y 70 p er cent of t he t ot a l t ax bill on commercially-a ned 

s aw timber areas. 

Char eing t he e~ e tax burden of ~40 470 862 on commercial privately-owned onv timber a r eas to t he LUP1ber Industr.: would mean $2. 04 per 

U f ee t pr oduc ed ( aver age 1929-1934). Assumi ng, however, the sPme 

relations1 i:p in ob l ie;n t i on be t we en t he Lumber I ndu stry and the other 

forest products i ndustr i es a 3 in t he c a s e of i nt erest and fire protection · 

costs, name l ;f 75 per cen t, its nnnual tax bill pe r M feet produced would 

be: 

Based upon 1g34 re duc t i on l ... . .............. $1.96 

Bas ed upon t he nve ~5e 1929- 1934 production ... $1.53 

D. F~-C ODE EFFOHTS AT CO ZRV ~ 

It i s we ll to reit erate t a t both the public . nd the forest products 

industri es have an i mpo rtrnt stake in conserva tion. The public wants a 

plentiful suppl y of va riou s f ore st pr ~uots a t re a sonable prices. It 

also de str e s permanen t and prosperous forest innustries which will provid·e stabl e emp lo y-nent , · In af.rl i tion, it •ants its soil rmd navigation 

safeguar ded thr oug· a t er shed protection, its fish and gPme supply 

fostere d ar. d increas ed, ru:d a r ea son ab le area of forest lands kept in 

forests fqr recreational purpo se s. Th e forest products industries are 

interested primarily in the pe r p etuation of tne ir supnly of raw material, 

but at a reasonable cost and in loc a tion, form and volume most attractive 

to the buy ing public. 

The operations of the f ore st products indu stries in the past have 

been neither conducive to st abili t:r of pl ~lJTlent, nor to the protection 

( *) Table XIII . 

9813 

1' 

\ 
-bl..:· 

values ,.,ther than t h o.s:e affec~in :i t lH"il' i mmP-li <.J t e timb~r ~mp ly. 

Such prot e ction q.s- was g iv en :Wc>s l..lSUPlly e; -n_,_'ine rl ·co the timP n e c e ss a ry 

t(") retir e::>.. S1J e CL .ic fr;r est iJ V!? t~ <-' Pt . icrPst:; were Sf\ n l el, t i ful tha t 

the cuttinE; ni.lt C?f 1 g~v cll lo cc...l i t y s'l:nr,l y m'3:a.rit iVlvi ns to Ft n ew l)l'! E' . 

Thus t he r e de·1e lore J. t _l_"' gen cJ~a:t i. d Pa. tl'1 ; :;_'o r- er. i.. -n d.,: tr ('s v1ei'e r .. o 

rn(")r e p e rrr:ar ent t r en n1i 11 E: "'· 1 01 1 wGll ::> , cr ot.r. r ~Ln.clc.1..st:.: s b o.sed u 0on nr~nrenewable u r-oct.ucr,s. Fv:•:e s J,; L ·bo..:· w , :;o ;:. rbPly'-itjn~ra.;t; d.n d selclom r e -

maine d long a t on ~ op er<ttion, r r;:Jga:cu.J s of it:s ne:crn;:ulPncy . 

As t ne for Pst indas tries ~ov ed rt ~e r ~w~r frnm t he ir marke ts and 

a<; eosts of da livery rr 8SP <llnglj' ~cr c.s"' d, l c;-,_ders in t lle in ustrie:; 

beg:m to r eal iz'3 t :, a t drr.her 1\ra s possi·b.ly not l ne ·:1.a s1. "ble~ a t l east 

such timb e r as could be c -mv 1:ted A. t -.a .co s. t ::. o'h e noug:.--1 t o assure its 

use in t a r ge volurue in c o.rrme t;i..ti-on with . . i t s various ·sup st.itut·e s. . . . . .._ 

Tn-9: pub-lic i?.ls·rJ d eveJ..oued incl'Pasing nten~st. in t !Tr:l .future , of its 

wood euppli Bs, as evidenced · by che ef:CEJ bli " .ll:nent uf for eJt s~(.lc:>ols :a nd 

various publi c . agenc'ies· for t he pu:cp o s P o f tu~l~t' ing t Le fo r ,.st : p robl ems 

and assisti n6 in t.:1e ir S8 Juticn.. Ir1 t lds moyerr.e n t th.e Hureu.l\. of .. . 

For e~ t:ry, U.S . Depa rtment c f .Agrj_c'\J.lt,_,_ re (i! ?w d. sJe.;na~rd Fo r est Se rvice) 

assu.rr.e d l ead e rs ni p . P:"oo a bly r.o o ther n ·1tu ral r e :;ou..rc e 3 hElVE' r e c e ived 

the Sflme amoun t of co n s j_d e ra-; io n -'.lnd tl:Je S.!'1nP- amoun t of .p lR!fning ,qs to 

what shoulci be clc.n ~ ab0u.t it as have . tbe fr J.;e st~. All of : t h i s · 8 tucly and 

discussion h rt. S e~bl t ed i n ·a c1 c;d r e r unde rs t nnd:f.ng Q~ nepubl i~ .. anQ.. 

industl-y p :ro'Jl e lDS ·invo1 v e d ana the cieveldur!ll"'l1t of a long -:tJme· .n r _ogram 

for solving th em. . · · ·_ ·, · 

. . . ' 

Measures _t A.h;en· to meet 't h e sftu A.~ ion ·-o rior t n th? Code o( _Fair. _Competition :for tile L®lber curd 7 i rnuer Prod.uc t s· Tnd:cs'trl-.L.e-s" are as fq.ll ows: ' ' .. 

1 •. · Public . ; 

. ----··- ., 

The -firs t ma.jor d..evelonment in fore s t cnnsfi'T'rnt.:kn in the Uni d 

S-tates _:dat es from J.89l , in w"Llcl1 y ee r · Go1;~-r· -~;;. 1_, _ _.{1~i-0 .. z ed t h c. Presid.ent 

t~ s et" au~,rt aa pu. lic r •" Serv A. t i onB UC~ r.f tb e' u<.~..'b ]~ l.~, dG as .. c on t a incrl. J • • • • • • r ' • 

timber or u.n.d.t: r g ro .·tn. _; sa r e sult of' t n i3 PU i.flr ;.2R:'~~ ~-un. , to .s~ th i' ¥ ith . 

late r leg,isl o.tion . ermit ~.~:.n & e.xch<tnge an o·1..t ch.as ~ 0 p >J rc·xir1d3t 2ly_ · ·· · 

165.000 ,000 he r e s . of n a. ti.o:!'lal e~ts -1 8 OAe~ -'0Ct ' a"fii de un2e r' :ma nagement of ,the F'orps t Se :rvi co:: I u. s. rtrJen~, of. A,e:r5_c-V.l tur e • . The se ,'l a nds 

are not ~s erved in t he ;:; ·no·c: .~. t t he ri ·: nu.!"~-e f, ._ d~ J_'Q ck~ d _u -p.' ··bn the 

contra ry the Government l icy is k ' pern:i- t : t'h:C:lr '\'• ..:>~, ou t' '-t.ind ~'r ·such . 

condi t1,cns tLR t tne i :r_. ;re r:: wab_'_ '-' r es1Y.1rc c:s; su.·:.fry · ;:,.r .. t~J~ r :·:a:hd forage, 

_'flilLb.e increased in vo llij:l':e e.n d. quf;.l i ty t-o ·t.he· h".J .. l _ ....... ·a.CJ;'l.C.i'ty. of the l a nd. 

In .addition to the n a tion.ql for ests, a8pr.o'xi.;·1r1+.1;i.Y ll, 700 ~ 000 :1cr e s 

rl timb er and wo od land e f mmd on I :r.dl.an .l'e-f.El'Yc> t.ic-':1-6 unde r tne jurisdicti on nf tb.e Co 111r.'iss o':'le r of Indian .A:fta·t l"R: ~ Dapo.:rtmont of the In r;e r1or. 

'The-£e la.nd.a c:- re hA.lld l e d in SL,lb..,tan ti a lly. t.H~ ~A!_rr .:?- zr.b.Jl.n..;.._t' as t ne n a tiona l 

8rc~t-s -- tLat is, to .,inn rov e .whi l e wisel:t ·u.s .. 'Lns the._ .re&Turces. 

The r,tj onAl Park SPrvice , unci e r the DF·D!l:C)rr..ent.- Gf tne Int e rior, 

al~o -.juriscl i~tion ove r a.poroximately ~-:i:- Ov OGO acr€s of ·nub lic 

.. la.nds, ~f wn5.ch l'ligntly. l e ss t~an .~ne-:-rJ.al:::~ L~- -t.:.J:Ilb..:tr.G-;t.. Th e timb e r 

rescurc\3ii. on .. 

9813 
... 

-52- . 

these lands are kept in as nearlJr a natural state as possible without 

regr:trd to maximum / rCJwth. Tne? are not subject to exploit at ion_. 

In addition to the Federal Government, several states have set aside 

or purchased consider,gble areas of forest land which, outside of parks 

and other special use areas, are managed under policies somewhat similar 

to those of the Federal Government. Nearly 16·,000,000 acres of .forest 

lands are estimated to be under stnte control. · . .:-

2 •. Pr iva te 

The problem of forest conservation by private timber and timber land 

owners has generally encountered insuperable difficulties. Tchese have 

long been recognized by the forest products industries and to some 

extent by the public . The objective of keeping all timber lands, both 

private and public, in a high state of productiveness is fully endorsed 

by leading members of the forest industries, and they have been willing 

to assume their full share in a broad program of national forest conservation. However, many of them have felt that alone this could not be 

accomplished on most of the privatel, -owned forest area. 

The condition of the Lumber and Timber Products Industry may be 

briefly summarized· as follows: (a) A top-heav~r investment in standing 

rFlw material -- approximately $6,ono,ono,ooo wo;rth of land and timber 

and an unknovm amount in plants, r a ilroads, etc.; it is inconceivable 

that this investment under its _resent and increasing load of carrying 

charges can be retired without severe loss to capital assets_; (b·) a 

manufacturing capacity f a r in excess of reasonable market consumption 

resulting in recurrent periods of over-production and low prices; (c) 

a drastic reduction of market requirements due to a decline in domestic 

use of wood and increasi1g r estrictions in foreign trade. 

To better its financial situation, leaders in the industry have from 

time to time explored the possibilities in con solidation and in cooperative control of cert a in import 1nt factors affecting it, such as production or prices, but without ma terial success. The first failed from lack 

of adequate .finances and the second from lack of assurance from Federal 

and State authorities that the cooperators would not be held liable under 

State and Federal anti-trust laws. The onl..,- assurance possible to get 

from Federal agencies has bee n that the legality or otherwise of a suggested course of industry action would be considered after and not before 

the action had been taken. Under such circumstances few industr~ leaders 

were willing to jeopardize their investments o.r reputations by subscribing 

to any effective price or production control plan. 

· ·· The result has been unrestricted competition between producers of 

single species or similar products within a region, co~petition betwee~ 

different producing regions, and competition of all regions with other 

mat erials. 

As an illustration of the Lumber Industr, 1 s current situation, the 

record of lumber consumption is illuminating. In 1906 the visible consumption was approximately 45,000,000,0r.o board feet, or over 500 feet 

9813 

;e' 

:i 
per capita. In 1926 it b;:1d dropp.ed to 38,000,000,0()0 board feet, or a 

little over 300 feet per capita, and in 1932 it had dropped to 

12,000,000,000 board foo.t, or 95 feet per capita. _. · 

In 1926 t~e number of wage earners engaged in primar:r conversion 

WAS apr roximately ~55,000 as compared to slightly over 155,0()0 in 1932. 

In order to keep costs down and remain in 1msiness, long hours of operation and low wage scales were inevitable in some producing regions . 

. As a result of competition, laborers in one section of the country received for a long day's work a smaller wage than did laborers in another 

section for one hour's work. 

In. t~e past the Lumber Industry had usually been considered as a 

so-called "wasting" industry because the forests had persisted for 

nearly three centuries without economic necessity for rep~acement. 

Only in close proximity to markets capable of using lumb.er derived from 

second growth trees ~ it been fea~ible to establish permanent forest 

entt?rprises based upon timber regeneration. Forest management had 

generally meant protection of mature stands, and the young growth had 

possessed no demonstrable value except in a few localities accesstble 

to markets which could absorb low-grade material from second growth 

stands. 

· Forest ownership is divided roughly as follows: About 50 per cent 

of the mature saw timber is owned by industrialists, over 7 per cent by 

farmers, and 38 per cent by the Federal Government. f: ost of the cutover land not needed for agriculture is privately owned, although from 

50,000,000 to 75,000,000 acres. may return to public ownership through 

tax delinquency. Over 50 per .cent of the cut-over area is. fairly to 

satisfactoril~' stocked with growing forests and capable of. producing 

annually more lumber than was cut in 1934. 

Recognizing ·that fire is . the greatest single menace to forest 

replacement, and that adequate control of fire wi1l solve one of the 

major problem~ of .forest management, the forest p~oducts industries 

have vigorously a~vocated fire protection and hav~ cooperated with the 

State and Federal . authorities financially and otherwise to secure it. 

Toward this who.le protection effort on private and state forest lands, 

including coope~at i ve. and private non-cooperative expenditures, private 

interests spend nearly 35 per cent, the states 39 per cent, and the 

Federal ·Government the balance. 

In 1934 .over 65 per cent of the private and state forest lands 

believed by th~ U~ S. Forest Service to be in need of protection were 

receiving it, varying in degree from practically 100 per cent coverage 

in New England, the L.ake State and Pacific regions, to a little over 

30 per cent in the South and Central regions. Of the :amount necessary, 

in the opinion of the Fores.t Service, to secure adequate protection, 

approximately 55 per cent i.s now being spent annually. In the Pacific 

and North· Rocky Mountain regions, where the .heaviest stands of mature 

timber are found . and where the fire risk is very great, more than the 

amount necessary to do a good job is now being spent.. Of the total, 

private intere.sts put up approximately 60 per cent. In the Central 

region and .the Sryuth the lowest ratios of actual to required expenditures 

are found, nam~ly 16 and 40 .. pep cent. 

~813 
-54-

In spite ·Of the uncertainties in the long-tim·e 'holding of timber 

lands such as unpredictable carr~.ring chnrges, fire and . other ·risks ·and 

uncertain future markets ·there· hB.s been a considerable effort .on the 

part of the forest industries to practice forestry. A survery conducted 

by a Cornmi ttee of the Society o.f .:•merican Foresters in 1930. showed that 

288 companies and :individuals, ·each owning tracts of more than 1,000 

acres, were making conscious efforts to grov• timber· com'""lerctally upon 

nearl.' 30,000,000 acres of forest 'land. Forty of these had put ·their 

holdings on a sustained yiel.d basis . . ( *) 

Such was the situation on June 16, 1933 V'rheri the N. I. -q,A. was . 

approved and the Lumber and Timber Products Industries were invited 

to submit to the Federal Gover-nment a plnn ,. the ·objectives of which 

were to include the rehabi l i"tati-on of those indus tries, conservation 

and sustained production of forest resources, sustai ed yield forest 

management, and permanent sources of forest products employment .. · .. 

E. CO TSERVATIOl: U:NDER THE .CODE 

At a general me e ting of the ·Lumber and· Timber Products Industries 

on July l, 1933, the outlirfe· for n. Gode of Fair .Gorrrpetition was submitted for consideration by representatives of the ational Lumber 

Manufacturers Association, the large st and most important federation of 

forest industr: groups. In rese nting the· tent·ati've code, it was pointed 

out that the industr; could not permane nt 1:' thrive v•h ile destroyi.ng or 

witnessing the destruction of thel sources· of i.ts own livelihood, c:md 

that no rehabilitation would be eit~er complete or lasting which did 

not effectuate the protection· and maint e nance of the forest resource 

itself. It wa s furt h er st a t e d tha t nlthough the unsatisfactory forest 

situation might b e l a rge ly due to ~1 st unwise land -policies ::md present 

un ·ise state timb e r taxa tior. p olicies, which contributed lar~el~ to existing destructive coT-petition, the remedy wa s be:ond the combined forces 

of the Federal Government, the State Gove rnments and the forest owners 

and industries. It was then suggested that tl e :IRA afforded the forest 

products industries an op ortunity , through public cooperation, to 

establish effective standards for· dealing with the problems of o.ccupancy 

and administration of forest land~ and fo·est resources. 

( *) During the Code period only 10 conc·erns V> •er e granted extra allotments for being on a sustained yi~ld b a sis in accordance with the Code 

prov1s1ons. However, a considerabl~' larger number of applications were 

in p rocess of examination at the end of May, 19 35. It is undoubtedly a 

fact that a large nur ber of opetators who were · actuall~r on a sustained 

yield bRsi s declined to make applic·ation for various reasons, including 

the following: 

(l) un illingness to bind the corporation indefinitely into the 

future b.r action of the Bo~rd of Directors, as com"'1i tted to appermanent 

sustained yield policy. 

(2) Unwillir:gness to s-c end the necessary money for technical services to make forest examination an~ prepare management plan. 

(3) Fear of impos'ition · of higher loc?l taxes following acknowl-' 

edgment of use values res:Ident1: in cut-over lands and reproduction. 

(4) Necessity-of retaining the right to cut- heavily in over-ripe 

stands and stands· menaced by insects, diseases, ~tc. 

(5) Inability to qualif;v as- e.ligib+e because of financial li.mj t:oj 

tion~ nr imn~irm~~tc 
-55-

As a result of this meeting a 11 Lumber and Timber Products Industries 

Code 11 was submitted to the President by the National Lumber Manufacturers 

Association, acting in behalf of 4 8 a ssociations representing almost the 

entire national range of timter products industries which, a fter public 

hearings, was approved by t he President on August 19, 1933 . 

This Code declnrecl among other pur poses, "and to conserve forest 

resources and bri nr; about t he sustoined production t hereof." Article X 

provided for the conservation and sust ained production of forest resources as follo ws: 

"The applicant industries undert ake, i n coope ration 

with public and other agencies, to carr~: out such practicable 

measures as may be necessary for the decl ared pur poses of t his 

Code in respect of conservation and sustained produ ction of 

forest resources. Tile applicant industri es shall forthwith 

request a conference with t he Sec r e t an' of Agriculture and such 

State and other pub lic And other agencies a s he may designate. 

Said conference shall b e request ed to make to the Secre tary of 

Agri culture recommendat i ons of publi c measur e s, wi th t he reque st 

t ha t he transmi t them, with his re commendations , t o the President; 

and to make r e commendat ions for i ndustrial action to the Autho rity, 

which shall promptly t ake such action, and snall submit to t he · 

President such suppl ements to this Code, as it determines to be 

necessar;y and fe asible to give effect to s a id declared purposes. 

Such suppler:1 ants shal l provid.e f ; r the i niti a tion and administration of sai d ~e sures necessar y ior the conservation and sust a ined 

production of fo r est re sources , b;r t he indu stries within each 

Division, in cooperation with the aprr opriate St nte and Federal 

authorities. To the exten t that s aid conference may determine 

that said measures require t he cooperation of federal, state and 

other public agencies, s a id measures may to that extent be made 

contingent upon such coopera tion of puolic agencies." 

Article VIII, vrhich refers to co n trol of pro duc tion, provided: 

11 ( i) The Authority ma~r modi f _ , or cause t o be modified, 

production quotas and all ot!T'ents c1 e~ rmined hereunder, and 

t he bFlses t herefor, in such manner and to such extent as may 

be necessar:r to effectuate the purposes of the Code in respect 

of the conservation and sustained production of forest resources. 

11 (k) The Authority , as promptl~r as practicable after 

its action pursuant to Article X he r eof, shall submit for the 

approval of t he President appropriate changes in the basis of 

allotments." 

Immediately a ft er approval of t he Code by the President, the National 

Lumber Manuf acturers Associ ation, on behalf of t he forest products industries affiliated for thnt purpose, requested a conference with the 

Secretaq• of Agriculture to l ay before h im proposals for effectuating 

the purposes of Ar'ticle X. In t he meantime , at t he joint invitation of 

9813 
-56-

the Secretar;,r of Agriculture <~nd the Lumber and Timber Fro ducts Industries, the Pulpwood Industrj', the Naval Stores Industry and the owners 

of f ar·m woodlands· were invited "to pRrticipCJte in the proposed con~erence 

through their various organizations. · 

With their request for a codf e1·ence, the forest industries submitted 

to the SecretarJ' of Agriculture a or.~p lete program for industr? and public .action, and in doing so emphasized tn ~ b elief that the purposes of 

the conference would not be ·served by a r eview of past ·conservr.tion history ·t)ut rathe·r· with a consideration of the present and the future, and 

the hope was expressed that public agencies wo.uld join with industry in 

the planning and establishment of permanent productive· forest industry. 

The Secretar.' of Agriculture issued a call for a conference. The 

first session was held on October 24-26, 1933 Dnd was participated in by 

delegates representative of the regional divisions of the industry and 

of public agencies, including Federal, State and other conservation 

agencies. The Secretary of Agriculture was represented b:r the U.S. 

Forest Service, which took leadership in representing public agencies. 

The purpose of the first 'session was to formulate a p'reliminary conservation program to be submitted to the regional agencies of the Lumber 

Industry for critical analysis and suggestions prior to adoption of a 

final program at a later session. Initial deliberations were on proposals submitted by both public ~md industr.r representatives. In order 

to facilitate discussion and the forming of conclus1ons appropriate 

commit tees made up of public and industry members of the conference 

were designated to deal with various subjects. The reports of the committees were laid before the generAl conference, freely discussed and 

acted upon by a vote of the whole conference. 

Following the first session of the conference the proposals as 

adopted we.re sub.rr,i tted to the regional a""encies of the industry for 

their furt her stud· and recommendations <·nd with instructions that each 

regiona l agency prepare rules of forest prac tice apnlicable to its 

region for presentation a t a l a ter confer ence. So simi lar were the 

propo~als of industry anu the public on forest practices that an executive committee was provided and i r1stru cted t o reconcile the proposals 

into a joint statement . This stat e~ent a s later submitted to the 

regional divisions of tn13 industr~r. 

In recognition of the immense t a sk of pr eparing regional reports 

and formulating regionel rules and regulati ons of forest prFJCt ice, the 

second session of the Conference w, s r.ot called until January 25, 1934, 

Representation at this se ssion v as the same as on October 24-26, and 

the subject !"latter was handled thr ou~h the ' SAme comT"'littees, with all 

reports and recommendations finally acted upon by the general Conference. 

With notable unanimity the Confere1ce representatives agreed upon 

a well-defi ~d p lan of procedure t o accomplish the objectives of conservation and sustnined ~reduction of forest resources. The program called 

for definite action on the part of the Lumber Industry in the prompt 

initiation and administration of forest practices designed to promote 

the conservation of its resources; it called upon the States and the 

Federal Government for a cooperative program of public action in respect 

9813 
-57-

to forest protection, public .timber disposal, public acquisition of ! 

forest lands, forest credits . forest taxation, forest research and other 

a spects of the forest problems invo~vi g public responsibilities. 

1. The Private Forestr:r Program 

On Feb~uarv 26, 1934 at a Public Hearing there was -presented and • • t. . . • • 

approved· a schedule of forest conservation rules bRsed upon the Conferenre findings and officially recommended and adopted by the Lumber Code 

Authority. and unofficially approved by the _Secretary of Agriculture and 

his representatives. As a result of this :q~aring the . Nationa~· eccive~y 

Administrator submit ted the recommenda t iO~H,' .applying to indus.try to the . 

President on Mareh 21, 1934 and they were approved by him on March 23, 

1934, becoming amendments to Articles X and VIII . of the Lumber Code and 

designated as Schedule C. 

The deelared purpose of the amendment .to Article X WRS to conserve 

and sustain forest growth. This was to be accomplished in several ways: 

First, by improving logging methods so as to conserve young growth and, 

where possible, to leave part of the original st~nd, and by the intensifi~ation of forest protection. A long-time goal WRS the orderly transformation of the industr:r from a quick liquidation ba sis to sustained 

yield. The industries subscribing to the Lumber Code declared this to be 

an industry undertaking, and public representatives agreed that it should 

be aided by a broad program of, ~tate ~nd Federal legislation to remove 

certain economic obstacles Fl.hd' to . aid in research. 

The amendment to Article. VIII provided that persons securing their 

raw material from forest lands operated on a sustained yield basis might, 

upon securing the n.ecessary certificate to that affect from the Code 

agency under whose jurtsdict.~bn , they were operating, J:lave their production quota as allocat_.ed -p1der Article VIII increased by 10 per cent. 

In submitting these amendments to the F'resident for approval, the 

Administrator said: 

9813 

"From the te'stimony taken at the hear~ng, it is apparent 

that these amendm.ents represel}-t a tremendous step toward the 

establishment of :effective mechanism necessary to _carrying out 

a successful program of conservation' and sustained production 

in one of the nation's most lfuportant natural resources. 

As you know so well, the means of embArking on such a program 

has long been sought in this country, qut the divergent 

interests involved, while seeking a common go~l, defeated each 

other in its attainmen~ by failing to reconcile :their opinions 

·in the matter of detail. In the light of this knowledge, the 

unanim~ty of opinion supporting these proposals revealed at 

~he hearing can only be regarded as promising muc~ in future 

achiev~menL · ~hat this 'reconciliation has been ·possible is 

undoubte<?-ly :· due more to your interest c:md leadership than to 

any other fo'rce. 11 
... - 58-

. ' . 

Imm~dia tely . fa llov•ing t!~e ap-r:.rovnl· of these amendments there · were 

set up under the Lumber Code ten a~inistrative agencies to formulate 

locai rules of forest pr ac tice , and 't o admii1ister locally the provisions 

of both amendments. EAch division or sub~ivision ag~ncy consisted of 

one or more committees, composed of industr.r men <=tnd having as advisory 

members representatives of the State Forestry Departme~ts and the United 

States Forest Service. Rules of forest practice suitabl~ to local conditions we re .formulated , approved by the Lumber Code Authority and, in 

the absence of disapproval by the Administrator, pecame effective June 

l' 1934. . . 

Production control, · to be effactuated by a inechan;ism specifically 

set up in the Lumber Code, promised to correct one i~~ediate economic 

ailment of the subscribing forest industries, and at the same time it 

was recognized as offering a basis for the permanent encouragement of 

sustained yield forestry. r · .• ~ r . .. 

The subscrib.i ng i ndustries now undertook to do three things: ( 1) 

to change over gradually, but as rapidly ns possible, from quick l 'iquidation to continued forest production; (2) i~provement of wood s practices 

and general strengthe ing of forest protection upon a ll lands, particu-

+3rly .t.hose being logged, wnich was to be accomplished by the forest 

practice rules; (3) a broad program of study to i~prove logging·practices, 

enco11rage selective cuttiug and to tra in technical personnel, •hich was 

to be undertaken in coop eration wit11 org;.mized public agencies . 

Direction of conservation i n the divisions wns handled by 25 

te~hnically trained fore s t ers. The United States Forest Servi~e org~nized 

a staff of approximately the same size, ch iefly specialists i~ econo~ic 

study and men with co nsider ab l d experi ence in contact with the industry, 

to coopera te. At · the end of t.ile first year of a ·o lication of .Article X 

to · the wood s (June, 1933 - June, 1 °34) a1 roxi mate ly 60 per cent of all 

operations were estimated by the Code Autho rity to be fully complying 

with the forest practice r u les, and an additional ~0 per cent were complying in part . ef ~i e progress had been rr.ade in fire protection . 

Prior to the Code t he l argest ho lders of timber l ana were we ll 

aware of _t he over-supply of timber, the over-capacity of the mills, and 

the chronic . over-production of the Lumber Industr;r. However, nothing 

effective could be done about regul a ting prod~ction to demand on account 

of legal restrictions against cooperative Ac tion to tha t end, and the 

thousands of small producers that could not be controlled even if there 

had , been no legal objection. 

During the Code period it was found that the larger operators were 

interested in and anxious to observe the forest pr actice rules, and the 

colossal t ask of educating some 27, 000 operators was well under way. It 

was impossible, however, to discover all of the scattered ~mall operators--

even those who came under the jur.isdtction of the Code. I.f they had been . . 

found and 'educFlted as to their p rivileges and obliga.tio~s' .the problem 

of Code effectiveness would still have remained cins~lved, owing to the 

fact that farmers, owning 12-1/2 per cent of all the saw timber in the 

United States and in many instances producing forest products for the 

9813 
-59..:· 

general market, were sP,ecifically exempt from its prov1s1ons. In 

addition, the important forest-using groups producigg pulpwood, dis'-

tillation woo d, mining timbers, etc., n~t subscribing to the Lumber 

Code were entirel;)' outside the scQp~ of .. Article X and its amendments .. 

This was a serious disadvantage. 

The Administration, as we ll as the L1mber Code Authority, recognized the difficulties involved in this situation through lack of suitable forest practice rules applying to t hos e industries, diff erent wage 

'scales, and other factors directly affecting the ffilCcessful operation 

of the forest practice rules a s applied to the forest products industries under the Lumber and Timber Products Code. Accordingl y , on March 

12, 1934, at a Public Hearing called for that purpose, there was presented by the Authority the so-called 11 President' s Amendment" to Artic.le JI. 

Section (a) of the Lumber and Timber Products Code, proyiding for the 

~nclusion under the jurisdiction of that Code of the products of those 

industries .which were not specifically covered by a Cod.e of their own. 

Coinciden tall;r, there wa s is sued by the Administration, with the approval 

o.f the AuL1ority, an 11 0ff ice Order 11 v:hich provided. tha t all codes then 

under consideration or ,-hich r.1 ight later be considered and which covered 

primary for~st produ cts not then cleArly under the jurisdiction of the 

Lumber and Timber Pr.oduct s Code s·hould include f orestr;r provisions sub-

.. stantially equal to those · in th~ Lfunber ar..d Timber Products Qode. 

It was fu:.:-thBr pro vi c ed that the te ut~r .Administrator in charge of the 

Lumber and Timber Frod~G ts Code should be consulted as to the adequacy 

of cuch provisions. ·~hP- purpos.e of th1s order wA s to .F.Uarantee that all 

·timber lands, except Unse ovrned ~y farmer s a~ d which were specifically 

exempt by the NIRA , shou ld be handled :uniforrnJ.:r and .. j_n· accordance with 

sound fore stry practices.· As a res·..1lt, _forestry provisions we re included 

in a proposed Cod·e for the Pulpwood Indu~ s, ';:n1d sui ~able ··amendments 

were prepared for an existing Hardwood Distillation Code. 

At the date upon which all Qodes we.re t .ermin'Flted, the so-called 

"President's Amend.rnent 1

.

1 pad not been apprqyed : 

Althour;h accomplishments under t~e forest p~~ctice rules of the 

Code were subst antial during .the snort. time it wo.s in effect, it was 

app~rent that if those person3 subjec t to them had been excl~sively large 

timber owne:rs and producers, those accomp lishrr!Emts might have been 

materiall.y increased. 1fhus, from th.e p1:blic standpoin t of getting the 

timber land under sui table forest rna~1asg :1me~1t ·,vith t he least possible 

delay, greater conc~~tration. of ownership ~ight have been a decided 

advantage. 

A second difficulty, and one which made almost impossible a proper 

administration of the forest practice rules in some regions, was the lack 

Of jurisdictiOn OVer Rll forest prOdUCtS prOdUcers. 

A. third difficulty, the effect of which it is impossible to appraise, 

was the delay that occurr~d in getting the public portion of the forestry 

program under way. Article X of the Code. provided that if the Conference 

9813 
-60- .. 

shoulcl determine tha.t the measures ini tie.ted bJr the industry required 

t he CO O-;?G r C'.tion to _some e~::t ent of Fede ral, State e.no. ot ter public agencies 

said mea. sure s mig11t t.o t~11:1t extent be made conti1!6en t up on such coopera:t io 

Schedule C, t he amen··mont to Article X, .diCI. not contain this languD.g e, but 

stated, 11 •• • • it being recog rii zed that the ex ·tent t c 'Which these unde.rtaki 

by the Lu..mber and Ti.r.1ber Prod.ucts Industri es a re capable of sm.cc-essful 

accomp lishment is de•Jendent up on the e~-tent and character of public coope 

ation in ench state. 11 The industl'"'J promptly put into effect t h e forest 

practice rul es, ru1d it is reasonable to ro. ppose that the failure of public 

ag encies to initiat'e and carry through the public measures a:9proved by the 

Conf erence during the life of the Code may ha,·e seriously interferred 11i th 

successful adrnini stre.tion of the forestry p rovisions by the Code Authority 

Thus, at the end of t he Cede period the obstacles to continued progress in private fore stry l a r gel y r emained. 

2. The Public ForestrJ ProE;ram 

The Conse rvation Conf e r enc e of October, 1934, and Janual'"'J , 1935, recommended to t he Secretar, of r~cuJ.ture a definite p rog ram of a ction nhi 

rTould form the contribution of the J!,ederal and State g ov e rnments to round 

out the p rivate Coce measures in a coordinated pL.:n of American forestry. 

As p rovi ded by Article X of t he Lumber and Timber Products Code, the 

Secretary of -;ricult ure mao.e r e commendat i ons to the President for a Federal pro{;ram . There recommendations f:>llJried th'ose of the Conference and 

~ere presented in the form of a bill draft e d by the Forest Se rvice and designat ed c:.s the 11 0r.mi bus Fore tl~ ' Bill. 11 The y resen t a ti on to the Pre si den 

took p lace on ·:a, 9 , 19 . Co i-.[-ress rra s a~'L~ious to adjourn and the President fe lt i t inadvisable to request t 1e prop ose d legislation at that Cong ressional session. It is 11robr. ble t hat the l a r ge appropriation called fo 

in the bill may l1a ve infJuenced his deci '"'ion to rome e:-~te nt. Undoubtedly 

some of the p rovi sions could. h ;:ve be en omitted and t he amounts called for 

reduced in some instances li thout r.~aterirtlly t:tffecting the public 1 s immediate obligation to'.1e.rd the uhole forest r y p rog ram. Some of the p rop osals 

of the Omnibus Bill :1re , ho .1cve , being met tempor ari 1 • in other way-u,,.· 

For example, increa sed cooperation ':ri t '1 t l1 e stoten ic- be in carried on th 

ough increa s od app ropriations under the existi ng Clark i. cFary Act ( 43 Stat 

683) . The usual fire protection efforts have been supplemented by t h ose 

of t he Civi lian Conservation Co rps. Emergenc~r funds h.:we been mac_e a.vailable to a cqui r e l a r ge areas of land f or national fo rest purposes and credi 

has been extended to several lumbe r companies by the Reconstruction Finane 

Corpora tion. The extension of long- term Government credits to forest 01;"Jna 

through a for est credit bank, to enable them to handle their p rope rties on 

a basis of sustained p ro duction of timbe r crops, as reco mmerid~ d by the co 

ferences, was p r esent ed to t he 74th Cong r ess in Senat e Bill 3417 on August 

14, 1935 • . I n a ddition, on o. nu...1.r~r 2, 1935 t he President urot e to the Governors of t he seve r a l states urg i ng t hem to call togethe r rep r esentatives 

of the Fede ral and State Governments and of p riva te industry to connid.e r 

tax deli quency on . timbe r lands anu_ other for~str.;r qu estions as set forth 

by the Conf e rence. Some such meetings rove been held. 

The future . of forest management necessa.rily rests up on continuity of 

forest owne rsh i p . Unstable oun e rsh ip prevents long-time planning and discourages efforts to r efine management methods. At. present nearly 80 per 

cent of the best fore st lands are pri ve.tely o11ned. There is small lil::eli9813 
-61-

ood that public funds can be made available sufficient to recap ture a 

arge portion of these l ands and the timber up on t hem n ithin one or even two 

ecades, even if the public sh ould desil'e to do so~ Own ershi p , then, must 

ermin predominantly private, a nd t l1e task is to secure continuity by re·· 

oval r'lf the recog nized obstacl es such as ex cessive ca:cry J.r,g charges, unertainty as t ·:> future m'-'r:(ets, inef fectual protection assistance by the 

,PUblic and inability to secure l:>u-cost financing . 

At the close of the session on January 26, 1934 t h e Article X ]

1

orest 

Conservation Conference provided for a cormni ttee consi sti11g of an equal 

number of publi c a nd in clus ·~ ry r e:Jresentative s who s e o.ut:r it sh ou.ld be to 

take promptly su.tti1 a ction as ~1t be approp ri a te to give effect to the 

recommendations of the Conf~r en . 

It was provided further tha t the ConfGrei1ce should not definit ely 

.qisband, but shou.ld con sid.er itself in rec ~ss , to be r e convened on recommendation of t he Joint Committee upon the approval of t h e Secretary of 

A-griculture. 

· ·This committee met freque ~tl~r during t he· period of the Lumbe r Code, 

and again on June 12, -1935, aft e r the Code had been di ssolved. After consultation ui th public and industry le.s.ders it found: 

. 

' 

9813 

11 T~ t the Joint Conse rvll,ti on Program, recommended by t he 

Forest Con servation Confe rence and furthe r developed and established by ap'9I'O"Jri r'. ~e agenci e s c.nd e:pp roved by t his Committee is 

adequate, fe o.si ble, . a nd should ·oc carried forHilrd without change, 

except as to methoc; 

":,):hat tho Lumb e r ru1cl .. Timber Products InC.ustry be urged volun, .. 

tarily to continue t o carry out tbe provisions of Sche duJe C and the 

Rules of Forest Pr8.ctice t hrough t he ir tre,d.e associo,tions s:mcl by 

their individua l members; 

"That all other fore st-using ind.u stri es and all onners of forest land., r:hether -pr .. blic or privo.te, includi ng f a r ra woodlots, be 

urged to join voluntarily in t his ente:cpri se ; 

n'J;hat the U. S. Forest Se rvice a ncl. other public agencies, federal 

and state, be urge d to coninue and enlc.r ge t heir cooperation in carrying out the uork to'.-rard t he obj ect;i v es se t u1-• under .Article X; 

"That in the pursuit of the f edera l and ~; e f ore st acqui si tion progro.m, prom:pt s t er r be t ak0n b;j.r t he U. S- Forest Service 

to bring about cooperaticn of f ede r a l a nd state aut ho riti e s and the 

fore st industries in \.fOrking out the p l a c e of each typ e of oune rship 

in sustained yield ~u its; 

"That the le g islatures of the several stntes containing forest 

lands be urged to meet the wishes of t he Pre si dent of the United 

States, as expres!.>ed in his l e tte r of January 2, 1935• by early en• 

actment of appropriate laws to aid in ca rry ing forrr ard this joint 

program; . 
- 62- .... .._ 

. 1JTh<?.t t he President :of the United States be re speatfully urged, 

as promptly as. i _.s compati.ble 'ai th t he n0.tiorial interest, to submit 

to the present Cong r ess the p_rog revm of forestry legisl ation founded 

up on the recommend<?.tions 0f t .J.1e Joint C,0mmi ttee of the National 

Article X Conferenc e -and ·aJ;I)roved by the Secre tary of Agriculture ; 

~"~Tl1 2. t public .r.te.te:-1ents of intention to carry forwe-.rd the forest 

conservation progr.::JJn be i ssued b~r autnoritative spokesmen of both 

industry and t h e pu8l_i c. 11 

The Nati onal Lumber I.ianufacturers Association, a federation of the 

principal re~Sional lumber manufacturi11..g associations r1hich had functioned 

unde r the Lumber Coc.e as Divisi on and. Subdivision Agencies administeringArticl e X, as ~ell as other ~rev isions of that Code, has declared t he int ention of its membor organi zations to proceed volunt~rily with the industry.! s part of t he agr eed ·9rogram. T:1i s mombersllilJ r epre sents conside r ably 

mo re than half the lumber p roduction of the country. 

The pe r sonnel of the U. s. F~rest Service, previously assigned to 

this work , has continued to cooperate in basic studies and in educational 

activities among riv ~te oper~tors . 

The Forest Service ! BS c lso propF~.red a revi sion of the original "Omnibus Bill 11 for consideration of the :;>re c;ent Congress, ;vhich is calculated 

to i~e effect to t!e recommend tions of the Conservation Conference . The 

outstanding features of t :lis bill are proposnls to : (1) I ncrease the 

Clar;k- .Ic.r'ary Qooperative fire money authorization -from $2,500 , 000 to 

$5,000, 0CO; (2) authorize an c~'J'oropriation of $1 , 000 , 000 to carry on Forest Se1~ice ~nd State and riv te forest cooperation ; (3) autho ri ze an 

appropriation of $&,000, 000 fo r coMpleting the Forest Surve. plus authorization for an annual a7oropri e.tion of $250 , 000 to 1-::eeu the data current; 

( 4) p rovide authorizations for forePt research rtiong several lines; (5) 

aut11ori ze the Secret?..ry OJ. Ag.,...icult ure to ente r into coo)er~ti ve sustained 

~'ield manage~ent e ._.,reements 'fTi th -priv, te operators, vrho should place their 

forests in units to be jointly nan·~.£CCI. uit'h public forests; (6) provi de by 

bond issue , or other~i se , for a lcrPc- sc:.le l!,ederal forest acquisition 

program ~o be carri ed on for ten JC~rs by t~e ,~ ropriation of $50 , 000 , 000 

~e r ye r to per m1t acquisiti or o·r t h e Fed ~l Gove nment of 224 , 000, 000 

acres of forest land ano l5C billion .:~et of ori vPtel-.r ormed timbe r . . ' u 

As already stated, t here is before t11e Congress a ~1 ropo sal (?let cher- Cal-d Jell Forest Credits Bi 11 to e::tej1d ~1e feci li ties of the Farm 

Credit Administration to the field of forest management , in order that 

f orest orme r s ho de<-ire to ope rute on a ~ustained yield basis mar secure 

loans at loTI ret es of interest commensurate ~i th the ri s~-:: and return . 

I t i s apparent th t this joint conservation progr~m contains the 

b eginnings of an effective nati onal forestry e!lternri se . Three actions 

ar~ necessary: First, the Leg islatures of the for8sted states should 

overhaul their ta--v.:: systems, sho-.lld c;rrar.ge fer tate management of tax 

r ell"erted lands, and dlould. a saure t !:e mo..i:1tecance cf adequate Forestry 

Departments; second, t ho Cong ress· must e1'1:-;.c t l et;isl ation to carry out 

its recognized oblication to encourage continued forest o?.nerShip and 

thus make p riva t e forestrJ possible; t h irc., ~) rivc:'te operators and timber 

Oi·iners must carry on tJ.1a t :po rtion of the joint )rou ram assumed by the 

9813 
Lumber Code Authority under Article i. It is also necessary to bring into 

the picture owners of farm woodlots and forest users not members of 

existing l~~OBr mru1ufacturerst associations. 

. Although the forestry provisions of t he l.iufnber and Timber Products 

Code rTere in effect le ss·. th.an·· one year, that expe:-ience was suffici ent 

to dernonstro..t e tha ~ the .. ·:;yg-tem of control set up under tbe Oode was sound 

and wo1:ld adequate-ly mee "t ·?-ll the needs of ·the public intere st in privately owned forests if it .had .continued to receive the wholehearted support 

of all those under its ju~isd.iction and publ'ic· forestry agencies and if 

it had been legally enforceable. 

9813 
- 64-

CHAPJ:IBR III 

THZ PROB~El':i S OF PROL"JCTIOli 

A. CAPACI TY 

Ca.-go.ci t / , as related to sarn:1ills, is a relative ter:n, and the basis 

for the _se of the nord in this cha:oter is as follous: 54 hours per 11eel::, 

. 50 ueeks to t!le year ( 2, 700 hours) :r:n.1l tiplied by t11e rated hourly out;Jut 

of the sa.v.1ill equipment. Some s uch arbitrary basis must be deter11in·;d 

for t he reason that ther e are ma.11y salll'!lills that are equipped to operate 

only during tile hours of daylight, while other and larger plants are so 

equip]ed as to permit operation duxing all hours of the twenty-four. 

On the basis of the formula outlined ebove , tho annual capacity of 

17,467 se.rr.1ills to 11hich a rated hourl7 capacitJ 11as allocated under the 

NRA. Code , a.:-.1ounted to more than 69,000 , 000 : l> . JY! . (Thousand Feet Board 

Measure . ) ( *) T'.ae largos t production ui t h in the last ten ~rears 11as 

39,000 , 000 1.! b . m. (**) And it ic a matter o.: r ecorcl that mDny of the 

very largest mills in t he countrJ operated. regu.larl~r or.. a two-shift daJr 

during t_le :rear 1929 uhen this lJea2.:: of ~_?reductio n n[:.s reached. 

In cl.iscussins the capaci t~/ probl en the standing timber V7ill be 

referr ed to as being in areas or in reg ions, but en r eference is made 

to sannills a~d ~0roduct ion the reference rill 'be to d.i visions as comprehended in an<i established by the Code of Fair Competition for the Lumber 

and Timber P_oducts Industri a s. ~he divisions and subdivisions under the 

Code generally follou the geo,;raphical boundaries of the reg ions, but fo~ 

specific delineation of ruP division, reference should be made to the 

Code in ~Yien dix I. 

Areas of merchantable sta11din,., tiober have been or are nou in existance in practically every state in the Union except Kansas , Nebraska 

and orth Dal:ota, and as the settlcne t of land p rogressed from Neu 

England and the Eastern sea oard, scall saunills 11ere established to 

supyly local needs. These :-aills \7e re follo1ed by larger units for the 

commercial p:coduction of luober, and then as the sup·•)ly of merchantable 

timber ~as exhausted, or as c enters of demand developed closer to other 

areas of merchantable standing ti'!lber, cor.unercial sanoills 11ere established. 

in these neu areas. Thus many small neighborhood nnd some co~~ercial 

sawmills have been left behind in areas practically or completely denuded 

of corx.1ercW saw tbberand in a reas :-rhere san tinber is available but is so 

far a11ay f1·om the nte~·s of de::Jand t~mt it is not p ossible for the finished product to cor.1pot0 '.•i tl.1 l-umber fro::1 other areas more advantageously 

situated. 

(*) Unpublished compilation by Res earch & Planning Division, NRA, Hill 

Cuuacity Statistics, June 1, 1935 - and Table XIX. 

( **) Table v. 

9813 
-65- _- : 

With the change of production ' centers for lumber influencing 

the ~stablishment of new mill s, it · can r eadily be seen thpt a very 

considerable portion ··of the !'['!ted E:a.pacity of tlie saW!n ills is not much - - .. more than a figure o·f speech~ Jit is know11 that many hundreds of mills 

still t=~ rried on the · r ecords a s being aql e to ·~ od ce ha re not actually 

produced, and tha t ·many thousands :)f other miJ.ls have been i n ope rr.ttion 

for but a very small fracti on of t he basic hours per ye9..r, in any year 

of the past ten. This is true p~ icuJ.arly of s everal thousand small 

mills located in the Northea stern Soft;rood and Ha:rd1"Yood Divis ions and 

in the North Central Division where the supply of virg in stands of saw 

timber was virtually elimin:eted. seVeral years ago and. only second growth 

timber is now available or is beccm.ing available. Many of these small 

sawmills have reve rted to orig inal -type ·,and are operated only to supply 

an immedaite neighborhood lmnber ' requirement • 

.. Many of the small sawmill s do not have the type of equipment 

that would permit them to produce a grade of lumb.er that would. compete 

with the output of the largGr milJ.s in the principal consuming markets. 

Coupled with the fact, as previously discuss ed, that so many of these 

mills are located away from the present centers of production where 

distributors tend to congr egate, the lower grade of output and the 

difficulty of placing the product in the ma rlcet would. normally tend to 

reduce the effective capacity of this very considerable group of mills. 

There must also be taken into consideration the fact that as a 

.result of the movement of centers of prcduction ·and the consequent change 

from large mill to sme ll mill ope ration within producing centers, there 

are known to exist many lar ,e r.~lills with rated hourly capacities rang~ng 

upward into the thous nds of fe et that can not produce more than a fraction of this rated capacity for the r_eason th t the timber supply either 

has been completely exhausted o~ is SQ far r·e::Joved · from the mill site 

. that it is practically imposs~ ble to d~li ver J.o gs to · the mi-1,1 in quantity 

sufficient to keep the machinery operq..ting even the ·theor<3tical number 

of specified hours. 

- ' 

Thest1 sawmills, under handic~p o.f .location, are always potential 

producers of lumber but seldom actually p"roduce except when the price 0 f 

lumber reaches a level that will permit recovery of high costs from the 

sale of this marginal production. · 

The West Coast Region is an exception to the general statements 

·above. In this region the standing timber areas had. been the object of 

speculative purchase since the period of the la.nd grants to railroads, 

and particularly after many in the Lumber Indus try beca.me convinc ed that 

when the supply of virgin pine of the Southern states was exhaust ed there 

would be no further product~on from that region and the only available 

softwoods would be those of the West Coast Region. Hany large and costly 

mills were erected in .the West Coast Region to meet this expected demand, 

but the South continued. to produce soft~ood lumber when much second growth 

timber began to reach mat:urity or merchantable size, and that region has 

not yet failed to offer competition for its share of the consumer demand 

for softwoods. 

9813 
-66-

With Southern pine competition contihuing, the West Coast mills 

coul d not find a pr ofitabl e market for lumber ·from all of their instal l_ed capacity, and many have never nanufactured even to 50 per cent 

of the rated capacity. In fact, so ~· lE: of the finest sawmill machinery 

procur able has never operated in actual production although installed 

in West Coast Region sawmills back2c by ownership of standing timber 

sufficient to sustain capacity oueration :or fifty years. 

Car rying charges of interest and taxes ultimately became too great 

a bur den and in many cases ~t 1as necessary to liquidate the investment . 

Under this econo:nic pressure large areas of standing timber was con,rerted 

into sawmill products even though it was recognized that this center of 

production was handicap9ed by a location distant from the then existing 

centers of demand and that difficulty would be encountered in marketing 

such products in competition with those originating in areas much more 

advantageously located . Data (*) indicate·~ that rated mill capacity in 

the West Coast Division is equal to severai times the annual effective 

demand for its products. This ~xcess capacity and the economic demand 

for liquid.ation of the inve stments in standing timber have forced sawmills to produce ~hen there was no effective demapd for the lumber and 

when the market was created largely through reduced prices and without 

regard to return of total cost of production. 

Seasonal weather conditions and the ternain upon which the merc~p

table stands of timber are locat ed also have a deci~ed effect upon the 

actual as comuar ed to the theoretical or rated cauacity to produce . In 

the Southern Pine Region the land is fairely level and the weather conditions will permit oods ~e ration and consequent sawing of lumbe r 

practically throughout the year . In the West Coast Region generally 

favorabl e weather conditions are also encount ered but there is a mo r e diffi.cu).. t terrain and logging o erations can not al ays be carried on • 

. Mo .. ving inland to the estern Pine Region, generall comprising the mountain 

range country, severe seasonal dislocations and unusually rough terrain 

are encountered, adding to the difficulty of uroducing logs. Rated capaci ty of the sa'ITIDills in these lat er tl'o regions is. undou'Jtedly a very 

di.f.ferent quantity from effective capacity to produce lumber. 

Other factors governing capacity of sa~ills are size of trees; 

co.mpactness of timber stand and character 0f logs. It has been pointed 

out that production in the Sou7-hern P~ne Division is now largely reduced to utilization of second growth , and consequently smaller trees 

are being logged and worked into lumber with greater ease of operation 

than would be the case if a virgin stand of large trees was being utilized 

The stand of trees is not heavy but the logs are sound and clean ~ It 

is tnue that the small trees will not 9roduce lumber in similar quantities 

and grades as will the large virgin stock , but the ease of operation permits larGe use of manual labor and does not require expensive mechanical 

equipment for logging and handling to the saws . 

( * ) Unpublished compilation by Research & Planning Division, NRA . 

Mill Canacity. Statistics, June 1, 1935. 

9813 
-67-

.·,1\;·· 

The production in the West Coast Region is ractically all ~rom 

virgin timber. The trees a r e ·l a rge , t he stand is ver y dens e , and most 

of the one rat iQns are 1

1 clear cu t.t i:Qg 11 ( t &cing a l l merchant able trees 

and disr~garding condition of remaining young growth) so that logs 

of all sizes a nd conditions r eacil ,the ::A.w:s .• (*) :3e ing :required to handle 

a p r eponderance of l arge logs over diffic:u.J. t terrain, these logging 

camps and large sawmills are highly mec~1anized units r equiring that the 

majority of the emp}eyees shall have some degr ee of t echnical training. 

The p roduc t ion in the · Ties·te-rn Pine Region is largely from virgin 

timber and over very rough terrain. Eere A.gain clear cutt~ng until 

recently has be en the rule but the tim.b8r stands range fr0m sparse to 

very dense, and the tree s from·:small to very large. To fit . these widely 

differing conditions the sawm ill capacity is made up of many small mills 

and some few large mills. All mills a re r equired to handle the miscellaneous types of logs resulting from clear cutting. 

Hardwood is _produced in eve r y stq.t e in the Union except Arizona, 

New Mexico, North Dakota, $outh Dako t a ana Wyom i ng , the pr oduction in 

the stat es of California, Nevada, Colorado , I daho, Mont~na and.Dtah being 

very slight. (>~'*) S1aall mills p red.ominate but there are a f ew large 

mills. The cape,ci:ty -of the se large mills is -1argeJ.y .taken ~p ith production for special -orders anc;l for u se by ·integrated proces~ing plant-s. 

Selective loggj_ng (cutting trees select ed as qest suited to roduce~ the 

type of lumbe r des~ red) is lar gely prrcticed : l-If the hardwood q.iy isions 

a.nd usuall-y the mills ha ve only· f irst c;:l ass log s to handle thr,ough the 

saws. 

· · The over- extende(t capa(!}i t y . t o · p roduc e l~be r :has t nd ~d ; to the 

establishment ·of · excessi ve .i!):ventf)ries, for:· i n many inst-ances,_the .shadow 

of this unused· capaoi ty h~s :'forced. othe r per-::~.~ing _ -\*ni '\:;;:; · i:t:lto- .pro.ducti on 

schedules whic:1 they knew t-o ·be in · excess of. the -e.ffectiy.e deman~ .for 

their product. With · th!3 · unused :produc·c.i:on ca ac:i:ty i~ existence it has 

always been neces-sary for those sawmills producing -lumber to ayoid ~ny

semblance of under.,..producti on that- would tend to a r eal or an imag ined 

shortage of -lum.-be r.· ·This was 'demonstrated about the time the Lumber Code 

was being discuss ed, · and when it was expocted that there would be a very 

considerable demand for lumbe r . in the carrying out -of the then propo~ed 

Government building program. It has been reported that many thousand~ of 

small mills in the Southern Pine Division were then encouraged to, and 

actually did start oporating unde r the r eport ed p rospective shortage of 

lumber as a r e sult of that p ropos ed building pr ogram. Not only d.id the 

small mills go into p roduction but many of the large mills stepued up 

production, not only in t he Southern PinG Division but in the West Coast 

Division and in the Weste rn Pine Division; and this hopeful ~reduction 

was indulged in desp ite t he fact that tbe industry then had on hand a 

heavy inventory of ~Mholly or P!:)-" u.<=l-1 lY marJUf'actured stock and the eff ective 

demand for the- pri-or ~r had b een at the low for more than fifty years. 

(**) 

9813 

Oregon and Wa shing ton have slash disposal laws which do not allow 

consideration of young growth. 

Table XVII B 
·. 

.-46.8-

References have been made to the three major softwood divisions 

only, as these three divisions have produced from 81 to 84 uer cent of 

all lumber consumed over a ~eriod of years. Reference. also has been 

made to the::'Southern and Appalachian Hardwood Divisions, which t o 

divisions have produced approximately 70 per cent of the total hardwood 

consumption. The above quoted figures are particularry applicable to 

the period from 1929 to 1934, inclusive. 

Commenting briefly on the above displayed data, and bearing in 

mind that production in the year 1929 w~s the largest in any of the past 

ten years, it will be noted that the peak production of 1929 utilized 

less than 50 per cent of the Southern pine rated capacity and slightly 

more for.:Western pine, while We st Coast utilized about 70 per cent of 

its rated capacity, with the Appalachian and Southern Hardwood Divisions 

utilizing less than 25 pe r cent Qf their rated capacity. 

When the results of the depression began to be definitely felt in 

1931 and 1932 the position of these four principal lumber producing 

divisions was particularly acute, and the actual ·utilization ~f the r Ate 

capacity of the sawmills in those divisions, as indicated by the data, 

was almost negligible. 

In viewing these data it should also }e borne in mind that the 

rated capacity of the sawmills in the Southern Pine Division is about 

equally divided between small mills and large mills, and that this condition also largely prevails in the Weste rn Pine and the Appalachian 

and Southern Hard~ood Divisions. The rated capacity of the mills in the 

~est Coast Division is largely that of the big mills. 

Remembering that large mills generally are expensive installations 

almost universally backEd by extensive timber holdings all requiring 

considerable investment, and that the small mills are almost universally 

without extensive. timber backing and usually r enresent but small investment in e~uipment , it can be seen that the economic pressure of taxes 

and of interest ~ould be less severe on the small mill capacity than 

on those divisions in which the large mills pr edominate . These economic 

considerations auld largely dictate whethe r mil·ls actually continued 

operation in the face of declining prices and over-extension of stock or 

whether production would stop and the rated capacity be n0t utilized • 

... .... .... .. .. ... . .. ,,, 

9813 
-69-

The excess capacity of the sawmills may best be illustrated 

by the t wo followi~g . yer~ brief tabulations: 

Sawmills: Ratio of Rated Capacity for 1934 

to reuorte~ Production in the Principal 

Lumher Producing Divisions 

1929 Production 

(million feet) 

Year 

1929 

1930 

19~1 

1933 

1934 

1934 Production 

(million feet) 

Southern 

-·Pine '9:./· 

11., 630 

2 .. 3 

3.6 

6.1 

8.8 

6.4 

5.8 

4,680 

West Coast 

·F-ir, etc. 9:) 

10,147 

. - . 1.4 

1.8 

2.6 

4.4 

2.9 

3.2 

4, 275 . 

Western 

Pine 9:) 

5,217 

2.1 

2.7 

4.0 

6.0 

4.7 

4.1 

2,649 

Appalachian 

& Southern 

Hard'I"To ods "E) 

5,315 

4.2 

3.8 

4 .• 4 

5.7 

6.8 

6.6 

1, 950-

9:./ These softwood producing Divisions re-ported 81 to 84 ner cent 

of all lumber shi~ments orig inated t ne rein. 

E) This hardwood producing group shipued approximately 70 ner cent 

of all hardwoods. 

9813 
1929 Production 

(!!lillian U:_tl.) __ 

1929 

1930 

,( ._j_ 1931 

1932 

: -.- ~ 1_933 

1934 

1934 Production 

- 7CSawmills: . Ratio of Rated Ca:oaci ty for 1934 

to report-=:cl rrodu:ction in the .minor 

Lu.'Ilber Producing :Ji visions. 

-~---- ------------ No r theastern 

Softwoods 

3crtne rn Northern 

HeQlock Pine Cy-oress 

-· .. :,ti45:xze:i.Zii.:: ··· . ·..:JB§. '"7-..., .•. ~~ .. _ _ 59~0__,.....,..,...--.::; 3=8==-1--

2. 4 l • 4 1. 3 1 • 3 .. . -·· . - i . 6 --· ... 

2. 8 ·1 • 8 2. 2, · L 6 1 • 6 

4 . 7 2. 7 5.0 2. 7 2. 4 

6 . 6 6~ 2 -'£f:'2" .. --··· :····· ~'±. 5 .2 ---· 

6 • 0 6 • 9 • 8 . 3 • 7 .6 • 4 

5. 4 3.9 5 . 7 2. 2 5.6 

.;...; ( In=·=i l::::..;l :::..;l=.,:• O~n~f~e tu_) ___ S!_2~9~0 • giL_ __ . _ .ll.D ~ 3_ 84 . 4 350 .5 110.3 

In connection ; ith this group of data relattng to minor lumber uroducing divisions, it should be considered that these various divisions an 

the capacity arid the p roduction listed .. r epr es ent l for the entire group, 

only from 10 to 15 e r cent of all lu.~b r us ed; so while the figures are 

informative arid a r e pr e sented for comparison ·ith similar data for t~e 

principal lumbe r producing divisions, this indicated excess of capacity 

would have na s erious effect upon rod~cti n in gene ral. The above comments do not apply exactly to the ood Division, for in this particul 

typ e of ope ration the l a r ge mills and hi .gi1ly me chaniz ed ope rati"ns are 

a gain found , but he number of ouexa tors is very limit ed. It will be not 

that tho da ta dis clos e he Red1'.'ood Division ope rated at near1¥-B0 .. .p.er cen 

of its canacfi ty in the neaJr: yPar of 192;1; that in the low year of 1932 

it as ope rating at l e ss han 25 per cent of its rat ed capacity; an'd that 

in 1934 the mills er e oTJerati ng at nenrly 50 ucr c ent of their rated 

capacity. 

· As would naturally be supuosed, ~i h more t han 17, 0 0 sawmills located in u ractically every st at e in t he Union, many different manufacturing me thods are involved . These me thods can be roughly classified into 

t hE? .. tho~s and _ ract ice s followed by t ha small sarnnills, the mt::3thods 

and practices follo . 6d by t he int brmediat e si ze sa~ills , and the ~ethods 

and practices thqt a re a nec essary ua.r t of the operP'tions of the large 

S8wmill units. 

Aside from the si ze of t hes e er:1 ting units there must also JJt- consider ed the methods . f manufac turin0 us ed by the different tyues of sawmills. Generall y sn in , a consid rabl~ pa rt of the production of the 

small hard ood mill s is custom saTiing. This is simply the bringing in 

of logs y the i r o ners who desire them to be sa~ed up into certain 

spe cifi ed a rticles of lumber generally for t he ir own consumption. Another 

type of small sarroJill is more prevalent in the Southern Pine Division. 

Here are several thousand mills tha t are engaged in the manufacture of so 

l umber products from t he available standing timber in their particular 

neighborhood. The p roduction by this group of mills is a more direct and 

less purposeful utilization of the standing timbe r. It is in fact a type 

9813 ' 
-71-

of ope ration tha.t may be st be de scribed as mopping up an area. In 

ot her words, the s e sawmills are engaged in t he sawing of logs f rom tree s 

tha t are too small in si za or too far r emoved ~o make the ir utili zation 

p rofitable in r egul a rly e stablished sawmill ope r a tions. The pu rpose is 

si~ ly to get t he most possibl e out of the logs and to ge t t hat lJl'(.)dJ.:u;t , 

all too often of a low grade, into the market and sold for anything t hat 

it might bring. Most of the equipment is of low efficiency and p ro duces 

lumber of distinctly substandard quality. Among mills of this classification is the group known as Hro ofer" mills of the Stat e of Georgia. 

Th s~ mills p r oduce lumber from small and immature trees and. the p r oduct 

is usually the roughest, the poorest and the most irregular of any lumbe r 

p roduction worthy of that name. The p roducts of these mills are , as the 

t e rm would tndicate, simply rough boards of varying widths and l eng ths 

that are us ed as a foundati nn for other lumber or substitutes for lumbe r. 

Thes~ boards do n~t have to be of any particuiar width or l ength and they 

simply r eplace bett er manufac.turing material in any type of constructi on 

to which they are adap t ed. 

Manufacturing of lumber products of standard. grades, siz es and repre sentative qualities cannot vary consider ably between mills in th e 

~arne spe ci es area or between mills in areas p roducing comp etitive specie s. 

The lumb er must b~ produced and sold in compe tition with the p roducts of 

all other mills of similar character. Hence the manufactu ring pro ce ss e s 

and procedures must b e such as to produce lumbe r comparable in gr ade and 

SizeS With Ot her mjl_l s .:. nc jnp: t.he S8ID C! u .L' l)0nipe f; i t h -e S DOCiBS e 

9813 
-72-

There is another type of mill. and one whic~1 added a distinct factor 

t o the general probl em of production -- those mills which are producing lumbe r fr om their ovm tre ." s, in their ovm mills, Tihich is not expected to and generally cioes not eve1 reach the channels of distribution 

for the reason that these p roducts are put into other processes for 

finishing sp ecial i terns fo: t~1e ir 0\7l1 use. These sawmills with in tegrated operations crea.ted a distinct nroblem under the Code administration and a problem which apparently had not been given adequate consideration and had not been solved in the drafting of the Code. It is 

plain to be seen that if one of those: integrated operations -- the 

making of sawed wooden boxes -- was carried on by a sawmill manufacturing 

its own material for the box making op~rations, it would have a distinct 

cornpeti ti ve advantage over ot er box plants. Not only would such an 

integrated mill have the advantage of bein0 able to use short length 

and low grade lumber froit its actual lumber producing operations, but 

it also would be possible for it to transf8r all of its products over to 

the box naking factory at a price which might result in a loss for 

the sawmill but in an exorbitant or 1mreasonably large 9rofi t for its 

box making activities. This is just a samnle of several of the perplexing conditions VIhich arose throug~ failure to properly comprehend 

and provide for the effect of integru ted manufa cturing operations 

within the sawmill industry. 

The method of manufacturing by the various types of mills as 

discussed above added one other phase to the aeneral production 

problem. It can be readily seen tha t the small Mills operating sporadically would secure t heir labor onlv from people in the immediate 

neighborhood who would nece ssarily l)l'Ovi de themselves with other 

means of livelihood tlmn working in t he s awmilJs. In fact, practically 

all of the labor in such tyoe of mi : l TI s purely the type that used 

the sawmill wages as a supp le ~en t to othe r earnings. This type of 

mill could suspend pr0ducticn t any tir'le cr fail to resume nroduction 

at any time and it would sti11 not se riously affe ct any considerable 

number of wage earners. This same condition urevailed also in connection witL other small s:1wmill ope rations w!ether those sawmills 

were of the movable type or w_let er they were l.)f reaconably permanent 

installation. In either event, wit' p roduction not being forced upon 

the mills, the labor that would be emoloyed in those mills would ordinarily be sun le~entin g other earnings with their sa~mill wages. 

Also, as a general rule, these s~all mills were not burdened with any 

investment in standing timber and consequently added no burden of 

interest and t axes to be met regularly. 

But the condition would. be very different when the production of 

the larger sawmill units would be interrupted. These larger mills 

were acc1stomed to and were exoected to operate about 60 or more hours 

per week. It wa s therefore necessary for them to build a reservoir 

of l abor u oon whicn they could de~end for the sustained hours of 

operation. · As a co1sequence of these conditions, labor migrated 

to the vicinity of the S['.Wmills; in fact there h-3-d been many towns 

and small cities located or built up around sawmill activities. 

These mills were dependent upon this labor and this labor was dependent upon them. The mills also, because of tl.1eir size, the 

amount of capital required for their building and the securing of 

the necessary timber to back them up, involved very conside r able 

9813 
-, v--

investr.1en t anr~ the properties \/ere all subject to taxa tion. In connection 

wi t b ~Ll is t;r01.1ps of l a r c;e lllills, e c onomic p r esslir e for c ontinued operations 

v·oulC:: .. , L 1 mo.ny c as3s , force these sawmills into p r od,:t.ction . en when 

t heTe Has no ir:unediate demand. fo r t hei r ::_J roducts. With deman d b eil1_:; 

re clucec~. , :.~ rices v1ould clecre '~ e under the pres~ure of t he increasi:i1c; 

SUi))l y e.nc~ t hese sawmiLLs f olincl. t hems e lves compe ll e d t o operat e a t a 

direct l oss. Thi '3 n e c esse..rily cause d t he l abor wae;e t o b e reduc ed. 

The rra;e of labor wc:·s · t he mos t imj)o rtant f a ct or of the out-of-po cke t 

or acb .. '.al raoney cos t af pr0d1.wti on ; it ~r aG the on e which would .be 

subje c tec'c t o the :nos t pressure for reducti on anc!. in most instances 

v1as t he least fi xed i tern of c ost of ai.lY tha t h e.d to be · me t currently 

by the mi lls if t hey were t o c on ti nue in &xist enc e. 

. After the adop tion of t he Code niany hundr e ds of these small 

mills., face.d v-Ii t h the necessity .of payin:_;. a minimum wace and supp lyinc; 

infon:1o.ti on relative t -o their _o;pe r c:.ti ons, did not ac;ain resume sawinc;. 'l'he l e r c;er mills, . howeve r , were no t able to .dispose of this 

p r o bl e··.1 so ea:. i l ;;.' ' but we r e a ctually faced with the necessity of 

continuir":; t heir manuf a cturinG op.e r a ti ons. They p aid the minimum 

wac;e S)e cifieci in t h ·e Code ; they ope r a ted t he ma.'\imum number of 

hours _)enni t ted; they p r oduced the ir lumbe r . and_ ;put it on the market 

ex_) ectint; t o find it movin6 i n the usu·al channels of trade at the 

miniuu.in p rices set by the industry Code Autho rities, only .to be f ace d 

witl1 <.. . v olume of p ro (lucti o:tl from o ther sir.1ilarly loca t e d mills that , 

in t he a..;~ e,;c: te, v~Jas mo r e t han t he market was <lemandin.;;. These mills 

were virtua lly f orced to co!: ti nue ) ro c..:uction and their products hacl 

~o be (_ i Gl)Osed of in s ome mann e r and at some price so tha t additiona l 

money co~l~ be secure d for cont inuinr, operations. 

9813 
-74-

B. PRODUCTION - VOLmf.E - USAGE 

Lumber production is lprgely a forced ann involm1tar? process. It 

is not similor to fRctory production v·here specified materials are processed to mAke particular products. Articles yrociu.ced in the usuC~l factory 

may be for orders a lread;- in n~nd, for rerlenisb1ent of stocks, and in 

anticipation of results from a prear:,:an. ed selli11~ CRT'iipRign. Usually 

these production processes rna? be brought to a stop at pny tiMe and not 

leave any large stock of raw materials on hand to burden the cash resources with recurri ng fixed charge s of interest and t~xes. 

Merchantable star.ding timber is the r aw ma teriRl of the SRW mills. 

It must be either owned or controlled in such quantities as to furnish 

saw logs at the mill for such A period ns v1 ill be economic justification 

for the establishment of the co.nverting units ond at such a cost F:.S will 

permit the sale of the resulting lumber products at a rice, under 

reasonable competitive condition9, tha t vi ll return a profit. Standing 

timbe r must be converted into logs a d other forest products under pressure 

of nature , for trees reach mRturit/ as do other crops and then deteriorate, 

and slo ly but certainly los e VRlue. Logs usunll~· must be so SR 1ed ~s to 

~roduce the best possible a sso rtment of sizes and grades of lumber, 

whether those sizes and e;r Rdes are wanted or needed. 

Thus it wi ll be seen t hat in the n roduc tion of savmill products, 

as a usual thing , there CAnnot be a porti ular choice of the raw material, 

C~nd that the product -: ill, to aver;,- lnrge extent, derend upon the size 

and qu.alit .. ,r of sa·v logs, the efficiency an<t ability of the men, and on 

the type of ~i ll equipment operated by tiwm. ~his is particularly true 

v··here lumbering operations are cArried on purel.• as n sal v ~ging opern tion. 

In later ye~rs, snlv~e;ing of values from stAndin~ timber has been the 

p redominant factor in tha production of lTh~be r, as the mills were established and e uip ed and the starding timber had been acquired, all of 

which necessitated payment of the carryiLg charges for the investment 

v·hich in turn f orced the sa '•rrli ll s to operate wi t hout regRrd for the 

i mmediate va lue of the produc ts. 

Other economic ressu ·es re ired that quantities of stAnding 

timber be converted into SRV~ill products. Land under lease must be 

cleared before the le~se period expired . Standing timbe r purchased to 

be paid for out of progressive utilization demanded liqu idation. Vast 

holdings of standing timber (*) acquired possibly ns a speculation and 

covered largely by mortgages and bond issues , demanded sufficient operation to realize cash to pa~' carr;ring ch urge s of in tere ~ t and taxes. ( **) 

(*) Table III - Stand of Sa v Timber in the United St a tes by Regions, 

States And Cl ~sses of ~~e rship. 

(**) Tables XII~ XI1l, XIII (a), XIII (b) 

9813 
-7tiThe downward trend of t he volu..rno of lmnbor p roduction has been 

a.rked by the well-recog1J.ized tur n or trend of popul ation from the rural 

to the urban cent ers. (:;. ) Tben the de: sjt ~..r of city po:?ul a tion required 

ore and larger bu ildings, br.L1ging <):'oo".lt fire hazards and resulting in 

the adoption of str inr;~1t fire re{:_:;u ] ;) r ions restricting the use of wood 

for construction pu.!'po ses in m3ny of the 1:-tr ger citieso Coupled with 

this doroward tr end. of h '.mo er u se ancl as ~1 e of its contributing causes 

was probably t he develo:yr11ent cf t he u se of ·brick end t he development 

of the use of con crete a~d cor .. struction materi a ls which hart come onto 

the market with t he deveJopmen li of sci ence cmd the arts. This influx 

of materials, new in f act or n ew in use , w .s of p1·ime i mportance to the 

Lumber Industry as it eo'LnGided with a period of risinG costs which had 

made necess a ry rising prj ceB f or a gnmt many of the produ.cts of this 

industry. Wi th t hese ~1 creas ing prices m.;. r:. Ehing t he price differential between lumber produ0ts and thes e new building materi a ls, there 

(Footnote continued) 

born population. The South Atlantic and t h e East South Central St a tes 

all lost population throughout this 60-year perioo .• 

There was a gain in population in the West South Central States 

and in the Mountain and Pacific Reg ion. 

The movement of population into t he West North Central St a tes 

reach ed its peak in t he period 1890 throu ~1 1900. Th e movement of 

population into t h e West South Central St a tes, wh ile continuous from 

1870 to 1930, reached i t.s pe?.J.c from 1900 to 19 20~ Bet:;inning in 1910 

and continuing thr ough 193J e Paci f ic St--t es absorbed population 

apparently from every other group of sta t es, as those sections which 

were losing population r e6 ist e1·ed heavi er losses in t he yenrs from 1910 

to 1930, and u su a lly t hose sect ions r:; a.i n i n5 population gained at a lesser 

rate in this period t han in the prior periocl. 

(*) In 1933 the U. S. Department of CorrL'Tler ce, Bureau of t h e Census, reprinted a part of Chapter I, Vo lume 2, 15th Cen su s, Reports on Population. In this r eprint, on pa.c;e 9, a~· e displayed data concerning 

urban and ru.ral population. In Table III are published data from 

1790 to 1930, and it is therein clea rly shown t hat population in places 

of 8, 000 or more has increas ed fl'Om 3. 3 p er cent of the entire population 

in 1790 to 49.1 per cent in 19 30. It is f u rther shown tha t one very 

definite rr..0vement tool<:: p lace b etween 1880 c:nd 1890, and t hat from 1900 to 

1930, the -:-nv ernent to urban c enters of 8,000 or more increased more than 

17 per ce1·_ ~~ 

!t : · a1.so s hown in Table IV t nat t he population concentrated in 

places fl ~; , 2 .500 1•'9'.'VG:>: ':L increased from ~2 4 per cent of the populartion in JS.

4<') t0 ~. 3 1 s-r. cent of the por:.:t:· .-,:Lion in 1930. It is also 

int e':' n3i i.n; ~a 11:;· c:; L~ ~ t h is same t ab l e ~:1ows t hat the greatest concentrati':'r. ::n·. ·;:;,.l::oe :· lc.ts te ·.m in :Places of oPe million or more, although all 

size g r~c •:.'1) ~; 'i.. 1c.r e:,,Bed i 2. :population excep !: that group of cities betv1een 

500,000 ar.u. l,O Ou OOO ~c cpt for a slight decrease in the population 

cent ers of 100,000 to 250,000. 
-7~ 

I These conditions were pRrticularly true of fi1e larger virgin timb~r 

1~~ ds in the West Coast regi on, and competing wo ods, while not possibly 

unaer the same economic pressure for liquidation saw their market disappearing unless they in turn stepped up production even though the 

products were in excess of demand and had to be sold only on a glutted 

and falling market. From the earliest days lumber has been produced to 

meet a natural and not a created demand. It is true the industry has 

made many refinements in its products, largely to meet the competition 

of its own members, but except for these, the products of most mills 

today a~e little different from those of the earlier mills. The principal products are not readily susceptible to any uses other than those of 

long-established custom. 

The capacity to produce lumber has been shown to have been always 

in excess of the demand for ' the· product. (*) Changing centers of demand 

and changing centers of production have worked o~e with the other to buil 

up a capacity to produce that has always been a weight upon the industry. 

Ascending vol~~e of lumber production marked the westward movement 

of population with the settling of new farms, and the opening up of towns 

to supply th~ new farming comrrrur1ities. This impetus to production was 

followed by a long maintained demand resulting from city improvements, 

better buildings on the farm, and finally by the turn of population to 

the city requiring other and further duplication of habitation. (***) 

(*) Table XX-Comparison of Equipment Utilization . 

(••) See Table IV - Percentage of Distribution of Lumber Production, by 

Regions - 1849-1934; the Evidence Study Series No. 22, "Tne Lumber and 

Timber Products Industry11 , W. E. Yost, Division of Review, NRA 

· (***) The Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 

Commerce, Forest Products Division, published in January 1935, 

data indicating that the peak consumption of lumber was from 1904 to 

1913. During this period the consumption of lumber did not fall below 

40 billion feet, and in the year 1906 reached almost 45 billion feet. 

From 1914 on to 1928 consumption fluctuated from a low of 28 billion 

feet in 1921 to a high of 39 billion, 700 million feet in 1923. 

This high consumption of lumber in the period from 1904 to 1913, 

and which was partially maintained up through 1917, very closely followo 

and it is fair to assume is linked with the movement of population that 

is very definitely shown in a publication by the U.S. Department of 

Commerce, Eur~au of the Census, entitled "State of Birth of the Nati ve 

Population" (1932.) This publication is based upon the Census of 1930, 

and on page 11, Table VII, the migration of population is very clearly 

depicted eovering the period from 1870 to 1930. Data therein presented 

shows that New England constantly lost population and that the Middle 

Atlantic States also showed a continua~ loss, gradually, however, decreasing to 1930. The West North Central States gained population constantly from 1870 to 1910; then this section began to lose its native9813 
-77-

as a const antly i nc r easi ng tr end aw<1j1 from t he us e of l umbe r. (*) 

During t h i s time v/n en this J. o.t t·er mov•:;ment nas in p r ogr e s and was 

ontribu ti n.e; t o t he decrease i'L t be e ffe:c tive de:-r,anrl f , l. l unJ.ber p r oduc t s , 

he cRpac itie s of the mills b:-3 · · b een incrc:.: sing ;.>: &~e J. ? t~ro ·..1g h t h3 esabli shment of new p r od"'..lc tion cente-rs in the· Lc-ke Stll !;ep., then. i n the 

ou t he rn p i ne section o f t he · c·ountr ;r anc1 · h~ n in the Vve · t Coast regi on.(**) 

Appar ently it wa s .t h ough t t hat with t h e i nc r ease in p opula tion of 

h e Unit ed St a t es t here ·wou l d nev~r ccabe to be a progr s~ valy incr easi ng demand for l ur;1ber p:-oduct·s wh ich v.::luld. drive t o th e i r e.p·oro z imAte 

~ap aci t y t h e v ast number of a~·t i~ s whicn had br;G n put into operati on 

i n t he Un i t ed St ate s. Durii1g the ·l ast '· 50 ~-8ars ~;h ere hRs tee n an e nor mous 

i ncr ease in the number of us es to·· ·hich " Flmbe:c h RS been put, but i n sp i t e 

)f this wider use t h e ac tual volume per ap~. ta has de c l ined <md · t he tot a l 

olume of c on sumpt ion and of effective demqr,d ha s be e n const an tly on the 

ecreRse for a number of y e a r s except "fo r the penk period of p r oduc tion 

1928 and 1 929 . 

Up to t he b eginning of t he depr essi on t her e h~c bee n a const ant 

incrense i n t he c araci t:v of t ile s Awmills in t he Un it ed St a t e s an d t h is 

1ncreas~ as ns le~ in t he face of tile constant dec line in the use of 

Lumber both in to tal vo l ume and. i n consumption pe r c ap it a . 

Aft e r the ad.op ti on of t i1e Code and even under t he maximum hours 

l imitation a nd in spit e of o t ne r specifi c me t hods adop t e d to control 

;? roduc t ion, it WRS pr ac t i call ~' i mpo:s i bl e to apprec ab r r e du ce the to tal 

-s tock of lumber p r odu ct s on b ::md. awaiting demand. ( ***) 

It is f a ir to state t hat t h i s cond ition d i d not a rise a s a result 

)f increased produ ction but l a r ge l y C!i d r esult from t he unforseen and unredict able c on st nn t decr ease in C..emc.ncl fo r J:G_rr -our prod.uc t s . Lumber 

;; imply did r..ot move . Ther e wa s pr a c"':1ca:i.l;,r D'J ( <Jn·n.l f e r it a s its best 

:ustorr.er- t he Constr uction I ndus try - we:s virt ue.l"LJ ~-J. t of the l:'arke t in 

932 and in 1933 . So i n spit~ of all t he nctions thP.: t we r t.: t c=:J<:e n to 

olace the Lurr.ber I r.dus try in a be t ter e c.c nom j_c p ')si t io:1. , i t i s fo und tha t 

3.S a result of t he overcapacity of tr.e r::i l l s and t hE: economic ne c e ssity 

f*) Table XXX III, comp ariso n be t we en to t a l constr uc tion and. units sh i pped 

per $ 1 ,000 of con struction f or se sc~a d od~cts Auring t he year s 

1920-1934. 

( **) Se e Tab le IV -Percen t age of Di strib"'J.tion of L·wr.ber Fr ociuct ioD, by 

Regio ns -1849-1934 ; t he Evi dence 3tuC.y- Ser ies No . ? 2 , 11 'fhe Lumte r 

and Timbe r Produ cts I ndus try , 11 W. E. Yos t, Di v i sion of Revi e,•r, NRA. 

**~~<) Table LIII - Sto cks, sh i pmen ts and p roduc tion of Softwood Lumb e r 

1923-1935. 

3813 
-.78-. 

for mo~t of them to opera te a t least some of the time, and with the 

decrease in shi pment of llmbe r t o t he consuming marke t, the stocks on 

hand continued to be unwieldly and an actual t hreat to the ultimate 

· · sOUlldness of the industry. After t he adopt ion of the Code c:md wi th the 

promulgation of minimum prices and more stable conditions in the industry in general through t he elimination of many unethical trade prac tices 

there was a gener(-l l settling down <md the reduced production WRS more 

,nearly balanced b~.r effective demand for lu.rnber and tir1ber pro ducts. 

There wa s later a very notic eab l e drop in the demand, and with production 

remaining at the est ablished minimum under production control t here was 

another short period when stocks of lumb er on hand again incrensed. 

However, until a very considerable quanti ty of t he over cApa city 

Of the SF1Wmills in the i ndu stry nav:e been e limina t ed Qy the passage Of 

time, which will make man;y of t hese mills ineffec tive, <1nd until a condition of more_s_tahl1ity in the industr:r has r eleased many of the units 

from the economic necessity of producing lumber to r a ise mone~r for 

carry ing charges, there :ill still hand over the industry the co nstnnt 

threat of unrestr a ined produ ction whi ch c an again over balance stocks 

and bri ng a chaos of price cuttins and the consequent wrecking of 

industry units whenever prices rise t o such a po int as will make it at 

least seemingly possible for t hi s V<1S t overload of marginal capacity to 

gain some advantage, however slight, from again operating this class 

of mill. 

9813 
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C. FINANCIAL STRUCTURE 

The capital or financial ·structure and t 4e changes tl?.erein ov er 

a period of time naturally constitute a Vf?".tY imp :::> rtant uart of the 

problems of the indus try. . To pr one r ly study this phase ~f the indus t~y 

there should be available quite -G.E?tail ed data . concernipg t he asse ts, 

the liaoilities and the cary ita l structure in acditi 0n t o nrofit and 

l oss data of tl1e or gan i za ti ons or firms in t he industry. There are 

not available any aut horitative and r ea.sonably complete da ta on these 

phases of this in~ust;ry .• ,r,(lhere . a re a number of firms ana organizations 

purporting t o sunnly certa in of the.se cia t a ., but ea~h covers ~:m ly a 

limited sec t or of the whole indus't,ry. . . 

The . Bureau of t he Census corid":lcts a census of manufactures in the 

odd-numbered years. The cl as~i ficati ons adonted by them are not 

exactly comparable with classifications. of the industry used by other 

reporting services and esnecially by t he Bureau .of Internal Revenue. 

The census of manufactures also includes data from indiyiduals and 

partnershins, but excludes all below 5,000 anpual volume. It does 

not report any balance .shee t or profit and l oss data f or these business 

units s o reported otherwise. The Bureau of Internal Rev enu~, in its 

annual volume "Statistics of inc 0me , 11 is t he only dependable source 

giving the related ba lance s hee t and the p r ofit and .loss da t a . Their. 

figures are presented only f or corp or a ti ons . classifie9.: ~~ f or cs t product 

c orp orations .which include, in add-ition t o sa~m~lis . an((planing' mills, 

manufacturers of furniture and vehicl es. The ... ;i ber 6f cornorati ons so • ' • • 0 • • • J 

rep orting t o the Bureau of I.nte rnal Reveriue r ange·d betw'een 5, 500 and 

7,200 f or the years fr~~ 1920 t o 193 . The Burea~ of the Cen~us reports 

many additional or ganizations of comparable classification but, as· 

noted above, t h.is gr up of figur t?S include . l~ . ty;p e~ . o.f fina:pcial 

organizations. The Lum:her. q.:od .. rr'irnber Pr ci v.~ ~ · 'c ode .. A~thori ty. under the 

NRA variously rep.orted h~ t manufact rer~ of ;LurriQ r an~ t'imbt?r pr oducts, 

exclusive of ~nufactureTi of. furniture and .vehiclt? ~r ducts~ . numbered 

anywhere fr om 17,000 t o .24,000. " The l a r ges't inimb e); f co.st ~ep rts 

secured by them under Cone administration-was about 5,000, and there was 

no information fr.Pm any of t hese r eporting members. of . t~e i!ldustry as . 

t o assets, liabi.li ties and type of financ.ial structure •. ' . 

As the data published· by .the Bureau of Internal Revenue are the 

most reliable data that can be secured and cover not 9nly the fi11:ancial 

fact ors but also the profit and loss r esults, these are the nata which 

have be en classifi.ed and analyzed, although i _t i s r e cognized that such 

data also repre sent only a cross-secti on of the industry a s they do not 

include renorts from many of the. larger c orporati ons in the United States 

which, while n ot nrincinally engaged in sawmill and lumbering activities, 

do control a very conside'rable area of standing timber and produce a 

large vol ume of s awmill products; nor do. the figures include - any of the 

business r esults of a not inconsiderable group of the partnership or 

sole-trader t ype of f inancial or ganizations.· 

Remembering that stands of merchantable timber exist in nearl y 

every state in the Uni on a nd ~t c onveraion of this standing timb er 

into sawmill products is being ca rried on by practically every type and 

size of sawmill equipment .under c onditions of wea ther and terrain 

9813 
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differing just as widely, it W"\S only to be expected that there would 

be a wide range of financial results secured by the differing tyoes of 

mill operations. These were affected also by the varying methods of 

conversion made necessary by the changes within the industry that 

largely resulted in the establishment of mills with rated hourly 

capacity of production largely in excess of any effective demand within 

the later years. 

While this industry is mostly one of ~anufacturing and the actual 

usable products are the result of one or more manufacturing processes, 

the industry itself is ba sed unon a na tural res ource. It must ur ovide 

a dependable source of the raw material for its manufacturing Plants, 

and by the very nature of this raw material the industry, a s it has 

been constituted up to this time, has been comDelled t o carry very 

heavy investments in standing timber. Owing t o the shifting bases 

of production made necessary by actual or effective eliminati on of 

first one area of standing timber and then an0ther, and t o a certain 

extent by the shifting centers of demand, tbe industry has built up a 

duplication of manufacturing equipment and has acouired an exc essive 

supply of the raw material or standing timber. 

While it is true that a considerabl e porti on of this duplicati on 

of manufacturing equipment and of t he oVTnership of excessive quantities 

of standing timber may be charged to f aulty judgment on the part of the 

industry, such a c ondition actually doe s· exist and must be considered 

in the broad view of the industry nece ssary f or a study of its ec onomic 

problems. 

Viewing the industry only fr om the standpoint of the actual available 

figures covering not all but most of the corp or a ti ons engaged in the 

industry, the following analyses are submitted. All figures quoted herein 

are from Statistics of Income, Bureau of Interna l Revenue, or are developed from those sta tistica l da ta. 

While the presenta ti on of da ta by the Bureau of Interna l Revenue is 

quite complete f or the industry as a whol e , the cla ssifica ti on 0f da ta 

is not as detailed GS might be de sired f or the f or est pr oducts industry. 

The deficiencies principally t o be note.d are that t he r e arc no separations of capital assets into: 

(a) Standing timber. 

(b) Plants and plant facilities. 

(c) The related depreciation and depleti on are not 

separately disclosed. 

There is no segregation of the source of borrowed capital employed 

in the industry. It would be particularly desirable if infcrmation were 

available as to tne current leans from banks and from individuals and 

parent or subsidiary corporations. 

- The published data of the Bureau of Internal Revenue do not permit 

a classification of the invested capital of this industry but it is 

9813 
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elieved that a ve ry consider e1 bl e portion is and must be in standing 

imberf .and i~hout df;fipite a" a.~£ t o_ the ext~nt of this par-ticular 

nvestment one. espe ci a.~ly inte·re s ting ·vie of ·the indus try · is ·either 

ompletely obscureq_ qr ··v'e r y mater aliy f oreshortened. 

Ove~ the. neri od of. years en esen~e d by tbe sta tisti cs , the 

corporati ons w.h.ose. ~po t s ·a r e tR.bula t ed ln t he yeA-rly S t a tis tics· of 

Income , Blireau of Ihterpa l Revenue , fr om 1926 t ")· 1933 , inclusive ,- a re 

classifi ed by the Bureau a.s corp orciti oi1S re-p orting: "I 

l. Net i nc ome • ' 2. No ne t i nc ome . 

3. I nactive 

Th~se cl a~ stficati ns and da ta cover a pe ri od fr om the year 1926 , 

mast ommo~nly :referred. ·to a s_ the major ·or standard year, up tlir ~b. · 

t he year 1929 arrd t he f ollowing years of the depre ssi on, which reached 

its dept~ ins ta~ ~ is ind~stry is conc erned ·in the year 1932. 

The Bureau of Interna l Revenue does not r equire a ll corp or a ti ons. 

to accornp~y t he ir inc ome data with ba l ance sheet informati on, so that 

while the cor:o or ati otis actually reporting to the Bureau have ranged ih 

number from 7,862 in _l926 un t o 7,947 in 1928, and since tha t da te 

continuously decli ned t o 6 ,707 ·in 1932 , with a slLght increase to 6,879 

in 1933, those .corpor ati ons which have submitted bR.lanc e s he.ets have 

been smaller in ~~ber and have decr eased ·fr om 7,244 in l926.to 6,137 

in 1931, ·wi t h a sli ~h t increase to 6 ,147 in! l932 and t o 6 ,161 in 1933. , 

Therefor e , data concerning assets, liab ilitie s a nd capital structure 

are fr om a grou-p of orpor~tions about five 'p e r cent ·f ewe r in numo er 

than the gr oups subrJi tting data as t o inc ome . ·· · · . : 

The division_ of these corporati ons int0 classe s of -thos e r eporting · , 

a ne t income and t hos e having no ne t inc or.1e wiil nrobably : offer as·. 

comp lete a · gauge of the ac.tua l trend in th is indus try· as:· ?:my ot he r 

possible f a ctor. ( *) 

The c orpor a ti ons·: r eporting a · net income numbs red 4., ~91 in the year 

1926 and 4,135 in t he ye~~ 1929, decreasing t o 2 ,340 in 1930, t o 1,525 

in 1931, and t o 541 or just a bout nine per· cent of the t otal number· 

rep orting in the year 1932·. In 1933 profit able ·operations w.a s r.ep orted 

by 1,638 out of ~,879 corpoTati ons. Except fe r the elimination of som.e 

1,100 ccrpor ati ons between 1926 a nd 1932 this difference was naturally 

t aken up by that class of corpor a ti onwhich r eported 0 net inc ~me. 

This gr oup numbered 3,271 in l-926 , increasing ,slightly ·each of the years 

1927 and 1928 and being pr a cticAlly t he me in 1929 as in 1926. Be- ginning with 1930, however, t he nurriber of c orp-o r a tLms r ep orting · no ne t 

income in t he f or est -products group number ed 4 ,-868 , a 50 per cent increase over ~e ur evi ous year, and .this group had increas ed t o 5,929 

in the year 1932 and decreased t o 4,882 in 1933 . 

(*) See Table XXIV 

9813 
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This review of the results of business Qnerations of the corporations is given as one of the details concerned ith the v e ry definite 

and marked changes in the capital structure of the industry as reflected 

by this group of cornora tions. While the very marked de crease in 

corporations reporting incomes and increase in numb e r of c orpor ati ons 

renorting no net income has been one of the imnortant reasons for the 

change in capital structure, one other fact or should be considered, 

which is that the corporations as a class, irrespective of the yearly 

profit or loss results, c on tinued to disburse cash dividends. ( *) 

These dividends and. i.nc ome tax 'payments to the Government we r e in 

excess of earnings .in ~a;bh of tl1e years from 1926 to 1929, inclusive, 

and dividends were paid'·\i-1' the years 1930, 1931 and 1932 lthough the 

i~dustry as a whole had lost nearly $110,000,000 in 1930, more than 

$177,000,000 in 1931, more than $202 ,000,000 in 1932, and $66 ,000,000 

in 1933. Some c orporations r eported a net profit each year, but in ~o 

year were the rep orted earnings of the indus try as a whole equal to t ·le 

ca s >. dividends paid out by all of t ::e corporations r eporting t Le payments. 

W~:ile ~·. e year 1929 was gene r ally r epr esented to be and is s; own 

by ~1e statistics of most industries t o Lave bean t ::e peak business year, 

t :J.is conditi on was n ot true in _is industry. The dollar value of gross 

sales of t:1e indus try was t ."e ::i g'1es t in 1926, b e ing slig:: tly more than 

$2,GOO,OOO,OOO. Gross sales decreased to $i, 910 ,000,000 in 1930, to 

$794,000,000 in 1932, ·wit:i1 a slight upturn t o $923,000,000 in 1933 . (*•) 

Analyz ing ~1e balance sllee t figur es of the indus try as a whole 

from tl1e cl ose of 1926 to the close of 1933 ( ***) it will be n oted t:1at 

the assets decreased fr om mo r e t han $4,023,000 ,000 to les. than 

$2,549 ,000,000 or 36~6 ner cent. In t 11is very material sLrinkage of 

assets ov er this neriod of eight year s t~e fol l owing Items a r e of 

interest and should, in t·1emselvc s, r eflect information important to 

~1ose interested in L1e industry. 

Cash and r eC?ei vables, 1e p rincipal elements of t Le current assets 

of t l is industry , r eached tr.eir neak of about $751,000,000 i n each of 

t he years 1926 and 1928, and beg inning with l929.decreas ed slarply to 

about $360,000,000 at t:·"e close of t~ 1e year 1933. The other ~y 

imp ortant factor in t2'le current assets pos~ tion, ~1a t of inventories, 

also reg iste r ed a very mate rial and a much gr eate r loss s hrinkage from 

a Ligh point of $770,000,000 in 1926 t o a low of $338 ,000 ,000 in 1932, 

wit~ a sligh t upturn to $367,000,000 in 1933. 

· .A reference .1as pr evi ously been made to t lie fact that in these 

statistics t he capita l assets of ~: is industry we r e not segregated as 

t o s·tanding timber and plant facilities, so !~e shift in t l.1 is class 

( *) . See Tabl e· XXXVIII 

( **) Se e Table XXXIV 

(***) See Table XXXIV 

9813 

. . . . 
~83- . 

f assets c annot· be· as· accura tely and·as complet e ly· analyzed as it s~ould 

e to bring .out .' the true c onditions. The g roup of canita l as_sets, les·s. 

epreciation and depletion, ank Rb oi.lt 00,000,000 ve~ . the neriod of 

eveb years from t he high marlt of 1~ 000 .. in 192? t o t r_e low of . 

1,448,000,000 in 1932 .- I f it were nossible t o mgr egat e the capital 

sset group ,into its principal fact ors cf standing timb e r and of ~lant 

.tnd mill site and manufn.cturing f ac ilit::.. es , it woul d doubtless be s hown 

lla t many of t h ese l 8.rge r corporations l1ave dives t ed themselve s of 

~onsiderable va lues ureviously invested in standing timber. While t h ere 

9-re no definite fi gure s ava ilabl e , it i s s a f e to say that during the 

:>eriod from 1926 t o 1929 t he re was a very ·heavy inve stment in sawmill 

nachinery and in nlants. Necessarily during those years when nroduction 

vas quite high ·th ere was also a correspondingly g~1 decrease ~1rough 

lepleti on of t he d ollar va lue of t :1e standing timber assets and deoreciation of the plant facilities. It is also believed that the 

orest .:oroduct,s industry- has r.w.de but very little addition t o its · 

i"apital assets of mill sites and eauipment since t he close cf 1929. As 

~ consequen~e of he se f~ctors and because of the fact t hat most de- . 

preciation in mill si-te and equiryment· is on- a basis · of· amortization with 

rt.i1e natural resour~e a:(ld no t on a straigl:1 t line · basis, mU:ch _of the equipent and m~ny of t he plants have suffered -actual dete-ri oration considerably larger t han t ha t measured by t i.1e write-down of t he va lues reflected. 

in t l1e comoosite item of capita l a ssets, wh ich , by rea son of paucity 

of data, must include t hese t wo v e ry di~fering ype s of ~ss~ts • . 

As -the t otal asse ts employed by .t h is industry had decreased 36.6 

per c ent over the period of seven years and a s ' 't he current. assets decreased apnroxirnately. 50 peT ··c en-t in ti1a t nerfod of time , t he changes 

in t he current liability and b onded ind bt echi ~ss nosi ti orr of t h is industry also r~fl ct d a diffe ring · but linderstan'dable tre.nd." T.he current 

liabilities did not · pace downwa rd witn t}.le ·curre·nt a sset.s,. the ~hrink 

here b-eing 49.4 p e r .cent ·instead of.' 52.5 per· cent-. . ll'he c'api ~c;ll liabilities represented· by bonded debts. and mortgag es ·tN"_e re about $160', 000,000 

in 1926 wJ.1e n the c ab ita l a s se·ts we r e· eve r $1; 850, 000~ 000. The's e. cap i.tal 

liab~lities had shown a c onstant yea rly increa se' uu · to $26 5,ood~oo6 in 

1931, decreasing to 231~300,0 00 iB 1933. But during t h is time _ the 

capital assets unon which these c·an i t a l liab ilities we re based had 

de-crea sed mqre than $400,000~000 . The da ta comDiled by the Bureau of 

Internal Revenue classified Uothe r liabilities" unde r one general heading. 

Without t he ~~i1~ and t:1e inf ormation tha t ·would come t her .efrom the. 

bare statament of ~1 e change in t h is pa rticulq.r liability is not as informative as it might be • . Nevertheless it is very imuortant t o note 

t1at t hi& . group of liabilities d e creased from n early $462,000,000 in 

1926 to about $168,000,000 iri 193'3. . . 

With t lJ.e very d e finit e shrink in t he as se ~s employed ~n 'this 

industry it would b e exnected that b. ~ st ~kholders 11 participatt:on or 

interest in 1e corporations w·ould have · ·chang ed materially.· Thel:'e }1as 

been a cha nge in t he actua l cap ital structure as preferred 'stock has 

decreased from $285,000,000 in 1926 to $176,000,000 in 1933, and the 

common stock ha·s· dec~e sed fr om'·$1,378,000,bOO in 1926 to $1,159,000,000. in 1933. . 

I ' 

9813 
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Naturally the greatest measure of decrease in the stockholders' 

interest is represented in tJ~e decren,se of the surnlus accounts. This 

decrease was frcm $1,047,000,000 in 1926 t o $463,000,000 in 1933. In 

this connection it should be noted, i:.o ever, t ha t all of tbis decrease 

in the stockholders' participation is not a lone t he result of losses, but 

can be largely attributed to t:1e dividends, both cash and stock, t l1ett 

were disbursed to the stockholders as previously referred t o. The cash 

dividends over this ueriod of eight years .?.mounted t o $593,000,000, and 

stock dividends were declared amounting to $56,717,000. 

In consideration of the broader uroblem of credit w'1ich is also 

connected wi tfl. the financiFt.l Droblem, t he analysis of the ba l ance sreet 

data of the corporations classified by the Bureau of Interna l Revenue 

as members of the Lumber and Forest Products Industry sho1 t he f ollo ing: 

Current assets (consisting of ca sh, recf'ivables and inventory) r euresented 37.8 per cent of t he total assets in the yea r 1926, 27.4 per cent 

in the year 1932, and 28.3 per cent in the yea r 1933 . The canita.l assets 

in 1926 represented 46 'l)er cent of t he t otal a sets ; in 1932, 53.5 per 

cent; a nd in 19:;33, 52.5 per cent. Hscella.nemus ass e ts and t ax exernot 

securities t ogether represented 14.2 ner cent in 1926 , 19.1 per c ent 

in 1932, and 19.2 per cent in 1930. As has bee n not ed previ ously, t he 

total fund of assets of t 11is gr oup of corpor a ti ons decreas ed mor e than 

36 . 6 per cent from 1926 to t he cl ose of 1933. 

In a similar analysis of t1 e liabiliti es and t.1e ce1 pi tal structure 

or proprietorship items other very sta rtling chn.ngcs a r e f ound. In the 

year 1926 all liabilities r ePresented '2. 7 per cent of ~1e a sse ts and 

the capital stock and surplus r epr esented 67.3 ner cent. In 1933 t otal 

liability .ad been reduced to 29.4 ne r cent of t ile t ot a l fund of a ss ts, 

and the capita l structure repres ented 70. 6 per cent. Considering tLe 

separate classifica tions. of liabilities and t he ir percentage t o the 

t otal of all liabilities, it is f ound t ha t in 1926 t he current liabilities 

represented 52.7 pe r .cent of t he t 0t a l and l~ t t he cApita l liabilities 

represented 12.1 ner c ent. The cla ssifica ti on of 11 othe r liabiliti es" is 

a very indefinite ene, but as t ab.ulated t he se liabiliti es represented 35.2 

per cent of all liabilities in 1928 and 22.5 per cent in 1933 . In 1933 

~ current liabilities r enres ented 46.7 ner cent of t he t ot a l liabilities, 

this being a drop of six ner cent a s conma r ed with 1926 , and the c apital 

liability r epresented 30.8 per c ent of all liabilities in 1933 a s compared with 12.1 per cent in 1926. 

In the per~ d under conmarison t he changes in t he c:-:pital items 

have been quite sharp. In 1926 t he s ck, both c ornmon R.nd nr eferr ed, 

was equal t o 41.3 per cent of a ll ass e ts, while in 1933 it was equal t o 

52. 4 per cent. In 1926 t :1e surnlus of all of these corpor a ti ons was 

equal to 26 per cent ·of all t he a ssets , but in 1933 tr.is i tern ~1ad decreased to 18 . 2 per cent of all assets. .Again it must br remembered that 

during the period 1925 to 1933 the t ot a.l fund of assets had s hrunk more 

than 36 . 6 pe~ cent. 

In analyzing these data from the credit standpoint, consideration 

must be given to those factors which affect the credit of the industry 

and probably the best gauge is the sirnole but effective and long-used 

formula 6f the banking fraternity, namely: that current assets must be 
-oat least two and on~-half ti~ea the cui~e~~ 1ia~ilities before ~ busine ss 

·s considered to be in P. dUrtent borr0wing state. Deuendin.c; uuo11- this forTJ'lula, 

the enerally acceut ed el ement o~ curr ent assetB should b e further a nelyzed. 

his coin,)arison wo·uld not be B fair one if conside ration was not also given 

o the pai-ticular·' characte.r of this .inJn.stry.: And this is uarticularly so 

hen the inventor y factor nf the curreu t asset u is cnnsidered. Whil e the 

availabl e f i gur es and data d.o. no t defh-.i tel y disclose these facts, it is 

reasonably assumed that t~is industry must include a s inventory in the usual 

cycle of manufacturing a very consiclern.ble quantit r of so-called raw materi§-1, 

depending upon t he practices of the individual manufacturer , .. rang ing from logs 

in the woods, down through trans-porta.tion from wo ods and uu ·to t he so-called 

saw-deck and then through to the drying and the planing nrocesses~ 

In many instance s and in several localiti e s the cycle of nroduction 

e:;:tends over a number of months in each nroduction year. In some sections 

it is not nossible to fall trees in the winter. In other sections it is not 

nossi ble to tro.ns-port logs from the woods to the saw-de'ck durin~ all ne riods 

of the year. In other sections and witp certain snecies of wood it is not ' 

conducive to good first quality n roduc t s to cut log s in the woods if they can not 

be almost immedia tely sawn into rou~h 1umber nroducts. With these considerations in mind it is natural that this indust-ry as a wh ol e should carry an · · . . 

inventory which in other nufacturin~ indu stri e s would be con.sidered e>:cessiv.e. 

The comparison to be now given should b? read wit-h 'the above facts in mind. ( . 

]ased on the amount of inventory of the industry a +- the close of each year 

it is found t ha t in "1926 the gross sal es wer e sli.q-ht ly l ess than four times 

the inventory and this co.n iition ur,evailecl. with dually cr esi g nercentage through the year c. ~9. Beginning <rith 1930, -ho\l!Teve·r; wi·th "the 

inventory rema ining hi'gh and the, 'sales constantly dec'r ea'sing , it is found that 

the sale~ · for 1930 w~te . just about thr ee times the invent·ory; less· "than three 

times in 1931; about two . and one~half time s = in 1932; and two ' and eight-tenths 

times in 1933. The cosf o.:f g:o0ds. sold o:f.·".Qrs.a . mor e -re1iabl'e '1ndica::tor of 

merchandis e turnover, ~nd UE?ing this ~s . th ~ basic ·fi.e:U.r e t6 be com6ared with 

the inventory on hand .it is found h~t in nq ·yeer. be t ween 1926 and 1933 did 

the good.s or merch~ndise movin.i out i.n t o .channels of trade amount to three 

time s the inventory. In 19 3~ the cost of go0ds sold aggregated l ess than 

twice the value of the go.ods .or,t h.and to b.e sold·. : · ' . · ' . . 

In a ddition to this sl6w ·turnover ~ inventory, t he analysis of the 

figures also indicate· c~il ions for. billed merchfthdi se tn have been very 

slow. In 1926 on the basis of the usual method of cnmuutati on (the uercentage of outs tapdin~ accounts t9 total: sBles apl'Jl i ed to tb <:l days in the 

year), t he average sale was not . coll ec ted until 75 days after invnice ~ate. 

This condition had radu~ lly grown worse . $ven durin~ the neriod un t~ 1929, at 

which time the a~ero~e · between invoice . anq: collect~ on was 84 days. Naturally 

during the nres~ion ne~iod this condition was · aggravated, and in 1932 there 

was an averf.'ge of l50 days between t he ~~e of i.nvoice an'd the date of payment, 

and this excessive number of day s was al1most. a .50 ner <fent 'increase over the 

year 1931, when the average used neriod between invoice and payment was 

105 da~r s. In 1933 this neriod b'etween billing and. collection had decreased to 

117 days, but even t nis r educed ne'r'i.od is very much in e:;:cess of the e:;;o:nerience 

record of other industries not indul ing in sales on the deferred or installment 

nlan. 

9813 
- 86-

,. 

A com~:Jilati n has been macle pr e senting as to all major classifications of industry an analysis of the numbe r of fir ms in each such industry that rep~ted profits fo r the y ears from 1920 to 1930 , inclusive (*) 

vfuile it has be en usual to r efer to the year 1926 as the basic or 

measuring ye·ar, an enalysis of the data shows tha.t actually 1920 was the 

best ye a r for the gree.test number of firms in all industries to r eport 

profits. In that year 73 percent of all reuorting corporat ions in the 

forest procucts gr oup earned a profi t . This pe rcentege was exceeded by 

only two other major groups ~ those of Paper pulr end Printing and 

Publishing, which had re spectively 80 and 79 percent of their num~er 

reporting pr ofits in that year . 

Even d11.ring the so~c lled pea.k years of 1928 and 1929 the gr oups 

of corporations did not r eport such high percentage of the numbe r of 

members of the industry making pr ofits. 

From this relativel y high point of 73 percent in number reporting 

profits in 19 0 (1926 to 1929 r anged between 58 and 53 percent) , the 

data show that in 1932 onl y eight percent of e.ll co r po r ations in the 

forest products cl assificeti on repor ted a profi t . This is the poor est 

r e cord of any cla ss of corporation, as no other industry gr oup . shows 

less then 10 percent of its total number r epor ting profits. 

Ext ending this comparison and using total c~pital employed as 

the basis (**), again it is found thet the Forest Products Industry 

was among the highest in 1920 and the l o11•rest in 1932. During the year 

1920 , 89 percent of all assets employed in thE? Forest Products Industr y 

earned a profit, but during 1932 onl y 11 percent of all ·essets employed 

in the industry reported a. profit. .Agein this 11 percent is the lowest 

of a.ll classe s of corporati ons, the nearest bein? the Metal Industry 

in which only 16 percent of total assets employed were able to report 

profitable operations in the ye ar 193 2. - · 

The Bureau of Internal Revenue has furnishe~ for the years 1931~ 

1933, inclusive , certain data concerning co r porations classified on the 

basis of the ext ent of the assets empl oyed. This information is 

included he r ein as Tabl e XXXV. 

It will be not ed tha t the corpor ations ere grouped begin~ing with 

all of those having ~ssets of under $50,000 each ; the next 0 roupin is 

from $50,000 t o $100,COO; and the final gr ouping is of corporations 

having assets of over $50,0·r O,C'\OO each. It vri.ll be noted from the teble 

that a very considereble numb er of the corporations in this industry 

fall within the first t vuo gr oups, nemely, corporat iC'ns having total 

asnets of l~ss than · $100,000 ea¢h. In each of the yea rs tabulated the 

corporations in the two· groups. of l ess than $100,000 totaled more tht=m 

50 percent of 11 corporati ons in the industry. 

(*) See Table XXXVI 

(**) Se e Table XXVII 

9813 
-87-

It is shown thR t there hc:d teen a gradual clownv;Brd shifting of the 

corporations from the large r-as 9e t cl~ssificationso This. is natural and 

normal in view' of p~evio~sly discussed shrink8ge in all classes of assets 

employed in the ind{;_stry over . t ne ~w ri d ccvered by 'the statistics furni ~hed by the Bureau of In t.ernal Re:v sn ·e. 

. . 

As the number of c orporat ions in this industry r eporting profits 

during 1933 was mor e tha.n three t ime s those reporting pr ofits during 1932, 

it woulC. be n8.turcal . to expect th~t this chang e from a ,loss s.tatus to a 

~rofit st~tus would be reiatively riormal i~ t~e various classifications 

and this is borne out oy detailed figures with one or two notable 

exceptions. In the classificntion of $50,000 ~porations the change 

over 1933 was l ess than t1J!To and one-h~ lf times, b~t in the next three 

higher group s the change was at a r ati o of PlOre than three to one. This 

class1fication wPs no't p~epared. by. the Bureau of Internal Rev~nue prior • . ~ 1 • 

to the year 1~31; consequently the comparison c an go n o further back 

than that year. 

A~ has been m~ntioned bef?re, the Burequ of Internal Revenue does 

not publish complete . detBils in connectiQn wi tn the .sub-classification 

of 11 capi t?l assets 11. :;~~ei-the r do they publish any. information upon which 

an acc~rate divisi~:m c.ould. be ma de of notes' and accounts bearing interest 

as distinguish ed from those ccounts payable upon which no interest is 

t9 be computed; . nor is 1there any. inf.ormation as tq what constitutes 

"other liabilities11. 

In. viewing all ''cap ital asset.s 11 of .the corporations reporting to 

the Bu~eau of Int e.rnc-1 Revenue (:44) it ~s found that fron;t the close of 

the year 19 2,6 through the' clo'se of the YEi:ar 1933 the "cap~t l assets" on 

Lecember 31, 1926 , , in the mount of $1, 853', 888~000 . had bee.n subjected 

to a write..-doYTn of .$708,:453,000 • . This sum :i.s mad~. :up o;f $454,061,000 

of depreC:Jiati.on and $254,39 2,0"0 ·of denletion. Considering these 

amounts writt en against "cRpi tA.l assets"~ it i.'s devel oped that 'as of 

Decembe r 31, 1933 there .have been added, during the .period, assets of 

the ne t value of m~re than $194, 00., 000.: . · 

The re is no iDformation upon which can :be based Emy real computation of .the values added to 'th~ CBpi tal assets classification, but the 

figures 'do show th~t in .. the year 1927 mote .th'ari $41, OOQ, 000 of net values . I ' 

were added; thts addition i.n 1 928 amounted to niore than $173,000,000 and 

in 1929 to nearly $44, 000, 000 , with .a net addition in 1930 of more than 

$65,000 , 000 . In 1931 the.re was e:~ n e t reduct ion in 11 cepital assets" of 

nearly $85,r'l00 , 000 ; ab out $500,000 r-e'duction in the year ·1932; and 

nearly $45,000,000 measures the decrease in the year 1933. These 

additions and 6eductions must . be comput e d without any information as 

to the value of "capital assets" sold, upon which profits an1 l o sses 

were susteiTl e d. by the industry. The publi'shed figures do not show any 

inforruati on .on this subject fo r the years 1926 , 1927 or 1928. In 1929 

it is shown t hat profit~ on the sale of "capita~ assets" exceeded 

$27,000 , 0 JO , but the re ar e no data as to any loss that might have been 

incurred. Beg inn ing with 1930 the ureau of Inter~al Revenue separately 

tabulated and published fi gur e s representing both l osses and profits on 

the sale of "ca.pital assets". In ~93 0 they reported prdfits of $6,636,000 

(*) See 'l'able XXXIV 

9813 
-88-

and losses of $8,879 1 000; 1n 1931 -profits of $6,504,000 and losses of 

$6,9 J8,0.00 ; in- 1932 profits of $2 , 332,000 and loss e s of $14,321,000; and 

in 1933 profits of $4,795,000 and l osses of $9,894,000.. These quoted 

figures crm be only partial informRt i ·.Jn, as tt,e actual neV'I additions to 

plants E1nd equipment- and to stPnding timber can not be gauged without 

knowin.cs the -cost value of these assets which had been sold during the 

peri od. 

In connection with the liabilities it ~ould be informative to know 

the extent of the a~ount upon which interest ,,,ould have to be paid and 

the rate of that interest. How~ver, ~ithout complete information as to 

the ch~racter of these liabilities only an effective r ate of interest 

upon the total of all liabilities at the close of the year can be comp~ted. ·rhis interest rate starts with .0376 in 1926, increases to 

. • 0443 in 1928, and is reduced to . 0425 in 1931, . 034 in 1932 and . 0318 

in 1933. 

One of the larger elements of cost in this industry is the amount 

of taxes pa.id other than J..,ederal income t?x. Again complete information is not available; hence it can only be stated th~t beginning ~ith 

1926 the reporting corporations paid almost $4l,~O ,C OO in taxes, and 

these tPxes were grP.dually r educed in amount to $30,000,000 in 1931. 

This latter amount is e reduction of nearly $5,)00 , 000 ove r 1930, and 

is the gree.test single redu ction in any one year of the pericd mentioned. 

However, between 1931 Pnd 1932 there evidently ~as either a sharp 

reduction in the amount of taxes actually accruing or else this group 

divested itself of a very considerable amount of values, for the tax 

burden in 1932 had ceen r educed to a9out $23,600,000 end there was a 

further reduction of about $500 , ) OO in the taxes paid in 1933. By 

reason of the :lack of information.thes e r eductions cen not be classified 

or explained but cc:m only be cited from the actual published, and in 

most cases_, audited figur es. 

In connection 'f'i th the profits and l osses sustc:dned by this industry, it c~n .be pointed out, but without a full discussion by reason of 

the lack of informe.tion , that durin.e: this pe ri od or eight years when the 

industry actually 'incurred 13: loss of $235,498,000, it reports other 

income to the extent of $696, 943,000, Of this sum e.bou t $160 , 000 , 000 

was r eceived fr.om interest, rents and roye.lties, about $52·, 00, 000 was 

received. as dividends from other corporations end the industry r eceived • 

from tex free inve~tments the sum of $17 ,139,000 • . 

The forest products industry is based upon a natural resource and 

it would be expected normally to find that . most of the depreciation and 

the depletion of the physical assets and of the standin.g timber would be 

computed on an arnor~iza.tion ba.sis. that V'!Ould extinguish the assets with 

the actuPl resource. The figures presented by the Bureau of Internal 

Revenue very largely support this general premise, but it is a lso evident 

that a very considerable portion of the physical assets are depreciated· 

upon some straight-line basis. For the right yePrs of operation the 

industry char ged out agD inst cost Oi goods sold, depreciation and depletion 

amounting to $843,731,000. The percentpge of this charge remained fairly 

constPnt during the first four years vrhen the ind.u s try had a reesonable 

amount of production. In 1926 this rate •nas 6 percent of the cost of 

goo ds sold, increased. to 6. 46 percent in 1928_, and wa.s reduced to 6. 12 

percent in 1929. Beeinning with the depression, however, the ue rcentage 

9813 
- 89-

of the cost of goods sold r epresented by these it ems of cost amounted to . 

7,27 percent in 1 930 , 7. 48 p~ rc rt in 1~31, .17 pe rcent in 1932, ?nd, 

9, 18· percent in· 1 933:. · . 

With the vast Preas oi timbe r l anci. o;rned by the. o~ ga niz e?t on s making 

up the Lumbe r and Timber Products I nd,,.s t'ry , and wi -f,"h. ·· ~hift in g c enters ·or' 

production as well 2s shiftir:g centers of demand hc:rving c·tmsed a d.upiication of p r oduet i on ?p~ ci ty fer in excess or th8 actua l effec tive demand 

for., the· pr oducts of · the i ndus try, i t .is a no :ewe r thy fact that the data 

from the . Bur e?u of Internal .r--evenue (known to', n ot c ove r the entir·e inoustry) . show · that th.e c api tBl s true ture o£· this ~o . i~considerab le group of 

corpora.tion s (heving ~ver $4 ,·ooo l 000 ' oob of f'.C tual as s~t s in 1926) has a 

remarkab l y conservative division between that contributed by owners· and · 

that contributed by creditors, especially tho s e' creditors of the more · 

formBl .clas's .. -yvhose indebtedness is r epre9epted by bond s and mortgages. 

This industry is faced with the riece s.si ty of carrying in its ·own 

ownership st'pnding t-imber suffi cient .[or the production ne.eds of its 

lumber manufa cturing e quipment f or pe riods rang ing from 20 to 25 years 

in the Southe rn Pine Division and from 50 to 75 yee rs in the West Coast 

Divisi on , with all th,e B,ttendant carry ing cl),arge s of a fixed nature such 

as interest end tPxes. It r~1 st p r ov ide .fo r the CBrry ing of a considerable 

body of costs into it ~ pr oduction schedule ~hat are more in the na ture of 

product·ion or manuf a cturing costs, 

The costs of p roduction c onstitute the next p roblem of this indus~ 

try to be considere~~ . . 

9813 
-90-

D. PRODUCTION COSTS 

The cost of producti on in the Lumber and ·Timber Products Industry 

is primi:lrily concerned with costs of c-g ~ing and of manufe.cturing, plus, 

of course, general 0verhead e.x:penses uf the unit and. the shipping e.nd 

selling expenses. 

Logging includes all ope rati ons in the roo~s from f2lling (the 

cutting o~n of the tree), bucking (cutting the tree into l og l ength3)• 

ski doing and/ or yarcfin,c; (mc,ving of logs from where felled to l oading 

center for transpor ta tion t o mill), and the many and varied operati ons 

of establishing the logging cemps on the site of the standing timber 

(timber or l ogging chance). 

Transportati on is the moving of the l ogs by any c,f several methods 

frorn the l ogging chance t o the saw.:11i 11 yard or l og pond. 

Manufc:<cturing is the conversi un of the saw l og into usable lumber 

products. 

The logging of stl:~nd ing timbt:·r i s vari ousl y performed by casual 

workers in their own timber l ot ur on the ir uwn smPll re~t holding, 

by groups uf iuen especially 2;~ ed f Jr thc?.t pnrticul?r "'lu rk either 

on the timber l ot of one uv.,ne r ur of ?l , as the cc- se mew be , and 

by gr oups of men r egul arly ernpl uved. ov the or genizati .... n ?ctually 

owning the timber and sawmill. It can be seen tha t tl e costs of such 

widelv diversified operations will oe i r om the very sketchiest to the 

most definit ely recorded fig~ es . 

In connecti on ith l ug€ing costs there also ~1st be considered 

the general subject of tre.nspcrte.ti vn uf the l vgs fr om the <>tump t o 

the rail or vther tran sportat i vn hec-C. and fr om there t o the sa r-deck. 

This first trc:<nspc rtati on mav cvnsist of skidding over the ground for 

a limited distance by motor or uther m~arab e power, or by the use 

of air lines. The second stege is usuFlly by .10 tor truck, spur railr oads or cum:nun carri ers end waterwevs. 

With the l ogging oper ations (and transport a ti on) ein~ vari vusly 

performed under va r y ing conditi ons of climate, thickness of the stend 

of timber end size of trees, <md differences in the op).!?; ra~ y from 

the swe.mp lands of the Southeastern secti on where cypr e ss is produced 

t o the steep and r ocky mountBin sides of the \". estern secti vn of the 

United St a tes, it c?n be seen t het the actua l cost of t he se~ l og 

delivered t o the s av•mill cc-.n a.nd nec essarily must very Cvnsiderably 

as the conditi ons briefly sketched aouve ~i ll vary in the differ ent 

locelities. 

Al ong with differences in the k i nd and the c ost of the actual 

logging of timber vrill come the C j st of that s tending timber. StFtnding 

timber, as one important problem of this industry, h?s be en tnorouehly 

discussed in B previ ous chapter. The cost of stending timbe r ri 11 

naturally vary depending upon whe t he r the orgenization has ow ed and 

has been DE'ying the maintenance and cPrrving costs upon the timbe r 

9813 
- ':Jlland ~or a number of yec?rs, and uuun v he the::: tt e l o-gge r or the sawmill 

operator is ouying a nar tic 1lar stand 1...1 .f timber or is only buying so 

m~ny thou sand feet (l og sca.l e ) uf 1 -Y·s ·:! S and. whe n a ctually r emoved 

from the fo r est sta nd. T1}.e c ost 1.'7i l 1 als o vary 'for the same species 

in ciiffer ent l occ?liti es uf the se ;ne g P:J.era l timber r pngr> , and a l so fo r 

competing species i n entirel y d i fferert sect i ons of the United Stat e s. 

In consideri ng the subject of milling or lnenuf Rcturing costs it 

will be un~ that the v r r iati ons i n si z e and ch a r e cter of s awmill 

plAnt wi ll have e very n o t iceable effec t u pon t he t otal c o st. The 

number, l ocA ti on A.nd cepacity of the SPV'rnills, . tne c,rcle of d evel opment 

in the charect e r a nd size of . t he mills e1r..Q. the ' chc?nges in lumber manufP.cturing centers have been treated p:cev i ousl y . Tl;.e large r plants 

necessarily must include a1nong the ir costs a great many i terns of expenditure gen e r e l ly classed. as C~d dni strati ve. an-' ove ~1 ec.d, to "llh i ch the 

m;:~ ll r units Pre not sub j e ct in the same degree. The l a r ger plants 

genen'llly keep a easo r c omplet e set of bookke ep ing r e c ords but many 

of tne smaller ~l ts op~ te ith _ only the sketchiest, i f any, definite 

rec or ds of , t he ir c osts of oper pti on. 

ith this revi eq of th ~ fie l d , ~h ch n e c essarily can t ouch only 

the high s pots of the existin . .:- diffe::ences, i t can be seen t hPt the 11 c ost 

of production" must be subjected t o mc>ny diff ering treatments prodllcing 

fi gures in :neny instances .of t he mo s't .doubtful VA.lidi t y " ' .. 

rhe history of t he indus try, fr o!n the standpo int of its a cc ounting 

and its gene r e l efforts at dev e l opment · f costs of pr odu ction, has been . \"'" . - . 

altogether a his t ory of relatively si,12 ll :;r oups of :.1p nuf a c turers in the 

sAme gene r a l · field wor k ing togethe r i n smQ ll ass ociati ons c ov e ring only 

a fr8ctional pe.rt of the i nP,uotry f or the ga the·r.ing and c onsideration of 

costs. It has be en varl y r .E.po r .teci 't ha .t ~my uf. the larger units 

have very ex:tensive and i nfo rr:1e tive co st r ec. rd·s • . NitA has not had an 

opportuni ty t o exemine ai'1Y of,- t hese r- ccount'ing or cus_t r e c ords and has 

n ot had ~n o~po tunity t o direct ly r evi ew the finished u r odu cts of t he 

syst ems in the f orm of defi nite c o sts. 

Certain as~ociati ns of ffi::\nuf ac t u r els uf certa in spe cies have 

att empted to e c cumul ate c osts from 1e ir members and." t 'J gather these c osts 

int o aver ag e~ for e ll of th0se parti pa ti~ g in the c o st gathering . 

Apparently ther e has been a disr.osit i on on t he p2 rt of the member of 

the i:1dustrv not t o participc?te in such 2.n unciertPking , anci c onse cuently 

practically . 11 of the costs wh ich have been dev e l oped are les of 

Only r Dart, anc a ,S in~ ll part at that ,. Of t he industry. 

The c a sts of lo ing pnd of sawmill ope rati on have also be~the 

subject of study by the u. S. Deue.r tment of Ag ricu lture , E'orest Service, 

thr ough the For est Fr oduc ts LP.b orat or v . These c ost stuc1 i es necessarily 

could. be on l y semples and not Actue lly represer tC~ tive of the entire industry . 

Costs ncernin~ t he u~be r Industr y have be n ge t hered uy the U.S. 

~P rri ff Commissi on. (*) 

( *) U.S. Tariff Commission port to the Pre s i den t on Lumbe r - heno rt 

No. 32 , Se cond Series (1 31) 

9813 
:rhis 

the c osts 

as to the 

report Y'eS iss:.:_ e d in 0~ 1 !~ nd , ... 1~·s OC'l s e ci U"'Ju n 2 

of t he y (:; ar 9~9 . The uasis vi t h is CJ St st·.lOV 

United States, bv 178 'llills l oc.sted in: 

The Porthe Gtern Stat e s: ~a , Ne~ £pmpshire 

<'llld n~s sa setts . 

·rhe Lc:ke St c:-tes : [·/i r·nesot e. and. ·.:isconsin 

The Inlrmd Emu ire: '.1es tern ;11on tc>.ne, Forth'3 rn 

Idaho , .E.r'l stern ~~R shin .£; , 

study 

'MC 

end Eastern and Centra l Oregon . 

The P8c ific Nor t hv'est: '.:e s tern Oreg on and vv estern 

hin n 

c overing 

c overed, 

The Southern States: AlabPm? , Arka nsas, }'l orida , 

Ge or g ia, 1 ouisiancc , Li ssissi Dpi, 

fo rth Cer ol"ina , Sou t h Caroline , 

rex.ss a nd ir inia. 

It wps sou.e:ht t o develop t he costs be s e <i e n c- F~ge c o st per thousand 

feet boaid mea sure of dr e ssed lumbe r, e nc it wa s e cc rd n~lv ne cessary 

to develop first the c·ost of rcugh lumber an c t hen t o 8dd t he c ost -pe::r 

thousand feet of dressing the lumber . r h i s s epa r et i on was ne c e ssary by 

reas on of the fc.ct that ;11c; ny 01 t h e tnills cl. i d· not s e ll dressed lumber 

and that in most· inste.nc e s eve n v.rher e _the Llills oid h ave F~ cili ti e s for 

the dressing of l umb e r, ·e c onsi derable porti on 01 t he ir output was !';Old 

as r ough g re en or rou.!!h dry l umb er. In dev Yp in~ the c osts fo r t h e 

production of lumbe r it as n e cessc9ry t o exclu de certe in c osts thet vrere 

not involved in the pr od:t ... ct i on of l u 1t10e r ancl it ' "'P s Bl so n e c e ssRry to 

exclude saarces of income and· of loss other t~Pn t no s e c onne ct e d with 

production_ of lumb.e r. · 

The normFi l grouping of costs ent e rin.? int o produ ct1on of lumber TDBY 

be described briefly as fo ll s: 

1. ?tAW M.ArFJU .AL COSTS 

The logs are e ither produced as e. pc.rt of th € SFi "{l'TJoill ope rati on or 

ere "9urchc>sed from inc1e')Jendent" l ·JgP:;ers or other s ources. ),h e n s o purchased 

the rc:1w meterial c osts c>re a l<no•111n an.d definite factor. ·;hen the l ogs 

are produced bv the mil1. the c ost h8s t o' b e ascertc?ine d and t he s e costs are: 

9813 

(e.) Stumpage e:l t he r as a charge covering 

dep l e ti'On o{ timber hol ding 01''!1ed or 

Payment mede on vprious contrpctuAl 

bases for the privilege ot cutting 

timber unde r e ither public or pri vate 

ownership . 
-93-

(b) Costs f or ~oo s o~er , inc in ~ 

direct l e b a r, su up l i cc l pnc e __ p enses 

of f e lling t h e tr e es c>n\~ cu t t ing t h e 

l 0g s, e nd oi o t he r prEp ti) n of t he 

log s ~ veme nt t o t he ill. These 

expens e s may oe e itne r pc t uRlly nc.id out 

f or the ri ous servi c e f' perfor me d. direc t ly 

f or t he loge:;e r or sanmill ope ret or, or may 

b e p;:li d in e. l u mp sum on t he Dasi s of so 

mu ch per t h ou san d. fe e t t o some on e wh o is 

super in t en C.l ng s"J.ch op or 2 t 1. o ns. 

(c) rra n s_ort a ti on of t~ e l og s fr om the st"'J.J~ 

or ~oo ds to the mill inc lude s the operati on 

of the og~ er's own tran s uo rtati on eouipment 

ano pey-:nent s mRde t o ot he rs f or the ectu.al 

trans porta ti on. 

(d) ~here is also the el me nt of g ene ral an~ administrative pe r:s es which must be Ppporti oned 

betwe en og ing ope r e ti cns , se wmill ope rations, 

planing mill oper a ti ons, a nd s elling a nd de livery. 

2. SA\,MILL OR nOTJGH LUMBER CONVERSI ON COSlS 

., 

The very ing 1_:rectices of the .S<"'"''Tiills. in t he C..if:fer ent sections of 

the United StPtes a s t o i nclusi on or eAclusi vn of certPin f e ctors in I ' 

sewmill costs re o_uire s ome e::·ol [l nP t i o:n a nc s ome re a rrang e r.1e nt of the 

d2.ta assembled . The conversH>n cost s gener c.lly include direct labor, 

operating expenses and sup pl1 e s f or t h e sp,,;nill proper , with 11 yard costs" 

and a proDortion of en rPl a nd edminis trptive ~p ns . Yard costs en

erally include F~ll cos.ts of he.ndling t he l ogs fi·om t h e -p ond or sa~N deck 

to the sBws and the ha]16ling of the lu1J1 oer ~fter it. is first awey from 

the saws through the drying Pnd ref inish ing prp cess e.s to' the yarp. pil es, 

ancl sometimes includ.es l oeding end h a::1dling for sh i ~ment . 

In the Douglas Fir Di visi on a p art of the '' yard. costs'' usually are 

charged to rough lumber a nc 8 part t o dre s sec lumber. 

In the S·ou thern Pine :Divis ion in the Inlc>nd Ern-·:-- i re anc in the 

Northe stern Divic:oio.n 11 ye.rc. c osts" are not c ommonly. divided bet 1Peen rough 

lumber or S"".ViT ffii 11 operations enci pl;:- ning or dr e.ssing operations. 

Shinpin _ or l o, ding experses con.sist of cos't~ incurred i n l oading 

the lumber, e ither rou h or dr e ssed , f or shi pment. And a g ain the method 

of treati ng t h ese c osts v pr·i e s in d ii f er e nt mills. Such va riances rang e 

from to tal inclusi on of such c osts into eno ·with "vard costs, 11 to a 

pertiel s e,e:regetion t o rou.e·h lumber costs e nd a partic>l seg r eg e.tion and 

taoulation with s e lling expenses and with costs .of dr e ssing lumber. 

It is necessary also in &e ve l oping costs t o give consideration to 

and to uniformly t:rea.t VElrious method s used ov the sawmills in the same 

~813 
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divisi ons and be t ween divisi ons i n t te hP li ng of credi ts t o the cost 

of -product ion. The se credits nor mp lly come f r om the sal e of "'aste 

and of some bv-products. Other cr- edi t s, de-cond.ing ~o n the specifi c 

ouerati on, rn .. e;ht come f rom the s 8le of el ectri c i ty or -povre r gene r ated 

as a part of t he savmill ope r at i on. It i s necessa r v al so to consider 

cre cJ its f or certa in lumb er -pyod'J. ct s, e spe ci a lly lath 2nd si~ i lar i terns, 

which in s ome divisi ons .sm~nt d t o consi de r a bly more t han 1n other 

divisi ons. 

3. DRESSDJG O.R PLAN ING COSTS 

Thes e it ems of the cost of pr eprr ing the f inished l umber for market 

include l ebor, ope r At ing expenses of t he ul en ing mi ll, of the dr y kilns, 

and an apportionment of gener Al aomi nistrAtion eApenses. 

4. GENERAL EXPENSES A.cliJD OVELiliEAD 

Incident al t o Ei ll of t he ope r at i ons up to the -production of the 

rough or dr essed lumber must cvme t ho s e expenses generally cl a ssed as 

ov er head i t erns, incluc i ng i nt er est, deprecic>t i on u-pon mc>cninery and 

equipment, cmd t axe s other t han iederPl Income ra.x.. 

The depreci at i on oi the ysicC~ l property as distinguished from the 

de pleti on or exhau stion of t h e natu r pl r e source of standing timber is 

com1.1unly computed in thi s indust r y upon Ei Jasis that nrill "'rite down 

the value of the pl ant cmd othe r pbysi cE!1 pr upe r ti es with the declining 

quantitv of ra~ mpte r i Pl avC'lilabl e . Th i s i s espe ciolly true when the 

sawmills own t he t1 mbe r, but whe r e , ClS i n the test Coa.st Division, .:1any 

of" the sawmills are opereting on l ogs purchc>sed fr om omme rcic:~l loe;gers 

and own very little if E~ny t i rnoe r, su ch cJepreci.?tior is com-cuted upon one 

of the accept ed str2i ght line ta s es. 

In the opbent of costs i t h?s been the prActice to allocc:~te 

the general expens e s, i ncluding de~r ciet on Clnd taxes, to th VC'lrious 

types of ope rat i ons carried on. 

In the final b :" •JUl.? ti on of the cost data it i s sou!"h t , by sele c t ion 

and tabulation, to show the over B;;::e s comput ed a.ccorcing to species in 

the various sections of the country fo r t he ch8rC~cte r of the oper ations. 

As costs heve be en devel oped by t he vari ou s agencies concerned , 

the above detailed plans ha s been gener Plly fo ll o'~'ed . This is espec i ally 

true of the cost . dc>t P. gE~ er d by t he es rn Fine AssociAtion and by 

the Southern Pine Ass oci a ti on, one was mo r e or l ess the gene ~l policy 

of . costing adopted by the Lumber Code Autho r i t y AS discussed in ' the 

following sub-chap ter. 

5. HISTOE.Y O.i!' COSTS UND~R NRA 

One of the probl ems tha t fa ced t he industry and. the NRA, from t he 

ea rliest discussi ons concerning t he Code wa s , in gener <'1 1 ter ms , llhow 

could the industry increFJse hour s of emplovment and hourly vrage s 2nd get 

back at lePst the 'out-of-pocke t costs' of producti on of l umber ? 11 

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his was especially troubl e sooe in t~e f r ee of the kn o~n f8cts that: 

(a) t~e industrv had be en oaerating ~t a loss for a 

number of '[e?r s. 

( u) stock s of lumoer in the ha!ld.s of the ma nuf a.ctur ers were very lar .:e. 

(c) demand for lumber had be en decre a sing ror 

sever81 years. 

(d.) the construction ind\lst:::-y, vrhich annue.lly absorbs a cons id.er able ·oo:·ti on or lumber, vre s at 

the absolute lo1f.l point of its historv. 

As C'l pertial solution of this problem it we.s mutually agreed 

that 2ny of the additional chRrges incident to the Code could be assumed by industry only ·ben such increa sed costs could concurrently 

be recovered by cornpensc.ting ?CjustL1ents in prices for lumber and timber 

products. It wps realized tha t this princiule involved the applicetion 

oi mini:rrum prices, and in reco[ nition of the feet that there must 

be protection of the public ec:;c:dnst t ne aht.-;.se of the p01'· er to fix 

minimum pri ce~ there must nece ssari,ly r esult e formula for determining 

cost of pro0uction. It ~as t herefore ro~osed thP.t reighted ?verE~se 

costs should be deter'Ji ned and that lumber 2nd timber products should 

not be sold or offered for se.le at prices '?'hich dici. not cover such 

costs. 

The record is clear that in custr y WP S r-ot e specielly interested 

in determining pure costs of produc:i on, and. ~parently the NP~ ?lso 

was not, et le2st in the be innin , especia+ly concerned vrith this 

matter. It seemed to be the parpmount consideration on the nart of 

both industry and JI::RA thc:1t . "cost protecti o'1 11 was the object and the eim 

rather then ''cost of nrocu cti on. 11 

Throu~hout the record, the recommend.9tions and the reports in 

connection v1i th the · Code of Feir Competl t _ion for the Lumber end 

Timber Products Industries t here runs -this continued reference to 

and considerc>tion -of. "cost protectL.- n," and dir6ct "out-of-pocket 

costs. 11 Also throu.ghout the r e cord· run.s discussion of the necessi·tv 

for the este.blishment of e 11 formuL~· for cost protection" and. the 

necessi tv o.f es ta bl i shing a 1'r1ini mu!i1 price" the t ···auld permit the 

incus"try to maint?in itself on the price ~;·,hich it could secure for 

its products. 

The record of negotiations leading up to the presentation of the 

Code also is replete with discussion$ concernirg debatable items that 

III\,lst be in some mpnner includeci. in any r'ormul a for the development of 

c_ost of production but ,-·hich mi ght or might not oe included in a formula 

for cost protectio · These oebc-teble items. mere: 

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(a) vc>lue of stumpPge. 

(b) depreci8tion. 

(c) cost of conserving and replacing as much 

timber as was harvest~d. 

Article IX of the Code was titled "Cost Protection" and gc>ve the 

Code Authority the right to est?blish and revise minimum prices f.o . b. 

mill ''to protect the cost of production of • · •••• lumber and timber 

products, " when in its opinion it vrc>.s ?ble 11 to determine cost of production" as cefined in Section A, Article IX. It 11\las also provided in 

Articl e IX of the Code that "current v•eighted averrge cost of production 

••• • sh?.ll be established by uniform ?c counting prclctices, 11 and then 

fallowed. an itemization of e-ll of the :dir_ect and indirect costs of production and sfll e of the product and the administration of the properties. 

There were dertpin limitations, ho~ever, 

(a) se lling costs should not include advertising or trade promotion 

(b) insurance should not incluoe insurance 

oD standing timber. 

(c) tpxes should not include emounts on 

st?nding timber in excess of c 12 year 

suppl y. 

(d) interest was not to include any charges 

accru i ng on obl i gations to carry timber 

in excess of a 12 yea r supply. 

It was al so specified in Article IX, that depreciation should not 

be included 11until such time as the Authority shell have fon1Ul?ted and 

secured the generel applic8tion by the sever? l Divisions and Sub-divisions 

of the methods of eccounting 11 by which the depreci8.tion was to be accurately ascertained • • • • It was specified also in Article IX, that 

depreciation shoul d be computed 11 on straight line raethod and b?sed on 

fair va l ue or the cost whichever is lower • • •• 11 8nd that this item 

shoul d al so include amortization of investments in logging reilroads, 

docks , and other logp,ing and pl?nt facilities. 

The cost of production for each species deterl!lined as specified 

in Ar ticl e IX, 1Pas t o be allocated by the Authori t:1 to the ·several items 

or _cl assifications of lumber or other products for which minimum prices 

were to be esteblished. It was specified that "weigh ted average mini mum pri ce of 811 items and classifications for each species shall not 

be mor e than cost of production" including all of the items specified 

i n the cost formula nor "less then said cost after deducting capital 

charges of depr eciation and the fair market V8lue of standing timber 

tha t was to be determined bv the Administrator." 

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~ . . 

Thus it will be s e e n t hFt t ther e v-:· s e r ec te d under t he Code , a 

so-ce lled formul P for AscertPining cost of product i on 1nhen the 

actue.l and avowed purpose of the inciu stry v·a s to devel op fe~cts ap 

to costs and that a s to e?ch Divisi on or Suo- civisi on or g,roul;) of 

members of the industry tne se cost s 17 'e }~ e t o be deve lope d on 11 the 

~eighted avere~. ;s 11 of EJll in t he pe rticu l ar grou :9 of mc:mufe~cturers and 

that this ,;rreighteG. averc·.ge co st of production v11 a s to ·oe applied purely 

for the purpose of 9rot ec ting the mlnimurn p rices t ha t had been or were 

to be e,s tablished by the Coce Authority. .All of tnis involved proceeding 

was to be carried out oy the Co de Authority of ·<m indus try of rhich it 

?Jas stated 11 adequC'lte, unifonn, and realistic accounting particularly 

among smell establishments is not char9cteristic of this industry." 

Here wps a.n irdustry composed of at least 17, 000 menufecturing 

units operating in p r c>c ticRlly every ste>te of the union, tha.t, most 

emphaticelly, WPS not cost c on sci ous. It 'IIVFIS not a ne 1j!1 industry, and 

although the principa l prociucing cen ter·s had shii ted very materiC'lll y, 

in generpl the menufacturing p rocesses remRined l a r gely similar. It 

haci. success ively pessed through .mny periods of fpmine and of plenty, 

but up to, and even throu sh the code period the gr ee t :1 e~jori ty of the 

members of the inrustry had n o t be en educated to the n e cessity of 

knowing their costs of production. 

It cannot b e overl ooked that t he industry does offer s.ome considerable obste~cles to exRct c o sting . The procucts of the industry I . . 

er e numerous, Ftnd m? ny of the v·ariations behreen products are too 

often matters of eJ,.,-pediencv, rc>ther than actuc> l diff erences in character 

of product. 

Costs of production c an and should be detern ined for the industry. 

Only with true <md dependabl e costs as e. b a ckg r ound , CF.ln the industry 

hope to find its way out of tne difficulti es in r.~rh ich it is no immersed, 

and to solve its ~Fny problems. 

The determinRt ion of direct costs is n ot u n<iuly C.ifficult. It is 

in the interpretation, analvsis and distriou.ti on of indirect costs 

that the princi pel d.ifficul ty is usua lly encountered, :·;i th the "'ide 

geogr8phicP l spread o:t' t h is incus try end. v1 i th the- necessity o:f oompil ing 

costs for the sm811 n e i gh borhoo d sawmill and. the Vast me~nufacturing 

plants of the .est Coast hegi on , the t esk of determining true costs 

for this industry was !DCI?t unlikely of successful a.ccomplishment. · The 

determinati on of 11 vrei. hted average out·-·of-pocket· :costs" with a ll of the 

indefini tene sses c_o:!lprehendeci in such an und ertaking would be the 

accomplishment of c9 super-mf'n. It is not de emed unf2 ir either to the 

industry or to l\iEA to ste~te in retrospect that had the industry and NRA 

sought t o e st R..blish true costs of producti on f or individual sawmills 

and then t o pro-perly a.nd int e lligently interpret thes e facts, many of 

the difficulti es ::1e t in 'attempt ing to utilize the methods of expediency 

tha.t 'li'Te re e~dopted in the a ttemp t to determine and to recover out-of-

-pocket costs and to prot e ct prices 1i'JOUl d not have been en countered. 

Both industry · and Go~erm~1ent-h ve profited by this e.Xper~e.n,ce a11d .it is 

safa--t o s·t C1 te· ·t:r,Dt neither -w-,,u'ld· 'again embark- ,upon ~suph~ -an -1.ndef1.n1 te 

project • ... 

':3813 
..,.gg_ 

Doubtless, one of the fruits of the code experience has been a 

co operation behrec n manufacturers in a division and bet1

FT een divisions, 

and the consider C~ tion of problems common to them all. 

Under t .1e euthori ty grc>_nted in Article IX of the Lumber and Timber 

Products Industries Code the Code Authority began the publication of 

price bulletins in October, 1933 , and complet ed the issua.nce of this 

first edition in December, 1 933 . These minimum prices thus established, 

'ne re oased upon data incomplete and unsatisfactory for the purpose 

or determining cost. Data had been received from many of the divisions 

of the Lumber Code Authority, A considetable portion of this cost data 

wc>s available for stucy by the Lumber Code Authority l a te in December 

of 1933. This materiel was plainly lebeled ''Cost Substantiation Data. 11 

Upon this information other price bulletins were issued. The ~ccountants 

for the Lumber· Code Authority, in discussing this cost substantiation 

data, raised many points as to its authenticity. It 'PS recognized 

that the costs that were to be secur ed -rere not upon the usual accounting bC~sis but were purely upon Pn industry bAsis FI S suecified 

under the Code. It was recognized that much of the informC~tion first 

gc> thered was not reliable and that the basis of cost gathering for 

purposes of later minimum price substantiation must be chAnged. Thereupon, the industry, acting u~on advice of its Code Authority, develo~ed 

a ne'"' cost auesti or.nFJire w.hich I?PS issued to industry :1emoers in April , 

1934, and requested sub~ission of cost data for JanuC~ry, February, and 

lVIB.rch, 1934. 

This latter-mentioned cost dRta ~as wuch more definitely arran~ed 

than any of that previously submitted Bnd, under reP.sonable conditions 

of complic:mce on the part of the semmill operators, v,ould hc:>ve supplied 

the Administration and the Code Authority with standc:>rcized data from 

all divisions. Naturally, many of' the members of the industry were 

not accustomed by past prectices to the orderly and systematic development of cost data; others were not interest d ·enough to present such 

data and many others had no r ecords, so there ~Ps considerable veriation 

in the extent of the ir co~pliance with the request for this material. 

These variations nC?turelly tended to destroy a considerable part of the 

inherent worth of these cost dat a , 

One of the deficiencies in the cost data submitted under the 

Code Authority was lack of inventories. Deta concerning i ventories 

of raw material and_ of finished product were i gnored in the preparation of the cost deta for the first three months o1 1934, altho~gh 

the industry was advised in Rovemoer, 1~33, that it then appeared imperative for all Code Division and Sub-Divisi on Autnorities to prepare 

their calls for information in such a manner as woul d reouire the individuC?l operators to furnish the inventory material. (*) 

(*) 1-.C.A, 33-l45, dated 1.bvember 301 1933 - C. Arthur Bruce, 

Exeeutive Officer, Lumber Code Authority, 

. . . --

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Th~ cost· data for the first three months· of 1934 Were large iy 1n th~? hands of the Lumber Code Authority in ·.7ashington early in June, 1934. 

In reviewing these data man7 i n cons i stencie s with established accounting p ractice and even with the formula e::-::p r e ss ed in the Code were 

brought to the attention of the Code Authority by their own department of Costs and P rices and by the a ccounta nts under contra ct. 

Many revisions of the cost data were ne cessary, rang ing from the 

substitution of estimated for a ctual costs to the ·necessity for virtually a complete abandonment of the procedure outlined in Section IX 

of the Code which a lso involved the chan€.;ine; of the App roved Cost Formula published as a part of that Article. 

The change s most far-reachinb i n e ffe ct on actual costs were as 

follows: 

(a) .Substitution of approved stump a ge costs for actual 

stumpage costs ( * \ 

(b) The . arbi tr:ary det e rmination that all d.epre cia tion must be 

'c"omputed ~n. a str ~5ht line basis (*) 

.(c) The invoking. of a new p rincip le - 11 adjus "tmen t of inva-

·riable overhea d costs .'' 

C13rtain of the incongruities. in .. ~he cost data· were as follows: 

(a) The fail-ill-e "to ,·p rovide co mp hen~i ve data concerning 

grade and size outturn of the roduct of the saw-log 

(b) The computation of dep r eciation on· a strai ~5ht-line basis 

and on ,p rcs ent value of ass e ts, when ·it had previously 

~e n commited on the diminish ing supply bas.is, with 

produ.ction only a fr ctio~ · p art of the usual pre-de-

.pre ssion production and of t'he capacity to produce.(**) .. . .. . I .. 

For the fir_st tim~ cost data were :i ou ht ·o·n thG. basis of all mills 

in a division without regard to t he spe cies pr"\:3 domina ti.ng . in the production. Such procedure did not particularly aff ect the costs developed in tpe Southern fine Division, for in the se stat e s the production 

of the mi~ls is ge.nerally p~edo m"inantly So1.ithern ":Pine,· although in 

some sections some cypress would be cut and i'n o·thei· ·sections some hardwoods woUld be encountered. In the western ·ar ea where Douglas Fir, 

hemlock, spruce, Ponderosa p ine and Idaho white pine are generally 

found intermi~ led. in timber stand, the development of costs by areas 

rather than by mills .. producing specific . species offered c·ons iderable 

obstacles to the development of costs ror this' p eriod comparable to 

costs develop e d for p rior periods. In most · ins!ta"n.ce s. the cost for 

the production of combined spe cies ha s generally been considered the 

cost of the p rincipal pe c~es. Thus we : find in the Wes.t Coast· Division 

(*) This w~s mandatory ~der the Code. 

(**) Mandatory under the Code. 

9813 

. '· 
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where Douglas Fir, spruce and hemlock are intermingled, that t he costs are 

considered as representative of Douglas Fir. Similarly, in 1he Western Ptne 

Division in which 'PondGrosa and idaho whit~ pine, nith some Douglas Fir, are 

the . major spec1es, the costs that were develope~ w~re considered as representative of Ponderosa pine production. · 

Costs for · southern nine for the years 1921 to 1930 shown in the table published by the Southern Pine Association (*) in July 1931, present 

a very informative and interesting group of data as to costs of lart;e 

mills, e.ach n:toducing more than six million fe e t per year. The mills, 

some . ·- )0 ~ 'D.illnber, are reported to lw.ve produced over 32-1/2 billion 

feet durins the period, or an average of 3-1/4 billion fe e t e a ch year, 

or 32-1/2 million feet per mill, per year. 

This information is presented in Table XXVIII, and interpolated 

in that table are data secured by the U. S. Tariff Commission. (**) 

Also interpolated with these dat a are costs developed from the industry 

questionnaire s for January, February, and March, 1934, which were submitted to and reviewed by the 3esearch and Planninb Division , NRA. (***). 

In considering the data displayed on this t able it should be borne 

in mind that the data for t en years from 1921 to 1930, inclusive, were 

all developed on the same set plan, but that the .u. S. Tariff Commission figures were develo9ed on a slishtly diff e rent base and do not include shipping and selling expenses. It should be noted that the Southern Pine Association presented costs of $25.80 pe r M f eet, for the 

year. 1929, including shippinG a nd selling expense s amounting to $2.13 

per M feet, and the U. S. Tariff Commission for the same year, 1929, 

developed costs of $25.41 per M fee t without including any shipp ing 

and selling expense. Further analyzing those same fi gures it will be 

seen that one of· the principal items of diffe rence was the stumpage · 

cost which the ·southern Pine Associa tion showed as be ing $6 .0i pe r -M 

feet, ap.d the U. s .. Tariff Commission found to be <?nly $5.23 pe rM feet. 

Other differences will be noted in comparing the items but not a ll of 

these differences are as great as the first comparison would indicate . 

The Southern Pine Association in determining the costs segr egated all 

depreciation amounting to $l.i2 per M fe e t, but the U. S. Tariff Com-

~~~sion did not segregate this depreciation but included it as a part 

oJ _the costs of the various operations, principaJ ly in logging and milli n~.; 

The cos t_s for Ponderosa pine and Idaho whit e pine , both species 

being largely produced by the same mill groups, were presented in r eports to its members by the Western Pine Manufacturers Association, 

.. . 

(*:) Economic conditions in the Southern Pine Industry p resented to 

U. S. Tim~er Conservation Eoard by the Southern Pine Association, 

page 53, (July, 1931 . ) 

t**Y U. S. Tariff Commission- Report to the President on LumberReport No ·. 32, pages 21-22 ( 1931.) 

(***) Unpublished report of Research and Planning 'Division, NRA, 11 Cost 

Protection Prices and Cost Substantiation Data, 11 dated May 6, 

1935. 

9813 
-101-

as follows: 

Operating Costs 1927 - Cir.cular #3920, 3/21/28 

II II 1929 - II #4446, 5/23/30 

II II 1932 - II # 431, 3/25/33 

1934 Production Costs in Circular #881, by the Western pine Association. 

This information is presented in Table XXIX with data collected by 

the U. S. Tariff Com~issio~ (* ) f~r 1929, and also cost data tabulated 

by the NRA ( * * ) . 

It will be noted tha t tho· arrangement of the costs as comp iled and 

uublished by the Western Pine A~sociation r~es somewhat from the detail 

of costs presented by the Southern Fine Ass ociation. This. variation in 

presentation of costs. by two group s of manufacturers in different seQtions of the United .Stntes who T,J roduce comoeting products, to a very considerable extent, is just another evidence of the general attitude of 

the members of the industry toward one anothe r, and of one group toward 

another group. The failure on the part. of. the membe~ s of the industry 

to agree among them9elves as to· a r easonably standarq form or method of 

presenting their .costs of ope rations erystalized whe.n, under the Code, it 

was imperative that the industry .should, through its Code Authority, present cost data r easonably uniform in form and content. 

The Code of Fair Competition for the Lumber and Timber Products Industry did not provide that NRA should have any .direct supervision over 

or control of any of this cost data. There were no provisions making 

it possible for NRA to pass upon the sufficiency of the cost data as 

secured or upon the minimum cost p rotection prices that were to be established by the Lumber Code Authority and based upon such cost data. 

It is true that a repres entative of the Division of Research and 

Planning of NRA had attended a conference in Chicago in April, 1934, 

when the Cost Committe e of the Code and the cost representatives of the 

Divisions met to develop the form and content of new cost reports which 

were to be used for the development of the costs by each of the various 

Divisions for the months of January, :B.,ebruary., and March, 1934. 

The cost data was collected and collated by each Division and re-

_p_orted upon by it to the Lumber Code Authority. The Lumber Code Au-

.thori ty performed a rev.i.ew of such data through their own Cost and Prit 'es Committee and their own accountants under contract and based all of 

their actions upon such reviews. The Code did not require results to be 

submitted to NRA for approval. 

NRA did not have access to any of this cost dat a until late in June 

1934 at which time the Lumber Code Authority was moving toward the 

(*) U. S. Tariff Commission- Rep ort to the President on Lumbar- Report 

No. 32, pages 21-22 . 

(**) Unpublished report of the Re search and Pls nning Division, NRA, 11 Cost 

Protection Prices and Cost Substantiation Data, 11 dated May 6, 1935. 

9813 
-102-

declaration of the emer·gency as finally pr.omulgated. by ·Administra tor 

Johnson on July 16, 1934. . Be tween June 20 and -.July 16, a great deal of 

this cost data was presented t _q the .Research and PlB;.nning Division of 

NRA. This Division reported aclver.sely upon· such cost data a s it had 

be en cible to review but the emergen.cy order was signed n<l: included 

most of the already publishe~ price bul;Letins then i~ effe_ct. Thereafter 

from time to time, the Division of Research and Planning made r eports 

upon specific groups of cost as it was enabled to progressively complete its review ., · In· this review work, :many questions aros e as to the 

adeguacy· 0f the· d.ata . sul;>mi tted-: ~hese questions were r ef erred to the 

LUmber ' Code Authority for answer 1:y them or by the Division affected. 

The answers to the que·stions and much additiona l informa tion developed 

a·s a result of the questioning was all included in and g iven effect to 

when final reports of the Division .of Research and Planning were made 

as to. the cost of production for all of the divisions and subdivisions 

of the Lumber Code .A.uthority which had been in existence on March 31, 

1934. 

The entire and voluminous r ecord covering t he inve stiga tion and 

including report statements of costs for ea ch of the divisions with appropriate explanations, has been prepared and is in the fil e s a s "Report on Pro'ject, Cost Protection Prices and Cost Substantiation Data 

of the Divisions and Subdivisions of the Lumber Code. " 

It would be virtually useless to enter into any discussion and 

comparison of the cost data submitted by t he industry as r e f erred to 

above . .... That data now is purely historical a nd tho se i n t er e sted in detat.ls may peruse. them in the above mentioned r eport. 

The objectives of the National ~dustri l Re covery Act (declared 

and interpreted~ were ·sought to be attained under t he Code of Fair Competition for the Lumber and Timber Products In ustr ie s a nd the question 

will long be moot-ed as to whe ther the industry and t he Na tional Re covery Administration, either, _nei t.her, or both had adequa t e concep t of the 

scope of problems clamoring for solution and well thought out, workable 

· methods for trreir solving or . if th ~ nccessi ty to compromise differing 

views to reach Article IX of the Code made a bortive a ll attemp ts under 

it to orect 11minimum cost protection prices" founded up on "we i ghted ·average cost ·of production." 

Further segments of this whole problem are discussed in the following chapter on Prices and Mill Realiza tion. 
- 103-

E. PRICES .AJ-D LILL .. ALIZAT Or 

1. Prices 

rn.1at is ~J rice? h~:: , :- ~ w~1e e r•jl <·_ f o1· nhe.t steps i n the mov eme!lt of h ,1.10er 1)ro C' ucts f ro1:1 t h e sr.wu i ll t o the ..._,_1 ti1na t e con sume r 

should the lrice of that luiJbe r ue con si Cere d? These a r e some of the 

questi o:1s th<:t uust b e "nsue r eC::_ :.J e f o:i:e <:·J: y (; e:.1e r r- l c~isc:ussio11 of t h e 

p rice of 1-cmler c-- n b e in t c:;lli e11tly cc.rriec on . 

P rices -l nL.er the c o ·p e ti tive s;;:st e1.1, is r:tl e.xpre s i on of the 

meetL1c; of the mil c'..s v1hich repres ent n a CO. l}Jl'omi s e bet ween the .)Uye r 

e.ncL t he seller. It i s no t Hh r.~ t t h e 'tn.1J 8r nould. lik e t o secure no r is 

it exnctly ?hat t he sel l e r ~ns .~ es t o ll -"./ · Generd. l y , a ':lr ce is mac:e 

in t ho O) en mc?..:cl~ t anc1 ,.,lwr;. -s is c-.f :.::' ec t e ci with ['_ J;',l.bl ic int e r e st. Prociuc:ers !~ e 'lml 0.nc ed o.g."in st c on s1JJ.1ers as proC_ucers wish t o s e ll a t t he 

h i gheGt .:>ossi ble p rice ob inc, Jl e rnc _ c onsUlt e r s wish t o buy a t the 

chec: ::: es t p:.~ ic e po ibl . Ec:cl1 is c o1·" trolled, t o Et g re o.t ext ent , in 

the Cl.esire t o Ctrive t he best iJO SGiC• le c: ::;~in c>nCc is p r ev en ted from 

overreachL1c hims elf by tb e ri V"' l ry of othe r p r oo.n c ers who s e l l ancl 

oi otl:.er o~1sur.1e s t o bu y. The .Jl'i c e so C:L etenni ned cannot be a n c: os olute thL_g ...,ut is e l weys rel n.ti ve a 1L; 1n t he r.bstr a ct the c ont r a ctim:. s 

of U:J? ~) d· e,nd c.emand r-1ee t t o woke a _.; rice , whi ch , n.fter c?.. f ashion , 

r epr eD e11 ts liberty of contr c.c t b e tween the buyer c.n d the s e ller. 

Price in ort hodox economics i s g e11e r ally consi de rec_ to. be ru1 

ex_;_Jression of t~1e mE'..r ("LlP l cost of 1Jr o<iu:c ti oi1, bn t r~c e .::md. cost C?.l'e 

in c'.iffe1 ent rec-.L.1s. P ri c e is a (\eJ. ini te ~urn t; ener<l.lly quo t ed_ in t :1e 

;:et <>:t'lc'. a l wc-ys k nown t o the buyer and sel l e r . Cost , however , is 

sel c-:.om c"t.ef,;_ ni t e ly kno\7n [ .S i t is usU<'.lly c.-:.. eri v ecl f r om the runi fic c. ti s 

of the in(_ust ri e..l p r o ce ss by involveLL nne_ t eclni iCc,l c a lcul C'..ti on s. Uh2.t -

ever UcW be the ph oso~J hy e1 nc.~ t he theory of :·Jl'ic e s c:nd of costs, it is 

a sel f - evic'Lent ft'c t the1 t over r' r e a soncb1y e.x t en0_ e0 _ _J eri od. the p rice 

of 2.. Elc:'.!l"L.fc.,cturer0_ ,:1 rticle .. ust b e in e:~cess of t he coc;t of mam.lft'c t u.:L'il'ls 

and c~ istri outi t; , or t ho s e c:-,_:;;e11ci e s vrhich c.,r e iilvo l vect in t ho se process e s 

will eventr_c.,l l y f rule out of the :)ic ty .. r e , ;;~ throDt;h the b e..nkru::.:1tcy 

courts, t',fter r l l. inve st eci. <~Ji t t'.l lws -bee n ~.. Xh -c sted <:mel. all possible 

crecl_i t has been s e cured. 

A .. Jrice , ev en t houg h i t mcy ._: e b t'.s e<i up on co st i s re l ptiv .e c-.ncl. :i'lo t 

abs oh,_te in t he me.j o ri t y of ins t ;::.nc e s. A spec i fic 1

Jrice me.y not re turn 

cost , but the Drice <>nd t he c ost of the articl e mt'y be r e l e t ed t o t he 

p rice "'~1C_ . e co st of o th er a:c~ ticl es manufactured ' i n the same pro c e sf e s 

c:u."'1c-:_ t:les e ~J riccs and c os ts e l l t a'k::en toc e ther me r g e into cornJ)OSi tes 

th t ar~ e c onomicall y sound 

Prices of l umber pr oducts h ave bee n , <·net c ontinue t o be , ~et 

l argely on the b nsi s of t h i s ~c l~ . I~ is ~own t h c: t t he cost of 

proCI.ucti on of t he V<l.I'i OUS nrt i c les" mn,nuf~ct~-_:C C-;_ r · YL~ of the Vn.ri ous 

lTin.l1Ufc,cturing plrn t s wouh v :-__ ,: ;1' r t.- ly "'nc1 si111Jl y upon the bn.si s o f 

their cost st:r.1c t u r e r .nC<. of t l1E. 1a ; J.~e t fo r .~:t e r :ct icJ es mnnufP.ctureci_. 

In t he L1.unber I n c.ustr;y·, r s i 11 eve;:·? othe r in(b.ls t :L'y ~l P.vi ::; r r,1ul t ipli c i t y 

of ::?1~o(:o_ cts , nrny of .r ch rre cl; s s ecL e.:~ rnr jor _,roc'L1.'.cts Pn d m:->~1Y others 

9813 
- 10 -:1-

of rrhi ch cre cl rs:~ed rs r.1 i nor .1:cot uc t s but r'l l resul "L L .. · rro11 the s.~ne 

pro c ess of m;-:lli_f··ctun. , it YJ"S onl~· ~.- tur~l t~F·t "11 rlloc."tirn' of t:lC 

c ost oi' __J l'ocuction woulc~ b e !TI .. ~C.e l:-:..·1:;el J -.pon the b:--sis of tle J::.~ice 

H11ich t:1e s e C:~ f.J..'ere nt r'.:·ti c l es vvoulC::_ brin_-; i n t :w .:-~, ...... ~et b['..S C. UIJOi.1 

p P..s t 8~:::_)c i enc e . 

~ver:y foot of 1"01_, __ ;11 l umoer 1)ro(LuceC_ b,- t he 3 ..... '.~'s f1·om tl e S".te sc.r1 

lcs:;s us·_,_ l~7 '~ .:or.si c.e1"ed t o hr·.v e c o st exr-c t ly the srme in r"W r1~.te:!'i~ l, 

di :rec..t l rto:c , :-nc:;_ !Tir'rlUf'· c t-u:!.'ii.ls ov-erne"c:;.. But some of the lur:1ber y .. odu c e c. lM' .. J ·be of t he ·.JOores t 'T<'O.c ; 21f'. :;ell r- t t he lor:er enc'.. of the 

p rice s c c-.l e "l1L. some m<'..y be of tl1e 'd. ;hest g rC'..c"t.e rnd sell rt :- cori. e:::-

ponC:.L : ___ : lli _)1 •r i ce. .Ach•P.lly , t he low :_:r;_cle proc:uct ·nust oe sol L ~ ~~ .., 

J1er.vy lo s s "i."1C. the l1i ·;h Gr r'.c'.e lw.ber •:ril l re t urn r rel"tivel.f l"r ..., 

profi t if ex.:-c t "'DC.. t nte c ost s r::..·e to bE. consic.e:cec . It is c.o~c.1on 

.._Jr.:-- ctice r.nc'-. ill conformi t y rJi th . the <'bove ~) Lci ~J le t o relrte thE' cost e 

t o ·t 1le )r i c e s of t he u r oC:.uc t s so th t erc~l i1"oC:.•lCt rc-:;ul t.1.-.·1 · from , . - ~ ~ ~ 

co ~.L.!.Oi.l •Jro c ess v:ill t heoreti c ·ll.; < osorb its rcl .... tivc 1), rt o:f the 

cost 2.~1C:. 1·et urn its r e l nti ve .i.Jortion of the iJl"ofi t . 

i.:hen ::-no. vrhere ,..,re t he prices to ue consi< e:i·eci? Is the pri c e "t 

t he ;:1ill t o be tc-':::en n.s t:ne crite1·ion ~nd is th "L Jrice .... t the 1.1il to 

be c o:rlsi c.ereC. r:he11 mr-.Ci.e t o the w:101es0.ler or rrhcn 1.1rc~e to the nill 

ci.irec.-c l y to rn i nu.ustrit' l o:c cc::st:cucl,ir:. cor su,:er or to ., ret iler? I t 

i s ['. fre t _; 1"0Ven -uy r n e:·tei.1( .. ec !)1l.TVe;J' Of rices nuotec'. i:". tllCSe Cl:ilfe e~lt ell~.s of .~c ivi ~- t h··1; e:{r-ct~; t· ,e sr' .. ~e ~- iz , ~;pecie· , .t. :rr·c 

cf vn el~ V/Olil ( o r quo t ecc rt r ret'il ~.-ice OL't tb."t t} e procucts 

woul C: .. !11ove in C.i eel·ent qu~ntitic:c U.it< er thr t ret'il ~)rice r-n( rt e"e:i.'~ 

po:, .-~ i-ule ::f:'i 0 ure f:.:orn th; t _>1'i, e t·o,--~w.·~n .. to ...-·11 even bclo·1 the q10teC. 

mill .91 ice :;:or t.~ e srr:-~e ~n·o~ net. ·.ii th the c ons t"l• t competition e;·i :-~tL· ..... 

b e t nem.1 the "'",·''L1ill s , tl-~e W11olesrler·. , the co ~ ·,irslo:1 en rnr· tl e 

r e t r.il ers for the cons·Lutii! ,. ~r :et , t:1(; 1)ricb of 1 u .. be· for e2. ·s : ... ...-s 

b een lc. "-:;e · de:oenr:Lent 1:.pon the enc.'l·c;Y of tlw bu:ye·: in e::l .. r-ustiil .. ti1e 

VF1Xim:.s cl1."J1nel s throu ·:. ,-:hici: l1is neec .. r coul<:·. he IGt '"'l:r isl pi tti: . .:.; 

B.:;c.i:n.st 011e ?:'lothor e~c:-:. of thesE. various SUJ) )l;;iE.; <'-Ge r cies. 

The C. Of.1lJeti tion bet··epn :1:--~mf...,ct" .. rers ".n. <..istl·ioutors of hun'bcr 

pro(:.ucts f o1· tl:e n cu>et i s not t;le onl :-r co1 .pcti t.i.Jn tl~<~t the Lur. ber 

L dustr y J.1."'S been COL!pellec to ;:1~e . ihel·e h....,.s been the co:n_)cti tio:: of 

nrticles r er.c'.ily suosti tut--ble for tl e lur:l'cer ~ roC:ucts. The1·e he..., ·ueen 

t he ::.~r.::·~""e i n fa::;h i ::m imo. in tyJ)e of ouilC::.iT;_.<; co:.::st:cl.J.ction ;-nci the:;.,c 

~.s b e en t:1e -JP'rl'in_; from t he mrrl~et or L r ,.e sections of the m·.rl:.:et 

of t:1c ln:1b er ::_1roc.~uc s by the b--...lill iE~; re s~r ictions or r e._,ul .tioi:s of 

urb ~~l c eL t e1·s. 

'i ~1e S"'..llJ) J. ~· of ."n ~ 1·ticl e T~ the m~·r>et , CTu.pleC.. VIi til tl e o.enC': <.., 

f o r tl:..c.t ['.l" t i cl e , mus t ne c essr.1·il;y 1F·ve ,'"' ver con..,iC:.err'Dle effect 1.':)o:·. 

the )rice ." t v1hi ch the <:.rt i cle ~ be sole . ·,;i th ·ll of the ec·moqi~ 

f o..cto r s <'.S befor e raent ioned _, ressi 11 -; fo1· t l1e HOluction o:· lUI:1ber ~nD. 

with v ei';/ littl e , if r-.:1y , c ohesi on oet'.'IE-Gll tLe r1, .nufr cturers who -,,_,re 

W<'..__; i l1:_, :-n ind.epei1ci.ent f i t;ht for' im-.i v i ;:Lurl e·:istence , the price of 

lu e.~. h 2.s no t r erc tec. t o lil['_nJ of t he e cmwral c theories ''n6. )rinc i lt:s 

bu t ll[~ s bef:t1 l rr ·el y C:Le·;Jem~_ent n_.Jo n the ol C.. n:-.t urr·l 1 w o: the c;urriv~l 

of t :1e :fittest. 

9813 
-105- , . 

The :?ri ce of lurab er > c. co . .tpo:>ite of t hese mC'.nJ elements ~n(_ is 

not "'olely l:.e1Jendent upon, nor is it l.>o·~ itivel y controlled by E';1y o;.1e 

o ~f t '.1 em. 

TLe L'l.ll:l'oer r·.i::.nufr.cb.rLu..r Indu stry is q11.i t e t;en er<'.lly spread 

throl'._ ho1~.t cve1·y St r- t e in the 'Jni on. The re C'.r e , of cours e , c e rt.:'.in 

'.tell c1ef::. .1E~ c ent ers of .wo <-.uc ti ou e nd it h t' s 1Jec 1 1owr1 th1'..t the 

princi ~l <'.. l m<nui ct ri :.: ce::.1 t er': rxe now i n t he Southern Str. tes for 

out~1ern pine , in the V.f e r;T, Co··s t r e._: io:·! for ::.., ol.:t.;l<'.s fir, " DC( in the 

\iest ern ? L1e Re .. ,i on fer PonG.e r o sf:' JL :. e . I t hr.s ''lso b een shown th2.t 

the ~Jrillc pt'. l con:::.urni E:..: cent e rs r:ce i n the Centrr l Str t es with 

Chicc.,:.;o , IllL1o is, C'S the }Jri:lC:i)rl Lci s t J.·ilr. tin_; cent er , P.nci in the 

Northerster;.1 St r t es witl1 New Yo rlc r s the ) Y'inc i L;;- l distj:ibuti ng c e11t e r . 

Lurab er i:..1 some of its mul ti t u C:•.inol.J. S f o rms i B c on s1D.me d ..... in every viciDi ty 

of t he Unite~ St s. 

With Sr>.wmill p r oc'..ucts I't'i\~ Ll<; i' :com r ouc h c;ree n lumber 2 11 CL timo e r 

to the ~1i :;hly :;: in isheC: , ::: iln C.riec'. , 1llr- n ed < ncl po lished c n.bine t 

WOOLS IOi' mi ll Y1o.ck rm { _ L lt e:Li Ol' i'i .Llish purposes , t he _)rocl.ucts to oe 

useC. fo r t:1is c•.i scuss i on wi l l ·je limi tee'. to t :1e mo st c ommon speci e s , 

g.L' - (.es 0..11c~ sizes. Aft er 2ll , the L O!J.Unonl y us etc ~>pe ci es , Gr c.des rnd. 

sizes r.w.::e up the prepo -1L.erc.nt p".l't of the p r oc:.uc ts of the inC.ustry. 

TJ:'.e question of ;;rice t h en, wi ll oe c ons i G.e r ecl from the stnndpoi n t 

of t:1e s a:mills (mr nuf . ..., cture rs) , the wholes 2.le rs t' ncl the ret:-' ilers, 

c>nl'. tJ.1c u l ti1 1a te c ons'Lu:1ers of l umber ocucts . 

VIi th t he l')I'o.:;ress i ve we ·tw2rcL .?.nc1 south.vest,~c d movement of y.Jopulation , the oGucti on cen t ers mov ed f r om the no ~the st er n st~tes t o 

the Ld-e r:1c. Centl'< l St,.t e s C:11C;_ t hen to the Sou th en 0_ l c:.st to the 

wes t ei';.'l r e.=;i on . 

:S2.si l y 2. c cessi bl e s t r.nc.E o f cor:llJe rci."' l s r'l.Vl timber in c l ose 

pro:.ir.1it;,. .. to t he clem2.nd , str lishe:c1 n1d for mr.ny ye <'..rs ma int.::.ineu 

l11Ic1b e:.. Jl' ic es ot sue·~ 2 l:evel t' r~ t o :1P..l-e it t he cher pest ~ mos t 

f 2..vorec' -•. m i lc'i n' · m<' te r i [',l . \ihen the soft wood 2 r eC'. o f the d~e and '-' 

Centr2.l St c.t es r e,:;ions h [· cl b e en effeL-tivel;y :J .minf eCL from the o r(inG.ry softwoocl com:_)e ti ti on by hi -~ h c osts ['nc'i_ ci.l<'D,,.e s in use of the 

lurnb el' , le2.vin"'; t l1e So'L'.t he rn Pine Eet;i on <'.S the princip2 l so f t wood 

pro0.ucL:..,:; cent-er. the dist anc e be t ween proclucing <nd c on sumi nt; c en ters 

involvi 11_ ~ high tr 2..nsp ortntion c os ts b eg,"'ll t o rec;ister its eff e ct "L'.po n 

the :_' l'ice of lumb er t th e con0umer. 

'rl1e :re.:--ction of thl s i ncrec.se in p:,·ic e was first t o brine; 

b f".ck L1to lJroc:ucti on so,, e of the mills in the f ormer producti on 

c ei.l t ei'S i-7l1ich caul(,_ eke out r })rofi t on some m2.r t-;ina l pro duc tion ; 

c:.nothei' effec t was to foster the small mills th2 t could reodily move . 

to smo.ll r.r er.s of timb e r thr.t by r e, :::on of o.i stEmce f rom established 

mills c oul D. not hn.ve bee n r.:.G.Vr>'ii t <' .; eousl y wor~~ er. b y them. Then a s 

C..ist211 c e L1c rer'sed between pror. .,__,_ ctioil ,"'ilC c : ns1ll11p ti on cen ters cmd 

as )roC::.uction of est 1'..b lishec. mill:-; -b t' C< me r1o r e '-- Ostly r s the r esul t 

of incre <. SLl ~ inrcce s '1 ibil it;y- of t!:e str- w"i ~ t i miJe r , the rves t Co ['.St 

re _; i o;.1 cc.ne into 1Jroc_,,_ction . A·- s be r.. n c'.i sc-c.r.s e cl. L 1e1e were o the r 

re a:-~o 11s fo1~ this r e:·i on t o COLle ir:to procuction , -Lmt r'ftcr 2.ll the 

sellil1""" .,:._·icc of lumbE.r ·in cons·\·m1n; e~1ters \:.rc> s t ' _e m::- jar consi c~e :-' tion . 

981 3 
-106- .. 

T~1e r>m.i . .the: rn PL1e Be ;ion hn.tL c·v.t rvr.y r'l l or· its r e cl.ily 

< cceG:.i ~)le tin-)er con tiguou s t o ''iF' tcrw, ys. Gol.sec:_l.:r,n t l .r , rr ilro ...,d 

t rr.,;._3 __ ,o :..·t:·.tio::_ ~s 1-:ecesr- ":.ry t o . e t -c .. e p r oC.uc t tr-, the eP:::tern sec:.-

o:-':~( .. , to the so·,.L t nnest , Pnc' ...... o the l!ih.c."ll e r.·e::;t conswni1.; ce1 te.~.'s . 

At thi'} ~_,o il'·. t }:dc es be'- IE to re.~u · l'ly re~ch hi._-her levels .:1-nd <-.J01.'.t 

thi ,~ t:~~!le <'.1 so c rr·:e \,J tE; o·;Jeni:l. ~ of the Pc:.nrun['. C;'nP.l. Prior to t he 

>e;.1i:: : oi t~'e Pr.n<:'Jnc C<·n;:l t~.1e ,:;enerc l curn)eti ti vc JOsi tio ... 1 of t11e 

re.:;i ons - r oc:ucin : i:3C'f t 1.'/00C;. l ur.1be r '.'Jf'.S o.bout c.s follo·.v£> : The l-~rs e:c 

St ate::; , t ;le Ld·;:e Str•tes r11<\ t he CE.n tr:-'1 StC'tes offeree::. b,1t ve r y 

li tt:i.e com~J eti ti on to :.:i o;·._ tliern y l1·e for soft,vooc-. h :11Je.~.· i:. construe tic:! 

...,n( in 1.10:3t Ll(-_ustriC'l l·.ses. 

P r i or t o the o ·enin · of iir frog the ~est 

Co['.st vKs _.:cc:-.ct icC' l ly 1J<'.fre: ci. 1rom e ' stern senbo;•rd. wr-u·' ets, but YI::.. th 

the o1e:nin.· of t he Crn:· l , t ·,is ·:resc Cor" st 1---..e ·ion , D" rcrs on of lo'" . ~.) tl 

Wc.. .te1· ::c·<"' ~1~;l)OI' .<1tio;.i. r:' tes, Wt'S nn.,JleC'. to c.Lell v er it> )TOC.·'i.C t s o:!l 

the er:~ te::cn sec.b o:-rc•. c·nC:. to or c! .. :::! <lt.l to J:lc.ny er:::;tern ter.·i torirl 

co nsT'.! .: i:·.l~ __ ~o -~ ts L1 ccirE:ct cou,Jeti tio:1 'Vi tl l'~il movecl So·•tl.1ern 'Ji::.e 

1-mnocr. 

' ':2:·10 t:..·pnspo .L·tr tio~. cost of lm: t)E::i.' h, ::> ;J_ !<-:/s occm ' ver 

L-Ol1;3iC.er['.ble }.J<rt or' it .... cost t o t . e con~;nnc!· , r-nC. 0.L.1.ri.1 -che Coc'Le 

perioc"'.. rrhen minir. nn _pri c es <'.t 1~e mill Here in cff~.]Cl, 1o.1· tl1 JJd1' .. lfrcttLroC. _Jro(J.ct rnC:\. w!1en t he r et' :i. l u ... "lu·s, t'Jso l'n·.'.cr, Code , 'Jere 

r equire( t o limit t~1e ir c ost o.~.' J.1cnll .J'; to cert; L, c:cfLli te ?Je rc enk .. ...>ec o: Ll.:-.r ktLp m their cost , .~.·er sonr'1Jly com · rc:bll :J..'i ures c ol..lCi. 

be ::;ec1.l.l'E:( ... Trbles LI rn<l LI I , i:r AJJC'lY.i:: II , ·ivc co.1_1r.rison!; o::..' 

the8e cost s c.t lt iC~'.· 0 r, ("_ F't ~Yey· ~·f'l ;:. ;_;:he 'E; ~osts r l'O qPi te ce::'iili t e l y :.i·v-ic.GC.. Det,·teen Ll\::L.f~ctnl Ll cost', , frci :ht , rm thL' CJSt.:> 

of t~>.e :..~c r il e:c , r j "11 0f t:'lle (.['t< ~_,. , , 1lyL1t. to el C11 of tL; ti- ee 

_,n·L:ci:·?:· l :~of twooc: 1ron-..c: .. ·· 1·c io:.~, 1"/Gro ·~tr crc<t ,1c..cr the smne 

...:,ei1e::c· c1 _)L n en d. on t b.E: :; ('.me ·er.er ~ l i o lY11.l r . I t "i 11 o e flo t cf. in 

<"'.ile.l,., zL1,., the L i'o :t111;--tion oi Tr.ole LI thct tl:e frei ,ht r,,_te on Do ,-:~ln.s 

Fir to G~·.ic f' ,~o , Illi:uois , r.r~3 3b. !...u .._Jer e cnt or' t 1e totF'l cost ri the 

h un'"ocl' "t re t P.i l. This co rrl_l~~·Es .. , t:1 JJ,'"'n I'pct l~·i<; '.lL, L.isvl'ibu.ti:~~ 

c ost o:' 30. 17 lJer cent : nr'. '''i"Gh 1et, il ::"rH li:t"! ~ costs 'lf 2"1 . ?7 pe1· 

c ent of the tot~l c nn t . 

':i:Jlj_s to.-o le er~, ·defLlitel- l;rL._;~~ out t!··e lHeferenti~l ,osi tion 

of Southe:::n _L)lne <nd vc r~ rn 1Jine rr: co l< rei. with Don. ·l', fir in the 

icp _~o li.1C'.:r~::e , C'S it is shown tl1: t t he tlr .lspo rtfl.tioJ1 cost of 

o-:..'..t~.e1·n ~le re}J r e··entec::. 21. 08 ne:::· cent of t1;e tr-,t~l cost :-rd t' t 

.. Jestt.:CYl Lle coull ue t l'P.!1S Jo rt el. to ~·e Chicc:-.go .. v·r".::et t't 22. 92 ")E;I' 

cent o~ ~ e tott'l cost. 

o: :::;:!.C.e ri n~ : T:'ole T.II re}Jrese··~ tLl, tJ .esE. cost•; F't .-E.:\" ·.:or.:: 

F'n c'. o~1SlC·£ l'irl~ onl~r t }:e nou l~s fir n;.--.clli',; t lt·t m<'r>et b; vo.te::..· , 

t hes€ C::t< i~ow t h<'.t :U01.:. ;J.e.s fir ':.'el·e ,Jl·rctic:-lly e:~clr:.eC' fror. t. c 

Ne·~r j_'o rJ: 1·1r· :c,:e t o: r['i l t:c·rn .".l')O l'tt'tio:·l , u~t th~ t jo, 1' .'3 Fir mo1.·L.1. · 

b y ::c:'.t er c.,-...( , l t j,on )l ·)<yL:.: -i :·_ frei_;~tt .L·o r t::c·r·J s orc"ti0n ch:"r;;es·~ 

r n C:'mo·.mt eq·•_;_;· l to 23. 69 E: r cen t o:f ·c}Le t ov l c.o"t , cmic. still ~Je 

l <i :. LO':U L ,. l~e': 1 '.:o1·L rt :)rc: c·v icn.ll:, '-) 10 JC: •. .Les t:.~ SouthC:rn ·.:..1e 

110Vi::__; .y l'C.i l. 

9813 
-}.07-

These instr'n c es i7ill serve t o r ep resent in ~-;e nerp l t he proport ionate rt o:: the fii1r l cost of 'l um1Jer 'uo r:1e ~r t he t r c- nsportn.t i on ch2r._,e s 

of ti.le :.1.:.t eri .:tl from p ro cc ... 1.c i ~\ · t o cor. .. c~JJl i ~; centers. 

The cost of t r c nsportL .. _; Lunoci.' :::-· _ Qi:. •J ro c.uce:c t o c Jnsume:c , "b eL -(: 

? vel'Y cons derC'b l~ f2ct o r i::1 t 1le ~rice of h raber, h2.s b een t he 

point c.lJol.•.t w~1 ic:1 hP.s tD.:c ec'. 1·. or.1 tim to t L1c , 1e fo r tur.. es of c onsi C:-.e:tf" ble se c tors of t >e St' ':-::1l ll i i1C:us t ry. 'Ni t h t he t1;..rn of t he 

century Southern lii ne wrs in l.l.!lC.:':s_Ji. t ef·. l er• d. over n.ll o t her l umber 

.._Jroci.ucin.::; C'reas. It hen _,J ro c\..,_c ecl ~l e."r y 32 per c ei1t vv i t h the L22.::e 

<::.nc~ en tr l St c.t es' r()c.·.u cti oa :--1.ionnti :t1~; t o r·.bm.J.t ~ -~Je r cent and 

the Western St ? t es p ro c,_uci n,·; l ess th2n 10 j~Je r c r:.t. Ten years l e.t e r , 

Sot:..L;.ern )ine proc.uc ti on rv2..s l::4: . 9 _;_)el" cent , the Le.ke StP t e s 12 . 3 ~Je r 

c ent, <W1C-;_ t he v7estern St:- t es 18. L2: ~Jer cent of t o t el softwood l1.1mb er 

proc".:nc ed. ny 19 19 the Southern )i:1e p:coc1u.ction re:JreDent ed 46. 6 -:._Je r 

c en t, thE. Western St[.tes 29 . 2 per C(.. nt , ani the :'ortheast a nd the 

Lolce St 2..tes were out o f t he competiti on. When 1929 arrived. , Sm.1. ~1ern 

pine hac:_ surrende r eci. c~ominr'nce o f ..:_l r oc-.uction to the We st e rn St cc tes 

and Southe:t.·n Pine i n t hC't yer>.r .~.J ro ll.uce c~ 41. 9 pe r cent, the We st ern 

St 2.tes .. ,;,3. 4 pe r c ent of c. ll S')ft woo( roC: uc ti n t:nd. i n 1931 t hese 

pe rc en a~e s wer e Southern ~ine. 36. 2 per c ent n~ We ste rn Sta t e s 50 . 7 

per c ent of tot c: l produc tion. 

Southern p ine h ad by this time cut out mos t of its vir in 

timbe r n.d.j a cent to the mills; costs h c.d 1cre ase C.., end West Co a st fir 

coul C:. ::u1c"c C:-.i d c. ome hrOl\ h t h e C<'.n<:>.l Emcl cov e r the easte rn seabo2..rd 

with r.rater r a t es c.nd eclchc ul r a il r e.tes c..nd meet or ··J.ndersell Southern 

~ine i n t hose marke ts. 

For me.ny ye<'.rs t~1e Lumbe r I r..clus tr;y h a d be rm })rim<J.rily o. s awmill 

L1du stry shipp ing s ome 11f its }Jr o6.uc ts t o o ther mills and f F.tctori e s for 

furthe:c f a bric.:,tion. As t he J? rO (-_uci n<:::; cen t ers rec ected f n rther from 

pri i1C ~J al inCi.us.tri c.l consullti nL> cen t e rs · Pn0_ costs of mn nuf <:> ctul~in~ increased <:>nd the tronspo1·t·· ti on costs conti nuec_ t 0 beco!lle rn increasin:.; 

f a ctor in t he co Bt, lumbe:.: 'bri ic:) n enc~_ c~ t o t u rn llC1 clc upon the 

smnnills. 

To e limin2t e t Le trr ns)oTt <· tioE co st on <' :reP.t dee.l of the 

WC'.ste that results from r:.C'..nuf:- ct'l.H Ll,._· <.n c\. f2..bri crtlon, t he mills ~ 

pl e.i1 ts : or the u tiliza ti on of h J.rn .. oer e:c1c1e ~ t o c:.es ert their former 

l oc_ations and were establishec1 a6 .. jc?.c ent t o or c.s 2. pe- rt of the s2.vvui l ls 

proG.ucL1c_; the lwabe r. This i n te:;ro. tion --.f t he i ndus try hEl.S el i E1L1c.t eel 

cor.T;_Jeti tion fo1· m<:'..rke t a t a Dl'ice on a ve;:·y consider c..o le ·Jortion of t l1e 

mill ~n oc:.u ction of c e rtr.in :::;ro.d.es P..n d speci e s ·Jf l umbe r . ':L'his is ··>Ll'-

ticul<'.rl y t1·ue of the manufr cture of s avred woocl c ontC'.i ners wl1ere t l:e 

ho o~::s no"" are l nrE;ely m.s ~1uf ctu.r d in p l o.nts c onne ct ed with sa':.mills 

P'1C. the f i:aishecl shook materi P.l :):>e~ for asser..blin.-; a t t he ~Jlcs.n s 

whe re u s ed. 

Price had <" l wc:ys b een th e f:·c t o r i:.1fh•.e:·;,cL:..t; con t ro l or C: ominC'.:.;. ce 

of iTIC' l~l:e t ':ild thus lc:.r,;el y t../lVe:,'il8C.t. s~ ~3 of t lle i nC.ust1·y i n its 

desire to ob t a in a p r ofit, .:ncl. t he .. : , : l most in despe r atio:1 , to 1)e rr.1i t 

li0u i c'.D.t ion o:f .:nCl. a t l east C' ll<'rti r l :~_.~ in. ; or the i nvestmen t in 

9813 
- 108-

sk,:n c. i:: · ti.·.1bcr :-nc. 1n sc;,·.vmill ec~l .i JL~en . 3ecou~;e of tlns element of 

Jricc c:.::.(. its P.f::ect '- lOYi t Le L1c ,_._stl·y , !~rn y efiorts h.: ve bet.r.. ,,1£'C'.c tc 

~ont:c· l ol' to esk-olis~1 o. bottom for jJrices. ~iostly these eif~:>rt3 ·:·e:::e 

by SJJc- ll :;ron:Js n;id hp,c1 no re;·l :·nc:. l."stin,:-- e r'I"ec t, ['..S it •"':Jpe"rec.~ to 

be in,:osGible to C0!1 tr0l .!'!11j- o:-~siC.erf1..u le l1'L;ber of :~e ;ne1:1uers o; t~e 

inc-:.ust:c·zr. But when certr.in sec t ions of tl e im~_ustr;;.r hn.d .,:;otten to_;et:_!:.r 

on D.. )ro~ron thc:t b<•cle frir to be successful , the r'nti- trust 1~~\'/ S r.rerc 

invo:.:e c.'i.. cnC. L ·C.ustrJ plr.ns hac~ to ·oe .o.b<mc.'coned. 

<1. Pric e l.'.nde r t' e Co c-:.e . 

Tl1e i.-RA Co<ie for the Lmnber nn•.l Timber· Products Industries 

offeree'. r.:nother op:Jort1...i.nity for the i nc,ustry r.emJers t o elirninote 

cut-throct · COl 11p e~i tion <'nd. t he co1 tinuec.. C:. estructiol-1 of in6.ustry 

1111i ts throuJ.:_;h -LH' nl::rup tcy u~' the estr'l:lishrhent of P 1Jri ce th...- t WD..S 

pl2.!11if-(. to ··r e tur-n to the )roduce:cs o.t leDst the cost of j_)roc'i..uction. 

7i t;l e..ll "·i' the k novm W.fficul ties surrc Jl1~-· in, · the estn.blishmemt 

of 8. :_Jl' ice for :;?roducts manufC'ctc.uecl MO. "016. throubhout the le· .._;th 

rmc'. ·uren.C'.t11 of t :L1e t"ni ted StE'. tes onO. wi ti.1 E'll possible .,;rn.d.<'tions of 

~Hot-_u ct s 1c18.Il'U.f.r·cturec. in the r:iu:;st r<'.:.1 ·:e of f<'.ctories as t0 eclui.._Juent , 

lnbor ;-nG.. rne.rlcetinb Db ility, the Lu."lbe l·-I noust r;)~ bold.l,_,r set out to 

ciet ennine 11 r;li ni mum ccs t Jro t ecti 01 >rices. 11 '· 

The recorC:. of t l1e hearir~ ;s )r e;cec:e!lt t o the Coc1 e con t,.i s 

much t e~_; timo:1y or evi clence on uini .. r,•.m ~wi ces :me~ C''St protection. 

The in,·l...,_s try 1.m '_erstooc•_ th0t it ;,ust cccpt wme l:Jinhrurn hourly W" ·e 

re.te Hllic.Ll \.oul tl pc:i_c·_ :nr' .. teric,lly L .. _ o~t spv 1ill; to t~!O cost o: )l'Cd.u ci ;:-~.=; lur.1"ue r rnc... it bC'r._;··ir-~ec'. fer !"'nd obtcine' . t~1e ri ,ht to estnblish 

min:il!.,ur.1 .~wi ces <YG ~; :;ic . its wo C.l..."..Cts sl1 o·.lcl l1e sol< . 1he inC:.ustry 

selectee::. o..s its point lor t he c·eten.:-1inrtlon of these nL1i~~-.:.."'1 )rices 

the r.Joveme:.1 t of lu:,:nber £Tom tht: spv:n1ills or the mrulufrct:Lrcr. It so'\.',_:1t 

to de t ermine whc-:.t t hese u1i2·lir:-rw.1 })rices v1oulcJ. be upon the b...,sis of 

11 protecti:i1c; t he cost of ~n-oduction . 11 ':i:he in• ustr~' r~ C:. :i:C1.A were both 

definitel y fee.rfl'.l of the efiect 0n the JL1.blic of tle c..;t..,blish!.e. t o~ 

these r.12.nin1..1m prices m1d. rec.lized ::..n<l rel.o,:;ilizec. tho.t t .. ere :1 ;.1st ')e 

some lJrotection r'or the 1Ublic E':.-;cinst the buses of ~:;·J.ch c po··er. It 

VF F' s t llc purpose t o es t!l bli sh c: 1natl!emati C<> 1 fol-· .. ulr for (.-.e ter:ninil~~~ ·clJe 

cost of :n·oC.uction rnd then to limit prices that "Jere to oe est~bli::;: e(_ 

so thnt there co'l~l<·~ not possibly ·oe <- :1y ele11ent of .~rofi t L cluo.cC. in 

such ... 1inim1...un cost protection price3. The t~1eory ·,"Tos n _;ood 011e but the 

pre.ctice;-..1 obstacles t c'.i ts r eesq_nn.ble :perfor:. 2·1ce we1·e 1no.n; ._.nd C'~J .. o•·t 

insurrnou11tc~ble . The difriculties surroun(il11:;_, the securin.:.,: 01 cost Llfo :cn2.tion E'.ncL t he es t nb l i st.u.1en t of the b-8.sic [\VE::r." . ..Je of cost hc.vc 1J c~n 

clisc-c.sseo. elsev1~~ere in t~1is re ·Jo rt. 

With t Le est " blish11ent oi >:ci ces at t' e SE' .. 'Ilni ll there neces_ol·ily 

2.rose tLe ) robl ma of (-:..etermil"il\; VJh< t 'iJE'.S o:c woulC:~ be th proper or. i -

tio:c18.l cost of t he hcmC.lin..; of the l umber in its V<'rious sk· :es from 

the mill to the C011 SUITL6I!.~ . It Wr>S sm_,._;L t t 'J est[' lish VPl'iOU; fp ir 

t n:..C:.e pre.c tices nhich l 2.r;:;ely were the e:;::pression of past methoc s of 

doin~~ b1:.siness and to define pnC::. to control the c cti vi ties of the 

pri11Ci::_)2.l Lanc.lers c f lu"'!lber in so- C!l:;,le0. ''!hole snle ~ur nti ties. At 

thi s )o int the arie~ a c t iviti es of the mills i 1 the sale of their 

Sl813 
-109-

proc.uc ts, in· coniJ.ict as t hey we r e ·.-,i t il wha.t t he wholesale tr c:.de consicerec: t o -oe t hei r :i.'i ;hts enL_ (uti es. , Pnc nl l of the sel f- preservo:-

ti o~1 to..ctics of t he mills cmc. the b a r ,_;; in:L n;_; ce.}Y"' Ci ti e s of the buye rs 

enterec: to create C:.iss en sion c:mc.i_ t o est ab lish a l:roblern in the operc:-·tion 

of t:1e Coc-:..e the.t t ende(L l ::>.r Gel y , t hrcu.)1 its non- solution·, t o t he final 

br ecl>::t-orm of the r.r1 i n i nru_:.1 )ric · c- nC: e_tler :~ en y p r ovisions. 

The inu.ustry WP. s not N-;_f' ' )teC:·_ t o the mo.i n-cenanc e of mi nimum 

price for its rnul ti tuC.i no,ls ) r o· uc t s , for it has b een cc ep cci r.lmost 

as e.J.1 a :;:i o;·,l that if mL 1imu.1n 1)ri cer; c.J.·e to 1·J e estr·.blished there mus t 

b e c ohesi on in the in6.us tl7 , 2ncl <'. L.J::-tinistrQt i o"1 i't"' c ilities of the 

orco.nizati on crpabl e of rnai n t .--.ininc; c o,1p liE·nc e must be av f!.il c1b l e and 

t here :nust ~J e 2. r e c o'-;nized st::' ndc--rd. o f p ro (uc t s <>.n<l 8. relP.tive bal-

·ance b e t ween sup;_J l y r n(1. the . em 'lnr .• 

Pursuant to the ·nrovisions o f t he Coci.e , t he C' od.e Au th1· ority 

f or the L1C_1.,_ stry l) roceec e \.· t o es tc- ~Jlis~ mini : U11) p rices 0n O. ::_Jublish 

thes e in 11l,.iini r.uum Pri c e Bulletins. 11 T~1es e mi:nhrwn p rices ns publisllec", :.; e11ere.lly rdfec t E..cc th e LiC:•.us try membe rs a s woul d. a n y other 

price st2.biliza t i. on plC'.n by Cl'e r.tin _; ri m. .S c.i slocrtions i n the i ndustry. Mcny of the O) e r a tL'l.-; units we r e r elv ers el y effec t ed_ by th e 

min.i cum i_)ri c e s a11d ther e \7e r e m::-·.ny in~leiuts thc..t such " ini mum pri ce:; 

were so l on as t o further contri _.ute t 0 tl-:..e J2. !:: ruptcy of the orGani zatlons. There were L a t e rL..l b enefi ts resul ti11g '· na tur~.ll , a s the 

l ov: c cst mi lls we r e a bl e t o produc e 2nd t on mru;:e ~ profi t whi ch th e~r · hr.0. 

n ot bee n 2."ule to cio under p ri or co:1cli t i oYls. The stabili zc..t i on. of 

pric es ::.'l t-..:~ ll y stiwul a t ed Ql.l.t _;_Jl:.t rillich , of course , in t h is incustry 

was to a c e rt a in. ext ent controll ecl. by the proC:.uc ti on con trol fe a t u r e s 

of the Code , bu.t in most c.:se::; 1.e l)perators m<'1J1Uf <;Ctu r ed t heir q1.1.ot2. 

whether or not there was '"'· mc>.r!.:et f o r the pro6uc t . Most of t 'i.1e e::;taolis he(:_ r.1i nimum lJri c es vrere s o111e7rhr.t in exce ss of prices tr~at hac"1.. b E.!en 

prevc:.i lL1_:; t he r e t o f o re P.nc. t h i s t eno.ed l arc.;illy t o a r eclucti on in the 

ei'fecti ve c

1 emand fo:.· t he l um-uer n r ocl:u.cts. 

By J un e , 1934 , tl e Co c~e k,_;_t hori ty for the L-JJilb e r and Timb er 

P ro c-:..ucts 1C us tr~· r eali zecl ~mt the mL1i !:1um _-_; rices were n o t being 

live( u:9 t o b:,- t he manuf c:-cture rs. '.i1he p rice structure h a d also b ee n 

s eriously e..ff e cte cl by the f2.i hue of the who l e sc-.1 e rs t o be c;overned 

b y the oc~e a s it was il!. t erp:c·e tec b y t he LL:uaber Code .Autho rity. Price 

cu ttin:;. :taC:_ b e c ome pr ev c: l en t r..nd vi'nen the Co,:e Au t h ority reques~ ed 

the 1\iR.A t o sta rt p r osecuti on there WC'.s i mmedie>.t e ly r a ised .t he po i 11 t that 

the Gover nr:ent h 2.C:L n o t haG. a· h-md. i n the making of thes e rices <m d 

tha t i :t co lc~ not anc.L shoulc~_ no t se t out to pro s e cute v i ol a t o rs of 

re _;ul D..tionc no t nc:de by the Gov em mento On t he o ther hand t he i n1:.ustry 

clv.il.Je(_ tha t i :t:. t:pprovin.:; the Coc'.e the Gov ernmen t !'lad ap ec. t he ri _h t 

Jf the i nC.ustry t o se t .'r i c es unc'..e r the Codal limi t ati')ns an d thc: t t he refor e it (the Govern.rnen t -) was obli <-:;D.tecl t o enfo rce t h os e p rovisi on s. 

The r.:;e con,"i tion;, vvere t el·raLlr t ed. o:·/ o~1 Orc er of Aoministr2to r 

J ohnson issue<..: on J-\.ll y 16 , 1334 , c' ecl "l'L1:; <' 11 er:1e r ·ency m1d a'lop ti ng 

and i_JroLml {;c-tin::e: V'ith ~:lome c~ 1.~~ ~ _<--, :; , .:--~~~ ove:cm.1e~1t _n·ices, the p ri c es 

the..t hact bee. n set up by t he IJ1:. 1~Je r I . 1C::. 1.s t:.:y :i. ··1 l. t ~ mL1i mum price 

bulletins. 

9813 
-110-

w· t l .~.. · · · ,,,.,., r1· cec:: 'oecon~ ~ ·i1g ic es se t r t :1e Goverr~"!lent , t:i.1e vv l 1 (, les e ffilnlm"Lu!l ]J ' . ·- .·- -

st an, of :)r ot est 2-c·_.i·!lSt t:1ese ·Hice s :- c~ otl·te r L .ctors in t l e Coc1.e ec<"l.mc 

of suc:1 ·p;:·oport ion, t :i.nt the i>-dm"ir:istr ti or: W;'S cmn:r elleC: to t J.l:e co5 niz nee 

of it, J nC:.. t:1e !e ti'in:; on mi n i r:mm prices L1 t}'le un·1be~· I nclustr VJO.S c a lled 

for Deceml.Je r , 19'7. "1- . As .-::. r esult of the l1e: .. rLic?; ~"n Or c~ er ·rn.s issued l":'_tc 

i n December , 190t1

. ; it l:. cl .~. \7i:·.g t:1e minirm:1111 : rice ·n ovisi ons of t he Code . 

i::- y :: .. ri eL c"L ire 1)ro-o:1esi es 1 .. ·4d lJe e11 !1:.~ .. <3.e :.s to r. .. e e : f eet )Yl ~.,1e industry of t !1i s Hi t11<h':'..w8.1 of minimum ·· r ice co: but none ·Jf t:hese forpc ·sts 

:Lwe c0!:1e tr~e , ·--:~ s 'clle :L ilclu s tr;y lL.s c o:1tinuec:'. t o "t ct r.11d e;~. ct ,juct ...:bout 

c:::.s it .1Jrl t hroD/':h out EJO st of t~ 1e l . .., t e T :·e :-.r s Jf. its existence ,.nd t·.1c.;re ~ 

w::1s n o s.l<". r-~ re :".c'. ju e~1t of :~ ice , :n f 2.ct , fre r=c. fr o~·1 c ·:mtrol , prices 

ro se . 

Be t wee n Dec emb e r , ''~ , '::1en ·.:irices ,.,en ; vitllc3.r.:'.v?i.1 " nd h1.".y , 1935 , 

when tl.le ~r er:'l e Conr7, r E- nclereci. i ts decisi .:m ~ t he sc:le chter C<'.Se ' there 

}lad. ·b een ~ls cle ·::-. le t;rumbl L16 8. llC~. SC Oi." ent i :1 tlle inC:..u, tr ~r beC '"~ USe 

ID2.i.1V of L1e oem·oers were s t i 1 1 o.b i C!.Llt'.. b·r 1e minimum vTV,e p r ovi si an" ".nd ~ ~ ~ 

were living u p to ro uc t i01'1 c o:1trol sc:i.1edules se t ·by t'!1e Code Aut! ori ty. 

Wi th t he complete <'.b: :ic:o ~lli1 e:1t o f Cod.e a ctiviti e s t he in. c~ us ~' in c cner"..l 

~u.s functi o!le ci e:c~r l :u t:_ dy in ~ :'10!''P'li.."'.l HD.y . The r:1ember< of L '..e i nc us try 

c.p}Ja rentl .- ,·. e ret:.L1ecl. rnun: ~ of tl1e fruits of t:1e coo .. ., er8.ti on r e sulting 

fr om. t lle i:c ~L c:;soc :tti ':j 11 unde r t :1e Cocl.e . 

E. P:;:tiC:S .:JrC HILL .:E.A. LIZATI :T 

2 . Mill Re cl iz il n. · 

There is :·.l rnost c·. co, "'}"lle tc li::. c~..: Jf •.uthen ti c C.".. t " u: on t:1c subject 

of re J.li zr•.t ··. on Lc om. t~1e >) r o·uc t of t hr-- mi lls c.lurin :-o.ny ~~e iod of time 

c~ e s~:>e ci 2. ll~' c~ rin.~: ) e·c i od.f· cove:ced b y <.' v :·.ilab l e c.b.t ;. n.s to c o st of 

p ro d.ucti on . Certt..'. l:.:1 ::.ssoci ·.ti Oi.1S of lun ber .- oc~.uce s u.:'.ve M e 'l.tt cm'!)tr 

to secure co st ;', ~ :. evi lJ..S ~; .... iSCUS~ eL , vUt t he Te COl d is '1. lr-10St C. 

complet e bl.:-w.1j : on t;le s ub jec·t of mill re .. ~ i z t ·- :m or v::1.l 1...e of rni 11 proc!.uct until tl1e Coc.:e "leriocL . Conseo.uentl:·' t h i s d i s cus s ion must be .:1 lnost 

exclusivelv COi.1Cernef. wit:: t :1e c"Lo.t;-•. subwitte c.~ c,_urin.c,· t !le CorL e n criod . ~ ... . 

Differ ellces of o:, i n i ::m e:>:i st u~ t o ~t. t is t: e ·~"lro·)e r de finition of 

11 mil l o.liz ion 11 I n some br".nches of t l o L1 ustr y mill c.J. liz tion 

is considereG. to be the n e t r e t:urn to t h e .'ln:tluf--:. c t ure:r for t '-:e "~ rouuct 

sold . This i s net either gross s.::.les ; r ;·le t s ·•.lo s , but in , in m·u1y 

inst .:t ~lces , ne t s.?.les less fre i G:lt j_Jc.i c:. D.nd les £ s e l l i n:::; c 'J.. s~ i ons , ond 

in many c 2.s e s a l so l ess cash c." i Gcounts . \h l 1

. te'' ~. io11 is 1.lso f r equently 

o·,ls id . t o be t :1e V<.l.lue of tJ.1e r:1ill ) roci.u ct i o.l whet:.1er sol cl or not . 

In o t he r or .:ache s o f t~ e il: (~ stry mi ll re c. liz :.1. ti 1 l1kt~· ,·lOan m~· combin<:t tio:1 

of the c."oove ·b::tses n~.. . t~1e r;1en t ioaecL dei.luc t ·,o;ls t he ref r om. 

Mi 11 r e r'.1i ~. tion f i :-:. 11 , of c ou .. se , is vr:1e' t t he p r oc:'.uct a ctuall r 

briEgs in ~'- SL or othe:t· v .'.l ues ·.;:!.en "' uc:1 ·,roc-: uct i"' ;,1ovccl fr om t l1o :oosscnni on of t he rna nuf<.'.cturers. As t :ie ul tir·nte f ·-: c t or this c r-'..n not ve ignored , 

but it wa s 2..l so re:".lizect t lnt L1 deter .. i n in r; lJrice s lli""lder a s s tem governed 

by a n a rbitrary mc..xi rnurr! of cost of proci.u.c ti on , t l1e qu. nt i tiEJs of product 

mc-.nuf:J.ctured ·out ·.1o t c.ispose( of must be cons de ec~ . 

It ~1-:.s been mol~e or les e cor::rrn:::.n ) :C<."t.ctice ir·. the in~l tr;;- to conside r 

9813 
- 111-

gross mill ec. li z~t ion for <". 11 lumbe ·: ••roducts to be re) r esen..;ed by the 

sellL1f: ~Jr ic e of cert'" i:1 cr .,. c.~es c;. nc~ s i zes of finished lumber expa nded 

b;',r the c '..lcula b l e ·but in ~efii:ti te · nC. u11fi xec. f o.c t or of t he 11 a verac;e 

outturn of t~1e ·':' ver~~G e l og ." I n ::.10 inst:'i1Ce v1 thi1~ the ~-. tiL .b e r ecord. 

:1as 2.n;.l o:1e iail}_ , l e t ".l one ·•n y c.livi~ion or d.ivision of t he industry, 

proved this l1y-')othetic -~ l mi LL r e 'J.li z tiol! ·b:r cie fil1ite cts conce rning 

s a l es o r sc.le::.bili t: " 0f ch": l'O G. uct !Yl.:'.nuf .,_cture d . 

The industry i tsr: J.. f ~us recognizee L1e f :. c t t J.1.:.1.t such <-L comlJUt e.ti o:i1 

of < ~e ea l~ z·""..t l o:-: ·o.-:-.set: J:1 t :1e ;_: ver :~c e out turn of t h e a vera ge l og 

n oul d b e subje ct to i11<.11;;.• vr'.r i c:-;'Jle s . Two s;..1H:rers worl::ing L1 t :1e same 

mil l and :m ex· .. c t L t :1e same l oc; vwu.l cl not ro cluc e simila r gr a des , sizes 

anr:.. q_uantities of r m.1gh g r .::; en l um-be r . T:·le :cou c;h c r ee n lumber a s it 

came fror:1 t:1e sav1s r:li ( :ct be su Djectec:_ to c··ni o.t j_ons i n g r ade a nd t a lly , 

c:mc:. L 1c.1. t i-·o s t cert :•. inl~.- t l-:e 1.:-;. ~r-. 1 i.:.lC of tl1e roUf)1 g r ee n lumber in a ir 

drying a n( especi 2.lly k iln c1r yint; 'no :.l d cause V<.·.ria t i o.n in gr:'l.de , de -

pending Uj_)Ch . ~e L· e~c e;·_t ·.ccorc·.ed it i n those o·:er'"'. t irms -

During tl:e dep r essi on ~0 er ocl es ·> ec e. ll~ , if uot b e f ore t o H1e s a me 

extent, t :lel·e l12.C:. b e en 11 sv-we t ening o_f g:r._il.e s 11 if no t t he ac t ual bil ling 

of 2. ce rtC".i n q_uanti t y of ).1i _:;:1er gr" . .:. e of lumbe r >..s :md a t the :p ri ce of 

a l owe r g r e..de . 

With a ll of t:1ese conditi ons exi sting , or with .o'.ny consi dero.b le 

nu.r:J..b er of t~1e m ente rinc into the quest io11 of mi ll r ec:.li za tion , i.t i s 

p a t ent to even the most d i sinte1·estec'c obse rver t hcJ.t any mill r eali zation 

co .. rputecl upon a n unsut s t "'.n tia tecl. ::'.ver:1ge out turn of the c.verage log 

woul d be C'. very we ~'.l: :.:·e ec: u_,_;on which the industry could l eo.n. But t h i s 

vras · t he 011 l y t;:cJe of infor m.:-:.ti on sulxni t te d i n sup:.., or t of mill r ea.li zati on 

and wi t hout the b "'..cki:i1f, of .n~r conside r able da ta co:c1cer 11ing s:1.l es f or 

~r p-:1..rticulo.r J:le l· ioG.. t o ·be offse t a g:..cins t or co::.1si der eG.. with the cost , 

q_uo.nti ty e .. nC. grC'de~ of h1.rn.ber ~' ro uc ed c'curin€; t l-.. :-.t :;?e ri ocl . 

It i ::- r e£t.li zel.. t:1c1.t a n C'.t em- t to eve op a n e.vere..r;e f i gure of 

mill r ealiza ti on for u n; spec i fic r eriod ~i l be n d ifficult , if n ot 

an a l oos t i mpossible JJ r oceC:.Ul·e . The ci1a r::1.c te r of t he Droduct of the 

mill will diff e r cJ.s be t v.Jc:> e;_1 1•eriocls c'.epenclii.1g upon : 

(1 ) Char .::-. ct e r of l1e ·timber f rom which the s aw l ogs a r e being 

p roduceC.. 

(.3) Efficiency of C1e r:.'lachinery , e q_uipment, a nd ma na gement 

of the mill 

(3) The effic enc;,~ of er.rp loyees 

~) Com}Je ti t ive )Osi tion of the 1ndustry a nd t he particula r 

p r octuc :.. nc unit beL1g considere-: .• 

With the i n dustry r.r oc1uc inc lum.U?r , its f L1.".l us-,.b l e }Jr oduct, of ma ny 

different a nC. com~Je ti nt; spec i ef' , ,-ri 1 v ·- :L'i ·.,.t .') ilS L:.:. nnnuf:1.cture as 

previ ouslr out lineC. m:.cl wi ti1 cor. r1n l~- usee t:c .-~. e terms l1c.ving meani ngs 

iff ere n~ fro:'!. hose [, ~ ven .2. i1 tlle ~ ict j o~ 1. r~ .::- nrl t he cor.:mw nly accepte d 

me a ning of those sc:qne worcl_f , it c · .n ·ce l'E' .cl il c se n t~1 t even reports 

accura te o.s to q_u.'l.n tit :~· 2..l1<l. u1·1i t p::.~ ic , o;1l ,- cross sect ::. ons of t he 

9813 
- 1'12-

erm n~tion of an a v e r - B;e ~ri e fo r tl-:e ~ r oduct or 01.1.tturn of t'1e log . 

It vi-:-cs .:;.cce·•t ecL as a -~o.s ic conc l usi )~1 ·by .,.l.A t~ ;· t this boL1er orne 

quest i on of mi ll r ec.li zu,t ion coulc!_ not be s':' .t h:f'~cto ri ly ns 1ercd unle"G 

and un t il tho :(·e;)orting uni t r of the i m'i_ustr;,' accepte0. it u.s [ fnct th:•.t 

t h e mill r e·.1li zat 1:Jn c ould ce C.e t e rmi ned Ol1ly on t he -b- sis of irure:'ltory 

of produc t ion uns ol d <:;.nG. on ~~.:r..~~ 8.t the end of D.ny cost a ccounti-ng 

per-i od , COUl! l ed \'!i :~l a.:D.l ys e s of D.ctu::tl s:>.l e s . The NRA r eal ized j ust ...,_ ... 

cl e::t rl ~, as 2: i J t~1e nd~s tr 7 t~1c.1. t t h is b !J.si s was no t absolut e l y correct 

f or , unti l the ::r'.nuf<;.ctured rrou.uc t ·vas :;.c t u;:.l ly so l d , L1fl uences of 

we ather a:'lcl of time nere t encling to de;;r:::..c .. e tl1a t proc.uct . 

An i rrmo r t c:'.nt f.J.c t or in <le t ermi n i:1g mi ll r c2..liz::.ti-:::n for t!1e 1)TOducts nu.•. uL~ ctu.ret:_ is the coLr• c'..r abilitv of the sever a l snecies . I:tl - • c,...: -

c e rtain m·r>ets r.nd. f o::c cert.· L 1 uses out~1ern .. •ine lu'llber of '=' Liven 

g r c::.de ~me~ size cor:1rr1J.r ds ;, somevi~:..c:'.t :: i c;::.er price t :1''n tl1e co:-rer:no:1ding 

Do ug .:~s fi r hJ.mber . I t is reco --; ~izerl t~l::>.t t~1e :··l"O}:Jortioi.l of t:10 ~it.,: ei 

g r ::ules i s not so E,reat in o~lLlern p i ·1e ':"',..., in Dou:L·.s fL· . L1i~e Do"t..[l"l"'s 

fir 2-nd S01..i.t"1e r n :ji:1e <.>.re co· •pe ~i ti ve Vlood.s ~~n~ i · to c: ...... n~;e"ble for .. "'nJ 

u s e s , tlley n r e not the "'lme spec i es C'L ic:..entic.'-1 --r'Jods , · nd :i.'or ~or,le 

u ses t hey c.r e n 0t eY..c.ct l :.r cor:!::,,._rc~~ lo , :"nc=: t~1ey ~rc not nv· rz.:et C~b le o.t the 

sruno pTice . 3:owev er, .:l.C~l of these S~JCCies ::.:-d , t~:ro o{'!l CUstom , devclo:Jed 

e xc l usive mar J.o:e t s , re c-.t ve ~\· ... :-·e .}:iJll', , .'.!1.- J'l:.'..l"~.: et~ Lt rr:.icl1 t~ l"""J ·ere 

d.irect l-- comne tit ive . T:1is com·')etitl0n et·'lcen cnecies i • f· yc tor vihic1 c. ...._ ..:. ' 

v ery ma t e r ially <.ffectoD. 'G::1e rc:rlization of t!.1c miJ.ls . It VI[;.~ not 

po ssi b l e , or c:.t le--st it \'f.:s llot ~n sid.e1·e d. -,IJ ""Gi ble ·oy t:.e ini.ustr~ , 

t hat ~J ri ces of s i zes ·-.:..rei t:;r .c es of ·_·:e species co·.ud '\.,e •'eterminecl purely 

on the busis of t:1e cost of ~,:: 't specie~ . Tl e o'·'~·::Jeting specie'"' ·1itl1 

i t s cost a nd :re ':'~ tod. -~Jrice ·:. l r.o :1..1r. to be co. siC:...c:·ed . In t . .is coordinn.- . - ti on between ~~~)ec es it 1:v ·s ~rJu<1cl t~k"..t ver~ · clefinitel.· de termined mi!'limum 

c os t lJr o t ect ion pri ces ·t.)·;r.;ed 0i.1 1,'/ei <.ted r.ve· ;:.z;e cn;:t in t he rod.ucing 

~ivi s r:mst necess:.:cil:: be ~.cljuc~tac' eit:e:;.· u~~vi r• o r '.ovr.:l.r·-:. ·d so l1c"..t 

one o r the ot1~o r sl1oulc'. :;,1ot be , by t'w est--.' lir- 11 C!.t C'l "'UCil ·wice eliminn.Hd 

fr om or e l imi!.1....,,te t'1.e ot:1.er 1 :i."OD · r. ...... r~:ct in "!lliC~1 both l.;)U r·1rtici 1')._tl"'d 

}Jri or to the cdo:··tio:..1 of the Cocle . 

u..'~.l ~r unc:er the CoC.e eo.c~'l c.. ~ vi si qn of the Lu!nbcr 1.nct Timber 

Pr oC..ucts In r~· l)resentec) ce r t,...in 'lr..!.t.1. cf)nccrninc; mill re· li·.mtion . 

As l vi ous ~· st'l.tec..:. not one of tl e ·J.ctu:..tl lu.1 ber J. roL.ucing divisions 

pres ented coaclusive r.'1.'l, t eri ;J.l ;:r. tl1is sub j ect . Cert ~. in cl: t < " mill 

rea l izc..ti on vm r e presenterc 'tr the Soutl ern Pine Division but WGre bo.scd 

0 11 stuJ.i es of ev.e r :-.1 :·e:ns 2•r i or. Ot:1e !" divi GiOl!.S 'ifCrC in ·r r1.ctic -:.11 

t he s<Jme ·rJosi t ion 0-nd t:1e s t:: st cc quoted '1.s mill re·\liz1.t.; o-.1 were 

in t he m .j or i t y of cr~ses theoretica l !J.S t:10;y aj)p licG. to t1 G then current 

c ond itions. 

Ce rt .. i:1 t':. .::>.t~. as to report-:;t' co"'t~ o.n( re~•o rt eC. rc.g_ liz.:1tion undel' t: 

Code ant. , __ 'l>ri--lg a Cocle }•eriod of J :::.ml."•,ry , :irebn.J;"r~- , ')..nd 'arc' , 1934 , 

comnc:r eC: wi ~1 the Td riff ~ ission costs of 1929 , c:~re -.; ·esented in T"'..ble , .L 

XXX. The ci:>..tr: fro:; -~1e indu stT;-/ ''tre fo u:.1 .~ i:1 an :l21:;JUulis.1efc report of 

t h e ~ese·.l. r:c .1 <:1(~ Pl.::.n:r:.ing Di v i sion , ~J?.A . ( * J 

----------- ---- (* ) Unp ublis:1ed reTJO . t of Res E:.:r c~l anc'. Plan·,1ing Division , :rtft_ , "Cost 

P ro t ec tion P:(i c e s ,··~1c, Cort Sub skmtic;,t ion D:;.t ., nu...,:· 6 , 1935 . 
- 110-

ru1d t:1e infor me ti on fr or. E:e rif :;:~ Cor.~J:t is sio n (*) ~us ~en ciiscussec). 

previously. 

'.[" e inforrnat io::1 is c-upl:.,l i e"'. 0 ~- U3 to cert<' i ll of ~:1.1e C.lVisi ons 

,u.."tlder the L ber CoC:.e Aut.1o ri t y vrl:ic~'- p roduced n very l :tr @.e pe rcentage 

of a l l lumbe r . T11e Sou t he r n Pine Divisi on submitted. cost reports from 

136 lc.rge ill s ·1c'~ 1 81 ~.1<'- ;.. rr.ills. · m~:e l :1r ge mills lJ.roC.uced 410 ,705 , 000 

ft . b . m., w~ic' qu....1.ntity ;:·c:.s r e:!:1ortet". t o be ut 76 p er cent of the producti ~i1 of <:'.11 ge mills. ?~1e cost :c e:~Jo rt fr om the 181 sma ll mill::> 

covered 56 , 705 , 0')0 ft . · • m . It w:..s " l so estirr.o.ted by t· e Southern Pine 

Division t:.u"t 50 ~::er cent of t~!G p r od.uct i on of Sout::e rn pine came fr om 

t::.e srr.:---.11 r:1il::..s in thEtt divi s i o;.1. It wi l . i.Je noterl t ik.t ~he cost of 

'Jroducti o: a nd t!1e re~""'o rt C'. rE-al i za ti '):a_ vns -:-.Jrroxi rn.::.tely $4 per thousa nd 

less for t1 e smJ.ll mills t:i.u n v1as repo:.·t ef. by t~:e ,ar e :':'~ ills a.lthough 

it may be noteC. t l t Le ~J oduct !':: D.l'e G.iff erent . Th e U. S . Tariff Commission curts o f 19: 9 c~ d not C:~ist int:;u.ish betVTeen smal l mill a nd. ::-~rr; c 

mill costs. ml:e:ce is -:)ne ot: er :ooint to be consi ete r e. i n this comp2..rison , 

n~.mely , t_le c os'.: s evelo:~•eG. by L.e i::J.ius tr;y- incl uC:.ed se lling costs and i n -

terest as ·12.i ci or accrued v.r~ ilf- t~1e cn:: ts d.ev e l o Je ·.:'.. ·ov t~1e Ta riff Com- - - ~ 

miss: on d i d not inclu(e 2 !:1Y s~ ll ing cost ·Jllt cii C. incluc.e int e r est E1. t s ix 

J.Jer ce t on t~1e ~~e~J reci f:..ted v.:.l ne of 7.ixeu ::ssets (including stc:mding 

timber :md l e..n d) a n d.. t~1e o.ve:.~age v .. -...;.e of inven"t orie s ['.S shovm by t h e 

bool:s of t~1e com:.:m.nies investi g.1t ed . 

T1 e co s t s f or · '"' r d'."IOOC: v1ere · ot dev e loped by the U. s. Tariff Commissi on . Urder the Co&e costs ·Jel~e C.eveloped for the two p rincipa l 

~~ d. '10 orl grol..,2_J S, t _e Ap')e l a c h i c n ~J..rd'irood ::.ncl t i. e Soutl ern 1-Icrdwood 

Subdivisi oils . O:ciGinall y , ~1der t he Code these t ..:o gr up~ we r e co:r.1bined , 

but l a ter uncle r :l Code r.rr.cnd..::18Il t s e;1c..r c:.te sub- divi s i ons were set up . 

T~1ese sub- eli visi o;.1s -vm r e outline('. ~ener s. ll y on t he basis of the f orest 

r ange of t!1e s: ecific wood~ [';1-:c. 110t l..~:Jon st.:J.te lines. ~1e co st a nc. 

rec::.liza tion s:.s su it tec~ b:· L:e out:le_~n li" r d.wo J c. <-'.nd Ap:_J a l achi e.n ~..c:: r(.

wood Subd.i vi sion.s we re subject to certain :-c.jus t nent s :peculiar to t hese 

t•. o g r oL..'Ps . An i tern ver- ciefin i t e l ; set fort~1 Ll amount as <:'. r eo.uction 

of L1e rea lizu.ti on •ap_s for C:ec::..·•.rle :·>n d. shriri!:<'-t"C , ami no conclus ive 

suppo rting 6 .. c:.k 1u~s su.bmitte-.'. for ~1 is i tern. L1 tl1.e out~1ern Hardwood 

Subdivisi on re 2..li zati on fiGUTc as p::cesenteC.. on ~able XXX , $4: . 53 is 

includ..ed f or C.egr 1....C:.e a nC:.. shrL1Y--e.ce . Fo r the A:;?p 0 .l a chia n Ha r dwood 

Subd ivision tae :1mount o f this item is statec as $4 . 35 p er t_ousa nd . 

In co11:1ec tion with t~1.e r enli za ti o:!l i t ern f or Western Pine lumbe r 

it sl oulc. be stated tha t the quo t ed amount uas p r oduceG. by applying 

t1e formula bas e d.. on the a veraGe outturn of the log as submitted by 

the Weste rn Pine Division . T: ere wc..s !10 d.efini te .:'.a t 3. &.s to wha t t l1e 

~ .. -::nnill~ ac tu· .. ~=-Y di d. r ece i\'e f~r g.ct112 .. l l unioer 11 roduced f or the c osts 

det...,_ ileO.. by 1em . 

The est Coast Divisi oa subnit tec~. informc."'.t i on a."' to costs of 

production a n c: r ealizat_on for ootJ.1 lc-:.r,:;e :=-t.n.~- sm::1-ll mills procucing 

Douglas fir e.nC:.. ~1emloc~{ , anc: the s:. :e cl:-·.t·:;. for Si tkc"'. spruce . It will 

be noted t:u-'1.t as bc t wee;J. t 11 :.. -·.r f.:e mills .,:;_;_,·_ t: e sr:l;'.ll mills proO..u ::: ing 

Douglas fir anc~ 11emlock , Lle cos"t"' of L1e sm:.ll ::1ills ·uere o.p:_o roximately 

onl y t v;o- t h irC:..s of the costs o-.: t~:e -, ~~.e r.~ lls . I t 'liL!. a l so ·oe noted 

t£lat the r eno rted ec.llz [~tlO!t of t~:o s:--:.' ll r. i ll .ns S2 . 35 per thousa nd 

9813 
i n excess of the cost but thD. t the ren liz<? ti on of the large mills vn.s 

60 ce ~ ts T)el~ Ll·)US _:;,nd les~ ~t:.n t :1e cot:t to produce . 

Tl.1e U. S. Tn riff Co::rrnission , in. d.evelouing th0 ir costs· of p r oduc tion 

of Dougl:1s fir <.ui_cl !~e inloc r. for 1929 , prt~sent.s .1. cor:1pf'\si te t t"'..l cost of 

$2~ 96 pe r .i.1 ft . b . m. rllis cost, .J."' well 'J.S t"he cost of $23 . 07 f or 

West.e rn pine , is subj ect to t 1e sru:-ce q_UL".lific;:n i ::ms e:x:pres!=;ed c:\bovc in 

connect ion with t 116 cost of ~328 25 pe r M for So ut:he rn }) ine lum' cr. 

9813 
-115- .. 

F. LABOR 

l . Statistital Covera ~ 

As men~.ioned .in Chapter l, the C~-11sus cl::.Lt')s fic~\t n 11 Lumber and 

Timber Pro<;lp.cts ~ is much more r est1icted t~1c'll1 the im1.ustry covered 

by tl1e Code', t he f or mer te ;.1 g clefi ne.cl :is L1c~uding : .

11 l ogging camps; 

mercnant sa,r-m1ills ; combi:1e.d G'L'i'.'mills .< ~. ~K _:..; Lming mills , inclucling 

those engaged i n the manl:.fac.t ~-- l~e of b ox<?s ; veneer .mills ; ;1.nd cooperage 

stock milJ.s . 11 

The Census clc?-ssifica ti on 11 Pl c::.ning Mill Procluc t s 11 em.braces 

"inde~lendent 11 :;;>laninc; ;mi l l s ; t l12 t i s , :9l2.ning l~s not one r a t e d i n 

conju:;~~ t on wi'th saVI.rmi .ll s •··. - '." . . 

l ,_ ... -. ' 'f . . L- . . . • . :. . , . , •. ·• 

-· The ·census term "Wooden Boxes " i ncludes establi shments enga 6 e d 

pri:Jp::1rtl y in: ~).e .. El-"' nufc:.c ture of. vr :;o~:e n boxes (not L1c i-11ding cigar 

boxes); crates for but t e::c , frui ts , berries, anC:. vegetJ.b lc s ; box ._ shooks ; 

cas·~s .:for [f; c?~11l : CC.idJ.e d g oocb· ;. · C2. :!:" ri er tre,ys ; . etc • 

. These t h r ee Census classif:i.cn.ti ons , "Lumber ancl. Timber Pr odu~ 11 , 

"Planing Mill Prod-u.cts 11 , anc. 11 Wooo.e n Boxes , excep t ciga r boxes ", d'o . 

not ,con.form ; ·eve11 i n t :1eir comb ined scope , wi th the covc r at;e of the 

codal definition of the industry , but together they represent the 

:1ear:est ap}J:r.oxi,mat i on t ·q ·t:1at scope fo r wh.idi -statis tfo.s ai'e a va ilable . 

I n t h i s connectio:1 it . s!lOul c. oe ·borne in mind ·t h cd t he Ce nsus statist1cs are , L1 general, restri cted t o est c- blishr.lent s r eporting produc~s 

va l ued a t $5 , oo·o or mor e annm.l l y . i s a11p lies t o t nc data for 1933 , 

b·at for earli er Jears a mill 1l1ich GD.weC.. 200 , 000 f eet of l'lL.m-oer , 

1, 000 , 000 lat:1s , or 2,500 squ.---:.res of ingles v:as treated as ·c.n ·estc.:.blishment with ;~ ro tucts v· lued. a t $5 , 000 . 

a . ~Turnber of Employees . 

TJ.1e r.ge;rega ~c em~) O;)I"!J.C~J.t i n the tl'~:t ee Census · c:lassificati:ons 

of tJ.1e industry j:ust cl_escribecl m:1ou:1ted to 5::59 , 7_72 wage earne rs in 1929 . 

Of this number .ove r 77 per cent v:as rerresented by t he Ce ns:us c l ass.ifica t i on "Lumbe r anc1 ~iruber Prcd.uc t::;,11 , r·rhich , in general, cov e ts l ogging , 

SQV®ills , combi ned sawmil l s n~ p l ani nG mills , venee r and coop~rage · 

st ock mills. Over: 16 p c:.r cent of t'his em11 l oyment was r epre_pented by 

pla nin:; mi lls not OlJe rated i n con j w1ction wi th savnnills. TJ.1.e remainder, 

or .less t he.n 7 :9c r cent , was engo.ged in the ma.nufa cture . o:f -vmoden boxes 

and :"'ac!·:ac;e s .• 

The l oge;i ng and s avliili ll branch of the industry (Census cl.a-ssi-. 

ficat i on 11 Lum.be r and Timbe r Pi oducts 11 ) r a::1l::ecl third in 1929 among a ll 

Ame ri can incus tries \Vi ti.1, ~spec.t to .. t ile lY;l r'_ of .i9:ge -' earnP-rs empl oyed , 

being exceeded b y onl y the Foundry ::•.jY1 Machine · s:1o~9 · Products and the 

Cotton Goocls Industri es , anr:'_ followecl b~· tl1e I ron :1.nd St ee l S~eel 

Works ancl Rolling ,.ri l l a) L:c:'us t:..·;:;r . ( *) 

(*) Census of ·. hnufact .rers~ Burer>.u of t J.1e CC?.ns u s (l929) ,Vol.II,p . 34 

9813 

· .. 
-116-

.Anpro.ximately 162, 000 wage earner s , or 39 ner cent of the 1929 log ... 

ging and sa1'VJTl ill employ-nent, '\"Te:ce logge r s , t he remainder, or about. 61 ne r 

cent, being engaged in t he mills. 

The following tabl e shows the number of wage earners in the three 

Census classifications .. of the i ndustr y f or the odd years 1925 to 1933 inclusive. Similar data .for t he even years are not available. 

Number of Wage Earners (Census Classifications) 

Boxes 

Lumber Wooden 

and Planing Except Total 

Timber Index Mill Index Cigar Uage Index 

Year Products(l929=100) Products (1929;:;100)Boxes Earners (1929=100) 

1925 467,090 111.5 111, 329 123.5 34,834 613 , 253 113.6 

1927 413 ,946 98.8. 96,589 107:. 2 30 ,797 541' 332 100.3 

1929 419' 004'· 100 . 0 90,134 100 . 0 30,554 539,772 100 . 0 

1931 196,647 46.9 54,493 60 . 5 22 , 864 274 ,CC'4 50. 8 

1933 189,3~7 45.2 35,388 39 . 3 21 ,753 24€', 508 45 . 7 

Source: Census of T·anufactures, Bureau .of the Censun - 1929 -and 1933. 

It will be seen from the foregoing table that the number of wa e 

earners i n the t hr ee Census classffications declined from 613 , 253 in 1925 

to 539,772 i n 1929. Under t he influence of the business depression this 

employment fell sharply to 2?4 , 004 i:1 1931, a. loss of a:,oproximately 50 per 

cent from the 1929 l evel. The year 1932 represented the botwm for the 

indus try , both in :9 rociuction and employme'n t , but fl ctual employment figure s 

for t hat year a r e not available. Eowever, the ino.ex of employment fo r saumills and millwork, pr epared by the ureau of Labor Statistics and shifted 

to" a 1929 base, fell to 37.8 in 1932, as compared 111i th 49. 5 in 1931 and 44.3 

in 1933. On the basis of t he 1932 index it is computed that employment in 

that year fell to' 204,034 wage earners. In 1933 the employment level was 

about 5 per cent below t he 1'931 l evel and r e:present ed 45. 7 uer cent of the 

1929 employment . 

Technologica l unemployment has been less in this industry than in most 

other industries. There have been notable i mp rovements in manufacturing 

methods, but these have taken place e;radually over the past quarter of a 

century, with no sudden displ acement of labor. (*) 

From Census st a tistics (*~) it is computed that tle average 

(*) Verbal statement of :E'ra.nk Read , forne:o.~ .Assist:1.1t :Deputy .Administr ator, 

N.R.A., on t he Lumb er and Timber Products Code, Februa~r 4, 1936. 

( **) Census of I:Ianufactures, J3ur eau of the Census, 1933. 

9813 
- 1 1 ?- -· 

r eport i ng esta b lishment in the s:.'..wrnills , 11 Lumbe:c a :.1d Ti mber Produ cts ", 

emp l oyed a bout 32 war;;e ea r>1ers in 192 9 , 39 in 1931, a nd 50 i n 1933 ; (*)the 

~t.. ver e 11 ind.e·· endent 11 p l <1:ni ng mill (2 i llnor l>:) est :t oli s~ Tinen t employed 

betwe e n 18 nc.~ 19 w2.ge e a r ners in 192? , :aec:-.rl y 16 ilr i -9'3·1 ·, ::1.nd 15 in 

1933 , while t :1e n.vera ge wo ode n ·box or ·•"1D.Cl':D.ge e s t a b li shmen t emp.loyed 

about 39 wat;,e e D.rne:c s i n 1929 , 3{ in 1931, a~ cl 37 in 1933 . When it is 

r e a li zed t i1at in s ome ca se s t1:·o or no r e mi lls oper,::,tecl under common 

ownershi p a r e countec ~s ·". s i ncl e e stablishment c.nd tlw.t ,. i n ge:ne r 8.1 ,. 

t he Census st,'lt i stics do n ot cove r mills w}w se p rodu cts a re v:;.lued a t 

less t i.l':'..n $5 , 0).J anm1.:.lly , it i s .s een t l'1:1 t tl1e A..Ve ?:c:.ge working .group oi' 

employees in t he indus t ry i s 0_u i t e sm<'.l l. 

e f ollovrinc t abl e s h ows ~1 e a v e r age numb e:c o.f We.ge e a rner s i n 

establishments .o f va ri ous s i zes for t he ye 2..r 192 9 . 

I n Est bl shm nt ~ wi t h 

Pr oducts Va lued D. t : 

$5, 0 JO t o 

20 , 0 00 t o 

50 ,·ooo t o 

100 , 0 00 t o 

250 , 000 to 

500 , 000 t o 

1, 000 ' 0·)0 

2 , 500 , 000 

5 ' Q.)Q ' 000 

$19 , 999 

4 9 , 999 

99 , 999 

249 , 999 

4 99 , 999 

999 , 999 

to 2 , 499 , 999 

to 4 , 999 , 999 

an d. over 

Ave :c.'JL;e ~Jun1iJ e r of · 

:::~.~ e L.:-.r ne r s in Sarrn i ll }~s't n. i s hmen t s' §:) 

4 . 9 

13 . 5 

.27 . 4 

58 . 5 

12 5 . 2 

2 16 . 6 

411.2 

841. 8 

2 ,1 79 . 7 

Ave r 2.ge Numb e r of 

Wage Ec.rners L-1 Mi i 1- · 

ior~: Er:i t a b lis'hrnen ts: E) 

2.5 

6 .1 

11.7 

26 . 0 

54 . 2 

109 . 3 

219 . 4 

421.8 

none 

3 J urce : om~)uted from Census of ManUf,_ctur'es, 1929 . 

p) Censu s c l i.s s i f i ca tion ' u Lumb e r 2.nG. ''limb er .Prociuct ~' 

:E) Census clc:ss ifi ion ·11 Pla n l:i.1g Hi1 2. s 11 

b. Se2.s ona l i t y of Em•• o~rm t 

Th e ext ent of 's ee.s oria l fluctUD.t i on s iri em_p l o;Yme nt in t~1e s a vnnill 

b r o.nch of the industr;.- i s shown by t he f' oLCo d~rig· i nui'ce·s· ·o'f ' eiri1j o~rrri ent: 

-( *) T:1is incr e :ts e was undoubte d.l y d.ue to the dec line L1 t~1e numbe r of 

S IYk'l.. I l esta -b lishment s . 

9813 
- 118-

I nde x of Emp~oyment (1929=1J0) 

Sn. '.-rrni 11 s 

1926 1927 1928 . I 969 1930 1901 1932 1953 1934 __ 19QQ _____ _ 

Jan , 

Feb . 

Ma r. 

Apr. 

May 

Jun. 

J ul. 

Aug . 

Se ~ 

Oct. 

Nov . 

Dec . 

Ave r1)4: .'7 

104 . 5 

104 . 9 

109 . 6 

111. 8 

112 .7 

11 1 

112 . 6 

110 . 2 

108 . 4 

106 . 6 

104 . 2 

98 . G ·90 . 8 

97 . 4 .. 91J . 8 

96 .. 9 . 93 . 4 

97 . 4 . 95 . 9 

99 . 9 <J 7. 0 

l OC . 4 99 2 

100 .1 97 . 8 

1·)1 . 0 10() . 3 

101 . 5 101 . 1 

99 . 9 l 'f' . 8 

98 .1 100 . 3 

94 . 0 37. 5 

94 . 6 

95 . 1 

96 . 6 

101·. 0 

103 . 2 

105 . 1 

105 . 1 

106 . 3 

103 . 9 

100 . 3 

97 . 0 

91. 8 

85 . 3 

82 .2 

82 . 9 

82 . 0 

81 . 1 

?8 . 4 

73 . 7 

70 . 0, 

. 4 

64 . 9 

61 . 1 

56. 8 

51. 6 

5C . 5 

50 . 1 

49 . 9 

-50 . 0 

49 •. 6 

47 . 3 

46 . 3 

45 . 1 

'- . 

42 . 4 

38 . 7 

36 . 8 

35 . 8 

35 . 5 

36 . 6 

36 . 7 

37 . 1 

36 . 4 

36 . 6 

37 . 8 

39 . 2 

38 . 6 

37 . 0 

34 . 8 

33 . 7 

35 . 1 

34 . 8 

37 . 1 

43 . 1 

49 . 1 

53 . 7 

57 . 2 

58 . 4 

56 . 1 

53 . 9 

49 . 7 

50 . 7 

52 . 8 

55 . 5 

58 . 4 

56 . 8 

54 . 7 

54 . 9 

55 . 2 

54 . 9 

53 . 1 

51 . 1 

age : 108 . 5 98 . 8 97 . 1 100 . 0 73 . 7 47 . 1 37 . 0 45 . 4 54 . 0 ----------- -------- ------- - ---

50 . 0 

52 . 9 

54 . 2 

56 . 3 

55 . 0 

50 . 0 

55 . 0 

Source : Bu::ce::1u of labor St:-,tistics Index , s~ iftecl to 1939 '·'1."'0 . 

----·----------

Simi l.:'1.r dat"l f or mi llvrorl;.: (Ce: sus cl~.;:: sific ~ ti on 11 p loning Hills " ) 

~.:re })re sent ec~ in the fol J.ovrL1,:: t ::ble : 

JEm . 

Feb . 

Mar. 

Ap r. 

May 

Jun . 

Jul. 

Aug . 

Sep . 

Oct. 

No v. 

Dec . 

Aver:... 

I ndex of Ern::, l o;:rrlen.t (l·J29e l 1,.. ) 

l:Ii lhrorl1926 1927 1928 1~~ 9 9~0. 19 ~1 1932 ~33 1934 1935 ---- --~~-~~--

124. 9 

125 . 1 

126 . 3 

123. 5 

122 . 0 

121 . 7 

121 . 4 

121. 4 

119 . 9 

119 . 4 

117. ? 

113 . 6 

110 . 6 

108 . 8 

108 . 0 

108 . 9 

108 . 8 

109 . 9 

109 . 0 

109 . 0 

106 . 9 

104 . ? 

102 . 2 

10'). 7 

99 . 0 

99 . 4 

00 ·~. JJ . .... 

102 . 4 

l C'4 . 3 

105 . 1 

105 . 4 

106 . 5 

104 . 5 

101. 6 

1()2 . 5 

99 . 2 

l •Y) . O 

10 ). 5 

10 1o4 

104 . 3 

105 . 1 

l fJ 5 . l 

l 'J4 . 9 

104 . 5 

101 ~ 

9o . 3 

89 . 9 

84 . 8 

82 . 9' 

84 . 2 

81 . 7 

81.5 

81 . 7 

79 . 3 

75 . 7 

~ 

68 . 9 

69 . 6 

68 . 1 

67 . 3 

62 J9 

64 . 3 

G4 . 4 

64 . G 

65 . 4 

63 . 2 

61 . 6 

60 . 8 

56 . 8 

54 . 8 

54 . 3 

52 . 8 

49 . ') 

46o7 

45 . 6 

4 . 4 

42 . 8 

41.0 

38 . 9 

38 . 6 

38 . 5 

38.'") 

37 . 5 

36 . 5 

~~3 . 6 

34 . 4 

31 . 7 

'"3 . G 

36 .,__, 

39 . 8 

44 . 0 

45 ;~ 

45 . "7 

4:3 . 9 

<12 . 2 

41 . 1 

37 . 7 

40 . 9 

42 . 6 

4.4 . 6 

45 . 8 

42 . 9 

42 .r 

41 . 0 

-tl . l 

4.1 . 1 

41 . 6 

40 . 7 

42 . 9 

43 . 4 

45 . 0 

46 . 1 

47 . 5 

50 . 6 

age·: 121.4 107 . 3 102 . 5 100. 0 76 . 2 60 . 5 41 . 4 39 . 2 41 . 7 

Sour ce : :Buxec.u of lc.bor .:::~ tir-tics I nclex , n:1iftecl to 1929 b ...... nc . 

-- ......_ _. -·· - .. · ·- -- ----- --

c. Tyr.e of Er.rp l o:rees 

I t r:2.s seen in l~:.p ter I t~1·.~. , L1 ce~ler '1. , em:1 o~'ees in the industr~' 

may be C:.ivi ciecl into t ·ro principal gr~ru.:~·~ , nmnel , logc,ing Cl'll!.1l o ec::; 

and sawrni 11 ernp l o;ye<:s . og& er~ , f-Jr t~i. e most :-,art , must li vc in c rnps 

which can be moved re a~ il y from one l oggine center to ~nother , for with 

modern met~wds i t r equires o11ly ~_ short time to f ell ., ll the conmerci '11 

t re e s on a consi den:.bl e a r e 0

- • • T..... 

'"ere - :-J.re , t '• 

-~v 1·ef'orc , ve·· ,J. :· - f n ev1 21e r .1. .en t 

9813 
-ll

living quarters for l ogge rs. Such vro r l.;:e r s n.re , for the uos t ;,)art, 

unma rri ed and a re mo re or less transient in most of the p roducing 

regi ons. An exception to this sit u.:J.t ->on e xists in t i1ose l ogging 

a r eas which a re f:1irly co ::~ tiguo us '.vit:1 agri nlituretl a reets , as in t he 

South and AppD.lachio.n r ee;ions , where log:dng l q.bor is fr equently interchangeable v1ith tha.t of a(:;ricultur<.l. l l 2.bor , with no clea rcut division 

bet v!een them. In m1c~1 c:;.s cs logc_:e rs frequentl~r h,·we more or less perm-

<.'.nent reside:1ces on f ::trms in the vicin i ~r _• nG. 2:r e engc: .. geC:. part of the 

ye':l.r in l ogging opera ti ons . 

SavJini ll wo r lcers f :;.l l int o the Ct\. er~o y of f a ctory wo r kers. he~r 

2.re less tr.msien t, lX1. rticul c::.. rl ~/ in the Western a reas , tha n the logge r s . 

Pl a n ing mill \JOr}.:ers :L~' ·be engn:::-ecl in o:pe r :1 t i ons .1.djr1_cent to t he 

s c:l:wmill , or they may be employed in i:1d.e:'Jene'en~ plan ing opera ti ons 

lo cated nea r the cent e r s of demand ::mel L~r from t:1e logsing ancl sawmill _ 

operations. Whichever is the cc..:se will de t e rmi ne whether t he Yvo r lo:e r s 

will :1.'.lve the adval1t 1.~e of the lov!8r l ivi ng costs of the country or must 

incur t he Gher ur~n costs . 

. . . 

Q,uesti onnaire datD. co:mp ilec. b~r t~le Southern Pine As soc i ati on, 

Novem-be r 18 , 1935, co ve rir..g 65 lar t;;e s a wmi lls i.n 10 st!1.tes i n t he Southe rn 

Pine a rea , gave the fnll owing ~;e rc en ages of negro t o t otal l abor emp loyed 

in the montl1 of September : 1932 , 52 . 3 ; 1933 , 50 .1; 1934 , 52.2; rtnd 1935, 

50 . 9 . Similo.r c~atu. for small mills would rob bl~r show a l a r e;e r pe rcentage of ne g roes due to A. lesser degr ee of mec11:".ni zation a nd the refore 

of required ski ll. Da t ". compiled ·by the Southe rn Pine Associatton in 

connec ti on vvi t h t i1e a·bov e - ment i oned study 2.nd cov eri:o.e;_. 18 small savvr.1i lls 

in seven Southern Pine states, shov1e r

1

• the f ol lov-ring pe rce n t 2.ges of negro 

t o t ot C'.l la:bor for the m'mth of Sept ember : 1932, 55 . 3 ; 9~~3 , 55.3; 

1934 , 55.5; 1935,, 59.2. 

The l o6t.,ing an d sav!ITli l l rrol'"!rrnen of the No:tth an G. West a re generally 

of a roving , independent n:1. ture , w~lile thos e i n t l1e South a re incline d 

to spend t he ir lives in the s ar'le l ocnli t y , chan~ing from lumbering to 

agriculture .:-.nd ·back aga.i. n accordinc; to c1em£.nll . 

With reference to t l1e sex of . em}JloyE e s , a study made by t he Bureau 

of Labo r -St.:t tistics in 1929 , covering 58 , 0r)7 employe es of 319 repre s~nta- : 

tive sawmills in 22 ·st ates and 6 , 9.68 employees of 51 l og['ing camps in. 10 

sta tes, revealed the fact 't ~m t only 1 8 -~l the sawrn'ill employees a nd onl y 

29 of those in the l ogging camps we r e f ema'les. (*) 

I n 1930 t he re v1ere 20 ,761 pe r sons under 18 year s of age employE::d as 

lumbel~me n, raftsmen , woodcl1oppers , a nd in sc.w a nd pla ning mills, 4 , 228 

of these ·being between the at;es of 10 and 15 a n d the b a l a nce, or 16,533, 

be 1ng 1 6 and 17 yeo.rs of a ge . These sta tistics a r e set f orq1 in dekl.i l 

in the fol lowing t C).b l e : 

( *0 Bulletin No . 497, Bure:..1.11 of ·Labo r St ".tis tics , ~!c.g e l. 

9813 
- 120-

Ch ildr en 10 to 17 ye·,.rs , il clusi ve , of age 

gn ful l~- occu~:: ie c~. ~~s lumbe r men , r;,f t~~1en . a .1d 

v•.,'JdcJ.·o•l· ers .;.nG. ·n .·~ vl Gn .. - -~=' n[, m11.~. s 1n 1930 

To t ::-'.1 10- 15 v r . ' incl . 16- 17 y rs ., Occupa - -- - ti ons 

To t -:.1 20 , 761 4 ,228 16 , 533 

Lumbe r men , r-:lfts·1c"1 

and voodchoppa r s : 5 , 0.25 1 , 047 ? , 978 

Teamst e r £ c.:1c ~r C. ler s 

Otl1er l umberuei1 , r , ftsmen a:1c woocl.choy,n·. ers 

;::.9 7 

4 , 728 

15 ~~6 

57 240 

990 3 , 738 

0 , 181 1.2 , 55[> 

--------------------- - ---------- -·--- -- -

Source : P re·)qr eci -b,- t he c:-li l clr ei.1 1 ~ Bu reau , :Je:·Ytrt1ne1 t of L'1.bor , f r o . - u 

Cm:.s11s of Po·,,ul2.t lon , 1930 , Vol ur:1e V. 

~ Inc l ucles ifood.en Box f a ct orie s . 

- ------- -- _.:.__-

DurL1.=; t:1e ~)eriod 93.~~ t o 1935 , Ltc l ur:ive , sLillec' labJr in 107 

Gc.'twmi l l s i n l l s t ...- t es i n t he Soutl1ern l~ine e.rr ·1, r•ver~.bc>d ""bo tlt 37 per 

cent of t:1e tot1.l vJOrbrien em the p'1Lrrol l s of t:1cse mi .l ~. , und cornr'lo n 

l abor 63 pe::c cent . (* ) Simil; r ste,ti tics for t:w Jorthern 1.nd c ... tc r n 

p orti ons of ~1e incl. str~- ·.ne n ot ~t "'. l8,b . ~)ut in vie··, of tl e grc .ter 

degree of mcch.: .. n i zc9.L on :J:f t l10 s e a r n.s .:mr". t :1e cor-tes:1onding greete r 

de g r ee of sl:ill require d , t he }::'ro}-·ortion of "l:i lled worb.nC'n in s u ch 

a reas i s doubt l ess l arge r . 

Some ide ·'. of t :L1e r~n.;;e o: occu-,2.t i on" in SG.Y ill c: mn.y be. g·.inc d 

fr om t he f oll ov,ri n:·, li" t of t l1e pri nc i p;..-.1 occ :):o~. t i one .1ubli cl1ccl by t1 e 

U. S. Bure·:.u of k .bor St'J.t l sti cs in co:mccti on wi th itc hour "'nG. wage cl.ata 

( *) 

Pom:_.-nen , log yn..rc1.rnen , :1e.:oc:_ b .. n'l s'lw~rc r: , ~1C'1.c' cir cul·:tr s'"'wyc rG , 

d.ogce r s , s e tterc: , s.:J.w t ._:.ile r s rm '1e;..1.d s;,us , C'1.' t' s 'w;rer., , res,.w 

s.:1.1nyers , srru".-11 saw sa:ryers , edcemen , ed;:;er tailors , tr.-,· ... f c r:mcn , 

trimr:1er lo.::.d.crs , t r i rm:ie r o:per1.tors , c;o.n.:; or rP-s<. -, offb~·-rers , t;r ·l,ders, 

sorte r s , k~nr~ t r u cLe r s , j)O':.rer ruc~:er , ~~~11C:.. :>t c}':err , ·11 nin,"" mill 

ma ch i ne f eede r s , r.,lle~:'ffi en , mi llwrig:1ts , l abore r s , and ot11c r erc.ol oyeeth 

In o,~l i nt: bl:.e t y;?es .:.nc.l nomenclo..t·..rre of occu,."' t i JnG differ cons i de r eo.b l ' i n d iffe r ent p.::::.rts of the cow1t ry , an'~- even bet.men st<:>tec- i n 

t h e s ame ge c:~ l c.reG. . Th i s cUffe:cc nce i s es;Jec i s.l l;y' no ti ceabl e in 

( * ) Ana l y sis of quc sti onn9.ire d.ett<. b~· tl:e out~1ern -:--ine Associ<:>.t i on , 

Hew Or lec_ns , :Gouisi :··.na , Novembe r 18 , 1935 . 

( * ) U S B .r.· 1 b S J.. J.. • J • 1-r , L • • ure ;u Oi [•. Or v::-. v l S ClCS , !,ClLCS :1-nc nOU.l'~ of ""...:.b-=o-=r-...:::.:nc::..-__:...tc::..:h;c::...e 

Lumber J~ c' r- y i n t he Uni ted St.::.tes ; 1932 , 3ulJetL:. o . 586 

9813 
-121 ... 

compo..ring t he Nort .hwest a:::.d t :1e ~out_}~ _ c.ue 1'?- r g ely to the l a r g er a n d 

t c:.ller lumbe r in t he f orme r a r e a. .:J.nd the grea ter de t:;r ee of me chaniz·B.-

t ion i n t bn.t o.r ea . 

The ) rincipal GCCU}J <:'.t i on s 1 ~1e log i l'b c.: unp s of Nor:.th Ca ro l ina , 

list ed by t he U. S. :BurEc-.u of Ln-oor St<.·. tis tics , a r e a s f ollows: 

· :;n&c l:s:mft:ls , . s~ d.d. r c ·-<.b l e :;_Jullers , cle ::m -.,u:p men, co oks , 

.:.··, :· cutter s ,, :.' e~rs, f ileTs , sl :idr'.er firemen_, :foremen , a ssista nt 

·_: f oremen; fel'!. i nc;. c r e w foremen , se ctio:n f ·or emen , teamster foremen , 

t'r,-':'.Ck fo r er.1Em , {; c: ,j<:.c : ;·,len , . ~!oo::er , l o:borers , labo.r leaders , 

·· :l a bo re:c s a nG hookers·, ·l oc.cl e r ~ :cr.1en: , s}:i clder leverm.en, loade:r:In:en, 

·' log s t-ovJers ,. -rig e e r s , ron6men, r op e r s ,. s c:.1N;yer.s., skid(er yard 

s a vvy ers ,. s tun'l ) ing tr c:: e srmye.:ts , ·se c t i on ~-.. ::mc~ . ~J ikers, swnmp ers , 

teillTis te r s , ton.:; , to:--y loaciers ,. tr:::-" c t or ~"e a tors, a nd. wood 

cut te r s . 

By vtay of c o11 tr3.st, ~ e llon ,::; l i s t of J):CLlcipr.:·.l o.ccuj_}a tions 

in the logg i ng czunp s of Oret:;on , ·::-lubli shed - b y the s ame sourl?e , is c::f 

interest: 

Ec..kers , beoma l-:ers , b l n cl'.:sui t:1s , bucke r s , l1e o.d buckers , . bull_ 

c ooks , l og bunchers , ca t e r p i l l u.r G.lri veJ;"s , cn terp-illar greasers, 

chasers , choker setters, . c limbers , co ok9 , cra 11e ope r o..tors , cruis e rs, 

di hw ers , cl onkey engine ers , l oad e r en ine , f o.llers , - fi l ers , 

firemen , donJ:e y firemen , l on.C.e r firemen , fire we..r dens , flunki e s , 

h€a d fl-unkie s ' n.anctymen ' hi .:;h · climbers ' hool::e r s ' ho ok tenders' 

kn o tters , l abore r s , lineEien . l oo,de rs, he a d l o;_;.clers , s e.c ond loa ders , 

·machinists , F1a ch i n i s t s 1 ~le ers , rn ec~li:'. nics, ) umpmen, camp r epc.irmen, 

ca r il~me n, he ::1.d. c a r e~"~ me n, cater p i l l a r r e}-•aii·me:.-;. , c,_onkey 

engine repai rmen , cc>:-rr:•· ~}1':'.. i:C lJl en 1 s he er , Cf'. t er;_) i)lp.r re:p ~. ir en r s 

hel er , ri gge rs, l1 ~d riggers ., rigt;e r s I -hel J:'I e rs, s o.wye;ts , sca l ers , 

swamlJe rs, te81Tlsters·, ton~ s e tt e r s , .1 :hme:a, welders , whistle J,iunks, 

&nd wood lmcJ:s. 

3 . Gener:::·.l La b o:c Conriiti ons 

Records of ~1e Na ti ona l S2 _fet y .Co'Jllc il inC.ic·1.te t h:.--..t the lumberi ng 

indu try r c-.nks amo11g t he mos t h'l zl..:rciou s of indu stri e s . (*) The re ort 

of t :1e ·cou:i1ci l for 1933 shoviS 1 Uillb er.i ne; :-..s t wen t:-":...nin t :1 in ~re quency 

and twenty- seventh in s ev e rit:.- ·of cl cc i dent.s amonb _thirt y L18.j or industrial 

cla s s ifica t ious . (*) 

The Ltec i6.ei1 t fr eQU nc~':. ·~--<~;;,\ ::.. q.§l .Ttt~ __ rc;.te:s - for -1 930 g i v,e n in t he 

a b ov e - ment i oneC:. r ep ort -<:'.re ·as fo l l e:nvs : -- · .. ..... .. ' ·'·: ___ __ · 

(*) Childre n 1 s Bureau , De-.1Rrt;n-l1t of k •.t o r; flerno r ··.:r:1 c:ur:1 of J a uua:cy--17, 

1936 , p r epo.r e 6. f o r t h G Lum-be r -:-..c Tir:J..be :L·.Pr0c·:y.ct ?· StuG.y Un~t. 

(*) -- Acciden t 2.l I:1 jury ::> .. t es -- ~ Wo.ocluo r l:tnt; __ ·~i1 C.'L L'4mberine; nG.ustri~s , 

1930 - Na ti o1m l Sn.fe-t:' ·:Covncil . -

9813 
All I ndustr ies 

Woodwo r king 

Lumbe ring 

·- 22

Fr equency Rate 

14 . 56 

18 . 26 

59 . 67 

Severity Rate 

1.59 

1.56 

5. 00 

The need for exclusion of minors fr om industries P-S hazardous as 

this i ndust,ry has f or many yea.r s b een r ecognized.. I n 1932 the Advisory 

Conun i t t ee on t pe Ernpl oyJ"len t of t~i or s in Hazar dous OccupA.tions , a techni~ • 

committ ee of healtP. , i ndustria l, and i nsur ance exoerts, after a study of 

da nge rous occunat i ons and acc iden t e~e ri ence , included in its reports a 

co ~~e ndati t ha t ~inor s unde r 18 should be p r ohibited f r om e~ployment 

in lumber and l og.c:ing oper at i ons , in sa.w and. planing mill.s , on the one rat i on of p owe r-driven woodwo r k ing machi ne r y , a nd in the loading, unloadinc, 

p iling or storing of heavy l umbe r. ( * ) 

I n a study made by the U. S. Ch i ldr en ' s Bureau(**) some year s ago 

cove r j.ng accidents in a si ngl e "rear to minors under 20 years of age in 

' iis consin, the Lumbe r and Furni ture i ndustr ies were found as a gr oupe ven 

more danger ous to these young wo r kers than the Iron and Steel industr ies, 

causing 137 inju ri e s pe r 1, 000 boys i n s emi- skilled occupations , and 35 

per 1, 000 labore rs. Boy s in semi-skil led wor1{ in sa\"7 Find nlaning mills 

had an inju ry r <:" t e of 153 pe r 1, 000 and i n other woodPorking industr ies 

( excluding furnitur e) a r a t e of 204 pe r l ,OC • For the laborers in these 

saw a nd planning mills the r ates we r e l ower, be in 47 end 28 , resnecti vel7. 

In a late r study of a c ci dents to illegally emnlorcd minors in his 

same stat e ( TV i s consin) , made a l s o by the U. S. Children ' s Bureau(***) , 

woodwork ing ma chine s aru~ed f irst among machines causing accidents. 

Three-fo-q.rths of t hese a cc idents occurred in the manufacture of 1 umber and 

all i ed p ro duc ts, sa~·rs and plnner s being r esponsi ole for a very large 

p rop ortj,on of t he "'Oodrror!Hng a c ci(\.cnts. Those injured by 1"TOOdfrorking 

Machine s included a lar ge p ropo r: tion nermanently disabled. 

In spite of t he r ecogni '7.ed hazards in the industry, bovs 16 and 17 

vears of age , as i nd ica t ed by the Bureau of the Census figures previously 

g iven, we r e st i ll :o(;r ro i t ted t o ,~o .-: up to the time the Lumber and iTTJbe r 

Product s Code -ras apuro ved, a.nd the prohibition :i..n thFI.t Code a :.ainst the 

employment of t hose under 18 , wi th a fer: specified excent i0ns, renresented 

a r eal adva nc e in p rot ecting mi no r rro r kers from ind.ustrial injuries. ( *** ) 

(*) Stat ement of t he U. S. Childr en ' s Bureau , Denartrnent 0f Labor, 

J a nuary 17, 1936 , p r ep.:ued fo r the Lumber n.nd Timber Products 

Study Un it. 

(** ) U. S. Ch ild r en' s B'..lr eau, ndus~ ial Accidents to Emnlo, ed flino r s 

in Wi s consin, Hassa.chus et:ts. and New Jersey, Publication 152 , n . ~ 

( *.** ) The Illegally Empl oy.ed Li nor and the Compensati0n Act , Publication 

214, Tabl e 11, p . 108. 

(**** ) Stat ement of t he U. S, Ch ildr en's Bureau, Denartment of Labor, 

Janua r y 17, 1936 , prepar ed .fo'r . the J.Junbe r and Timber Products 

Study Unit . 

9813 
-123-

b. General Labor Conditions on the West Coast 

1. High Labor Turnove r 

One of the signs of a contented labor force is a low 

labor turnover. If men are hapDy and content ed '"ith their ~ork they 

will usually stay F:ith it; if t hey .ar e restless and discontented they 

will move on to another job~ In the West C0a·st Lu..rnb er Industry the 

labor turnover has usually oeen .ve ry 'high, although like so many other 

aspects of the situation, adequ ~e figures on the subject are difficult 

to find. A few mills, houever, have 111ade careful turnover studies. 

Four Oregon mills r eport tha t duri~~ -t~e t hree y ears 1919, 1920, and 1921 

the average number of separations was 703 per mill uer year, ~hile ·the ave r age 

wj 1·king _force per mill was 343, indicating a turnover of about 205 per 

cent. (*) Five Washington mills during the same ueriod had an average 

yearly turnover of 266 uer cent, (**) and there probably was little labor 

trouble in these mills during this period. Had figures been available 

for the years 1917 ·and 1918 the~ would undoubtedly show a much l~rger 

rate of turnover, particularly for the six months preceding the shortening 

of the work day. It is general1y admitted thPt the turnover during the 

period ran from 500 to 1, 000 er ~nt p.etfl a.mmrr("'*'* ) In 1915 the Federal 

Industrial Relations Commission estimated tha t the annual turnover in the 

logging camps was about 500 per cent. (****) 

The causes of this turnover have been many and have ramified through all the r.ela.tions of workers and 0\'mers in the ind~stry. 

Some turnover is inevitable in any industry, due to sickness, accident, 

death, old ag~, pro':lotions, r emovals, etc. Some of the· turnover is cu~ ~ 

liar to this industry but inevitable in it. en find it too ·exacting to 

continue working indefinitely in some 0f the .. extreme weather ·· of ' the ·1!17est 

Coast Region and leave it to rest up or dry out. (*****) Rain, even wheT). 

it rea6hes a ·precipitation of four or five inches uer day, doe~ not _hinder 

operations in mill or camp until something washes ar::ay. ·High wind, however, may stop logg ing, end sno~ sometimes interferes Tiith it, espe~ially 

well up in _the mountains. There is also a considerabJ.-e amount of idil..e time 

due to breakdo\'!lls or necessary repairs. All of these causes result in 

increased labor turhover. 

(*) Industrial Rela tions i n t he ryest Co~ t J,LLrnber Inoustry, ~ulletin 

No. 349, De ce!Tiber, '1923. Bureau of Labor S-tatistics. 

(**) 

(***) 

(*** *) 

Four L Bulletin, April; 19 2, p. 35. 

Bureau · of Labor Statistics, Industrial Relations in the. West 

Coast Lumber Industry, Bulletin No; 349, De cember, 1923, p. 38 .. 

U. S. Commission on Industrial. Relations: Final Report, p. 167 

(*****) Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industrial Relations in the West 

Coast Lumber Industry, Bulletin . · 349, P,ecemper, 1923. 

9813 
2. Ca us 2s of Labor Unre st. 

Sporadic strike s and 1.mi on a ctivity i n t ne logbing a~d l~b r camn s of the Northwe st from 1905 to 1923 ( dis cussed later 1n th1s 

chap t e r) threw 2. pen e tra tinG searchligh t oi.l t he bad conditions . 

existing in sucl: car~J s. Professor Williarn F. Og~~rn of t he Un1versi t y of Wash inc;tol

1 wrot e , i n Jl8 , (*) t hat . t he c1;.1ei causes of labor 

unrest in .t he industry \"/lj r e : (l) lon,::; [lours; (2 ) ·lo,·: cm.ges; ( 3) uns~nitary camps; ( 4,) l a c:': of· fa .ily life ; (5 ) ab ~n ce of commnity 

life; ( 6) unsa tisfa ctory v;orld i.1,'; r el a tionshi p s vn t h foremen; e.nd he 

state d that the se we r e of i mp ortunce nearl y i n t :i1e r cverse 0r de r to 

that in ' which t hey are mentioned. These caus es will be discussed in . 

turn. Hours of labor and wa ge s will b e tl~ ea te d i n grea t er detail late r in the cl1a·oter. The snace g iven to t h i" dis cussion is b e lieved · 

warranted by .t he fe.ct t ha t t he great e st amount of labor unr est ha.s 

been on the We st Coa st, and a lso b y t ne f a ct tha t t he States of Oregon a n d_ Washing ton, on t 11e basis of the .1031 census, accounted fo r 

one-fourth of the tota l VJage eanle rs in t he 11 1u.;nber anrc· Timber Productsll (C€nsus classifica tion) b:i.~anch of the industry, ancJ. i n 1933 

these state s a ccounted· fo,r : 2. sligh tly. l a r r;er sbare of the inclustry 1 s 

wage earners. 

Ten hou :cs was the s tanc.la r d work ing da y in the Lumber Industry 

alii).os t .fror11 i .ts inc ep tion , · a lthough in sorae l~a tions l onge r or 

shorte r days w.ere worked, Whi l e· t here had b een dissatisfaction d th 

the' lO-pour da y for many ;)'ea:rs, it di C. not aasume·importunt proportions until 1917. The g r eat strike of t ha t S1JJrU:lO r was ch i efly for 

t te. g .... ::nour day,. and it was not ·until t he day wa s s' .. ortone d to 8 

hours · on IIJT.a rch 1,. 1918 tnat it wa s p ossible to qu i e t tho unre st a t 

.that ti_me. (**) Sine~ · t l).e 8- hour day f irst went into effe ct t here 

have b_een · f ev! devia t.ions f rom t he. t no rm on the Vie s t Coast . I n April, 

1922, a _survey ·of the camps and mills on t he Vl:J st Coast sho 1ed that of 749 op ~a tions 'o nly 15 we re 1-un:ni nt; ove r 8 hours. ( ***') 

. : 

: Wage rate s reve crea t ·Jd l abo.r Ullr0S t c}:.i efly v7h0n v;age s have 

be en de creas e d or 'Hhen price s '1ave rispn , or on ~c ount of th<J wage 

spread betwe en adjoining camp s. ~cn of t h os e condi tions has been 

frequent enough to caus e co nsi de rab l e dissatisfaction. I n Fnbruary . '-' ' 

1923, in the Centralia and Gray s Harbo r di stricts on the We st Coa~t, 

about 50 mil e s apart, the wage spread for l aborers was $1 . 25 p er day. 

While this spread was probably above th0 averag e , t he r e has usually b ee

conside:rable variation i n wages from plan t to p l ant. (****) 

(*) U~iv rsity of Washing ton Forest Club Annual, 1918 , pp . 11-14 , Cause

and rtemedi a s of the l a b or Unre st in t he liumbe r Indu stry , by ~m . F . 

Ogburn. . 

(**) Eur~au of ,Labor Statistics; Industrial Rcl a tionSAA t he flest Coast 

Lumb e r Industry, I3ul.letin Ho. 3'19, Decemb e r, 1953. 

(***) Four L Bulle tin, May , 192 ' p. 12 . (Paci fic i.'Jo rthwest) 

( ****) Four 1 Bulletin, Ma rch , 1923, p . 13 , 

9813 
-125-

Practically nona of tl1e camps on the West Coast is so arranged. 

t:L1at the men can live at home ~nd for most of them the r e is no alternative to living .in the camp bunk house a nd. eating a t the camp cool: house. 

The bad living conqitions in t ha bunk h ous e s furnished f or logge rs in 

the Pacific No rth;ve st prior to 1917 8:c·e i ndicated i n a mass of t e stimony on the sub j e ct given b efore t :i1e L1dustrial Re l a tions Commission. 

Professor Ogburn r eport e<.l. t ha.t of t he l arge numb e r of camp s he 

inspe cte d in t he nort hwest durin; t he wi nter of 1917-1918, one -half 

had woode n bunl:s, one -r..a l f bad bed ·on; s, on e-third. had bad toile ts, 

and only ona- half had showers, nhilc as a rul e t he cainp s had about 

one- half the r equisite amow.1t of a ir ;ace a ncl ~1e -third the window 

area r equired. The men nearly all f urnished t he ir own b edding . (*) 

I n most of these carrros t he foo c1 .~·a s fa irly substantie.l a nd plentiful, - . 

as was n e c essary to enao le t he men t o endure t he lonb hours a nd hircl 

wo r k , but this wa s not a l ways t "he cas e ,. a nd in some camps, e specia lly 

in hard wint e rs when men wa r e p len t iful, t he foo ~ wa s insuffici ent in 

quantity and of poor q_U?.li t;r. (*'' 

Some of ' t he most careful students of l abor unre st in t he industry 

hold that t l1e more fundame·1tal C3.use s lie b e lovv the surfac e even 0f 

the wo r ke r Is :Li C'U h~, e.nJ. ti1a t t he cl1ief C"f such caus e s have be en the 

l a ck of family ana. cormnuni t;r .life in t he camp a n(. the unsatisfactory 

r e lations be t ween workmen and for emen. ~~) The r e was practically no 

prov ision f or organiz ed r e creation at t he camp s except in the f ew 

:place s whe r e the Y. M. C. A. has b een e stab lished, 

In most cas e s men ha vt- bo on chosen for :!:)ositions as .foremen q~ 

the basis of t hei r knowl edge of ma c}+ine ry ("'T ~ique· rather than on 

the basis· of .the ir ability to hcindle men. Accordingly, it has. be en 

common to find t hat t he for eman bad little Understanding of, or .any 

sympathy with, t he fe e ling s and p r ejudice s ·a f his me~. (****) A 

p articularly dista steful · outgrowt h of this situation h.8.s b een what · 

the worke rs ca ll "hi6 hballing 11 , whi ch usually con sists in crowding i l 

the wo rke rs to as rap i d a p ac e a s p ossible . . This. has be.en most co(irrnon 

in connection with yarding in t !.1e lC'gging camps , whe r e the· hook t ende r , 

ha~· :speeded up t he work by eXa.mpl e , and. b y g iving signals .to the en- ·-

g inee r to go ahead b efo re t he men vve·r e entire ly .ready. Such a practice . 

has g r eatly increased t he hazard o.f a busine ss dangerous a.t b'e st, and 

protably· has increased the accident rate.(*****) 

(*) Unive rsity of ·Wa shing ton Forest Club Annual, 1918, pp. 11-14; 

Caus e s and Remedi e s of t he l a1.)o r Unrest in t he Lumb e r Industry, ~ • ' 0 by Wm. F. Ogburn. 

(**) J. Rowan, The I.~&. ':I. in tha Lumb e r Industrx, pp. 9-~0. 

( ***) Carl e ton H. Parke r, The I. \1 . Vi ., in liThe Casual Labor? r and 

other ]ssays 11 , p . 103 (1920) 

( ) :Bureau of labor Statistics; Inc1ustrial ~e lations in the We st 

Coast Lumber Industry , 13ulle tin No. 349 , :Oe cemb e r, 1923. 

(** *~!e*) Ibid, 

9813 
-126-

3. Improvement in Labo r Conditions 

California was a ·o ionee r i n l egisla tio ~1 de signed to ir:uprove the 

cbnclitiol'is of t he ork ~s on the Jest Coast . The first labor ca~ · t t· 1 f r t h ., stat e; y·::>s p::1ss =- cl in 1913 Rno b e came effectl.ve san1 a 1on aw o ,, · -- ~ · · - . , , on August 10 of thD ~ year. ( *) Its enforc ement wn s aced vn t11 tne 

State :Boa rd of Heal tb but no · sn e ciHl funds r,·ere prov1ded to carry 

on the work~ . This same e_s ;isl tion creat ed t ha Commission of I mmig ration and Housing , . ·7hich, e.mont; othcr pm1ers, tVC'-S given tr~e r i ght 

to inspe ct l abor c2.rnp s. 

The 1913 law set fo rth , i n gen e ral t e rms, that tha bunk hous~s 

and othe r sle ~::J ing qua rt e rs and the g roU11ds about the camps . sl1ould be 

kep t cl ea!~ . It a l so provi ded, L1 Gene rf".l t erms, that tiere shoulC. be 

sufficient a ir space in the sleepint; qu.c'lrtors and that th .... bods or 

bunlcs should be made of s::mi tal·y r.nt a rial, so co~1struct d as to afford 

r easonabl e co.mfort to. ~h.:: occu))8.nts'. The re v10re no requil~ern .... nts for 

toile ts or ba thing Jacili ti e s , no :c· for the disp osal of t;arbage ol~ other 

r efus e which nk.'l.de many of t h e co.mns unfit for human habi t~.tion . I n 

1915 this a ct wa s comp L3t e l y revised and cont2 in d in its T) rovisions 

many of the featu:te s whi ch bacl be "'n ost£tb lished by l'Ul e and found to 

b e practicable . The p owe r to n~~:nce t h is laYT vn s !)laced in the hands 

of a eormnission <? f Immi g r ation B.ncl Housint; . (**) 

The ··act bas ~ince b een furthe r· anended until the ::)r>J s ent law, 

though not i deal, assures r easonable comfort to thv occup ants of 

the s e ce.mps. IJ:lo aid in the e stablishrnant of gooc.l . ca~s. t he Corrunission publishes an advisory pan~h t on camp s a n i tation, giving all 

n e c e ssary informa tion for t h e ir .construction. T!1i s pnmphl c. t has rec e ive d i n t e rnationa l recognition. I n addition , the Commission t.; ivos 

operators t he b en e fit of the advice of its e~ erts when ev e r called 

upon, a n d many _f ogging and l umber camps have b een built with th0ir 

aid. (***) · · · · · 

The amended Act of 1913 prohi bits the 'usc of platform bunks 

and discourages t l1e use of the doubh:- de ck bunl:. It has eliminate d 

t he wooden bunl;;:s filled wi t'h .l oos e straw, 1hic.i gen e r::tlly became •-

ve rmin · infe sted. The screen'irig of vrinclo.ws a nc1 othe r op ening s in the 

kitchen and dining q~ rt rs k.s i mproved k itch en ancl dininG servic~.;S . 

Such practi:ces and the ro~)e r, .. c?-re of garbage have r e lieved the c ..... mps . 

0 f many f lie s and improved living· conditi ons of tho workc rs. ( *•**) 

( *) 

(**) 

(***) 

(****) 

9813 

......... , .... ........ ... ..... . ,. ... .. .. .. ..... _ -.. .. . . .... . .... _ ... ·- .. . ... 

. . . 

· ··Kea rney; . Vi .; Chief, Div~sion o f Housing and Sa n i tation, 

j) e.~::Jar tm nt of ·I ndustri a l :rtelations ,· Stat~ of c~ l~fo:rniD., CPlifo rni a Se t s Standards for le.b or Camps; Uationn.l Safety CoU11c il, 

Marcl1, 1930. . .. Ibid. ';- . 

Ibid. 

Ibid 
- 1 27-

The major lumbe r con1p2.ni a s, with f ew e xceptions, are r eport ed 

J to have coope rat ed fully , anc1

. som\3 of t hem have gone b eyond the r eI q:U.irements of t ile a ct in furnis h ing hot e l s 8rvice , including the 

mak ing 0f b eds with shee t s , f or wnich a ason bl ~ charg e is made. 

The ope r a tors nf smR.ll rnills··h:tve USU.:illy been mrde r to get in 

line . They fr equently hi r e 1- )1bor s f or some of the op e rations 

and cc n t r a ct otha r parts of :i.1~ work . 'r he wife of a worke r ope rat e s 

t he cookhous e , sue} as it i s , and t ha housing is anything from a f ev1 

cu ll b oar ds t h rown t or;e t '1e r, n r t ents, to automobil e s conve rt ed into 

sleep ing quarte r s . T!1o small mill operator has fre quently discl~rn d 

r e spon sib ility for tJ.1e condition of t he g r ounds, unsrcre e:ne d cooldlous e s, 

unsanitary toil e ts, e tc. (*) 

While t he fo regoinf, r i:l f e :cs onl y to t !1e Sta t e of Ce.lif ornia, 

it is a ma tte r of c cmmon knov1l edge t he.t the improvement in living 

conditions of t he workers i n t hat sto.t a is r e fl e ct ed .e lsewhe r e i,n 

t hG Wa st Coast a r ea . 1:1ile crowded bunk hous e s, unsanitary c0nditions, 

lack o f dr; ing rooms, a nd absenc e o f showe rs a r e s till found in some 

of t he cal112!s, the most flagrant evils have b een e liminat e d. (**) 

c. Gene ral Labor Conditions in t he South. 

Simile.r de tailed data for t he South 2.r e not available , but it 

may b e stated that the caus e s of lab or unrest in the We st Coast section, just discuss e d, do not, in gen e r a l, apply to the South. This 

is due mainly to the fact, mentioned earli e r in ·this chapter, that 

in t he latte r r egions t he loggins a rea s a r e more or l e ss contiguous 

with argicultural areas. Logging l ab0r is largely, the r e fore , interchangeable with agricultu ral l a bGr ancl logg ers often have more o.r · 

l e ss p e rmanent r e sidence s on fa rms in t he vicinity, working only 

part of t ne y ear in loggi ng op e r a tion s. · For this r eason the lack of 

family and community life , which has b een such a f e rtile source .of 

labor trouble s rm t he We st Coa<> t, ffis not, in g ene r a l, appli ed . to the 

South. On the othe r hand, · hov.re ve r, ~e Sout11 is confronted with the 

probl em incident to tha l a rge numbers of neg rqe s employed _. in the same 

camps and mills a s ~h~ white s and of t cm compe ting for the same jobs. 

The n egro worke rs are mori:l or l e ss re sign ed to the ir station, s eek 

wl~t r s e curity they can· gain from a low wa ge scale, from t he unoomplaining p e r f ormance of disag r eeable tasks, and from occasional 

b en evol ent s entiments of the more inf luential e l ements of the white 

population. The r e is evi dence , a lso, of poor housins conditions in 

some of t he lGgging and lumb e r camp s, e.sp e cially in thos e of the 

small e r compani e s. _ 

The compara tive ly low wage s paid in the South have be en rendere d 

somow~3t l e s s of a hardship &u e to the milde r climat e and the fact 

t ha t many of t he worke rs have pe rmanent home s or farms where they 

(*) Ibid. 

(**) Todes, Charlotte , Labor a nd Lumber, Int e rna tiona l Publishers, 

Hew York (1931)' 

9813 
- 128-

can suppl y part o f ·t h e ir food qu nts and whil e on t h e job a r e 

f r equently furnishe d with compe.ny- ovmed cottage s a t low r enta ls. 

A survey made, by t he Southe rn Pi ne As sc ci a tion, cove ring 

103 mills i n t he. Southe r n Pine a r ea , r evea l ed_ t he fact tha t of . 

6 045 h ous e s owned by t ho s e mills , 532 , :..~ 9 :p e r cent , we r e ccu:p d 

r~n t f r ee ·i n the f i rst u~ r of 1934, 216 by white t enant s and 3~6 

by negro tenant s . (*) 

The s ame survey i nclicat ed t ha t of 11 , 813 l a'borers emp l oyed 

by 127 compani e s· i n February , l S34, 64 p e r c ent ~--re e housed i n 

company- o'.·mecl bui l di ng s . 'fl.1e a ve ra; e r ents o f t 11ese companyov-;rned hou se s , a cco:cdi nf t o t hi s survey , r anGe d f rom 50 t o 60 cents 

pe r week f or t wo - ro om cott a ges , to $4. 75 a vre al: f or c e r te.i n six a nd 

s ev en-room cotta g es. 

4 . Organi za t ions and Disnut e s 

Lab or or gan i za tion a c tivity L1 t h e i ndus try has been l a r ge l y 

co nfined t o the We st Coast , a ltllolJ.bh t h e r e nas b een som-.! such a ctivity 

in t h e Southe r n St a t e s -of Lou i si ana , Ar kan sas and Texas , and 1n t he 

Vie st Virg inia He.r dwood f i e l d . Organization i ·r1 t h e lat t e r a r ea di d 

no t b egi n until t he end of t he Coda l p e r i od ~Jay , 1935). These a r eas 

will b e discusse d separ atel y . 

a . st Coast. 

The f irst union 2. c tivi t y on t h e Viest Coast oc cur ed 

among t he work e rs in t he shing l e mi lls, commonl y ca lle d " shi ne;l e 

wea ve r s ", about 1890. These wor ke r s we r e neve'r vor:r nume rous, 

the g r oup i n any mill be i ng smal l. They we r e ve r,y· mobile , tho 

range of· sk ill r e quired was small, a n d. mo st of t e · o r k coul d b e 

do ne by any one of t he g r oup . I n a ddition, t he o e t hod of wage ;_Jaymont 

--by t he p i e ce--and t he dep endenc e of a l l the crew upon t he paco' s ot 

by t he sh i ng l e sawye r s , d r ew t hem· toge t he r . 'J:lb.is g r oup was we ll 

fitt ed, t he r e f o r e , to take t he l ead in uni on a ctivity . (**) 

Abou t 1890 t h is g r oup fo rmed the Hest Coast Shing l e 

Weave rs 1 union , with si x .l oca l s i n t he State of \1ashi nt; t on. In 

u.a~J , 1903 , t h e va rious sh i ng l e weave rs ' l oca l s uni t ed t o form 

t he Int e rna tiona l Shi ngl e Heave rs' Union ·of Ame r ica . h i s uni on waG 

i nvolve d i n ma ny strike s during t he first few year s of its exi s t ence , 

mos t of t he s e b e i ng of mi nor i mporta nce . The mor e i mJ? ortant v1ere t L.e 

gene r a l strike of 1906 a t :Balla r d and t he Gray ' s Ha-rbor stri ke in 

1911-1912 , a ll o f whi ch we r e l ocat ed in the Stat e o f 1/iashington . 

(*) Bri e f in b ehalf of Southe rn Pi i1e I nd\lstry su.bmi tte d t o t he Nationa l Indu stria l Re cov e r y :Board b y P . A. J3 l oom-j r , FebrUEl.r y 2 , 1935 . 

( **) Bureau of Labor Sta tis tics ; I ncb1s t r i a.l :[Ll a t i or:s in t ne 'i1e s t Coast 

Lumbe r Indus try; :Bu l le tfn ·'i:Jo . :.':i49 , . De c emb er, 1923. 

9813 
-129-

The genera·l strike of 1906 b egan at :Ballard on April l when 

the union "tha r e went on stri ke , ostensibly to obte.in the union 

scale of wages which was b e ing ~Jaicl e lsevrhe r e . Sinc0 this meant 

only a small increase , it v1as· ::;en erally understood t:hat the strike 

was for r e cognition of the; union. This the owne rs r efus e d. 'rhe 

strikers were S1.1.pported oy th.3 In t e n1a tiona l Union, while the 

mills were aided b J tl1os e i n ot!10r parts of the state . On July 27 

the Int e rnational Union ca lled out a ll of its members on the West 

Coast, tyin5 up about 60 :Jar c en t of t he shingle ~Jroduction. About 

two we eks late r t he union callecl t J.w strike off and the men went 

back to work whe r ever they could obtain jobs, the union being almost 

destroyed. (*) 

The Grays Harbor strike in 1911-1912 was the next one of 

importance . An organi zation campai gn had b ean started Qt Grays 

Ha rbor, but on Octob e r 10, 1911, b e fo1·e the comp l e tion of the campaign, t wo plants discharged their union emp loyee s, whereupon the 

union called a strike at both p l ants. Soon t wo othe r plants joined 

in the lockout. Considerable b itt2 rne ss was aroused, espe cially in 

Hoquiam, where some disorde r occurad, B.nd the strike dragged out until 

it merged into the I. . W. strike of March 14, 1912. M0 st of the 

original demands of the shingle weave rs were granted with the· settle-· · 

ment of t he I. Vi . W. strike. (**) It should b e mentioned he re that 

frequent attempts we r e made to withdraw the Shingl e Weavers' Union 

from t he Am ri~an F~<leration of Labor and affiliate it with the 

I. 17. W., but that th0s e e fforts were all unsuccessful. ( ***) 

Many attempts we r e macie b 0fore 1913 to organize the logg ing 

and savrnill worke rs on t he Vie st Coast, but fe':"v are worthy o f mention. ( )· In 1905 the Inte rnationa l :Brothe rhood of Wood.rrmn and 

Sawmill \"iorka rs were granted a chart e r by the American ·Federation of 

Labor anc1 by 1906 this union had attained its g r eatest streng th, with 

less; than l, 250 memb ers • . The members had fall...: n to half tl1a.t numbe r 

by 1911 and thv union Y..'f:l.s . SlJ.s ::> mdect by t he Fe clara tion o { Labor for 

failure to pay the per cap ita tax. ( ** *~ Aft e r this susp ension the 

( *) 

(**) 

( ***) 

(  ) 

Washing ton Sta t ·3 :Bureau of Labor, . 3 i enn i a l Report, 1905-1906, 

pp. 19<1-196; Pacific Lumb e r 'rrade Journal, June , 1906, p. 9; 

July, 1906, p. 9, .33 ; .. August, 1906, p. 10; .Septemb e r, 1906, 

P• 9: Shing l e Weave rs News, February 8, 1913, p. l 

Aberdeen Vlorlcl, Oct. 25 , 1911, p. 4; Oct. 27, pp. 1,4; Sh inc le 

W.aave r, Oct. 28, 1911, p. l; Nov • . 18, p. l; Dec. 16, p. l, J a n. 

27, 1912 p. 2, e t. s eq; Ma rch 9, 1912, p. l. 

InC:..ustrial Worke r, J a nuary 23 , 1913, p. l; ThEJ Evere tt Massacre, by 

Vlalke r C. Smith, Chicago, 1917, 'lJ. 29; Shing le Heav e r, Feb. 1, 1913, 

p. 10. 

The ml; mb ·". rman, .J 1 " 1' -" , 1°01 ) .- July 1903 16 ..LolU ~ ""'" "' ;;; ' I • ,) j , ' ' p • • 

( ** ***) Ame rican Fade ra tion of Labor; Proceadi ng s of the :F'ortieth AnnJaal 

Convention, 1~20, p.33 at. seq.; 1911, p . 87. 

9813 
- -i30- . 

Americr· n :l!,ed.ero tio~1 of Lr.b or extended th8 _j"J.riJ0.ict i on of the Sl.in._;1e 

7e£> re r s ' Unio11 to c over the entir e Lu .~ e:t Industr:r. (*) The n~ne of 

ti:1e uni on rrt<.s ;m.~ eG. to 11 Inter~:.; t io:1:· l_ Uni o;;_ oi Shin le ·-et'.ve:rs 1 

Sa.wtli11 '":.'"orl::e rs r<nd \-:'oodsme.11 11 c.:.n6. t:.~e :lr-··18. :~ · its ~ ourn:-1.l to t:w 

11 Ti 1nber Tiorl r". (**) Ao~ut ;[,, ·· cl:. , , t..1.c m:J.ion ~.;c-in chr'lsed its 

nC'.::'le to 11 Inte:r-n;:;.tio:'. . .-..1 Union of '.Linbe:" 17orl:ers" . ( ***) 

I:1 J .... _nurtr y , f~ , <'. cc-r . .re:~ ticn c. ~ t l-:c:.. unio:1. votec'. to 1n. 'lC'~'..<i ".n 

8- hour da:r i n t he Ll..L?:JtH' I!'lrJ.ustl"-r pt t :le r_.;;-:~ 10 h r,urly r[)tC ,,.,3 for the 

1 0- hour :·~~' , e:;:c.;e 1t t;.l:-: t the ' tL1i:nu.1 0.:-- i12' ,,_... _:e nr.s set nt ~·)2 :..:5 , rrith 

tir1e a.:ad. ~ h,...,_]_f :r' or ovortL1e . (* "'**) ·1ho e:1·JlO rers , honever , o·-rJosed 

t he cle·J<'.nd:.; :=md lc=m:··.:.cnet:L r_n .:- g,'; es ~;j_ve C' ~t:-c~ · orl t l1e 1..m· o;.! . A str"l::e 

1.7h ich dev elo )ed. --Hovec'l. u:nsucc o ssfuJ. . D1E"-Ln: 101 ·, tl'1is unio'1 fOU['1lt 5::5 

l o c1:ou ts, lost ~1 n e r rl;~ ' eY.'zr cr.se , r- 11d ~-- ,~ ~ r·-: .. 10 :J t con-o}.etc l :, destroyed. 

(* ****) 

I DnediC'-teLr f oD.o· ·i_·c ·: the [>G .~_ is<>t:L·ous . .;t:ci>;s ~ .. n6. t >e failure of 

t he Ti mbe r D"o:tlr:e l~s Uni :='"l. to or;;:l.ni -:::e tl1e Lu ;·1ber Inc.lus t17, ~1e A!Jeric~n 

cderPt io ~ of IJnbor evo ec:_ ~1c~ jn:ci0dl c t.ion of th,1 unio'1 over the 

sm .. ;n:-Jill enc:;_ crv:r-J Y':ro r }-eJ..' S , t J.1uG J.i;1:!. tin.; it r··~ i i1 to t he shingle 

1.7ePver s . (** **** ) The !:-~l irt _; lo u eo.:v rs 1 unio .. '7C'.G thcJ."eu'Jon rear _,nni zed 

under its oJ..~r1.el.-~ n n'le 11 ,._,t ., ·~ tl.O '"' l Shi" ··Je . .' ·"'r> vcr~-; 1 UniOll of· ~ ,. ' .L .L- v - -.:.c. J .Lt . . • • ~ ~ • -

/ 

Lo ;;~; L1g c.ng. sn.i-,r,ill ':"ror~ ers :)e. "'2 .• 1 to forn l.OCC'ls , fter tl:lcy had 

bee·1 cluded. fr m1 · the jurisd.iction OJ. the I r:tern0..tion[1l I'i ·1"Je r ,;orl::ers 1 

Uni on . Finally these locals 1.1e r :;ed into r· non Intern.: tiont'.l Unio;1 of 

TirJJer \!orJ::ers , '~hich cUd not L1clucle the s hin-;le rre"vC'rs , c.'nd l'1 ,917 

we r e g r a n t ed r char ter by the il.nericen Foderntion of LPbor . ( * "'**·' **) 

At this p oin t it .l.s ,-,_·;-wo·Jric.to to c onsi(ter tl1e Int0 rn tionaJ. 

ITorl:ers o: the 1"or1c~ ;~ n(l_ their -.J l~t in the 1- "Jar or ~nni ~: tion and disiJUtes on the \Test Co r.st . 1o thi!J enu it :.:.s ' .rell to rccpll_ the c-nF'lysis 

of lc·oor t ;r-.Jes m~~Jie enl 1 ier L~ tJ 1i s c:,:-' ltC;r . !r.· ~Jc s of the I.:. IT. 

(*) Shin r:;le 1Jenve r, J f'.llUF' :C:/ 27 , l :1< -.) . 10 . 

(**) Shin_:; l e 1 -

.e .'"'.ver , 

(*~*)T ;llmbe iT?rke r, March 31 , , ·) . 3 . 

( ** *':")Timbe r Tiorker, J r.mur'.ry 31, 1914 , -,H 1 2 . ?rpceerlinr;s of I' ·e1fth 

Annu"~ l Con;vention., Resolution ITo . 104. 

( * * ** * )Amerj.c,.,n :U,ede tio~ of Lnbor . Jroceedinc s of lhL~ty-fi :'th Annurl 

Convent i on, 1 915 , . ~8 . 

( ******)ShiiV',·le We<:'.'rer , A_)ril 4 , FJ'J. r-. v ·, Se e. t.~.J v .e U n1on · . R ecor d , ~ .l!eoru.ar~r · 12 , 

1 91 6 , p . 4 . 

. . . 

( ** **** *)""'Sl.-. 1· 1..,.-ron St t ..., , .~.- ~ L- .In ~1 L b v <". e .)' e\.:.erf! LJlO:'l o:;_ r..oor , ?rocee .... cin;_;s of Sixtee:1th 

Annua l Convention , l Sl ? , ~J . l-;.:i ; .t..:1e:r-ic: ·1 :!..'ederntion of Luhor , 

Proceedi :2.g::; of F orti eth .t._:;l··EL['l Oon7C:i.~G ion , J. 930 , -) , 35; Shin~le 

Ti!er.v e r, JenUEl.l7 20 c:md 87 , l Sl_7 . · ~ 

9813 
have been i:ecrui ted r l n os t e:· c lJ.s i v el ·- fr o·1 t he :· r:_: t' r .:;rou:;s, ~1ho 

have 1.d an im ort nt ,crt i11 s nr )i 11 .. ; t l1e )Oli c i es , .nc:.. t "\# ctics of this 

frank+y r evoluti o110.r :/ or ._;r.n i t' ti o~1. ( * ) 

/ Ainong t h e ~~i nc :'._ es of the I. ~.-. -.- . e t l1e fo l lo•·ri::-1{. : (l) Tha t 

the interests of t he e;J:ol oy e i.' r\i.1d t Le en_)J.o _ ee s h c.ve :1.othilv, in cannon; 

(2) that the wage sy stem r.mst :)e r e ·l n ced by <'11 i ndustrin.l s ociety 

me:mn.g ed b:r e ·7orJ::ers t he L:s e lve s ; ( 3) t hr.t l Pbo r or ;-; c.ni zo.tions must · 

be "u<?sed on indus tri a l r o. t her ~1nn crr>J't line s. ( **) 

This s oci c: l philos oryhy '7:-ts no t -) Ul C' r 1< i th t h e er:D loy ers [' .. nd it 

'I:"Tas not a l "'.'ay s cle ::~r r:11ethe r t h e ir r e0 ist0.n ce to I . '17. 11 . cler.1<'.nds ~rn. s due 

to this ·.Jhiloso-)hy , its ~b or derJ2.n cts , or both. TI'i th reference to the 

c~e nrj1d for indust ria l, r n t h er t hc.i.1 crnft, u n ions , it sho<:.ld be noted 

th['t the LU'Joer InJ.nstry , -rja rticulr'.rl:r the lo in ~ brt\ nc~ , does not 

readily lend itse l f to orcc ni zat i on P,lon.-· c :t'<'.ft lines. The logcing 

can"!J ernl oys a r.- ~o numb er of uns::i l_led f.l.nd sen i-ski 1.1.ecl n orl;:ers <:'.nd 

onl r a ferr h i [:;hl:r skilled ;·1e n of :r.1r.n·r different crr fts. T~1ese include 

engine e rs, chini.s ts, C"' l":·;enters , cl C]. cks J~ i t h s rnd many oth0.r cr<?-fts , 

but there ere usun],.ly not r:ore th<:m t n o oi.~ t h r e e :1en of !.-lny one cr['.ft 

in '-'· Given co.n) or Dlant. In t h e c rn,)s 01ost of the :.1en live tog ether 

in the bunk .J.1 ous e s nnd .rhen not at n orl:: <'.re very closely c-.ssocio.ted. 

The cont ?.ct in t he uills is 110 t so cl os e , but the' nor~ :-: :::- s oecone \Tell 

acquainted. These fc:1ctors hn.ve 1:1ili t <:.te.l <:dnst the crn.f t union a nd 

favored the industrial t y..J e. (***) 

The orGa niz<'tio ::.1 r>.nd initir.l -Jro,; 0.s <'.l1c.n of the I'-\:'• " • on the 11est 

Coa st takes us b c-.c k to 1905 , ':"rhen r. m121'be r of loc<:'.l s n e re formed, but 

its !nos t hnort c-m t lun"u er strike di d not s tD.rt until ! :<'.rch , 191_ 2, , uhen 

oemb.ers of sa 1mill cr_e,-_, n t Hoqui c:>n , 1'1a s h ind tor.., ..-a l l7e d out 2nd closed 

the mill . ! o demands \'Tere .1P.d.e c.t t :1.e tine , but it r.:ns Generally understood. the t t11e stril~e ··as fo~ ,Je tter "P..t; es. The !"lill " fl S na;y ing $2 

for R 10- hour da.y . 11i thi::. tll8 :. on ~h t he st:-iJ·e h :-t.cl sn r e <?.d , ;mny mills 

had closed, and some viol enc e h o.d r e sulted.. A citi zens r co:1;1i ttee at 

Gra rs HC'.rbor fina lly )ro·1osed t :1r t ~1e s t rike be sett} .. ed on the O?,sis of 

minhmm e of $2. 25 -~ er G..r:r; t h:- t ~J re ie nce shouJ.d "be :;i ven to 

Americ8..11 .lCJ.bor; th2.t no 1eu er~ of the- I. ·'. 1 .' . shoul d .. lle e n .Jloyed; a nd 

that an otherwise onen sho1) should be maintaine<i. The Tllill s a c cepted . .... - J:: - - - • - - -

tnese :prop osals and nl though the s t ril:ers rently did not formaJ.ly 

acce::9 t the ro os ls or c o.ll off t h e s trE-:e , nll. :Jills Tiere running 

Ji th full crews about a oonth a ft er ·ti.1e i n i tinl 'st~~i !:: . (****) . . 

The ye ~. r~ folJ. orrL: -· 1 912 n e re very 1mfn.vorD.bl_ e for the r.·.-. 17., nith 

declinin ::: ne1.nb ershi ) -and s trength, a nG. it · \7n.S s ever2l 'fe [l.r s before this 

(*) Bur e~u of bo r S'\-r tistics; Inclu.,trir<.l RelP..tio ns i n t h e ITest Co .st 

Lurno e l' I m1.u s t -r , j ul·le tin Ho. 349 , :Jec ~oe r; J. 923 . · · 

(**) I b i d. . 

(***) Ibid. 

(***"') Aberdeen '1Jorld, An~ , 1912 , W• l, 6; A-or . 5 , 1912 , :;p . l, 8; 

A-or. 8 , 1912, p. 1; Ap r . 17, l r l 2 , ')• l 

9813 
-132-

lo ss was recovered.. Atte ~-r0ts to loc8.te nn<l r eJ.1edy the faults in the 

orgnnization le d to the adolJtion of the 11 ca;n le ~ate system" , Tihereby 

a c ainp delegate 11r.s J;laced on each job , his duty bein~S to receive dues , 

hold meetings , l ook cfter the g eneral interests of the nen on the job 

and !-:ee·" in touch with the necS.r est local. (*) This cbange in organization r:as accor:nanied b;:,r a co:1siderable change in the attitude toward 

t he job . The I.':"7".1J. founU. tha t its orm strength depended U:'JOn b~nding 

the L1el!lbe rs to their jobs -- a discovery ';hich tended to break do··n the 

p ro)aganda for sabot nr;e '7hich Has so evident in the files of its ·;a Jers 

fro.::t 1912 to 1917. ( **) In the meantiue , ho,_-;ever, (191 6) the 17 ~7 . 

hc>.d b e cone involved in trouble at :::;vere t t, St C".te of Uashington, graDing 

out of the shingle '7eavers stril<::e there. A free S[':leech fight '7Fl.S condue ted Y:hich culm in<' ted i n bl oodshecl on both sici.es. ( ***) 

The strike· in the Lunbe r Industry in the l;orth'\1est during the 

surine r of 1917 nill be g iven s,ecial attention !10t only because it 

rep r esents · . by :r·ar the r~ost extensive l 2.'u or isturbance in the history 

of the industry , out EJlso be cause of its ii.1;Jortant influence on future 

industria1 }Jroblens. ExtendinG to most of the 17est Coa.st , this 

strike b rought to a hec-,d influe nces ··;hich had been g athering strength 

for years, and its set tle11en t dee· r al'fected subseo_uen t indus trial 

r elations. Both the I. il. \J . eu1d the AnericC"'.n Federation of Labor felt 

that l'ith t }:e in Jr oved lur1ber marl~et in t h e er rl~r ·_;c-rt of 1917 the 

time had co:1e for a deter:·1ined sten<i for in -, r oved labor conditions. 

Demands dra·:m u·) at 8n I.U.i7. conventir:m T'ln;)T be su.rnnarized as follorrs : 

Better livin:s ·conditions in the cerrr_tJs, an 8-hour d:.w, better wages , 

aad union r ec og nition. ( ) 

The strike bec cm in ~J ril, ' 1917, ·'and. spr ead until, it is es tina ted , 

·· ne arly 70,000 r.1en throuc hout the North,-,est ·rere idle. (** ***) As ·the 

strike developed £>.11 of the· denands except tha t for an 8-hour day 

dro :~J ed into the bac kgrounC:. ;-nd the strug,_,le centere'd on th~t question. 

The Federal Governrpent was brout;ht in to tl1e trouble through interference 

YJi th t he su·;ply of lurnlJer for tl1e Army, r.nd the Secretary of Vlar and 

the Governor of Uashin"ton urced the employers to e rant the 8-hour day , 

,_-.ri th tiEie C" ncl e. ll['lf for overtime . The enp loyern refused to yield , 

hoyrever, elF' iminr; thClt the 8-hour dC" r r:ras ecoDor~icully .l ;oss i ble 

owin.g to the l:een con Jeti tion of other lUJ-:::tber ret;ions ·rhero C<VT•)S ?nd 

(*) Industrinl i7orl:er, :?eb . l, 1Ql2, ) • 3 ; Solicl?rit; (I . '-:- . :r. Or.~ ..... n) 

J an. 3 , 1914 , p. 3; Uov . 21 , 1914 , p . 2 et seo ; l~ov . 28 , 1914, P • 2 . 

(** ) -3ure au of .~ bor Statistics ; Ino.ustric:o.l Relr·ti0ns in the .-est Coc.st 

Lumber Industry, Bulletin Ho. 349, Jecei·1oer, 1923. 

(***)Colennn , H. F., The I. n . ::r. and the Lc:.rr ; Everett; Sunset :racazine , 

July , 1 917, PP • 35 , GS-70; Snith , Yr~ ll:er C., The J:verett I.Iassncre. 

( ):lest Co st Lur:1berr1an , A-:1ril 1, 1 917, p . 42 . 

(** ***)Bure "..u of Labor St 8.tistics; Industrial Rele ti o~1s in the 1 lest 

Goast ~Uit be r ndustr~r; 3ullot in No . 3"'.1:9 , Decenher, 1 923 . 

9813 
-133-

mills qere on a. 10-!wu::..· "1)~ \. si.::; . (*) ~.lit h t.he r •3S1..1J11l tinn of oDerations 

on the -:;art of the ·1ills u:. SeJtE'~"'l :1cl·, 1 917 , the Shinc le ;Te:-wers ' and 

Timber 1:-:o::..·kers 1 Tnions d.ro·nec_ 01.: t of s i ;

1! t , e.nc1. the l'em~ ining trouble 

"c?S furnished b'J th0 I. ~.; . "1 . 1 r; stril:e OlJ. the job , or as then tern ed , 

"conscious F i thdrt:l P<.-·1 of e f "'iGi e nC""11 • ( **) 

At this -.)oint a .re·9rese:;1te.tive Oi.. ti.1e LJ. s. ·.rrr :Je·•Jn.r t r1ent held c:. 

conference of ~'le ler.di:r...G e·r·')J.oyers o: ~ t ne -.rest Co;-·.st , m;_t of '7hich 

Gren the Loyal Lecion of Lot; ers t?.n0.. I1unbe r1en, on or[;anizatio;l of 

er1~Jloyers end eJ,nlbo-rees Pith the .:Jur·_tJo se of coo Jera ting ni th the 

Governnent for a ma:dmuJn out")Ut of lu.Jbe:':' e.i.1d sup ) r ession of seditious 

activity. CoumissioneC. o::ficers n·3re d.et0iled to visit the lumber 

cai1~Js 9-nd. enroll_ th~ :-1en in. the Loy;· l. Leg ion. The or r~j.nization was at 

once a success Md i:r...s t8.lled E. coDple te sys tern of col~ e ct i ve dealing 

~etTi een eo) loyer and en loyee . (**•) 

There Here nuneroL:.s en:·)J. ayers on the Tles t Co 0.s t ':7ho believed that 

it 1.7as necessr r'" to [T <·.nt the 8-hour Qa.y to n_uie t the unrest , hut a 

majority of them r:ere co:1.vinced thc.t this 1."!C? .. s an econor1ic i mpossi b ility 

as lonJ: as other lw1ber r 8cior:s \-:i th r.rhich t lle:r were corneting had a 

longe r daf. A m~eting 0.1 ~; loyer3 held in Portl{-'l.nd on :'ebruar y 27 , 

191 0 atteu) ted to reach an -; eene:1t on thi::; q11estion , but ~~ithout 

succe.ss. It -w.s finally a r;re ed , tller c.!'o:;:e , to leave the settleoent of 

the matte r to 2. re~? ese ntative of the Hn.r De:1artnent , Colonel :'1rice P . 

Disque, 11ho announced that on IIarch 1, !L8 the L'w 1~er Inclu::;tr y in t he 

Horth11est rrould eo o;n nn 8- hour 1Je.sis . ~. Je <iia.tel:r therer>.fte r this 

action y:::- s un2nir".ousl y a ··n roved b-r the 4-L orgnni zEl~ti on . Employers also 

acce- Jted the conference nethod -)rovidE;d. ~~~ , the Ll-L :.: ...... chinQry , but continu~d to ') 0s e the cJ.osed. shop . (****) The 4- 1 be c:J.ne the ·dorainant 

orgru1izat ion for lployer e;n'J loyee E'3{:; otiP tio.ls , a1. thmt{,h after the '7ar 

its r!1e:1bership shrank frorr~ .L ?S , OOO in 191 8 to l O', OOO. in 1922. (* ****) 

A fen lQ.cal union:: o:.':' S''." rn i i,l ,_-;orl:e:·s .r>nd. lo ~: :\ ers renained , [)ut 

t h e ntern8 tiona~- U:.1io·1 of Tinber :Jor~:: e:c , affiliated_ ':'." i th the Aineri can 

Federation _of ~bor , disb£ill d~d :n lq22 . The old I. ry . org~ni za tion, 

·•hich had oeen a ctive before the 'rP.r , r.L>o docl:L~ed. i~to ·abscuri ty. 

(*) Washinc ton St::1.te Bureo.u of 1 :;-.bor , :i i ennial Re )Ort , 191 7-191 8 , P• 

67 et sea_. ; '!Jest Coast Lunbe:cr'lB.n; Au~~;u.s t 13 , 1917 , :•J. 19 ; U .. S. 

ConGress, House of .R ~') ese;.,_tntiv es , Se lect COJ l~'l i ttee on :Sx}'lenditures of the ~.:t ,_ r De-·x .rt:lent , Suocor.·.1 ittee on .Aviation Tes timony , 

Vol . 2 , PP• _1182-1192 ( 66th Cont;r ess , .2d Se ssion). 

(**) Bure0.u of Labor Stc.tisti cs; Incl_ustrir-i Relo.ti ns in the West Coast 

Lumber Indus ti''r, ~1ulle tin No . 0.:..19 , -~ ce iJber , 1 920 . 

(***)Perl. 1::--n :- ncl.. Taft, Hi s tro:r of Labor in the U. s. 1 896-1932 , The 

' . Macl:!ill n .il ~j . ( 1905 ). 

( )Ibid. 

·(** ***)Ib it'_. lV!onthJ.y Labor llevieTI, Se') t. 19:.35 , U. S. 3ureau of Le.bo r 

Statistics. 

. l 

9813 . . 
. -134- .. 

Tiurir.g the dej_Jre :-:>sion the Loyal Legion suffered loss in ner1borshiD and 

influence in coJ'LlOn Pith reGUlar D.nd conr_?Emy unions, sone companies and 

their '7orkers ~:i thdra.~-r ing ti-l together, T'?hile others r.w intain~d an indifferent attacrunent. (*) 

With the ~Ja ssa...:;e of the l;a.tional Industrial Recove r y Act in 1933 

the 4-L 1 s clained collective bargaining control, but the American 

Federation of Labor became very active in c:-.n orgc:.nization ro ram ond 

is re~) orted.. to have partially controlleo. 90 1er cent of the worke rs by 

August l , 1935. (**) 

A. F. of L. federnl loca ls of loggers , Se'7nill , )lynill end shincle 

worke rs s "?ranc U ) throughout 'Washinf(ton 3.nd Ore6 on. On A- ril l , 1335 

these federa l locals or..._, c-anized the Sawmill ano. Timoer UorLers I Union 

and became a 1.Jart of the United 13rother hood of Car11enters and Joiners 

of America. (***) 

Tiiscontent with lo ,, eo.rnin:;s and r educed emp lo; !'lent had been 

growing among all lumber norkers d·.1e in -onrt to the fact that whi le 

the Code had increased their hourly na[;e::; , their hours hacl been so 

limited. the-u t he re wc:.s no increase in ~.eel:l, ea.rninr:s. ( ). 

The ne-:-r Samnill anO.. Timber 1lorl::ers 1 Ul ion voted to g o on strike on 

Me~y G, 1~35 if at thc:t tine the] hnd not ·oeen successful in negotiations 

with the V[l.rious lurJber JerDtors , Their )ro Josed agreenent providing 

for a 30-hour ~~ eek, 75 cents <'11 hour uinir:mn ,.m{;,e , and union reco,,ni tion 

was either i gnored or reject eel b:r a~l 01Jert' tors, nho nctde no counter 

pro::_"J osal . The strike nas cEtlled. end by the first of June had. reached 

its lJeak, with p ra.ctict'.ll:r P.l l can Js n.nd. nills tieC.. u·) , involving 

32,000 lumbe r 110rkers. Shi'J1Jin~ and other affiliated industries 1e re 

seriously affected. (** ***) 

The 4-L R.g re ed u )OY'. a scole of ua.t;e i ·1c r eases e.mmm ti!lt; to 5 cents 

on t he ninimw1 rates from 45 to 50 cen~s , 6 cents on n" r;es fro 1 5::- to 

o2..!.l/2 cents, c:md 7 cents on r ntes fron '.) j to 72-l/2 cent . 

The partia l success of the 4-L, toGethe r 17i th the Su Jrene Court 

decision oh the NTIA on l'~ay 27, 1 93S , influenced many :1enbers of the 

union · ~o mode~ate their deu.?nd.s. An interestin;; side-li; ht on the 

situation is afforded by the folloryin:; excer:-.Jt from the 4-L Lumber 

News of June 1 6 : 11 The p roduction of the r.1ills and ca.nps no.., closed 

is' not needed in the )re sent condition · of the nntionDl ;,md foreign 

l umber markets • = .. Tho mills· no1 ~ down could renr1.in closed fo r the 

rest of t he year l!ithout affectinG }')articularly the national lUJilber 

market , except to bring more l)rosperi ~~· to tlle South t'.ncl other r et;i ons. 

(******) 

(*) U. S. Burea:u. of Labor St.:".tistics, 1.1onthly .Labor Revicm , Sept., 19~5 . 

(**) Depart··1ent of LC'.bor, .Files of t he D.i.vision of Conciliation. 

(***)U. S. :t3':ueau o~ Labor Statisti c s , Uonthly La.bor Revi c•: , Sept. , 1935 • . 

(*** * )U. S. Tie·)artment of Labor, Files of the :Jivisio11 of Conciliation • . 

( ***** )U. S. Bureau of Labor St ~. ti s tics , ::on thly Labor Revierr, Se Jt. 1935 •. 

(******) I bid. 

9813 
-135-

To,-rard the lC1st o:f J'.me t he FoG.el Cl l L-t..,..:1ber edi tion Bo['.rd, ~J~Jointed 

by the Secreta ry of La0 or, b ee:.::t;l ne.r:o t ie ti. ons bet'77e e n the union and 

individue.l co ~ c ni e s. A l i t t l e L .t nr c>. -,l"mbe r o f co i~Janies began 

ouer2.tions on a 50-cent r.:1inirn.u!1 r e t e n.:.1d. .-: ou:~ ·oasis bu t '7i thout 

written a.gree:1ents, r;h ile so·1e or~ <:-. nie s .;; ?; ned C'l uni on af.:re enent :rJrOvidiTI_g for tnis '7at;e sc e e··1cl uni o11 !'ec (~ni tio;1. By the middle of 

AUc,'ll.St 1.-:>ractically a ll mi::.ls hc: d reo··)e ned e n the b asis of i nd.ividual 

ae;reements, some Pri tten and s o;·1e ver·on.l, but a ll ~:; ranting increases 

in wagG s ?Jld li ited. recogni t ion of t h e io . In g enerGl this recognition CO i1sis ted of no dis criuiri['.ti on ut;ainst ~1io~1 uen "'uut refusal 

to run E". cJ. osecl shop . ( *) 

O? inions on .the resu::.. ts of the stri:~e vary . The 4-L nas ve ry 

errmhatic in denouncing it c>s unnecessary , clai;;}ing thu.t ':'!ag e increases 

had been obta i n ed throuch p eaceful_ ne,::;otiation. Union officials, 

ho';Jever, ma inta ine d th!:l.t t he best 'JOSsible settler.Jents h a d been 1:1ade 

and thr t tra de u...J.ioni ::~, f or t he first tin e since the Tiar, \70S again 

a dooinc:mt f a ctor in 1e Horthwest Lumber Industry. (**) 

b . South 

Durin_-: 1910 <-J.n atter.n t '"Trl.S De de to organize the timb e r r:rorJ-:ers in 

Louisiana, Arkans8 s a nd. ~e xc:- s into the Br o therhood of Timber 'Workers, 

an inde-p en<lent orgru1iza tion ins ~:)ir ecl by i ollo·crers of t he I . iJ, T7 . In 

1912 t h e lroth erhood n a s for m~ ll y aff ili ~t ed uith the I.U . Its 

headqu rter s P.ere in Ale x~ndria, Lou i s i a na . (***) 

In July , l 9ll , a convention of t he c or:'!l_)etctly org anized Sam:1ill 

Ouer0tors 1 As soc i a t io•: in tl" is reg i on or le re d t he shut-clorm of ::ills 

tVi th 3 , 000 e '-rrp loy ees a:1o. is ~v e i t s e·;.e C1.;.t ive c. onn i ttee p oryc r over the 

closir.:; of the 300 ni 11 s i n =re x[t.s , Louis i :-> na Lm d Arl ansa . A \'lar 

on t he 3 rotherhoocl of TL-1be r 'Jor:-::e r s 2J1d the I.'J. 'IT. ":!!l.S on, but the 

organizing can c:; n :a e c o s i d.c reb le h e r-.c::::ay . The chief oos tacle V1as 

friction oetl'"Jeen ·~hi tes .:-.n Ci. c olore d, "!ll ~h L 1e HOrkers claioed ryas encourag ed ' the e rTo loy ers. The uni on l er- de rs took the ::9 0si tion thrtt 

since the emu lo:re rs obvio· .. .:.sl / h ad not ~; ctecl to the nixin ~ of race s 

on the job • . tne union h c>.d e x cellent p recec.ent for inviting whites and 

colored to a joint considere.tion of the ir co 0~1 job interE1s t . 

The :Brotherhood n~:yo ed. out t h e f ollor.'ing series of deman<is to be 

presented gradually to the lunb er ~Om a .. i~ : A r!ini:rJUI"l ·t"mc;e of $2 for 

a 10-hour C:ay; bi-monthly p .y nent in lFtnful U. S. currency; freedoo 

to trc-de in inC.e .Jendent stores; reason[l'!)l e rents ; n. r e vision of insurance, hospita l and doctor fee 3 ; inlrove:Jent in the s anitary conditions 

·of the 1 um0 er canp s a.nd tor:ns; di sar;.1 inc: c.nd. discharg e of COI!Ipany 

guards; a i1d t he ri;_;ht of fre e S)eech nnd free assemblage . (****) 

(*) Ibid 

(*) De rtT.18~1t of 1 ".bor, ~Jiles of the Division of C<bnciliation. 

(**) Ibid.. 

(***) Perln2n e.ncl Taft, History of IJabor in the United Sta tes, 1896- 1932; 

The Hacmilla n Co . , Nm: York, 1935. 

(****)Ibid. 

981 3 
-136-

The dema nd chos e n to be ·;Jres::;r;d inn di~tely '7as fo:- c;, seni-r:10nthly' 

pay day. Under the once-r- rrJont1~ ')C-=' de y it is reported thot the emo~rees '7ere fr e q_uen tl.;y !'arce d to :; -,.· )J.:r for rdvrnees in con·x ·ny scrip , , 

good at f~ ce vc:.lue onl y nt con) E~. f r~ ore s ·;he r e , in sane inf>tC'lJ.:.ces , 

·prices ner e fro:.1 L S to 40 -Je J' c8nt c.~ ve t.:1e o11tsiC.e ::Jr ices. -ior1ina.lly 

the em oyees h2.d. the ti~n of ta::-: ix; t hQ-L:- scri·•) to t he inde JenC.ent 

stores, but A.t Ft dis cot1.nt which in so::1e cc;scs :tr.n.;ed fron 25 to 49 }er 

cent. The comp a nies r e fused the de11tt11d ~. nd P strike follo 78G. . I'he 

strike nas uneventful a.t fil~st, but soon violence Brose, re .,ul tin.:::; in 

the death of three union :1en e.:1d one co:n·Jrny ,18.n. The Corone r 1 s jur:r 

cha r ged officers of t~1e com Jrny ,-,i th J'1un1.er ,. but the r~md jury returned ind ictuents f or first de;::;ree ;mrd.e l' agsint 58 union :1e:1oers, and 

did not i n<iict the officers of the co;.ro r .. p . Hine defendRnts ne re 

brought to trial early i n Octo·:) er c:.r..d El verdict of not guilty nas returned. The murder che.rc es ag o.inst the othe r U.efendP .... "l.ts 17ere disnissed. 

(*) 

Ten d<·ys after the verdict E' strike i nvolviilG l , 300 orl:ers ·o e.:;Rn 

at Me rryville , Louisirna, for the rei1sta tement of t h e lo ees of the 

.American Lunb er ::my ··rho h ad t 0 stif ied fo r t r ... e defense . Strte tro-ops 

were sent but iJJileC.i Btely i t h.:lr 2.--m . T:1e lunoe r · CO;.rr)<:'nies a re re )Orted 

to have encouraE;ecl c: Good Citi zen Le :1 cue , .lPcie UiJ on non-union rrorl:ers 

and busi ne ss r1en in the \Test . The strL-:::> l psted seven ,ont s C1nd , 

together ryi th the union , r:ras su:tm r essL!d , p ccor.:.in,:; to t he s trikers , by 

t he a ctivity of vi -:; ilante c omn ittee s . (*"') 

c. ~est Virg inia. 

About l'1Ry , 1935, nn or.;.:>n izer f or t .·e .. i8l' iCill ::'edo r e tion .of La,bor 

sta rted a ca•1p aig n to or-r;{' ni :e the t i r.f e .. :· ·· ncl GC'l' :. lill n orl:e rs of the 

West VirginiD. hnrdoroo,:J fiel c"'.. i~ to l oca.l r; o:. the Sn n Ul . or rs 1 Union. 

(*"' * ) This organi zer st:1t ed. t~A. t by Au-:ust , 19:34 , he hHd. s·.lcceedcd in 

org anizin:::; 5,000 •-rorl::e rs r ncl. oi·L ~.-l -.J.s t G c ".l lccl o en l stril:e 1.1hich 

af_ ected '1 , 000 e n·.Jloyees , nd 12 plnnts . Th e dc:1rnus c onsisted of recog nition of the Union , increc:secl :•p._,;e s c::·1cl s i ;ned rvor l:i nt:; co::1 racts. 

From the date the stri l~ nas ca l led unt il 1 oveMorr , ~4 it 

1;;ras g r aduallJ' sett.2.ed on t he tnsis of i na.iv i d r.._ l cont!'E'.cts .-.ith en.ch 

L1i ll 'lhich .g ene::. y contn i ne a re~; eti tio.1 of ?- 1 0f tho 1 r ti onnl 

Indust:ti a l Recover! Act and cal ! e J. f or t 11e :re t u rn of :-. ll tril~ers 

without )re judic e at thr ee a r d one-ha.lf c ents ['n ~: u:.· i 1Cr'3ase , ~nG. 

siGned agreements. The re J.oe s not s e E.J ·J to i1?VC b~J en F~ nf direct reco{';-

nition of the union , s ince the indivi <iu o.l co r~ ct s 'TO r e S1r•·1eo. r C'l. 

COD>littee representinG e:nlo-rees ::..· ,') t :ler t tr.n R o~ tt ee re >re centinc 

the union . However , the ~irector of Concilir t i on , o~art ne nt of 18bor , 

'?rote the Sec r et c:;.r y of one of ~1 e locc.l s on Oct 1Jb '3 r 1 3 , 193-t:r t i. rt as 

bE:.rg 2inL1. · ·- :, ~; n i th the u:1i0:1 of ficers , thi., ni.;·ht b e c on s idered c:!.S 

reco~<?; ili t i on . ?o s sibly t he e1nloyers 0. i d no t und ::..~stand t h eir p_gr een..ents 

to constitute r cco.-;ni ti o'l. of the union, sincr i P. one n ill the checl~ off 

syst em ·orovided fo :.~ in i ts D.t.,r e enent never ouer<.:..c. t e cl. In t o o: the 

(*) Ibid. 

(* *) Ibid . 

(*** ) De ;art :~ent of Lab ol' , ~i l. e s o:.f' the :Jirector o-!' Concili a tion. 

S)R ~ 
-137-

agreeme::1ts there '17G.3 no LlCrCC'SG in """',:->~ .• es , out those er·l:._J loyec s living 

in cor.nany houses wer e ?~lorrGQ ren t free . (*) 

After t~1e ~ill deci si oE o: t l1e SU')r e. 1e Court o·1 i J.:..y 2? , 1935 , so;1e 

of he o·.J erc:;.tors ende avoreC... to CC'..nc ,_; l their tlf2' C::e~ JeY' ts O'/ oin~ b.:tck 

to a 48-hm.rr ':'"ee 1

: anci cut :.in:~ t he ·."1at ·as to tne )r evious scale , but 

tl ese atte :J~J t ~ a~o!}earted to be uns-.lccess:'ul . The Anerican J!,cdera.tion 

of Labor -;r c>:a ted the :Bro t.i.1er~10od of Co.r-J en ters "'nd Joi ners Ju risdiction 

over the locals , erfective k •Jril 1 , 1935 . (* * ) 

(*) Ibid. 

(*"') I bid. 

9813 
- 138-

5. i1a.e:e s 

a . Smnnill EJnd r.;ill'.70rk Corabined . 

The .s e ri ous effect of bu si nes:o dap r e ssion on hourly w ge rates in 

the Lumber Industry is seen in the fol lo ing average hourly r te5 , in 

cents, nhich shOv7 the rC'pid dommEl.rd spirC'ling of such r n tes since 1929. 

These data rel)r esent the c ol7lbinecl com uted tes for the census classifications IILumber end Timber Products" and 11 P1Minc 11ills 11 , othenrise 

referred to as II Smmills 11 aml. 11 11illwork", respectively. 

19?.9 1930 1° 31 1032 1933 1934 

Average Hourly 45. 6 44.9 41 . 2 34 . 2 33. 9 43. 6 

Wage (cents) ,.. . ) ; ~ . - . - • J - • 

Index (1929=100) 100. 0 98. 4 90. 4 75. 0 74. 3 95. 6 

Source: Comuuted by Code Industry Analy sis Unit , Division of Reseprch 

Ftnd Planning , lffi...l\. , on :::' oll o,: i ng b a ses : :i.I.C. B. tines . 792 

from J c.m1.1.ary , 1926, to De c eoi1e r 1931; 3 . L. S. fr or:1 J a nun.ry , 

1932 , to 1934, conb L::i rlG 11 SD'.T'!ill.s 11 nnd 11 'l ll orl~11 by using 

es timateQ. totnl m, .n- hour s ; .s ·e i ,_;h t s . 

It will be see_ fr om t he f or eco in,. t:~.b e t hc.t ave r".ge hourly rrnge s 

declined from 45. 6 cents in 1929 , the yenr Pdi ~ the deu r e ssi on , to 

33.9 cents in 1933 , or to 74 p e r c en t of e 1929 l evel . At first the 

decline Tias 3light , but it incr l'. se ~.: i.1 scve ritJ during t h e yeo.rs 1931 

and 1932. 

The c odal ye e.r 1934 Hi tne sseG. "· ve r y substm~t 2.l recovery in 'I"Tt\GG s , 

raising the 1 933 r o.te of 33. 9 cents t o 43. 6 c c.::nts , thus r epr e s enting n 

gain of nearly 29 p er cent ove r the lo .. oint of the depr essi on . 

Inasmuch as the qeekly rw.ge , r<:Lther t han t he h::mrly nr·ge r o.t.e , determines the e 0.rnint;s of the YTOrker , it r:rill "be of inte re s t to <' Xc'.!:li ne 

the follo,:ring c:werab e ueekly rrag es for t he s::-r.e industry cla ssificc::.tions: 

1929 1930 1 931 1 932 1933 1934 

Aver8.ge Ueekly 

Wage ( o.ollprs) 21.14 20. 21 16. 78 12. 41 12.50 14.43 

Index (1 929::100 ) 100. 00 96. G 79.4 58.7 59 .6 68 . 3 

Source: Computed by Research and Planning Division, lTRA , cor1bining 

:a .L.S. sta tistics for sn.Dmills C' nd !"'lillwork by using estimated 

number employed as weights. 

9813 
.. 

-139-

It Tiil~ be seen· fron e co--:r_perison fo the trro p receding tables 

that aver:tge Tieekl y 1\To.g es decl ined much ::1o r e dr~\ stically thon avera-e;e 

hourly wage r~tes, indic ~ the eff e ct of reduced hours of enploymen t . The 1933 Tieel:ly ' earning s of $1 ::.60 rep r e sented l ess than 60 

per cent of t_he 1929 earninG::; , t?he rea ::; the oUl~l y wage did not fall 

be lou 74 1)er · cent of the 1929 l evel • 

b . Sai:Tilills 2nd :Jilluork Comp a r ed 

The following table compar es avera.ge hourly TIC'l.ge s in the smmill 

(Census cla ssificotion "Lumber Md Timbe r Products 11 ) P.nd millwork 

(Census cle.ss.ificoti on "Fleming ~E lls") b r anches of the industry for 

the years 1932- 1934, the only y e nr s for '7hich this cor1parison is availCl.ble. 

Branch of Industry 

Sa1'1!1 ills 

Mill. work 

1 932 

(Cents) 

33.0 

39. 4 

Source : U. S. Bureau of Lr.bor Statist ics 

1933 

(Cents) 

1934 

( Cents) 

.The ~ore go :l.ng ta.ble indica tes th:o.t t he differential betTieen average h ourly 11ages in the so-ca lled sn.mnill b r anch of the inQ..ustry , and 

the higher average hourly ncg es in the milluor k or indep endent p l aning 

mi l l branch decrea.sed steP..dily frOD 6. 4 c ent s in 1932 to 4 e2 cents in 

1933 and 0 . 8 cents in 1 934 . This situuti on uay be due to the rep orted 

increased cornpeti tion 11hich independ.ent :') lin . .=; or millwork p lants experienced fron such p l ants Oj_) e r :--.ted in c onjuncti on with se.mnil ls. 

Average hourly wages for 1934 ha ve n ot as yet been com~uted by 

the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics, but figure s for individual mont hs , with 

the exer~tion of only the first three months , e Tiell above the 1934 . . 

average . The 1935 hourly wn.c;e s, by EJOnths, r 2.nged from 42. 3 cents in 

January to 47. 2 cents in Se~temoe r for t he sawmi ll br~nch , and f r om 

44. 0 cents in March to 46. 0 cents in Decemb 'r for millwork. 

Because of the irll):Jo rtC'.nce of rtve r :-.e;e VTecld;y ~To. es , the folloning 

comparison of such uages for samnills and millwork may be he l pful. 

9813 
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1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 193 

( dol . ) ( dolJ_ ( f~o ) (dol. ) (dol. ) (dol 

Samnills rJ 20. 62 l 9c68 16. 00 11 . 77 12. 33 14. 3( 

Hilluork Q} 23. 56 22. 59 19 . 58 15. 08 13. 90 15. 2: 

Sa.wmill Index 

(1 929 = 100) 100. 00 95.4 77. 6 57 . 1 59 . 8 69. 4 

Hillwork Inde x 

(1929 = 100) 100.00 9!5.9 83.1 64. 0 59 . 0 64. 6 

Source: u. s. :Bureau of Lnbor Statistics 

§} Census Classification 11 Lumber C'nd Timber Products 1 

Q/ Census Cle1ss ificC'.t ion 11 Planing. Hills 11 

From the fo r eg'Jing t ahle it E':p:•)e<'XS that aver, .~e r>eeld.y 0. es in 

the s awnill branch of the indust~J declined fran $2u. 62 in 1929 to $11 . 77 

in 193~ , a money loss of 43 ~J er cent , , nd th..~ t in millwork these rr<'ces declined from $23~56 in 1 929 ~ $15. 08 i n 1932 , <' mo~ey loss of 36 per cent. 

In the l <1.t ter branch, hoV~ever, the loss c ntinued into 1933 , so thC't the 

average for th<'.t year '7:-.s ne!'.rly 41 ~er cent belo:T the 1929 level. The 

codal year 1934 sho,.-red considerable irrJroveoent in the neel.ly n:1ges of 

both branches, the nnounts of $14. 30 for Sd71Dills nnd $15. 21 for milh1or k 

representinG apprcximately 69 per cent and 65 uer cent , respectively, of 

the 1929 nqges. 

c. Area om~arisons 

The striking divergence between a .;es in the South and Trest is indic ated in the fo lloV~ing COr::I]_J a rison of a ve r at;e hourly ,aat:;e rates and neekly 

earning s in these a r eas : 

9813 
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. . 

A'J"F.RAr-E FO'JRLY ~Ar..E RAr~s AND AVFRAr'rE 

WEEKLY EAR.t: L;Gs ~ T1 l.E LTJiiGE8 ms~~ Y (s.A.•·MrLLS) 

I LT TJB rr~srr Ai-ID SO lJ T~ a/ 

AverE:. e i:ourly 

Wt-tRe ·REL tes 

Rr ti -:- of AverP g e neekly RFttio ~f 

Sr:uth t r:- Ea rnings South to 

We s t West 

Yea r S0ut ~1 Per Cent West S'luth Per Cent 

1923 

June . ................... ";:J . 552 

1935 

February t 0 June ......... 533 51 

1928. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ~57 .275 49 $86.01 $14.44 56 

1930 

:vtc=ty t August . . . . . • . . . . . • q~G . ~60 47 25.17 12.74 51 

1932...................... .3 ~<i .. 170 14.84 7.11 50 

1933 

July ·- Average . . . . . . . . . . • 366 .150. 4 1 . I 13.40 6.80 51 

December- Averas e····:· .5 ~0 • ?-.90 55 13.8:.5 8.44 61 

193~ 

Average first ten 

months •..•......... : . . . . • 548 . 8?5 17.76 8.70 49 

Source: · Research a nd Pla nninf.; Divisi"n, 13A, P.ep 0r t Eltntitled 11 H0urs, 

Wages and Emul0yr.:en t 11 , ure'DP.red f c r l1ea d .ngs on ernnl 0yrnent pr ovisions of Codes, .J?.nuary, 1935 , n . 58. 

et / 11 We~ t 11 includes Oregon and Hashing t on . 11 Soutl1 11 ' 1ncll..~.des Al ?.-

barna , Florida , Georgia , :.!iss issin·:1i, No rth CE· t"o],rna , South 

Ca r olina, Virginia, Arkansas, LnuiRiana Ftnd Te•.xa s~· · Since the 

nrincipal uroduct ·)f the Southern States is ui.ne, which c ornuetes 

chiefly with the Dougl as fir .of t he 1'Tes t Gor st_. :the Southern 

Sta tes have heen nmpP re~ '."'i th t}J. r, Wes t e rn Sta ne,s where Dougle1s 

fir is "P.roduceo ·Figures fo r Pre-c nde years are weighted averages 

o£ State averages annea ring in the Wpf>:es a nd HC''Urs 'Bulletins f or 

the Lumb er Inclustry 1Jublished 'by t he Bureau of .Labor Statistics. 

Figur es for 1933 and 1934 represent c onditi 0ns ~n the Southern . 

Pine ano Wes t Coast (Doug l as Fir) Divisi ons, as renorteo to the 

C !)r] e Au t~v ri ty. 

J 

Th is nreceding t A.ble indic~tes that aver~1 e hourly ·,lil,a; e ;rates in the 

Southern states were annroximately one-half of those in t~he West Coast 

Sta tes of Wa shing t on P.nd OrPgon f or thB yettrs 19?,~ , 19?,5 ~~nd 1928,. the 

1928 averages 

9813 
-142-

being $0.557 for the West .vnd $0.275 for the South. It anuears also that 

beginning in 1930 the exce·s·s ()f the V'!estern averFI.ge over tha t of the South 

increa sed until in July, 1933; just nri or t o the Cor

1 e, the l Rtter wa s 

only 41 per cent of the former. (*) 

The effect of the Code aT)nears t o be reflected in the f act tha t in 

December, 1933, the fourth month of ouerati on of the codal wage provisions, the Western averAge wc=ts 53 cents El s c om"'1a red rith less than 37 

cents in Jul·' , 1933, and the Southern averPge wa s 29 cents a s comuared 

with only 15 cents in July. It is a lso seen thRt under the Code the 

Southern ave .:-ctf-:8 l1o·u.:-:-ly 1na.ge r a te represented El l a r ger urouortion of the 

Western cwerap.: e than at any other. period c overed by the t able. 

These statistics show that until 1934 the ratio of averR.ge weekly 

earnings in the South t o those in . the Wcs t 1~ s e req. t e r thttn in the Qase 

of average hourly wage r a tes, due, doubtless, t o the l onger average vorkweek in the South. In 1928 these Southern ec=t rning s averRged 514.44 a s 

c ompared with ·$26.01 for the 1'.Test .-- a rati q ·1f 56 uer .cent. Subsequent 

reductions br')ught the se ea rning s down t o $6.80 in t he S uth <nd $13.40 

in the West in July, 1933, reprenenting a r a ti o of 51 ner cent. These 

Pre-code earnings in the West were apurox ima t e ly 50 pe r cent of the 1928 

average and in the South were S. 7 ner c nt of the 1928 l eve l. • J' 

The codnl r:wnth of December, 19 3, shored only ? sli.e:ht increa s e in 

average weekly ea rnings in the "'e'&t, a s contra s.t ed with an increa se of 

nearly one-third in the South over the July, 1933, ea rnine s. During the 

ten months of 1934 tnis situation wa s r evers ed, f or the $17.76 weekly 

average f or the West in thE~. t neri od renresented El substa ntia l incree~ se 

over that area's December, 1934, ea rni ng s, w.her ects the $8.70 averc=tge f or 

the South wa s only ~li htly above t he Decembe r l eve l. 

It has often b~en a ssumed t ha t it c osts much le . t o live in the 

South than in any ether secti on of t he country, nnd consid e r able strees 

was l a id on this noint in pre-code hea ring s on the subject of territoria l 

wage rate differen'tie~ls. One a r.mronch ba s been t o compa re in the South 

and in the North the prices of a l Ar ge quantity of goods nee<1 ed by a 

fam.i ly. The defect of this method is tha t t he gnod s nriced a re not used 

in both reg i ' ns, <•- nd t o this extent the compa.ris0ns a r e a rtificia l. Hore 

corn bread, :cor ir1sta nc e , i s consurnea in t he South f'1 n<1 mor e VThea t brend 

in the West · nd Ea st. Mo re rice is used in t he South c nd less coal. (**) 

Professor Wi llie.m F. Og-ourn, 0f the Uni vPr s i ty cf icago, recently 

employed a di fe,..~nt meth0d of RttAck , using the ne centage nf the family 

income spe~t for f o0d as e~ n index of the Dl e~ ne of living , a nd on this 

basis reached c o:1clusi ons which would throw s ome doubt on the exis tence 

of a large differential between living c osts in the South nd else here. 

(***) . i 

(*) The Presid~nt's Reemuloyment Agreement went into effect in July, 1933. 

(*•) Ogburn, \1illiam F., Univer~ity of Chic-ago, Does it ~ost less to liv ~ 

in the South? University of North Caroli.na--P-r-es_s_, Socia l Forces, 

December (1935), pp. 211-214. 

(***)Ibid. 

9813 
.. 

-143-

Insufficient dat<'l hA.v ~ bec oi:le · vc:d. l Elb 1e to enRblc definite c onslusi ons 

rcn this noint t o be uresentcd in the nresent ren nrt, but it is believed 

tha t such observations n.s those 0f Profess 8r Ogburn indica t e the need 

of further research 011 t hi s sutj ec t <·nd j t s imn rt nc~ AS 0ne f ac t or in 

. determining or justifying territoria l wage r a t e iffcrenti ls. 

The followj ng table c omna res 8VPr a,c;e ea rnings ner hour uer emnloyee a nd aver~ge full-time eFi rni ngs ner vreek ner emnloyee in logging 

camps and sawmills f or t hr ee Sout: ern stRt es and three Northwestern 

states for the yea rs 1988 a na 19 3~ . The data f or these yeRrs aff ord a 

ba sis a lso of comparing nre-depression a nd b ott om- of-depression earnings. 

Average Ea rnings ner 

Hour ner ErWJloyee: 

1988 

Logg ing 

Camu s Sa.woills 

1932 

Logging 

CF'rnos Sawmills 

3 Southern States a/ 

3 N. Western StPt s~/ 

$0.322 $0.29a 0.179 ~0.181 

.663 .55 ~ . 461 . 393 

Average Full-time. Earni.nc s 

ner Week ner Emnl o;yee : 

3 Southern St te~ a/ 1 9.42 

3 N. We stern Sta.t-e sb/ 32.26 

I : 

17.37- -10.7-6 

26.78 22.68 

10 • .72 

18 .-93 

Perc<'3ntage 

from 

Logging 

CP. mns 

44.4 

30.5 

14.6 

29.9 

of Decline 

1928 

Sawmills 

38.0 

29.3 

38.3 

29.3 

Source: Bureau of Labor Sta tistic s , Bulletins Ko . 497 (1928) and No. 

586 ( 193·2), 11 ':'W' ;-: es · f-1 nd Hours of I£1bor ·in the Lumber Indu!'try 

in the lJni ted S t R. t eE 11 • 

a / ArkEJ ns e1 s, ou i~d A. 0 e:nd '1ississiuni. 

b/ Oregon, Washing t on Pnd IdAho. 

This tRo l e ind.ica tes th<'l t in 1928 a verfl.ge ea rnings per hour per 

emnloyee in logg ing camns. a nc1 s2wmi lls in t he Southern s tR tes of Arkansas, Louisia na and MississhrDi' we re anoroxima tely half of the Corresp onding ea rnings in the ·three Northwestern sta tes of Oregon, i'!El shington 

and Idaho . 

It Rl s0 aupea rs tha t ave r age h ourly ea rnings in the Southern s·ta tes 

suffered more during the business c1enres!?i on tha n in the Northwestern 

states, since in 1932 the differenti a ls between the two were considerably 

greater. It will oe not ed tha t in the Southern sta tes these 1932 ea rnings 

represented declines from the 1928 enrnings of 4:4.4 ue r cent and 38.0 

per cent in the logging camps nd sa vmills, es pectiv~ly, whereas in the 

No rthwestern sta t es the se dec lines we r e 30.5 per Cf"nt a nd 29.3 ner rent, 

resnectively. 

In averflge full-time eF'rnings per week ne r employee the spread between the two a r eas und er consid era ti on was not so great a s in h ourly 

9813 
-144-

earnings, due t o the l onger hours ·orked in the South. It i interesting to note: h0'1'1eVPr, tha t the dec lines in 1932 f r o!TI the 1928 level 

were a lmos t identical with those f or hourly ear nings . 

d. Payrolls 

The l ong-time trend of 1')ayrolls in sa,vmills (Census cl Cl~sif ication 

"Lumber and Timber Products 11 ), Rs vre ll As se2.sonal fluctUA.tions in such 

pa yr olls, a :re shown in the follo ing indices, '"hich are b' sed uoon the 

yea r 1929 as 100. 

Inr1 ex of Payrolls ( 19~9 = 100) 

~lwmills 

--~-- J.i326 1927 9~~8 1929 1930 19:?1 19~2 1933 1934 1935 

Jan. 96.4 92 .5 86 . 0 88 . 3 80 . 1 40. 9 21.~ 16 . 7 29.8 32. 8 

Feb . 101.5 94.3 8"' . 6 91.5 78 . 7 40 . n ~1.0 16.0 32 . 8 36 . 7 

Ma r. 102.1 95.9 93 . 4 94-. 2 83 .-7 41.1 20 . 8 1~ 7 35 .5 3R. ·1 

Apr. 105 . 4 94 . 8 96 . 3 100. 4 83 . n 39 . 7 ?-1. 2 lG . G 38. 6 40. 6 

'1ay 109. 0 100 .7 99.5 105. 8 82 . q 41.1 ?1. fi 19 . 0 til . !:) 3-i . 5 

Jun. lll. 9 101. 5 10'1 . 2 105 . 0 7Sl ~ ~l.l 20. 9 '"'4 . 1 39 . 8 35 . q 

Jul. 107. 0 97 . 8 97 , R 106.2 T ' . ') 37.~ 19 . 6 "R.7 25 . R 39. 3 

Aug . 110. 0 100. 3 99 . 9 105 . 6 64 .. '7 ~6 ~ 19 . ''. 3~ . :3 37 . 9 

Sen. 1(')9. 9 102 . 3 101.6 107 . 1 62.9 35. 4 20. 5 39 . G ~~8 . 2 

Oc t. 110 . 2 102.1 102 . 6 104 . 5 60. R 3~ 8 ?.?. . () ~~9 . 9 38 . q 

Nov. 107 . 1 99 . Q 100.6 98.? 54 . 7 29.R ')1. 0 ~7.4 36 . 5 

Dec. 102 .5 91 . 6 96 . 6. 93.2 49.7 25 . 5 18.7 ~4 :-z. ~4 3 

Average : 106 . 1 98 .1 96.9 lGO.O 71.0 36 . 9 20. 7 27 . 0 '•'6 . 6 

Sourc e : Derived f r om BureRu of L~bo StAtistics un~~justen index (19?.6 

= 100) by c• djus ting to Census "i th :f;i.A tn thod . 

------ - -- -- -. - - - -- . - ---------------

It will be seen o~ the foregoing that 1')Ry .olls tn tnP se~~ill 

branch of t he industry declin o f om 1926 throug1 1928, r ose_slightly 

in 1929 , a nd ther eaft e r dron"Ded l1C'1ruly until 193~ '7hen , ?t the bottom 

of the denressi on, these nayrolls rPnre~ente ~n1')ro~ima tely 21 ner cent 

of those in 1929 , or a l oss of 79 'lJe r cent. It , ill be obse rved a lso 

the: .. t aft er 1932 the r e w:1s a grfldua l incre?.se in these Dayrolls hich 

c ontinued into 1935. 

Trends in mill or k or Dlaninb mill nayrolls , sho n in the f0llowing t able, a re _some ha t similRr to those in the wnvvmill brcnch, exqent 

that in millwork the decline nrhich began i n 1926 continued i thout a 

break thr9ugh the f_irs t half of 1933, so that the Five age nayrolls for 

1933, desi?ite s ome i_mp r ovement during the latte r hAlf 0f thF~ t yeCl.r, 

we re only 22 uer c ent of the 1929 level • .. 

9813 
- k45-

In"l ey of P::>yr~ 11s (192q = 1 10) 

: i11~·r .:.~ k 

1926 19~7 1928 1929 l93U 1931 193?. 93:~ 193t;, 1935 

--- --

1?.2. 0 10? .1 2 9t:.: ~ ?7.1 53 . l ~4 3 17.7 2~ .5 2€1. ~ 

1~6 5 107 . 2 go . l 98 . 0 81. 0 55 ~ 31. ') 1?. 4 24:.7 28 . 8 ' 

~ar. 128.9 108 .0 100. 0 104 ~ 80.4 56 . 3 28 . 4 15.1 26 .4 29 . 4 

kor. 124.7 110.7 10~1 . 2 105 . 8 Rl.O 56 . 3 27 . ~) 17 . 6 28.1 31.6 

:Jt.qy 125 . 3 11~.8 107 . 1 106 . 6 83 . 1 57 . 8 27 .1 19.9 28 . 8 33.?, 

Jun. 126.4 113. 4 109 . 4 106 .1 80 . 5 55 . 6 25 . 1 23 .1 27 .5 35.9 

Jul. 120.7 109 . 2 105 . 8 10~ 5 71. 1 52 . 4 23 .3 26 . 0 26.4 38 .7 

Aug. 125. 8 113 . 4 107.6 1'!6 . 5 70 . 9 50 ~ 2~., _5 27 . 2 26 . 4 

Seu. 1.21. 8 107.9 10L1 , 8 103 . 6 66 . 0 4~e • 9 22 . 3 27.5 2t~: . 8 

Oct. 124 . ?, 107.6 105 . 2 100 •. ) 65 .3 42 .?. ~~ 4 ?,6. 8 ?,7.5 

I OV. 121.1 102 . I' Fi2 . 8 87 . 3 61. 0 ~9 8 ?.2 .2 25.?. ?. 7. ~ 

Jec. 117. 0 1()1. 3 100. 4 83 .0 60 . 0 39 .1 ~0 .1 ?.5 . 0 ~8.0 

Average : 123.7 108 . 4 103 .1 100 .0 73 . 2 50.3 25.5 22.4 26 .5 

Source: Bur es u of Labor St2 tis tics Index shifted t o 1929 bas e; NR~ 

adj ustment t o 1933 Census. 

An indicR ti ~m of c omn os i t e uRyr 11 trends f or b ot h i-l ~Tffi i 11 S a nd 

mi 11vror:-c is a fforded by t l1e fol 1m7i ng kb16 : 

IndeY of P.q.yr o11s ( 1929 = 10n ) 

SRwmills a nd i•h 11VTorl-c 

1926 1927 1928· 1929 1930 1901 9~)2 1933 1934 1935 

--- · Jan . 102.0 95 .7 87 . 3 89 . 8 79 . 5 43 . 5 '~ 2 16 . 9 28.2 31.4 

Feb. 106.9 97.1 0() . 7 92 . 9 79. ?, t;,,~ . 0 2~~ . 2 16. ~ 01.0 35.0 . {q.r. 107.9 98 . 5 ,~ . 2 96 . 4 83.0 t¥~- . 0 ?.8 . 4 15 . 6 33 .5 36.4 

Ary r. 1·')9 . 6 98 .2 98 .0 101.6 8::5 . 2 4?. .3 2?..5 16.8 36 .3 38.6 

.~ ay 112.5 103.3 101 .1 10n . O 9 LY!:. 7 2?. .7 19 . 2 08 .8 34.2 

Jun. 115.0 1"4. 1 102.2 105.2 W) . O 4:; . 2 21. 8 23 . 8 37.1 35.8 

Jul. 110.0 100. 3 99 . 5 1oc . 6 70.4 41.0 20 ~ 28 .1 33.8 39.2 

Aug . 11 ~ 100.2 101.5 10!:) . 8 66 . 0 39.4 19.9 32.8 35.4 

Seu . 11 ? . 5 0~ ~ 102.3 106 .3 63.6 37.5 20 . 9 37.0 35. 3 

Oct. 113. ;~ 103 . 0 103. 2 103.5 61.8 34 . 8 ;:?,2.1 07.1 36.4: 

ov . 110.1 100.4 101.1 95 . 8 56.1 3~.0 21.3 34.8 34. 5 

Dec. 105.6 96 .1 97 .4 91.0 51.6 28.4 19.0 ') "' t...,: ·..J · 0 32.9 

Ave rage: 110.'J 100 .3 98 .3 1·JO . 0 71. 4 39 .7 21.7 25.9 34.4 

9813 
-146-

Source: Bureau of Labor StP tistics dat::~. shifted to 9~9 ba se by the 

Divisi on of Resea rch r.nd Pla nning , _ffiA . 

E1stir:1atfd c:we r age weekly T)ayrolls for savnni lls and mill:vor:{ ovPr 

the pe~iod 1929 t o 1934 , inclusive, a re ~ho~n in the · following t~ble: 

Sawmills 

Esti~~ted Aver&ge Weekl y P?yrolls 

(Thousonds of Dollars) 

1929' 

'8, 107 

2,239 

1930 

5,754 

1, 638 

1931 

2,9Rq 

1,127 

1932 

1·,675 

571 

1933 

2,178 

1934 

3,044 

594 

. - --- ----

Source: Comm.it ed by Research c:- nd P1An,1in[: Divisi r: n, :ru, c-.-ry,lying 

uayroll i ndex of BureP u of L·-b '); Stc:t tis t i. cs, shifted to 19~9 

b~ se~ against Census ~ryr ll st~tistics f or 19~9. 

- - - -- - - ·- .. - - - - - - - - - -- -~------

6. Hour s 

I In 193::: , 1r.hi c h , in g ene r FI. l , !:1F- r 1ced the b otto.n of the depr ession 

f or the ind ustry , the RA"'mill brPnc .1 a v e r e.ged 36 . 11. h ours ~er •ree 1

{ , .nd 

the millwo~~ brAnch 9 hours, Rcc n~ tn dP t R of the 3ureFI.u of 

La b or Statistics. Unfortuna telv n o offici :=~ l or other cnmnrehensive detc? 

c ove ring hours ctu.a.lly, orked thro'IJ{!:hout the c ountrj q _ P nvailable fo r 

earlier yeRr s . 

Avera ge hours or ked. Der ,. eek in the sf' mi 11 br::mch are T)re~ n ted 

by mon ths for the years 1932 t o 1935, inclusive: 

.. 

9813 
--

- 147-

AV :gAt:."' FO-·P .S , .. :w-'L:J n_ ·: ~'B~:r 

SJ,:T litLS 

I 

Mont h 1932 93~~ 1934 9~35 

Janua r y 33 . 6 33 . 1 31. 8 . 33 . 4 

Febr ua r y 35 .7 3. ~ 03 .0 . '34. 7 

Ma r ch 36 . 6 34 . 6 34 . 8 5. ~ 

Aoril 3 5 .7 36 ~ 34 .7 36 . 4 

May 3 7. 2 t.::O . 4 34 .3 33 . 2 

J une 35. 6 42 . 0 34 .1 3 7. 3 

July 35 . 4 t14 . l ~. 3 36. 8 

August 3 6 .5 ~ r'7 , 

":t u o.l 33 . 3 ~9. 3 

Se'T)temb e r 38 . 2 3 7.1 ~3 . 8 40.0 

Oct ober 3 9 .3 34 .7 33 .7 41.1 

Novembe r 38 . 6 ~ 33 .1 38. 9 

Decembe r 34 . 5 3'7. . 1 32 .9 39. 9 

Ave r age 3 6 .4 37 •. ~ 33 .5 ll 

Source : Co:n'T)iled f r om da t A. or the :9ur eFtu of La b or ·sta tistics by the 

Div i s i on of Resea r ch F1.nd Pl anni ng , 1\J"'RJ.·. ·. · 

!/ No t ye t a va ilable . 

It will b e seen f r om t he fo r ego i ng t able tha t t he avera.ge of 37.3 

h ours ke d in 1933 u•as s 1 i gh t l y a b ov e t }).e 1932_ e, .'uu t tha t during 

the c odal yea r 1934 t J.1e av e r 0.ge f e ll t o 33 . Q. or nea rly three h ours below 

the depre s si on l om of 1932 . 

An av erage f or the year 193 5 h8 s not be en offici a lly c omDuted, but 

it is evirl en t fr om t l1e mrmthl y a ve r a2:e s tha t h ours wo r ked in thC't t year 

c onside r etb l y exceed ed t h ose in 1904 . The God e f o_r the indu s try, which 

wa s t e r mi na t ed by t l1e Sup r eme Cour t de cis i on of lAa y 27, 1935, stipula ted 

a max i mum wor k we ek of 40 h ou r s with certa i n exc eD ti ons. It is inte resting t o note t ha t in June , 1935 , t he f irst month f ollow ing t e rmina ti on of 

the Code , t he <:we r age wor k week was a bout f our h our s in exc e s s of tha t 

f or the ure c eding month, a nd t ha t for the ba l a nce of the yee r Ewe r a g e 

h ours c ontinued t o incree.se . The ef i'e ct of the Cod e on h r:mrs of emul oyment will be d iscuss ed l Rt e r i n t h is ch Dt r. 

9813 
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AVE?.AGE R·JlRS i.JOBiffiD PE~ ,"TEFK 

. .HLLWO.J{ 

Month 19 3~ 1933 9~4 1935 

J a nuary 36.8 35. 5 3?, .7 34.1 

Februa ry 36.7 35.8 31

1: . 4 35. 3 

ia rch (.3 .0 31.5 ~5 .5 ~5 R 

Anril 36.4 39.3 34 . 8 36 . 4 

!{lay 35.2 LJ:0 . 3 :-z~3 . 9 37. 4 

June 3~.8 43 . 3 34 . 2 ;<.8 . 9 

July 34 .8 44-.7 ~-<3 .?. 39 .1 

August 33.7 39.6 34 . 3 40. 3 

Se"'Jtember r.t4 . 8 3~ .. 7 33 . 6 41. 5 

October 35 . 6 34. 2 36 . 0 43.1 

Novemb er 34 .1 '2Ll ') v .. . •..# 34 . 9 40 . 9 

December 34.t,\ 3•1. 5 35.6 42 . 8 

Average 34.9 37.3 34.4 ll 

Source: Comn iled from dRt a of the Bureau of L8bor Statistics by the 

Divisi on of Research c:tnd PlA.nning , :NRA. 

l/ No t yet available. 

A c ompa rison of c:werc.5e h0urs \rrorkeCI ner "'ee'.: in the Southern states, 

which nroduce pril)Ci m:tlly nine 1 i th F~.ge hours in the ·-est Coast 

states of 'Vashington Fl.no Oregon 1 ,,rhose ~ougl<" s fir cor:me t es vi th the 

Southern uine 1 may be helnful. Ti:1e bFI.si s f or f'UCh a co!'TlT)a rison is afforded by the foll o,ring F~ bl , r.'Thich covers thP sFiwmi ll brrtnch of the 

indus try. 

9813 
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"G_,'), t i 0 of South 

to ,"-est 

Ye2r West South (Per Cent) 

1928 .............. : .... 4:6.7 5~.5 112 

1930 

May to August ........ 4:5 .1 49.0 109 

1932 . .................. 36.7 41.8 111

1 

1933 

July Average •.... ... • 36.6 ~5 .3 -125 

December Average ..... 26.1 29 .1 lll 

1934 

Ave rage first 

10 rnon ths •.......... • 32.4 29.5 93 

Source: "ReTJort entitled 11 1.fours , We.ges a nd Emoloyrnent 11 , nrena red for 

hearings on elTP)loyrnent :.>revisions of Codes, January, 1935, by 

the Resea rch And PlRnning Jivision, mA, n.58. 

I 

§_/ 11 ''Te st 11 includes Oreg on a nd '

1

Ash int;t o::1. 11 South11 includes 

Al a bama , Floridn., Geo::-gic-;. , :ris " issiu·.-)i, North Carolina , South 

Ca rolina, Virginia, Arka nsa s, Louisia na, ano Texas. Since the 

printinal uroduct of t·he Southe rn states is nine, which competes 

chiefly with the Doug l Rs fir of the We st Coc st, the Southern 

sta tes h a ve been c omuP.r eo ·with the iJiTestern stn.tas where Douglas 

fir is uroduced. :Fi ure~ f r:·r n re-code years a re weighted averages of stn.te A-verE1.ge s n:olJe<·ring in WRge a nd Hour Bulletins for 

the Lumber Industry, of the 3ure~ u of Labor StP..tistics. Figures 

for 1933 and 1934 re-prE'sent concH ti ons in the Southern Pine and 

!est CoR s t ( Doug l ns Fir) Divisions, Rs reported t o the Code 

Authority. 

The foregoing t able shows th.A,t PverHge h nur s wo r ked ner v..re ek in the 

West declined from 46.7 hours in 1928 to :36 .7 h ours in 1932, the year 

which ma rked the denression lo'77 in n:.:oduction Pnd emnloyrnent, 'r.hile in 

the South _ these hours declined fr om 5?-.5 h ours to 41.8 hours ourjng the 

same neriod. It is noteworthy thn t the decline in hours in e;:~ch area. 

during this neridcl ,~:.., s tlie .saiile, name l;r, ~1.4 ner cent. 

In July, 19 ~3 , just "Jrior to t11e a;uroval o:f the Code, the hours 

w0rked n.vern gecl 36. 6 in the Wes t ? nd 45 •. 3 in the South, whereas for the 

codal 1-;1o nt:!. r;f December, 19 ~:3 , the average had dronued to 26.1 hours for 

the Nest Pno 29.1 tours for the South , renresenting 0eclines of nea rly 

29 and 36 ue r cent, resuec ti vely, from the nre-co0 e n.verA-ge. SeE1,sonali ty 

may have been ~ f q,ctor in this oecline, but judging from the monthly 

averages giv~n earlier-in t his r~TJ rt it is not believed that seasonality 

w?s an imPortA-nt fPctor~ 

Probably the most striking feB.ture of this t8ble is the indica tion 

9813 
-150-

that whereas in 1928 averA~e hours in the South were 12 UPr cent above 

those in the Wes t, a nd whe;eas in July , 1933 ,(*) just Drior to the Code, 

this differential hnd increased t o 25 nEr cent, this situP.tion as reversed during the first ten months of 193~, ,tnd e r Code operation, when 

the average for the South dro·01'Jed to .q l ev" l 7 ··1er cent belovr the- t for 

the Wes t. 

Full-time hours in the industry hRve va ried considerably between 

the South a nd the Northwest. The following comDa rison, based on da ta of 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics for three Southern states a nd three }Torthwestern states, indicates tha t full-time hours in the South have considerably exceeded those in the Nort~ cst. 

AVERAGF NUN'BER OF Fll"LL-TIME :'-IO~S F~ ,.,F~K PJ"li. EM!'LOYEE 

Three Southern Sta tes 

Logg ing 

Camns 

60.4 

1928 

SRv1mi lls 

59.4 

1932 

Logg ing 

Cc:tmns 

60 . 2 

Sc:\wmi lls 

59.3 

Three North'l.'res tern S ta t .es· E) '48. 7 48.2 49 . 0 4 8 .1 

Source: :Bureau o-f Labor Statistics, 3ulle ins No • .1.9 7 (1928) and 586 

( 1932), 11 r Elges end Eours of Lc-1b or in the Lumber Industry in the 

Unit ec1 StatPs 11 • 

a/ Arkansas, Louisinna , ·rhssissi'JDi. 

b/ Oregon, WAshins t on .qnd Ir c:tho . 

7. Productivity 

In 1929, the l a test yeElr f or 1 Thich c omnlF>te Census r e turns a re 

available, the eleven nrinci-oa l Southern nroducing sta tes had 203,324 

wage earners in t -le Census classific<· ti on 11 Lumber Flnd Time r Products 11 , 

or 48 per cent of the tota l wage earners in this cl~ssificAtion. The 

three leading lumber nroduc ing state s of tl e -oacifi c coast -- cal if ornia , 

Oregon , and Washington. ~- had 115, 2 A waee. ea rners, or only 28 Pe r cent 

of the total. Yet 0-es:oit,e the fact tha. t the Southern st.:. tes em1'Jloyed 

76 per cent more wage earners than t he PRcific CoHst states, production 

by t he l atter, on a 48-hour. sing le-Sllift week QRSiS, agerega ted 14,149, 

301,000 feet board mec:> sure, of lumber, ?,s Pgai nst 15,462,485 ,000 feet 

Produced in the eleven So.uther.n states on a 60-nour single-shift week 

basis.(**) · 

( *) The President 1 s Reemnloyment Agreement begc-,n to be effective in 

July, 1933. 

(**) Brief in behalf of ·the Southern Pine Innustry, submitted to the 

National Industrial Recov e ry Board by P. A. :Bloomer, February 2, 

1935. 

9813 

. ,· 
:-

..4151-

The producti on per wage errner j n the Southe rn st:;J,tes in 1929 w8s 

76,048 feet, against 12 ,79 8 fee t per wr·ge earner i.n t he thr ee :!?acific 

states. Thus, the a ve r E1ge Pa cific C0(1St wr ge earne r, world.ng 48 hours 

a week, produced 61 ner cent ;nore , ur:~ber t han did the average Southern 

•wage earner working 60 hours n week . This is due ma inly to the l Arger 

yield per log e nd 1Jer a cre of s t c:tnding timbe r obta i ned on the Pa cific 

Co2.s t, to the absence of ha r 0w0ods in the Pac ific CoFcs t uroduc ti on, a nd 

to the highly mech~nizeci onerations· corr,non to thr- t regi on. ( *) 

A stud. of the nroduc ti vi ty of l abor in the Lumber Indus try in the 

Pacific Coast sta tes in 1929, made by the Bureau of Lqbor Statistics(**), 

revea led the fact tha t efficiency , a s measurec by rM n-hour productivity, 

depended more upon the ex tent of mechaniz<· tion, c:tnd T)Ossibly wa5es naiCl., 

tha n un on such f ?.ctors l'l.s size of 11 l a.nt. In fa.ct, it 111:a s found tha t such 

effieiency deere<· sed 'll'T i th the size of nla n t a s measured by number of wt=1ge 

earners emoloyed, espeically for those mills ·which produced their own 

logs. It apner:red th8.t productivity d id not incrE'as e with the size of 

mi 11 a s measured by either nurnber of wage earners employed, aggregate 

outnut, or even aggregate horsepmve r, although f or those mills which 

bougl1t their logs there was some increase in nroductivi ty with increase 

in size of mi 11 as mea sure'd b y tota l outnu t. 

This study a lso revea led tha t :for the Pa cific Coast states those 

mills which na id the highest h ourly ~agp SPWeG , On the a verage, a bout 

40 ner cent more 1 umber per ma n-hour t h<m did the low-wage mills, but 

only a bout 30 ner cent mor e Der wn.ge earner. The averc-.ge wage cost per 

thousand feet of lumber s awed wRs much lowe r in the cA.se of the highproductivity mills tha n of the low-productivity rr1ills. 

Referring aga i n t o this P<ocific Co1'.st study, it vvP.s found thc:•t the 

most reliable ind ica t or of effi ci enc? i n t h is industry is horseuower ner 

w"'ge earner, the i ncret=1.s e in 11roduc ti vi ty 'ni th increase in horsepower 

per wage earner being annr e cir b le. It a.pT)eA r ed CJ.lso t hfl. t the wage cost 

per thousand f ee t s a wed was T)erh."l.PS a little smaller in the c a se of those 

mills with much horsen m1re r per wa -"' e efl, rne r than in the case of those with 

little horsepower per wage ea rner. 

Probab ly the most reliable Rva.ila ble basis for a study of relative 

productivity of l Abor in t hB industry is affordeQ by a special tAbul a tion 

made by the Burea u of the Census for use in this ren ort. ·This tabulation 

shows lumber nroducti on n e r ma n-hour in the year 1929 in 372 selected est ablishments in tnP Ce nsus cla s sificP.ti on 11 Lumb er a nd Timber Products 11 

industry; by districts a nd sta t e s. ThePe est a blishments were · selected 

from, a ncl repre s ent, about one-fourth of those lumb e r producing establishments which renorterl individually 1JrOC.UCts Vcl lUecl in 1929 Rt $100,000 

or more. They re e~ ent, therefore, the l t=1 r ge r establishments. All of 

(*) Ibid. 

(**) U. s·. 3u:-:- eAu of L" b or Stn.tistic~ , Productivity of LE1b or, Monthly 

Ln.b or ~evie , Octobe r, 1932 . 

9813 
- 15 2-

them px-oduced ,lumber R.nd mo s t 'Jf t h eT"'l !WlnufPctur ed n l c? ning mill n r oduc ts 

<1lso. In cal-culating the ar:toun t 0f lumb e r u r od.uced n er m'=l.n - hour, t he 

number of fe e t o·f ro~r; h lumbe r ha.s been di video by t hE' to t a l numbe r of 

man-hours worked ·"·fn the este.blish . .1e nts c ove r ed by t he tF.ble . Thus t he 

dividend ref ~s to rough lumb e r onl--, whe r e, s the d iviso r r enresents 

the labo~ errroloyed both i n ..-,r oduci_ng roUf:h l umbe r C~ d in r Gina nufR.ctu ring 

a pa rt of i L . 

The following ·t El ble ure sents thes e n r oductiv ity da t .o., sunu:r"'.ri zed 

for the three gra.nd divis i ons: .!.o rth , South an6 -r.res t: 

Area 

Tota l 

The North ~/ 

The South b/ 

The :rrest · c/ 

l:umbe r of 

~age Farners Lunb e r P r odu c ed 

Nur~ er of ( ·~ a~ e ner :1an- hour 

Es a~Jli tn nt s fo ' year) ("'t.b. m. ) _(Pe r Cen t) 

372 

74 

130 

168 

79 , 093 

11, 675 

20 ,1 77 

t..1 7' 2~1 

47 Avg . 100 .0 Avg. 

24 51.1 

28 59 . 6 

62 131. 9 

a / L'JR. ine, New ,;:?mn h ire , Vermon t, ::v ss ..... cl.uRe t ts , 1~ e•11 Yo r k , r!Pw J e r sey , 

Pen sylv ni C~ , :iftich i g·m , Obi , I ndiA. n:•, Illinois, . i consin , .1 i nnes.o t a , South Dako t a , I o · -· , hssouri , 0 nd Cc1nsP . 

~/ Maryla nd, We st Virgi n i a , Vi r giniq , Jorth Ca r olinP , Kentu ckJ, Tenne s s e e, South Ca r ol ina , G-eorgi ;:: , :J'lorid"l., Alc>ba~ , Ar kan sas , Louisi a na., ' iss i ssi uni, O:.Cl ahoma , a nd -e.I'"'S . 

2:..1 iontana , I daho , Col orado , Ie1 •• ~exico , 'I Shine ton , Or eg on, Ftnd 

California . 

The for egoi ng dR. t a r ev er· 1 hat the ~verEl.g e rru:tn-hour n r oduc ti on of 

the 372 estRb lis ~~en s c overed as 7 f t. b . m. Thi s Elge i s ~o t r e -

nresentc.tive of, ma n-hour n r oduc t i on i n a.ny one of the three g r en t area s 

covered , na me ly 24 fee t i n the lor th, ?8 feet in the Sout h , ~~ d 62 fee t 

in the iest. The man- hour n r oducti on in the ort11 and Sout h was 11. 9 Pnd 

~0 n er cent, re spec t ively , be l ow the ave r g e for all t he es t ab lishments, 

•rher e as 1e mEl n-hour nr oduc t i on i n the '"Tes t c- s 32 uer c ent Elbov e the 

a v er age. 

Limiting the comna rison t o t he Sout l1 and '.7est , t he main l umbe r nroducing cr eas, it i s f ound t hat t he av e r age man- hour nr odu cti on of t h e 

est enr e~ en ed a n increas e of mo r e t han 121 ne r cent ove r the a.v e r age 

man-hour n r oducti on of t he South. 

The va ria ti ons among t he s everal areas a nd s t a t es in the c:~mount of 

lumber produced p er man- hour are due to a number of causes, the mos t 

important of which Pre t he degr e e of meclw ni za.ti on a nd amount of horsepower available ner worker, the size of logs sR.w ed , the average timb er 

stand per a cre, the degree of s oftwo od nroducti on, C~ d the s ize of the 

9813 
-153-

nroouct. In a l l o"!' t 11.esP C"~ "~")~"cts t.··1 11est excelled. It i s inte:resti ne; , 

for instance, t 0 note th'' t t~1e St ntc of ''7- shington , l!rhose n :r oduction per 

r.Ja!l-hour of 96 feet e7cel1ed <~ t nf an~{ ot1.1P r sta t e , hnd the r rea t est 

averege stEln\J. p e r , ere of in('lu~ trir,l b 1 - 0"'Yier1 s .1r. tiP.lb 8r, nn.melv, 45,283 

fe et. (*) J..s in the ·case 'If ·the otJ1er- f ac t or s just m~nti. ne'd· , h oweve r, 

the e is no c ofiTI)l ete correla ":.ion b c t,•reen a v e rf'b e ti r.~oe r sta nd a nd productivity ner man-hour, · owing t o t he.· effec t of othe r f e ct_o rs .. 

I t is i !'l t eresting t o n ote in c o::1necti on witn the for egoing comva ris on tha t t-he ave r af·e nu.nber. 0.1 age P<:Wne rs ner es t a-Jl i shmen t covered was much gre'1t.e r jn the '~ est than in t he South 2nd No rth, _the 

avere:ges being P.s fo l lovrrs : ··est , 381 ; North , 158; a nd South, 155 . This 

does n2t i nd icate t ha t the sar:J'Y) l es in ClUe~ ti on c?.r e not renre.sen ~ ti ve, 

but r a th,Pr indica_t es tha t t he "' Veroge ~'es t. ern e.stR-blishment i s l a r ge r 

than is found else·-rhere . 

8 •. Coce L:=tbor _ ProvJ-si ons And Their Inte r =p.retn.ti on 

The ·C ode of Fa ir Comue t,i ti on for t he Lumber a nd Timber Produc;:ts 

Industries, v'l'h ich ,.,Rs· an"'lr oveo by the President Augus t 19, 1933, w?.s 

a.do11 t ed only after an a ctive De ri oc1 'Jf c ode formula ti on _during \111hich 

strenuous effor ts we r e ma de by the i ndust.ry to harmonize its v;a ri ed inter.ests and a t the same t i:ne satisfy r eouirements of the Na ti bna l Indust ria l . Eecovery Admin st r.~t on . In vi ew· of the wL1e sco11e of the 

i.ndustrie.s c overed by the c nd.e, fr om tta s t EJnd,)c int o~ loc<· tion, nrocuc ts , may-kets, l .:r"Jo r,. etc ., it i s not sur":':.rising that the n ronos ed code, 

as finP.lly an:.>rov.ed , re-ore·sentec:l a consirier"ul e degrl"!e of c pmnromise. 

This i s ce rte1.inly true 'Jf t :l(' l n.bor n~ ovis i0n s of; t he c ode , V!!hich -ere 

c ove r ed in the f ollowir;.s cl scuss o~1. "I 

a . Gene~ l bor Pr~v Rions 

The· ·gene r a l . l abor nrovisions fo,md j n rt5 cl~ V of the code c ontained the usua l ")rovisions T' eq1J.i rcd qy t;l e }\Ja.tiqnRl Inclustr~ ,q, l .:g_ecovery 

Act, namely, ass· ~:.~·~nce ,of t h e r :'.gh:. o'f t >.e emnloyr. es to org.ani ze Emd 

barga in c ol l Pc ti \'e ly through ep esentE~ ti ves o:Z' t '1e i r own choosing ; 

frePd o,-:1 fr om int e r fe r enc e of employers in :ne~e ·r es-DeC t s; he right of 

emnloynent fr ee from reouirement to joi'1 ;:> c o:rmE>.ny union or to r efrain 

from joininE?:; , o:-ga"nizing or Elss isting E 1::- oor organi?;c:;ti on of their own 

choosing; El rrJ. the reQui r ement that each emo loyer com"D ly with the s t a ndards of wate s a nd hours and o the r conc iti ons of e!'!lnl oyment a nlJroved or 

pre s cribed by the Presi de nt. 

An outstanring nrov s1 0n in vi e,~r of t'he hazqrds of this industry 

was the urohibition of e~p oyment of a ny individual under 18 yea rs of 

age, excent boys 16 yee rs anc ove:r W.L10 mi,g)1t be e:nl? l oyed in the VJooden 

Package Divisi on snd in n on-ha za r dous ~c un ti ns during school vacRtions 

or in case ther e .Pere no wage e a rne rs of 18. yea rs or over in their 

f amili es. 

The Cod e c onta ined no specific .Provisi on covering ha ndicanned workers. Ho~-ve r, this was t Hken. c a re . of_ by F~e cu ti v e ) rder 6606-F, of 

( *) Table IV, St a nd per Acre on S.'- 'iiT Timbe r lHet?. s . 

9813 
- 154-

Februa r y 17 , 1934 , wh i ch permitted hBndicAnped ~o ke rs t o be emol oyed 

at light wo r k at wa ges bel ow the codal mi nimum on condition that t he 

empl oye r ob t a in a ce rtifi cate in each c~se fr om Sta t e au thori ty designated oy t he U. S. Depar tment of La.b0r . Empl oyers hiring such per sons 

were r equir ed t o f ile monthly r epor t s covering such empl oyme nt . 

I t Tas kn o~n t o the Deputy Administ r a t or's of f i ce ( * ) t ha t 

handi capped wo r ke r s ~ere employed at less than t he codal mi ni mum wage 

r ates under author ity of this Order , since eviden c e of th is was pr e s ented 

fr om t ime to t ime in connecti on with spe cif ic case s thRt came befor e 

t he compliance counci l s.. No sta tist ics are avail abl e , howeve r , sh.wing 

the extent of such empl oyment. 

Ther e we r e no appr entice or l ear ner pr ovi si ons in the Code . Ot her 

than handicapped wor kers, o er e tpken car e of by Execut i ve Or der 

6606- F (discussed earlier i n t his cnaoter ) , no one vrp_s ner mi t ed to 

be empl oyed in the industry 3t l e ss than t he minimum vpges set forth 

in Art icl e VII. (**) 

Consider ing the wi de s cope of the inG.ustr y cover ed by the Cod e , 

the interpretP.ti ons of i t s l abor pruvisiJn~ , made uy the Code Authority 

and its agencies, we r e ver y few i n number . Likevo,is ve r y few , if ~n , 

of t hese interpret a ti ons we r e opu secl by the NRA. ( *,..) These i nter pr etati ons wi ll be discussed under t.he appropr iate heads, ace;or di ng to 

the type of pr ovisi on. 

b . Hour Provisi ons 

Articl e VI pr es cribed [l 40-hour mc=tJ..irnum v•ork-r~eek , subject to ce r ta i n 

spec i fi ed ex ep ti on~ . These e~eptiuns incl uded t Jlecutives and suoer visorv 

personnel , li ng sal es fo r ce , C'nd C?m. cooks f >r , ... hom no hourly 

l imi tati on V7a s made; empl ovees such as 11•atchmen , fir enen , and r epair 

cr ews, re t he natur e of thei r v•urk req i r ed. that tne hourly IllC1Xirnum 

be exce eded, constitut i ng not mo r e than 10 per cent of the emplo ees 

in any ope rRt i on , in whi ch crses time and a hal f must e paid fo r ove rtime , and t emno rary empl oyment i n c?ses 0f eme r gency. For none of the s e 

excepti ons .,.,as there pny limi tati on with r espect to hour s. 

To provide further fl exi bili ty i t PS stinul ated h~ t t he Ad minist rative Agency of a Divi sion ur Subdivisi ;n ~ht aut hor i ze empl oyment 

in a. seasona l opera ti on f ur a mc-x i mum number of hour s not exceedi ng 48 

i n Any ·,e ek , v•i t h t he excepti on of parts of an o-ceretiun depending on 

climat ic conditi ons, such ?s t r eem dr iving and sl ed haulin~ , in ch 

a gr eater eJ..ce ss s au tnor i zed; pr ovi ded th~t aver age empl oyment i n any 

seasonal oper Pti on in Pny cAl enda r year di d n0t eJlceed the standard 

sched.u l e . 

( * ) 

( * *) 

(***) 

9813 

His t ory of the Code of I·a ir Co:npet i t i on fo r the Lumber and Ti mb er 

Pr oducts Industri e s, liRA , p . 307. 

I bid. 

Ibi d. p. 308 •. 
-155-

It •Pas further pr ovided that nufc ctu.re s of v'loolen packages for 

perishable fruits an<:f veget able s mi6f1 t be c<uthorized by the Administrative Agency of the Woo den Package Di vi 3ion t o exce ed the standard 

schedule · f or a peri od not to exceed four s for any one cr op , I)!The n 

reouired t o furnish packages f or c>ny perishable cr op., provided tha t 

the averc;ge emp l oyment of any individua l in any ca l endar year did not 

exceed the stc<Pdard schedule . Here agn.in was a pr ovisi on f or l ongtime averag ing of hours which was fraught with administrative difficulties. 

A striking feature of these codal hourl y provisions was the f .:;'.i lure 

to restj_~ict U[l.ily working hours in any v-ay. In vi e•rr of the extent of 

seasonal opera.ti ons in this· industry, the above pr ovision fo1 permitting 

C~n excess of codal maximum hours per week in such oper a ti ons was a lso 

noteworthy, especially since ' it permitted the aver aging of 'Veekly hours 

over an ent ire cc:>lend21r year. Averaging over such an extended period 

was obviously very difficult to check on the part of the enforcement 

agencies. 

Article VI, hich prescribed m8 ximum hours of l abo r in the industry, 

was interpreted, in e~ ral, (*) as not appl ying to an inclependent 

contr21.ctor owning his OW!1 truck and driving it h i mself. · 

Articl e VI, Subsecti on A (2) a, '"!hich excented certain personnel 

from the maximum h our provi s~ ·..: n, was interpr e ted by the Lumb e r Code 

Author ity June 20~ 1934. (**) Accoro.ing t o this interpretation, 

"Executive 1

' incl uded executive office rs and their pe r sonal secretaries, 

traffic mc>nage rs 1 s<?l es rranc:> gG .ts, c< ud i t ors, leg21l ac3.vi sor s and other 

department he ads 1 vorh i le '' su-oe rvi s or v " i nclu ded all persons mho -plan for, 

direct , or su·oeri vs e t he ••ro r:;..c of ot her employees. "Cooks 1

' were interpreted to iPclude all empl oyee s who have t o do .,.,i th pr eparing · and 

serving of meals. 

Article · VI, Subsecti on A (2 1 b permitted r egular emplovrnent for 

vrra.tchmen, fi r t:;rilen , repair crevrs , etc ., beyond the· codal ma x imum where 

required by the .nature of their work, f~r not more than 10 percent of · 

the employees in c:>ny operation , but required 'the payment of time and 

one half for ov~rtime . 

This pr ovi sion was interpreted by the National'. Control Committee 

on Oct ob er .. l O, 1933 (***) as rather br oad c:Lnd as applying to e-mployees 

such as watchmen, firemen and repa ir crews who , by the na ture of their 

\'70rk could not conveniently·comply with the maximum hour limitation. 

A truck driver engc;ged in l ong dist c-nce h r1uling was st a ted to fa.ll 

within the terms of this exception. 

(*) Lumber Code Authority , June 20 , 1934. Code Author~ty Bulletin, 

Volume II, No . 51, August 3, 1934; P. 1 

(**) Lumber Code Authority Bulletin, Vol. II, No . 51, August·· 3 , 1934, 

p. 1. (Supersedes rule N.C.C. of August 21, 1933 ) 

(***) Lumber Code Authority Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 128 , P• 2 , May 28 , 1934. 

9813 
- 156-

It as interpr e t ed al so that teamsters ~1 come ~ithin the terms 

of this excep tion i f a de cl ar eti0n to that effect "ere made by the 

Divisi on or Subdivi si on Mr,ency u nder •nhose jurisdiction thev came . It 

wa s ruled also t hat empl oyees wni l e ::-ctu allv en,gpged in inventor y 

t ak ing could be cl a ssi f i ed under this exception vrhe r e C'uch murk could 

not be done during r egul ar hour s. 

Articl e VI, Subsecti on A (?) c , vhich e}.cepted from the maximum 

hours of t he Code teinporary empl ovment in case of emergency , was interpr e ted by the }.Tat i onpl Contr ol Cominittee October 10, 1933 , (*) by 

way of limiti ng 11 eme r ger.cy 11 to such events as fire , f l ood , tornado , 

a c c i oents t o ec.u iomen t ['nd the like , and not to be construed as cove r ing 

such matt ers a s B l arge excess of orders or any other matters under the 

jurisdict i on of t he Code . 

c. liage Pr ovisions 

The Code , i n Article VII , ..:pe ci1 i d tv:>o sets of basic minimum 

wage r ates; i, e ., :ninimP fo r vc:tri ou divi i ons cmd subdivisions r <m ing 

! r om 23 cents to 45 cents per hour on territurial and populDtion bases; 

and , 1.111he r e no su ch specific TTJinimr:> ap lied, a .generf'l minimum of 40 

cents ue r hour. 

For those r eceiving more than these c odp l m1 1mum r{'ltes u to 

$30 pe r ~eek , it P{'IS required thBt he existing WB e differentiPls be 

mpintained• 

I t V''as fur ther suecified. that the m1n1 1aum compensation for marke r s 

empl oye d on a pi ec wor k or contJ. a ct b?sis m~st not be less tnpn the 

codal minimum vra_E. for the m.1:nber of hr:> 'rs ern loyed. 

Sever pl ener~l interpretati ons were made Jf Ar icle VII , which 

pr escr ibed minimum ..-pc;es. rhe Re2ident Cummi ttee , c..,n 1ay 2- , 1934 , 

and the Nati ::mal Contr ul Cu:n:.1ittee , o July 2 , 1934 (**) , specified that 

t he time spent by an engineer in getting read,y for the dAy 1 s ,.,ork prior 

to st 2rting time need not be deducted from the hours of re~lar employment nor compensated fo r, rruvided thpt the emoloyce be not required to 

be on t he pr emise s f or a periJd 11 lon ~e r than that for which he is 

compensated If, 

The Nat i 0na l Cur.trol Committee , un Jul7 2 , 1934 (***) , ruled that 

the use of c.ompany scr 1p vrhere the employee vras un•:rilling o ecceot it 

~"~as 8 vi ol pti on of this A ticle , but that the Autn ..~ ri ty did not fee l 

i t coul d VP l idl y Object to the pBym~:;nt of.employees in comprnv scrip, 

pr ovi de d the r e was no stat e a~ orohioitin~ its use , and provided the 

oy~e was ~r ill g to accept i t . 

(*) I bid .. 

(**) Lumber Code Authur :i.ty Bulleti n, Vo l • . I I, No . 51 , p. 1, Aug. 3 , 1934. 

(***) Ibid. a~e ag~ . · 

9813 
-r57-

Article VII, Subse c t i on A (1 ) , •·h i ch r equir e d. tha"t the 11inimum 

compens a ti on f or wo r ker s empl o·l e d on a p i e c e·.no rk or c ontre.ct basis 

be not less t h e'ln t he c ode'll mini mum "'El ge f or ·th·e number of h ours 

empl oyea, as i n t e rpr eted -:JY t he Na t i c.. nc?.l Con t r o.l C-ommittee, June 7, 

1934 (* ) t o be a mat t e r of averages rPthe r t han of the amount earned 

in any one dc>y . Payment in such cas e s vra s inter-pr e ted as a questi on 

of the t otal amount e e rned in the peri od fr om pay dey t o pay dey. The 

average rate of t h e t ot?l ?mount pai G. f or •-:·o rk done fr om pay de>y t o pay 

day c ould n o t be less· t han t he mininru.m ra.te spe cif i ed for the clc::;ss of 

work performed. 

It was a lso i n terpre te d (* *) th8t any p e rs on subj e ct t o the 

jurisdiction of t h e Code wh o empl oyed or dealt with c ontra ctors must 

not only provide i n his· c ontrects f or c ode compliance but must tPk e 

all reasonable steps necessary t o assure such c ompliance. 

Article VII, Secti on A (2), pres cribed that the ex isting amounts 

by· whi-ch minimum weg es in the h i gher paid classes-, up t o 'IJ!TO rkers 

recPiving $30 per ~e ek , exc eede d minimum wage s in the l owest paid 

classes, must be mP.inteiFed. Th is . as in te rpr e t e'd bY the National 

Con r ol Committe e on Oct ober 11, 1933 (***) a s me ening that only t wo 

figures are necesspry t o de teri:line the "existing El.mounts 11 l these being 

the minimum wag es und.er the Code, and the p rev8 iling "minimum w8g es in 

the lm rest paid classes" at t he time t he Code VJB.S appr oved b· the 

President. The differ ence be t r:· een t he t wo deter:Jined the aill!luunt by 

which wages in the h ignPr pa i 0 cl 8 sses in e f f ect 8t t he time the Code 

wa·s appr oved must be incre ?se d in ord e r t ·) c ·Jnform t o the p rovisi ons 

of Article VII (a) 2. 

In the case of selaried empl oye e s, 8c cording t o this interpretation, 

the weekly or monthly yrpg e must b e r educed .t o an h ourly WEl g e by dividing 

the total WEl ge b '.r the averege numb e r of hours p revi ously '· orked. The 

increase per h our wa s then t o be a dde d t o the hourly "'age and the new 

weekly or monthly '·a g e ascertPine d by multi pl y ing by the number of hours 

permitted under the Code. I t vva.s i n terpre ted that the Code imposed n o 

re ouirements with respect - t o the mai n tenpnce of meekly or monthly 

earnings. 

r"t was also interpret e d tha t in applv ing this secti on the wP ges 

to be c onsidered r.ere t he prev? iling mini !..1Um wages pc>id in .the 

particular mill, plant ur fe'lct or y in que·stion, or that, on the other 

hand, the c?pplicati on mi ght be broc>dly epplied t o opera t ors within 

a Divisi on, Subdivisi on or gr oup. It was interpreted. that the Code 

was not spec i f ic in this respe ct and was subject t .o either of these 

interpret a t i ons b-r the e_g ency of the Code Authority. 

(*) I b id. pp. 1 and 2. 

(-**) Jationa1 Contro·l C:}mmitt.ee 1 s interpr.et2ti un of December 22, 1933 

in Lumber Co de Authority Bul l etin, Vol. I, No . 8, P. 2, May 29, 1934. 

(***) Lumber Code Authority Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 128, p. 3, 1Aay 29, 1934. 

' . 9813 
"-~1:58-

It was further int rpr t~d thet 11 e.A.isting amo nts'' RS used in this 

secti on ref erred to the differenti a ls ln cents uer hour be ween the 

lo'i;rest and , the hir;her neid clr' sses Pt the time uf the a.pprovel of the 

Co de , Aus~st 19 , 1933 . It ~i ll be noted th?t such en interpretation 

is quite different in ?PplicptLm from the mRint€-nance of differentials 

on a pe rc~nt age bpsis. 

v: ith r eference t o Article VII , (<1) 3 , ,.~ ich -crescri bed thet chergee: 

to employees f or r ent , boar c , rnedi c ? l [ttenG.?nce , and other services 

must be fair, it v1es r ule d ( *) thPt until t'ur her reguletivns on this 

subjec t should be issued, ec=cn ope r p t ion ~.,;:s recuired to advise tnc 

appr opriate Divisi on age:ncv or· Pny. ;:;(ded c:r ·arges, and uf e ny c?dvences 

in .t he chPrges imr.osed ·on !~·~ yees r'vr such services ince the ?ut>roval 

of t he Code, t ogether with sunt'ortinf· evidence. In the event that the 

Division a~ency ;as uf t h e JPinLm that t : e e1 v~nce v?s ro ot justifiec 

or t ended tc circumvent the Cude in letter or 1n c.pirit , he oprrp or V'PS 

t o be r ecuired t'J e"'Jend such charr:e l:> to cvErply "'ith tne codpl reouirement 

that they be 11 f e ir 11 to emplvrees. 

'· ·i th r eference to the questi on as to ·h e ther an employee could be 

r equired to live in a c omorr"T- 01"'ned ho..:tse , t l e rtesident Com..'lli tee ruled 

on M~y ::::5 , 1934.(National Contr.Jl Cumrnittee , J lr 2 , 1934) (**) th?t 

the net ter of bar,geini ng as tv whetnEr c..r not an em loyee mi 5 h t be requir ed to live in such houses ?S c ~re-reouisite to his e~pl)yment ~as 

not cove red by the Code, but tha if rent i or th se ho ses ,,,as excessive , 

such cherges c onst ituted ? vi ,leti on oi the Code. 

In r esnonse to the ou st..i. o es t o rhether deducti ons from "'BE'. s 

I_Ilight be made by empl oyers f or oopr · end s e,rv i c e if such services ·were 

furnished bv concessiom=drec:, thf' Hesiclent Committee r led J ne 19 , 1934 

(Nati onal _Cbrtrol Conr ittee , Sr- ptelllber 10 , 19 '3 ~) (* *) th!:>t the Cede 

Authority had no jurisdiction pv E.r c urcessi rnpire s ur their methods or 

means of collectirr their ch~r es . 

Ar ticle VII (E) specifie6 thrt ini.~JU ~:l " nr; -s c uulr not be less than 

40 cents per hour unless in P y !liv.1si J. 0 1 S no iviLi on the prevc:liling 

hourly rc>te for the sam clc=>ss of em Yy ~ Jll J ly 15, 1929 "'as. less 

th?n 4C cents per hour, for ,.,~:1 ich cPse s :- sched le of retes 'C'S set 

fo rth. This provisiJn vas irterpreted by the ·[-! i unel Control Committee 

October 10 , 1933 (****) as mere l y s t f'ting the 1:r inciple anplied or the 

Administr8tor in determining the minimum tes uf n, ges specifically 

set fo r th 1~ subsecti on D of the s?mL Article, c=>nc tnerefJre not to be 

au l ied in deter:nining ~ages to be U?id ·by any persun und~r the jurisdicti on of the Code • . 

-:--"7"""------------------ (*) Ka ti onal Contr ol Cu.rrnittee , Oct 0 o.er 11, 1':13:-) , Code Authority 

Bulletin Vol. I, •o . 1~5 , F. 3 . 

(**) ' Lumber Code A· t ho rity . m.ll tin , Vvl. II , ... -o·. '51 , p . 2 , Auf",. 3 , 1934. . . . . 

(***) Lumber Code Aut!o rit r ::-u.l.e ir. , ol. II , ro . '.57 , '!J.l, Jov . 16, 1934 

(****) Lumber Code Autho r ity 'Bulletin, Vol , I, ~o . 1 28 , p . 3 , .'a.y 29 , 1934. 

9813 
.... 159-

9. Ope r ?tion of Cod e Labo r r2 is ~ 

e . Chil d Labur Pr )vi siun b 

The nee d f o r the child l a bo r e~t ri ct n of t he Code, mentioned 

previou sl y i n c onne cti on with gener e l l e b •)r "!_J r ovi s L m s, '!Va s shoYm ee~lier 

in this ch apt er. I t ~as se en t ha t i n 1930 t h er e were 20,761 pers ons 

under 1 8 years uf a~e empl vye d as lumbe rme n, re i' ts:.nen, vro od ch oppers ~md 

in sall" a nd pl e ning mi 11 s, 4 , ?28 of the se oe ing b e t v,eert the ages of 10 

end 1 5 and the ba l ance b e t::1een 16 a nd 17 ye ars of age. The need f or 

pro tecting such mi no rs V>8 S e:n-ph a siz e d. by t he records of t h e National 

Safety Council, wh ich i nd ica te that t he lumbe ring industry r8nks e.mong 

the most hazardous of indus tries. 

The c odal pr ovis i on p r ohibiting the empl oyment of i :rtd ividu8ls UIJ.der 

18 y e ars .of eg e i t h c e rte.in e}. cep ti on s, wa s desig ned to meet the :nE?ed for 

the -or o t e cti on of mi nor s . 3 etvre en July ?1, 1 934 and MeW 27, 1935 the 

m~lience Divisi on rece ive d 28 e llPgeti ons of vi olati on of this provision 

of t h e Code, r e present i ng onl r 1.6 p ercent of all allegati ons received 

of vi o lation of ~11 l a b or ur ovisi o:rts. r hus it a ppe ars thet this ~revision 

wes verv ge nerally•obs erve d. ( *) 

b . Hourly Provis i ons 

The effe ct of t h e c ode_l hourly r estricti on s on ectue l hours marked 

is a metter ~er y c i fficult t o det er mi ne , o~ ing t o the numer ous fectors 

involved, which a r e ri ci pa ll y the fol ng : (l) the f pilure to provide 

any cod81 restri ct i on of dp il ~r ,. · hou rs; ( 2 ) the e xcepti ons t o the 

codal maximum ,'li"O r k week cmr t he n r ov i s i on s i n. c ertain c c:.>.se s f or evareging 

·-· eekly hours over !'>n entir e cale ~ciar year; ana_ ( 3 ) producti on control 

under the Code, vrh ieh.p r ovi c ed f or ellotment of p r oducti on on 2 g eneral 

basis of 30 hours p e1· 'P•eek, or 10 ho o_r s bal o·,7 t i1e g ene r Rl codal maximum 

VTo rk-vre ek, bu t pe rmi tt ed this e ll o t ment t o b e vrro rked out on a quarterly 

b a sis, thu s e llo--·ing mills t o pr oduc e t he ir entire allo tment as repidly 

a.s de sired, su bj e ct only t o the meekly est ri ti ns of the Code, The 

influence of t h is last f~ct r ~n reducing h ours of employment below the 

level permitted by t h e Cod e ~au ld e~ d upon whe ther t h e individual 

operet or f ound it advantageous t o work out h is entire quarterly allotment 

in a short ti~e at full c ocial hours, multiple sn i i ts, or both, or on the 

other hand, whether he f oun d it ad vant age ous t v s pre ad his quota more 

evenly over t h e e ntire aua rter . Just h ow t h is wJ rke d out in 2ctuel 

practice C8 n not be e_cCU:ra t el ! de ter 1nined e t this time . - . 

The f a ct remc- ins, howeve r, thc:>t, a ccording to ste_tistics ~resented 

eerlier i n the ch apter, average hours ~o ed 1Jer v1eek in the sawmill 

br pnch v•e r e: ~bo ve 4o h ours f or the month s of 1933 just prior to ' the 

effective ciC'te o.!:' the Code, being 40.4 . h ours in ;;1ay, 43.0 hours in June, 

44.1 h ours i n Jul y , 43.1 hours in August- (the hour provision did no t 

become effective until. kugust ? 2 ' , whereas f or the belance of the year 

(*) History of the Code of Feir Co mpetition for the Lumber and Timber 

Pr oducts Industr~es, ~., pp. 306, 307. 

9813 
-160-

these hours decre?.sed P. nd never a 5 c=t in n .- C?ched he 40-h ur level until 

after the eliminati on of t he Code i n 1935. 

The r ecor ds. of the Liti.,~rt L ::: ·iv1si.m sho·,ir...; then mbe r of 

c ases of Code vi olati ' beiw: ,_ r en< rec~ , n ,1 s e in Cv· rt , and tL.ose 

closed, are of littl e or no help ps rn in ication of t. tent of 

c ompli ance mi th t .he hourlv :9rJvisi ons 0:£' t .. r- l) de , iPa":nucn as vi .... latio~s 

of such pr ovisi ons 1J?e r e lumped t ) ,· etner ··i th .;thcr viJlC' ions And CC?n 

not now be se~egr· tee .• 

The follo~ing C?n lysis o vi ol p ions oi hu~rly r)visi s 0f te 

Cod e, found in the f1les of ~ .!..-enu •J .Mim inistr<? ;r, CC?n . o be c ecked 

by ot her data, but mPy be h l t:' ul m H'Ci!1Pl · P.s 1naic: i f the 

relative volume of curnT'J. Fints in princiuFl ~·C·.1c in · !'\r a~ of the i -

du str y . It is possible th~t t:ese stctistics :~r lv rel~tl tu viol~ti ns 

cha r ged , mi thout anv check r:;s to he ju'-'tifiL;?tiJ~t of such char.gcs. 

AnE'lvsis of ViolAtions o.f £·ou1lv Pruvision~ 

of the Code ch~rged in C~M 1 ~n s 

Jul ~ 1 to Dtcernuer ~~ , 1934 

Produc_ing Area 

Southern Pine 

Southern ana AnnalFchiE'n 

',est Coast 

~. estern Fine 

All Jthers 

Total 

_umber of 

Vio1P ti uns Chn·gcd 

4~2 

~8 

hg 

118 

123 

':1:0 

·----------------

Source: Code Administrat i Stuoy , -=r· 1 '1iP['I''t h:'lnur 

Timber tr·od ct Ind ct r t , tor{ rl:n ~0 , 1~ !'" .... , 

erce age 

of 1'otc=t1 

.; . 5 

13 . 9 

6 . 4 

12. 8 

13 . 4 

100. 0 

..~n L mber and 

147 . 

It v1il1 be seen :·r ol!l the .. or egoing taolc t 1r-~t mu r e h<?n HP1f of 

the om~ ints concerned the Southe rn nine -are? nd u 1y siA Pe rcent 

r e1Pted to the .. est Coast. \ 1estern ?ine anc the Suuther aPd Ar-r<?lachi n 

a r eAs rank ed close together ~ith 13 and 14 nercent , resuGc ivelv , of 

the tJtal c ompl Pin t s . 

c. ·i·fBge Fr ovisi ons 

The industry' s com li<?nce ,-,ith he C·Jde .. ,Pe·e rPte,s -.as initic=-11· 

quite high. (*) In some Dlvisi 011 s A c. S1 odivisions, such as Ha r d,.,oc.C 

( *) History of the Cce e of .r•Pir C .. :rmeti t · un i .;r the Lu r1ber and Timber 

Pr oducts Industr ies, PRA, p , ...,94. 

9813 
-161-

Dimensi on, No rthern Hardv•ooC. , .oociwo r k J ivision, , e st Coast, V'este rn 

Pine end ot her Vvef t er n 0 i vi si -· ns, V·.) l u:n t Pry compli qnce v:i th these provisi ons held up f a irly :.rell, ·:.vhile i n the l er f e - anc1 i nfl uent i al -

divisi on s of t he l u;n· er manuf c:: ctllring -branch in the South --such a s 

the Southern :?ine Divisi ·n end the Sou t hern dord,..o od Subdivision--

the degree of co;npliRnce de.clir:.ed st eadi ly in the f nce of continued 

lack_ of effective ac t i on i n t he field of n:5 rce t~ent . Th i s is a 

matter of record in the correspondence til es of the ofrice 9f the 

Deputy Admi nistre t or in· charge of. tbe Code. · 

As in the se of vi olc?ti ons of hourly provisions of the Code, the 

foll o ing analysis of vi olations of the ~age provisions, found in 

the files of a Deputy Ad.mini s tra to_r , ce1n ne t be checked. by o-+;her data 

but mey be helpful m~inly as indic tin~ the r el ative vulume of complaints 

in principa l producing a reas. 

Analysis -:; : Vi r. n~ of Vfa{!e. ?rvvi sions 

of the Code charged in Compl a ints 

July 1 t o Dece b~r 29 , 1934 

Jl umb r of Perdentage 

Producing Areps Viola ti ons of Total 

Southern Pine 597 39 .1 

Southern and Anpalachian 514 33.7 

Vle £' t Coast 113 7.4 

Western Fine 52 3.4 

All Others 251 16.4 

Total 1, 527 100.0 

Source: Code Administre.tL:m Study , Dr eli !Ilinary Report on Lumber and 

Timber Products Indu.st r -r , ;:r.rch 30 , 1S35, "9• 147. 

The fore go inc; ::. ble indi~ El tes the1t the Soutnern PiT'e <md Southern 

and Appalachian regi ~s together accounted for neerl r '73 percent of the 

violati ons of ••rpge prov J. si ons chprged in compl a ints, "here £• s t he ~e st 

Coast and estern Fine regi ons accounted ic the aggr egAte fo r only 

ll percent . 

The Code Authority 's attitude toward these wpge provisi ons was set 

forth in the follo,t•in.o: te stimony by David. T. Me. s on, Exe cutive Officer 

of that boov , before the Senate Finance Comraittee on Aoril 16, l J35 : 

9813 

11 Lt;,;nbE:r Code minimu.m wa ge r ates fo r most of We stern United 

States are hi her than t h ose set in most oti1e r code s •••• Pri or 

to the apuroval of the Code, minimum , .. r;:.ges in the South in our - ·- - . ~ 

industries averfl <?;ed slis htl y below 12 cents pe r h,our. The Lumbe r 

Code when presented to NRA by industry repr esente1 tive s on July 

10, 1933, ~lAced So~~h r~ minimu~ waf o r a ies a t ZO centi per hour. 

General J ohnson stated thPt 20 ce~t s as .~o ll y uneccept able. . . ) 
·- 162-

Th e in <ius try t her. r evi <·ed t 0 c-· -1/,... cont s anci so s ta ed Bt the 

public hearing begi nnir.g Jul y 2' , 1 933 . In the D JS- e~rine 

conferences, unde r p r e ssur e fr.J:J NBA, the Svu thern minimum vre s 

rais ed to 23 c ent s , or mJr e thPn 100 per cent above the p r evi ousl,y pr ev:- i 1 ir>~ everP6 e 1ini ru.GJ ••• Since ti:le PPpr oval of 

t he Cot:e meny c umulc- i n ts ha.v e come i n that he Code is oupressive 

and de s tructive uf s:nC\1 1 enterprises in the South because , as 

is ass e rted, t he .. Iini rrru.m ··age rr·.te is too high . 

. . . . . . . . . "Lack of efi ecti ve enfor cement Jf the mi nimum ·n~ge rate i n 

the South is the m•J st i mportent c~1u se c:mtributinf to the Dr esent 

cris i s of the LuL'lbe r Cocie . 11 

With re f erence to the alle6 Pti m r eferred to ·wove , thg,t tne Code 

"'as oppress ive and destruc tive to SJJPl l enterprises in the South, it 

should be no t e d tha t t he srme testL1ony stated th.?.t t!1e ieder a l ~de 

om~ si n ma de Pn nve etion of the situatiun ir the South d on 

t

1

•1r.y 7., 1 934 r epor ted i D efr'ect , that tne 0re r~ti n of the Ccd e was not 

discriminat or y aga i nst smel l enterprises. 

This testi mony o indicated hat the Code renresented Bn eftur t 

t u r est or e 1929 mi nirmm hVi r l y r•;:.ge rPtes, ano tb t t is starciard mas 

fo ll owe ~, e~oo_ting in cer tein ~art oi tne coun ry •n r es ch 1 9c9 ~t es 

we re ow 30 c ents per h ·Jur, in "'hic:h cases the Code rate;s '. e r e estaolis h ed 9t a l evel hirher then in 1S.:::9 . It •rr s clc·irued thnt the r esul t 

f or the whu l e i ndus try vra s an BVerar~e ·nini .ru.m I '" f;e rate 1-ligher than 2 t 

a ny tim~ e 1920. 

In est i mPt i ng the effect uf the Cvde un ho rly ···a~e retes a nd 

weekly ea r n ing s in the industry , the fo lo~·· int; dr t-:> , ,., ich me r e p r e--

s ent din 2 mo r e det~iled ta lt eerl1 e r in t~E; c Pnter, may be hel pful : 

Av · ,e Buur ly i1r ...,e .Rntcs ancJ. Ave p~e \ eekl·r 

Ea r n i ngs i n the Lu;.Jber Ind s tr{ ( .JP" .. ti l l s) 

i n t! e iest ;md ~uu.th 

Peri od 

1 933 

Jul y Ave r age 

De cemb e r Ave r age 

1934 

Averag e first 1 0 : 1onths 

AvE:r~ e;e 

:ruurl y- ~r<'~· ~e ......Ftes 

~ E) 

•:.est 

$0. 366 

~=30 

• 548' 

South 

$0 . 150 

• 290 

. 295 

AverNs& 

eklv ..1Ci ning~ 

f:} Q) 

' e t S,)uth 

$13 . 40 

l3. 83 

17.76 

$6. 80 

8. 44 

8.70 

- --- ---· --- ·- --·------------ - u~ce: eS eCi h end ~nnin2 Jiviri.;r:, t;EA , . .dCJ·.rt enti tl ed "Hours, 

·;;pf;e s an d. Emol o .'men t ", ~rcpe ed for heE rin s empl oyment 

provisi on s ol codes, J pnu.c)ry: , 193~ , p. . 

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§} Includes Oref: on and VJ~shingt . 

E) Includes AlRbarna, .B'l01'idp , Geor t:i El , tJiss issippi, North Carolina, 

South Carolina , Virg inia, Arkensas, LouirianFI r:nd Texas. 

The preceding t able indicates that average hourly w?ge rates during 

the first ten months of 1934? ell under the Code, were $0.548 in the 

West and $0. 295 in .the South. Thes e . rates r epr e 2.ented increases over 

July, 1933 , just p ri or to the Code, of apnr oxirnatel y 18 cents in the 

r/est and 15 cents in the South , and in terms of percentage "'!er e nearly 

50 percent and 97 ~ercent, respectively, above the pre-code l evel. 

The fore .c;oing statistics also show t.b.at the aver age weekly earnings 

in July, 1933 , vre r e $13 ; in the We st and $6. b0 in the South, and that 

for the first ten months of 1934 these earnings in~rease d to $17.76 

and $8 .70, re spective ly. In terms o f money t he se gains we re $4.36 

and $1.90 fo r the'W'e:stand South, re spec tively, but in. terms of percentage 

he increases were more nearly equal, being appro.Airnately 33 pe r cent 

for the ec t and 28 per cent for the South. 

The fact that during the codal period· UI1der discussion average 

"'Jeekly earnings increased to a lesser degree than ave r age h ourly. wage 

rates was due to t he decreased. workin~ we 0k in 1~34 . 

9813 
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G. PRODUCTION CO HTROL 

In p revio us se c t ions some o f t !1e p r oblems of timbe r supp ly liqu idation h ave- be e n di scuss e d, and as a ba sic co:.clu sion it WF! S s t a t ed t ha t 

both t he public 8 nd t he forest industries have an i nte r est in se~ing that 

amp ie supp li e s of far es t r.J r oduc t s a r e c0ntinun l l ;r avail abl e a t r easonable 

p ri ces and t h a t s t ab i lit;r of er1p l o;nn0nt t hrou gh ~· tr:r p ro perity is 

ma int ai d. The r emo va l of a l l p ossi t l e obst ac l es t o t ha t r e su lt i s the 

obliga tion of both t he ndustr~' ;mel t he pub lic . 

Althou gh :my prediction of future for est p r oduc t r equir ements is 

larg ely spe cul a tive , suf f i cient f a cts a r e a va ilab l e t o l e a r l ,r indicate 

t hat a timber f am ine is i mprobable if co tio ~s ond tr en d·, reasonably 

compar abl e to t hose of t he pnst ten ea , a re c ot tinue d . Th is does no t 

me ari that reasonable c ar e should no t be t aY.en o.f the }. a t i onal far e s t nnd 

comm ercial fore s t areas, in the int e _est of both t he i n du.s try a nd the 

pu blic, ~or t hat shor tage of c ert a in s ec ie s , i f not co~ l e t e exhauotion , 

·-are not like l y to occur. It do e s r:1ean , h owever, t hat t he fare s t p roblem 

in t h e ·un it ed St a tes AS a ·who l e is ·no t one of t imber short age bu t rathe r 

one of p rope r pr o t ect ion an d rr.ar age:nen t of t he f or est a r eas , inclu ding 

adjust men t of p roduction of for est p:!:' oduc t s be tween r:~nd v1i t hin the various 

reg ions s o as to secur e t he be·t r esu l t s f r om e istirg fo r est growing stock 

In t h e begining t h e mo s t <1vai l ab l e tirr.ber us conve rt ed i nto l umber, 

wh ich mean t low pr oduction cost . These co sts in r eased F!S t h e industry 

co n t inued its l ogging ope r a tions i n con t in ousl: wide r ing c ir c l e s and had 

to go f a rther and f arthe r b a ck i n rougher co1J1t r y t o ct t he t imbe r . 

As t he a re as of virgin timb er began t o f nll i n av~i abili y n e for est 

ar eas we r e opened up fa rth -:l r a 1ay from t he marl:e t , t us inc r easi ng t h e 

c ost of de l i ver y which i n some cases bec<.t.m as gre a t as h~ to t '1 1 of a ll 

other costs . 

Thuo t h e ind-us try ~7 as f r1c ed •1ith t 10 nl t e r nn t ives , ei t he r t o g et a 

higher p r ice fo r t he p r odu cts or to r ed ce cost t h r ough mor e ffici ent 

me t hods of manuf a cture. And bo t h cJ ::;es '1' ere r esorted t o . The qual i ty 

of t he produc t was i mp roved ;,nd lo i g ;,no millir.g me t nod s we r e revi s ed 

to p roduc e at a l ower cost . I ns i t e of ti e s _ efforts , tnP incre bs ~ng 

co st of ho l d i ng t i mbe r due t o intere s t, t a..-..es , m c othe r carr;•i ne chnrges , 

ne cessi tR. t ed such a h i gh pri ce f or t r1 e pr orl ,c ts t 1Ja t many sub s t i t u tes were 

abl e to succ essfully coupe t e wi t h l umbe r , ru.d made po ssibl e t ne eYp loi tat ion 

of young , i mmatur e timber which had b ee n l eft u ncu t, or h'ld grovn p aft e r 

previous cuttings over the s ame a re as . 

Up t o About 1921-1923 l umber p r ices e r e gene r cll: ir..creasi n thus 

comp ens a t in6 i n p nrt for e h i gher p ro duction costs . About this time , 

however, t h e compe t ition o f othe r mat e ri a l s bec ame acut e , with t he r esul t 

tha t lumbt:r p rices could no l onge r be main t oi ned Fur t her mo r e , stump age 

prices began to d ec line f or t he fi r s t time i n h i story . nus ma ny units 

of t h e i n dustry, f aced with st eadil? moun t ing ::1r ~r in g charges f ound themselve s f orc e d t o a po licy of li qui dc:l tin6 t n e i r ;ir o::ts of st ~ndi g timbe r 

almost without c or:si de r a tion of t: i t :1.e r t ne a'oili t:, of t he ma rke t to abso rb 

the manufac t u r ed p ro ducts or of i t s co st . rp t o t ne time that the Lumber 

Code bec ame e f f e c t i ve t h e du tr ~.r in tSenerAl , :nro 1~ n prE: s sure of various 

9813 
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economic forces, was virtually -comuelle cl to adapt itself to this procedure. 

'There were· many deviat ions from t he 11b o'V'e-ci t e_d long tr_end. For· 

·ez:ainule, wh eneve r a sat isfactory pri ce posi·tion :was ach ed new manufacturing facilities would enter · the uroducti on r'i e'J_d a:p.d ez:isting ones 

would be increased in cauaci ty. Over-production would . then inevitably 

follow, with .a resultant urice drop, a gain forcing t~e high cost operations-to 'close _down and stay down until curtailed uroduction ,and in~ 

creased pric~s permitt ecl them to again oper.ate the ir. olants. 

All of thes e factors have ulayed a uart in ~oving incentives. to 

large c oncent:rations of owners{lip and- toward the br,ea1-dng. uu of large 

tracts into a multitude of smaller owne rship interests with decreased 

feeling of responsibility for eliminating excess ~ill ca~~city and overuroduction. · · ~ 

·' . The era -prior to -1923 was al-so one of lessei?-ing of .virein timber 

su-pply ih the main _uroducing re ion nr ·southern uipe, which. made ·it 

economically pos·sible for the West Coast op-erations through ez:uanding 

use of the Panama Canal, to enter the ~astern market and unload some of 

the products of the tremendous mill capacity which they .had developed. 

By 1929 they had wrested .the suuremacy; of pr~duction from Southern. pine, 

but the pressure e~erted by the~r invasion had forced prices -down from 

the former level and, it was claimed, helow the cos.t o:f production. · 

With the continued. decline of price and .' surpiu_s of un~old stoctcs of 

lumber ·accentuated py t he de-pression, the demand for productio~ control 

. and coincident_· pricE? control became insistent_. · 

. This c·an be attr:ibuted to two .najor conditi~ms: (1) the ownership 

of large tracts of _virgin tiqb e r in the hands of people who were either 

unable to carry_ :\. t, or to whom ·it was proving 8: bur-densome uroblem, 

and who fn _innu.'!lera'ble cases w·ere. manufacturing the timber into a uroduct 

which the·· market did not demand, and consequently were sacrificing their 

investment without corresuonding accrual of benefits. This was prevalent over large areas and involved millio'i1s of acres -of timber; (2) the 

uremature cutting and destruction anmially, of m.illions . of acres of y()ung 

tC.m.be r t:hGeh was not large e.nough to urod.uce good lumber • ·having been 

held througn the. period of -the least vol't.lllle gro~th and -was being manufactur·ed inst.ead 0f being a-llowed to rea£:h JI)aturi ty. 

B'oth of these conditions raised ' the · need :for· effective- relief for: 

the holders of the . timber who in the· past had been forced - to cut to 

realize cash fer accumulating interest and taz:es, and to obtain a livelihood from their holdings. In view of the need of the holders of this 

timber to cut and urod:uce, and in order that the nressure of liouid~ti on · ·· 

may not in the future cause the distress attendant on the overuroduction · 

of the· past, with the corresuonding d~cline ·in price, some sort of production control WOD:ld seem necessary. In view ~f . the mult.itud..,e ' and. 

diver.-;i ty ·or ·ownershiu interest~, and · tines of ·operations engaged in 

the production' of lumber and the difficulties o.f maintaining an ade--

quately balanced supuly .it .ca.n be ·see n that " it is~ very difficult problem to effectually protect . Qp.r· forests from wa~ teful. anQ. .premature ~utting and destructio~ an~ provide -for conservati~~ of our ·National Resource. 

9813 
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The subject of control of nroduction has been decreased by the 

industry for many years but the nroblem did not attain sizeable ~ronortions until . l9Z4, at which time the West Coast nroducing re~ion wi hits 

tremendous ~un~ly of vir ~i n timber and i~s eY-tensive mill caDacity, 

shipping through the Panama Canal, began ·to i ominat e the eastern market, 

and the lack of earnings .of this industry, as comnared ~ith others, became recogniz ed and was largely attribut ed to overnrodurtion. In November, 1925, a movemen t to consolidate a. considerable m.l!"'lber of mill and 

timber owning .comnanies was sDonsored by a memb er of We t Coast ~nerators renresenting an estimato(l. 30 u er c ent of the uroduction of Douglas 

fir, backed by Ba~e r, Fentr es ~ & Comnany, The CoMm ercial Trust and 

Saving s Bank of Chicago, and Dillon, Reed & Comnany, of ew Yor~. By 

the time the details of this merger became nublic , a number of other 

mergers were being ~ronos~d and discussed, but an a r esult of careful 

investigation it was f oun1 t hat profits in the industry wor e .decreasing 

to such an extent that there would be no nrobabili y of servicin and 

retiring the securities necessary t finanre any merger, and the plans 

were dropped. This subject was again brought ur in 1031, with the same 

result. 

About this time the Oil and Coal indus~ri e~ , nd~ Pndent nf each 

other, and of the Lumb er Industry, werR sf'ekin _ roduc inn conti·rll of 

·some sort both in the State s an~ nationall y and it may be hat what 

they wer e doing had at l east a s~~estive effect 1lnon the LuT'lber Industry. At any rate conversati ons in re ~ard to con r ol be an, and continued, 

until early in 1920 . Then came in o bein~ The Co~mittee of Fifteen, 

the member shin consistin. f ou~s andin. lumber-men from he West, South, 

and Lake Statesr to formulat e ul ans for nr~duc i n con rol. Amon the 

nlans evolved was on~ for a Direc or Ge neral, as in or anized bas8ball 

or in the Moving Picture Industry. The r esult of wor< of this Com~i tee 

was intangible but at l &a t made he industry mor e conscious of the 

nroblems before them clamorinr- for solution. 

In the period immediately foll owin , many her nlans wer e discussed 

and worked on, one of which was he at em by the a ional Lumber Manufacturers Associat ion in 1028 o affiliat e with he Coal and Oil industries t o obtain le i~lati n f6r he con rol of roduc ion as a n~tural 

resource, which overtur e was r eje ted by hq Coal and Oil Indus ri es. 

Other major plans we r e The Boldin Com~any rlan in 1928; h~ Hardwood 

Conservation Plan in .l92R ; The West Coast Ad is ry Plan in ovcrnber, 

1029; The Compton Plan in 1930; l!'out·:..e rn Pine Cur";ailment. Plan in 1931; 

and the Fir Stabilization Plan in 1932. That the Government r ec gnized 

the problem is shown in the U. S. Timbe r C nse r vation Boar~ reno rt in 

10300 (the 11 Co-pela.ndf1 r enort generally referr ed o as Scr,ate Docum~mt 

No . 12,) and by the fac t that stens were taken to r elieve the ituation 

by the starting of the Fede ral acquisition of t'imber lands in 1031. 

Mention should be made of the Wi sconsin Stabiliza ion Agre m~nt pPomulgated in 1931, for the control of nroduction, unde r St a te sanction • 

.All available ma.terial clearly shows tl' at any operators, probably 

a majority of tho6e involvedp apnro1ed tte Go -~ ited nlans, but that 

always a few ~arge 1)11erators 11·.7to r.e7cr cooperated" either objected or 

failed to assist and caused the abandonment of the se plans. 

9813 . 
,, 

-· 

-167-

. . 

In March, 1932; a itation b eran among~ number of industries, 

including the Lumb er Industry, for r elief from the anti-trust act. In 

the Lumber Inlustry apparently the 'ilotivatin~ force was the desir e to 

control production • . The idea se emed to many lumbermen to be so fair, 

so easy to put into effe ct, and so benefi cial to the public, as well 

as to private lumb er interests, that they began to fe l certain that 

it would settle most of their problems and that the entire industry had 

concentrated on, and a~nrov d it. During this period at least two types 

of control were consider ed, one, a Commission to be a-pnoint ed by the 

President; and the othe r a joint committee composed of five members each 

of the House of Representatives, and of the Senate. Legislation was 

proposed along these lines but nevbr nassed. · 

A. complete descrintion of each o.f these -pronosals has been nrenared 

by former Deputy Administrator A. C. Dixon, and is attached as Anp endix 

III of this repo ~t. 

The need an~ demand for nroduction control was further intensified 

by the continued reduction of ~er capita consumption of lumber which, 

as shown in previous sectinns of this r eport, declined steadily from 

525 feet in 1906, to 90 feet in 1934. 

The u"9portunity to make effective the plans and hopes of the 

industry for production control came in 1933, under the NBA, when industry was invited to present their plans for cooperation between industry and Governnent under Codes, and as one of the features of the 

Lumber Code, Article VIII, entitled "Production Control" was a~proved 

in Code No. 9, on August 19, 1933. 

9813 

The Code in part provided as follows: 

_ 11 This is an unde~taking in industrial self-government 

under such public sanctions as ar e necessary to carry 

out in the lumber and timbe r products industries the 

nur:9oses of the Nationl=il Industrial Recovery Act. It 

is the declared nurnose of the lumber and timber nroducts industries and the adherent·s of this Code to reduce unem-olo;_;ment in the industries renorted, imnrove 

standards of labor, maintai~ a reasonable balance between nroduction and consumption, restore nrices to 

levels which will ·avoid fur~her depletion and destruction of capital assets, and to conserve forest resources 

and bring about sustai-ned yield from · the forests. 

The applicant organizations shall, with the annroval of 

the l-'resident, establish and empower a sui table agency 

named "Lumber Code Authority, Incorporated" hereinafter 

referred to as the authority to administer this Code in 

· conformity with the nrovisions of the National Industrial 

Recovery Act under the au~hority of the President. 

The Authority shall issue and enforce such rules, regulations, and interpretations, and imnose unon persons subject 

to the jurisdiction of this Code such restrictions as may 
.. . 

..• 

-168-

be necessary to effectuate the ~urposes and ·enforce the 

provisions of this Code. 

The Authority may delegate to said agencies all necessary 

power and authority for the ad~inistration of this Code 

within the Divisions and Subdivisions, includin~ the 

adoution of Divisions and Subd.ivisions code rov1s1ons 

within the scope of the po er granted under this Code and 

not inconsis te~t with it; but the Authority shall r eserve 

the power and duty to ~nforce the provisions of this Code. 

The Authority shall make such reports as the Administrator 

may require, periodically or as often as he may direct. 

Any decision, rule, regulation, order or finding made or 

course of action followed pursuant to the revisions of 

thin Code, may be cancelled or modified by the Administrator whenever he shaJl determine such action necessary to 

effectuate the nrovj_sions of Title I of the National 

Industrial Recovery Ac~ . 

Any interested narty shall have the right f comnlaint 

· to the Authority and of prompt hearing and decision 

thereon, under sucb rul es c>nd r e.oulati ons as 1t shall 

prescrib e , in respect of any iecision, rule, r e lation, 

order, or finding made by the Authority. 

It also provided for a ma:r.:imum wor1< day of eight hours and 

week of 40 hours with certain cY-Uec ions for all sections, whereas, 

it had be en shown by testimony at uublic nearing that usual hours were 

FO in the South and 18 in the West . 

Minimum wages were established which in some sections were four 

times those previously ~aid . 

Production control was provided for with certain specific rules, as 

were m1n1mum prices. The major uoint hich it is desired to emnhasize 

is that of the complete delegat ion of uower o the Code Authority, (and 

their right to redelegate this power to heir a encies) of in ernreting 

the Code, making of rules and re~lations, and enforcin hem, with he 

reservation to NR.A. only, as contained in Article IV , to require rcnorts, 

and in Article XII (b) to cancel or modify actions of the Authority. 

Following this dele gation of PO er the Administra ion did not set 

up any machinery by which it could be automatically anprized as to how 

the_ details of · the production control plan were working. When asked 

for certain data by the Administration pertainin~ to ti~ber ownership 

the industry held that it could not give out fac s which had been collected from members with a -pledge tha_t they W(luld be held confidential. 

The failure to re ister in any one place full data on the issues which 

arose and the way in which they were handled, created uncertainty on 

the part of the NRA Administration as to how the plan was working out 

in l'ractice. 

9813 
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Judgment r egarding the functioning of administrative machinery 

must be based mainly on indirec t evidence eY-cept for the few cases subsequently r ecited. There are no data available which would show in a 

comprehensive way, on a quantitive basis, how p~oduction control affected the business of the individual operator. 

It has b een imnossi bl e to accurat ely de t ermine the volume , or 

character of ccmplaints against ntoduction control, or the manner in 

which decisions were r eached by local authorities eY-cept for the few 

cases which r eached fhe NR.4. Administration on appeal, and which are 

covered in detail lat er on in this chapter. 

There can be no question as to the magnitude of the problems involved in t his undertaking by the Lumb er Code Authority of control of 

nroduction. 

In view of the broad fi eld covered, with approximately 20,000 

onerai;ors, a pro·ducing lumber canaci ty approximately four times -production, a proportionately large inventory, and species or inter-divisional 

comueti tion. 

Any attempt to control whether by industry or Government was bound 

to result in some friction and inequities. 

As pr-eviously stated no provision was made for l{P.e-ping the Administration informed as to the Details of actions of the Code Authority on 

this subject and not much is nown as to what hapn ened except for the 

few cas e s following which were a~peal d to the Administration or called 

to their attention. In view of the problems involved the number of 

known case s are surprisingly f ew and it is not the intent to place undue . . 

stress on them, rather mGr ely to report them as evidence of the troubles 

resulting from the kind of syst em the NRA and industry create~. 

There is no doubt that the difficulties surrounding the establishment of production control on such a far-flung industry were realized, 

as in all the meetings and conve rsations prior to this date the subject 

had been sufficiently discussed. So the rules as set forth in Article 

VIII were the result of much planning, and not an immature concept, when 

the industry proc~eded to put them into effect. 

The position of the Authority was promptly defined as outlined in 

Article I, as that of industry self-government, and it was early ruled 

by the Code Auth~rity that the method of appeal from any action of the 

Code Authority should be as set forth in Article XVII, urogressively to 

the Subdivision, Division, Authority, and then to the Administrator. 

In the early days of the Code all complaints and apneals reaching the 

~dministration were forwarded to the Code Authority to answer and handle, 

but later were acknowl edged by the De-puty Administrat or, advising a-ppellants to take their problems direct to their governing body. It can 

r eadily be seen, with the purpose of the Code Authority to (as they so 

often term it) "wash their dirty linens in private" and with the assent 

of the Deputy Administ rator to this procedure, coupled with the expense 

and ·lengthy controversy of carrying a ~retest throligh to the Administrator, why so few formal com-plaint_s ever came ~efore the NRA. officially. 

9813 
-170-

The -fo r egoing background is necessary to the discussion of Article 

VII I of the Code entitled "Production Control." ... 

The Assistant Administ rator Dudl ey Ca~ s in r enor in on he Code, 

stated: 

"On the assumotion that i :1 terindus ry c omn e itive 

eauilibrium will be maintained, and incr eas e in volume 

of sales uermitting an increase of about 50 ue r c ent over 

recent rates of nroduction would be ne ce ssary to r estore 

employment to as many uersons as we r e occun i ed with lumber 

and timber nroduc t s industries during 1920. About 65 uer 

cent of the total lumber ~roduc ion is abs orb ed by the construction industry, ther efore, sustained improvement in the 

lumber industry cannot be eY-pect ed apart from revival of 

buil?-ing construction." 

This revival of .business activitie s did not ma ~e rializ , hus ma~ing the 

problems of nroduction control even more acu e . 

11 There are now some 20,000 sawmills in the ni t ed Stat e's 

of whi0h more t han 15, 000 are small en terpri s e s whos e mills 

are valued at l ess t ha.n $5,000 ea ch . The Code as r 8cornmonded cont emnl ate s heir con inued pera i on and guarant ees 

f cee access to t1w mrtr~e t o nen ent er rises sub ject to the 

SC..!."' e 1 i.,ni t a io s ~s a r e apuli cable to h se a lready in he 

ma.::-'..ce t . '' 

The provisi ons f or the re nting of all otmenw o a~y 

and eYid'Jnce of ab ilj t y tv ot.~t<:..J~e : etri ~~!8 hi.f;~ Jev 

lish e~~ hold o:ut a nromi ..>e o!' l.? .• p.P. urof:!.t-~ le~~-ltin~ 

of ~~~e ::;, 5 new large mil s ""'l.ch r;i t h an u.3·1 capaci ~ 

or over an:l a great nu!DC'.:.- ..:1. :·r:~all mills vari ously 

five t h ou sand in Southen P.i.ne te r i or y alr ~... . 

~o n unon r equest 

l~ of n r i ce s e stabin the est ablishment 

of five million feet 

es i mat ed as high as 

:.:n order to "TJr event flo o..J_in ~e "la~ 1 ~·.: ... .hr:- 1r!" bi ot ential 

proc~u;:t icn t he Aut hority was :i:'orcP.C.. o c1. ,:,w!.. ~[ r: c;·~r · 'J L'1 each operartor f 0r each succeeding auarter dur ing he ern1::-c t .i. 0c u.~.· r,., Code. As 

an exam'9le , the Hardwood Division, whi ch r :::>p orted a e::r na incr eas e in 

new ~1lls was . able to allocate bu 1,100 hours er mi ll for th8 entire 

yearP 1934 . 

Ass::..stant Administ rator Dudley Cates 9 V7ho conG1!C~P.C. te nublic hearing on t his .Code, renort Pd c ~:J. c. ! ... : ., j nj s ~ ·.:d·~"-c P.; i·~·-r> l _.,~ ...,l., ns for the 

inclusj_on of this Articl e : ·1) 1iL t:-gi ng und !.·<' •. ·.1...:.. :::.' ... !. • .,, ti.o,s have conti_nur~ ·J. at a low level for. ro u r ot:J. ac: ed a pe1·lod o.~.· - .. l' , and cn.raci ty 

is S tl g:·eatly in eY.cess o_f even the enla:r ed· npera .irw .... of r e c ent months, 

th:::- r_ -:w,t .- ~1 of nrciiuction is ::..n.r8r ti;e i:i:' e'"•swnrJ. r ''- :tccen ,~ te d 

e~ .. ,...,,._ ... ,,_,_ ,,,._i. on ·of he industrJ b.r~ !:: o be c.. r,~rlr .:•" ~.;.- .1. 1 ' 1 11 ·: t- cY.cess 

V (:i..; ·;,-..: ~,_;: 1·-:u 10er nroduc~ d wi t n ut r '::lc,c:...cd. co d8,.1ctl1 :2. lu r es ons · bl e for the 

P-IU(;:·~J: t: ~- price and selling below ; ost . it 

r:!:'he principal arguments develo ed at ' the hearin against production 

cont. rcl were that the plan was difficult of equitable administration, 

that its execution would inevitably fall into the hands of large operators, 

S813 
-171-

and also that without c ontrol over the er ection of new mill cauacity it 

would be eY.: r emely difficult to mal<a such control eff ective. However, 

des~i te the latter ar~ nt, Article VIIIt rov ded that each ~erson 

known o ?e in o~eration was entitl ed t o an allotment for ~reduction, 

and that any person desiring t o oper3.te, on ev idence of ability to so 

do, should be eligible to join the ran~cs of producers. 

It will b€ observed tha~ the Lumb e r Code is s~e ci fic in its numerous pr oduction control mallda te s as included in Article VIII, which for 

the purpos e s of this r euor t is quoted in part as follows: 

9813 

"The Authority shall de te rmin ~ and from time to time r evi.Re, 

not l ess frequently than each t hr ee months, estimat e s of 

eY.:uect ed consumution including ~roort s, of lumber . and timb er 

od~c s of each Division and Subdivision; and bas ed the r eon 

it is emnowe r ed to establish, and from time to t'itne r evise, 

~reduction auotas for any Division or Subdivision of the 

Lumb er and Timber Products Industri es. Allotments within 

each Division and Su~djvision, for t he· nersons ther ein, shall 

be made , sut.i ect to the suoervisi on of the Authority, by the 

agenci e s designated by it .• Said quotas as between such Di visions, or Subdivisions shall be in pronortion to the shipments 

0f t he -p r oducts of each during a repFe eati~i..v(! :cocent· p.1.st 

ueriod to be determined by t?e Author1ty. 

Each ~erson in oueration shall be entitl ed to an allotment. 

Each ~erson known to any Division or Subdivision agency to be 

in uner·ation shall be regi stered by such agency immediately 

and shall be assigned an allotment. The agancy shall also 

immediately give n~blic notice r easonably adaute d to reach 

all per sons oueratin~ or desiring to operate, stating the 

dat~ on which the allotments w~ll be determine d; and any person desiring to o~erate who shall give the agency written 

notice of such Jesire t en days before the allotment date, 

sup~orted by acceptibl e evidence of ability to operate, shall 

be registered by the a gency and assigned an allotment. Any 

person so r egister ed shall be de emed an "eligible person11 

f or the purpose of this Article. 

The allotment for each eligible person shall be determined 

fr om time to time for a specified period not exceeding three 

(3) months and, exce~t as anywhere permitted under the ~revisions of Section (d) hereof, shall be as follows: 

The basis f.or de terminat i on of Division and Subdivision quotas 

and of individual allotments and any revisions thereof, all 

quotas, all allotments, and all appeals therefrom an~ all 

decisions on p~eals shall be uublished. 

Allotments from two or more Divisions or Subdivisions to the 

same ue rson .shall be seuarate and distinct and shall not be 

interchangeable. Allotments shall not be c·1mulative except· 

as authorized in specifi~ cases under Section (d) I of this 

Article, or in cas~s of seasonal o~erat~ ons of · a Division of 

Subdivision under Section ·(d) (2) of this Ar-ticle, and shall 
-172-

not be transferable eY.cent as between operations under he 

same ownershin within the same Division or Subdivision. 

Whenever in the case of any eligibl.e nerson i shall be 

necessary in order to accent and eY.ecute orders for re~ort, 

to have an addition to his regular allotment, provision for 

such necessary eY.cess shall be ' made by the Division or Subdi~ision agency, provided that any eY.cess above his allotment 

shall be deducted-from his subsequent allotment or allotments. 

The Authority shall i .ssue interpretations and shall promulgate 

rules and regulations necessary for the enforcement of this 

Article, to prevent evas7on and secure eauitable annlication 

thereof, and assign quotas to each Division and Subdivision 

which shall become effective on the dat e s spe cified by the 

Authority. Each Division and Subdivision shall assign allotments to all eligible persons effective on the dates specified 

by the Authority." 

As J.0~ed above, it was specifically provided tha the Code Authorities sho~~l determine erpe~ted consumption and, based t her eon, e stablish 

quota.s ~ )j;,~ ·application of this provision immed .at ly resulted in trouble. 

If str ~ ir..~ erpretation of this rule i1ad been a plied and reduction 

allo'-.t,cd. or: the basis of eY.pet; t ed demand, he all0wabl e production would 

have bee n so s~all that instead of creatin5 empl oym ant, which was one of 

the main p,J~ose s of the Adm.::J.istration, the cl csing down of many mills 

and laying o:tf of a great rr..F:r:,j men would have r esul cd. 

The Code At,~hori y ~'.1o~'~ t o t ake a very opti istic vi ew of conditions 

and incree.sed t he Nati on =_ : ~.!.1:;~ a f or t he frurth <..,'V:..!·"'e .c of 1 933, to 26 

per cent above the est i m..:.t.t.e:.; 'I1mber Conse!· vat ior: :. G...lt u fo r t hat period, 

and to 18 p er cent above s·t:ch e stinate s f')r t he f~:st qt:arte r of 1934. 

The members of the indu.::: t.'J n::roduced r ou:;b1.y up to tr e 1 imi t s allowed 

and, as increased dema r.,..;.. i.i..:l nnt materiP·:.. ?:e ~ a f'~.~.:rn incr ease in stocks 

resulted" · This n~:rb~"~e l 11 a.1.. r eady op· :1 '7Y stoc t:-s cr ec"..ted an additional 

burdoil on the operat ors and eY.e rted tr enGn~ous nrcssu ~ on the price 

situation. 

It must be borne in mind, however, t hat othe r for ce s con ribute to 

increased production. The profits erpectcd from tne new minimum prices 

had much to do with the prodr:.ction of urrl'~'> :r. by. ~any o ra ·~.oo rs who 

would not have been enticed~ by product ion control al one , to ndd to 

their already eY.cessive visible supuly of sawmill nr od~cts. 

Article VIII (b) nrovided that allotments should no be transferable 

ezcept as between operations under the same owner ship within the same 

Division Ol' Subdivision·. It was rul ed by the Cod.e Autho rity that this 

made P1r.:1nda 'j cry the transfer to any -person qualifying. Jlhis right of 

tran <:: :c ~ of courne, could only accrue to a large operat or, owne r of 

sev8.N:tl plants, and the result was to permit one nlant of several, to 

operate much longer hours than could the Under -sale ownershin plants. 

This condition caused much bitterness·, particularly in the Hardwood 

Divisions, with their multiplicit~ of small units, and· auite a number of 

com~laints in the other lumber divisions. The Artirle waB finally 

forced before the Administration for amendment, with the NRA Advisors 

9813 
-173-

maintaining that tran. fers of allot,·:e:.lt redoud.ed to the benefit of the 

l arge operntors only ancl should hot be llo~-,ed "\J..j_'lde r a ny circumsta nces, 

and the Coc~e Authority insisting t hat t here -r e certain c onC!.i ti ons 

,,here it sl1ould l.Je Gr a:-,_t d . The subjec t ' 'AS fi n<"' l ly comprornised by 

Amendment lJo . 53 r:rhich nas approved by Administrative Order 9-139, 

provi ding f r t.ne transfer of all otments if the Authority should find 

that non- transfer ,-1oul d cause un0ue ha rdshi p , a nd 1mder ce rta in limit ations, and that no ti ce of such ac tion wi th a fi ndine of f ac ts should 

be immedia tely fon!arded to t:c.e Administration . Certain Divisions continued to transfer al l otment s a!1ci n o reports wer;e r'o rthc omine t o the 

Administrator. After a number nf mont hs of de l ay and r eDeated r equests 

t he Divisions began to s e n cl in rep orts as foll o r.rs : 

11 Th Divisi on upon a finG.int.:, of f .:l. c t s h'ls t r a :1sf erre cl a llotments 

as fo llows :" 

No details s to vme rs n nd amow~ts, or exp l ana tion of t he reasons 

for these tr3.nsfers vrcre g iven. The f;:>.ilure t ; furnish t he .Ad.ministration v1i th the r equired i nf·Jr m.at i on , a nd t he f a ilure ~f the Deputy 

Administrator t o force the issue , ~J revented my contro l or supervision 

o f the actions of t he Code Authorities. 

The ine quity of a llowing trrmsfers of production quot o..s t o mills 

under the s-:-.. '1le ovmership, re rmi tti:nc them t o co:1centr1.te proc-:..uction 

and wo r t: full time, "..nd t he d ifficulty CX]_:>erienced b y the owners of 

only "inE:,l e mills who hrcd ge·\red U!,J ~e ir p roduc tion to t v1o . shifts 

and v1e re f orced, by the ::-mount of t~1eir . .,_lloc".ti on, to reduce t he ir 

ope r 8.t i ons to l e s'"' th-'.::.1 '"'..n economic" .. l sL1gl e shift vr0 .. s sho,,.m in t he 

case of t he :tpp eal of '"' .. l umber co ny i n i"'-rlcnst'..s . (*) Th i s comp'"' .. :ay , 

in its app eL'..l cite d the c..., .. se of --.no he:~ com'J".YlY- which h-':'.d transferred 

to its operL'..tinb mill t he _~_. o( ucti on quot.::. of c:. Elill which h."'l.d not run 

since 1 92 9 , t hus en'"'.b ling them t o op e r ::'.t e t wo s~1ift s in the one mill, 

whe reas , t:~e 8.11}:'ell..-..nt w::.s :"'.llotted onl y suffi cient producti on quota 

to run o. single shift . Eoweve r, t l1e ir 11eti ti on to opero.te longer hours 

was denied . 

The Division of Resea rch rm~l PlanniEg , : RA , h'l..cl fo r some time been 

a ttemp ting to investig:.te the oper~tion of t~1is , roc:Luct i on control procedure o..nd had m:-tde spe cific reque s t s f or infor m,..,_ti on through t he 

Deputies' offices , but ce rt in efforts to bt in defini te inform tion 

from the Code .Authority in re:;;n..rd to t he me thods in est.::.b lishint; quoto.s 

of p roducti on t:sed b~r the divisi -::ms r> .. nd t he :-t:u li ·1. tio:.1 t he reof, met 

with r e fus a l. Ho ;lever, t he limited s t ucl.y v1hich wc.s m:.de of this s ubject, from J;Ublisl1e d bulle t ins, lea ves some dot:b t whethe r eqUD..l n.p!,Jlic::. t ions of t r.e provi si o11s of the Code w:--.s a ccor de ci t o '"'..11 ope r .c:. tors. 

Hot rno.n ur T'ro tests \7ere :-1..pp.'"'..rent i n t :1e f irst fo ur months of ope rt\tion 

o f t he Coc,e , 1Yt1t from J -. .. 11U'l..l'Y 1 834- OiJ. , the:ce wo..s vi de~1ce of grea ter 

dis so. t i sf·'.. ctio:n . 

In the We st Co!lst Divisio11 t 'he very l '"'..rge C"' .. p"' .. ci ty of the mills 

a n d tne method of quot e<. c..l loc:-ttion C".used c;r e ....... t diss ension a nd cl2.ims 

of preferential treo.t !:lent Ul1til atjustecl. At f irst the -: .. ll0tment s were 

rnn.de on the basis of :p ropo rtio11ing the :,ivisi on.:l.l quota r;mong a ll 

ope r a tors ac c ording t o t ne cc:,lcul 1. ted_ or r a t ed cap.'l..ci ty of t ne i r pl,'"'..nt s, 

bJ.sed on r eport ed pA.s t pe r form<'..nces of · ~~eir· ~'hree best yet'..rs . __ _ 

( *) Tschuc,y Lumber Comp::.i1Y , Weona , Ar2:::ans3s . Public ~{ ring 

J uly 3, 1 93L1.:.: . 9813 
-174-

:Beca u se of the Di visi on ' s v'"~ s t c '"'.Jnc i t · so greatl y exceeding tl1c 

quota n llo tted it, 1.nd L1e 21repor..de r :.i1ce of l".r[e mills whose , C\st 

r ecord gave them t he ::-~os t of the quot'i. , some of t!1e sr:..:.l l o cr~tors 

receive d a s little '"~. s ll hours reJ.' v.eek o~::..e r:-.t in2· time , r·J.ere1.s , the 

l o.rge p l .:.nts er~ -.;b l e t o oper·1.te .-.. t least :. 1 --rt 'of their equipment 

to the maximum o f 40 i.1our £ <:'..l l o ·red b: L'le Code . 

There v.n.s f Ltr t her objec ci o.1 b:v t1 e ~rr:.l l mills o:-1 the ,:round tl'nt , 

a s p r ovided by t~1e Co lle , :;.ll l::nOV''n ~Je r"' tors received "'n '"~llotncnt "'nd 

v1ere ope r a tine; for the f ·..::.ll ti 1e ..... llo :1ed even ti ou:::_h the;:;- ~J.. •d forr.erly 

opera ted v e r y inter ::.itte;ltly, devoti11_:'" t~;,e 1r~l.:'nce of t:1eir tine to 

othe r bus i r. es s , ~.nd t i.r' t ~hi!: rr~s ;, o t f: ir to .. ho~e ,-,hose only bu., ine"'s 

was l ·umbering . 

Th e ob jections we re p1.rti:.lly net · :v · comrromi"e •a::ich consisted 

in a ddin:; to .:'.ll Lw e r e ceivinc les.., e 1--.r: 30 hours of oper.:tting time 

each weel~ , sufficien t hours to e qu, ..... l thi mi nimum , anL deducting proportiona tely fr om those :.b ove the 0J ~lour leve 1 to cqu.:>.li zc . 

Th ere we r e other prote ts from t: e i1est Co· ~t Di ·inion r e.:;n.r dine 

provis ion for ex:po:·t .... _llotments . :'!:e be 0 inni:1 . of t1 i"' co. trover"'y 

date s bt'cl'[ to L1e formul.:\t ion of the Code . In:.dle~' C'"~tes , in reporting 

on the hearing to the Administr.~~ to:::, stated : 

.-

11 Certo..in est Co.:tst oper".torr urr-ed t}''"~t CXJ. orts 

shoulr'. be exem1t fror::1 prodactio:~. co:1trol . ·1 

est Co~st C..istrict shi1" o 0r '"'lf of .... 11 lumber 

expo rt ~> TI1 se e::j:>o rts cor s ti ted u. ont 16 per 

cent of t he entire productio;1 of th., :·"st Co"'..rt 

di"-' tri ct i n 19~'J , .".nrl ~bo•,t 18 . .., 0 r C•'nt in 193? . 

At l e ..... s t 40 ,.e!' cnnt of rll ·:'est Co..,st 11illc s11c'1.r 

in thir buc inecc . 11 

.A6ain 1.t the pub li c ile;Hinc:; of J;.nu~.ry 9 , 1..,34 , 'er"ons v i t:1.lly 

interested in e:;,Tort "hiP! ents :-."0• C'"lccl :or rcli : frm:1 :-tll control 

of p roduction for export r. d ., co tr0vcrc:r ::- to 7hcthcr or n~t the 

control of production shoulrl.,.. pl:i to mi.J.lc , m· nuf.-.ctl..ring lumber for 

export ?as c.:trried on durin.:; pr'1.ctic".llJ tl e entire ;vc"tr of 1934. It 

a lso appeo..r e d t: "'t i n the )plic~. tio~ o.f t.:r. fo1·:::Iul '\ :)rovided in t1 e 

Code , t he iest Co--.st Divirior , in l)rd0r to :.rrivc '1.t t.G o.uot~ fo1· 

mi lls wilich were Sllipping for e::po·r t ..., ci. fo_ t::o::" v1 "ic 1 vmre :.:hi pping 

f or export ~nc dome stic cons arr~tion , nd for t~ose "' i- ~ ing for 'ome..-tic 

c onsumption onl y , took the tot'\1 -,,. oduction quot:. '"~llo vcd. t,hem by tl1c 

Co<le Aut! ority for clonestic businec" , ".rluf'C~ thereto t he expected ·export , 

COnSUlTI]_:." t i on 1 ".nc' di vi ced tni S tot'"~ l ."" rO rr.t'i. 'i.mCnf.: 11 mill~"' in t:1eir 

Division irrespective of whether ti~P;/ !.:·/ 3ver !3hipp C. for export or 

ever int o::~>~c:;. t o . (*) The: cl'1.iJTted tn ..... t to ".llov.,r "n exnort shi ')}Jing 

mi ll unl iLited ])l'Odl.l.Ction for ej:po:tt ".:nd "'lSO r.llc>VI them r' ciome ""tic 

qu ~ con1r·1e acur".te v:i th t:O.eir C'i.p'l..ci t y woulu. rc~ul t in their oper" ting 

lonc;e r hours t h"r ".Q j n.c ent .1ills \'111iC!l did not com:rctP for exoort 

busine ss . 

(* ) M(l.nd;1_ t ory unde r t he Code 

9813 
-172-

It was cl.:t.ir.,ed b.r one a: t~e ~-.p•)e ll ~.nts (*) th:--.t t~1e ".})p lication 

of t: is ~-- rinciple r e sulte<i i11 L i.C' t C') p~·. ilY ' e i ng fo rced to turn down 

lo.rge orders for 1 Jm Oer t o b e c> ort ~Lt . 

r.1:1e i r.creu.se L · t~1e c ost of ;J'"'.nuf c t ur e of l1.r.:be:..· under the Code, 

botn to t ' .e estt'blisirent of minLrum w.:t.:;es P.nr' P.1l.Xi !-.1um hours P.nd 

t: e e s tc- blishrr.en t of c o!ltrol of p r oduction ;zrhi ch inc r ea sed cost by 

cutting do m voll.li~e, led to t he Nlo:o tion. of cost :Jrot e ction prices wl1ich 

_ rote~t·ed tl.e p rod11.cer :~.·_a L1st :--. loss Fbi l e sellint:_ in tl:.e c"'comest ic 

:-.~rl:et . ~ ese 1inimu-:1 p:cice s clid not E; ener['.ll~r ~:=' l~r i :1 t he highly 

competitive e:xport field v: 1ere ;')rices we:re cene r .::'..l ly l orre r . The tendency 

vas t:!lerefore exhi bited to e.>:port Q srnller e..mount of lumber t han h.t.d 

been shipp ed durL s pre- code days . To s timul ".te export Sl.les ' wnic~1 

would benefit tne producer by l oweri nb nis cost p er unit :.nd benefit 

1 ~:oar throug{l incrensed employr:1ent , the J..u~hori ty pro~osed in Amendment 

:o . 54 0.. v:-..riety oi' devices whicb mi gh t be "'.dopted by the d ivision or 

"Ubd.ivision ~.gency t o stimuL:.t e exports. These devices, i!1 essence t 

c1.lled. for "'. reduction in quotl. t o mills wbo V!O uld list themselves ::.s 

export mills with the coirlpens:.to r y f e --..ture th'"'.t such mills mi ght be 

en ·.bled to )reduce more lumber for e:c_l)ort th":1 t hey would 11-:.ve if their 

quot:ts h~.c not been r e duced . 

Certain of t~e Alivisozy :3 o:->.r ds felt t hr t the propos"'.l t o estPblish , 

:.t the di sc:ce tion of the "'.dr!ini s tr"'.t i ve .,= P.: cy , one of sever:.l optiont.l 

methods i ncre"'.sint:; exports, ·r ".r "~ nt:r ::. r:r to lD.A :?Oli cy. The Lurn-oe r 

Code Authority too}~ t 'he ~· osi ion t lr.t d~le :o the G..i vers e 11-l.ture of 

conditions f~ceG. by t he v:.rious d ivisions ".nd subdivisions , a certai n 

option in me tnoc-:. of tre:.tmcnt wns r.eccss··' ry . F"' i l ure t o .:.gree on this 

question w2.s responsible for :>.1on- ".E)ro·v"'.l of this "1.mencL1ent . 

IJ:lhere i s evi U.cnce t h ..... t i..1 tnc> ·iv'0 st Co"'.st Division nn <1.llotment to 

one of t he l~ rgent coml' "'.nies (**) w:.s L1crc"secl , not only c?.s to their 

b"'.se for n llotment , w:ic 1 w~s i~cr ~sed no rly l JO pe r cent , from 

55 , 666 , 660 to 106,302,300 bo...,rd feet, but ln o :.dd.i t ionGl time wo.s 

"l.ccorded them on t J.1eir p l "- ~"'.t the briclge:: w' ich served the t i mber 

to be cut wore in such condition t L"'.t they would 1Y'.Ve to be rep l nced 

in ::t short time :.nd therefore t he timber must be cut .-.t once or the 

expense of }!reduction would be rE t.tly incrc,:.sed . This !"..d.di tion ..... l 

quotl. wt.s ord.ered to be c:edu.cted from llot e:1ts to be {T"'.nted t he 

comp'lny n.fter October l, 1935 , but tile uode eA.'Jl ired by l i mi t n.t i on not 

l '..ter t~'l"'n J une 16 , 1935 . 

~he Ch-..irm['.n of the Coi:li!li t tee -:.llov,ing t :hi s incr e~ sed ['.l l o tmen t 

w1.s :.n officer of the conp "'.ny. Protests we re mo.c~e to the Divisi onC!.l 

Code Authority, t.ncl n. corr.mi ttee wl:icL vrG.s ·".ppo inted by them :cccornr:1ended 

as fol-lows : 

11 Yi thout .goinb in to the merits of the cc.se we find 

1~t t i1e West CoC!.st Co.nni ttee on Control of Productlon erred i n fJ".nting the Crossett Western CompEmy 

t.ddi ti on2.l ::-.llocl.t i on wt.ich w.:;.s to be returned n.fte r 

( *) Coos Bay Lumber CoP.1n ''..ny 

r* *) Cro sse tt Weste rn Lumber Co "'.n~' 

9813 
-176-

the eX'_p ir".ti on of the In--.ustri·'.1 3ecovery - ct , 

Jline 1G, 1935 . _ '{~ r eco:.rrnend to the West Co".st 

Lumuerll1enls Associl.tion rrl<.stee~ th:.t t hey C",i1Cel 

the ,,./_,- i tioil".l '\ll oc:.t i ons --..s g-iven to the Crossett 

We s tern Corrr_p".n y • 11 

The :o11owi nr-; motion rns -:-'.Coptec. 'y the Bo:--.rd cf irector~ of 

the V!est Co ..... st Divisi o·1 : 

11 T:L:.t ..... ,11 S)eCi-"..1 lurnoer "lloc-"'.tio!ls no;· e:iven 

m-"'.:nuf:.c t urers v1:Licf1 C".rillot b€ r..educteC:. durL1g the 

first r n: seconrlc q'1".rter~ cf 1935 ·-e rercin·'ed "ncl 

th1.t n 0 f-..rrt~1er s,-,oci ·.1 lurr1uer ;.lloc"tiiJ · e ~~r.,_nted 

th".t floulC::. r equire 6eC.uc·i;io1s fter June 16 , 1935 . 11 

T"hi s .,_c t o~1 \Vl.S overruled b~- t: e =:esic'.cn t o. r,1i t tee f the Lum-be r 

Co de Au.th~:nit~- i.: -;v"'..s~ n[;t n , which , it '1' !-e".rs , :Ld p"s ed UDon and 

confirmec tl1e :.ction o: the ivision · l ontrol Cor:rrnitteo irnrnedi".t.ely 

ter ~ir :.cti n . 

As c. result of t.1e .nn;r cifficulties encountered in - c ·.d.m::nistr:.ti o~l o: ~):i."Ociaction C0~1trol '.- t .. G il/u:::tr r, thP. est C')".~"'t Divirion , 

.short1:; "ft el' t.w Schechte:i.' t ecisi ""n i 11 . : y , l90f , \'nnt on record " ... 

·beins oy,:·~)ored to inc:ustr~' h :.c.ling coatr 1 under "n;>.r nc 7 let;i"'l:.tion , 

but s t".ted t :n·- t t:1ey we r e still co: vL.ceu : ~ t it · ~~ for the e.;ood of 

the i ncLustry f'.ncl t' ey rroll.lc subtni t o Government ·~r'ministr :~ion only 

of this fe:'.ture . 

The Red Ced..., r Shingle Di vi sio_,_ C" .. te i i'or 1 r ~ t 1 urn' cr of protests by the v".riouc- o_._ er t o:.·'" :·e l .. -i:- of .llotment in their 

Div i sion . DiscrimL --tion ·1c.. unjust .J. l o .. ;,t ·,:ere cl .i .ed . A chec': 

of the co-rre~ ponclence co:ncer.ti~-h- tnis ri·1i<.: ·on .encs to r-ho ·r t!l ..... t the 

producti on c ontrol 2-.rovisio:lc .Jel'C not .c.cqur tely ~nd cqui t .... bly :.C:.."Tlinistered, "n t:ct cert~in oncl'".tors •1er 1lottoc reduction quot"'~.s much· 

l ".rc:;er tm11 others nf lice c ,-.cit:'• A relir'lin" c.eck of ".lloc"tion 

in t l:i"' DivisiOi :ns m".Ce -b~' t " e :Uivicio_1 o: Rcr c ""rC-1 r:1d Pl".nnine from 

t :ta publisled bulletins , ~.:;'ld t1e follJvL,rr que;tions ere r"ised : "Why 

vrere t.nere suc!1 C:..iscrep"nci9s in "ll11t1.1e 1t s to r.ills of the S''.Me ~i7.e 

·,)e tVleen the thir<l -uC: 1ourt' .. C!U".rtej~s cf 19 ·~? ·::D.:- W"re "'Om mills 

(_1"'.: ted U:_,_) to 200 :...,er C8.lt , nre llr c~ tio~- i or the fo· :.rth '!",..J.::.rter of 

1 93,1 , t}:~.il L1 :?l"evious qu rter""? "':!! '.l •, ere r-uch l .l'cP. OXCO'JtiO.l~"' :.nd 

~.d·Utions cr:.:~teC.. t o ccrt~in T!lillr fo .. · 1.:-st T!"Q uctio. in n":::: t periods7 11 

. " 

1l c~1eck of the ~"ubl ic -- tions o .... t~.e jorthcrn Pine IJi vi ion brought 

out t • .._, quest ion "s to \~·hy ~ }"~rocucer ::::o·ld ".lc' c~id :receive " .. ~uot:. L o c 

uart~r rc:".tc::-~ t:1 .. 1J"st e:>..l_)erience recorc:s h,:.c.. s11o•;m hir.1 to produce 

in -.n c!.G lt'e :'e .r . 

Tne r c we!·e · nun er of comp ~ ints ·'-out t:1e ".'"fl")lic .tion of the 

provisi o·1s of ~.-coO.u.cti on co:1trol i t:1e ·.eeter1 Pine . ivision where 

the ~orov sio:.1 coveri :1t:, se"~On"'..l o··Jer:.tio:>s h:.d to be ..... . plied. It w~ s 

-. rovided , in e;eier·:.l , t h:.t i:.. t;1e opcr~.til".:; records of--. mill "'hO\/ed 

in--.bi 1i ty (lue to se".son" 1 c o:1:· i tions , to oper" te le~s tn '.n nine 11on ti1s 

in :"". ye "'..r , it snoulC:. receive "--.)r Ov".l t o wor:-: ·~8 :our~ per cek , but 

i f mo re t !l:.:a nine EJ.o nt'ls of ope:..'"tion VJ"s r: O'IT.1 t: e:·1 onl. ~~o bours per 

981 3 
- 177-

r:eek '":ould be 8\)p r oved. 

L o~e cr s e r:~ ic~1 r:a e i n es ~i :.~a te C:: , \'i} e1·e the ope r a tGr furnished 

!::is r e c ord .. _ho·ri:·._·_, o·) at in~ tiLe oi l e s ~!B.- n nine months for a 

nu.-nber oi years , t... e: Deti t i o:,l f 'J!' a 6.d i tion2. l time was C:.enied on the 

:; ::our: d., ?'l.~ t t:1c ?.Lill coul-::. ~k. ... ve ,-ro rl-::ecl 1o."'.";er ·out c~ ' not because it 

··ras un:•r ofi t bl e fo 1 t~ e·:: to o so . H0r.reve r , i t ·::r·.s C:.e v eloped t hat 

n.n o~ r :nill l oca ted. on ~, :!1e ~· . .• e Ix1.: .e \'lo s rece ivi:'l'-'; L e L18- hour all o t-

!. ent . 

' 

In { e·1erc.l , Lwesti c;-:-.ti ::n· ; r ~'. 11 t !•e subjec t natter i i1 regard to 

production co: trol shoHs t'1r::1t ·· --- c ticall y every =: i vision v1as rep re sented. 

in the compl1.ints . 

As p reviously stated , t .t'1.e macn lilery se t ) b y t he Cod e Authority 

for !tp ~) ea ls ~p rov ded t na t they :·mst ·be nude i n ·· -~ f irst i nst ance in 

v1ri ting or · y p e:·so11al a·.· ea1~a::1ce ·to the SubC:. i visi or._•.l a c enc y , the11 to 

t l e Di vi sion:1 l a gency , the11 to t :1e !Ta tion0 l Code .t~ao ri ty , and finally 

to the -ational · ,ecovery .A.C.21inist1·a tion . 

::- o exact record is a v8.ila:o1e e.s to t -l e ;1w::!oer of comp l a ints r 

a·...-1 eals t iu t v1e1'e .. :ade t o the Subclivisio:1a l or :Jivisi or:.2.l a c;enc i es 

nor as to t~1e numb el' o:f rules , r ec_,-u.la tions , or i:1te:r-)retations made by 

them ir.. L1ter~ reting ':i o. ap:p1yi:1[_ t:1e proc'.ucti on contro l :provi s i ons of 

the Co<.-:. e , ut i:: c~1ed:ir._:-; t :1e r e corc.s of t:1e Code .&:uL10ri ty r efe rence 

is :01mcl t o ~1e f'o.ct n~ t 0::1 t he q_ 1esti o'1 of p roduct i on c ontro l t '1e 

aC:.ministra tive at ·e n cies of ~1e Jivisions issued 132 rules , r egul at i ons , 

.anc.. ." "Lrr-,:> tP ti o~1s , c.:.:1d. :.e ceived 0 ap· eEtls . ~C he Lumber Cocle .Authority receive d 39 a:,o ~1 al , ; .r..(~. for t11e ~.Jer od fro1:1 AU{';ust , 1933 to .lEtrch , 

1934 , issueC. 15 ~ .. ~:;. jor rule~ ·c,,n,: L1ter:-oret:o.tions on t h i s subj e ct . UnC:.ou-btedly tl~ cre were ..,om.-) ~J er· t ors wh o v10ul d n o t or G.id not , a fter 

L.iscussion with t . e AuL:..ori t~.r , c o:.1si<le r i t ii rt ~ ~ v.ihile ·tG put the ir p l ea 

into vTi ti :r or f:_ ') t o t!1e .:-~,e.!.s e oi rr;yL1~, throu,~;b t~e r e:Jpeal will 

never Le k:novm . .l. :-:e r e ':'Te1 e 11 ~· ur .ppe , under Article XVI I, 

officially ·ow : t before thG NRA. rtc;ainst Tl'ocluc t ion q_uo t as. The p revio,J.sly •:ie11tione6. case (C1·ossett Ie ~tc rn Conr- .-:.;.:c1y ) ·.ras t he onl y a·,_..,-)eal 

f1~or. , ::~. lumbc::. divis ion . T11c otilGr were f::: on1 L1E. f ::.bricn tin[; divis i ons. 

A. veneer c o::t_J<'l1Y (* ) ~-J ~Je o.ler. f·:oi t11e ~l ':o :"..ncti n c;_uotc. se t fo1· it on 

t.1.e tr nmtl8 t "r:.'t L1e "Ja;,1t i t:T al. l o\7e0. v1 as i .:su fli c le::lt to enab l e t hem 

t o t&ke care of t :1e orc.ers L'le ~.r !k;.: O~'l 1::~ nc~ . ' It ','fa <" c.ce o~ed t hat 

t. eir trad.e ·ras entire l y t~l:' ;; of c-c..t.tL1..:: · s t ocl:-: tJ o!'cler fo r othe r com-

·"~ anies . I t v;as l eld b:·· t 11e Coc'.e kct.lwrity t~·! t it wa. U.Jlfair to a llow __ 

this C'Jm:"'".nJ to ta;_:e mors -=< :~ its sl".tare f tl:.e ~·. L~blo business ancl 

to ope1·ate l on(:'er :1our- t~1a. :.. it. c0r:1:Jeti tors , c-1s L1o se com: e ti t or s ,_,..ould 

~ l3.dl ..,r. t:'1~ ::e . cere of L le S"JJ'p lus -:> rc.ers of t ·.1e .-- Sil.~:lt and t hus s p r ead 

employment am, a llow .::.:.1 ~~ lo.nts to o· ,e r ate . 

I n t he S:r;·rii1{. of 1935 , a m• n.::~ (**). v1as c i tecl fo r consist ent 

vio1a.tion of its 1. ::.·oductior.. rn .. '..ot.:-_ i"- ~-- e,;_·"~ e ..... recc be fore t l1e HRA in an un- ... . -

official L1.. ttc0?t tJ settle its c'.L"'fer e ;::c es VIi t h t he CoC:Le Author ity . 

(**) ::a r1e ll :b:'o~ 1e rs , CLlice.t_o , I lli no is 

9813 
- 178-

The 'J y~.~-Y cl · i mcd. t:1 · t pl' T t~ th ~ C.JL..c ~t :r.C:.. C:.'J:· . .,. ~.:~;_.-·~xir.-.t ..... 1y 

~_..i:;h t !.Jv:: .::.~: t Jf th~ t:~t-. 1 bus i ::vSS 'J f Ul.'-' v·: ..:..::.:;: :.l. vi~i J:: r..:a.~:· hi ch 

it \r.s cl ~.s:-i fi C: ~-.d. t:rt -.~--. y :_£~:...· -m---u...·_t \Du1C:. c·us :. o·..,;::·· ti ··-~ 

l 0 s s t ') ·.-ii.1i c rl :.. t ·:nul cl :: J t ·.c:,:·c- t ') b'- St:. j c ct .... c;_ . B;; t::i ~ tim~.. th.: AdmL:ist:· ..,_ tL:c ·.clmittcd L x !)1::> bl~ i llc.:_;- l ity ·.Jf ·o:'J<...Lcti·r. C'J:·t::::>1 

f c-.tul'CS of the Coc,_e , -.:1r: "''JUh1

• ::.Jt :>~:~:::~:~ tJ ~'l:.'Jr--c.:tc th~.- J~'l-:: , 

The: the C0d.c At'_tlnrity ··.dj u.stc.d t11C p::.Jducti:>:'. qu~t Jf tl1ir cJmp-:'. 

t J tile -. u:1t fl.cr: ·.::(cd by it . 

A C)mp -.::y ·rhich op .... l".t c d. -. b ox f .ct 0:7 (* ) iW-:>r:u.ci::.:., boxes for itr: 

orr:~ u sc , -ppc~ cd o:1 ~_ lu-.:.-y 10 , 1934 , f:·:>q t:.1.: :-:·~r..ucti-:n qu:>t ~. 

"'.cc 'J:..'clc d it , cl · imi::c t h·.t it "~~ :1) t suffici::.:-.t t 'J t·::. c -.:·c 0f its 

rcq_uircmc:...ts --=..:cl t lr.t if ::Jt ·11 'J··,cd tJ ·· · Jc'.ucc ruf:ric.:., ::t bJxcs f :L' 

its J:L usc , it J:>u r~ b e. c:>P..l2Jc l 1ed t; bUj7 i:· t:1..._ J}l _- .1,_'1-':·t th~ b .1 .. c~... 

·l'cquL.·cd YThilc itn ·J..-r.: ;_J l -.:.:t st:>Jc'. ic'.1.::. fJ:..' ··"~·::t ')f :;.1 ... til.1c . It rr .. 

hc 1C:. t:r.t t :.:.cn. :r ·.s -.:· .... xc cssi vc c ... , c.:.. ty i:. t:h .. i.:•'·. c-t:.·y ·:.~ t:1 t it 

rnulcl be l.nf- il' t :> ·.llcn1 l·.bo::: i:: t:1.l.c: ~J ·-~ t tJ ·r'J:·': '"..ll1 tim. ·,hi 1c 

l ·'bJ:: i:1 Jtncr :Jl ·:: t .. no::l:ccl :9 .:· t ti:·1C . T:L ··,ctlti):' \! s r .1iC . 

c".Vi::-~ the fi e l d Jf s• c c ' fie c r~_..c- "( ;bj .ct • J::s t:'lc -ttcmiJt :!' 

by the Cldc Autil-J:.:i ty tJ e n-rcet t:1.: n. ·.1 u~tr-: ..... ts Jf t 1 l'c ~hould 

b e sh'J 'Til t r~hc f 'J 11 o Ti::c. '"'.ffiC:1dmc:;.t~ tJ Article VIII ' 1C"'C ''l:.'J}JJ~-e d ~.:. d 

it is n0::.·t...y Jf ;Dte -s ~h-Y:c by the ::un·oe·· :>f , .. ,p:>. L, tl .t ~i:.c :·c 

• C ff 'J T t s ~·rc:·c . !TI'.C ~ t J d j 1..-c· t t:hc ~):..'- e tiC~ b1~, \'f'J: ·!;:_;_ :1~ Jf th }Y~ 1Vi S i 0:1"' • 

LCA _.Amc_:.:_~c~~-t f1_l 1_ . 

~J-~_Amc ;.chnc _:1~ _n 

A ppr'Jvccl : AJ 1._1 ~ l 934 

Si c,:..1c d by : Hllt:,ll S . J ')I'_ls::>::. , c-IIli::i~t:· t:>l' 

This ~mc: .cl me:.1 t 'Ji'Jv idcd t!rt i:: t!.K -_,,'llie ti:>:. 0f A:.:tic l c VIII 

(c ) (2 ) shi]!l:J.e:.:ts m(.ht be uscei. i:. ·11 cc J-f- :)l''Jductl~:: . TL usc :>f 

shiJ.Jmc:..1ts l".thc:t th-.i1 ·'l:.':>G.ucti J:: -.£ b ~ :-c fJl' d.f tc:.- 1i :Lv; :;_:c'Jc.uctio:1 

quJt ~. s ,_., ..... s t ;J be C:.isc:c tio::-ry ·.r~t:h tl1..: dl i~ o.: ·:1c: £Ubc:ivirio· C:'.cics . 

The Lumbc:c Cocle _ uthJl' i ty L: : J'.:. sc1.. t i::,-... L1i s r.,c:·_cln\ :. t :: id ~1 t it · 

believed th t cr ~i: ~scs shJ~cG. the u~c :>f r~ ~mr ts a ~ ~~se micnt 

b e m:>l'C f ".iT , ~.u.sc L: cc~:t~.L1 -.~er· til-: U"'C ~f -,~_,.. ~~1·od.uetio :1 .- -. 

b '".sc micht c;ivc lli!.duc :rei.::_·ht tJ the fi·'lTI rrh'J duri:1"'; t~~..,; }1"'.:- t ·c..,rs ])!''Jdue ed -.t full -.::_J~. ci ty :· e.::_,-.l·dlcss of n :·kct cJ:lcli t · J:1 '"' . 

(*) Du:_,,)_ o:1t de i\Temo - ur"'.. • Publ1' c _-, c - • ··1.!. ·-, --G - "J f J .:1U"'.ry 9 , 1934 

9813 
-17 9-

Ihe compan;'l,r cla i med that p rior to the Code it hac. done approxiMa tely· 

eight pe r c ent of t he total busine ss of the Veneer Division under nhich 

it ~as classified ru1d that any l e sse r amount no~ud cause an operating 

loss to nhich _it noUld not ag r ee to b e subjected. By this time the 

Adr.:linist r a tion admitt ed the JJ l'obable ill egality of production control 

featur es of t he Co de , and 110uld not consent to prosecute the coDpany. 

Then t he Code Autho rit;>r adjusted t h e p roduction quota of this com pany 

to t h e amount demanded· by it. · 

A company ,_-,h ich ope rated· a box factory (*), producing boxes for 

its onn use , appe a led on Januai"'J 10, 1934, from the production quota 

accorded it, clai ng that it was not sufficient to take care of its 

requiren ents and t hat if not allo11ed to lJroduce sufficient bo xes for _ 

i te oun us~ , it uould. be com elled to buy in the open market the 

balance required nhile its own plant stood i dle for part of the time. 

It was held tha~ t h ere 11as an excessive capacity in the industl"Y and 

that it 110uld be unfa.ir to allon l abor in this lJlant to Dork full time 

while l abor in oth.e r p lants JO:rl:::ed part time. The petition na·s denied. 

Leaving the field of specific cases and obj e ctions, the attemp ts 

by the Code Authority to correct the maladjustments of the Code shou ld 

be shown. The follo l!ing amencli"len t s to .Article VI I I re propo s ed 

and it is northy of note -'"l s. shonn by the number of p roposals that 

sincere efforts r;ere mad.e to adjust the practicable norking of the 

p rovisions. 

LCA Amendment #ll 1) 

lJBA Amendrnen t #B. 

App roved: April 1 3 , 1934 

Signed by: Hugh s. Johnson, A~~inistr tor 

This amendment provided tha t in t h e app lication of Artiple VIII 

(c) (2) shipments night be u.sed in p lace of production. The use of 

shilJments rather than production as a base for det e rmining pr _oduction 

quotas nas to be discretionary '.:ith the divisi on c:md subdivision. agencies. The Lumber Code Authol~i ty in presenting th.is ·amendment s9-id 

that it believed that certain c ases showed the use of shipments as a 

base might be more fair, bec ause in c e rtain case.s the use of pa?t p roduction as a base mi ght g ive unclue uei c;ht to the firm nho during the past f evr 

vrears produc.ed at full cap acity :regardless of D(.l.rket COndi tion se 

( *) Dupont de Nemours. Publi·c Hea rh1g of January 9 , 1934. 

:_, I :!::J Transcript of h'earing , J anu a:cy 22 , 1934, pp . 1242-1245, Vol. I I 

on Amend. #B. 

9813 
LCA Amc::.c .. mc:t #)-2 l} 

H·J t ~.): J:..'O VCC .• 

- 180-

T~li£. -r:.::.:c"'..mc::t :: ·.c'. ~ f_'J :·iLl tl1c t :.: · ... :fc1· ::>f llotr:1c:tr . It 

r;·c: ·:·it:lc' .. T-•:c: by tl1c Lumbr.1· C::> c~c A1..1.t:D:..it;y- -:.:c' :. cc:ubm.:.ttcd. .~ .Anc:.:c'-

mc :.: t #53 . 

LCA .Am :. '. c"L: 1c:: t #15 )j 

EJ:1L\. .A.rnc:.' d.rnc:.: t #8 

A))l"JvcC. : ~:-:..~i l 13t 193'1 

Sic;:.:cd by : :-ru[)1 S. JJ :c~ :::c~.-, Ac:.rJL::.. '"'t:: - t Jl' 

T~1i _s ~mc:.:clr.1c:.·.t lJ:.'Jvic.c t:. t c~"L--.. Jt·: ::>f .:.m-,:1:.-t.:- J:' 'J:'.)CuctiJ:: 

~. i: :wc .. by t:1 : M<Dc.~:.:y Div i .... i -:.--.. ·.:~.r· .. · llotc __ :,r: t~1 :.·r~ f to '"'li 

JC-~<"'J"'" ...., ' 7 b""' r:.-,rl c f o·· - -)--··1· ')l' --- -t --.·· t', .. , t''"CC Tl""'t'" m v .... .1. .. __ ..,. ' J .. l .. v '"' ~'-"" - • - • ....... - ..... ·- -·- • ..J ... ... .. .. , J 

b~.scC'. ::>:: :::~ i·;n::.:.t: , "::~· ::1~ 11 .:0t ~E'. cl-u ... 'r :ly :"~C':.''"' O .. : f:·om m i:.t 

:tl 'i:-_v :·:.tory c qu·.l L: fYJt-.r ... t~ :1i : )2." Vi.JU'"' :rr~:.-t '"':ll~"'lmc t~ . 

ibl~..: 

c 

Tl1.c :J:."J Vi i::>:.: fJ:: rc,·ul - ti J." .. Jf '"':t.:.l·w:. :t'"' f .:.. .. r•lJ::t; :".ti --r t.: ..... :: 

:· c;ul ·-. ti~:.: o:f ·:·i..~.:_ , i .... 'u tJ t~: f ct i .. t ·r: . .:.l ' ul:'J, ::.y i. 

c:.~T:-:: L : t>..is ~lt:.'..t :::.;r ' --~1-:1·. :ir :.·--o:--..: ria-{ t t:.- l J:; .... c'. cut h r:1 t:lcmr c lvcs , •:r: il._ Jt'.r:~:· ir.n~: t -- -.•:r !.1 } ;..:, ·::y L .1I1h,-:r . TJ ~t~blir.l c ff ctivc 

cJ:"'..t:·::> l , it ·: ~.f'. t.lC!'cf.):.· - :~-c";:·:--: t"J :,1- c t: r 1.:.r.1it·ti~:1 :1 im~)'J:·t: . 

T:1c p::."J vi ~i::>:: f'J2' t:1.:- "'Ctti·:.' UJ 'Jf qu-:>t ,; f<J:' .. "") _.· y' Jf : .·c .t c:· t~1~-~ 

thr ~c ::>::"t}~~ i; 'Jcc·:ir .. r' .. by t ' 1 th::>d ::f :cJ '1ct·'J __ 0f r:1 ~1'"' .. :y 

tim-bo · . Tl tir~lb c::. , C1.1.t i:1 -t· J"""'iC 1 1 ::r1 '"' , ir llJ ._(_ t 'J t:t ""'CC :: 

c .. u:,.~i: :c., fl::> sC: .. ti:r.1c . T:1 tro~) ical o·)er...._t'Jr'"' usually c:::> not h-we cnouc;h 

money to fina nce their o:Jcrations for a year ' s ti11n , i . e . , the time 

between fl ood pcriocl.s , ancl it is t11c he".. it of the ..Ar ··~- iccn importcrc: 

t 0 ente r i n t o c on tracts wit h ~ e t ro,)ical Ql)C r'ltors a ;year in adv"..ncc 

of delivery . In orde r to malr:c such contrc::.ct" ,_ the. -".hoc;any Sub_division 

felt it ne cessary that p roduction quotac: bn fi ven for a pe ri od of approximately one year . Another illlusual fnature of this indurtry is the 

fact that unusually lal"L"e inventories arc ne co" sary. This i s occasioned 

by the fact tl.w.t man~' sizes and thic1G1esses of ..1~~ r,Gany lur.1ber must be 

carried in stock. I n orde r tJ:lr_t nevr nembcrs of thr indu<"'try w"ho did 

not hE.ve large inventories shoulc.... n ot be llE'.nG.ic~F'ped , th provision VIas 

written in providine; for o.n invE'nt ory c .. t least ec.uc::: .. l to the volume of 

·~hipments for t :c p recedinG year . 

It is t possible to say hoVl this 'revision vorJ:ed in practice . 

A year ' s time was scarcely a sufficient test . It should be me ntioned, 

however , t hat ~, duction c ontrol was be inc evaded by r.umy imrorters who 

were brin in~ stocks in this country witn ~1un ity , 'lnd the mahoeany 

Subdivision was , durinG the last fev1 months -::> f co 'e ac tivity , consideri ng var ious methods by wnich such importation coulc. be t op]Je d . E) 

l/ Transcript of hearing , Je.n-uary 22 , 1934 , pp . 1253- 122,9 , Vol. II 

on Amend . #8, Code Record Section 

?) Files ~f Ass't Dep . Adm . J. c. Wickliffe o1· Lahogany Division . 

CJ813 
LCA .Amendment #16 ]J 

NRA Amendment ~ 

Approved : April 13 , 1934 

-181- . 

Signed by : ~ugh S . ohns0n ,Admini~trator 

This amendment em1 owc red t~1e E~ ccuti <" Commit t ee of t he Ph i l ipp ine 

Jahogany Sub ivi sio~ , '.-: i t:1 t~1e ap·,_ r oval of the Lumbe r Code Authority, 

to establish maximum . i nport allotmel: ts on Philirpi ne Hahogany . The 

amendment provides tfD.t onl:{ e ligible p ersons , tho se v:ho haCl r egiste r e d 

wit' the subd.i vision a t":eilCJ' the name of the Phi li2:>p ine mill from whi ch 

exports were to be made , mi 5 ht i mport ili~J ine m.::1hogany 1 umbe r. The 

quo~a. ::> as.signed vmr.c not ._-8asqd upon p.::1st pe rf orma~1 es of t he i mport e r 

but -.-ere ·· ~ased upon the 2?rodi._ctive capacity of t he mills fr om v1hich 

tl ey int; :cG.ed to import tJ.1eir products . Thus thi s ~oa rticular scheme 

of limitation of i:npo :ta tion was not subject to the criticism so often 

nade against COil trol of production under the L-umb e r Code , i. e ., t hat 

it tended to fre<"ze tic i ndustry ' s distri bution as of t he da t e production control , for t he Phili"9pine mahogany s cheme perrnitte d a change 

i n the relative si ze of i mport quotas assigned to t he vari ous distribut ors by the simp l e device of a d istributvr ga ~ f or h i mself t he 

right to sell the products 0f anothe r Phi li]lpi n e mill. 

The limitation of i mports of rhilippine mahogany was necessary 

to prevent that wooG.. from gaining t:_;round a t tne ex-pense of o the r 

hardwoods v1J.1ich were (;: Ubject to prod.uctioli. contr -11. The provision 

als o had t he advantage of p r ev ent i ng an ove r supp ly of mahogany c oming 

i nto this country v7i th t he demoralj_zatio~ of price w:1i ch v10uld b e its 

conn equence . 

}) Transcript of he aring , J anuEtry 22 , 1934 , pp . 1147-11.59 , Va l.II on 

~n nd . #8 , Code Re cord Se ction . 

L .A Am.rm. :EJTS #17 , 18 , 19 and 

NRA Ar:lendmen t #8 

A ·proved : April 13 , 1934 

Signed by: Hu[~h S. J oh.nsont 

1 

Administra t or 

Thene amendments proviJ.e d t hat in t he Nortl1e r n Hq.rdwoo d Subdisision, 

t he Northeastern Har dwood Subdivisi on , t he No rthe r n H ... m1GGK Division, 

and t he Northca::; t e rn SoftT.ood Di v' , quotas of. production and a llutments thereof to e lig ible pe r sons ht , in t he discrc;tion of the administrative agency and with t he ap:9 roval 0f the Lumbe r Code Aut ho rity, b e 

for pcriocls of c;r f,la t e r ~n three mc;mths • 

.Amendment #17 a lso amended Article VIII (P.) t o :9 e r mi t the s e tting 

up of p r oduc tion quotas for l onc;er tilan the t hree months pe ri od p rnvided 

in t he ori; ina l code . 

These ar:1.cndments were dcGigne d to t ake care of a d iffi culty arlslng 

in t he above-named d ivisions aad subd ivisi ons due t o the f ac t t hat many 

of the operat ors we r e engaged i n s easonal operat i ons. The l ocations of 

these divisions and subdivision s i s in e ;1orthe rn part of this country 

where it nas l ong been the p racti ce to f e ll timber from early fall until 

heavy snow comes an.d then to transport t h<" timbe r t o the mill on sl eds. 

The operations arc u sually some d i stance bad: in ·the woods . It is t he r e9813 
-182-

for e necessary to sot up a log;;ine; camp and furnish "'1Ip11lies and equipment for t~1e s eason . Thn mlkint~ of such e.rrP.ngomcnts was of course 

difficult as lont: as it vras impo!:siblc to 1::now v.rhat quota VTould be 

assi cncd to a givc11 firm for the vrholr; ;Icc:~r . 

As a result of t hnsc am'"'nd.mcnts , qu tas v1erC' thcrC'':lftcr assigned 

ov e r such a pe ri od o.s v10uld pcrmi t the seas nal o:p'O:'rator to lmow what 

he would be a llowed to cut during thr=· '.Jinter season ; and to enable 

him to p l an for his carrrp anr=~ o··)erations wi tilout til~ n~"'~CC si ty of 

making furthe r chan(':es . 

1.} Transcrip t of h0aring , J., nu.ary 22 , 193..: , pp . 1194- 1207 , Vol.II 

on Amend . #8 , Code Record Section. 

LCA Am n~ne nt #35 1} 

:Not approved. 

This c:w1e~1dm"nt co··'.ccrni!l[; regulations for export allotmC'nts wa., 

withdrawn 'y t he Lumber Code Authority a:1d amendment #54 \:las ""ubmi ttcd 

in its place . 

1.} FilPs of As'-'istant Deputy Aclministretnr H • ..• iC'loncy , on 

.Amoncl.mcunt #=35 . 

LC' ~ A~end.men t #50 1} 

U o t ap:provod . 

ni s om~ndJ ~"'~llt r;a~ d" <" i,~nr-d t ') t" 'i \•r t1P Cot/"'' A.uttliJri ty JlOV/r r to 

withhold. ,woduction allotm,..nts fro. 1 ,., r~ 1ns v1ho viol.:tt~"'~d Articlr IV 

of the code , ~"'~i t!1~"'~r th: OU£)1 ;~ ilu..rr to mo._<"' r C':oorts Jr to 21ay code 

f oes . 

At t:10 h0aring a rrpros ~"'~ :-1tativr f 411 sm.:tll southr-rn sawmills 

p ro.t0stcd ~trongly q,bainst t 1lis yrn}.lo::ml , statL f' th:lt th0sC' small 

mills worr unabl "' to furnish th r "ports asl<rd for 'Y the LumbC'r Code 

Authority and its al,cnci cs . Th"' a.I:l"'nclrnC'nt 1as not annrovrd , partly 

bocausn of the fnC'ling th.:l.t it wP.3 not altog,....th~"'~ r fair to the small 

operator , and partly because , at tf1?t tim"' , ti1c Admini"'tration began 

approving am:::ndr.1cnts to codes providing for suppos0dly c mpulsory 

coll0 ction of code c~ . 

l) Transport of hC'a ing , .~rch 27 , 1934 , ~p . 33- 92, files 0f Assistant 

D0puty Administratnr H. ki . ·.i,....lonC'y , n .Aln~"ndmC'nt #50 . 

LCA Apl'Jl?:_ciM_cn t {,1:51 1} 

Not app:rovod . 

Thi s _, ''t ~1dr:10nt p:ropos~"d to give po'v: r to the Luml)l'r Code Authority 

in cases vihcrc a portion of the lumber under the jurisdiction of any 

divisioY or subdivision was irrrported , to fix production quota3. nn the 

basis of impo rts. Th i s amendmen t wan strongly end ornod by the 1 orthe astern Lumber ·ftanufactu:re rs Associati on whi ch statc>d that the effect 

of production control in th"ir territory with the consC'qUC'nt decline 

in domestic production, was in') rely to rais E:. tl·c amount of lumber w:L1ich 

was imported. The repres e~ tivcs of the A~sociation argued that the 

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measure wruld nr- t b e unfair t n i rrmr- rte :rs r it l' ulo ·nly nut them rn 

the ~me basi s as d -nestic nr du . 

:-...., r-pu,- siti "' n t - t h i s Rme ndmen t was h~"'· rn a t t he nub l i c h ear i ng 

but t he Leg? l Divis i ""n r e f u sed t : a nr e it !"l.nd r·n August 21 , t he Lum-

-be r C·"de Au th '"' ri ty r eouP.s t r fl t h n t n "" furthE' r a c ti " n b e al n ~"' n it f '"'r 

t he ":> r es ent. 2/ "-

1/ Tr ans cri'1 t -·f hec:-• ri ng , Hn r c h )7, 1934 , nn . -1 6 

?:..! Files rf Assi s tant Denuty Admi nis t r e" t ··r T{ . :JI. ' !e l 0ne y rn Amendme nt 

# 51. 

LCA Amendmen t =· ~52 .lL 1m -A.r:tendmen t 11 - --------- Aonr '"'ved : J une 5 , 1934 

Sig ned b y : Eugh S. J ·--hn s " n , Admin istra t nr 

T'his amendment de~ t ha t t he Lumb e r C de Au ,~ i t y :-:1ay, aft e r 

having bee!l r e nu es t e0 by a div isir n · r subdiv i s i rm agenc y by v ;__ t e f 2/ 0 

0f it c- t>tTI-D C' r s , n.uth-ri ze t he a llo t ment r-f n r ndu c ti nn the r e i n "n Fl ba si s 

f rs nf nn er a t i "'n . 

Tho i cl. -P ·f t h is a rae ndment i s s -und. In c e r t a i n d i visi - ns and subd ivisi r ns , e ither du e t " t he f El ct thAt ~ s tr-- ng t r a d e a ssr:- ciati " ns we r e 

bu ilt up , -~ r c\u e t r the na ture - f the "uer n ti r ns , t h e r e were n r: t a va ilabl e r e c " r d s " f U <" S t n e r f " r manc e suffici e n t l y a ccur a t e t -; e na b l e th e 

a lloca ti- n r f n r nd ucti r·n "' n D<3.st rf ~"'rmanc . Thi s wn s na rticulc? r l y t r u e 

in di visi nns wh e r e t her r-; :11e r e a ur eo r mina n t numb e r r- f sma ll nn e r a t nr s . 

Als n in certain c a!';es t h e r esu l t --f c:-.tmli c a ti - n " f the f nrmulae nrig ina lly 

c r nta ined i n . rticl e VII I wr uld b e t r g i v e c e rta i n ne r s nns s uch P small 

qu~"' a thR t i t was '~ l y ,w·r t h whi l e r unni ng . · 'rhe a dvantage r:f a llc ca -

ti •n r n an ~"'~a.bl e numb er nf h urs bc- sis is th;.· t i t trea t s eve r y •ne 

alike a nd will, gene r a lly , g i ve sl.;tfficient mmbe r r f lr urs "f nerF~ ti ,... n 

t "' give -~ -- r fai r l y d e c en t er~n r· ymen t. 

l/ TrEl nscrint --f h eEl r in,e: , Ma rch ?. 7, ~_: ,,;,1 . 116-126 , Vf'1 l. II r, n J:..meno -

ment 1 11 , ~de Re c nrd Se cti ·n . 

LCA Amendment 3 1/ 

N3A Amendment ~,123 

Anur "v ed : Oct ~· r 6 , 1934 

Sign e d b y : G. A. Lynch, A~mi istrF~ e Offi cer 

AJ:~icle VIII ( g ) nf th c ·' (l e n e r mi tteri t .i.1e tra nsfe r '.'f P.ll nt me n t s 

"be t we en IJUe r n ti "ns unde r the same shin wi t h i n ~1 E' s ame :li isi n nr 

subdi vis i r n , II oum i f i e0 " nl y b y the nrnv i s i " ns r, f Sec ti - n c ,,rhi ch r Paui r e o 

"a cc entabl e ev id enc e '"'f ab i lity t r ."n e r Rt e . 11 Thi s pr n f "'r th e 

transfer "f ::tll nt men t aur: t a s nra s t ak en El dvantCl.ge rf by ( 1) nurchEl,s i ng 

"'f mi lls whi ch w"u l d u r r bab l y neve r r u n A:::a in S '' t h?.t t h e ir a llr t ment 

qU0t Els might lJe t ransferre c: , - ( ) t r a nsf e r . "f n l l nt 1:1ent au r t a s f r r r:r mills 

wh i ch ha d n · ::tva ila b l e timber r es "u rc e s a nc1 ( 3) by tra nsf E' r --f nllr- t ment 

t r a n a.r ea mh e re t he m.inimum w F g e 'VEl s l nwe r. 

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In 0rder t~ &v~ id the~e difficulti0e, the ~me ndmen t Dr~~r c0 by the 

Lur.1ber C('de Authr;ri t y sta ted in esge1:.ce ( 1) tha t n'"' transfer c:: h ulc1 be 

allowed fr,..i.t R :-:J.ill •.rrhi ch hnd D" t been ruc rat ec; in g~"'cl f::1 ith ~ c:: i x 

nths Rfter its acouisiti n, if guch a c uisiti, n wAs Pf t Pr the ff ctive date f the c "de; (2) n' tra nsfr-r could be :Jade fr'"'m " ne r:till t '"' 

an('\ther unless the suecies -oroduc ed ere ordina rily t he s .me ; ( '•) nr 

transfers c ruld be a llowed t "' any mill, th g r ea t e r rt ~f ~h"sP duct 

could, under the nrovisi ons of Article r ' (d) '"'f the c r de be ~"'~ lCl At 

less than min ir:tum C0S t Dr0tec ti r; n -or ices, a nd ( 4) n r trc:msf er sh uld be 

allowed unle ss it an-)pea r ed that such trE~ns f e r ·v('\ulc1 make f 0 gr <1 t er 

efficiency a nd ec "n'"'my ·~ne ti '"' . 

The Consumers' Advis ry Bear e ec,..~ne nd ed disanur ~val nf t' is amendment bec?us e it felt the ability t ('\ tr sfe r a llntments b t'r en tm mills 

under the same management gave an unfair C~ dvantag e t " the l a rge ~n rat,.,r 

over the srnE,ll individual mill owner. 

The desirability "f me meth0d ('\f chock o£ tra nsfers of a llntments, 

h r;w ever, causEd fE~V rable a cti <n ,.. n this amendme1 t by the Ad~inistrati~n . 

1/ Transcriut "f hea ring, ~-ia ·ch 27, 1934, u-o . 126-144 , V l. II "n 

Amendment 4,b23 , Code Rec0r d Sectir n . 

LCA hmendmcnt #54 

Not apDrf"'veCI . ll (Previ -us l~ · referred t in this r -urrt Dert a i ning t" Exn"rt C'n trr l .) 

The increas e in t he ~, t 0f manufactur ,..f 1u: ber unde r th J de, 

due b-oth t o the est ablish:nent rf r:tinimum '· <lgE'f an r:~aximun h -urr an0 

the es t abl ishmen t rf C'm tr" l f T) 0uc ti l1 hich incrN:tS d C S t by cutting down v('\ lur.1e, l ed t " the F•d"'lti"n "f c t pr t c i rn u rice, · hich 

pr c t ected the produc e r against a l oss hil sellinJ in the d "mestic 

ma rket . These minimum prices did nrt eene r ally ~pnly in the highly C"IDuetitive exnf" rt field "~here nric e~ rv r e gr ner a llv l"••er. Th t endency 

as ther efl"\r e exhibited t 0 exnr rt a sm::tll r am-uLt f lumbe r th1n ~1:"1 d 

been shinT)en during .,..,re-cf" de days. Tr stimulat0 sn.le«:' , rhich '"' ld 

benefit the nr '"~ duc r by l onrering ' his C"st n r uni "'n ben fit l "b'"'r 

thr nugh increAsed emul l"\yment, t he Authori t.r nrrp"sen in Am ndment -'tS4-

a variety '"~f rievices hich mi ght be adrn t ed by the cl i vis i "n "'r subrl i visir n agency t "' stir:tula t e exp" rts. Thes devic s , in e senc e , cnlled f " r 

a r eductif"n i n aur; ta ~ mills h - W"uld list themselve. a s exnrrt mills 

with the c ~- moensa t r r :v feature th"'. t such mill s mi ght be enablt;d t n -or0duce 

mor e lumber r exnort than they w~uld h~ve i f the ir a~ had t be n 

S ':' r educed. 

Certain "f the Advis~ y ~f"n ~s felt that tn Dr~ry~sal t establish, 

at the discretir n rf the aclmin istr tiv e aeE ncy , ne 0f seve ral nti~nal 

meth ds incr e<Ls i ng exo 0rts, w<'s c ntra ry ~ _\ffiA ')" licy. The Lumb er C"de 

Auth~rity r~k tl1e n rsitir n tha t due t ,.. the diver~e ture ~f c nditir ns 

faced by the vari ... us divisi " ns a nd subdiv si ns, , certa in uti n in 

method 0f trea tment was necess? ry. Failure t ,. agr ee "n this auesti n 

wa :.., respr.nsible f r r nr n-armrl"\va l "f this Hr:tendment. 

9813 
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TrAnscri u t of heP.rine , ,1arcn 27, 1934 , nn . 144-153. Files of Assis t e nt Denut. · Aclmini str : or E. 1,1. Fe loney on Amendment # 54. 

end ent # 55 1/ c nnrcv ed . 

This a me ndment, 0ecla ring th!."·.t the urodu ctive cPn a ci ty of the industry wa s f a r l Rr g er t han .,.,.arra nt ec b:r current neec-: s, nronosed that, 

until the Administra tor found th<' t e.do itiona l c. city wa s neceRsa ry, 

no ne"" mills be cree.ted a nd no ex i s ting nroductive f a cilities be enl a r g ed . The Authority pronos ed this n,mendment for the following reasons: 

1. Tha t herea s i n 19~ , 69 De r cent of the ,..,reductive capa city 

of the ind ustry w?.s being u tilized, in t he first auerter of 

1933, this use of T) roductive ca -oa ci t y hHd c::hru.11k to 19 ner cent. 

2. Control of uroducti on ,.,hich ITIP de ma nda tor;.r the gra nting of an 

a llotment to ve r~.r mill ca na -ole of ryroduction he.d resulted in 

the suring ing UlJ of s ev f' r e.l thous:=md npvr mills, p 2 rticulA.rly 

in the Sou t h . Th e se ::1ills , ere g r !O nterl nuotP.s wi t~1 Fl conseouent reducti on i n r. ~ si z e of the auot:- :=: g ive n to lre y existing nills. s uroce s s einf continued , waul ~ r e sult in 

slicing thinner r.nd thtnne r the e1mount of business which could 

be _g iven to _.q ny mill durin[ h g iven nerioC! with the result thc.t 

costs rr ould be 1i gh y inc.,..ea sed Pnd comT)eti tive nroducts auld 

t c{e t h e nlPc e of lumb e r n roducts. 

The 8menciment n ronosed th:=J t n ills misht be trc> nsferr :; from one 

site to a nother n t h eir timb e r '.'rCJ s cut aut Anc1 <' 1 so ·0ronosecl that the 

Pdmini s tr~ ti ve ng ency mi gh t, in ex ceT)tionc: l C·"l ses, e1uthorize the building of ne"~ T)roductiv e ::t chi ne . V'hen s uch build.irr; vr-1.s necess11.ry to cut 

mature timber hic 1 might othep·rise ·oe lost. 

The Rdontion of this 11.mendment c! S strenuouslv ·mposed from many 

ouarte:rs. The Aclminis trFti on felt trot it not onl:.- g r Pnted too much 

discre tion to the Fl. dr r~.nistr tive encie , but th11 t, it 1•a s unconstitutiona l as constituting a de"Jrivation of nr:-merty "'ithout due 1Jrocess of 

l aw. 

1/ Tra nscri nt of he ri:1 , \'In rch 27, 1934, r:ro. 153-?.70. Files of Assista nt Denuty 1:. ,t. elone y on Amendment 1F55 . 

For a considera ble number of ye.!:> rs e:o out 25 T)er cent of the red 

ceda r shing les consumed in t h e e ni ted Str-.tes hc. d been imoortecl from 

Cana da . In 1932 the r e te of exch e tnen existinf cRused the 1Jronortion of Canao i nn · imports to rise to . 35 ner cent;. rmd the ~5 per cent 

ratio a s again ex ceeded durinf:: t h e eArly na rt of t h e Co e neriod. 

In t h e administrn tion of 1Jroduction control the Code Authority ha d 

t8 meet the u roblem of restricting domestic nro011ction of a product ~here 

a nortion of the sunnly wa.s imoorte0. 

Although the workers in t h e Ce.nndiP.n shing le indus try " 'RS endeC'l voring 

9813 
~1 86

to adv~nce wa?es a nd t he industr y to advance nricPs in line ith Pdvances in the -TJni ted St -"l tes under the Coc1e, it · as rte;reed b y renresPntatives of the industry on both si des of the border t hfl t it ould be imn~ssible to control production Etnrl prices for any length of tir:te unless 

there was develoned some control over the nUBnti · of Can::l dian imnorts. 

Section 3 (e) of Title I of the ti onal Industrial Recovery Act ·uthoriz ed the President, in cas e comne titive goods were imnorted into the 

United Sta tes in substantial qUPnitites, or in increr si ng rF·tio to 

domestic production, in such mc:lnner c:ts to endanger the mair,tenflnce of a 

Code, t o authorize an investiga tio:1 to be ma de by the Uniteo Stf-ltes 

Ta riff Commission, and , follo ing the comuletion of sucl1 inves i~~tion, 

to limit the ouc·:.nti t y of such goods r-•hich might be ir.mo ted into the 

United Sta t es, or other wise deterr:1ine tl1e conditions unc1 Fr \'Thich entry 

would be permitted. 

In re s-oonse to the President's di r ection, t he Ta riff Com:-:1i ion 

nade a n investigation of the r ed ced a r shing le nroblen nd recommended 

thEl t the auanti ty of shi ngl es ·1hich could be imnorten be rf's tric ted to 

25 per cent of domestic conslir.l'Jtion, either thro h coone ~tion it~ 

the Canadia n Government or by _,:r.:ecutive Order. T'1e "'1ro'Jlem '7 '' S fettled 

by the Ca nadia n a nd American ~~nuf cturers , ai ~ by the e ~rtm nts of 

State of the t o countriP.s, cor:1ing to a volunt·tr y <'gree .. ent on P :-'5 nPr 

cent limitati on , so t hRt it wP s not necess ~y for tne AmPricnn 1overnment actually to exercise the autbority criven it un 1 er th JRtion· 1 Industria l Recovery Act . As a means of "'1~lyin6 necess r Y c ontrol , t e 

Ca nad i a n nroducers bad fi rst :formec An organiz .,t t n f ~·r -:JU.ll-..!'le . 

In 1935 the uroduction nrogrr> m fo the "!iPd Ged:- r Shingle ndust y 

was unset by a strike which l As t ocl from ' 1ay to e11t em . Tnder the fe 

circums tances , it ould have been imnossible t o su 1ly the m., rkets in 

the United Strltes on the b11.sis of the ouot ., s sP t n undPr the Lu'll'Ler 

Code. In order to uermi t inc~e se0 inuorta tion ~ C nfl dian shin les, 

both in absolute au.antities and in nr ouortion to tota l consumution, the 

entire r ed ceda r shingle ouota mf'l s i ncre s ed . As Arnt rican n ooucnrs 

were unable to meet their auotPs , this in effect increqsed the nercentage ll~tt ed t o Cana.da . 

It was exryected t ha t t he administr- tive m:: c1nnery r. et un unner the 

Code for the Red Ceda r Shingle Industry would C: is<T)nea r Pt the en0 of 

the Code period but it ha s not . The Ame ri ca n pr oducers h1.ve retainer 

their orga niza tions and anpar en t ly have some gen tle.:lttn ' s '1greement ..,i t h 

Canadian producers , with the t 0cit supnort of the Unite~ States DenPrtment of State. To determine exactly how tters have worked out since 

the Code period ended, field contr cts "~nould be necessar y whic:1 rr·ve not 

yet been possible . 

Although mahogan:r is not n roduced in this country, imnorts of this 

wood vr ere· re stricted· \l:!'ldc-:-· ·.~,;h,... · Cod • Some firm~ thc:. t hn.d imnorte0 mnhoa--

a ny irregularly, an0 hR-d not imu erted in the threP ye.., r f nrior to the 

codes which was the basis of deterrninPtion of ouota , di d not r eceive 

ouota s and could not m&ce imnorts. 

The by-l a"~Vs of the Vf1 rious associa tions , vrhich became ?..dministr a tive 

9813 
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agencies under the Code , rr ere nmeno ed so t he:; t f1.ll mer.1b t> ... f'. of the indus try 

could gain easy entra nce t o Pss oci? ti on 6embe r shin, n.nd to establish 

eoual i ty in voting uo,·rer. 'Three snec i f ic e:-· centions a:re n oted in such 

by-la~s. The first is that of the Nor t he rn Pine Division, whose ~~ aw s 

nrovided that voting "rc1s to be on the b.<1.s i s of one vote for ea ch one 

million feet of u r oduc tive cap2 ci t J- or fr~ction thereof, with no one member receiving more th<. ' n 15 votes. A nrelimin<-'.ry check of the production 

ouotas established for this Div ision durins the yeRr 1934, showed tha t 

sane nroducers receiver <-' llotme n ts for one ruart e r th:' t were l a r ge r thB.n 

their r ecords h~d ~hown them able to nroduce in an entire year. 

The ~.1ahogany SubcHvision by-lRw s CA.rried a nrovision tha t voting 

should be on the bF> sis of one vote f or each $ 10n clues uaid. No im1Jorter 

was limited .t,m the amount of dues thc: t he could "Da y, ;:~ nd conseouently not 

limited to the n~mber of votes he c ould receive. No chP.ck has been 

nossible on the a llocations of this Division, due to the difficulties 

mentioned above . 

The Philiun ine ME1 hoga n y Subdivision ~r -laws conta ined a clause permitting votes on the b? s is of 11 each 100, 000 feet of f1.llotment. 11 Due to 

the fact tha t there wa s a comD l a ina nt who auneRled to the Administration 

t he Division of ~esearch a nd Pla nning was enabled to obta in the a llotment records a nd found tha t six uroducers received Rllotment!'; eauivalent 

to 51 ner cent of the tota l for the Division. T.aese s ix 11roducers, a ccording t o the by-laws controlled a ll future auotas El nd could keeu themselves in power as long a s they wi she0. or until amendment of the by-laws . 

In the case mentioned, a rrEJng-ements we re ma 0.e to satisf~r the au"Della nt. 

It might -De wel l to no t e that one of the results of uroduction control as adrnini s tered under the Coc'l e ,.,f1 s the encourPgement of selective 

sav1ing -- bringing out of the i'o r est only the best un.rt of the tree. 

i th res tric ti ons only on the ouan ti t y of sc:.wn hJJTiber produced the F1.im 

of the manufacturer mus t be, of course , to s et the hi ghe s t return from 

this ouota . The uroduction control TJrovisions limite d s awn lumber a nd 

not logging, a n0 therefo:re increa sed m?.s te in the forest b y encour?ging 

the nrHctice of le?ving on t he g rou nd to 0e cE1y a ll but the best logs 

fror.:1 the trees. 

The Na tion8.l Indus tria l Recovery 3 o r c' recognized certa in conditions 

as inevit?.ble in a ny a ttemut a t control of n roduction, El nd in a nublica -

tion dHted Auril '23, 1935 , entitled "Administra tive Policy," st?. ted in 

na r t a. f oll m~rs : 

9813 

"A con trol of nroduction is inevitn.bl e under e ny 

indu s tria l system. A long exryerience hc-.s led us 

to lef1ve thPt nroblem t o the O"De n ke t. In a 

fe~ industries in whi ch c omoetition hPs n:roved 

unusually disorderly, it ~~y be necessa ry to int e rvene to bring 1)roduc t ion into 1 ine 'T i th dema nd; 

but such intervention should a void 'restriction of 

output' a nd shou ld a i m a t the :: ind of e auation bet ween nroduction Rnd consumu tion c: s the mark et is 

sunDosed to effect. The strn tegy of nolicy must find 

exDression in a multitude of decisions. But its 
-188-

end -is singl_e -- an economy, not of scr1rcity but of 

,jlenty. In other •vords, meRn and nds r.rust not 'oe 

confused . Me.ans should be flexible, re uiring the 

use of a -mi.scellf\UY of devices c:tnd uroc.edures. Objec ti,ves· should be s t ab le . The go.!:l.l is tl e es t a"'ul _ishment of conditions uncler Nhich in ? . fr e Ri.1 

. Open market COffiDe ti ti on may d.e termine a f? ir ry ice . II 

Production control will remain a nroblem of this inc'lustry , Pn.: 

methods to solve it _.,'!ill continue to be offer cl r s long n~ the T)re. ently 

existing tremendous· 'JOten tia l caT)ac i ty to ryroduce ;~ oe h'1n -in-hPn , i t•1 

a much restricted consumer demand. for lumber anc tir:tber T) oducts. 

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CHAPTER IV 

PROELEES -OF DISTRIBUTION 

The successful marketing of fo~est produc ts is as important as the 

unquestioned need for aGgressive and farsighted action in mainta~ing 

the gronth and protection of timber stancLs. This axiom is well substantiated by the fact 11 that he.d. the per cap ita lumber cons'U.tlption from 

1899 to 1909 continued, the 1929 gross consumption nould have been almost 

twice vhat it was ••••• f~r while consumpt ion of all othe r major building 

material nas greatly increased, c ross lumber consumption actually decreased or barely held its o~. (*) 

The intimate relationship of the growth and distribution of forest 

products to (a) land use, (b) employment, (c) government inve stments, is 

a. challenge to the industry and to the consumine public to put forth 

ever.J effort to reta in, to r ecapture, and to expand the market for forest products. 

Patently, the attainment of these objectives is a problem of industrial efficiency centering chiefly around ( a) production, (b) price, 

(c) channels of distribution, (d) transportation, (e) increased satisfaction in the use of the p ro ducts, (f) compe titive p r act ices and 

(g) integration of industry. 

Not the least of these intimate factors is that having to do with 

the ir.rorovement of the products uhich may be accomplished in va rious 

ways, ~orne of nhich a r e : 

1~ ]~r controlling mo istu re content through be tte r seasoning 

~ ]y exercising gr eater ce.re in selection and grading,,and 

3. By making decay-resist&~t lumber generally available. 

Sight s4ould not be lo st of t he fact that low Jl:roductlon cost, and not 

so incidentally_ either a higher degree of satisfaetion to the consumer, 

calls for radical changes in industry organization and in practices rc 

forest holdings. 

W:'1ile there are of course va rious disadvantages controlling the 

cost of lumber ·( lumber is the :principal fore.st :o roduct and presents the 

most di:'ficult marketing y>roblem), possibly the most dominant is the 

heavy transportation cha r ge . Lessened transportation costs will depend 

on at least three conditions: (1) frei ght rate a<ijustment, (2) decreased 

cross-hauling, (3) putting those forest a r eas close st to ~onswners into 

maximurn production, and (4) fabrication of lumber at the source rather 

than e.t the point of consumption. 

Few peopl e realized how intima t ely and extensively nood, as wocd, 

enters into our every dey re q1.1.irements. Fewer still c..re anare of the 

fact tha t an ever increasing qunnti ty of \.rood is u sed in ma1dng articles 

in Yrhich the identity of the uood is not obvious. There are, for example, 

thanks to laboratory and cher:r1icnJ. treatment, products such as paper, 

rayon, cellophane , artificial lce:iher, paper dishes, drinking cups, roof-

(*) "A National Plan for American Forestry." A r epo rt of the Forest 

Service (1933) P• 1365. 
-190-

ing felt , and even conduit pipes, alluade from \70od. Then there are 

wood extracts, dye stuffs, essential oils and naval stores, ea~...h one 

creatinG a demand and its consonant problem in distribution. 

In th~ past , lumbeJ; and the other major forest products have 11 sold 

themselves. !! Q,uite the contra:r"'J is true no11, for those com!"10dities 

must . be p1:1shed against the increasingly keen cor.1peti tion of ot 1er mate r--

ials. There is important need, therefore , for strong promotionf'l effort 

not only to maintain established outlets b t to generate latent 11-mts, 

all of uhich calls for distributor cooperation in a \7ell coo~dinated 

sales policy to the end that the consumer ma~r obtain nat~rial of the 

type and quality desired to meet his uarticular requirements. 

Turning to the more specific discussion of distribution problems 

as such it is to be noted that there are as many and ac 11ide variations 

of.marketing methods as there are sections and region s of the country. 

This may ~Ie ll be accounted for by th'e fact that the industrJ took its 

beginning lare;ely from agriculture 1i th its ea.rly 1aarket of nen farms 

caused out of the ever r eceding wilderness and the methods \7hich gr e"';7 

up during this period have been carried on tl rough the t ransition pe riod 

to .the present. .Any attemp t to define specifically oC'thods of distribution uould be entirely erroneous except for the section or region 

specifically under discussion, therefore , thiR po r tion of t~1e subject 

uill only be touched on in a broad 1ay. 

The entire distribution mechanism is c ovcrned b specific demand 

factors. Uhile these f actors ar? legion, if individual pur chasors a r e 

considered , there are actually but fe\7 variant factors if purchasers a.re 

reduced to major consumer gr oups. The Const1~ction IndustrJ comprises 

by far the most impo rtRnt of these groups , folloucd by the Uooden Container Industry, and many other l esser i~dustries - all discussed in 

some detail in subsequent pages. 

In order that the reader may have sone sort o: a yardsticl: by ~rhich 

to r.1easure the Lumber Industry' s field of C'..istribu ... ion and thus more intelligently comp rehend ,its demand factors anu di tribution p r oblems, the 

following observations and data are presented. 

As a lready stated, although lumber is but one of th many products 

of the fo r est, it is by far the most important, since the sa11 timber area 

consists of approximately five-sixths of the total corx:1ercial area. r:Ti th 

the shifting of the industry , as each na . a.L ea Tias tapped, nroduction 

and origin of shipment naturally ~~ifted and correlatively influenced the 

distribution problem. 

In the beginning, timb er and other forest products 11e r 8 located under 

favorable conditions adjacent to their markets, m~ing for 10"';7 pr oduction 

and distribution costs. But as those SUJ)plies of virgin tirnbe r \7ere deplE?ted, neu areas ,-,ere o::9ened up farthe r and farther from the :narl..:et , 

thus increasing transportation costs 11hich 11ere nassed on to the consumer 

in inc :teased prices. The inevitable r e sult ras lessened deT.'land. 

Goi~back a step further into the fiel d of poduction , it is evident 

that these recurring_ shifts and consequent results generated a dilemma 

on the ho~~s of uhich the industry .Tias and still is securely caught. To 

9813 
~] 91

m~~e a rofit it has alTiays had to either increa se p rices and face a 

diminishing demand , occasion din ~art ·by con sume r ~emR d for substitutes, 

or reduce cost in a..'1 effo rt t o ~Ja t.::,. in and expand marke ts. 

Bearin in mind thn t the p.r.:..r..cip2J. soft·.1oo cl prod.uc ing r egions a re 

Southern p ine in t e S0uthe stcr·n s oc ~ion of t he Uni tod Sta t e s; the 

Douglas Fir r egion com~1·ised of r,10st o:t' tl e States of Washing ton and 

Oregon ; and the 'lilestern J?:.ne J'E.. ~ion co1n.prised of the inte r-mountain 

states, it ca....~ be r oadi2.y seen '.7i t h ~w p rincipal con suming marke ts on 

the r;orthea Etern Seaboard, i:a tllG c ent r a l '7est nnd. in California , tha t 

there nould '9e a V 3 IJr c o:1side r a.bl e cross- haui of lumb e r and timber p roducts to effect the distJ.~ibution of t he manufa ctu re d pro ducts to the consuming areas. This movorr11:mt of 1-tJ.mbej:- and timbe ~ is very completely 

shown in T8.ble XL 1 r, ::'~Je ndix II , o:f.' this rGport Tihich de als only v-ri th 

the soft11oods, b-.. 1>.: a s soft77Qods I]al~o up from 85 to 90 pe r c ent of the 

to a l P.nnual con su.ru) t i on of h :rn·oe r e.:.1d timber pr8ductc, this data is indic3.ti ;e of the \-::rhole fi eld. 

Certain surom.a~' fj g ,J.::e s fr r:-~ this com}J2.e t e t able are p r esented in 

tabulation on the follOti.!. l'd: ~--~ · · 

W.r1.e r ever the manufac tu::-e of lumbe r he s been a major unC:..ertak:ing 

the first mills rrere usu.-::tll r ci tua.tecl a long rJateiT!ays ancl the log s '-re re 

rafted to them but os the timber ad j a.cc11t to t .r.e rrat e r rra s depl e ted, the 

mills rr1oved inl and c=md r ec-o rted to rail and othe r transp orta tion agencies 

to r each the consur.1 ing areas. About the onl.,.r rafting nor'r done of loe s 

is a long the Pacific Co c...st from the northvmst to mills in that a rea Md 

in Califo rnia . ~ 

m1en most of the pro~uction of lL~b r was confined t o tho northeaste rn s·tat es, a lart;e arnm.:mt of it moveli t!1rough th~..:: va rious canal s o I n 

1872 a tota l of 1~ 467 5 tons o f fo:..~ t p rod.ucts mo ved into the Hudson 

River fron tl•.e Eric a:1d •:hampl~ in Cana l s o From this peak year, cana l 

tonnage declined to 232~G25 tollS i.r.. 90 7~(*) 

Lake a::')d all-·r.s.il s:'l.:L ~) mcntr., of lu...-11bc r fror,1 Sagi na.\J F.iver· p oints in 

1885 t::Dcun-':ocl to about 14.S , OCJ, OOO ftl' b;;.. rf'oi l o:::1T slightly ove r 

659 ,000 7C80 ftc by water," R.aiJ. shi:;J2ents increased steadily until in 

1897 t~".e~ 3rr.ounted to 37<J,OOO , J OO ft .. a,.) at;C1Lu; t li ~h tly ove r 

89, 000 , 000 f'S~ 1 y \:ater!> Water si.1i ~" i-?nts of lui':.1.0E:' r into Ch icago r eached · 

their peAk in 182? 9 a·mo'-.nni.ng to 1, 850 , 000,000 f ee t, but have dropp ed _ to 

17 000~000 ·b:r 1?:4 . L1 1371~ 81 per cent of the lumb e r r ee.ching Chi cago 

came by ·.·ater ·.7hereas il1 1913, such 1ovemen.t 11as l ess tha,.'1 S :pe r c ento 

As the c:.reu.s o:f p r 'JC:uction shifted to the South~ coastvri se :r.1ovement 

from the Scu ch A tJ;:ll tic ~Jur t s oy sailing and. st eam vessels became of increasing icn:J:·-tr.:'c:-3~, ~1 e annual re·Jo rt of t he NeTI York ChCilllb e r of 

Commerce fo; 12'.11.".1-·:n co:1. tains a table shG\7 i:ng t h:J.t 1 ~ 301 :;3 8~ 762 ft. of 

lumbe r Yiero · r8"' .::( ~ :' ."C ·C:Cle :por t of Eevr :ir in 1890 ~> Of this amtent, 

304, 823:i000 fL-:-____ · ';:c:~·v d_.r:

_:: _ vered. by rail and 990 ;:)~~(1 ... ~ 762 fto by wate ro In .. __________________________ _ (*) Canal C.atG. L:J. 8H :t':,on 11 R . .:.nol~t (ln :'rF:.i GJ).J .. t "' "cio:'l b~;- w:1t er in the 

United St aceu: 11 by the U, s . C0]1i.1 issi •:> n c r of Co r po r a tions,. July 

19 , 1909 , rt , 2. 

9813 
(D 

.:o 

•· ' c.- ~ 

;3.:-i I':: v::1•fT :3 0? ::;~i i .SCI'='A ... _, 

~ 

1C. -;~ 

"::\eg iona 1 Dest i n -).t i )n : ·; .,., . : . Y.P. D.F .: 

GT'anci Total a/, 4, ::, 72 10,499 8 ,456 

~: orth .ULmtic 167 334 311 

Hidd1e .A.t1 "l.ntic 631 2 , jll 1,452 

l-~ ortheast ~0 ?,q9q g) 

Le."::e St >•.t a s 302 2 , )21 1 , 374 

'i cl- ~ c s t ~ s~r:.. 507 1 , : 1" 

So t WJester 1 77 l, ~;, 74 '3 

In t e. ;rnun tc ~ i :1 7'"'5 2 621 

Pncific Co st 1 I 9 30 1 3,0 -3~ 

. 11 ~o:'twoo1 lu:-:1ber prod·ce:l 

. 

D.~ . 

II 

II 

II II II 

II II 

' 

R~G I 01d.:r_. D~S l' I rr I ' :s 

( iilion Feet "B . . ' ) ' . 

F1"32 lill 19)4 

J .? . Y. ? . D.F. : ·.r . ? . Y."!? . D. F.: VLP. Y.:O . ~.F . : 

2 ,434 3.369 3,010 2 ,600 4 , 105 4 , 142 2, 714 4 , 215 3 , 324 

g4 ; 7 173 93 90 226 34 93 10C' ..J 7 

340 69~ r.;)6 34:!. 6y? 6 ")) 3'' 7 t:"4" '-' _1 6!.6 

15 9~6 53 17 3"0 75 2) Q'J) • .1' ... 70 

40\) 6ht=) 4)7 522 1. , 117 619 514 1 ,147 451. 

2')0 l ""'t:; :J./ 4o ~: 3)0 ·p,J 

..)'. G2J 230 7, 2J 4'-) l 

)9 715 '7 l~ b , , oh-s 86· 45 1,071. 67 

362 4 242 371 2 4y~ 442 3 319 

9)4 l 1 , 11 ) Col 1 ,_ 1419 9~3 1 1, 031 

i~ ,es~nrn ?ine Division 

11 Soutnern 11 11 

II 1 eS Co ~s t 

a/ E tim. ~....d ota1 shiumen:.s uer re r ub1isi1e ~ in Doc et o . ') · ,tiona1 Control Com·1ittee Heetine: of :umbe r Cole Au h~ri t., , : c- reb , 1935 , 1e;-r- e"'C":Jort s 9.3 1JUb li shed b·r F::lreign ':01"1"1e rce a 1d 

]E>vi,-:t.ti:n. 

I 

1-' 

(.0 

(\) 

1 
-193-

1907, 447 , 229,565 ft. of Southe rn Pine were r eceived a t New York by wat er 

and of thi s amount 224 , 433 , 208 were discharged from sa iling ve ssels, t he 

remainder f r om steam ve ssels. 

Prio r to 1900 , and t o an eve r-decrean i ng ext ent following the tu1~ 

of the century, a considerable aL1ount of t he wa ~borne lumber which 

enter ed the North At l antic ports fr om Baltimore north was shipped by rai 1 

t o interi~ r points as far 11est a s Cl an~. . Much of the lumbe r which 

was back- haul ed was remanui'ac tured in pl ants loca t ed in t he Nor th Atlant ic po r t s. HoV?ever, a s manufacturing facili ti_e s ·111 ere increas eo __ at the 

mil l s, and a s t he network of railroads sp r ead out throughout the South 

and Uest this mo vement of lumber i nland ~rom t he Atlantic Seaboard ports 

has very mate rial ly de creased. 

In the ea rly 1920 's t he movement of Pa cifi c Coast woods to the Atlant ic Seaboard ports began. t o ga i n . tmpe tus. In 1920, 205,000 short 

tons of lumber p assed t hrough t he Panama Canal; in 1922 this had increased t o 1,122 , 000;ooo short tons • . This wat er-borne movement ·.from t he Pacific to t he Atlantic of 

low-grade l umber at low f r e i ght r ate s was a blow to the p roducers of 

So ut he rn Pine. Although Tiages in t he Elills on t he We st Coast were t wo 

or more .t imes higher than they we r e in t he southe rn mills, the efficiency of l abor, t he class of timber, and t he f acilities for manufacturing lumber on t he West Coa st we re such t hat it could be 'shipped 6,090 ·· 

mile s by wat er and _ye t compe te in p ri c e with lumber of _other areas' 

shipped by rail from_ ·300 to 1,500 miles to the me tropolitan centers~ 

Furthe r, it could be back-haul ed by r ail 400 or 500 miles from the Atl antic Co ast and still compe t e with Southern Pine, shipped to such 

points a s Young stown and Cl eveland, Ohio. 

Within t he last f ew yea r s t he re has been a 110vement by truck 

from t he mill to the consume r. -This trend was to be expected in remot e di stricts; it ha s, honever, been highly developed, particularly 

along t he Ea st ern Seaboard, and much .lumber is now hauled from Virginia 

and the Ca rolina s in to such citie s a s We,shington, Eal timore and 

Philadelphi a. ~n many i nstanc e s t he lumber hauled by t ruck is sold 

direct by t he mill to a contra ct or or a builder, and delivery is often 

made over night. 

This me t hod of transportation has ma t erially ~dded to the burden 

of and increa sed the competi.tion of t he r e t a iler in certain are·as. 

It has furthe r served to break doi:n ge l price l evels. A contractor 

buyinG direct from a mill at a cheaper p rice thru1 a retailer exerts 

pressure on the retail ya rd to meet the competition of the mill, and 

t his pressure is, in turn, exerted by t he r e tailer on his sources of 

supply. 

Although there are no figures availaple to confirm definite changes 

in t he method of distribution under t he Code it is believed that much of 

the growth of truck tr ~sportation was due to ~he Code. Certainly it 

cannot be denied that many purchasers of lumber exerted themsel ve.s to 

the full in an endeavor to break down not only the Code prices set up 

by the manufacturers but also to evade, if possible, the modal mark-up 

of the retail ers. It is also an undi.sputed fact that some shippers and 

9813 
-194- .. 

wholesalers of lumber coo~e rated nith this klass of purchasers. During 

the Code period, the ~0jority of retail l umber dealers not wishing to 

increase their. lon stocks. Tie:re no st desirous of buying in small quanti ties 

less than carload lot so This r eason , toget~er ni th the fact ,that lon 

stocks nere r eplenished more ra:pidly by truck deliveries than by rail 

shipments often led· to . truck transportation. The great increase in number of good roads and in the efficiency of tnlqks has also contributed 

to this method of distribution·. 

. . 

With the .expansion of the \7est , .particularly upon the complet'ion of 

the transcontinental railroad, came consider able increase in farms. 

During t his period there nere approximately 60 , 000 farms established annually, each taking ma~y thousanQs of feet of lumber. This building -

reached its high point in 1906 and 1907 , when 46 , 000 , 000 , 000 board feet 

annually ~ere consuned, inciting wild stumpage speculation. With the 

continuation of agricultural expansion and its concurrent increased demand for lumber, the value of stumpage rose steadily to about 1927 . 

This speculation and ~ acquisition in. ti1e est , of large timber holdings, 

is the key to ma~y o·f the p robl etl 11hich appeared durin6 the years of 

the depression. 

With the declining demand and the resultant decline in v8lue·of 

stumpage, timber holdinG became a liability due to the tax proulem For 

example , a stud.y in northern l.iichi-=> an shons t at on 16 representative 

timber tracks, average annucl taxes pe r acre increased from 14 cents 

in 1906 to 96 cents beh1een 1926 and 1930 • . As \lith al,l other products, 

\7hen stur.n:9age values vrere no longe r increasinb , the tendency 'as to 

liquidate.ho l dings. This in turn brought keener competition and a desire to· convert standing timber into cash. 1 Cr;T mills nere constructed 

at a ra id rate . From 1921 to 1929 the numb er of establishments producing more than $5 , 000 annual·ly gre\1 from 14 , 961 to 19 , 142 -- this in 

spite of the fact that the volume o:( lumber consumed rro s steadily declining. The pressure to liquidate timber became even . eater during 

the depression years, although pr actically all holders of timber land 

r ealized that there Tias already larbe over-production. ' 

Until about 192~ the gene rally increasfng lumber prices nere 

accepted by the public , then the coMpe tition of substitute materials became acute , nith the result that profitable lumber prices could no 

longe r be maintai ned under the current regime . Literally forced to the 

wall by the tno battering ra.r.1s of qoun ting costs and relen tl,e ss coMpetition , the industry in des:!:Jeration r e c-orted to lo'•er cost fo;rmulas nnd imp r oved methods of grading and seasoning to make its products more attractive to the consumer. What little advantage Tias gained in this manner, 

ho '7ever, was f r equently offset by ne\7 concerns entcrin~ the p roduction 

fi eld, particul a rly in the older areas, nhe r e a second groTith , though 

immature, nas put on the market , and by old concerns setting up an already sufficient ca::_jac i ty. Overp ro duction Tiould incvi tably follo11 ni th 

a resultant drop in p rices, thus forcing the high-co st o~erators to close 

do~ until curtailed production and increased prices again permitted them 

to compet e. · 

As already stated, although l umbe r is but one of the many p ro duc 

of the forest, it is by far the' most impo rtant. Some graphic idea of 

the general demanCi factor of at least the Llajor forest p roducts may be 

9813 
-195-

gained from the following tabl~ of forest products and the per cent of 

demanCi. in t e rms of the total am·ount used annually from 1925 to 1929: 

' FOREST ?RODUCTS PER CENT OF TOTAL 

USED ANNUALLY 

Lumber 

Fuel':7ood 

ReTied tie s 

Fence posts 

Pulptrood . 

Mine, timbe r (round) 

Veneer logs 

Cooperage (slack) 

Log s and bolts in manufacture 

Cooperage (light) 

Shingles 

Mi sce:)..laneous (poles, piling, export , log s, 

distillation and extract wood, exc elsior, 

etc.) 

Source: Bureau of the Census,. 1925-1929. 

50~8 

2?,6 

4,4 

4,3 

4,1 

1,6 

1,6 

1,1 

1.1 

1.0 

0 .9 

~~ough its years of developnent. and vicissitude, the i~dustr,y has 

had to cope with a .sluffing .away of ,same and the growth of new demand 

factors. Just what future denands may be is pure conj ecture. The conviction is t;roqing, hoTie,ver, that our fore .sts.will be required. to furnish materi al for many derived p:i.1

odu:cts such as cellulose, lignin and 

acetate of lime, rather than chiefly ).ogs, h~mber and corduood as in 

the past. Whatever the demand, though, the pioneers' attitude of destruction is being replaced with an attitude of care and conservation. 

~ . 

It is quite evident that th0 bre,vity of this .chapter does not permit even a rassing discussion of t he lesser maniford use.s and the germane factors entering into their individual collective distribution. 

It will suffice to devote consideration me:rely to those major demand 

factors or consumc;r c roup s, Tihich have dorn,inat,ed ar.td still control the 

consump tion of the Lumber Industr,yts chief products. 

The consumption of. lumber may be roughly divided into five general 

demand. divisions. They are: 

9813 

1, Lumber us'ed for dons truction pUI'lJO ses 

2, Wooden co ntaihers~ 

3, Industrial use 

4. Railroads, including ties and other structural 

lumber fo'r :railro'ad purpo sos 

5. The export market~ · 
_- 196-

I t is difficult to obtain data as to the proportion of the total 

consumpt i on go i ng into each clctss enumerated above . The Department of 

Commerce , honeve r, i n conjunction Tiith the United States Forest Service , 

made such a division , and found that in 1928 approximately 63 per cent 

of the total l umber used -r.ras for construction purposes, including the 

l umber that had been fa~ricated into construction parts, such as doors, 

sash, etc. Thi s included al l railroad lumber except that used for car 

construction , nhich nas placed in the industrial classification. Approxi mate l y 16 per cent r:ent to the Wooden Container Industry in 1928; 

and about 14. 5 per cent to the lesser industrial uses; nith 6. 5 per 

cent to "exportso (*) 

I n. 1933 the Construction Industry took about 66 per cent , the 

Wooden ·container Industry 16. 4 per cent , other industrial users 12. 5 

pe r ce?t , and 5.1 per cent nas exported. It is thus s~en that the 

Lumbe~ Industry is pretty ~efinitely \:edded to the Construction Industry, for better or for ."'O rse . Correlatively, l a r ge centers of populat i on furnished the most ent icing consmning areas • 

. 

_The total lumbe r consumed in the early part of tho 20th Century 

exceeded even that used during the building bOom period of the late 

20's. This, to some extent , Tias ~uo to the enormous amount of railroad buildint::; at the turn of the centur;,r, toget_1er P.ith ne11 towns and 

farms opened up along t he ir right-of-rray. 

According to the 1Jational Lumber Ianufacturers Association, production in 1906 and 1907 surpassed 45 , 000 , 000 , 000 feet. The nearest approach to this figure ITr s in 1923 and 1925 , \7hen slightly in excess of 

41 , 000 , 000 , 000 fe et of p roduction ITa s reported. Lumber, though use~ 

for fener ~urposes during this pe riod to 1907 , was used ' in greater 

quantities than at any yime since. The railroads for example then used 

enormous quantities for ties and trestles; some of the latter have since 

been r eplaced ITith concrete and steel and pe rfected methods of treatment have redu~ed decay and replacement. The plank sidewalks, and these 

took a lot of lumber, VTfJre common, and gr een lumber houses sprang up 

like mushrooms. 

The.United States Census renorts for the decade 1920 to 1930 ... 

shoiTed construction of ~00 000 buildings nith a dollar value of such 

construction amounting into .tremendous dollar investment as seen from 

the follo\"ring table : 

(**) 

9813 

VALUE;BUILDING COUSTRUCTION 

1920 $4 , 133, 000 , 000 

1921 3 , 786 , 000 , 000 

1922 5 , 302, 000 , 000 

1923 5 , 829 , 000 , 000 

1924 6, 421, 000 , 000 

1925 8, 036 , 000, 000 

1926 8 , 163, 000 , 000 

1927 7 , 975, 000 , 000 

1928 8 , 237 , 000, 000 

1929 7 , 231, 000 , 000 

1930 5, 062 , 000 , 000 **) 

See Table XXXI , A:91Jenciix to this Report 

See 11 The Construction Industry a'rl.d NRA Construction Codes, " Division 

of RevieTI, NRA. , :March , 1936. 
-197-

The use of lumber follo-qs the gene ral trend in construction as shown 

by the follotTing index compe.risons of build.ing volume ni th total volume 

of lumber shipped: 

· Year Construction Lumber Shipped 

1920 50 ~5 79.5 

1921 5~2 77~9 

1922 65~1 88~0 

1923 71,5 101,4 

1924 79,0 98,2 

1925 98,8 104,3 

1926 1oo.o 100,0 

1927 89~0 92,3 

1928 100,5 102,4 

1929 89,0 " 97.2 

1930 62~0 69.2 

1931 39.5 50,9 

1932 17,3 37.4 

1933 16.4 43.7 

1934 20.7 40.6 

While it is apparent that the vol·ume of l~~b r used during the 

boom years of the l a te 20ls as shonn ·in Appendix II, of _ this report, 

Table XXXIII did not parallel the total increase in construction, 

there has been less disparity the.n is'· gene rally th0u ht. The com~oarison shor;rs that f or every $1,000 north· of construction, the re was 4,520 

feet of lumber used in 1920, 2,796 feet in 1925, the lonest point being 

in 1927, v!hen 2,470 fe e t ':rere used. ' The re was an increase in 1929 to 

2,861 f eet, nith t he highe st }10int in · the 15 ye ars r eachecl. in 1933, nith 

5,768 feet. This. may have been due in pa rt to the large number of 

c.c.c. camp s built in t hat year a s com,ar ed to t9tal constr~ction, but 

this has not been .accurately deternined. In 1934 some 4,523 feet of 

lumber were used for each $1,000 of constr uction. 

In 1928 a total of 23,822,230,000 board. fe et of domestic lumber 

went into construction, as compared nith 10,162,661,000 board feet in 

1933, or a drop of more than 50 per cent for the pe riod. Softnood accounted_ for about 91 per cent of t he total softnood and hardwood consumed by the Construction Industry in 1928, and for about 87 per cent 

in 1933 . .. It is seen, therefore, tha t softr;rood consumption has lost 

someuha t to hc..rd1:ood consumption, although the cause is not definitely 

discernible. 

Of the total lumber consumed by the Construction Ind.ustry in 

1928, by far the largest amount, or more than 31 per cent of the softHood wa s taken b~r New York State. · Illino.is ranked next, taking nearly 

one-third as much as New Yorl:, follm-,ed by Califol~nia, Pennsyl vaili.,., 

Michigan, a11.d Ohio, in the order named. Consider ably lesser amolli:ts 

nere t oken r the r.emaining Sto.tes. Neu York likeuise took the large st 

propo~tion of the hardwood :production in 1928, or about 31 per cent, 

foll0\7ed by Illinois, California, Pennsylvania, I,dchigan, and Ohio, in 

order. 

In 1933, five years -later, New York still outranked all other States 

9813 
-198-

in its tota,l consULil}l tion of both soft,.•oo d anC.. hc.rd '!Ood , but tho percentage C:.ifference betn een i t c td;:e E' ... nCl. that of Ca lifornia, the ne:;;;:t ranl::ing 

consume r, ,-,as slight. Nmr Yorl::: took 23 ~)e r cent of the total softrood 

:p rod.uction, Tihereas California took 21 per c ent, Hew York , 23 per cent 

of hard.\"'l'ooci ··J roduction, ancl Ca lifornia, 21 per cent. Illinois, \7hich 

held s econd ace in both soft\700d <md hard\700d in 1928 , drop,Jed to . ,t 

fifth ·p l ace in 1933. Pennsylvania moved up from fourth to t ird place , 

Ohio fron ixth to fourth plac e , a."ld Li chiGan di~op )e d to si:Ath pl ace . 

Comparisons of Sta te consumption a r e even more sienificant nhen 

studied in rela tion to the . total amounts consumed in the too ~rears . 

CONSill\iPTION OF LUMBER BY THE CONSTRuCTIO I NDUSTRY 

TJOOD Al~D STATE 

Softr:o od: 

Total 

Ne11 York 

Illinois 

Ca lifornia 

Pennsylvania 

Michi gan 

Ohio 

Ha rdnood: 

Tota.l . 

Jen .1.ork 

Illinois 

Ca lifornia 

Penns~-1 vani a 

.Ii chi,:;an 

Ohio 

(t • Feet B. Li.) 

1928 

21 t 63·1, 717 

6 , 838 , 518 

2 , 434, 555 

1,''"4 , 271 

1 , 298 , 516 

1 , 191 , 424 

1 , 183, 419 

2,187 513 

691 , 451 

246 , 161 

1'7.5,516 

131 , 295 

120 , 466 

119 , 657 

1933 

8 , 869 , 570 

2 , 075 , 568 

244, 445 

1 , 884 ,784 

483 , 392 

1 63 ,732 

291 , 277 

1 , 293 , 091 

302 , 596 

35 , 637 

274 ,782 

70,473 

23 , 870 

42 , 465 

It is noted froo the :fo_egoin.:; t able t hn t Tihile lle~7 Yorl- consumption in 1928 nas 31 per cont of the total , a5 against Ca lifornia' s 6 

pe r c ent in 1933 , New York took but 23 :p er cent anc. C['lifornia increased 

her tal:e of 21 pe r cent of the total. 'lot only thc.t , California increased its softryood consumption in 1933 over 1928 about 46 per cent, 

and its hai~d\?ood consUI"lption doubl ed. The consump tion for all othe r 

States in 1930 flas conside rably belo17 the consumption of 1928. 

Un doubted ~r the g r eatest amount of labor used for r ailroads is 

tha t used ol~ ties. Here was the most ii:roortant influence on the declille of the tota.l. 1 o fisures c:;,:re c?.vc..ilab l e fo r the early part of 

the coU.l'_l tr~- '.7hen rail ro ad buildinG as at its heiGht , but fi )lres shon 

that there .as a drop fron 135, 000 , 000 ties in 1923 to 46 , 000 , 000 tie s 

in 1932. 

T.r1e }Jriwe reason for -tne drop '.•as of course, decreased railroad 

building but in.ctdditi on, the introduction of a treatnent nhich in 

some cases trebled the life of the tie, influenced a eduction in the 

use of ne ties. 

9813 
-199-

As stated, the next largest consuT:le r of lumb e r CJ.ftor the Construction Industry is the i7ooden Po.cka{;e Inctustry , ·: hi ch t akes about 16 

percent of the to tal p roducti::m. There haf'; been much complaint in the 

inLustry regarding numerous displ a c ement s of ode n containers by fibre 

and ~~aper boxes . Undoubtedly this i E t ru e t o a considerable extent but 

there is no statistical means of neasuring t h is, due to lack of information on the Paper Container hHJ.ustry a t this tiDe. The only nay is to 

conpare the inci.ex of in c~_ustrio.l j_J roduction ·:·i t h the total amo"Lmt used 

for ··roo den containers. Table XXXI of this re:;~ ort indicates that in 1928 

about 5,474,000 , 000 feet of l urr:be r Tie r e us ed. f or this purpose. The 

Federa l rt.eserve Board I ndex on Inc~ ustrial Procluction with 1929 equal to 

100, stood at 93 for 1928 , and in 1933 only 2 ,949 ,000, 000 fe e t of lumber 

\1ere used for conta iners. The in<ie~: of industrial p roduction stood at 

64 - a drop of 31 percent in inQustrial pro duction a s compared to a drop 

of more than 50 perc ent in Tiooc:len conta ine r s. 

Certain se ctions of the industry, notably Ca lifornia, and Oreg on, 

shon sonenhat less decline in wooclen contain el~ s due to the fact that the 

fruit packing industry i n the Nortn'.l'est anCi. the fruit and vegetable p acking incmstry in California are still l a r ge users of \'lOOden containers. 

In the Bast , the p racti ce of using larg e venee r containe rs rather th n 

the saneCi. nooclen box containers so p revalen t in the Uest, reduced the 

amount of lumber used for that purp ose . 

Over 75 }Jercent of the l:.unber t aken by the 'IJooden Containe r IncLu stry is soft...---ood . In 1929 Washington r anked first in the amount consumec".., tal::in6 about 12 :percent of t l1e total, followed by Oreg on, i.:ichigru1, 

Penn s.,rl vania, Lassachusetts, and Ohio, i n the order na'T!ed, each consuming nora than 200, 000 , OCO board. feet annually. Penn sylvania tal-:e s t he 

most ha:tcl·~r ood for con t a iner, follonec'L by Ca lifornia and Oh io in the order 

na.r.1ed.. Con siclerabl y lessor CJ.IlOUl:ts \Tel~e tal::en by t he other States. In 

1933 California too}:: b:,r far t he l argest 21.110unt of softnood for cont a iners, folloryed by Oregon, a.l tilour;h it ranke<1 seventeenth in l:J28, Washing---

ton (first in 1928 ), l\iichi f"an , Pennsylvania, Lass achusetts and Nen York 

in the order named. 

T'.Cle Construction Industr y and the Woode;_1 Cont a iner Industry together too~<: a;_Jp roximately 80 lJercen t of the 1928 l't.mb er conSlunp tion, 

l eavin:; about 14 percent for ot~ --:.er industri a l use s and. 6 percent to be 

exporteC.. Pra ctically t ho surte rel8.tionship prevailed in 1933 . 

In 1928 t he tota l l unb er used f or in C.ustl~icJ_ lJUrp oses 77as 

4 ,945 , 000 ,000 f ee t. This clropj_Je{L in 1933 to 1,907, 000 ,000 feet-- a decline of slic;htl~r r.1ore t hr-tn 60 ]l e rcent as coi.1pared to the decline of 31 

percent in industria l proQuction of all other industries. It ~:p ears 

froB the above ·t hat the decline ±n the usc of •:-roo den p roducts 11as g reater tha!l the :~;o ne:;.~a l decline in conm .. 1J!1jJ tion of other industrial p roducts. 

While ove r the longe r pe rio d there had ·oeen some increase in the 

use of lu..Jbe:r f or industrial pur:po:::;es , other t han has already been discusse 0. , O:u.c to t he increased us e of Hoodon autonobile parts, this cons·u..nption bega::1 to dec lL'le during depression year s \>[i th th(-~ "':dvs·nt of th~ steel body. 

Furthe r, sor1e displacement has 'been :-Jade by ne ta.L furniture and De tal 

parts, nh ich u ere formerly made of 1i!OOd. While tho Autot1obile Industry 

9813 
- 200-

is still using a considerable share of the ~itll!lber production , its r apid 

substitution of metal for ,:rood has no11 placed consU!!lption of rood at 

appro.xi::1ately the level con sumed: by the carriage and buggy industr:• . 

While tl1e re a r e clair1s of a r eversion to nooden parts for many tl in s, 

this nay be due in a large measure to special development in the indu~­

try itself; ancl the trend :may be further increased by the price level 

of l unber as comnared 11ith the urice l evel of ~etal uroducts. ~ ~ . 

It is orthy of note that ~hereas the great preponderance of 

lumber consumed by both the Construction Indust~- and the Wooden Container Indust~r nas softnood, more hardnood than soft ood is t~:0n by 

other industrial users. 

Although Lichi6an ranked first in 1928 in its consumption of lUJ!lber for industrial uses othe r than for construction purposes and for 

vmoden containers, and Uorth Carolina nas second, in 1933 l OJ. th Carolina 

ranked. first, and 1.-ichigan second. California, though prof:'inent in its 

consunption of nood for construction p· rposes and for containers, r~<ed 

eleventh in its consumution of nood for other industrial uses in 1928, 

and even loner in 1933 . 

The ;:.1aj or hard:mod consuning industries are shorm in the folloning 

table : 

nmusT:rr 

Furniture 

Boxes a1d Crates 

BuildinG and Construction 

Railroad Construction 

Railroad Car Construction 

Flooring 

Vehicl es 

Caskets ~nd Coffins 

Sash,Franes ,Doors,Elinds, and 

Gene ral L: ill \"fork 

Handles 

l

1

.'i scellaneous 

Unaccounted for 

1.". F'l' . 

628 ,000 

516 ,000 

492,000 

328 , 000 

38,000 

222,000 

191,000 

46 ,000 

44 ,000 

32 , 000 

234 , 000 

166 , 0JO 

TOTAL 

21 . 38 

17 . 57 

16 . 75 

11 . 17 

1 . 29 

7 . 56 

6. 50 

1. 57 

1.50 

1. 09 

7 . 97 

5. 65 

Source : Nati onal Lunbe r i.:anufacturc rs' Association, Docket 1 o. 5, 

1933. 

9813 
-201-

It ·:;ill be noted that the Furniture InC..ustry tal:e s t he largest 

share of hardYJo od shipments. The Box ancl Crate I:nc.ustry ranks s e cond 

nith denand a reas scattered over the entire eastern section of the country. This l atter industry usss t h e lorr- g r ade product of the log s and. 

as a rule the less ex:.uensive \rOOds, such as gum , tup elo, and cottonnood. 

It i s an industry that in the past dec ade has had to face intense and. 

ground gaininG co~pe tition froQ substitute s such a s fibres and paper 

conta iners. ~1e saving in transp ortation cost throu6h the utilization 

of a lighter 11eight con t a inel' has been an economic conp etitive factor 

that the nanufactlli1er of the Tie>oden box has had to meet. 

As ea rly as 1626 , the Colonists sent some lumber to Holland and 

from there it ':"laS reshipped to England. It is also \70rthy of note t hat 

for n,any ysars the tinbers of the finest ships in the B:ci tish Navy came 

fran lTel"r England . Nor should it b e forgot ten that 1 UL1ber, log s, masts, 

aru~s , stairs, tar, p itch, tul~entine, and other forest products enten d larGe ly into that f irst nursery of foreign comnerce. Trade with 

the Uest Indies; groning out of t hese Isla n d. trru1sactions uas the famous II three-corne r ed trade , 11 in Tihich Ne':? EnglMd e..nd. the Carolinas 

shipped. fo re st and a g ricultura l p roducts to the West Indies; the \Test 

Indi es ship~od sugar and molasses to Europe; and Europ e shipped manufacture s to r-:e11 England , so closing t he circuit. 

After the Revolution, g reat enphasis was g iven to the exclusion 

of the foreign trade of this country to the Orient. As a result shipments increased a :!Jace, including lu.111 ber and forest p roducts. :By 1821, 

according to Department of Comr.1e rce dat a r e corded exports of satmill 

products and naval st ores, gums anQ resin (nood manufacturers not recorded) amounted to $~ 828 ,0 00 ,000 -- 43.5 p ercent of total exports for 

that year, and in 1913, just p rior to t ho 1Jorl d. War these exports including TIOod manufa cturers, amounted to ~3 ,190.000, or 5.5 pe rcent 

of total eA~o rt . 

The table on the foll0 \7 inr~ pac e sho~s 1Ul!lber exp orts for the 

years 1929 and 1932-1934 . 

Th e B.bove r1 entioned table does not include total shipments, because compar~ble figures are obtainable only for the i t ens shovm. They 

constitute , hoTiever, t he major p ortion of the footage sh ipment of the 

industnJ. Wh ile , again, there a re no footaGe and value fiGUres directly cor:1p arable Tihich comp letely encompass the LUflber Industry , it is 

perhaps vw rthy of not e ltl.ere that the tota l value of exports in 1929 

constituted about three and one-hC?~ lf percent of t ile Jcotal expo rts of 

the United Stat e s. If t h is pe rcentage is set off agai nst eight and 

nine p ercent, t he amount of e~1 orted manufactured goods of this country i:n relation to total prod.uction, t he r e latively collective unimportance of lumber exports i s evident. 

Aside f ror.1 the fa.ct that eArports of both ~3oftrrood and hardwood lumber drop~Je d off rap idly frO!!l 1929 to 1935, t he precedi ng table is significant a s sho11ing t hat small harduood dimension stock increased over 

the s a1.1e }J eriod. The 1934 shipments repre sent an incre ase of about 74 

percent over 1929 shipments. 

9813 
-202-

LUMBER EXPOR~S 

( M. Bd. Ft.) 

Firot I) rnonthn of 

Kind 1929 1932 1933 1934 1935 

- -- SOFTWOODS* 

Douglas Fir · l ,450' 115 495,708 574 ,,504 591,402 398,14{ 

So. Pine 810,782 331,265 341,924 383,985 280. ?80 

Wes. Pine 41,482 14,353 17,358 28,409 24, 94~ 

~ed ood 62,280 8,219 14,185 18,611 11,544 

Cypress 11,087 2,847 3,764 4,611 3,436 

Other 239,520 45,699 30,505 28,741 22,871 

1all Dimension 

Stock 5,337 65 

TOTAL 2,620,603 898' 1~6 982 , 240 1,055,759 741, ?19 

HARDWOODS* ·'" 

Ash 38' 781 27.849 35,995 44,381 26 .~60 

Gum 53,904 28,776 36,996 33 ,000 25,860 

Oak 231,024 132 ,347 15!1,549 130,124 115. 5?1 

Popular 40 ,383 16,265 21,979 23,903 20,6~ 

Other 87,626 23,763 28 ,67? 34 ,060 25, ?99 

nall Dimension 

Stock 5,407 4,984 6,60() 9 ,415 6,355 

TOTAL 457' 125 23~.984 285,796 274,883 220. 8?4 

)TAL - SOFT AND 

HARDWOODS 3,077,728 1,132,140 1,268,036 1,330,642 962,593 

SOURCE: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States - 1929-1932-

1933-1934. 

* Includes boards, p lank s, scantli gs and sawed timber. 

The hardwood dimension segment of the Lumber Industry , though relatively 

small, felt the depression effect. to but a minor degree in the volume of 

the export business. This fact would seem to point to a fast growing 

tendency of consumers of this industry's product to urchase requirements 

as far as possible in the form of emi -f abricate~ material at the source 

of supply. This trend presages an evolution of t he lumber industry Dnd 

one that will doubtless be found to be of value in its c ompeti tive battle 

with substitutes. 

9813 
Products competing with lumber aud timber products are numerous 

and varied. Nearly all building materiRls compete directly, and either 

have displaced or are displacing lumber to a large extent in the construction field. 

Displacement of lumber by struct~ l steel , cement, stone, and fire 

clay products (brick, terra cotta tile,) and other shifts in commodities 

consumed, may be separated into thr ee classifications: (a) Shifts due to 

changes in relative volumes of different t ypes of building construction, 

(b) temporary shifts due to pr-ice competition, (c) permanent commodities' 

substitution. The first factor measur~s long-term but only partially 

permanent shifts in displacements;_ the l ast factor of primary importru1ee 

measures ·the permanent chanf-'es .in potentialities for consumption of competing commodities. . . 

The following table shoes the percentage of displacement of lumber 

by steel, · cement, brick aLd stone for the period 1919 to 1932: 

PERCENTAGE CONSillviPTION OF MAJOR BUILDING MATERIALS 

Year Lumber: Steel Cement Brick Stone Total 

1919 59.7 10.8 11.8 15.7 2 .0 100.0 

1920 52.6 13.6 14.9 16.4 2.5 100 .0 

1921 56.4 5.9 17.2 17.3 3.2 100 .0 

1922 50.8 11.8 15.6 18.4 3.4 100.0 

1923 50.6 ll. 9 15.3 19.2 3.0 100.0 

1924 48.7 12.2 16.8 18.9 3.4 100.0 

1925 49.1 12.2 16.3 19 .1 3.3 100. 0 

1926 47.2 13.5 16.8 18.9 3.6 100.0 

1927 45.4 13.8 18 .0 19.0 3.8 100.0 

1928 48.3 14. 2 16.8 17.2 3.5 100.0 

1929 44.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 4.0 100.0 

1930 40.4 17.1 20.6 17.1 4.8 100 .0 

1931 44.0 14.6 21.2 14.3 5.9 100.0 

1932 46.0 11.8 21.4 12.1 8.7 100 .0 

Source: Mr. Victor Per1o, Divtsiou of Research and F1anning, NP~, 

9813 

Table I, of unpub lis.hed report of February 20, 1934, -entitled 

"Displacement of Lumb er in J uilding Construction.'' 

Brick includes common, face, and vitrified brick, terra cotta, 

hollow building tile, and fire b~ick. 

Stone includes ·.bu·ieUing stone, rubble, n.nd riprap. 
-204-

According to the preceding table, lumber supplied by far the 

largest perrantpge of major·~uilding materials for the entire period 

1919 to 193 . Although somewhat irregular there was, however, a consistent .dow:rward trend i'n this percentage to 1930 when the trend turned 

upward and became sharp in 1932. This spurt wAs due to price com etition, fo'r there was a decline in llimber prices in 1931. Q.ui te the reverse is generally true for the other four commodities tabulated. 

· steel, . with exceptions in 1920 and 1921, increased in use until 

1931, when i~ droppe~ off rapidly. rne percentage consumption of brick 

increased slow~y· to its high in 1923, where it held steadily until 1927, 

thereafter dropping rapidly as a result of dis~lacements by cement or 

stone, until by 1931 its percentage was less than in 1919. Cement and 

stone steadily increased in use until in 1932 when cement had about 

doubled its 'prdportionate consumption, anc stone had more than quadrupled its consumption. It is evident, therefore , ~hat although they 

have a long way to go to supplant lumber, cement and stone are slowly 

but surely whittling avay lumber's predo~inant place as a major building 

material. 

The following table showing percentage distribution of major building materials, by class of building, is particularly significant, clearly indicating the large losses lumber has made to its four competitors 

in all three types of construction . 

PEIW~NTAGE DISTRIBUTIO T OF ti.A.JOR BUILDL.G MATERIAJ;S 

·BY CLASS OF BUI:!:.Di lJG 

Year Lumber· Steel Cement Brick Stone 

Residential: 

1919 92 0 6 2 0 

1931 68 0 9 22 1 

Industrial: 

1919 25 27 ll 36 1 

1931 _l 42 15 22 2 

Public: 

1919 40 10 28 14 8 

1931 29 16 39 2 14 

Total 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

Source: Mr. Victor Ferlo, D~vision of Research and Planning, NRA , Table 

I, of unpublished report of February 20, 1934, entitled "Displacement of Lumber in Building Construction. 11 

9813 
- 205-

The foregoing tubles and broad genernlities should not entice the 

reader into assuming that the lumber industry is, as a result of its 

market loss to vi~orous competition, about to relinquish its preponderant 

dominance of construction materials. The a~:;e-old use of wood, its comparatively easy frtbrication into a multiplicity of products, and its 

relative cheapness, to say nothing of int angibles which have always 

given it a particular allure, will p robab l y keep it well to the forefront of major industries. 

The intrusion of other materials in fi e lds of wood ·use is an 

inevitable expression of the modern age and the eagerness of consumers 

for new and i mproved products and services. It is quite obvious, therefore, that there is a ·vital need for more scientific and technical research in ood and its products .to the end that the increasing encroachmerit of extra industry products· may be countered successfully. 

The competitive surge within the Lumber Industry of the present 

date had its beginning in Colonial dBys, when lumbering was pursued 

in a primitive way in all new -communities in connection with the clearing of fields and the founding of 'sett.lements. As · settlements grmv, 

demand increased. Because of inadequate me ans of tr ansportation in 

those da;ys, the increasing demand had to be supp lied largely from the 

neighborhood. Thus there developed t he hundreds of little lumbering 

centers with their varying reE;ional distribution problems and embryonic 

competitive pr ac tices. . 

As consumer demands increased through the ;-rears, competition be-

~ arne keen, even viciou?, in its malpractice and blindness. Up the 

spiral of increasins prices the industry chased the consumer's dollar, 

only to find that such m~r ia active l y lessened consurnption and thus 

forced prices to f ll almost as r apidly as tney rose, more often than 

r not to a demora lizi ng plunge be low cost. 

Many competitive causes have · contributed to the impoverished and 

distracted condition of t he Lumbe r Industry today , p rime among which 

are: ( a ) ~eg ional and species competition, (b) extra-industry competition, (c) intra-industry competition, {d) competition from exports, 

(e) and distributor compe tition. Obviously all of these contributing 

causes, discussed below, are flanked with their own disturbing satellites 

such as production costs, transport at ion costs, prices, etc. 

Broadly speaking there Rre three principal regional areas producing 

softwood that are in competition for the consuming markets of this industry. The first is t he Southern Fine Reg"fon which ·includes all of 

the Southeastern States, ·a lso Arkans a s and Texas. The second is the 

Western Pine Region embr ac ing pr ac tic a lly a ll of the mount a in States and 

third, the West Coast Re g ion.· Th is We st Coast Region produces principally 

Douglas fir Bnd this wood comes directly i nto competition wit4 Western 

pine in all of the western and moun t a in States and enters into direct 

competition with SoutheTn pine in all of the centr al western area on a 

rail transportation basis. The DouglBs ·fir from the West Coast Region 

also enters into competition with Southern pine on the East Coast through 

the medium of water transport a tion, but Western. pine, :h ying required to 

transport by rail, cannot extend its area of .co.m:pe.ti.tion all the way to 

the Eastern Seaboard. It has generally been considered in the industry 

that the meeting point 9f competition for these three species was the 

9813 
-206-

tniddl~ western cor.tsurning· area centering around Chicago, Illinois, and 

the states immediately contiguous t h e.r e to. 

Naturally, transportation co.sts enter l arge l y into the delineation of· the markets available to these species and especially between 

Douglas fir from the West Coast and Southern pine the control of the 

softwood market has fluctuate d depending upon advantaGe that first one 

or the other region might secure in transportation rates. 

In the middle western area all three of these soft ood species 

enjoy equal opportunities , and this is t'i.1e major price battleground . 

In the North Atlantic and t he Middle Atlantic States here there is also 

a very considerable consuming population , Douglas fir, through its water 

transportation rates, has been in a position to largely take awa~r the 

major portion of the softwood market. A very considerable part of the 

softwood delivered by water at the princ ipal ports of the Eastern Seaboard is not consumed in that area. Just h8t volume this backhaul of 

Douglas fir amounts to is a matter for conjecture as there are no dependable statistics available, but it is presumed to be verv considerable portion of the l~~ber products being landed at the Eastern Seaboard ports from the West Coast ports . 

In the West Coast and the major art of the inter-mountain area 

competition is entirely between Douglas fir and We tern pine. In 

California, which is the largest We~t Coast market, there has been a 

cor1tinual shift back and forth bet ·een Douglas fir and estern pine . 

Moving out of the inter -mountain area, competition bet .reen softwood 

s~ecies is confined to Western pine and Douglas fir in the t wo midwestern states of No rth and South Dakota and in the Lake State of 

Minneso t a . 

Southern pine is the most used softwood species in the Lake States, 

t he ·:n•1thern group of mid-western States, the Southwestern States and 

in t :.e ..:.>Outheastern States, with Douglas fir and Western pine alterna t~ !.: fo r second and third places . This is natural for here Southern 

pir. ~ Il dS the c::>tnpeti t i ve advantage because of the shorter haul front 

pro '-~·...:t ~ ing to consuming centers. 

The r~duction of the Northeastern Soft ood Di ision , consisting 

princ i pally of hemlock, spruce and •1hi te pine, is largely consumed within tft. e New England States, New York, Pennsylvania, lew Jersey and est 

Virginia; they are all competitive wi thin that area with the softwoods 

ffom the other main softwood producing divisions . Aside from use in 

general construction the products of this division nre used in large 

quantities in the manufacture of sash , doors, blinds , and gene r al millwork, boxes, baskets and crates. 

The products of the Northe rn Pine Division consist of white pine , 

Norway pine and mi scellaneous softwoods produced in the State of 

Minnesota. The distribution of these woods for general construction 

purposes is confined to a more or less limited territor- adjacent to 

Minnesota. One of the principal outlets of pine in this territory is 

9813 
-207- . 

to manufacturere · of sas[f.(· doors, blinds, and gener~l mi.llwor~. 

. . 

The spruce, white pine and hemlock shi~ped fro~ the Northeaatern 

and Northe rn Divisinns a rc all competitive with Western pine, the 

West Coast wood~ and Southern pine, and when used -in .general construction work their te.rri tory ends where freight ~c;1 ;tes and other 

f a ctors permit the product::; of the three .. ·major divieions to meet 

them on a competitive a~ is. 

The geogra~hical area3 of competition _for hardwood lumber are 

t a certain extent dictated by rail freight rates which t"ach producing divisi on has to ·pay. Because of this, eertain divisions 

furnished th~ majority ~f stock in cert in ~Jeas. For example, the 

Northeastern Division furnis hed the . North Atlantic area with 58.58 

per cent of t hat area's total hardwood .consumption in 1929. 

. . 

The New EnglQ.nd States are farthest:, removed from other hardwood 

producing rea~ , It is therefore to be exo~cted that this area would 

draw most of its hardwood from ·. the. Northeastern Divi~ion. The 

Southern and A~ualachian Division com~etes for second ~lace in use 

in the North Atlan tic area. This may be· becauae ·of th,e fact that 

while on the whole freight rates from the Aunalachian Division are 

less than f ~om the. Southern Divis.ion; · this advantage is'. s~mewhat 

offset by S uthern hardwood being priced ·somewhat.: lower than -.·' 

Appalachian hardwood. . . 

"t[. . . 

The mid-.A.t'l.antic area·• comnrised· of. New Ya]:"k,- Ne'P ·. J~rsey; Penn- : 

sylvania, De.laware, Maryla:r;ld anq·· the :Distrj,Qt ' of ·Co1umbia1 affords 

a better com~et~tive ppportunity .to Squthern and .A.pJ?alachian ha.r4'?V'ood 

than does the North Atlantic area. Th~ lar.ge yolume of lumber SUP-

~lied the middlP. Atlantic ar~a by the Northeastern Division, which 

almost equ.alleq.. that supnlied by ~pnala chi~n, ,is occasioned :bY ~he 

fa~t that Peni?-~ylvania ~n~ New .YC? rk, par~ic11lar~y t.h~ fo/.ma>J", _a.re : 

large hardwood producing , Sta tQ.~. . · . ·. . · ,. ' 

The Southern Ifu~~~o~<i Divieion ,suppl ie~ tll~ . larg~r par..t oi the 

hard'iVood requiremen~s Gf ·. t~e Soutl}ea.~ t~,tp a.z:e·a:, "/V'l .th t-he .A.ppala:chian 

Division furnishing ·almost the ba~aJ1Qe ' ~~· ~~ ~he second largest _a:r_ea 

of consumption for hardwooa, 'th~a ~s becaus~ of ,}.he/ peavy,.,eoP,Vers1-qn 

of lumber into ~ab;-ioa~ed p1toQ.u~ts Qr · ..f~nl. sMd :parts within' ~nes~ 

~~ates of producti~n, ·' '+h~ tr~ }.a ji J.arge ft\8-nuf~c~ur e o{ _flooring_, !~rn~ ture and auto~obile . pa;rts ~n th~~E( Stat~ ~ . ~is ~c~iv~ty, ... ~s .. .'an 

evidence of t~e ~enqen~:r fowar~l' f~~ricati9n . at'':.t:b:e J!om;c(:l of" supply 

of: the raw ma~er~a~s anq of progress~ng ., integrat~on of manufact-qre 

in the i~dustrr! - ·~ · · · 1 

. The tq,ke ~Fa tcp a~~a, comprising Ohio, Indiana,. I~ linoi.s., · , 

M1chig~, ~iscons~~ · and M!nn~sotar is th~ l _a.rges t ba;.dw'Ood cons~ing 

area 1'in ·the. cqunt:ry be~u.s~ of .the ·many woodwor.kiilg plant~ .. loca~~d in 

~hat area! Michig~~ i~· the largest oon.suming stat~, . . with Illinois, 

~nqian~ anq Qhio a+tern~ting fpr peoond place. The ~ort~ern Div~tion 

~~~~lie$ tht; J;ar.ge~ ~a!'~ 9* the Lake ~~a t.es' c~nsumpt~on, "9f i th the 

Souther;n Ha dwood ~visiqp, beqause of _price, f"l}:rnishing 'the next 

l.arger ~t:t, The Midwc~-tP. rn .A.reat comprised of the .States of Missouri; 

t ' 

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- 30'1-

... ¥~:as as, Iowa-,. NebtA.ska, South: Dakota· and North Dakot a , draws the 

greater part of its hardwood re quirements fro!Jl ·the Southern Division 

because · of its· cheaper .Price·; ·.. · 

· · While · the 1nter-·mountaih ·a r~a~ c ompris ed of the . Sta tes of 

" . ·Montana,· Idaho·, ·wyomi'ng, ~olor ado , J.haJ?, . ri.evada;· ·Ariz ona and e\ Mexico , 

.d-rew ?5 ·per ~€mt ·of its ·tota l consump ti on in 19:39 fror.t the Sout he rn 

Division, in 1932 it drew but 52 per cent from that Division; while 

the Northern Division shipm n~ into. the. B;r ea went un f r om 5 per cent 

·in 1929 to 29 . 1)er cent ·in l932.. This might be· accountetl fo r by a 

. comn·etitive urice ·eff·ort of t he . Northern. Divisi on to market its pro-

. due ti on although, ·. of co-\lrse t it might be t he r esult of a u r eference 

,for a ·patticular ~~e of wood. In _l933 a nd 1934 the Southern Division 

shipped a trifle over 57 per cent of the hardwood c onsumption of this 

ar ea . The Nortliern -Division drouued back t o a little over 8 ner cent, 

and the estern Division went uu to sligh tly over 33 per c ent, a 

material increase over its nercentages of 1929 and 9~2 . This large 

i~cr.ease might have b een due t o the effect of Code prices, as such 

prices .may have encour aged the hardwood c onsruners in that a r ea to 

purchase !!!-Or..c ·stock uroduced within the t e rri t ory. Howev e r, this 

area is a small n~wner of har d ocd. ' I • 

The· cif ~e · Coast · e~ is one in wh ich tho c('nsumntion of hardwood a~ue rs o &e g r o ing . · This i s doubt+ess because of the increase 

in fabrication taking pla ce in t he Pa cific Coast States. While 

Washingt on and Oregon ~raw the .majority .of t hei r hard ood f r om the 

We.stern· Di-vis,itm·;: lif nia ~ecurcs ';the l a r ge r part of its requirements .from the ·s-ou:tnern Divis ion. In 1929 Cal ifornia was de cidedly 

the heaviest consumer;· the shiuments into it being more than twice as 

mu9h ~s into Washington and Oregon •. .. , ... 

Calif rni consum~s mo e r edwood than any other State ; it is 

s~ipped in l~ss~ r · q'uanti ties · to IJJ,,inois , Ind1ana , Michigan, Minnesota, 

New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania , ~ isconsin. In fact some r edwood goes t o 

all States, except thos.e in t e _g.e.ep South and the States in which the 

directJ.y competi tive .-wE:Jod, cynress, ·is ·p r oduced . R dwood is chiefly 

used in pl~ni1:1g · mi·ll produtts, woodwor k , tanks, silos, caskets and 

coffin s . . · I • ~ ~ 

' . . . ... .; . 

Cyuress -i•s· widely dis tri b~t·~d- throughout the South, the East and 

the Centra l Statesi and is-shipped in f~ir quantities to practically 

every State east of th~ Eocky Mounta ins. It was for many year s largely 

used in the nroductfon of do ors, f r ames .and sash, but within the last 

.t wo decade s has i dst much of its' consumption t o Western nine and 

Douglas fir. 

I •N'o·· fi gures a r e a.~a il able t o shovr t~ • destinati on of the imp orts 

of lumber or of f ores't .p r od'uc ts ~nto t he .United Stat es; however, the 

areas are we ll known in whic . n~ speci~~ e used ann it is a r easonable 

ass~pti n that·.- the ·majb):i ty of the imuorts. a r e c onsumed in the a reas 

which :they enter.· · J , 

'• . · . · ,In the year l 98'9 ,i '86','994 M ft •. of fi.r, ..spruce or Wes t e rn hemlock 

logs· were imp orted, ·a ll' wh i~ h c ame from Ca na da . In 1929 , 37,936 M ft. 

of lumber were imported fr om Soviet Russia, and ihile the suecies is 

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not known it can be concluded ·that the majority~ if not all of it, was 

spruce. In 1932 the r~o rts of fir, spruce, or Western hemlock logs 

dr opped from just lli1der 87,000 M ft. to 58,933 M ft., all of which 

came from Canada. 

The imports of softwood lumber also dropped materially in 1932. 

In this year 126,819 M ft. of s Gft,v ood, species not "specified, were 

i mported, of whi ch 125,704 M ft. came f::- om Canada. In add.ition to 

the unspecified s oftwood, the re we re 50,185 M ft. of fir, all of which 

came from .Canada . 

Hemlock l'WI'!ber im:norted in 1932 was negligible, amounting to only 

3, 1'53 M ft.; all' from Canadae The imnortation of snruce li.lmber in 

1932 tota led 125, 698 M ft.,' of whic!l 90,580 ·M ft. ca:me from Canada, 

31,410 M ft. :fr.um Russia, and the r erna inder in small quantities from 

Germany an6 other European c ountries. The · total imports of pine 

lumber in 1'>32 amounted to 45,928 M ft., of "."Thich 43,085 M-ft. came 

from Canadc?c , and slightly over 2,000 ft. from Mexico, the majority 

of the terne.inqer, .587 .M· ft. c oming fr om the 3ri tisn West Indies. 

In 1933, 86,579 M tt. o1 fir, spruce a~d We stern hemlock logs 

w,.,re imported, a ll of which c ame from Ca nFtda . · The volume of unspqcifi~d softwood lumbe r amoun ted to only 4,199 M ft., all from 

Canada . The volume of fir llimber i mported in this year also dropped, 

the t otal oeing 2~ , 729 M ft., most of it from Canada. The imports 

of hemlnck amo-\.mted to only .2,'473 M ft~, all ·of which ' came from 

Canada. The imnorts of spruce increased, the total imports amounting 

to 176,000 IJ ft-. Th~ · 1cinorts of pine· lumber in 1933 increased in 

excess of 100 per <;:ent, 104,066 · M ft; being·· imported·, of which · 

102,626 M ft. ~arne · from Canada, 1,400 M·ft. irom Mexico~ and 26 M' ft. 

fr o~ Trinidad ~nd Topago. -

Th~ imp orta tion of spruce; fir~ or ·Western hemlock ' logs decreased 

materially in· 1934. In that yea r there we re only 1?,340 M' ft. imported, 

of which 17,338 M ft • . came from Canada; the other 2 M ft. came from 

Kwantung. · The. im~ rts or' unspecified . sof twood lUmbe·r in the year 1934 

amounted to 5,237 M ft;.; all of which came ft..,m Canada. Imports· of fir 

lumb e r nn nunted to 4,085 M ft., of which 4,076 M ft. came from Canada. 

Impo:rtg c~· i~emlo ck were only 821 M ft., all of v:rhich ·came from Canada. 

The 5T)Grts of . spruce amounted to l42,26Q M ft., of which 124,088 M ft. 

came f ;·om.Canada and 13,023. M ft. from Russia, · the remainder coming 

fr om otb=;r European co~ tries. The importation . of nine declined to 

~1,194 ~ft. cf which 86,95~ M ft. cam~ fro~ Canada. 

~vanc data, subject to revision, of · the ] ·ureau of Foreign and 

Domestic Conrnerce of 'the Department . of Commer-ce, show ;that in the first 

eight montL > cf 1935 there were imnorted 66,660 M ft. · of fir, snruce, 

and Western hemlock logs, all of which ~me from Canada. In this same 

Peri od 13,865 M ft·. of ·uns-pecified softwoods w~re i4 . .,:> orted·, also from 

Canada. The imoor.ts of· fir lu,.-nber in the fi'r~t nine months amounte·d 

to 53,255 1l ft. from Canada; · imo orts of hemlock 6, 312 M ft., all from 

Canada; imnorts ·of spruce 133,655 M ft. of· which 11,905 M ft. came 

from Canada and 15,855 M ft. from Russia. The imports of pino amounted 

to 70,184 M ft. of which 66,332 .M 'ft. came ·fr·cm Canada. 

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The total imports of softryood lumber declined steadily from 1929 

through 1934. In the latter' year tte sr:Ja.llest amount was i moorted 

for any yeB.r si11ce 192.9·, the .tota l footage being ?-43,597 ~f t. of hich 

approximately 23~,0 0 H ft. vrere snr~ce and nine. 

· The figures for tle first nine months of 1935 show an increase 

over the toted .of the yea r 1934 and a marked increase in t he quantity 

of fir 'imported -- about 53,0C0 M ft. in the first nine months, as 

against 4·,000 M ft. irt the entire year 1934. It is of interest that 

of this 53,000 M ft. only 841 '.1 ft. 'ere irrmorted during the first 

four months of the year. Anuroxima tely 2,400 -~ ft. ente r ed t he 

United States in May, the June, July, August and September imp rt~ 

increasing respectively to apnroximately the following : 9,800 M ft., 

16,500 M ft., 11,700 !1 ft., and 11,700 1~ ft. for Sep t embe r. 

This marked increase from June on can pr,obably be a ttributed to 

two fact.ors: (1) The strike on t he est Cocst hich tied up many 

coa stal mills, and (2) the fact t hc= ... t Canadian shi rmers J.MY hav avoided 

sales ·in the. United $tates during the Code ueri od due to the feeling 

that a quota such a s was establisiled for r ed cedar shingle shipments 

might also be established f or l umber and t hat t his feeling as abated 

after the decision in the Schechte r c? se. 

It is furthe r known t ha.t during t he. summe r of 1935 some 16 cargoes 

moved fron British .Columbia at freig:1t of from $8 .50 t o $9 .00, wher eas 

the Inter-coasta l Conference r a te at tbat time . as 812 per ft. 

The imports of snruce and nine lumbe r pr esent a differen~ picture 

from tha-t of the West Ccias t ood s. ~hil e fir and hemlock ··,e r e declining in volurne du.ring 1932 ~o 19~3 and 1934 the imnorts of' snruce 

increa sed from a nnroxima t el y 1?5, 000 M ft. in 1932 to 176,000 M ft. 

in 1933 and decreased to 142,000 ft. in 1904 . Imuorts of pine in 

1932 amounted to just under 46 , 000 M ft ., increasing to slightly over 

104,000 M ft. in 1933 and decr easing to just 1mder 87 ,000 ft. in 1934. 

- The figures for the first ni ne !:!Onths of 1935 indicate t hat the 

imnorts in ~935 will equal and urobably so.e hat exceed t hose of 1934, 

but will not exceed t he 1934 figures t o the exten t t hat the iMOortations 

of fir and hemlock in 1935 exceeded those of 1934. 

The snecies of soft'l'7ood lumber tha t a r e native t o rrortheastern 

states are anuroximately the same as those found in t he adjacent areas 

in Canada; theref or e the imoorted spruce and pine is highly compe titive 

in the Northeastern territ ory with the native ~o0ds produced in that 

territory, the compe titi on bec oming still mor e accen t uated a s the domestic 

Northeastern and iciported ~oods ent er those a r eas into vhich Southern 

Pin~ · and · the West Coast woods are being shiuped . 

While it. is a fact that s ome of t his imported soft~ood lumber 

moved out of the New England· and New York a r ea , it can safely be concluded that the co.mneti tion _of the southe rn wood 'confines the use of 

the majority of t he imported softwood to tlmt area. Approximately the 

same conclusions are aunlicable to the Lake states and the importations 

of lumber which enter through the Dakotas, Duluth, Suneri or and 

Michigan customs districts. 

9813 
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The eff e ct of t hese imp orts on domestic prices· and domestic 

production canno t be def initely e stablished. It is known, however, 

that imports of f ir and hemlock materially increased in the first 

nine ~onths of 1935 ever the ;rear 1934 , although there was· a combined 

duty and tax of $4 .00 ner M feet in favor of the American wood. 

Com~8ti ti on within the Lumbe r Indus try ·i\self is and always 

h?-s. been .rif e , and a s in many o ther industries has t ended in its 

avaricim,l~ and headlc:mg way t o des troy the . very value it would enhance. 

Wastefu~ felling of· trees, merely t o gecure a more profuse an easier 

cut for c omnetitive ma Y.:ets ~ r egi :onal disputes, :soeci8s· propaganda, .:. 

transportati on problems , stumpage s·' eculati'on, p rice fixing, producti on c ontrol , ove r-capacity, apathy t Dward ·cha ng ing consuner demand, 

tra de associa tion antagonisms and 'ot!'ler competitive factors have all 

helped in. the past t o ensnare the industry in a n'et ··from which the - . . . - Code at tempted t o free it and 'w ith e. modicum of :·success. 

Althqug4 ~orne of th~ for ego ing competitive nractices res orted to 

by· the Lumber Industry in an effort t o hoid' old. bus nes s and gain new 

markets have b een allude~ t o and have b een discussed in other sections 

of this repor.t, it is d e·emed a dvisable t o' ·bririg them · t ogether here to 

focus ~tt ent n solely a·n · t heir bearing ·u:1on c o::rpe ti tion.. These named 

may not b~. -=t COwn lete catal og of t!le nra:ctices a nd con~li ti ons making Up 

the omp le.· ~ comoetitive .field within t' ... e indus try · its e lf but are 

sufficient · ~o r the . 1:mrnose indicated. • ... , J 4 

Perhaps the most importa.n t c omneti ti ve·· nroblem bf the . industry 

prior t o .th2 CoC.e was that having to dowitht he act1.1.-::'1l s a le of the 

products. There was little cooperation we~ n gene ral sale s plans 

and no clearly de fined functi on f or the various types O·f di:stributors. 

Small dealers we r e f ast go i ng into bankruntcy . In ·1933 · s a l e s by sawmilll;l we r e .only two and eight-.tenths t~ me s inventory, whereas in 1926 

they had been four times inventory. Col.l ec ti ons were slow, the elapsed 

time between invoice and collecti on in 1933 being 117' 'days· against 75 

days in 1926 . En.rni,nt:;s for a ssets emoloyecf ve r ·e · the t hird highest of 

.all industri es ~-n .l920, with 89 p e r cent· of' asF:ets employed in that year 

earning a p r cfit; whe r eas in 1932 the industry ea rned a profit on only 

e ight per cent of its assets. 

J us t whe r e the creaking p1achine need ed the· .most grease no one 

knew. ] C;fore t he Code the industr.y was not fliJ) .Y orga.nized, . with only 

a fre.rne"Tork of' wp.rring t~ de organizati ons engaget p rincipally in looking 

after ~lei r oTI-ri legislative r e quirements and }rf E;C::.tlwring statistics of 

the industry. 'rhe ·:process of code formulation a~16. ·code operation served 

.to in t~g~ te t he industry and to encour age a 'mor 8 uemo cratic approach to 

its di:3t:.:T bu.tion p~c;>blems . Under the Coc.e· the in ~.:.l3try attempte;d to 

d efi ne t! ... e chanr~els of distribution. Jus t wl1at ,, <:ts done ar..d. ·Ghe result n the +ef rom ~ discussed in t~er sections cf this rep or t . 

It bas a lready b een p oin ted out that change s in consumer demand 

are to be ogn~z~ d and met , n ot combatted, if c ompe titive markets 

are to be :::·e tained, much less expanded. O:rie might well go a step 

further anL urge that aggress~veness be the order of the day and not 

merely a la issez-faire attitude taken, even though it cannot be denied 

that for certain f orest products recent consumption trends, aggravated 

9813 
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by the depression;, have been discou~a ing t o producers. Perl~ns the 

way to greater he.~ghts fer the industry is t hr ougi.1 clos er cooneration 

among its widely-s·ca t tered and generally inarticulq. te membership, 

wise synchronization of the technological ·imorovement with emnloyment 

needs, increased r~s~(3.rch, and more unified and les, canrici ous 

distribution' methods, to the end that the industry may be a n entity 

in combatting the onrushing tide of extra industry compe tition. 

There are three ,major distribution channels in the Lumber Indu~try, 

namely, the whol-esa ler, the commission salesm n, and the r e tailer. 

In addition, sales are made by sa·'Vmills direct t'o manufa cturers and 

to ret ~~ ers thr_o~h their own sa les devartment, directly f or ext> urt, 

and in other miscellaneous ways. The object of this secti on is t o: 

(a) Deffne and describe t hese major agencies; ( b) t o de linea te their 

competitive activities; ( c) to review pre-code efforts a nd the ir 

results; and (d) to discuss c·ode eff orts a t regula ti on and the results 

of such efforts. 

The Lumber and Timb er Products Code defined the hol e sa l er as: 

11A person activelJ' a nd continuously engaged in 

buy~ng, assembling , or rehandling l umbe r and timber 

p.roducts fror.1 rnanuf c> ctur ers 0r ot he r Tihol esnler s in 

quantity lots and s elling it nrincipal ly t o ~ho esa rs, 

reta ilers and recogniz ed •']hol csal e trare , who rnf' inta ins 

a sa les or ganiza tion f or t h is uuruose . ascume s cr ed it 

risks and such othe r obliga tions as a e i nci dent t o the 

transportati on a nd dist ribu ti on of l umbe r and timber 

products. Wholesal e Ass embling and Dis tribu tine Ya r ds 

as defined in Divisiona l ~u es and Regula ti ons shall a lso 

be 'classed a s whol esa l e rs. 11 

In addition t o the functi ons n e:rf or med by the "lho l esal e r as 

described, certa in wholesal ers likewis e fina nc ed mills and r e tail 

yards. A wholesa l er's organiza ti on ·ill na tura lly vary with the tyne 

and scope o~ his activities. Sor.1e ma inta i n b·uyinr r epres entatives 

or agents in t he producing areas 7hen headquarters a r e l oca ted elsewhere. 

The variation in the type of w· olesal e a ctivity is pa rtially 

due to the develanment in the distributi on channe ls of the Lumber Indus try. In its ea-r-lier years t here er e r el ative ly fe·'l wh0l esalers 

and the~e \7ere in a strong financi a l position. and handl ed a l a rge 

volume of .lumber. The customary operating pra ctice of that day was 

for the wholesaler to buy very l a rge stocks of l umber on contract 

and not infrequently t o contract the entire cut of a number of mills 

for the year. Many times the a rrangement provided f or certa in 

financial assistance and oft en f or instructi on and advice . In that 

day nearly every wholesa ler lk'1.d one or more yards either in the consuming area or at the mills, or both. 

As time progressed and industrial c onditions changed, there 

came into being a r elatively larger number of wholesalers, and buying 

practices changed to the point where t oday · the wholesa ler is in the 

main a financial brok~r and sales~n purchasing units as small as a 

9813 
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car at a time and carrying a r e latively sr.1all." s t ock, if any at all. 

Wholesalers of hllnb e r are located i n all pa.rts of the country , 

the bulk, honeve r, be~ ng east of ti1e Mi ssi ssi pni ver. The princ ipal 

wholesale trade c>ssocie.t i on ; t :1e I~E!Vlona l -~:n erican Whclesale Lumb e r 

Ass ociati on , with neadquarters in ... Te•IIJ' Yor k , hart a menbe:r:-shi p of 573 in 

1928 and approxiP.".a tely 300 in 1934 ancl 1 S36 •. Jhi le e1:e are no 

available statistics, ·t:1.e associati cn es ~imates tl1at in · l 933 there 

were approximately 1, 200 wholesal ers who were n o t mer11bers of that 

association. 

Because of distance fro ~ large cons umi~g e~ s and consequen t 

lack of constant c ontact vrith the buyers, t:1e Do ·.:~g as f::. r nan'J.facturers and the Western pine manufachn·ers use ~e who l esa l e c!1anne l 

of distributi on to a rel tivel~ l arger ex t en t thah d o othe r divisions 

of the LUL'lber- Indus try w:hic:1 are l0ca ted near er t o t he u oin ts cf 

ultiw.ate c onsu..rnpti on . This cond it.ion i s j of ur ~~ b ei_r-.g cha nged to 

some extent through the es t atli BhG'J<.m t ; by t h e.se c- mo ely l oca ted manufacturers in th'= Douglas fir secti on, of .no1 esa.l e distribu t Llg yards 

on t h e Atlantic seaboa.rd. Sh i nr.1ents of Do•.1gl RS fir oy V'I E! t e r through 

the Panama Ca nal t o t h e .Atl2.nti c seaboard :'-la.s ha d a CC'1"Clnuous gr owth 

in volume and in tl is both the hol esP l e r and t l-.e int e rcoast a l wholesale. distributing yar ds !mve ul~yed a l arge pa rt. 

This devel 0um.e.nt in distributi on has· se; iven birth t ·) the problb~m 

of 11 tra.nsi ti:r:g 11 of s <.;,..c:,Cs , c og.niz<>.nce of which Vl"-=tS taken b y the Code 

and outlaVT edo A ~'10 esa :er vro·..1ld undertake t 'J disnose of c ert e.in 

cargoes of 1 um~er c;.f t e r they h!":l.d 1H.:en put in t :r?!ls.i t fr om· t r .. e Vleq t 

Coast. If 1.msuccessful in thj.s e'ffor-+:, eit1 ~ :.n hole c t in T).ar.t, 

the only alternAtive vra s t _o ca :ry thes e uns o ld stocks u-oon ar· iya l 

on trucks or cars, or incur t he expense of yerC. ing i f t he wbole l~r 

had a yard. S t or c=>.g e in cars ~ s :.1sed a t p oi !· '!:;s ·whe r e . cc.:r. ·service 

cha r ge s we r e less than 2.. rd~ ng char-ges , a nJ ~ :i.s na ai'ly tied up 

r a ilr')ad E::quipme:l t·. The . nre ssure to mcvp t:b..ese ,.rnsold s tacks in ·c:r·der 

t o avoi~ carrying char ge s constituted a p r essu:;:e on :.:a .rk:e t prices that 

was unjustified by the volume of these unsold stocks as rel a t e d to 

t otal consULilpti on. 

There also a r ose the practice o: consie ning stocks to the retail 

yards t o be paid f or when s ol d. Thi s also 'v'as outl awed. under the 

Cod e as it was held t hat it ~~ s unfa ir t o t h e s mall producer h~ w~s 

unable to cope wi t h t h is t :loe of c orrme ti t ion. 

The outl e ts of t he wholesc.l er are the r etailer, t !le industrial 

buyer, the r ailroads , gover nment (st te and munic i pal) purchasers, 

and to s ome ex.tent the nt ractors~ . T!le first u~ vre r e generally 

rec ogni zed in the Lu:::!lber Industr y prior t o t he Code as legitir1a.t e 

custome r s of t he ·,7holesa le g r oup. The r e :1Ps alvmys been some question 

as t o whethe r the ,co.ntra ctor wP s the l eg itimate custome r of the vrholesaler cr of the r etailer and ar·ou11d this point developed the difficulty 

in t he Code perion of defining what c onsti'tuted '\'7!->.o l esa le trade , as 

well as the effect of t he wholesaler uucn t he Cooe and of the CodP, 

upon the wholesaler. 

9813 
-214-

There are no available statistics as to the actual quantity 

of the-industry's production thEl.t is mar keted through the wholesaler, 

but according to the National American Wholesale Lumber Association it 

has been for yea rs estimated that this movement can conservatively be 

placed at 60 per cent. 

In the earlier days of the industry, and even yet to a very 

considerable extent, the wholesaler of lumber who would buy mill stocks 

or large quantities of lumber and yard and classify such ffiP_terial and 

then sell, had a Vt!:"rY importcmt place in the industry. He is still an 

important factor but does not dominate the movement of lumber from 

manuf9.cturer to retailer e s in the pa st. 

The commission s a lesman is a very valuable sales outl e t for 

many lumber manufa cturers. They are probably more al ble when they 

represent one or more comnanies uroducing diff erent nr oducts, for they 

provide a sa les outlet for t i.1os e comnani es a t much less cost than a 

wholesaler or a s a les organization financ ed by the comnany or companies 

themselves. On the other hand , the o~~ is i on sqlesman who a cts a s a 

buyer 1 s agent and uses his 1rnoVTledge of a producer's stock t o bea t 

down the price is a comnetitive f a ctor that is ver.r detrimental to the 

industry at large. 

Numerous cooPerative activities on the part of lumber m~nufacturers , 

like organized collection bureaus , t e interchange of mill prices and 

the publication of association price l ists and dis count shc>e ts, have 

in the past t ended t o c hec_<: cor~metitive fluctuations in the wholesale 

markets. The same is true of va ri ous infor mal local agreements and 

othe_r attemp t s tr maintain uniform urices. The e.ffect of such forms 

of coopera ti on Elmong lumber producers has been exceedingly va riable 

qoth in different regions and a t different times . It has depended upon 

the number and financia l strength of the plants cone rned, thP. quality 

and volume of their output, pr essur e of timbe r land inv stments to 

increase mill capa city t o ma i nt a in con ti nu.ous ur oduc ti on , the manufacturing conditions to be met, like t he necessity fo r prompt shipment of 

some species and gr ades of lumber, and the cond iti on of t~ e market . 

Cooperati on has usually been mor e ef fe c t ive whe n the demand f or lumber 

is strong and pric~s are rising , ·and h"'ts largely been ineffective when 

- -opposite conditions nrevail . This ~as exactly the condition prevalent 

for some time pri or to the Code . 

To just hat extent dishonest and deceptive grrtde manipulations 

or subs ti tutionz, t he .r a ising of invoice , and similar nefari ous prac-

.t.ices prevailed in the wholesale me rchandising of l umbe r and timber 

products is undet ermined . Perhaps of the t ot a l volume of lumber sold 

daily. a relatively sma ll nroportion is subj ec t t o such practices, 

altLsue;h it is gene r a lly admitted t!l.nt n gr ea t volUJ!le of lumber passes 

through a nrocel!!s called the 11 e thica l 11 bl nding of grades. Such 

practices obviously not only cheat the custome r but tend to disrupt 

the market locally by establishing a fictiti ously lo price f or the 

grade which has been manipulated. 

9813 
· -::nsTh~re have be~n ... manr c;on.certed , effo:;.~:ts in the · -on:t:i t ·by assoc i ationG 

of lumber retailers ~parp. te~y or ~n cor,.:j·L:.J.l::ti on wi t }l:. manufa~; turers 

to crntrol the omnet~t_{6),a qf '"7LlOle<?alc!'S by · a flclass':lf:i.cation 11 of 

the trade . These c~a3~~f:~ ,0- tior:s we re :n A- ialJ.~r effectl\·e, t'Doug h 

sub j~ct to maJ;ly J oca.l exc..;au t:i vrJ8 &!ld ya:t:Lat:i.ons. Just TJd.or to t h e ' ..,.r T • 

Cod 8, hC"'7€-Yer; while ~ne. d.ic"ta ses of 11 t.r·8de ethi csH ·. ns · bet1"re en wholesale!' and !etail ~r' 0'ei: ~'-\:\ t"iL:. r eCO(;l'!ized to e ext er"t , t hr.: trend 

was away from r Gstrictions upon c ornJ;eti tion. 

Th'is attitude of at least a n~gative regul2tory me chanism of 

the wholesaler is "Yetnpl ified. in ille.ny ways" Tc;J:a .for instance the 

retaliati on of l:olo'saJers ac-aingt ;!.'e'taile .cs vrh.o bou r:b C.irec t from 

millr, . Wholesalers, as an· offsst of t h i::; l a ttt-:r·-day .-;r·actice of 

retai 1 deF.lers, became profic"len t in 1 ook '..ns · a:te::: t!JG n0eds Jf the 

contra ct o:-, whose purchases, inci cEm tall:>-·, had cecome g :teater than 

those of the master ca roent<3r• , 'l'})e bitterest kina · of corrru eti tion • ' J 

betwc:>en the wholesale::..1s a:n.d ret? :lers e~1su d. The Lr::t .. be r ,.Indus try 

itself, r epresented at b P- ;;t l.Jy loo3e ly f8d.erated ass·c :'t? t"ions~ wP ·· ~n 

no position to fr am ~ ei t·~e r l oca l or na t~ona. l reg;1la ti ons, much' les rn 

to ca rry out -punitive mea.sures ~ 

In genera~ , but . \7i t-'10ut ) ~m i t a t:i.on, ··t::te above-cited;. at teirm ts at 

regulatirm IJf 'w le~FI.lE' 1J:"aC t i.9eS brings t1liS t ype r-f eff r t in the 

Lu..11b'12 r ·rndustry d ·Vm · t · i;.b.~ . ti·r~1e ')f · C· d. e c :nference·s. ·c ..., de ~ff"' rts at 

regula ti "ns Mid \ he ir :r~suit s are d.i sc1..1.S serl iilli:;e'd·ia tely after the 

foll owing discuosl n r f ·.1'8 -C ""de eff""rts at r egulati•ti ih the r e t a il 

trace. In acd.iti~"n t - "'ther. s ··urces C·)dt,l l!.cn.rLl s and the· ~" dal 

histl") ry of t he indu~t ry C"nta1ned :i.lluminac ing · ii:'lf nrmati ol:{ on this , subj ct. 

. :··. 

The retail 1 umber dealer: was d a fineP,- under · the Retai-l LUP.lber 

Code as: 

' . 11A ners-:n who maintains e.n ed0c;U=i t.e nni n e'tmaneht : 

plant or plants which a re pr pe~ly q~j~o0d £ rr s~fvice t o 

the pu'JJ ic, -;l' i th rffice,. wi ti.1 str ro.g~, ;yard. )r ·wr..r·eX:ouse, kept 

ope.n during business u.r s, .wl. th .s· .·,;h l:·.arrd.l:i..1c.g fn.cj.li ·· ~J es and 

sales servtct?- a~ are . !l1'Tl:::'~S'i.J.ra te ,.,i (.h t he · ~atute ·· .f · the bus iess~ an¢1. v1ho carri e s a ,..lffic cn~ ·st')ck of lumbe'r and building materials. (frJ r ·che pu::-po s~· ...... f s elDng a.t r d t.ail in small 

or large quanti ti c:s· anci .n o t f r·r his ')lvn c r nsumpti 'Jn) ·to supply 

the gener al r·eq_Uil' cffi8n ·cs nf the C'Jll :::'i.:iil~ ... ty. II 

In t he early days t:b..e . reta i l E?I' ' s ~s i ti nn wn.s much more definitely 

fi.~ed and in a very much. br ""a.d.e r fie:d thar:. at t l1e present time . Up 

until r ecent yea~: s the retn.lle.r su:o'l)lied "Olr.c ticaJ.ly all of ~:b e h .1....11ber 

requirements f!f th0se l')cated i n h~ s trad e c?.r0a or vicinity, arid the 

UsGr of lumbe r in pract:·~ca. ll y any q_uanti t y C..eal t with the re tEd.l c: r a s 

the only s nurce of his hlm-ber ~up:oly. As ~oe t1. ti'm . increase d 

betvreen mjlls and mill s e lL;1g agencies or rep r- essnta tives, this representative positi on f the e~~iler .jn st ~~~ an ities was destroyad 

and , gener·a lly, he iG n nw t he su"O·ol i e r of h unbe r in only small quanti ties. 

9813 
-216-

A contract nr ,. a builder, 0r: _a.n individual 0wner er-n templa ting 

the erecti on cf even one structure that may use as littl'e as 0ne 

carlr·ad of lumber (apDrC'ximately 20.000 feet) w"uld be s0licited tn 

buy this lumber frnm nther than the l ocal retail lumber dealers. As 

quantities needed wnuld increase, the prnspective purchaser wnuld 

have 0ther channels 0pen tn him thr,...ugh which his wants ct")uld be 

supplied. 

The manufacturers nf lumber and 0ther distributive agencies 

rec 0gnize,. hnwever, that the reta iler rf lumber ha s a very imoortant 

part in the industry. Practically every ~"'mmunity, hr ever small, 

has had s0me .type "f retail lumber sunply nffered t " it even th0ugh 

this lumber supuly might have been carried .simply as a side-line t n 

other merchandising activities. 

There are approximately 23,500 reta il lumber dea lers in the 

Uni te·d States. They handle a grea t many materials ther than lumber; 

h nwever, the latter representi abnut 72 ne r cent r- f their t ntal 

business. 

In the reta il lumber business c"nsider a ti "n must be g iven t ,.. 

the different kinds nf etailer and ret il esteblishments, primarily 

from the standncint "I t he ma chinery ...,f the c0ntrnl t")f such unit. It 

was rec ognized that a very c"nsiderable Maj0rity "f the . e r etail 

dealers were 0wned, ntr lled and "perated as indenendent ect")nomic 

units. It was als n r ealized that t her e we r e a C"nsiderable number nf 

retail yards, especially in certa in ~ectinns f t he c "untry, which 

are knc:-wn as 11 line yards. 11 These yarcls, r ang ing fr0m t n in number 

upward, are 0perated und er 0ne management ith buying and selling 

methods, credit p nlicie , and ther e lements being c0ntrolled by a 

commcn head and generally upifnrm in pr a ctice in ach of t e C0nstituent yards. St")me of t hese 11 line yards 11 gr runs are purely r etailer organizati ons with activity ba sed Primarily uu0n the buying ' 

and the selling nf t he products t ·" ur0duce a prnfi t f r r the ..., ners. 

Other groups of 11 line yards 11 were established by manufac turers whnse 

principal motive was the setting up of reta il r• utlet~ f nr the pr,.,ducts 

of their nwn sawmill and manufacturing nlants. Other "line yard 11 gr 0ups, 

smaller in number, we re reput ed t 0 be l a r gely cnntrnlled by wh0lesalers 

of lumber, and again in practica lly every instance the actuating mntive 

was t o supply distributi 0n cent er s and rutlets f t") r certain if not all 

of the products controlled by the particula r wh~lesale r. 

In the field nf reta il distributi 0n t he C"~"' perative gr '"'ups have 

also grown un within the uast f ev year s. Lumber, as nne f the 

products needed by many 0f t he individual membe r s of these co0peratives, 

became one of the prnducts handled, and in the secti nn 0f the United 

States where the c r·,.mera ti ve !!Jrvement has gained the m"s t gr ound, it 

was not uncnrrnnon t o find lumber yar ds cr·nnected with the nther activities 

of the CO"peratives, which, of c t")urs e, primarily cnnsisted nf the marketing 0f uroducts nf the membe rs and the purcha. ing r- f thnse a rticles 

0f commerce mnst c0mmnnly used by them. 

9813 
- 217-

These various ~ypes Jf reta il distributi on units naturally c~me 

int0 omp etiti n with one anotbe r. It can r eadily be seen that the 

small independent u~be r ya rd located in a rural or urban c0rnmunity, 

being compelled t o purchase its material as a single "Unit, would 

find itself at a disadvan t age in selling when it came in cornpe titi nn 

with a "line yard 11 Unit whe r e the lumber fnr that unit had be en purchased as a part of the quantity needed f nr the supplying of several 

similar and allied yards. Aga in competiti on would be f a ced from those 

ya rds controlled by the manufa cturers who would not need t o calculate , 

in his final costs, at lea·st cne intermediary step. The cornpeti ti on 

of the cooperative nrganizati ons with the retailers would not, of 

course, be particularly effective unless the co0pera ti ve orga.niza ti on 

was of sufficien.tly br0ad coverage t o include a considerable -p rti ~"~ n 

of the rural users of l1unber. 

In considering retailers thought must be given ~ the differences 

between the retail lumber yard in the urban c nminuni ti·es and the 

reta il lumbe r yard in rural c ommunities. Not only dnes the first 

class of lUI!lber yards have h igh r ents, high wages and high invent ories 

t o ~" ntend with, but they must als0 be in a p r> siti'?n t o extend consider~ble credit and t8 make deliveries rver an extensive field. On 

the r.ther band, lumber yards. 1:- cate'd in rural '~ mmun i ties have rents 

and wage scales nsid rably l owe·r than the u·rban yards, and generally 

speaking they are not r equired t r. deliver their merchandise and 

naturally are n0t r equired ~ carry particula rly large st0cks. In 

many c·f .the rura l yards their business has devel ··ped in later years 

t 0 pr ~tic~:q ll . a cash and carry basis. · .. . . . 

The channels r:f dis tri buti G'n discussed ab ove relate particularly 

~ the softw0!ds and, t ., a limited extent, ~ me nf the more commonly 

used hardwnnds, but the pr0ducti on, sale and use ~" f the principal hardwo ods dirfer ~" materially fr nm the softwoods that a specialized service 

of distributi on grew up f or this particular species. 

Important i_n· the busfness of the retailer ·of lumber were the 

vari ous and constantly growing number -and character of pr ~" ducts competing with lumber. The retai-ler has been compelled to carry competing 

products and many ot he r substitution products. His stncking of these 

items was made as easy as p0ssible,- as !IIlaturally the manufacturers or 

distributors of any products ~mpe ting with lumb er were anxi nus to 

have these om:Pe ~ tive ar:ticl'es as· widely distributed as p ossible. 

The re~ai:l, trade ·is r nughly divided· into t wc cla sses. The first, 

c ommonly ca lled 11 r·etHil sales 11 'Jr ag ~"~ n trade" constitutes the small 

transaqtirms incident t r: the · current demands ·C' f the c0mmuni ty fnr 

small j ob wnrk and repairing. Such sales are, by and large, made under 

far less ·comnetiti C' n than the large sales f ·the sec ond class. Efforts 

at their regulati on, theref<·re, have been less imp 0rtant and correlatively . less attendant with aify acti ~" n iri that directirm. 

The sec ond 'broad class r, f retail ·trade is that commonly called 

"estimate," 11 bill sales, If r:r "c ontract business." These are the larger 

sales such as hcuse sales,· special ccntracts, etc., which are made 

usually u-o on cmrmeti tive quo-tati ons or at fixed discounts t o contractors 

and carpenters who are in the habit of dealing exclusively with ~ne 

9813 
- 218-

c r·ncern. It is r,bvi r. us that this defini tir n inherently contains 

regulatory measures respecting quntatirns and disc"unts. 

Under the Retail Lumber Code it was h rped that a b ntt 0rn cruld be 

placed under retail prices by the development ~f industry c~st data 

and the de terminati on f the -called mnde cf these sts in eaoh of 

the 32 divisi rns cf the retail trade. 

In the early applicati~"n of this principle it was printed nut 

by the retail de ale rs that certain costs rf handling lumber ere relatively the same. ' Tnm . group of cnsts were generally classified as 

yard and delivery exnenses, and the ther ry was that it cost the 

retail lumber dec>.ler just as much uer th"usA.nd feet t r unload, yard 

and deliver a grade and size lumber that C"st ~20 ner thrusand feet 

as it did a grade and size ~" f lumber c,.. sting much more . 

The Administrati~n accented the vie of the retA.il dealers and 

s rught t ,... establish a comn csite m~ l mark-up c 0nsisting ~" fa flat 

price f~"r yard and delivery c ,.. sts varying essentially rnly in acc" rdance 

with the different minimum wage r a tes specifi ed in the C de, and the 

additi onal ~"sts e re then t " be exnre~sed in a percentage of mark-up 

on c ost of the lumber nlus freight. This added a further c .... mnlicatinn 

t o the devel ~pment of a minimum ~" r flo ,.. r selling nrice f0r lumber at 

retail. 

The maj ority of the reta il deale rs r eacted fav rr ably t o the gene r al 

applicati nn f the Code provisi ons establishing nr seP.king t o establish 

minimum retail price~, but there as considerable uncertainty by the 

deale r as t o exactly what he ~"U ld qunt e , hich as increas.Jd by difficulties expe rienced by the Code Auth rity f r the Lumb er and Timber 

Products Industri es in their attempt t r r egul a t e and t 0 establish the 

prices at which the retail ea rs could purchase the ir supplies. 

There was the bjecti n by strictly a~h yards t hat they should 

n ot be compelled ~ include in their sellin~ price a percentahe cal- · 

culated un on the c nst 0f dealers wh ~ were r~yuired t n maintain expensive bo0kkeeping and credit departments. Thes e matters we r e again 

apparently satisfact0rily adjusted by negnt!ati nns bet een NRA and the 

C~de Authority f or the r etail dealers. 

As the r esul t nf these vari rus adjustments it was necessary t n 

again establish a mndal mark-up and t " specify the anplicatinn of 

its various fact ors in such ~anner as would nrk as fe~ inequities as 

p ossible. This basis was established by ~" rder of the Administrator 

carrying f orward t n March 1, 1935. It was r ecognized in the industry 

that the establishment f the modal mark-up did increase many of the 

prices and did materially stabilize the reta il prices r f lumber. 

There seems t o be no doubt that selling direct t n cnnsurners by 

the mills and by the wholesalers increased during the codal peri od, 

which was undrubtedly br0ught about by the discount of eight per cent 

t o the wholesaler as suecified 1n the Code and by the modal mark-up 

which left such a large snread between the wholesale or mill nrice and 

the retail ~1 rice that the mill and wh0 l esaler c ould well afford t o cornpete f or retail busine ss, particularly with the limited demand. The 

9813 
- 219-

ba~ing point system ~nd delive r ed price~ had the e ff ect 6f increasing 

truck transn rtat n as distributors attempted t c r egain l ost gr ound 

and even t o secure a l a rger margin nf nrofit. 

Unfortunately there a r e ~ compr ehensivG statistics, either 

r eliable or otherwise, availabl e as t o the quanti ties c:f J.u:nber 

handl ed by who l esalers cr r e t a ilers •. Acc nrding t n a r ep c:rt nf the 

DenartmE:nt 0f .Agriculture t he .. i ntrea:.sing nuinb er nf who lesa l ers in 

the middl e we st during the first decade of t~e 20th century caus ed a 

t~hrinkage cf fr om 50 t o 60 per cent ~n t he ave r age volume 'Jf lumber 

handled by each wh ol esal er.· It is further -o 'Jinted nut that the same 

ove r-expansi on occurred in l umbe r r e t ailing . 11By i900 Nebraska had 

a retail yard f or ever y 1, 485 pe0ple; ~wa a yard fr.r 1,600 people; 

and Illinnis, outside 0f ChieF-g o, a yard f or 1,720 penple. Frnm 1900 

t o 1915 the numbe r of yards in thes e three states increased on the 

average nearly 26 -o e r cent a lthnugh their populati nn increas ed but 

7 pe r cent." 

In view f the fact that the ner ca.p i ta consumpti cn of lumber 

reached its zenith .in 1906 at 525 f ee t, and steadily decreased until 

1029 when it am unted t n only 275 f ee t, and plumbed the depths t o. the 

l ow of 95 f eot in 1932, increasing t :> 110 .fe e t in 1934, it is readily 

underst~ndable that with the increas e in the nUr r of units in the 

industry the. compe titive situati on in the vari 0us distrib"t~ti n 

channels increa"Sed tr enendously. :Although there was a .comparatively 

large VOl ume 0.f lumber C:Jnsumed from 1the year 1926 through 1929, the 

nri~e trend in the ma.j 0ri t y of i terns was downward; and while nrofi ts· 

r etr eated in both t he wh~lesa e a nd r e t a il branches of the industry, 

emnloyee s of many companie3 broke away and established either retail 

yArds, wholesale ousinesses, or wen t int ~ cnmmissi on s elling, and all 

of them o~k away srrne of the business nf the ir rm r employers and 

mat~rially increased the compe titi on in the vari r:us distributi on · 

channels. This trend was growing steadily in the early part of the 

en tury and continued t o increase until probably 1930, when the - . economic nressurP of the depressi cn caus ed' many who . had been engaged 

in lumber distributi on t o s eek he r cati ns. 

. The large man1uacture rs of lumb er have shown a decided tendency 

over quite a l ong peri od f years t c sell their nr duc~s direct t hr ough 

their own sa l e s or ganizati on t 'J r e t a il ers, railroads and industrials, 

and other large consumers of lumber, and, whil e it ~~s been estimated 

that wholesa lers handle approximat ely 60 per cent of the lumber nro~ 

duced, this figure cannot be substantiat'ed f or all producing areas. 

Direct s e lling by the large mills t n the r e t a il e rs has, f orc ed many 

wh esale rs ~ ~e ek othe r outlets, and they have been s elling increa sing 

~uantities of lumber t o cnntract ors, b oth large and sma ll, and the 

3ma ll contr~ct r, particularly, has been considered by the r e tailer and 

many others engaged in the industry as t he sales outl e t of the retailer 

alone. 

Al thougl: there hc>.s been this t end€ncy of the l~rge manufacturers 

to ~ell their nroducts thrf') ugh their "wn sales or ganizati ons, the 

part played by t he r e tailers, whol esa l ers and c0mmissi on sal esmen of 

l~ber in the distributi nn of lumber is a vitally important cne f or the 

indu~try, and the sales volume of the industry is dependent t o a maj or 
- 220-

ext ent on these outlets, for without the close con tnct vri th the c onsu.ner 

that they <'fford , th ~ lRtt e r woul·d ·s0ek anC. purchesc , to an even ~ater 

e?Ctent than h e doe s todpy , substitutes·for lumb er products. Decreased 

volume of consumption and SEll e of l umb e r ~auld 1ncre c>s e the p er thous;:md 

feEt cost's and 1J~ ic es , ond thus nyr r·mid the compe titive dis?dvc.>nte .., e . 

';Jh ile mRny r etFilt;rs handle substitutes and met t: rials that are conme titive V'lith lumber, the whole~E!ler end cor.unission man almost invariably 

hr.mdles" l ur:1be r or timber ·p r oducts a lon-e , and his existence is based 

u~on his ab ility toJdis-p.osc of the·se p r oducts. 

The tr€mendous increase in 7the faciliti e s of the t e l egr Fl ph·c:md 

telephone CO 'TIPE!n i es, :as .well as· the distribution of mail through the 

most r emote ereas, has brought the lumper manuf~ctur rs into much 

clos E:r t ouch with the r e t ,'lil yprds a:!;i well as 1 i th the ul ti ·nate consumer of l umo£r :omo has permitt e d the nurcha s er to ·comJJJUnicn t e din .. ct 1117i th thE:; seller vri thout hPvin<, to g o through thr:; me&i- Ill of t h e 'nolesaler. All of these ch~n~es in thE:: con o~ic li! oi the netion have 

enor mously increAs ed the co ~:;; tition betwet- n t hE:; v a rious distributors 

of for e st products. 

· One of the cc>rli e st nrobl e:,ns t h8 t t 1c LUJ.abe r Code A thori ty had 

to solvE:; WPS that of t e uosition of t h • h ol esal r in c onne ction with 

thi's Code . VJith f ew excep fi on·s tht- .r:ene r ul t r .ns in t he: jurisdic+ional 

clause descrioinp, ePch ciivisi un unde r h~ Code aid not include v'h olesc>lers or di tributor s . The \:; AG G1Jtions mh ich i ncluoc d h ol esal e rs end 

distr ibutors VJerL: :rhc Ha rch·ooc I'lv .!. s.L on; t nt- ~.hol~:.s, l e Distributors 

__ ivision ( o l'li ill vor k); th e p· r~ d ·o...:. , Snack , ::; r ? t e ?. nc Tr?y suodivision 

of the Wood en Pncka~e Divi~i n; the Oek rin , Di vis.Lon; c>nd the 

Veneer Division. 

·vi ith the exception of the riefini t i on o~· h ,,,nol r8 l e r pr e viously 

quot~d which occur~ d in' Se ction 1 (c) o -. Sche0ult 3 , c:; nd r ef e r ence in 

Section . 2 of Schedule :a as f o ll ovrs , t ne r e is no 1 rtn ••r r e i r nee to 

whol e sP l e rs: 

9813 

"Section :? . 'dhol e s a l e rs. :rl e Lumb r v•hol E: s l e r is 

a n economic I e.ctor in th E: dis tri u t1 on of lumbe r ?nd it is 

recognized thRt ~:. is entitl e d to compensati on for nis distribution s e rvice s . 

11 (?) E?ch division and each subdivision thro h its 

designat e d pgencv shPll e stC'blish for its .n~rnbe rs ano I ile 

with the Authority a sche dul e of mBY-imum discounts to bolesRlers fo r distribution s e rvices. 1rade d i sc oun s wn n anproved_ by the Authority sh l l r emFlin in r'i ect until changes 

are ppproved by it. 

11 (b) AsP condition of the r;rant . of •"holts ale di,counts, 

the wtloles ol e r shE~ll not r eb?t c or all o1'1 eny pert of t r c:>de 

discount to pny customer, or "'ell or offer to ll eny item 

of lumbe r or timber 1_)r ocucts under the minimum orices established. PS provided in t b iS COde 1 e).Ct:pt to enotht;;r rohol 8-

sale r o'r manufacturer; anci he shall c onform to a ll. nrovisions 

of this cocie , c> s theJ ap-ply to him in the sale anc distr ibut ion of each snecies. 
-221-:-

And ~nder Section 5 are included certain discounts and terms of 

sal e to ::;overn transactions 11i th nhol esal ers. 

Except for these r eferences to t he vrholesaler the C_ode contains no 

provision for inclu~ion of jUl~isdiction over Tiho lesalers except for the 

few divisions pr eviously mentioned 1rhich incb.,_ded distributors 1mder 

their jurisdiction. 

Shortly after the Rd p~io n of the L~mbe r and Timber Products Code 

is was conceded that t he wholesaler r; were not bound by the rules and 

regulations established ~e e·under. 

The Retail Lumber Co de , nhen written, contaiped a section which 

encompassed jurisd.iction of all carload busine ss, but n-hen it was 

sought to put this into effect such a stern~ .of protest arose from consumers and lurnb ernen alike t hat this article was stayed, and during the 

life of that Code although co nsi<ierabl e discussion. was had on this sub-

_ject, tho stay nas never }_ift ed and, accordingly, jurisdiction over all 

mill sales of carload shipments of lumb.er r emained under the Lumber 

and Timber Products Code. 

The definition of v:holesale trade ancl jurisdiction over wholesalers 

continued t_o be a p robl em to .the ind.ustry -throughout the life of the Code. 

For a gr eat many years p rior to the Code various committees and 

individuals '7i thin the industry had been Ho r l::: ing on plans for a definition o.f nholesale trade. Aft er the signing of the Code all activities 

11ere conbined and on A:9ril 3, 1934 the Code Authority, at a public 

hearing, Sl..'.bmi tted certain proposals bearing on this question as Amendment No . 68. A complete record of t his proposal as submitted and the 

obj ections t~oreto is cont a i ned in the Transcript of Hearings in the 

NRA files, ~1e text of v:hich is too leng thly to discuss specifically in 

this chapter. It is s11fficient to remark t hat they incliJ.ded complete 

definitions and jurisdictional delineations for the entire Lumber Industry , and uould have effected a rigid system of distribution f1 OIYl t he 

producer t h rough the wholesaler to the reta iler and then to the consumer, 

and wo1..ud have eliminated any possibility of cutting unnecessary distribution costs. In fact t hey uould have added materially to the price of 

lumber to t he consuoer. 

lifunerous details of this plan Here questioned or objected to by 

the National Recover.t Adininistration, but the principal objection was 

to the establishment of t he rigid distribution system, which would have 

meant the elinination of nholesalers who had for many years past sold 

direct to consumers and contractors. 

As a result of a plea to the National Recovery Administration in 

July , 1934, by the Lumber Code Authority that conditions in regard to 

the distribution of lumber had becone so involved that action must be 

taken on the d.istri but ion problem, the National Recovery Administration 

drew up a compromise solution with t he provision t hat this would be approved only if the vrholesalers 110ulcl. agree to accept the plan and come 

under the Lu~ber anQ Timber Products Industries Code as a wholesale 

9813 
division . 

a cting f or 

att emp t to 

- 222-

The National American m1olesale Lumber Dealers Association, 

t he nhol esal srs, r efucoed to accept this CO;"'lpror.lise and the 

s e t t l e t he nholssale question again failed . 

HavinG failed t o obt a i n approval of this plc.n, on .JulJ 18 , 1934 

the Co de Au t hori ty submit ted a111endments 75 , 76 , and 77 , v1ltich proposed 

t he establishnent of a 1.-:--hol esal e division in the Lumber and mimber Products I n<3.ustries Code to malce effec tive and bind the :rholesalers to 

t h e cost pro t e ction featur es of Article IX • . Amcndoent 77 proposed a 

new defini t i on of who l esale trade nhich TVas unsatisfactory to many 

Tiho l e saler yrotestants at the public ~earing . 

On April 3 , 1935 the Code Anthori ty submitted Amond.T'lent 78 , again 

p rop osing a distri bution 9lan uhich , uith fc1 minor exceptions Tias 

t he sar.1e as that p r oposed in AI!lend.rnent 68 . 

The Code Authority finally submitted A.1-:1 endnent 85, nl:ich again 

outlined nholesale trade racticall~.r the sam0 as the other subnissions. 

As i n the other c&ses c ited abov the obj e ctions raised b the rational 

Recovery Administration and protestants coul d not e reconciled and the 

amendments ·nere not ap )roved • 

. atters thus stood, unti t::~ eli 1ina tion of tho Codes, 'lith tL1e 

uho l es'1lers sell ins ore and rr1.ore i n co•1n0ti t ion Tii th the r.tills and 

ni th t:1e retailers tr_rough t he n0 ice of cut tin, n :.'ic s '· ·h ile acting as 

a shi elct for ·1c;..;J.Uf a cturcrs 11 10 , ... e r e violatin.; t .e Cod•J . This undoubtedl y p l ayed e. lorg e pnrt in br eaking ciom1 Code -o ricos and the Code . 

981 3 
•' 

- 223-

CEAP'TER V 

FUTURE STUTIIES 

The :9urpose of this chapte r is threefol d_. ~: First, to set out _the more 

important sou rces of serial statistical da t a ; se cond , t o describe briefly 

and evaluate each source 1.ccording to its r PSt'>-arch va lue; and third , to 

point out acl.cti ti nnal serial data t hat WO'.l.ld con t ribute greatly to a be tter 

underst D.Ilding of the i ncl.ustr y and its 1·12nifold ·JrobleJlls. This bibliogr aphy 

is not exh ust ive be cause of t he limited time a lloted for its .corn~) letion 

~nd 1~ust not be considered as othe r t ha n a p relimina ry guide for future 

resea rch. 

A. DESCRIPTIGN OF SGURCES OF SERIAL STATISTICAL DATA FOR THE LUHBER .Al"'m 

TIMJ:tER PRODUCTS IiiDUSTRY 

Serial st a tistical data for t ile Lumbe r Industry can be classif ied 

into eleven major group s Tihi ch include: st nnding t-imber, number of mills, 

~)r duct ion, shipments and stock s, l a bor, d.istribution, tr ns~o ortation, 

costs,and finance, tax:es , p rice s , a nd gr ades. Series of data pertinent 

to ea ch will be eli scuss ed in the above orde r a nd will be trea t ed in .as 

chronological a ma....'1. ~- er as the material will lJermi t. 

In genera l, the a vailable ta covering many of the sub j e cts are 

meager. Jn other instances <='Ill apparent abundance of informa ti.on is only 

supe rf·icial a s either the covernGe ,is p oor or the same bc:tsic sources have 

been used ~y s everal sta t i stic-gathe ri ng agencies, ea ch of whom revise 

the dat a a ccording to h is particular .ideas or to suit. spA cia~ purpose s 

for which the informa tion is to be used. 

I n t he p receding cha;)_t e r_s there has been eA."J)lained the widespread 

geogr f.lphi cal location of t h is ndu str~' with its multiplicity of small 

units. :Because of t he l a ck of adequat e bookkeep ing records in these small 

units most of the statistics of this industry a re based on the rep orts 

from the large units 'Vhich are of course rela.tively f ew in number. while 

the se units represent a large p rop ortion of the total productipn, estimates 

based on an unknown shifting quantity, (tpe number of small mills op erating and their :o roduction) must lh.) made to obtain a tot a l for the industry; 

or this small mill )r uction disregarded. Either method makes the figures 

of doubtful.va lue. 

All s econdC>.ry sources have been elimina t ed in the references cited 

in this descrip tion and the a ccompanying charts, P.xcep t in such cases as 

additional information ha s been ado.ed or a new form of lJresentation had 

been Uped. 

1. Standin? Timber . 

. . Statistica l dat a concerning st a:1ding timber omnot be ta2cen. currently 

and is not currently a v['!.i l ab le, only one se ries h~ving been found, 

The Forest .. Service, of :the u. S. Dep?-rtnent of Agriculture. 

The Forest Service had published annual da ta since 1920, covering 

average log and stumpage ·:_Jrices for each of the more p rominent s::_J ecies 

9813 
-224-

and for each St ~te , as well as summary tables~ 

stat istics is actual stumpage and log sales from 

United States as reported to the FQre~t Service. 

The basis of these 

all parts of the 

The log prices are on a delivered basis which includes all costs 

of transrorting the log from the forest to the mill . In some instances , chiefly withl. the mo~e r are species such as Ame rican WR.lnut , 

the cost figures cited · are not true cost of the log alone . As a 

r esult · compi rability of prices does not necessa rily exist between 

different lccalities utilizing the same specie. 

2. Number of Hills 

Prior to 1904 the Decennial Census of the United St~tes reported the number of mills covered in its canvass. Annually since l9C4 

the Bureau of the Census 2nd the Forest Service have published number of mills data in conjunction with vol~me of lumber production. 

The data gathered by the t~o sources are comn8rable , as in 

format ion gathered in the Decennial Census has been made use of in the 

annual report. Houever , complete coverage was not obtained in the 

annual r eport as questionnaires were mailed only to known operating 

mills. 

Complete coverage has not been attained in ei he r compilation , 

as statistics are quoted for only those mills doing an annual business of $5 , 00 or ~ver pe r year in the annual r euorts and $500 or . 

over per year in the Decennial renorts. These wo sources give excellent figures for actual operating units ut not for units which 

can operate but are not in operation. 

Each trade associ~tion has more or less complete figures as to 

the number of mills in its particular reg ion. The coverage is good 

when viewed from the volume of uroduction represented by these mills, 

but coverage is much l ess when considerin5 all units actually operating. 

· 3. Production 

The Decennial Census of the United States also has conpiled 

production figures for each· ye~r· in "'Thich the Census w~s taken. No 

annual data exists for the intervening yeP~ rs bet·:een census years 

until 1904 , v1hen a suecial census was taken. Since 19 4 annual 

pr oduction repor ts have been issued by the Forest se ~vice and the 

Bureau of the Census. 

In l9J4, and f rom l9J6 , the Bureau of the Census conducted the 

studies, assisted by the Forest Service. From 1913 to 1918, and 

in 1920 , the Forest Service was responsible and since then the Bureau 

of the Census has gathe red the material with the Forest Service cooperating. . . i' 

Since 1921· the odd year r epo..,..ts have .included not only production data on lumber, lath and shingles, but also gener al labor 

9813 
- 225-

data. In the even years under the title of "Lumber , La th and 

Shingles , 11 only production is reported • .All~nnnua.l·lunbor pr.C!lductioa data 

are rePorted by State and sPecies. 

These production figures do not r epresent 1 00 per cent. As 

no date are included for mills nroducting l ess than 50,000 ft . b.m. 

of l"\J.Illber per year, no factual data exi.s t as to what port ion of 

production is r epresented by these very smal l mills. It is estimate.d o be between 5 and 1() per cent in most years. 

From 1904 to 1920 exc ept f?r the decennial year the Forest 

Service compiled 11 total estimated cut t! based on r eported cut. From 

1920 to 1931 the Federal Rese rve Board continued the estimat es. 

Lumbe r manufacturing associations began during the second decade to compile monthly reduc ti on data gathered from members of 

the association. As the membership included the l ar ge r mills of the 

country , a su9stantial portion of production could be accurate l y a ccounted for. 

In 1916 , the National Lumber Manufacture rs' Association began 

publishing a weekl y lur:1ber baromete r based. on da.t a collected from 

seve r a l of the l argest associations. Its sour ce s of information have 

increased greatly, and for the past several ye ~r s have served as a 

good indicator of gene r al conditions in the lumber industr~r . Comparability is not nossible in these f igures, as de ntic l mills are 

not used for continuous periods of time. 

From Novembe r 1922 , to Septemb er, 1928, the National Lumber 

Bulletin, nuolished by tne National Lum.oe r Manufacturers' Association, 

carri ed a monthl y series on production which a~nu l total represented approximate l y 40 per cent of the Production r eported by the Census. 

The numbe r of mills covered oy the data va ried from 489 to 705. This 

succeeded a "Monthly Bulletin" of the Associat i on Published from 1912 

to 1918, containing monthly reports ~y sta t es Rnd reg ions for 10 to 

13 r euo rting trade associations. 

The Survey of Current Business has published a series of monthly statistics since 1923 , based on reports submitted directly from 

trade associat ions whose members produce the ·more important softwood and hardwood species. Only in the case of redwood does reported production nea r the 180 per c ent mar k. Even then r eported 

production va ries from 40 to 90 pe: c ent of capacityo (*) Total 

hardwood and softwocd data in the Survey of Current Business are 

now furnished by the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association and 

are estimated Nat ional totals. 

Seasonality and vari a tion in the number of mills reporting each 

month greatly influence the util ity of the above two series as shown 

( *) Survey of Current Business, 1932 .supplement , footno.t .es. 

9813. 
-226-

by the monthly fluctuations. 

4. Shipments and Stocks 

In the National Lumber Bulletin, the National 1umber Trade 

Barom~t~r,· and the Survey of Current Business, previously mentioned, 

efforts 4ave been made to publish assembled shipments and .stock data 

of the trade associations. The first named uublished only production and shipment 'information, whi le the last tno have carried stock 

and new and unfilled orders in addtition. The first two sources 

combined shipment•figures from all associations and~ 4 them as 

total, w~ile the Survey of Current Business ouotes the figures on 

regional lines alone . 

The information given by these three sources is only partial 

and merely indic~tes trends on shiurnents and stock. It is questionable as to how accurate the represented monthly trends qre , because 

of wide variations in the number of mills re orti~g each month and 

the lesser variations in the representativeness of those mi~ls which 

are included in the renorts. 

• 

After the year 190'1, the Wnr Department egai1 gathering tonnage 

figures of water-borne con~erce which includes all freight leaving 

or a rriving .at all uorts in the coun ry. These stati~tics also 

includes all commerce carried on in he inland ~ terway systems. 

The value of ~ar DepartMent tonnage data is not great , as 

all reshipment which takes ulace is not segregated from original shipments. For exemple , a partial cargo of lumber leaving a Southern 

port billed for a Northern city is also included as an outbound 

shipment at any po rt in betryeen nhere he shi~ may nut into port for 

the discharge of other cargo. Thus the statistics reported by this 

cource are somewhat exaggerated. 

The United States Shipuing Board has DUblished a series on intercoastal distribution by ~ate r since l928. The importance of this 

series is diminished by the fact that all lumber products such as 

pulpwood , cordwood, baskets, boxes , furniture , etc ., are assembled 

under a "lumber and logs" classification. 

The quarterly reuo r ts of he Lumber Survey Committee (*) quoted 

stock figures in addition ·to production. The stock figures are based 

on association data. No evaluation can be ul aced on the accuracy of 

the estimates, as t~ere is no comparable information against which 

they may be checked. 

Beginning with 1923 the Bureau of the Census has reported stocks 

(*) Appointed in 1931 by the Timber Conservation Board non reporting t,o Department of Commerce. 

9813. 
- 237-

on hand at the ·beginning and end of the odd yea r . These date are 

comparable to :oroducti 0:r.. data -~":-on ~e same source and f or this 

reason have considera :e ~ue. 

5 . Lacor 

Series of labor datPJ. diL. not ap-oear UYltil after 1910 , when 

the Bureau of Lc:bo:-. Statistics be .:; ::~.r~ Ju.b <;i: ll.~.g index m.liiJbers of emplo;ymen t and pay lls~· -:~oJ.l lng 1920, +.t .e seri e s of el!lployment a nd 

payroll data was ~1.lhl::.shed o~r the onth:;_~, j ,,l.bvr ?.e ~ti ev: .. :3oth have 

been mon .... hly series and serve or:l y .as t1· ::1e .s ~ cos the nf'o r:rr1 tion C:.oes 

not cover identical mills and t h e num1 e .,. of mi ~- ls re'9ortine; va ries 

considerab ly• 

The Bureau of Labor Statistics has c>.lso c:orrp iled r a t 0er exten~ive wage and hour data for select e d years sinr:-.e 1920 , cove ring 

sawmill worke rs in mo r e t hs.n twent~ st:=t.teso The d.atn :0-1.ve been 

based on full time ho·prs and ave <1. e iwu~·s3 EE<-:Ln :. ng " , howeve r, a re 

given as to the hourly r P.. te a.Yli the RC tua l nee~dy earning s of seve r Rl 

classes o~ ~o k~rs . 

The Bureau of the Census in its Bi ennial ReDorts of 11Princinal Lumber 

Industries" ~uo ic-=>t ioE g ive s verr maG.ger l ?.bor inforr~at ion for those 

esta lis~ent s pr_oduci.ng le ss tnaJ1 200 ,000 :'t b. :1. p e r year , consisting of ave r :.ge nunte:- of v::,,g e ee.-rne rs :oe r .fe'?:.r and t ota l wage s 

:oaid. Whi l e this eli.·_inc .. tes a la:- e nu.noer of. e'3 t.s.blishments, its 

effect u-pon nu:nbP ~ o: a:nulo es i s not so 5-reat ~ R.S e:r:ap loyment in the ' 

very small es tabl ish e:-~ ts is seasc!:al and. t~e s Ft.me worke rs a re probably employed in other i ndu.st::ie s as well , · ;rhe reas -the p rincipal 

er~)OYJllent . _is in the l arge p l r-m ts .a,nd· 'i's tlw.t: ·rep orted by census. ,.• I~ • ! . ... ... . • -'I 

6 . Distribution· and onsu~1J ti n 

Prior to l 9GCY the availaole distri] t·u tion d.a ta w-a s thoX c:i1.;-rj_ e d by 

Foreign Commerc e and r avigabon , r e l at ive to e:xpo:rts and i mports of 

l umber. This sourc e is u.ndo~b tedly one of the most accurate as the 

question of du ties are i nvolveis 

The Pac ific Lumber Inspe ction Bureau began gathe ring c a rgo · 

figures fr om the Sta tes of Wc.sh ington Pl10. o· egcn~ arcu.nd .1910 . They 

quote monthly cargo o~J-eme ts bo th ,tip doDe st ic and ·f or·eign markets 

by points of origin a."TJ.·:i p oints of cie s tinc.1.t ion3 Due- t o t he. fact t-h a t 

most of the ex-po rt e rs in this terri tory Hic.ke u se of t!---e s ervices of 

this Bureau , its s tatisti cs a r-e lo oked u uun as b eir.g authoritative. 

In 1928 and 1933 , the Forest Service in "1UJn'be r Usqd in Manufacturerr gave quant ities of hunbe r used in the rta nufacturing industries of the United Stat e s by snecies, 'Jy State of c nnsumut i o:r1, 

and for the even years beginning w1th 1 926 , the Forest Se rvice 0as 

gathered valuable statistics of all lumber shi~ments accq rding to 

States of orig in . and destination. This series i ndica tes not only the 

interstate nature of lumbe r shipments but Rlso the shift in consumptive markets. 

9813. 
' '-228-

The three large- trade associations, Southern Pine, estern 

Pine, and the West Coast Lur!lbermen , and smaller associations , have 

published distribut ion da ta as to origin and destination. Although 

the information they dissiminate does not ~~resent 100 pe r cent 

distribution from their territories , it does indicate the l a r ge mar kets 

of consumption and t he direction of movement of their r esnective species 

The L~~ber ~1rve y Committee appointed in 1931, by the Timber 

Conservation Board has a quarterly series of estimated total consumption by major lumber uses which is based upon Fo r est Service , 

Census, and Trade Association data. Its contribution to statistical 

data relative to distribution data lies in the attcmp s to_"shon 1':10 

pe r cent lumber consumnt ion and the distribution thereof. 

7. Transue tation. 

Transportation statistics (rates) anneared in the 11Timbernan" 

shortly after 1900 . This tr~de magazine quotes wa er rates on lumber 

from Pacific Coast po rts to oth foreign and domestic por ts of destination. 

Another source of Pacific Co[\st ~ater rates appears in the 

public at ion of the Pacific Lumbe ·· Insuec tion Bureau. 

The trade association , chiefly Soutn r~ Pine~ Western Pine, and 

West Coast Lumbe_rnen ' s , have gathered volumino s rae data concerning r ates important to their respec tive members ips. 

A fourth source of rate data arc he nublications of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Alt hou .,h this body sets and regulates all 

rates it is more of a reposi ory for rat e data than a primary source 

as its manner of operation is to hold hearings at which t r ade associations and others submit the infurm~tion vhich it finally sanctions 

as the acceptable r ates. Its great value lies in the fact that rata 

data are gathe r ed at this one fountain of information. 

B. Costs and Finance 

Published statistical data re ~a ding costs and finance are 

very meager. The Bureau of Internal Revenue in its annual 'Statistics 

of Income" docs give some information relative to total assests , liabilities, and costs for reporting cornorRtions. lrnile t is covers a 

considerable ~o tion of the ind~stry no data are availRble fo r many 

thousands of small units which are unincorporated . Internal Revenue 

data are of a most general nature and are entirely inadequate for detailed study. 

During the period froM 1918 to 1931 the Southern Pine Association, the orth Carolina Pine Association , the ·vest Coast Lumbe rmen's 

Association , and the Hardwood Manufacturer s ' I nstitute uublished monthly pe r thousand f ee t b . o. costs of a sma ll number of their members. 

These costs were shown in det a il for each mill and as an average cost 

for all mills. 

9813 
-229-

Although the cost samples a r e sw;oll , some det;ree of comparability is attainable betl'ieen different sectio._s of the country. 

In order to cdd cormarison, stmnpage costs ,,ere eithe r left out or 

a uniform n rice auplied to all individual ill rep orts. 

9. Tax~s 

The only seri?.l statisticrtl dat<1. concerning taxes appe ars in 

the Internal Revenue· puolicFttion "St a tist:cs of I ncome "o These date 

back to the early part of the 19201s and r e f er only to corpo r at i ons. 

In spite of the fact that coruo r ati ons have t remendous timber holdings· there is a considerFtble portion of the in~ust ry u1represented 

in this s er ies. The cheif objection to the above dat a is tha t the . . 

amount of taxes paid is g iven in one lu.mp sum nhich c anbe s.eg:cegated 

neither as to the particl.'..lai· lovies under which t he t axe s we re paid 

nor to the ge a~h ic l distribution of the t~~ cost. 

10. Prices 

The principal p~blished source of urice da ta is tra de publications. The sources cited in the chart of !!Sources of Serial 

Statistical Data 11 are ~ot exhaustive of the ino.u.stry but have been 

selected as repre 3enting both an extended pe riod of time and different sections of the colintryft 

The Bureau of LFtbor Sta tistics has also been nublishing a 

price indes f or sowe time , but tho i tems· have be en chc:.nged from 

time to time , so thPt the price s are of doubtful VFtlue& 

In the Census of: !.: anufa c tures have been nubli shed yearly 

since 1906 , 'an ave~age reali zed price of f.o.b . mill (pe r thousand 

feet b. m.) for ec-tc of the "'lore prominent suec i es of hardwoods and 

softwoods. These -oric es should not in Pt.ny ''~ W ue co.nfusc;.el n i th the 

tre3;de -publicFttio!l dc..ta, as Census n::: es mFtd.e no d istinction ·oetween gr acies or sizes o Its infor nc ":t i on is indicative of only -the 

average pe r thous and f eet b ,mo reR.liza ti jn to mills. Also, priva te 

statistica l ag encies have ·ou.blished nf rm:=tt ion~ Among the se are 

t he -Davis Stat i stica l Se r vice and the Sout~e rn Pine Lum·ber Exchange . The forrner uub lished monthly dn.1Ja fr om 1904 to 1931 on 

Southern p ine prices ar..d We st Coast umoc1 ·orices from 1918 to 1931. 

Since then the l att er has assu'Tied these d:1t ies for .Southe rn Pine. 

The basis oft his dt:tt a is individual mill s a les r eports of 

amount, grade , size, specie n.nd price frorn irhich average prices 

are comp iled. 

This t,yoe of da ta is valuable onJ.y in so f a r as it concerns a 

certain number of mills. There is no way of checking how r epresentative of the entire industry such da t a may be. 

11. Grade s 

Very little serial stFttistical data r egarding volume grades 

produced can be found. The Southern Pine Associ a tion did, for a 

9813. 
-230-

few years in the 192o ' s , q,uote quantities o:f each gr!"l.de sold in its 

monthl;y s.-:::.les reuort s. .To recent uub li shed infor:1a ion cc=>.n be found 

of Southern Pine Associ n. d.on autho~ship . 

Late in the 1920 1 s the Western Pine I.~anufactu ers Association 

began puolishing gr ade sta tistics co m~ il ed f rom snl es renorts of 

their .membershin. _ These da ta shov the · quantity of VJrious sizes and 

grades sold P.nd also the destinations of such sal es. o information 

,is available as to whether this is still in existence. 

The informat ion apuears to be very good for the estern Pine , 

but other s e ries cove ring all major species ~ould be of great value . 

12. General 

In sume case s , lUflber statistics are inadeauate , in o hers hey 

are incom lete , ~nd still others lacking in ba ses for camnar ability. 

There are better data nvailabl eeon sor1e su jects tl ~n others. Production statistics a r e very \ood , ' < 1 t hout; 'U1 a u..r1da . .-·1c~ of u r ice 

sources i ndica te that this subject is ~ell covered. Such is not the 

case , ~s gr ades P.nu sizes are cl nge d so fr au n 1 i the uotations of u rice that it i s ver y h[lrd nnd in mos c -,.s e s iuroossible to 

find a series of corrrp~ ra· le .. )rices coverin5 a span of several years. 

Objection to p r esent dnta i s a l s o c.sed on tl e ir re esentativeness. 

The lPbor da t :l cove!' o!'ll:r a f en c l s es 0 .1. l abor in soMe 

cases ch;:ult"e the bases OL t : e r~ t'1 s o ... ha comuc-rab ilit is im- ... , noss1~..~. . 

In tne cr se ~ shi "!l ent~; he "Ove r "-f·e is s all ~ud he data 

can be co'"l-~"?· ecl onlv ,.., l t h or oduc tiJn d, ., in vmi c i en ical mills 

have renort al co h u roducti )n nd sh i nen s. 

The only di tri " a ~i n · r . cornnl e t e a re info~matiop 

r e l ative to in'Jorts and -u o-t . n).~r in ""E' Ce' :l"" "'rs hP.ve data 

been co~~ ~} od ~e ti~e~ t t o istri~ i Jn rom uo i n ~ cf oroduction to 

points C{ r~~~~~u ~ion o T1e or e ~ce.1 ·~ ~ ~ ~pr n ba .ered only 

for every c L~ or yehr md a.s :ret conside raclc 1:10r i vn 1~ estimated. 

Tre ~1: ortat ion -~. a 'l.re renorted nartl' in to.mc:tl;e and partly 

~n thousanQ f ee t b. Q. Tnc t· o are hard o econcile , As suecies , 

grade, L-'1 r~ size r.:ms be considered before a conversion figure cen 

be det'"'rrJ· ~!11.: fo"C' chano:; ing bv t h to the same basis. 'o data a r e 

avai l n ·- :· ~ ~ (, ~ t.:-.e rJ.e·.:.e !'"'.i:;'lP tion of an accurate fib re of conversion. 

9813 

All u+her statistical data are of a ve r y sketchy nature • 

• 
- 231-

B. TIMBER OWNERSHIP ST.A.Tl$T!CS (BUREAU OF INTERNAL BEVENUE D.A.T..~) 

In re;parin g tho chap t8r on Capital and Credit in the Preliminary 

Report on the Economi c Problems of the Luruber and Ti~ber rroducts Indugtry, it was necessary for us to use basic da ta relating to a considerable group of corporations ge.nE;lrally classeQ.. ?-S. 11 for~st pro-ducts ·corporations, II when in fact the · principal busii1~SS Of suc'4 COrpOrations 

was other t . an sawmili and planing mill ' operations. · .. ·Tnis rte~cessity 

grew out of our ina~ility to officially establish the proper contacts 

with the Bu1·oau of Internal . Revenue to enable us to .secure and brt;ak 

down the in1ormation from their files and also because the Bureau of 

Internal Rovflnue did not extend the scope of. its statistical analyses 

to include several of the f a ctors whi ch" we .considered nece~sary to a 

complete and exhaustive study of these particular factors of the Lumber 

and Timber Products Industri eso 

The 11 othor wood produc,ts 11 corpor tion~ are classified a.s manufactur ers of carriages, wagons, furnit~re, baskets, etc. We are concerned 

with none of these Bxcept bask8ts, an.d so this group of '

11 other wood 

prod.ucts 11 cor,porations, consisting of more than .50 per cent of the total 

number of corporations classified by the Bureau of Internal ~venue, it 

is believed should be excluded from any stu~y that has as its object 

the presentat~on of data in connection with ,sawmills, planing mills, and 

othe·r wo od fabricating plants integra ted with sawmills. 

The a ctual data in the files of the Bure~u of Internal Revenue relating to sawmi~ls ·is quite extensive and appear~ entirely edequate if 

it were .'possible to secure the necessary br~ akdovm i.nto th~ segmonts 

actually pertaini ng .to the type of manufacture which we wish to i~­

v.estigate . This material is not only conc~rn~d v:rith the finanC.ial _ 

~tatus of these co~orations, but also consists of a very complete collection of informatl.on in connection wi tlr the investment o.f tho industry 

in standing t-imber. You will recall that our .information·. as 'to. standil,1g 

timber ownership at the resent time is neithe~ rel~tively complGte nor . theroughly ·reliable. 

It shou .. d be horne in mind in planning for such a study of information in the . iles of the Bureau of Internal Revenue that such information from th~l fina.ncial standpoint is available only as to corporations 

definitely c .. assifying themselves as.being in the . sawmill business. 

&ueh corporations for 1932 numbered less than 3, 000 . In this connection 

it is well to remr m1i~Jr that standing timber areas owned ·by <;orporations 

-whose principal busin{}ss is not sawmil1ing would not be classified in 

this group , and it should be our purpose to quite thoroughly d~velop 

this particular type of information and to assemble it with the group 

already ~egregated. What has been said above as to ownership of timb~r 

lands also applies to · the .'ownership and operation of sawmills. We also 

must consider that the specialized data in the files ~f the Bureau of 

Internal Revenue relating to standing timber is not confined to corporations ·and that from this data we can secure l~ads to fnformat±on.relating 

to sawmills operated by other than corporations. 

As the purpos~ of this investigation should be to develop information concerning saWmills and standing timber, efforts should be ~oncen- · 

trated at the beginning on an investig~tion of those corporations 

9813 
- 232-

definitely so clas if~ nd extend from t hat -field- our investi . ?tion 

into those other orgPnizations that form P ~a i of this industry. 

. We a~e particul?rlv .intere s ted in the cl ? s r i ication of 11 cPpital 

assets",- es-pe ciall y- the·.divisi on betneen pl ent <:' nd equipment ?nd stending 

timb.er-.. Conc e.rn i ng .the. ·l Rtte r we pp,rticula rly ·,.i s h to secure information -concerning annua l ·cha r ges for taxes and interest as definitely 

related to -this a sset. 

A ve ry consider[lble .quantity of this fin?ncial inform?t.ion h _ s 

alrea-Gy . been developed by the 3ul eau of Internal Revenue c:md is available ..for· anal rsis c:;nd re- anBl ysis. The information concerning the 

ste.nding timbe r o1 rnership he.s not be€.n cle1sslfied e · cep t rou•·hly into 

geogrPph i~ l areas. 

The r e-PnCll vsis and the re- classifica tion of he fin?nciel data 

wou. d ·be . a . pr ojec:t n o t pe r ticularl y difficult , nor ,,,o ld it be very 

co:stly .. . Ho re.ver ,- · th nroper cla.s"' ii ication after care ful anDlysis 

of the .d? ta · r el e ti ve' to ~ ownershi-p of s "'nd in · ti uJbE..r ou.ld be " 

p_II'oject .o£ c .onsJcl.erable scope e nd ,,•roul<i be quite c o s l y . 

r-.• • -· , . 

You i ll. a l sp r ememb e r t Let. t h is Divisi on hc s pr epared a list of 

the name& .end .adc.1ess es of l, cOO or t e l nr ;::·e st sa· mill oper.,tors in 

the country, hich e hC1 0 e}._ e c t c to ~e in h e 1irst pl pnne d investigation of t he 3tH t:?U of Int n·~ l i\.e ven e s c:>tic t i cs. r h is list 

co.":lld .~e. )r b j<.::ct d t o a s pecl pl s.t dy ?. d clr ~ i1 ict> ti on of deta including _botl the fin.:-> nciel ;.no t : e stand i r: t im b r phases. As such 

a study ,.,ould _invol v o. P on ~.. te r e-el. s sif i Cfl ti on ven or· t h e financi::l q~te, the pro j e ct " O'.tl d be one or con ;, i cl. r c-tt> l e si ze ?nd it is 

believed. VTOul d coc: t ? con si derFb sum of .. 1oney o o e:.rly concl ude it. 

The: informcti _on is av r i lr ol e 01 fl ll DC'St year s U P t o nd includinF 

1933 .(1934 is no ' being cl a ssii i t d. ) It s ~g,e te d thn any one of 

these 8bove sugF-·este d nroj Lc . sr o ld be v er f C"'r efully outlined and 

that no one of t hem ;u~ d be u nc e r ?k en · l e ss · t triP S reasonable 

cert~in th~t dpt · r e c ived i n l At r years, ? t lerst t1 r o h he yea r 1936 

~ou,ld. be .sin:il? ly ?~sembl d E" nd clP ssifi c d . 

Such data is beli eved t o be inval 8ble to Government nd indus ry 

if g~the ed for P -p?rticulnr eri . -I u ch study co ld include years 

prior ~o, during, flnd 8fter t he depre ssion, the value would be fl l most 

ince lc'l;l.l 1=1 bl e . 

C. TP.Ar SFOhTATIOl' J CROSS-HAULil"G 

Very l' ttle h ? s be en done in this st dy with the subject of transport?,tion Pnd cross- hauling . Th e Chepter on 11 D stribution" has indirectly 

and briefly t ouche_d upon thE volume aspe ct 1>ut only in eo far as volume 

was related. to speci e movement end consuming centers ~f the more prominent 

s~ecies · L~mited time Pnd pen:onnel , as v1ell as insufficient data, 

prohibited en ao e auate. st udy of this importent subject. As R study for 

future c onsideration th folloPing ill briefl y o~t lin e the m? j or as~ects 

of the (•uesti9n e.nd i ndi cate bro a d lines upon which investigation may be 

Carried. rhe g_u e~t on Of data IfeCessary for a caref 1 exemination Of the 

suoject will a lso be _ana lyz ed in the l ater par agraphs·. 

9813 
- 2 33-

It is epp~rent from a cursory exeminationof av~ilable dat ? that a 

major portion of lumber is con.su'.1 e.d a great di·stance from the point of 

. production. Consi der in~~ the bulk i ness of the merchimdi.se in r.~lation 

to its va.lue, it necessarily follows thC'l t even bv use of the cheapest 

form of transportation, conside rable expense is incurred in bridging 

such distances. 

Two broBd use s exist fro:n lum~e r, na:nely, construction and fabricatioh. Little, if ny th in ~ ever c a n be Pccomplished toward decreasing 

distances bet neen consurilption r-•nd production c enters of that lumber used. 

in and for construction purposes. 

The lur.1ber f .:bricating ind.u.stri e s, v•hich consume a. conside::.able 

portion of lumber, we re located, p t. their incepti on , close to the 

source of their stocks, As the center of producti on shifted from the 

North-eastern and Lake re ·"ions to t ne South and far ~~ est, distances over 

which lumb er -must be shi pped hes increased tremendously , Fab ricBting 

plants we re not moved nea r er to production c ent e rs to a ny great extent 

as large sums h ad been invest e o., t he ma j or portion of \t1Thich would ·oe 

lost in moving the f e ct c r y . One notc;ble exception in the migration of 

a consuming ind.ustry is thc•t of t he :B'urni ture Industry, It has been 

gradually moving f rom Michigr> n to No rth Carolina, whi ch state produces 

large quanti.ties of softwood.s is much nearer hardwood :!.'crests, has 

cheaper ' labor r>nd overhead co s ts tmcl borders on the ocean with its 

cheaper means of trPnsportation, 

J:r ansnortation E·.nd cross-hauling has be en sugg ested as R topic 

for future study in order to .throv- light upon · tne increased costs of 

lumber due to the situa tion outlined above. . . 

The stu dy of iu:.1ber trensp ortation r e solves itself into two mejor 

aspects, namely, volume r>pd c ost. Certain investigations should be 

made relating to bo th., among· 1:rhi ch are : (a) the Pmoun t of traffic in 

lumber betmeen str>t e s, (b) e;nount of tra ffic in lumber· 'wi thin states, 

(c) coml?e tit i on oe t \il e en t7ne s of c a rri e rs Emd thto effects of such 

competition, Pnd (d) the C[lu s es ~md effects of cross-hauling· upon 

price, · Cost and volume of transpo rtation a r e so closely inter-related 

that great difficulty is encount e r e d a11d. much c 21re must be tr.ken -in 

distinguish inf; between the efrects of er-1cl'1 upon the economic life of 

the lumber industry, Rather c omnrehensive date a re n~ces ary for an 

adequate study of this nature. Some informc;;t ion is av!O·ilable in usable 

form while some ·of the ev~ilable data will h ave to be re~orked. 

DatB essenti e l for an edequate study will include statistics 

relative to the following : production, and production facilities in the 

VE!rious states; volume of lumb e r carried by il, wate r and trucks, 

volume of lumber shinped from st a te s to str: tes r>s well C'S quantity 

distributed within st~t s; l oc.?tion a nd. typ es of lumber used by varirus 

fabricating indus tries; rat e data from. a ll impo rtant c enters of p roduction of the morre prominent sp e ci e s to the Inn.nv consuming ma rkets; 

the extent and quantiti es of r e sninped l umbe r; and the volume of imports 

alone with general information as to the ir ultime te destination. A 

great deal of the r equi.r ed data c e.n be o Dt e.ine d. from eA.isting sources. 

However, some will undou"!Jtedl:r· r equire r ewo rking end. supDlementing. 

9813 
- 23--1:-

The chief sources from which t he C'lbove data mpy be obtained are: 

~~reau of the Census, Forest Service, Interst ete Commerce Commicsion, 

.dureau of 1:\.eilway Economics, United States Slip-ping Board, and he Jar 

Department. 

The .Dureau of the Census co:Jpiles ?nnu El l prod:1ct.:. on s atis~ics by 

states and species v1 i thin state s., This i nforma tion is r eliabl e and has 

the best coverage f or state an¢ species statis ics in existence. 

Forest Service has two se s of dat P ·ch 0uld r ove be oi 

great ·value in a study of tnmspvrtntion. One e:nti tled 11 Lumber Used 

In i•lianufacture" !-las been published r'o r t he years 1928 ?nd 1:133 . These 

publicationEl sho-rv the s-pecies F'nd quc-nt ity or' lu"!'lber used in fabricatinf.; 

industries by industry Pr..d stc t~ . D~e othe r Sel ies ~S P blished under 

the t itle of "Lumber Distrib ~tivn C.' n Consum tio • 11 Althou .c~h it is 

avPilable for every other even year be5inn?no wi h 1924, data for 

severE!l of the years have no .m r.ublis. ed bu can be obtained from 

the wo rk she t~ at For est Serv1ce. These ata ive shipments from states 

to states and. within each s te sE_,rcga ed eccordin ~ to h rdwoods and 

soft,.rwodso 

The Interstate Comme rc e Com is ion r eJ"or s vol ume of r ail shipments over all Class I railroads in nc Un1 ed States unde r he ti le 

of "Freight Commodity Ste istics 11 m1 icn is av["il~b e for £'Ch years. 

The dat n since J anu ry 1, 1928 have i c~ d d many mure cl0ssifica ions 

of frei 0 ht ?.nd are ther fo r e of r e?ter ili ty . 

All data are r .port ed by ·lr JC'l ds El ~d by oe er a l r ?ilroad districts, 

hich is a serious disaavanta5e to tne s ~y or transport?tion. Comparebili ty cenno t be obtained betvE-en dEl e f r om pre;viv u;ly ci ted sources nor 

is it likely that a state br erkdorn can be ootained without a great deal 

of ~ork E!nd expense . A second di sad~EI aPt Aists in the fac that 

volume of transportation by r ;il is r e or d ·n to. c>ge ra he r than 

thousand feet b. m. 

The Interstat e Corruaerc e Co· nissiun Crill ;:} lso pr ovide necessary all 

r ate data r e 1 a t i ng o r ? i 1 r o a 6 f r t; i d-. t . 

The United StEit e s ShippiYJg Buc>ra. r· · r s i ntc rcoast movements of 

lumber by w ter under t: e title of 11 UritGd St? e s '/a e r-Borne Intercoaste.l 

rraffic, 11 wh ich is av?ilE!ble ior s ever a l y_ears to d te . This source also 

quotes all volume in tonnane ar.d has an addi ion~ l disadv0ntage in that 

1·.1mber and fl ll wood uroducts are included unde r a 11 o~s ano lumber" 

classification. Before an adequate eval at·on o; this so rce can be made 

the quantity of wood products other than lumber , E!ppcaring under his 

title, will ha ~e to be determined. 

The 1

1var DepE!rtment reportc: annu?ll ' WEI.ter- oorne commerce statistics 

entitled, II Comme rcia.l st~ t ist ics I ~;11 ter-Borne Co:!lllle rce of t he United 

States," which is availabl e bo"'"h for fisc~ l Ere cnl Lndar years. lt ~ill 

not be of great v2lue in its _ r c sl,. t fo rm ·. t bbsic data are in the hands 

of A:rrn.y Engineers which co .ld ~be corn ... ilt:c t' sr~v"l orig in and de stination 

of all water- borne com.'TI ~J rc e in thb ni t f d. Sto.t e s . Lc..ck of funds have 

prohibited the publication or ~ i n t t is 1orm as yet . 

9813 

. . 
Ne c e ssary data not oov~red. by e..xisting ·goverrirrfent?.l st~tistical 

agencies are the data 're.l at lng. t o tru ck tr;:ns-portati on. ·:other than ·tDlck 

back-hauls this urobl em is· J•r u ttv: ITtJ_ch (;0TI1 iri d to the' movement 'of' Southe rn 

pine lumber fr.om the Carolina, Ge ort;iP, and Virg.inia to i•ashingtori, · D:. · c., 

Baltimore and PhiladelDh i B. H01.·"ever, i t ·is be c Jmihg quite a f a ctor . in 

luober tran portati on in t h i s eg a~ . 

Also, data f....,r Vl'ater r at e s will. nr.ve to ue bt in f. d from · st eEnnship 

companies, lu·.ober trC~d e assoc i a tions, end ut he r like suurces. 

The ne t. d fo r ad cU tionRl de.t ." o thE:;r t h c:- n those sUgp;e st e d in· ·the . 

preced ing par agraphs will undoubtedly not be det e rmine d at this time · and 

vrh ich can arise aft e r the study is under wey. 

. . D. ·METHODOLOGY ... .. 

This r E•port i s designe d to 3nalyze the pr obl ems of the Lumbe r and 

Timber Products I ndu stry, conside rin{." the industry es a whole and in the 

manner in '"h ich it operat e d under t~ e Code. The problems are analyzed 

not fo r each pE1rticular pa rt of the industry bu t by dividing the problems 

into types on the basis oi th(' ir orig in. This me thod is applied to the 

industry as a whole e xc ept the1 t hardwo'J d lumbe r Cl nd s oft woo d lumbe r are 

considered as reur e suntinE; the.. ma j or porti on of the industry . That pctrt 

of the industry that has to du with the fabric. ating of lumber into other 

products, but mhi ch undor the Lumbe r and Timber Products Code was considered part of the indus try and thF~t pa.rt hEwing t o d o 'IIJi th timbe r products 

"'17h ich are p ro duc tR of th E: ,..,oods '_.ut not of the sawmill have both been 

disregarded to the ext ent tha t their contrib"Cltion to the problems, of all 

except standing timb e r have n ut been analyzed. 

Under the pr obl ems of forest manag ement timber and forest lands have 

been treate d as a •!iihol e becai.lse they contributed end were the genesis of 

the problems of the Lumber Industry proper, v1hereas in deal ing with the 

problems of production onl y t h e Lumber Indl.J.s try has be en treated. 

The mr: t hod of approech he.s be en to divi de the timber probl ems as 

f a r as possible into r eg i on s , me r e l y to show the diff e rences betwe en 

one reg ion 2nd anothero Hov.'ever, n o t a ll of the timber problems of a 

particular regi on have been treated. In the L~~be r InQustry proper an 

at t empt has been made ch iefly to divide bet1!'7 een hardV'.roo d and softwood, 

and these in turn be'b :JIIeen the mn. j or divisi ons of hardwo od and. softwood , 

with a me r e reference to the minor divisions Rnd the ir contribution to 

the probl ems. 

It may be s een thn.t the indu stry has been trea ted at best only in 

its most ou tst anding aspects. A mo r e detail e d analysis is neede d and 

should be ma de. Su ch ~n analysis should be on the basis of the lumber 

and timbe r products of each give n area. T:O.e a.r ea should be a state, or 

part of a st8te, since various st&t e le ms cDntribute t o the operation of 

the indu stry and its problems within t hG ste t e borders. The industry 

should be treated within that a.rea ll t he V"?Y from forest management 

to and all inclusive of all primary and r e:naunfa.ctured forest products 

within that area. 

Under such a study- a more p recise analysis c ould be made as to 

obstacle s t o expansi on e-nd the ceUs(~ Df any retr ugressi on, particularly 

9813 
- 336-

al ong the line s outlined in a re s earch project ~ro~ sed oy t e Ha r vard 

3ureau -Jf 3usiness Research md t he Hc:lrva r u. Fvrest en i lt;d 11 The Pr sent 

Situat i on and Future of ·Timber--producing :S.egions as r elated to the 

Utilization of Non-virg in Timber.'' This 1:-lroject was pr oposed f~r he re ... Engl.cmd terri tory only. Hov'cver, ~ch a pr oject mi ght be designed and 

developed~ ni th only slii-·h t che.nge9 7 tv anpl y to each one of the regions 

as shown in Sect i on II A'' of Chc? ter I I , or ·•;here require d fo r pA.rticul ar 

states within those regiuns. 

' After such studies .:1ave Leen -..~ mnlet d it o ld then be possible t 

make a more thorough anE~lysis of the entire Lumber and i::1ber Prod cts 

Industry . 

Att ention sh •Uld als be dir e ct d to a public"ltivn available in the 

files of NRA entitl ed 11 Scope And St £' tus of r.ese::>rch In F::>rest Ecvnomics " 

(ava ilabl e thruugh the cou~tesy vi t n e S Jcial Scienc - Research Council) 

9813 
- 237-

APPEI-l-:D I X I 

E~FORTS OF THE LtlffiER I FDUS1':tlY AT PRODUCTION CO NTROL . ... 

PRI OR TO lL R. A. 

A report p r epared by A. C. Dixon, bas ed on personal 

kno~r edge ai1d an examination of the files of the 

National L1.unber J:.1anufacturers Association 

You have asl-ed me to mal::e a stud,y of the p roduction control effor t s 

of the lumber indus try prior to t he· period. of co de administration. · In 

doing this, I have th ug~1t that on ccoun~ of the time limitations I should 

confine t~1e study to the major divi sions of the sm-,r -m~lling branch of t he 

industry on the theor y t nat t he a ction taken by t hes e major divisions 

would furnish a r.atisftwtor y sample , and because I know that most of ·what 

the smaller g roups 1md done ..-w:s by way of following the programs of the 

larg er ones. 

I have not paid any a ttention to the f abrica.ting divisions a lthough 

I kno . that some of them operat ed under the so..,ca lled St enenson Plan a nd 

t hat perhap s some of t he others attem ted to practice t ype s of production 

control. 

In going lrD'iJ.f:h th~ material avai able , I was impressed. by the fact 

that all of the efforts to contro l p roduction which attained any sizable 

p roportions occurred subsequent to 1924 . Prior to that time, it is trQe, 

there t1ere conversations and nerha!JS some correm;ondence r elative to t he ..L: - . ........ 

future p ossibility of the neecl f or control, but n othing nas done \Jhich 

could oe called a serious effort. 

I n search ing for the reasons a s to '.7hy the efforts we re made during 

the period mentioned, I n .:..n <etcross t he follow in~ facts which seem to me 

to be t70rthy of note and as having a probEble bearing on tbe chronology 

of the efforts that were made . 

1. Tra nsfer to The West of Production Sll.pr emacy . 

Tho United States Census of Manufactur ers shows that up to and includinG 1869, the northeastern states were the larg est producers of 

lumber, and that in the next census perio d , in 1879 and the folloTiing 

in 1889 , the lake states pr ed.ominated in production, a nd t hat thereafter 

and until 191 9, .. t he southern stc=:..tes were in t he lead, while late in the 

t wenties the 17es~ern stat es forged ahead and at the time of the census 

taking in 1 929 a nd subsequent t hereto, t he western states have produced 

mo r e l unber eac~1 year than any other area. 

2. I nfluence Of The Panama Canal . 

The Pacific Lumber I nspe ction jj·,xceau f or a generation has inspected 

and kept a record of all foreign and d.omestic cargo shipments fror.l the 

Pacific Coast and has b"e come a i'forld'.7 id.e aut :cori t y not only as to its 

9813 
- 238-

statistical record. Its records. · sho~7, prior to 1914 , practically no ship.. 

ments to the Atlantic Coast, the total arnounting to less than fourteen 

million feet, which Pould only amount to three J arge cargoes measured b~r 

the size of cargoes today. In 1911 thes e Atlantic Coast shipm ~=mts jumped 

to thirty-four million feet; in 1915 to eighty-six million feet; during 

the war period the shipments ·we1~e nominal but in 1921 they r eached t11e tote 

of t11o hundred and eleven million feet; in 1922 six hundred and sixty-five 

million feet; the next year nine hundred and tuenty-fi ve mill ion feet; in 

1924 one thousand and sixty-five million feet; in 1925 tllo thousand nillio 

feet; in 1926 substantially the sane, and each year from 1925 to 1929, inclusive, nineteen hlmdred million feet or more . ~~o thousand million feet 

is the e~aivalent of 80,000 carloads, or suff icient to build ~ell in excess 

of 100,000 five ·and six r oom residenc es. I believe these figures indicate 

that during the period re fe rred . to there was a trenendous p ressure put on 

.. 

the Atlantic seaboard markets by the influx of \Test Coast lumber, and uhile 

guaginc this pressure, it mi ght be \7ell to reme! ber t hat lumber delivered by • 

water to the Atlantic Coast ports Tias ver"-J often transferred to trucks or 

the railroads and hauled hundreds of miles inla nd. 

3. Loss Of Earning s. 

Possibly as an effect on 1hat is rec ited above, and certainly a contributing cause to the desir e forproduction control, Pas the steady decline 

in earnings during the perioQ beg innine immediately after the war . Statistic 

of incor.1e furnished by the Burec..u of Internal Revenue give net profit or 

deficit of all companies r eporting , and the sho ·inG covering saw-nills, con .. 

sidering the nearest million dollars, is as folloTis ! 

1919 - 137 profit 

1 920 - 179 profit 

1921 - 38 deficit (this \7C.S a year of teoporary 

denr ession in t1.e construction int:.ustry. 

1922 - 110 profit 

1 923 - 191 :profit 

This uas t he high point from r.rhich t:be >ro:nit,.. dropped until in 1927 

they shou only as six million dollars, '. hil ,e in 1930 , 1931, and 1932 the 

deficits shoT respectively as sevent _r- three ill ion, one hundred nineteen 

million and one hundred and twenty- fo1rr ni ~ion dollars, the amount in 1933 

being equal to 32.24% of· the g ross i ncome of t he industry. 

I have noted uith inte rest from the records, aided by L1Y personal recollection of what happened, tuat the universal desire for some ~T e of 

p roduction control cl eveloped at approximately the tiMe 17hen profits began 

to disalJ~Jear. In 1925, 1926 and 1 927 , nithout having the benefit of a 

com:;::> osite statement of the ino.ustry for any g iven year until the .rear nas 

well past, the operators generally ~ne~ that the industry as a Tihole 11as 

either losing money or making on.l y a no;ninal amount, while at the same time 

industr"-J in othe r lines nas report ed to be :r>< ... ~ring vast amounts in profit 

taxes and to be in a :prosperous condi tiop.. 'J..1}w CJ.Uestion was frequently put 

as to Phat was going to hapnen to the lu.J<Jbe r industry rhen other industries 

started to los~ money, in vi err of the fact that uhen other industries uere 

making money the lumber inO.ustr r was moldng none . 

9813 

: 

. 
- 239-

L. Other InQustry Activities Along Production Control Lines. 

kbout t~ is same tirae t he oil and. coal industries, independent of 

each ot ~1e r so far as I knoTI , and ind.e?endent of any action on the part 

of the lumoer industry, nere s eeking p:coduct ion control in one 11ay or, 

another, both in the respective states anc_ nationally, and it may be that 

what the~- uere doing had. at l east a su.:;gesti ve effect upon the lumber industry . 

Railroad :Ouilclin.E; In the \Jest . 

Begim1 ing soon a ft e r the nar, t h ere 11as a period of ·in tense activity 

in r ailroad building in .the f E1.r \7est, a nd the Southern Pacific, Great 

-~orthern, ::~ orthern Pacific,- Union Pacific, 1ica o, Hilwaukee and St. 

Paul, as 11ell as the nester n Pacific, built many hundreds of ·miles of main 

lines, in some cases opening up vast areas of virgin timber etther directly 

tributa~~ to the main lines or easily made so ~r short branches, and on 

these no11 nc-,in lines and branches t h ere were erected ·a number of new mills, 

some ver;l large and, of cou;rs e , c;,dd.ing to what was already considered a 

condition of overproduction. 

6. Tax Intreases. 

TL1e r e was a notabl e increase in taxes ·9aid by ti::1ber ormers as uell 

as ta~es gene!ally in the western states between 1920 and 1930. This 11as 

an era of road-buil ding, building of new school houses and other public 

buildint;s and_ nore or less riotous state a nd municipal spending . In 

some h eavily timbered younti es, the total load increased ~hile the timber 

available for taxation de creased, with the resultru1t multiplication of 

the tax load and neither co1Lld the other · assessed valuation carry the 

balance. Some of the cou..YJ.t ies l1ave had to go into a state of bankr""L-g;>tcy. 

Soi!le of the e.bove numbered paragraphs may be considered as causes, 

some as effects, and some as merel:r coincidences, but I think all are 

uorthy of consideration as having some so rt of a bearing on the various 

efforts later made by the industry to balance supply and demand. In 

gathering r.1ate ria l for' what is to follovr, I have had an opportunity to 

look over considerable r.:1ateri a l in the files of the National Lumber 

Manufacturers As~oci tion bulletins, news letters, releases, etc., but 

mostly in the nature of private corresp ondence between persons in the industry , relating to the various movements t hat · were under way at different 

times, and giving , in many cases, t heir confidential views and beliefs 

w __ ich t h ey did not expect to have broadcasted either to the industr-y or 

to the :9ublic. Consequently, I have refrained in the main from using the 

names of ind.i vi duals, but feel quite sure that if any check ing is desire d 

by some responsible person in authority, that it can be done. 

It h as been my intention to list the various uroduction control 

efforts in. chronological order. I have done so as nearl v as I can but 

could not be entire~y accurate for the reason t hat the movements overlapped 

in a nunber of cases, in f a ct, in most case s, a nd one was not out of the 

way before a;.1other began. In t h e mc.dn, I hav e put them in the o;rder indicated by the first definite >:"TO rthnhile men tion in the correspondence and 

data I have looked over. 

9813 
- 24CI • \TEST COAST l.!ERGER. 

In Tover:1be r 1 925, t her e hacl. been enou . .gl t :wugh t and discussion on 

the prdj2osal to me r ge some lar(~e :est Coast timber :properti es co that a 

nan :p ror,1inent in t he inciustry nas as~:ed by 11West Coast people and ban2:ers1 

to e..ct as a leader in tl 3 mo Te·:v:mt , and late in thc:.t month a prominent 

firm of timber bond specialists e1.nd b'"'nk rs in Chicago ;rote a letter to 

an offic ie~ lh the industr~r statin . .:; tht.t the:-, ·Hit ll one of the leadin£ ::eu 

York bond houses and one of t' e largest benks in Chicaeo, had been trying 

to worl: out o. merger among fir o~oerato:r;s in ti1e West . The letter states 

that tuo cO ilC~_ itions existed at t!1at tima uhich 1 ad never existed before 

a11d which nere .favorable; first , 11 the government o.tt itude tow ... rd mergers" , 

second, that 11money 11as available be~ ond any sums previously thought :yossi ble. 11 Iii th these conch tions ·rhicl they m~...ntioned , they c.~.lso CO'Llpled the 

idea of the 11 dep ressed co nditi0ns and, therefore, psychological uosition 

of the fir 01)er n.tors", a_.d reacher.:i. t .1e conclu~io. t~ at llt'1ere is at least 

a chance to nerge some of tle greate toper:- tors in the Pacific Coast. 11 

This grou:_.? (:Saker, Fe:1 tres:: and Compan~ , Comr. ercial Trust and Sovings 

l3ai.1k of Cl1ice..go , and Dillon ReoC:. nnd Co;1pany cf : e:; York) spent some 

months of tir.1e and a greo.t ceal ~ mo::1ey , o.nd the lumbermen interested . 

also S)ent nuch time and money , in .70 king out t:e ~oss:lbilities of the 

scheme . T:'ley secured the ten ~rear record of p eduction , cost, sales, ~.nd 

net rehw:ns of a large number of conoa11ies on the Pacific Coast, estiuc.ted 

to have · around 30% or more of the ca;aci ty of the Douglas J!,ir producers, 

to seG u: et:1er or not Tiilen p rojected into the future , the operations of 

these concerns by rea~ on of ~ t the~'" had s 10\7n thGy could do in the pest , 

a.nd giving· consideration to e·:._)ected economies r1.nd benefits to come from 

the merger, could from tl e co·1version or "net avails 11 service the va.rious 

classes of secnri ties Y1:1ic:1 it ras felt necessar r t0 issue . The g'3neral 

plano f tl1is a_ d other ;>ro ... ;oseo. mergers to be mentioned later, conter::9lated 

the is~'LUU1 e or three classes of securities. ~irst , tlo operators ~otud 

be paicl in ce.sh fo-r their current assets, and first mortgage bonds -·ould 

be sold. to t>e public to o:~.~ovicle this cash a:1d l)rovide V70rl:ing ccpi tal . 

Seconc.l ·· , l):i.'eferrcd stoc1: ouJ d be issued to cor.r;ensate the operators for 

transfer of title of t heir "Or king ft'.cili tics, S'l'!.ch as sa· lls, logging 

r ailroads, ships, docks, etc ., ancl thirdly, common stock "'rould be issued 

to the o_;e:.·ators for their tir1- e • There \"Jere , of course , variations 

in tnese :9lans as the baru,nrs ' rou:'! and t e inci.ustry group worked together 

and mo.ny different tentative scl eMes uere dra-rm n.p on paper, some ni v"!o~:raph

ed anc"'.. some printed, but running all t!lrou{'h the c1is cussirms, confore::~cos 

and plo..!1ninb , -was the central thought that whe'..tever basis the merger ue.s 

formed on , the p rOs)ective income must in any event be sufficient to retire 

the oblige.tioas. 

The first publici t~r as to t~ is merger was given under a Chicat;o c1ata 

line as early as February 6 , 1 .... 26 , and the inc.icotions are that this rras 

t he first ;ublicity that uas {,iven. About tnis same time, the lational 

City :Ban.k: of new Yor: cam-3 into tt:e Dicture f'l a. it nas thought by some of 

the uestern operators that a "' t~er d:uo.l could be :1ade Tii th them than 

could be :1ade crith t!'le first ;ro,_~) r'le'.ltio!led , anc. accordingly committees 

were ap:;ointed to meet -,i tl1 rcy r e ent,g;ti ves of this 'bank and tentative 

plans rre re developed ap!.Jro:::irw.tel:r along the 1 ines referred to above. 

9813 
- 241-

On :i?ebl'Ua.l'Y 24 , 1936 , '-'hi l e the incus try was v e :·y much i n t erest e d. 

n t l e ·:e s t Coast l1 r ospects, an annou..n c emen t rtas r.1 a dc i n the east ern 

pa)e:cs t o t h e eff e ct t h at a 4C , OOO, COO me r ger " e nt irely C::..istinc t from 

t'1e ·.~ st Coast 11 WP s b e ~ o r.:_ a;r.i zeo e- nd ~ s c=mcJ.. othe r mi nor me r ge rs 

·.er e r e f e r recc t o in the press ~ c;: 1sti tut i ng R 11 v!ays of c onsoli6 ..ati ons." 

In .. ~a;; · ~ 1926 , JU.olic :..-e fe:. e:-lce rra -; ;~1ad.. e to a ~· 000 000 me r ge1· b ei n;; 

ptopo .... ec'_ i n · Gray ' s Hrr.bor , Vl 2 :~ oi1 , <' Y d a b out this t .ime one newsape:c , c c ll::.. ng r tt en ti on t o t h e v a ri ou s JJ r Q;t?osed mer.g ers , s a id t hat i t 

expects t l: e Senat e t o b e ;:n·ouse(t t o 11 c.emanC.. t hat .Att j.ley-G l Sa r-

·ent s}:aT:Jen hi s ax. n TLe 1· LL'J 1.' i r: _:; qu t a t i on ~ ve n b e c ause i t is 

from r l e tt e r i: ii tt i~ b y one of t lte ~l t _) r minent memo E:'rs of the i nc..u•.:.try , &n . one of t h e lcr ; e st t i mb e r s of .t h e CO"Lm try , in Hhi ch :1e 

says in October 1927 , an ( .. vib .. i l-e t h es e ~Je er ) lans, o r sc)!ne of t hem , 

ere still in t he a i r : 11Ev eryone knows co:c d.i tion s hav e n eve r b een 

~·orse . 11 Th is r c.po rt cou lc\. be il :L ~ \"!i th q J.nt c> t i 'J ns of like l::i n0. a nc .. I 

am only ~ ·-t e rs:)er sins t hem o c c a si o ne.lly to s hoV' t he c;ov e rning th ou~~ht 

from time to time . 

Tl::e t ·.-·o .Jajnr :ner.::.: ers r e f e rreC:. to would l::.a.v e each re:;::> r e s en t ed 

cap1 tal i Evestments i n e:':ce ss o f ~. 00 000 000 c-nC_ ne ithe r the~.r no r 2..ny 

of L1e othe r merge r-s r. e1: ti onect. t o c.k )la c e 1o r t h e repsor: that t he r esult 

Jf t~1e .. wst :c~ef l i nv e sti ·,;ntio:1 :- ho vied t hat p r o:fi t s we r e de clL1i n_; , 

tt2.t t h eJ..' e rras no r eas on t o e x:•) e c t any mc.t eri a l be tt ermen t of co nC::.i t i ons 

ef:i::'e in~.; t he indust ry , rnd .. tha.t · i n ;; ll p r obabli li ty t h e n e c essary 

sec:t.:. l~i t i e:;s , if i ss"L'.. ed a.YJ.C. sol d. , coul c. no t b ·e s erviced an d r e tired. 

I I. COi:: :I TT ~ OF J!'I T:2 ~. 

':rl: e Co!l1r.1i ttee of Fifteen cmne i n.to -uei ng pro·iJably earl y i n 1928. 

I ts !n emb er-:; h i .l) , .. as re L~ e emtr t i ve o f t he Pacif ic Coast ds--D ~l as 

Fir, ·1e s t e rn )i ne and .. re clwc od ; of t h e sm.1 .. ther n V'mods--sou t h er n p i 1:e , 

t~1 Caro l j na pine , CY'...J l· ~.; ; <:..nd of t he nort hern ne c:md hemlock in 

t h e lol-:c st c:. ~; , and each c r· t he fi f t ee n wa s an outs t anC..ins man in t h e 

i nC: .. ustry. 'J:he:l·e are ~o -'lbab y n'J c:.rcument s wh ich show t he me thocl of 

}J OLJ. ·aen , some of the ')IT ~. po e r·eJ. a t i v e to t he c ommitt e e stati ng 

t:1at f; J f a r c?S i s __ no Ym , i t v1a2 " sel f- g enerative . 11 

'I'he i dea of forrni n ·; e corn:' i t t ee vtr:s in ll probability 'born of 

t he L12~1c al is tres s of s mne o:::: t he l e r _ser O~ era s v:h•.) are on 

r ecor -_ a s attributins t 1e i r is res s t n ov erp r odu ction in the in6.u str y , 

en~ .. t l1e _.::: r(;oebili t i es ar e t hat two of t h e se 011er a tors dev el o:J ed. t he 

i r.:e2 cnc.'.. _)e rsuadeC.. t he other thirt e en t o j i n v'!i th them. Sub s equen t 

c .. ev el op:.1en t s i nC:.ica t ed t hat t h e raaj .ori t,/ of the c orrnni tt ee , wili1 e rvi llii._:. c:-t f irs t t o submit t o t he leac.ersl1i p of those r es::1on si bl e f or tbe 

or Tniza tion of e g r0up and being enti rel y s;ymp athe t ic with t h e ic"".e a 

t he,t E1e in ~ hau. t o be fNmC.:. t n h e lp r emedy t he exi s ting si t 11at i o11, 

we1·e :.w t t~ orou ;r c onvi n c ed t hat a ll of t he ) lants p u t f o rth we r e 

s uncl c::n C. C .. i(_ nl') t fo llmv the l e ade r s of t he c ommittee I'Ji th any ::srea t 

c .. e_-:r e e o£' avi dity. 

mo ~· the r>nnounc ecl.. p".l )oses of t :!i S c rmni tt e e was one to cllanc:;e 

t he 2 .~ e o f t he 1•Ta ti ona l As r .. w ci a ti o:rt oi Lumber l·.:rumfc.c t u rers S ·J t h e..t t he 

worc"" 11 inst i t u t e 11 'T0'L'-l c,_ b e ~ :.---~s esc'. .. of c::::2oci at i o:c1, an(<_ t he co

ponc.'.en C:e co v erin"; tl1e ~J el t L 1C: i ca tes tl:at t }·.:. e re wer e ~u i te a. ·fevr 

p eop l e nh o throt.:o_:;~1 a t t lmt t i . !e t }!at re 1.. le1t oj·· oi' j_)l'o<lnction an c .. o t h e r 

981 3 
- 242- . 

fact o r :::; of the i ndustry coul c. be l1r<i 1..1.nder tre leat..e_·•:;hip of :--r1 insti t·~

t e rrh i ch \Joule n o t be f urr::.isl -eci by <H o.s· oci.ation. 

At the ~e the o~n tt ee of ~iiteen v~s :ol~inc meetings and 

c:.ttra c L.nc; s ome at tentio~·l , ri s:mC:.~c;:.-ce service orr~cmization. in Washii .::;ton 

sai (_ L . o:1e of their. i ~ su s 11 r.)ri VF '-- e r .. i sc:.cs ~ions 11 • are ( l) 11 tln t, Co:-. .:;re~ s 

inclu6.e lumber in c:my legisl8ti on c~esi_~nec.. to lre8erve >Uch rcs0urces, 

su ch as coc:.l anCi_ oi l", ( 2) 11 t.1at a FeL .. erc>l r:'b1bE"r Conservatio 1 be or ·ani zed. or the.t j urif'd.ic t.ion av e1· tin1be.:· bo 3iven to oil c nservetion 11 , 

(3) rr.t:r.at a t i mbe r institute be cd ·c:o:ni zed ·vit}: a 1 czar 1 i;1 control. 11 

The arti cle ;;o es on 't o str.te ti.lP.t 11 t:lc ole, eneration uill not acLe::_)t 

th e :9lai n f oc t 11 t!lat 1i th specic-1 ! l'ivil e ;"'e snoulr csme suy>c;r i sion or 

r e:;ulati on , ·out says that the 11 1:e ., ~;e .. en. ti c n , .. ill sec 'the poi! t . 11 T'ni.s 

gi v es C'n inc~_i ation of ·.•hat Vit:S tlte fc-.ct , i. e. , tdet t'll sort or lL.eo.s 

e.nd ~;lel1s for controling }JroC.uc1,ior. · 'd'e fli ttir. : t.u·ou.;l: the mincls cf 

men in the i ·16.us tr~- ;;net s tuc'.ent:, out · i C:.c t:-:c i nC..us tr J , and >ubl ici s ts. 

After the ~)ropvsels ot the Co.:l.! i ttec of I'iftecn, especially --,i th 

regarC:_ to ti1e lumber institute, : .. a.c been c;iven SOil( 1Jlbli city ~tithii ti1e 

i mll.,_stry , an effort v1as .tc...de t,llO'.J..;h t'i.1e e·nlo it:v of tne corru1i ttee tCJ 

secu r e all Dossible data from otl er iJ C.ustries as to the o Jcratior c:1:.d 

effe c t on the industries of L1stitct s as d.istir.0 1ishGd !rom "S'1oCi"' io s 

or or,:;c:.nize.tio:1s ca.llec o~ nther nc-rne" . This, <'S -,ell a> the rc . .,ults 

or lacl..: or results of t:1e wCJr,~ c,f the Co •. i ttet; of Fifteen, indicat"c,_ 

a lacl::: of i:-ivestig~tion and research 1;rior to t.hc in':l-~:91ratim of t 10 

movement . 

On Devember 15, 1928 , e cell ~.-<~<; i ssuE'c... 1:;·- the ch'lirrnan of the 

Committee· of Fifteen ior c mc-oti:-1 ~ L 1acom~- e n t 1e nil"letccnth of t11e 

sa.r.1e . .1ontl1. In the call 1 efcro_ ce v. as m&0.e to .., · recent r:wetin{~ of the 

Committee in ChicaGo. 'ile i::-J nir 1.tes \tore '=Cpt· 0f these 11ce tin__;s , 

')r if the~· rrere ~<:ept the;; a..:-e l1ot c.vc:lil...,ble, it is knovm that the 

prirlcipe.l SUuject of ~,he; d.isCl,;.S -ion &t that meeting \'laS 11 curt'-"ilmcnt 11 • 

Subsequen"Lly other l:'.eeth._s v.-e1·r. Cc:'llr-Lt. 1"Jj tlis c1mrnittcc. orb its 

su.;:;e stion , at DEl ~onte, Portl<·.t.l, s~ ~ttle , Hot :::;prirgs , Arkansas , 21d 

possibly at other ~~laces , a c.. t,.cro ··Lre at til.e"' L c:>ttendc?_nce at these 

meetii cs the lec:<ie:.. !1 in the inC.ustry 'rom all :Jc:'rt(' of the United St.:ter;. 

At Dll of them arrQTI.:;eme ..tts 1::cre ,J, <ie to set f01 t,-~ co ,di tior.s of the 

incl.ustry from a statistical c.-n<i. finanr:ial vit"11.:.1o ··1t ['nd tn su~3;est and 

1nvi te sug.:;estions relati ·e to r:et:.ods of bala.1ci !fT. .. n p.JlY anC. d.ema.ncl. 

i. et~•ocls c0nsi d.ered inc luded tl1e idea of ~1-.o*·tei· days anG. shorter r·e 1"S 

for o·)eration in the South , ancl fG er ~hifts anc. fe ter dc>ys per wee'c i n 

the lest. 

At thi :.; tir~e suostantiE-11: all of the iest Coast operations "ere 

on e .. :n. ~10l."'..r (.ay , e}:cept seasonc.l cpe1:ations ~~lich , being .:orced to 

shut C.o··m fro· .. one to several ~o:r.. t~-~ in 7-he .. ,i .1 tc1· , rc>n more than ei.::; t 

hours ~-er 6 ..a:: u.nrin~~ the operatir:.; ;erioc... ':l m·e v·ere no aGreements 

made or attm pted ~o fC'r as ~c:e is ~~y evic~: ce to rhou , but there 

we r e efforts to f::et the leac."cCT · i.' •. - ~-=~·ierc.: t ·ectj.rJn·:; of the country to 

re t urn to tl1ei r :bO!nes c nc LPre-~ s 0! t~.e o "-raturs there the necessity 

for c'.oi113; sor~1E::thL1--; and t~J.e~: to o t.·:~c:. tc~tcr sae i1or·_ most prGtical nd 

expeci en t . 

981 3 
- 243-

DurillG the time t he Con._.i ttee of F1ft et:n \·ra s i n exi s t en c e , t be 

t hm.'-::ht no.s e:1Jr ess ed (THO babl y not o ri:.:;in,..,tin -~ ·;i t h the CoJ!lmi t te e , ·ln.' t 

fu.rtr·eJ.·cC. 'c v them) th<t tl:e L.t.•··- ;t r .. d1o·! .. h . 1wve ,.., Cirect o· - :;ene r a.l, c:~1 1 

co .• l'Erisons ·/e r e 1:1c:h.e ~ ·J;·'e l8 l l ;.ilc"._ Ju ~ .. _,e L2"1f".i s ; t Jw movj_E:; 

nl.UGtl· ~ <'lll- Yli l l c: ~rs ; :me- t ]·.e l~Ub· l' I nsti t ;:c te ·en<.·_ Generel ~,_ C.r ews . 

I r~\. _estio n i ~ it i·~ colTec t to r-. c.:.y thnt no ·ueneficiEll re~ l t ._, 

a cc:L'\._e: i'l'O . . th vrork ai this co!.L ii ttee . I thii1J.>: i t c pn b e s a id the.t 

tLero nere no tan0 i1Jl e recorc.-_ eL. re l.J l t s in evi \:·.en c e DnC .. nc <; thz t 

coul c DE: ·~--ton c.. itheT si:.e o-.;:' tlte let':c:.'el' L1 f i:;u.l·es , but the r:10 v erne:1t 

C.i C:. res1.l t , e-;~Je ci ll . t hl o1.l.:·_:ll the c p J.lL1,; to.:;e the r of ~ r ,;e :;rou:)s of 

seriou0l y i::tere s tec.L o_:Jerato rs , in £: r~;J rec:C: . of nor ec~ge a s t o th,., conG.i tion of the il1c ustry <:net 1nnst l!ave Collnellec' ~ r, ,pn;y pe r sons t o t a}-::e a 

more :.:e <' lis tic view of t J.1 c si t -...CJti o:!:: them they othen.ri se rroule. hav e tc ~-:: en . 

Ti1e -... l·o-uabili ties a1·e tlEtt t lle cmru11i t tee ~: eve r i'on!lal ly C:.i s bc:.J.1,-_ecl, 

t l1ei1' _'l'O_)o sr-.1 t o clten :;e t h e ~- tionc-l Lumber !·.,rulufc.Ctl..'..rers A.sso cicti on 

t o ·· :::. :. .:::; tit .1.t e vre s :tiever c a:. 1·i ec a·\ .t , t he re wac no C::.ire cto -~en ere l 

sec·,,_ re\.. , anC:-. in ti1:1e t r.e :Jember '3 of t.l•.e regi ona.l ;ro• .~ s t v rnect t h e ir 

atter.tlo:: t o '!ariol.H: othe:.' _oJan s anC:~ s chemes es :; necl t o e.cl just j_)roC:.JJ.c t i oi1 

t n Le:71e..:..6.. \Tl e t Le ue eti n ,s o f t he l a .i.'(,el' _, :co u~ Js abov e refe r recl. t o 

\"ere :...n:~ ~lc ld , ancl as ::1en HE'll t h orle fro Ll t :'.:e·:;e ;,1ee ti ngs c:-: ~r ; t '.l e 

:-, es a.~e t o ~1e ir ovm associations e.r.u l~e :; mls i 1 some sec.tior:..s e f .:orts 

Fere ..... t.e to : .st:':ler str;t i sti c s P,:c, (_ rinl. o1;._t more aoou t fa cts wi th 

r egc.rc-:.. ta tlle incLustry , a:w at one t i me lat er in 1928 t he Sout he r n PL e 

ssoci~ 'G oi.l h c.ci as L1an;) as ei,·hteen 1.1m1 in the fie1 6. a tt emJ)ti n:-; t o 

s ecure C:.<:'.te Oi tl e _;_JroC:,:ucti o:l o~· the sr~ all mills wh i ch u.i G. no t .r~ cr ~r 

r eport to t~1e a:;so ciati on. At t h e s a:.!€ ti:;le t he No rth Carol i no Pine 

p eoJ.)l e '."Jere ~-Olil ': ;:; orne of t he ·>Elme v1o rl·:. It i s c.'.L_'fi cu lt t o r ela·ce the . e 

re;io~'l ~. l < .. c.tivities to en;-· _,_J8 l'ticH1ar movei:1en t ulJ.t I think in ic atio~ls 

a re l~e ;- ·onc:.bl~r cl ear t he. t a t l e.:-.st soue o f the scouting and .i nv estige t ir: ; \·o:tl: tl: a t Ylas c~one in 19:38 ancl. early 1929 v1a.s t he e~u l t of t he 

thi nL:i \ O:i some o£' those Y'ho tte!lcecc t he wee t in;·.;c-. of t l: e Corru :ittee of 

Fiftce;,1. 

L. 1S28 t here e rr, e to t he atten.,ioll o J.. L w :7 Pti onal Vu11b r t.iam'.-

fac h..r e rs Asso c iation t he f e et t Lat t ; .e r e war: a movemen t on t he ')art 

oi' coa.l r~1C:. oi l intere sts t o fjecure l ec;i slatio.n C:cesi,_sne<l t o ~1ave a 

be::-.L'L \; 0.1 tl1e ,;_) roductio:il of those natt.LrPl resou.rc es. Tl1e r e ··ras cc:1·~ ide:a~l c corres~onG.en e back r ncl forth betwe en nembers of t he n~untry 

an(;_ r·i t - r..ssocia tion s executives, e.nci. t he i m' u s t r y b ccawe i n t e r es t eC. 

Pno;·_;::.1 o t l1r t on De c ewbe r 6 ' 1928 t he Ea tional Lumb el' j,fcmufa c t u r crs 

A so c.:.atio. _Jassed a res lnt o.~ c a llinG; a t teEti on t o the f ac t t }r t t . e- r e 

,.,er e ·· i u iln· e-nd. e C-.c i t i oJ.le.l reasons wh.Y , i f oil anC:L coal had l eci sl ation 

!:-i oviC.L1 ~ i'or 11 on ro ~::.n::; proc~.1..1..c ti on unc3.e r ])r ope r s afeguar ds" of 

oil E'~K coc:.l, or bo th, t :1o e;~is atio~l slw-c.l C.. a lso ermit c ontroll ed. 

-proc-:x.ction of ll.n.1ber. ~-he n the e.ctiv·itie.- 0f t J.1e lv1ab e r men ' Crune' to the 

at te1:tioi.: of the oi l }')eO~) e e~; lecia l,/ , t~ :eJ let it b u l.Glown tha t they 

di e i. ot 111:-.nt the l umber- t .sil E-tt{ c·:lec·. tn tl1eiJ' :.:i t e , c.nc" v;he t her or :10 t 

the eL.orts of the l um ;ennen v·:e:ce (]H i e t eL C C'. .'l ·u;, l'e F. :.:o n of t h i s objecti on , '!;~_ e f2c t s a::ce thr t the t~1:.:o 1..'. ;J1 t wa s ::ot :unn1e <'i. t o the )O int t h.:-.t 

e~is 2~ion was had i n h:~ lf of hlfn·;,.c. r . 

9813 
- :54-1-

TL: orici recit{'>l 1-:.en:' of t ]1is ~hm .... :h t i s .1ot (,O!ll.iE'nxt'rate •·ith 

the .:)Jo"L .... ;.t of c rn.:sponc.ei.Ct; a.:::1c COl'lft r:·i i: · e~1. ·c .:;ec' i21 o~ ti.:.e lumber 

nc~ St: ;,- c." .l.l'i:~~ th~ t ti• .. t- 1 • •• • lt c· ere ·•ere .·.o :·,cCl< l lu.JnlJt:: r or..:.aniz,:~:~i o:-. 

brou !.1"~ L."Go be.i.Lt; to fu1·tber t~ i::: Y ..• r JOSE <rH: re .~t:va2.J ..... S' ·:11. 2''10\'~ :.t 

of ~Jl..'-u licit ~r v•e s !lee .• 

:-orrz : At t __ • .;_s Jc- i :·:.t , L1 or: cr ~o .:: voit .~.rec.:.L'-e:1 t J.'f'~Joti Gio .l , it .. u:-·.r te 

V'el~ co stc. t e t: c.t i i1 eJ. 1. of v~:t i~o! t:~ o:· .. ,<? ~lt ... ls tr~ ,, c 1 Elrt: r --

c orl..ec .. e1 e t....nG. ._ ·i ven s'1L·.: i d e~l t r mi nen c ::: to · _ · e ::: :u. 1uer~:..~ ·<?j:'a':: • .- c:.. • • 

:::>r c:v· ,tel·., the1·e '-'f'> .:~-~~--- lt ·e.2. ~ i ~-c ssioH o. t.tc ~J -?l't or· attor :1e ~- s 

o f .. i ~- st.:--:_(_in.: i 1 tl:1c. ~ ·o·.t:s•'io:.~. c1 .cer: .i. .• -._~ f' le._,elity 

idec?.s ;:n:. :) ~ :s ~H'Or:loteti. ·- t ,,_: i--_~...us'~n . ~~1e .~f attorn~J.,'S ··ere n·L1ci )nl 

ly C1_J: 6~ ·-c t~ Ye._~-L·.la.l·ly b,,; i 1lt- 1~·1· ~e 1· o.Jt::·:atol' · i:· -cj ~ .1uustry , - S\'all;'/ 

fror.1 't' o or L~ rt.-e t0 -: . . 1:.1 f t~o..;E: r o:. .• o~·e )I t:lE' n , ere P. ,;i nrt. to 

joiT1tl ., :"''GtF~.J t . . t:: .:.>roCcl..'CGir);_ ·~o~· t-·ol : (c~.s rs t l t.; c:-JJ.e e l m:..> e n· to 

advisE:: t~1eir clien~ as tc t1- J• ;':i r o:.· · .. h· _1ro 'OsRl un~.'er co.i.s . n·at· 

on. .';.t t i...c" .3or;,e of t . : e \::;1'1)~ d r·e:.t e:.ti cl~· L ccros:.> t:~c co• -c ine t 

fo 1~ t:1e · l_)ose o.f .. 0c t L,,_, r·i t t 1E: i · 1J.'i1 ci1 'lls o !.' to 11€'8 t otto rne' s 

Fho co :!.. __ :iot t ::avcl to teet t c. . : <·n .. , \' :ti ttc opinioM: ::.re in o:i~te: !"" 

c e s J~o the co •. c l'Llsior ·· c:!'_ .. v,__ ;1t <.·j1L. , a-. .1 • .:.. ·'J.t be E".:·~c.c c~. , · i! a 

numbe:..· o: i ~~ t • ces :.:J 'l!.<:li 110-:. r- C~"n.:!h sio. wac l'E"' c1·ed. It is _)rob'-'bl y 

that lot3:..' 011 ih .. hi3 1~ w:ct it -_,ill e :.ecessr.r,; t') refer to thr!sc 

l e_;c:-1 c"' .. ::-e.·P~1ces or r.i ·r ·.a3io." u1 ... t :..or t he s£'J--:eof urcvi ty s· ch rci'Cl't:Il Ce 

'Pill ,;c c~.i._,_:_ atccl as rru:"'. :; ";E;'!: S 9Xncu.icl t c.-.1d the rc ert::l rt .te! • ... n t 

v1ill t=-'.1c'. t~ .at tnc i :.L. ctr·~ ~ :.. t its 1.1cu be~·g too:: c:-re ~ t ca·CC;: to chec:: o .. ;:. 

the le ,<.'J.i t~- of ev e_;• rocuctio: c ntro l plcmt t •thicll t he ;r,_vc 

s e rio--.::. con:; i c'_,n· c: t i o_ .• 

9813 
DIR-:BCTOR OF P~ODTJC I r. J . 

During this peri0d somoon , I do n~t ~ow whn , evolved the idea that 

the ind.ustry should have a "director of u r oduction 11 to act in b ehalf of all 

firms mho would sign a contract with hi~, and various tentat i ve fo r ms of 

con racts were urouosed . One rovid~ d that the duties of the dir e ctor 

should be (1) 11 to survey stoc1cs , uroduction, sales, de111and, e tc., of different compani_es in r elation to demand and Dr oduction as a whole·

11 ; (2) 

"to de e:r-mine u roduc tion necessary to maintain reasonabl e invsnt-ories and 

balance between suonly and demand"; (3) lito insti-1~ot the manufacturing 

deuartmen t accordingly. 11 This form n rovided_ f or a monthly' salary for the 

director and, for the operator~ ro~is d t hat all the departments of his 

business would comnly with instructions from the dir e ctor. 

About the same time vari ous sal e s agency plans we:re written uu and 

circulated and , if c~rried . into effect, . th:; oretically would have had some 

control of odu~tion inas!'!'luch as the operator t ·ound hims elf t o sell his 

entire outu1~t through the sale s a~ency and to· abide by the contract for a 

mini::num of 0n?. yp r, anJ rh\ .-'!a ft r tn A:iv·., at lAa::ot six months of iEteni n to cancel. 

It was evidently th.e thou~ht of < s ome t.hat if enough onerators would 

si~n this contract with . the , c entral -.-a gency that they obviously could not 

over-nroduce because th8 agency would IfOt s ell or ·offer to s ell more than 

it could mar"k::et at a r easonable nrice and the operat•or could not s ell at 

all. 

V. THE HOLDING COMPANY IDEA;· 

In April 1928 there .was· some corr esnondence r elative to the suggestion of a l eader who was a memhe r of the Committ ee of ifteen, also a 

member of one of the suecial commi-tt:ees s elected to ne.e;otiat e with the 

banking groups r elative to 'the West Ccast merge r, as t o the · possibilities 

of a holding company model ed somewhat along the lines of nublic utility 

holding companies, with the idea that this might· ta"k::e the place of the 

mer~er, that it would involve l ess ureliminary wor 1r in the wa.y of ascertainme~t of values and marketir-£ of s ecur ities, and that the holding 

comoany with lesser canital would, under the proper . s etuu, control sales 

and fix p olicies a s to n r oduction and distribution. This mov ement -did 

no t get under very considerable headway, p robably because of the legal 

O"Olnlon of the lawyers who were advlsing this particular man and others 

with whom he conferred. Possibly the holdi~g company idea .oould hardl~ 

be considered as a definite movement toward producti on control but I am 

citing it as showing that the members o·f •the industry we re r ea ching out 

for every possibl e straw. · · . 

VI. HARDWOOD CONSmRVATION PLAN. 

This program was apparently started in F~bruary 1928. The plan 

was only developed and put into effect aft er careful work on the nart 

of the legal advisers and aft.er a conference by members of the Industry 

9813 
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- 246-

with Assistant United Stntes Attorney General Donovrm, In setting 

forth the :0l2,n use \'"TaS 1Jf'de o:.;. stfi.tenents ;mde b' President Hoover concernins the need . fo r economic inquir y a...'1<i ac ... s , n-~ tThat he said ''flS 

quoted in ~-)art in circuJ.a rs and letters nhich .. rere 3ent out. 

The n conten1:plated a division of the hard\lood rlc;cnufacturin-; aree. 

~nto ten geographical districts, to each of ::rhich .,ore to be as..,.i.cned. 

twelve field mer: tThose princil)<'.l orl- rrould be to t;:tther roductio::l e-nd 

stock data. Zach .1eek there ryas a baroDeter issued for each district 

and the statistics 'JJ~en from the'se 0o.r:orwters ·•ere co roiled c>nd used 

in a J.Jas ter baroneter sho1.ing p roduction, orders <;:ld sni mont:; for the 

entire ino.ustry . The theor r o..s announced hy 1e ,1 hers of the i'nduntr.r 

was th2.t Ol:>e rato.rs, kroDing t he e~-::act ff'.cts as to vi tf'l "'tatistics of 

the i ndustFr , could and '-:-ou:.d ) rOC.uce for , ·Jrobable der and rather tha.n 

by e;uess or ruf'lor , an& instances -rere cite' of runors releti ve to 

sur·olus or SC8.rci ty of stock in varim.".s e.re?s c>.nd relative to possible 

nerr. dena:1ds or fC'.lling off in dei 1ru1d , hich rur:10rs had 1)eea ac ten u·')on 

by neubers of the ind1stry ni th disastrous :..-esulb; . 

I find no record ;i 'lint; the ficures c:n to ho'~" this Jlt:l.n 10r~:ed 

out but no douot so:1e stc-ttistics could be ['l.t:1ered fron officials of 

the Hard•-rood ! .a11uf?.cturers Institute , •-.i:licil has rl'1cen tl:r .r;one throu~ll 

a reoreanization and. P.ill be in better s ... ')e 1 .... ter on thrn it is no 

to furnish any info rna tio:1 desired. Ho·-.ever , in so11e corres'l'Jondence in 

.arch 1930 relative to a.11other 1atter then under con .• ider~ ~,. ion , the 

:9resident of one of the lC'r';est concerns i.1 the country , Manufacturing 

both soft 10od ru1d l arch-wod , said 11 or_:;E'ni7.c.tion of districts in hardvrood and r.1eet i :1gs nor>ed rrelJ. u.TJ.ti 1 :product ion dr0 TJed l)elo 1 dc•vmd 

anG. ::>rice ;:~ne u J a little; then U:e operr'tors lo ;t interest. 11 In 

this sene letter the stRt·er1e ·1 t r'as .JA.Cle' th3t 11 0o.:: :::'looring had a 

better methoc'l_of repo:rti'1g sales thc."'"l ?J.lY other r'.1C. in one year , TVith 

dernand 25% less thun in the }Jreviou.s t•-:-o ~flrs ' the-r sold their production at a p r ofit. 

11 In Decer.1"uer a nUT'lber of nanufacturcrs reDched t.1e cbncl'J.sion the:r 

could not st.:md the strain on account o r. sel:;1s .. 1 dis·Josition of 

others and quit coo_)ereti::'lg • . The indus tr.t then beca nc demor,.l i :1,ed. 11 

FrOhl this I think it , ,ill be seen the hr>rClrroo conservat ·on ul<'n faded . - out of the :Jci ture during the ye...,r 1930 .:1.nr::. th.o=tt is :lcco:;,~dL •. ; to . y 

person8~ recollection of rrh<'.t occurred a the :ir1C3 . 

VI I . nEST COAST ADVISORY PJJAIT. 

On } overaber 23 , 1929 , Colonel } • :a . Greeley, formet: Chi ef 

Forester of the United States, c.nd at th(l.t tim; secrete.ry- manat;er of 

the rres t Coast LU:Qbernan Is Association' nrote to. the United States 

Attorney General setting forth the reasOilS .Zbr this ')lan and uhat 

i t Tias ho:;:Jed to accor )li<:>h throU£h the )lrn. Colonel __ GreelP.y r efe rred , 

first, to the demor?.lized condition of tne. induct!"J; second , "='ave 

some of the reasons for its over devel0 )"1Gnt , such ElS _the abundance 

of available timbe r, heav·,r Ct'rryinc char es on the ::> r oper ties and 

overly optimisti c attitude on the ·1art of the industry on the trend 

o:: nati onal cons~Jt ion. He then referred. to a conbined r e;:>ort of a 

considerable g rou : of large e.nd srJall n.ill s , covering the previou:> ten 

9813 
- 247-

years esnecially. This r enort showed a loss in six of the ten years and 

only a very slight gain in the othAr four years. Colonel Gr eel ey also 

referred to nublic loss es , such as l oss in emnloyment and lower ed nayrolls 

due o the demo raliz ~d condition of the i ndustry. He suoke of the timber 

was e and the necessity n the uart of the empl~y rs to use only the cream 

of he forests and 'leave to burn and waste all timb er not of the st~ ~ 

!ie cal.led attention to t Le feet that 60"1. of the r emaini-:1g softwood was i n 

the northwest r egion and that , therefor e , .the uublic interest had to be 

considered and the suggestion was that t his interest would be best s erved 

by bringing about a condi t.ion of r easonable balance between suonly and 

demand. 

Colonel Greeley said in conclusi on that· :nha t w .J. desire is to stabilize the process c;nd avoid t he e:-: tr.::-r11e f luctuat ions in both u rod.uctions and 

'Drices which have lead to demo r alized .conditions" . The ulan itself was 

onti led 11 A Plan f-or At.visory Statistical and Mer chandising Servic e to 

iiest Coast Lumber Manufacturer s" and. was natter ne d a fte r the St evenson 

Plan. Without going into detail the r eader .. will, I thi ~k, ,e:et suffici ent 

information as to the wo r '<ing of the Dlan from ·this statement from the 

pamnhlet , a copy of "'hich was sBnt to the Attorney Gene r al: "The key to 

the advisory plan is the lil'!litation o.f sales by each company over a r easonable period tu its nercenta.ge of the adjusted canacity of t he industry. 

Such '1 plan could not be ce.rri ed outs however , wi thout l<eeu in"S production 

and stock s in sound balance vri th s?-les.- 11 

The letter referred to was es~ nted ln ne r son and subse quently several 

efforts were ffiade to secure a r eply which was not forthcoming until January 

9, 1930, when the Attorney General ':s. o.ffice wro.te r efusing either t o apur ove or disapprove the ulan 9r advise as to changes in the plan which 

might be made to r emove the ~u stion of its l egality. In his lett er he 

said that if the plan should be nut int.o operation , "It seems not unl ikely 

that the Department of Justice .would find it necessary to test its l egality 

in the courts." 

' In view of the attitude of, ·the Attorney General, the West Coast Association decided in Fehrua'ry 1 930 not t o give further conside.ration to ·Jthe 

plan at that time. Comments were made by those of the industry who had 

been in close touch with t he nego.tiati ons with the At t orney Gene ral's 

office to the effect that "it was. evi dent · the Attorney General's office 

fel t the previous Attorney General had made too many p romis es and too many 

gestures in the direction of l axity of enforcement of anti-trust laws. 11 

VIII.UNITED STATES TIMBER COKSERVATION BOARD. 

Some t i me in 1928 a suggestion was made to the directors of he 

National Lumber Manufacturers Associatio~ that ther e b e organiz ed an official government committee or groun or board with snecial r eference to 

the lumber industry. At least some of .those in association work and 

active in the industry at this time f Alt that t he re was meri t in the 

idea of an official organi.zation of th i s sort for the reason, first, 

that such a group would have ~e f a ciliti es f 0r ascertainment of 

facts, and secondly, that the facts when nut before the industry 

and public would have more weight and i nfluence than if nut out ty 

private industry. Furthermore , that sugees":ions ·arid advise from a 

9813 
-248-

boa~d of this ch.arn.c ter could ·orobnoly be acce·Jted oy those 'lho Tiere so 

minded Pi thout the industry be inr~ chnrged r:i th- collusion or cons·.Jirac·r 

to viola te a ny statute , and that if the board 'found that among the 

difficulties of the industry was that of over~J roduction, they could so 

sta te and set fort~ the r emedy in a much more authoritative :ny than 

could any other organization. 

In April 1930 the directors o.f the lur!oer e.ssocic:1tion D.J Jroved 

the p l an and in I.iay of the ;::~.m e yeFt.r it \las foroally ·Jresented to 

President Hoover. In f';ppointing the 1embers of the boarLl in lTovenber 

1930 , the President stated, amo!lG other things, thr.t the uur:0ose 'of the 

board qas "to develo,J constructive ne thods :Zor dealin:; nith tl1is ~ . ~roblen 11 , the 'P.robleTJ be i ng 11 ~onse quences of over.)roductioa in the 

forest industries." 

. . 

At :first tller:e ··rere v rious r ·eactions to tl e find~Yl:; s nd su.:,L,estions of the board -r1hich, after itG organizotion and as soo 1 as the 

data could ·v e ·assembled, issued statenents indicDting the :1ecessi ty for 

a drastic reduction in inventories. Sone ~embers of the indust!" c.nd 

SO r'le grOU'JS felt thC'.t the SUt:;[;ested reductions ere tOO ·~ re."lt, r;hile 

a:Jparen tly nos t of the i !ldus try felt the t the a~ tn asse•1bled nus the 

b~est that could be secure cl D:Ld that the sur;. ,est ions shoul d be follo11cd •. 

Fina lly , I think it ce~n be sr- id that the i n, str..r alnost un<mimously 

acce~Jted the finui:1t;s of the b onrd nd to a very considerable e;ctent 

comp lied Tiith its SUGGestions , and it is n -rcll-l1o,-rn fact th~t the 

industry inventory n s cut very 1ateriC1ll~r and 2.") Jro:·inate l y , fro ·1 

ti1ae to. ti 1e, in line rri th the. sugGestions of the ooard • 

. The Lur.1"t> er Survey Con: lit tee of the I'inber Con.serv;~ tion loard, . hich 

is the statistice~ l and fact-findinb 1Jo.I't of t} e or c-nizatio 1, as 

O~iginally cDpointed on July 9 , 1931 , is still St!rving and t he llembership consist E. of the folloninG: rhonns S. Holclen , vice- Jresident of 

the F. T-. ::::lodge Corporation, re'7 Yod~ City; ;:. ·: • .:>tark:, economist 

of Chicago; Cnl vin Fen tress , chair-,an of the ] oard of :lal:cr and 

Fentress ru~d Com:•Jnny , Chicat;o; Philli·)s A. Hay:.7arcl, C ie_, ~orest 

Products Division of the :Je·Jartmcmt of Com 1erce; e.J1C.. 'J~lson Com:0ton , 

secretary- me.nager of the Uatione~l Lumber : ;anufactu rers s.,ociption , 

ITashington , D. C. . . 

It has been their practice to issue a auarterly report, the first 

page of '1'7hich 11as a release for the :_J ress, usually settin1; forth e-::-oected consumytion for the current quarter ryith ~ record of reduction or 

additions to inventories for the ye r to c~te , or in the cnse of first 

quarter reyol~ts , for the Hlst year. This rele'Jse '70uld indic, te the 

relati on of demand to sup -Jly e.nd T"Jhn.t correctio:1 , if any , Has needed to 

br~ ng these tno factors ii.1to 'x tlance , and qui te often c<'!.rried some 

sugeestions as to tr~ de ·oror'lotioil a11d rcsec..rc ... 1 needed , and culled attention to ne,-, constructio·.,_ urojects or ne.• tj)es of co~struction in 

accordance ni th r:rl}at B:ppeared to be the c 1.rrent o'?·,Jortuni ties for the 

lu11be r ind.us_try. 

The body of the r e-n ort, addressed to th~ Secret.S.r-r of Co:nerce , 

~sually giye s ~irs~ the re co ~1endations and concluaions _in a more 

extended form than sho;m ii1 the releD.se , and the:1 oes on to ci ve a 

9813 
2~9

··' de tailed an~ lysi s of consu:rrot iqn a.:11~ stocks by re ions and s:pecies • 

.... ' 

It is the cornnon rnctico of t he r~ ionnl associations to extract 

from the report the pertinent nRterial ~Jplic~ble to their r es 1ective 

:o robler1s Elnd to ci rcul:., ri ze their ·1er;;.beJ?slti:;J sur;ges ting the C1.dvisa'!:>il-. 

i ty of compliance Tii th the reco "'1:.1 enr~c: i.o:.1s of the :Board., the seereta.ries 

of t:1e associations t a>inG t l" j_:.:; ) :ortu:;1it;r to '1ake their Ot'm r1arl.ce t 

comr1ents. Thus t he reco:-111Emclr tions, conclusi ons , sw~.::; estions, <md 

de tailed inforr.a t i o:: } ro; mlg.n t e d b-, the lJoarC: q1J.ic1:ly :·)C1.ssed throup:h 

the veri.ous associ".tion of/ices o..nd to tllG individual :) era~or rrhon 

it i s ho·Jed •.-rill see the l)ecess:ltv .lor doir1;c; his lart to'.7c.rcl adjusting 

uroduc tion to d.e;1cmd. 

While this mo,ier::ent in its entirety :;erho.os shou..1.d not be designated as an industr r nov enent be au~~e of i .ts b e.in:; s•Jonsored by the 

goverm,1en t, still so /"'r !'lS is' J~n e-; ri the r~.dus tr;r, through the 

exec'J.tives and directors of t he lfC1.tional LL.w!1ber I:anufacturers Associa .. 

tion, did nor~ U } the :Jl .n, hrd n very g reet deal to do qith Gathering 

statistics nncl '1EJ.terial for the use of the board and had a t;reat 

influence on the industry in se ttin:r; fortl1 t h e r:1eri ts of the idea. and 

urging acce]J tance of the su o ;estions . 

The LUJ!lber Cocie Aathori t y , i n f i.:;ci n:; t }le national. quotas of softwood and harduoocl, used a s a oasis the fir;ures :p;rovided by the Timber 

Conservation :doard in their q·narterly rep orts. For various reaoons, 

(such as at times the necessi ti for p rovi dinc e:.1ployment) the Lurnber 

Code Authori t :r did not rigidl~- a<lhere to the Boardt s .estimates but in 

all c a ses used tl1er1 as a base fror. which to start. There TIGre times 

nhen subsequent to the issun:1ce of the re )Ort and. before a quok;. l!as 

arrived at , cho?nge s in ~oncli t ions Tilr de it seem to the Code Authority 

advisable to de-,_Jart to sone extent fron the JJoc:.rd 1 3 estiln0tes. 

IX. WEST COAST :::n S·TRI CT '[J.;ETilTI s. 

Throut;hmJ.t the naterihl available t her e are J'10re or .less frequent 

· reference s to effort a nPde on the 'IT e st Co r·.s t in 1929 to loTie r ~reduction and a series o£' d i s trict n~eti::.c s th·' t '-re:r ~ held EJ.t imp ortant 

JJroducing points, such c:s Portland. , Sea t t ;.e , Gr a: 1 s Harbor, \7i1J.arJot te 

Valley and others, and to <1 ·Jle.n r-rlli c~ r 1. 3 o.clvocC'tec: Tiherchv ODe rators 

With t WO mills running tnO Shifts 8("1 C:1 ":OUL.~ C.iSCOntinue One Shif t 1 

thus r educin-; their indiviC\ u aJ. JrOdl.1.cti on 25~ , '-rhile s~n )e-shift rJills 

woulC.:. run five d<\'/S per week, cutti ·l.~ their :Jroduction l G-2/ 3>. :!leference is Ti1~de to the dissatisfaction of l~ or Rt the sinPle-shift mills 

h, vin.~; onl r f ive. da~rs of '7ork ~Je r -rreek ':'hile -~1e rhaj_) S just a~ ss the 

rive r or o:: a21 eo.joininG operation on the Sound or Harbor ne .i 1;-rl;re 

wor:V.:in ~ s i:: days per we ek. ·:rhe corres~ondence shons tlw t sm :e o·9e :ca tors, 

in fact probably r .. 'laj 8ri ty, cor;I_D l ied ··.'i th this plan for adjus tnent 

of -:;reduction but thrt [1 f e·1 rr t. e o:Je rators 11 d'lo never co-operated11 

•:rould not lend <'.n:y- help to the Ll.8<1. , vrhich ··)ut the issue u.p to the others 

as to Tihether t hey nantei t o · nh0lC: the u-,;,J:r-e ll:-.>. 11 ovor the others. I 

knon fron y.>ersonal c ont a c.t of t hose :!eetL1 ·s , hc::.vin:: A.ttended. l!)any of 

them, th[-l.t the re ~-re e no ninnt as J.·.:G:.l t r\nlt :: q detD.il r el;;.ti ve ~o the 

me ..:: tings Pt.:ld. t l1 e r esults· 1;?'0' ~l ei. .1nve to -~ Je r;ecureci fro·1 corres 1ondence 

files or recolh:ction of the .. 'l e.rtici'1t:U1-:;::; . 

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The attemp t to secure volunt~ry coo··)e ration looking towc.rd the 

adjustment of p roducti on continued off and on , and \7hile other ideas 

and p lans Tiere bei':'l~ 110 rked on , until '/C 11ere •1ell into the de,ression , · 

and then l)roduction a!ld other :.':'actors connected v!i th the ODeration 

of the in~lu stry rye re r e€,Ula.tAcl by tl:..e necessities of the i~div idual s 

more then by C'.nythi!1-C else until the code re riod. 

X. THE CO!'.lPJl oH PL.AH 

rl~r in 1 930 the F.ttentio:1 O.i he industr~ <'.S cal ed to p ropose'l.ls 

na.de by Dr. i1ilson Co;n;:>ton settin_-, .~~rth 11 A course of a.ction for the 

1 umber i ndus try in t he orderly con tl'ol of llllDber _product ion '"'nd su:p'.)ly" , 

and advence copies of the -rri tten p r oposal were circulated amont; a feu 

members of the L1dustry nrior to its cleliver-r ·b7 Jr. Com ton at a 

meeting of the board of directors of the atim Pl Lumb er l1anufrtcture r s 

Association in Chicago o~ A~)ril 24 , 192,0 . The · . ..~ror.tise .1as set forth 

in the state;nent t:1at nlmt is needed nre (1) \7iG.e. r:m.rl-ets wd. uses 

ffor lu1t1b er and ( 2) better c o:1.trol of >up )ly , a:1cl. '1. proposC11 Tias 1ade 

involvi ng the ascertainmel t of .:acts relati re to )roiuc ion c.i'1d 11 expe c ted p r o0..uc ti on 11 and i ndicc.ti 1 ._, ;1et!1od.s :1 ic~1 ni··ht be useu for the 

securi. g of facts and for :·.1,.,kin ~ usc of these iC'.cts . As to the latter, 

it "ITas suggested tha.t there be (1) resul::- montLly neetin~;s in each 

i iiT?o r tant lUlnber manuf;:-ctur i11..:; loc[\.li ty or '71- ole sale center; ( 2) the 

formation of lo ic rl regional ~rouJs rbr the collective considerntion 

of 11 prod.ucti on quotasll . 

The sugo estion involved the diviQin~ of the nitcd States into 

seve ral geograp'1ical sections, originall~r inte'1c~ed to be five in numbe r, 

and the selection of ei ~h t to tryelve ~eetinb noints in each aistrict 

or locality, 1i th a chairna:'l. selected in each local it r , 11i th arran·;enents beinb nade for ree,-ulc_ Mee ti 1 ·s -·hich .-.oul d be nrran.~ed for c nd 

h.q,ndled as to all det 1ls b~r loc<' . "'eo·_"'lle .,i th re Jresentu.ti ves of the 

na tiono.l association in at tenda!lce , . Dot to lend in the ryro~;raM but. to 

5 ive those ~resent the benefit of economic ~na lysis t~ t had been nade 

of nhat vms r;oi 'b on in t~e countr' , l'"'r,....c , '"~nd to brint; in r e_?orts 

of the emerience or t:~e lac!: o; it at other r-1cetin;;s of lil-::e character. 

This ad ·.ress of . r . Co::"'l )ton n.lso '"~.de dir ect wntif),l o: the 

method of securing orderl r control cf ·JroG..uctior. throu.c-h the e1.1)loyment 

of a. director of prod.uction , u' ich idea has l e etofore been discussed. 

S:ubsequent to the meeti 1['" of ::n-r G4 , t ·o L r ,;e coJ:1:1i ttees ~.ere 

aJ ... )O i nted by the national LUjJbe r ;:anruC'cturers Associ0tion directors , 

one to 11 sug;;est plans .iOr secu:rin~ orderl control of lu:·1ber p roductlon and distri'Jution 11 and the other to 11 consider -·ays and 1.1e1.ns for 

b roader co ope ration i th retailers * * "' . 11 About this time , because 

of the interest that seer.ted to he taken in Dr. Con·Jton 1 s )lan , c. 

strong legal corn11 i ttee •1as a~J:.:> ointed , co ~cistLl,~ of the laiT'Jers enp loJed by sever nl of t~ e larces t firms in t;,P. L1dus ~r . Just prior 

to t he neetint; of A)r il 24 r eferred. to above , one of he Del l.ionte 

neetint;s '7a.s held. on A? ril 15 an<l -·n effort as :-nade to "urL g uu 

Dr. CO!ilp t on 1 s 'llen and. discuss it c •. t ti:.;·t .• e ct"L:·!."' in lieu of any other 

prog r ess , but matters <.: i o. not uor1: O'lt that \78 .• ' • 

The special coiJmittees a;;)oin'vec~. in k "J il !let in Chica{';o on J une 11 

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and 12, 1930, r1nd consid.erc..b}.e eff:)rt i7flS ·:mt forth i n orG.e r to Get tJ.1e 

T'len ,~ho r:e:..·e cn3 ider e~ to _be le~clers :: n t Lo i :1riustr·r x.o attend the 

"'leetin~; . .One of the ar~;e s t :··roc.uc:e r s nh')Se ·.,r Gse·."l ce r.t . the 1:eeting 

'78-S considered essen-'ci.n..l , i;'l·iic!lted lL:::' ,-,i}.l:i_ii. ';:.lesG t ·J atte~1d. it on a ny 

date nhich r as 0! 8!1 on l is c .,le'1C..>r , "I?·t:'.t l1e sr·i ·cl i)cforehand th~ t he 

thourht t!v: _J lan r·o·-~l ~ 1:ot -;-uJ:cJr, t h<-..t ,-;hen l ·, l.D.ber , 1.1;r reason of co:1 trol 

of uroduction or Pn " otlce :c r GC'l.Sni! , '·:;.'.G "t.l."J in ·0rice , L1ero ' :m1.ld be c:. n 

iacre se i:1 t:le .1uraiJer of r·il 1 s ; ~F:: :rJ. it ···e!1t J.o'.'11 }~ P- ~7 !rJ ills '70uld 

oecoue i nRcti re D.C:-1 iE ;~?1d. t~r t this ·;r oc e'3S .. ·ou"J.d. iJe :::-e ~JGQ Gd fro:1 

t i me to tine . Th"'"- i c,:,) · ··J. r ··· .J.:1 .., J. '~ r:(~ - ~"''8''" -' - ... J .' !'•....., '-' !''S() ...,.1_.. "• l ' I. '

V ·cJ , ~ .1. c "J. J. · t'1'"'t .1 c o. so J . le .J. ")l'"' (..1,. 'll could be 

found Hhich , ''The n _:Jut into oJer ti <"~n , 'O' t. lc~ iT.1)rove the situation, but 

seeinod to ho.v e El. hope l ess attit,.ld..e ~ncl 8.3 e> . i"lc-t t er of fe ct, that sort 

of attitude ·oe rv.:- .decl ~. e incL-u.s t:::'y :::. t. thrt tir.ie rmd still d.oes , as could 

be shown by a nu..1ber o::,..' e0~ :s o/ co:::-res· JO:.cle'!Ce . 

Anot:1e r l c:.::-;;e pej [ tor ,"_ r o:··.e uho hnd oe e,.J. a l e ; der i :1 vo.rious 

industry ::1over.GntB, said. n.t the co:'1cl :1si o:t oJ..' r'. lenc tr1y l ette r, 11 It 

is goinc to oo ne ce 8snr-:r :!:' or ·::.s tG :fi:1d 3or:1~ le;::c>.l 1:-av to secure 

control of ·J G(~uct n a nd s e.les ·)o·:.i ci e s . 11 TLL; i s only a s ample of 

any number of .extr acts r:h ich coulci be t a1:c n fr ~1 l e tters written by 

industry ;neiJbers a~ d thi;:; c-.nd s i 1::i l<:·.r quot c. io ~1~ Rr e unl :r dr03))J ed int o 

thi.::> narra tive to shovr th":l.t t:q.e industr:·· ~1~d its ni:r.r.l cont-in\,lal 1.y on 

this ·o roblem. 

The resoluti cn odu·"ted <'.t t l: e special c oomi t ·t oe 1eetin~s on J une ll 

and 12 vrere ·equ.iv0lent rlnost to a comolete ondorse r1ent of Dr. Cor.r,)ton 1 s 

) lan and :Jrovidecl for , first , a SJ Ste:ra of re:p orts nnd sur ve rs r elated 

to supply <md de!'1Md , .1.:1 ~;er co ·l SU'l tion a nd. v olume of producti on 

nece ssary for su.:Jpl:r and. cle ·,·;:,ncl to 'or.la.nce . Second , r et311l2.r !71 0nthly 

meetin~s at 11 ·_Je rho1JS f orty t o fift ~t designC).te d conveni ent ·ooints * * 11 , 

,qnd further :3-D ·Jroved t he a·" 10i.nt 1ent of t.. s·Jcci --1 co~ Ji ttee to -ror1:: out -' ~ -

the :DechE'!lcis. So:Je oth e r :resolut io~ls rre1·e p e.ssed re::.0 ti ve to sal es 

ae encies , r.'lnd then f\ r8sOluti on thc:.t the ~_;J esiclyht ·qf ·the 8.$SOC iat ion 

should "3!1Joint a spe ci "'.l car:nittee t o b e rx1..th orizecl to se cure counse l 

to' ·m2.ke an in ten3 i ve stucl;:~ o:::· 11 t he ~'J ossi .o il i ties of red:uc t i Oi1 i n the 

n1J.r.lber of :? ro ducin r~ u nits *-!: * be.:. ; P :1P- r -:;er through h0lding con-

~anes * * * in o1·C.r; r to · e r::1i t nGc efJ St1.r'J ec ·, o~.1 ies in· p r oduction, c onservation , etc . 11 This C'Ji·r .i tt,e e -... a s r-:1.1.thori zed to re) ort; at B. su'usequen t JlleetL1G• . The r e ;· ::.c o:;c.1e C( n::: i :_e ·.:.b lc ·)ublici ty given t o this 

movement in ner Jape rs o:f ce ner :~l circul : tion 2.ncl f.'l Ore spe..ce g i ven by 

trade pnpe:rs. The Chicag o J ou rnc?.l of C01.1'1erce of June 3 , 1930 , cR.rried 

an Rrticle heu.ded. 11 Lumber Gr oup 1'o Discuss Su~) J.y nd iJe11and Relations 11 ; 

11 The Development vri t hin this L1~1: s Tri·y of· means of enc ourc:v;i n{?: close r 

R.cijus t :nent of t h e SUp)ly of J.umrJe r to the de71add rfil l be di s cussed by 

a s·.Je ci8l cornni ttee of d.irect ors of the Nationn.J. Lu.JTbe r ;rC'.nufactur e r s 

Associ a tion to be he ld Ju..':le 11 !!nd 12, e tc. 11 

To sho·-, the fe a ::- in t h e n inc.ls C' .[ s 01 (~ as to ony thin,, t hat ni h t 

have the color of a. viol0 tio;1 o:L· t l.1e a nti-trust ac t, none of the lea ding a nd roost a ctive men i n tho i"!.d.u::.;tr·- t ;;ol,: e~: ... Jtio ~l t o even this 

.. mch public i tJ "~.nc;. one l e rd_;r th~> .. A,·~ .. :;· l·,:;cl L· ._,; t~"drc: xr i rorn ruw association activities. 

A :p l an for the :' .'R. thel'in: ~ ol .st<-. tlstics 011<l the holding of meeting s 

9813 
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no.s f i nc>.l ly a1J ~o e0. and the .c rl;:: ~r . i.!eeting s \Te re held e t lea st 

a t mt:'ny ~J oi nt s t hr oufrhout the c oi..mt ry <Uld r ez;ularly a t mwy of t he manufa ctur ing cent e:L·s. Pr obabl;? no one 7'"' s e ntire l y ti sfi ed 11i th the 

r esul t s e.?J.d busi ness g8 er ll~r , i l'!liTiedi .:l.t <:>ly s·~t. ouent to t h is p eriod, 

\7[\ S {te tting into a TIC'rse c ondi ti 0n \.i t h t:!e h:i..rnber industry :p robably 

d.e cl i ni ng f a ster t~1 '1.J.'1 •l m0st r.1 r othe r . I do :1ot l;:n0\7 , .. he t he r it can be 

sc:dd thC" t t he r10rkL1g of t he machi:1e r-- c:f t ;le C0n'?ton l~m sto·o'9ed At 

any cert e in 0..,-._ te or "~le ho r "\. b•:.tte r st CJ.t er,ent i!Culd oe t hat in t he se 

v <"' ri cus me etings mg,::1; othe r subjects of _nt arP st '.7e re ca s cuss ed by the 

assembl ed lu.muer uen , o:tnd. t he st a ti ti cs ~c:; .... t ilr-r ec' ·pre such e..s , .. ,e r e made 

use of by t he }Jati onr.-1 Lumbe r :.ia.VJ.ufactl.re:..·s Associ a ti " n i n its r egular 

st a tistical· ·_) rogr ::ro .:-:.1d sP.rvice , n:.1C.. t:Pt ')r ooobl_r t his ~J m gredu.,:-l l y 

me r ged · into nEt.t te r s ha ~ to (!.o '"!i 1 thP Tinbe r Con s e r va t ioh 3 oa r d 

sta tistica l \'fOrk anC:. o~nendatio:' s ''..lld ne::~ed i nto the rae;ul " r 'l.Ssoci ation acti viti es. 

Du ring t he ·9 rin~ and e .q.r l·- snr.1ne r 0f lS3n , .,ccording to corr e s-oondence 

passL1g at t hat t i 1e , t he hard'.rood ·.) eo·'1 l e ;ere nore der> essed t he t a t any 

other t i me, h<::.d overly ~_rge inventor--, ' nd L e st "'t"T'Jent ~~ s JTI.g,d e t hat 

it uc ul G. t<ce a forty- f i ve da; shut donn to b1.l ~nee st ocks. I n M,_ y end 

befor e the C0Tilp t on Pl "'n ot ur.ter 'cY , t 1e : ~~-CI- oo L'tdu t ry '-1 s holding 

a se ri e s of '.l tin~~ s .in ·m Pf!.ort to r"~cPr ain ~1 e f"cts ;ma. l'la)ce t he 

op erc> tor s see thrt he~r sho-u.ld li;1i t t.1Pir ·')rofuct i o:1. ThGre i s l ittle 

informat i on av:l.i l aiJl e he:·e a::· to t . e .1U:'be r o · these ~1r ~"'tin."'" s or the 

p eriod of ti!Je covered., but it .i.s indicated tha t the.f late r mer~ed i nto 

the t ype of Mee tinz .J ovi&ed f or in ~. e Co:n:pt 0n· Pl c> n. 

Agai showi ng the c ont inui of t hon ..... h t o'l thi s sub j e ct , t he following quot'lti on is from "'n f'rt icle b~r :D. C. ?orbPs in the -e r Yor k He 1·ald 

Examiner, of July 26 , 1920 , L1 ,··1ich "e .. ,rites relati ve to conditions in 

t h e West uhe re he llr;..s thP.n tl· vrllinrr, sayi ng ·ri t L r e 1:rd to t he lumber 

industry ; 11 I'he ba;.'le of t'1i s incl1...stry is c ro"s over·JroC'uction * * *. 11 

XI I. FEDERAL .ACQ.UI SI~r ·- . 

Du ring t he sumr'er of 197 1 ';Inc!. )P ~ r:l..)d arliPr, t here (' .0'·1n to be 

discussi on of a su £_'Pst ion tl ') t ·· e Fedo r al :o •ernmPnt re- .n c auire t he 

"excess ove rlo"\.cl of )riv .... Pl~r il'•:a.1nd i:-1-:e r re'3Pr VP.s. " 1l:P s· gest Pd Jlan 

P.'J.S f.o rma lly in co:i~~) r •t ed i :1 a 11 n!"morandum on 1r onosal s f or i"'mr ovement 

of t he l"ll£be r i ndustr;,- '>i t uat ion" rr:ci t ten by Dr . Conotf)n r"ur ing 1931 

and c i rcula t ed amo: ... g -.en'uers o:t. t:J.e indust r--. et e:.~s bq l~ "\.nd f orth bet ueen oper a t ors a'ld tir.:bPr o··-:1Prs on t"1ic sr.bjPc t '-Pre qui te p l e:1tiful 911d 

the t imbe r refe rred to 'i~.s frec·1 Len l~r · esi.""'ne.t d "'.S 11 ( i str e ss " timber, 11mena ce II t i:JbP.r , et c . I.e ind,-:..s tr~r ;=mer:tJ l:r seo: ted t o '1.Cce·')t tl e i de a . 

One meE1ber ·rit e s t hat t::e ~cc.nisi t irn ·_ ro:;r 1.rJ ,-;ould be a rr-70nde rfully 

f OOd t hins f or t he i n&ustr;r. 11 'I'he o' j ect ors · e r e e-;:c e dL1gl y feq ln 

number ')n d only, t 11o or tr_ree _Je rsons r e co1· ed. ~.,_~, C:.e: i ni te objection, and 

it is evi de n t t hat t hey did no t ,_mcle r st a..nd t~1e _) r cgr am end it is kno11n 

tha t s on e of ~1 m have si n ce cha..1ge t '1eir le ·s. 

mhe p r e ci dent of tne r? t i0nal Lumbe r Mrn f"c S A OCi ti n a t 

t hat ti-Je , in a l e tte r to one of tne dire tors ~ ..,.,id on vctober 9 , 1931 1 

9813 
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"I have yet to d iscuss th.is :Ld'=>e>, with a11~7 0:9e rntor, or aEyone Fl,cti vely 

interefted in the industry, v~ o did no t ap rove it. 11 . · The thought a s 

uro:posed in Dr. Oor'!pton I s memorandum, r cfe rrP.d espe ci a l l y to virgin 

timber in the No rthwest , since that is \lh e::.~e the l g,r gest rema ining stand 

. of su-ch timber exists ~ A very· lt.rge southe rn: o:_Je r :a tor, in Se-ptev.ber 1931, 

ilri ting relG.t i ve to th-e mat tel~ of :produ.ct ion, s a id, ·"The ··;roblem • * * 

is with the West 11 , _ ~d g oes on t o say- t h0-t V:e rril1 ' h'ave to · c6rtept t}:ly; 

blunder made-tnBre -i i'l. ~~ t ting · J~tDd"' r1,· ·"bh tiSbe r • arid t"&' ··; mnby;,.·r~c i1i t i es ., '' 

in ~r i v3.te i nd-b..S try n·;, kn.--= po 1t 1 -b·ut· h~ tn-~·~ we bt r tii'i l b.'b:~.re .. to co~re : 

that situation, t hat 11 it is little t h e r est of ll S cen d.o.rr ::':- .. 

So1,1e years "? ri or to t his :pe riod, there had be en au.thori zed , through 

an act of Congress, t i·1e formation of the Na tional Forest Rese rva tion 

Commission consisting of three Cab inet officers, t wo Sena tors a nd t wo 

Representatives who , :-: or~:ing with t he Chi ef Forester of the United St a tes, 

could establish PurchF-se .Units c:tnd re-a c quir e forest l ands or land s 

sui tab le fo r fore st pro:?agati on. 

No t by reason of l egal require~ents, but as a matte r of p olicy , until 

recently the Reservation Com~issio n has confined its a ctivities to the 

e~ stern part of the c,m tr:~ and ve r y l a r ge ly to the purchg,se of cut-over 

lmds. The com:r.,i ssion has spent or has authori ?. ed the e~.J endi ture to 

date of something in excess of $60 ,noo ,noo d further appropriation and 

expenditures are exoe cted. Re cently the commission has indic ted a 

change in policy and has a·u.thorized some purchases in tre far We st and 

authori zed the investigati on of other :p ossible puxchase areas • . 

In 1 933 the so-call.ed Co·"eland Repo rt, Sena te Document No. 12, 

consi sti ng of 1re ll over 1000 page s q,nd cove ring a great many, if not all 

phases of the lumber incLustry, was issued and one of the out standing _ 

recommendations was that t nis ma tter of acquisitiqn be ca rried on because 

of t he i nability of g rivate O\mers t o rr~r t h is T1mena ce 11 or 11 d istress 11 

timber, and "~;)O inting out the evils a ccruing froD forced liquidation. 

Article X of tf1e ~liTibe r Code m-':1.de -o rovisi c n for t he ap:pointment -by 

the Secreta r y cf .Agricult.ure of a joint c omr::itt ee , re :y resen~ing the 

government and t he industry, to study c onservati on !71easurers and p~oblems. 

This 'coP.lll1 i t t.e0 ::Je t in Octobe r 192>3 , again ,iri J anuary 1Q34 , s:penq.ing a -

number of days a t its t ask , arid issued a :1ri nt ed rep ort vvherein it ~ 

recommended as one of t h e thing s to be done, the a c quisition a nd control 

by t he g overnr.1ent of t i.1at :9 orti on of the tir.1ber of the country 11hich 

cannot be c a rried by :p ri Vt=l te ind-LlS t ry rli t h s a ti sdc:.ctor y results to the 

industry or to t he :publi c interests involved. J:he corres:9ondence shows 

that the acquisition p rogram v1e.s discussed wi th Pre sident Hoover ami also 

with the Preside t Rooseve lt. The Copelanc Report a nd a lso the rep ort 

of tl e conference appointed by Se cre t a r y Walla c e t=lb ove r eferr ed to, we re 

both approved b~ t.he Seereta r y of Agri culture, ::.~1d . it is gener::Uly understood tha t Pre sident Roosevel t h :.s ap:?roved both in :principle. 

In a recent letter (Sep t embe r, 1 935) from Pre sid : nt Rooseve lt to 

Governor M,..,rtin of the St a te of Oregon, the following paragraphs occurred: 

"It nou seems evident that :passage to :p rivat e O'.mership of so much of the 

Most acce~table p roductive forest ~nd in Oregon h ad ~ggr~vated r a ther 

than simp lified t h e p roblem of permanent f orest management. It will be 

necessary, as you sugGest, to r estore to public ownersh ip a g r eat deal 

of fore st land that un~isely was allowed to pass into p rivate control, 

9813 
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and to create conditions unf'""er Y!hich :9rivate o nershi·o 0f forect resources 

may be constructive rather than destn.'.cti ve • Arr~x gements to th~t end 

whi ch c l early :1ould cl.ontri bute to the perma?Jent "Jublic intnrest and could 

not be capitalized to p rivate advantabe deserve svrmp~thetic consideration. 

. nLegi slo.t ion to create an organic basis of ti1e Ff>deral forest program 

cont inues to command ny in tore st , but so uan;y vi t~l matters have claimed 

the attention of ~1e Comgress during the ~resent session that I have 

hesitated to urge consideration of the forest~r legislAtion (for sust~ined 

yield mana.gement) . It is my hope thci.t it c:m ::.·eceive ?ttention early in 

t he ne:xt session. " 

Conferences between r e·.)resenta.ti ves of the incl.u.strv and of the Department of Agriculture indicate that the legislation referred to ~ill 

probably contemplate the rovi ding of a bond issue to finance timber 

purchases or the iscu.ance of bo"ds in direct payment for such :J)Ur poses 

in a sufficient amount to t::~l::e out of p rivate o -mer ship enough surplus 

timber so th~t the uress 1re fo r hurried li quidation ~ill be renovFd and 

t he industry , :<T i th r::;overnr:J.ent cooperation , cr:n then ·oroceed to the 

marketing of the forest )roducts of the coUL~try in an orderly and fairly 

well regulated manner end , whore u6ssi ble , th.g.t O?Gr.:ttions \"Jill be on 

a "sustained yielf" basis, that is, ~ to f1ny given unit of timber of any 

size , p roduction will only be carried on Pt a rate equivalent to natural 

r ·placement 'by gro . tn, t.1e t:1eory being that the governmGnt , when it has 

added to its p r esent holdings the so~c lled 1dictress 1 timber 7ill resell 

it to those 1rho operate on a sustained yield basis only so fast as the 

market demands the ro duct , thus tending to stability in the industry 

and pe rmanency of 'l}ayrolls and corn:1unities est'1.blished for forestry and 

lumber p roducing oDerations. 

It is contemplated by ind·-1stry .qnd Admini str:1..tior Deonle \"Tho have 

discussed this subjt ct at g rE>at length tha.t the nogram , if carried out , 

would , in ?.dd. i ti0n o the ob ions benAfi t s to tl e ind.ustr~r and the public 

at l arge , be a 1)rofi table unC.ertaking for t'1e govcrnr.1ent and th,")t rhatever SUJ!ls are ') rovi ded s'l-l .. uld a.•1d can be returi1f'd to tl e fZO rcrnment n-i th 

interest , ad1'1inistrative charges and orofit. 

T'1e question !'!light be asked as to :1hy tl e covernment sh0uld rmrchase 

more timber when it alreacy has such a large percentage of the virgin 

timber in the moct ; .. eavil~r timbered stc:-ttes , and , if this o:mership in 

Oregon and Vh.snington , for ili.st:.mce , (e.mounting to a) 1ro. imately 45% '· 

of all standing softwood timber) , cioes not 1ri vide sufficie:1t stabilization, 

how nny addition to this an~oun t uould _.Hovide increased stability. At 

least a pa.rtial c:-tnswer TIOuld lie in the oxplanati_o·:. that generally speaking , p rivately ormed timbe r is the most a ccessible , having been selected 

very largely because it n.:.1.s :.l.Ccossi ble , being :.1ear deep wat~=> , or navigabl~ 

streams or railroads, Tihile the tinber belouging to the Forest Service and 

t he Interior Departi!le:?:l t is f-..1rther back ::.nd not so ;:~.vail.:ible to the r.Jarl'=et. 

On a flat map one body of timber sh t a~pear to be as accessible as another, 

Hhile on a contour_ map the f"cts are nore clearly brought out , r'nd it dll 

be obser ved that in m~ny cas~s large bodies of timber c~n be apuroached 

only from one direction .")nd , by reason of the typop;raphy and accessibilit y 

to transportation, theJ.'e exist many key tracts t:-hich , if acquired by the 

gove r nment , would control very consideraole vre~s ~h ich the g overnment 

would not have to purche~se . I t is true that no one he.d advocated any 

attempt a t entir e control and it is realized that there will be bodies 
·255-

.of tiober scattered throughout the :p roducing area th8.t Fl.re not large 

enough or in other p~ cts suitable to be included in sustained 

~rield units. Also there will be some large operators espe cially 

who will P-ot desire to dispose of any of t he ir holding s and it is thought 

that these :9 eo:ple, one of whom controls in excess of 5% of the softwood 

production of the United States, would as a t tar of self-interest, act 

in harmony 1.7ith the G;Overnment in 8t temp ting to regulate the amount of 

ti:11ber f-l.ll'ni shed the mills to the approximate expected consumption. The 

small mills would be to some extent uncontrollab le, but the volume of 

their production as shown by all the records, is relatively small and by 

reason of small volume &~d also because the s~all sc~ttered operations 

do not produce the high grade of na.terial, their influence on the markets. 

if not i~consequential, would be relatively unimportant. 

Estimates made by the government and ·?ri vate interests over the last 

five or six years indicate that in the ten forest regions into which the 

Forest Service has divised the timber holdings o: the -government, which 

regions com:~ rise all of the timber areas of the United States, probably 

$250,000,000 to $500,000,0()0 would be required to complete a satisfa ctory 

acquisition program, and a period of from five to seven yertrs would be 

needed to :properly select t he tracts and complete the ~urchases. 

There is evidence to indi ca te that the acquisition idea originated 

with the industry, consequently it is listed as an industry a ctivity 

directed tor.rard :p roduction control and, if it can be placed in this 

catego ry, it r emains , I bP li eve, the ·only a ctiv8 novement now in force 

looking toward anything like a permanent solution of this :~Jroblem. 

XIII. WISCONS IN STABILIZATIGN AGREEMENT. 

The first nottce that I have found of this agreement was dated 

August 1931 and the pl <' n \::as -put into effect in tl1at ye'J.r nnd genero.1ly 

considered by the participC!JltS to ·have be en succe ssful. The :rlisconsin 

State Journal, in a news item, referred to "Lumbermen's Plan to Maintain 

Jobs. 11 The corres11 ondence and arguments in behalf · of the :olan which were 

put out in JTJime ographed form show tho.t the industry in Wisconsin, notwithstanding a falling off in business in 1930, continued to produce at 

nearly a normal rate for the sake of keeping employment as high as 

possible with the hope that by .doing this ~ey could shorten the deprassion. 

In 1931 conditions were worse and a survey a s of July lst of that year 

shOv7ed t wo years' supply of lumber at ~1e then rate of dema..11d, which 

demru1d was considered to be approximately one-third of normal. The employers then gave consideration to the general situation as it affected 

them and their emplo:ree s. A report of the State Tax Commission issued 

a"Jout this time showed the sawmills in Wisconsin earned. 3% of their 

capitalization in 1928, nith a small r e turn in 1 929; but lost in 1930 

mOre than the earnings of the previous years. 

Considering the rate of production and consumption at this time the 

employers f eared complete stagnation i7i th severe depletion of capital 

assets ru1d possibly almost total unemployment in the industry. During 

this period consideration wns given by the Wisconsin operators to what 

wa.s being done by other industries, such as coal and oil, end possibly 

to intersta te and state pacts of one t~pe or another, the possibility of 

9813 
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of r e 1 i e f fro:rn st:c>.t 8 and FPde r c-·1 aut i - t.rust l c:.-rs , ( ti1e -;-Vi s consin antitrust l av::r being more severe t han t :1e ::!'f'der··· l la~) qnd st ::ttf'rrtents were 

mad.e that the ·ou-bJ.i c as uell :-·.s .:riv"t8 .i ._ terests ···"'T'ln.nood t hat something 

be dcne . Ths.re 1c.s R · se ri c'S of consul t ions. and conferences .. ,i th the 

St ate governor ' s i nd-..:J.stl7 advis-:>rs r:.l1d t !.'le e~)Orts iD0.i c ·1.'ted a sympat hetic 

attidut8 on the ·.;,.,rt of sta te ·officials. · 

.. The ~) (' n or ' .s .~ ree:]en t \i 1.en finP ll ~r \7ri tte:n ~rovid , (l) the 

signing by t he oper ,:_tors of an agree'lent to _1 r oduce during the ·oeriod 

p r ior tc;> ,~ y 1 , 9~5 , <:.'t C8.cli of t>_e ~i il2.s, ~ of L1e o.ver e u rodu ction 

fo r t h e ye...,.rs 19 27 , 19 28 1.nd 1929, and not J ... o<iuce r,'ore or l ess t han this 

f i gure ::~ e~) t for g o ·d r e"" o:.1s. The :~ l0Uf,!1 t .P~ i:!'l- t~1is EJ rr.s.n.e;ement IT- s tb.'l 

demand e.t the ·time \7as ap:;:> ro:~imat 1_ r 30: of normal for the three years 

used, th =tt by ::> roducing not .. i\'re h~ % there r;ould be a t le! st no incre q,se in invent0.ri o. s , and i. t '.7''S 0e sir·:>c1 that t.ne o-pe r !lt crs i') roduce a t 

l east 28% fo r the sf'll:e ·of e:"'l:')~.'oyr ~e nt . 

( 2 ) A C0Il1!!i tt8e ( f SE' V8n ·::m'..lf"Ctl.U'r''rS r7 " .S to be cnosen b-r the 

signPrs of the c, re ~n _t .,.rtd ~-: is co::·.·'!ittPP ' TOu!ci have hE: ri ::nt to s::-.y 

nhetlie:;:- en;:,• i adivif. u.?1 Ol_J err> tor :1 ~-.::. s:1o m ..c:;ood. re -.. son r:ty he should be 

.q,lJm-red to V2.-ry rO J the a{;r f-'e d U00!l '') PrCe!'lt --:::·e Gf ·)rO u.l.Cti "'n • 

( 3) Tr ... e cor11n itteR of sr.> ·rpn 7' ·~ t q c 0l lC'ct £.' t~ttistics rel~ tive to 

p roduct ion o.:1d if incr8'•.se in cl.e,: ~nc. d LJ ve lo•1t"cl o, d incrP ..... SP the :percnet, .ge above 28> , 'Jr c ould e>nd t 11e ? :r e>•3r.lC:1t. 

( 4 ) In or der t o •Jrotr ct t : e J ·_oL.c 1 ;,' 1.nte r est ., d l-::ee'1 ~i thin 

reasonable limits f rcr.1 1e ?liu lic vie"T_Joint , t l ere \T''.s to be a _1ubli c _ 

p olicy com11 i t t ee of five :1ot C (IJ ·:e ct ~;d 'J.i th tn8 inu.ustr J . Thi., coMMit t ee 

~i:'l s <:'ppo i nt.ed by t .10 .;overnor •.1d CL n s · ste d of one b:'l.nl"''9 r , the dean of the 

AgriculturE.' Colleg·e of tl1e UniV rsit~ of Wisccnsin , a .unive r sity exonomist , 

a man formerly :;n·Psl C' e::l t of t .P .:::~ ~. il Lw. e rr1e n 1 s A., rociatiC'n (assuned 

to prot e ct the c·J_st ome rs ' ~t r- sts) , ·nd c-ne St "l tE> official , the sc cre t.,Iy 

of the St 3.te Indue-tri a l Acc icle rt Cou."'l issir' n . ~1 e ·~-' ublic nolicy committee 

\W S to meet . ith ~e com ri ttPe of SF ~ n "l nd the St ...., te ~~ ~rt~ent of 

Agriculture end r:arl:ets to oi' ~= r " nd r e ceive "" u.g- stions .qnd to counsel 

i th t h is d.epartr1ent ~nd had t he ·')o•-er to de cla re the '1greeme~t a t an end 

Md to V.'i thdrc:.W St 'l.te '! ~J Ort ':1::.en => ve r t i.1e C01"1•:1i ttPe thougn t ..:J'lbli c interest 

n~ s not being pro~ot . 

( 5) The p owers of the corfl!Tlittee of. se on 11ere qualified by a -o rovision tha t t his co :~ i t t ee could no t incre: 'LS e or 0 ecree se. the ·oercent age 

of i ::1dustry "Jroducti ,..,n or e;,_c:;_ t :1.e < .. g r c er:ent 7i t out the consent of the 

Public Polic:r Coilnittee . 

The record sho ·rs t h:).t . t h e lc. -

~ 

'!al f'.dvicL:rs of· he st .-::.te officin.ls s::~.id 

tha t t he p l a.:.'1 ':.'la s :1('1 t illeg.~. , t ha t it ';l:::. c r oo.sonn.ble , there was no 

pena lty p rovided , that it' W" s cnhst 9.}"ltl:' ur der t :O.e inspoct i on of the State 

Departr2ent of Agri cu i ture· a:1tl i.I->rket s , ~ . .n,d that t '·ie dex1. of L1e College 

Of Agricult-ure T.'TOUlC ·prote ct t h e f r.r mers 1 interPst9 , .,ncl tn~ t othe rs on 

the coJl1lllittee s '.:ou1.cl-? rote ct · a.ll :_')l..l.bl'c r-..nd -::> r i v...,te interPst~ , :-1nd that 

bec['.use t he Wiscons in ""~nd l:i ichige:t1 -producers T,r;.,_~ et r '7ere re s·)onsi ble 

fo r less t han 5% of ~1 e .:~ ti 0n s )roducti "' n , t !-J.cy c"'ul d _,ot OP char :;ed 

'Tii t h be i ng a ro ono 'Joly . T'ne t:ichigc-on re du rs cUd not '1ign tl1e "Ji sconsin 

agree""lent but wo ~:ec1 :. lone a l ess ::_:m.o-:.icized line of t hn ir orm 11hich con9813 
-257-

templatod :oroduetion on a sli.ghtly higher basis, pre>bably 32% of the 

average of the three years chosen. The Michigan operators, however, 

while not signing this same agreement, did f urnish their statistics to 

the eomnittee of seven and in return were furnished statistics showing 

' the results a ttained. The plan ~~ s enough in favor with the public and 

the legi clators so that t here wa.s ·?reposed a new chapter to the statutes 

of Wisconsin, being Chap ter 109, with ested headings, such as 

"Stabilization of Employment; 11 "Equitable Distribution of Employment", 

etc. Public statements were made as to the stabilization plan and its 

effe ct :::..nd ap:?arently all considerations w12 re carefully weighed but the 

:9roposed l ec;islation w:.s not en3.cted into law, losing by one vote. The 

st £J tute uould Vf~ exem!,)ted i ndustries in t he sta te from the state ?.ntitrust laPs under certain guar ded conditions. 

Such re:9 ort s r> s are avai l ab_le, which consist of · corresp ondence be ... 

tween members of t he industry,. and membPrs of the industry and association executives, indica t ed that t he res·J.lt of the first ye ar's operation 

was up to expectations, t hat is, the 9 roduction in Wisconsin was 

ap·)roximutely 2.s onticipa ted, between 28% and 29% of the averP.ge used, 

nhile in Michigan it wa s slightly hi gher bu t not enough to disturb the 

situation. Losses were not . entirely c:1eclwd but liere lessened in amount 

:- nd it '.7as On the bo.si s of ·the showing of this first yea r that the 

proposed legislation wa s introduced. The lan and the record of its 

working vrere sent to other O..i stricts e.nd studied in other production 

area s and in other st a tP-s, and was then generally considered to be the 

most advanced and successfully opera ted plan yet p roposed. The plan was 

in operation up until the discussion of 1~ ~m d the possibility of codes 

began, but there is no record a.vailable here as to just how and when the 

transfer wa s made from the stabiliza tion plan to the code plan. 

XIV. EJTERSTATE COMPACTS. 

During the p~riod between and including 1931 to 1933, there wa s a 

great deal of study by lawyers selected for that purpose and by members 

of the industry of state anti-trust l aws al1d of state and interstate 

compacts, [-)nd in this discussion study, wh1ch was not, however, confined 

to the lumber industry, the lwubermen had a considerable part at about 

that time. In other industrie.s, sta te legislators passed bills attempting 

to control p roduction but I find no record of any of this legislation 

directly aff ecting the lumber industry or made ' use of by the :industry 

or made uso of by the industry although some members thereof felt at 

ti~es that some~hing had' to be found which could be made use ofe 

XV. SOUTHERN PINE CURT_ULMEUT . PLAN. 

Corresp ondence da ted in SeDtember 1931 between members of the industry in the South, refers to~ committee of five with an outstanding 

operator as chairr.an, having met in New Orleru1s on Tuesday previous to 

calling a meeting of lu."'loer executives for September 18 c .. nd 19. The 

letter ca rries the sta tement that it is proposed that 11manufc.cturers · 

produce at least 10% less lumber than they ship in any three ~onths 1 

period in ord.er to ove rcome surplus stocks." The letter f urther states 

that the writer feels this reduction is not &rastic enough and from 

statements nade deploring any "attempt at government control", it is 

9813 
- 258-

~J rob bl;e t hat the effort ·md t~-;e !~Ae inc s rt?fe rred t o ,....~., h~ ve bee n connecte d Tii th 1e desi r e of t he S·.mt her:n PL:e As nc i...,_tion t o coone r 1.t e 

ith the n lBn of t he Tir be r of t~e o1fP~v..., ti on 3 oqr0 . - p unt i l ~bout 

this· time- t he Sout:1e r n Pi ne Association .c.· d been e~: eed.i:1g y c :=tr eful to 

avoid any co:cnecti on 1-:-ith a .. n.r m0 venent c3esi gned t o contr ol or affect 

p roductiop. a:1.d t he e::e cu.tive offi cers of the -.sso c iC' t ion f::eguen tly 

stated the i r n.ttituG.e i n this r egerd . 

At lea st one of' t :1e reasons f or th~.s ot tidn..d.e i s found i n t he 

charter of t he .. Soutnr r:o. Pine so i~ ion ·'f·r om t~1e State of L: i ssouri , 

one paragraph of \7hich roa?-s "but YJ.one of sn..id .Jclr _Joses shall be deemed 

or cohstrued · to h old any suggesti on t h '.t control of t le amount of ) rOduction of lu.r:1ber be in a:n.y '"laY affe c ted or at ter.Dted . 11 .A. l ett r of 

July 31 , 1931 , fr o":l an ~:o ci ion exccuti ve t o a r1e .. 1be r of t~1e i ndllstry 

·st a t e s in con;lecti on ':'ii t h the ex:_o r ess.=- (1_ desire to :J.SSist t ne Timbe r Conserva tion Boa r d ·in ;i. ts e f fo r ts that 11 i t ha1J 1ens th....__t the Sout hern Pine ' '· As soci a tion :-ias ca l leC. a nurnber cf distr ict 1 eet ings ~~mong the '1lall 

mi 11 s to tli s'cu ss tl1e si t u"' t icm Til ich onfronts them. From re,Jo rt s vre 

ha ve r e cei ved, t he se s:1al J er mJer"' ors <re ..... bout to b-> co.1e more a cti ve , 

a nd ~ t is f e l t t ll.Cl .. t t hey sho•ud be ~c qur1 in ted -,i th nll f:-tcts concerni ng 

t he p r e.s ent nditi o~ of the i:1d -, tr·r. 1 

Essei1ti:1l f e e t ure s of t:1t=- ic;_e a t :1at '71S be· n_; c·1rriPd out by t he 

Southern Pi rie Assoc iCJ.t ion a t t- "t tim '1 d to do ve ~ 1 '1 r gely , if not 

e n tirel y , i t h c ontr o1 of inv-entories "'~ld i t is en tirPly Jrobable tha t 

the wo r k t hat was ci0ne wa" not onl;; in line '7i th _Hevio.J."ly conceived 

i de a s of t h e Southern Pi ne :c oci~ti~n ~eople , but fit t ed in ve r y s ell 

Tii th t he ·ole.!l. of the Ti >iber Conservt,t ic·n Boa. d . The Southern Pi ne 

territor y , f or · t he nu.rpose of ,--:. t :1ering stat.i.stics, '.:IS di vided by 

sta t e line s into sP- ve 1 districts. 'f'le O')er'ltors ':7ere in<ii vi duall y 

asked to make an esti m:1.te of the amount of stock t hat e~ch shall ca rry 

on t he basis of n. su_ouosed rm:~ d.emc.nd , such ~s ~xisted in 1928 , t he 

demand being t he S" es of thC' ind.i vi dual 01Je r 1.t or, md. then to as certa in 

Tih at pe rc en ~ .. ge re:!.a ionshi ~ e-:isted 'uet 1ee· t.1P. nc-r~1· l sto<;k and t he 

demand or s ales of 1928 'lnd to ,?rojPct this :percent;o 1 into the current 

p eriod , _ tt er.r"~ ing t o l:eep tQe stocks at t;le s~r:e -Jercent 1.5e of cu rrent 

s a l e s as they were to the sales of 1928 . 7nr ill~str~ ion , t~e tot a l 

knmm stocks aS est ina.ted by thE> O'•Je r ··.tol' S ir l2o 0 1er1.ti0:1s fo r 1928 

1!7ere 683 nill ion fc; et;. t he t otu stJ..lPs or dAr.J'l.nd for t~1is S"!"le rye riod 

\7as 3 , 307 I1}1.lion f e ot , the buc~E?eted norr.1r1 stoc_-::s being , t'.erefor e , 

66 ~b of t h e demand . Ti. e 1 erJand in 1931 , of course , rr~s ve r y "'!uch less 

than in 1028 , c:un ounting t o onl y l , 785 r.-illion feet , ..,,- d the desire \"las 

to bring the i nven t <,ri e s dmm to 20. 66J; of that a.:wunt . Tl1e p l a n 

appare ntly no ~:e d out ni t h VB.rying det;rer s of suc cess aild , by t hose 

nho cooperated and ~)ut into ·e f :e>ct , '7as .nd st i l l i s c on sidered s ound . 

Reports l a t e in 1932 slo.red in t!e previous four mon t hs a de c l i ne in 

stocks of 31% of UlJp e rs , <"'nd 52~ of l o _,er g r ades, '.:hi ell de ve loped 

shortages i n some it e::1 s and t ! e e;..,ti· a t e '\I"'S -nde tl1a.t the p l <=ln had 

worked so Tie ll uns ol d st ocl::s "7ere then at 10 ~ belo';J nnr-,e l , t ot 1.l r eduction amo:1g t he r:1ills r eporting of 48:, .nill i on fee t br:> t ....-teen January l 

a.nd October 1, 1932 \''73-S indica t ed. The p l ?n ':Tas in e ff F- ct up until t he 

beginning of th~ agitQtion f or an :tLA code , 

9813 
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XVI. ECCNOMIC TRUCE. 

In Larch l932, there began to be ac;i t a ti n:n wnong a number of industri e's, including macl1.inery , te::tile, food, lumber, and others, for 

relief from 1e anti:....tru.st a cts. In the lum-ber industry the motivating 

_fo:r·ce was tne de sire to control ,roduct ion C?.nd t he idea seelJled to many 

lumberP-len, as ,-ell as those in other industries, to be so fair, so e a sy 

to put into effect , and so beneficial to the public a s v1e ll as to private 

interests, it seemed as though the entire industry hacl concentrated on 

this idea. At le st t wo tyy es of control ~e re t hought of, one, a 

comP-lission to be Rppo i nt ed by the Pre sident , and the other a joint 

committee to consist cf five members of .the Hou se of Representatives and 

five Senators. T' ... e discussions a.nd conferences finally reached the point 

Tihere a bill ~as introduced in the Senate, S. J. Resolution 87, by Senator 

Steiwer. This bill nrovided for a joint c ongressi nna l committee of five 

members of the House of five members of t h e Senate "which shall investigate 

and rep ort to the Congress its findings and recommendations \7hether 

amendnents should be r.1ade to the anti-tru st la11 s 11 , and p rovided in 

Section 2 thereof that "until s 0i d committee shall hc:we report ed its 

findings and recor.mendations to the Congress and Congress shall ha ve 

acted thereon 11 , nothi:.1g cont ainl?-d in the v 3..rious anti-trust acts Phi ch 

2-re en-wnera tecl 11 sh2.ll be c o:1strued to apply to 2-g reement s between competitors in the natural resour e; ') ~c !lcl.us ries for t h e :)urp oses of regulatp 

ing 9roducti on, conserving na _·., :... .L :resources, a nd maint a ining continuity 

and stability of employment * .,. -t- unless such agreements a re contrary 

to the public interest. 11 NP-.tu.r!l resources industries -·:ere defined to 

include those engaged in the production of r:1inerals a nd fore st products, 

Tihile Sections 3 and 4 referred to the administra tion of the Act by the 

Feder'al Trade Com--1ission. _The- re-solution ·.r .s never pc-.ssed but later the 

substru1ce of it was nco 1~orated in on amendment to another bill, which 

amendment never be came lau. 

XVII. FIR STABILIZATIGN PLAI . 

The first ;nei1tion I find of this proposed p l a n was early in 1932 

when it h ad a.ttc:dne d. suffi cient i mp ortance in t:r ... e minds of industry and 

others so that ·Governor hie ier of uregon nnd Governor Hartley of Washington joined. in an effort to have t he Attorne3r Ge ne r al or Cong r e ss approve 

a plan p ermitting an ag em nt among operat ors to not se ll below a 

standa rd cost and the t wo governors a lso joined in a telegram to 

President H0over. The intere st of t he sta t As were sa id to have arisen 

because of the shipping out of these states of a tax-paying natural 

resource without any t axable return s a nd refer ence was made to w~ ste of 

natural resources, the effect on employment, and other factors. The 

p la.l'l provided for the forming of a cor or tion which would. (1) establish 

minimum standard costs; (2) regulate p roduction month by month t o what 

the markets \7ould absorb; ( 3) cooper at e Tii th the g ove rmnent to ke ep 

11i thin all laTis. A st c:-~ te e11t was made in the ~"J ress that the President 

stated th8.t the government v-rould cooperate in every p ossible way and one 

of the wa~rs t hat c noperation -r.m.s expe cted was through a test case. The 

4-1 Lumber :?P1."iS of July 15, 1932, stFt.ted that the ·ind1.1.stry was desperate 

2.nd a ) rominent operator heavily interested in the South and West said 

in the s ar,1e nonth thr.t "the tir.1 e for quibbling over legal technicalities 

has p a ssed * *• 11 This a11cl simila:t inclustry expressions be a rs out the 

9813 
- 260-

theory of despere.tion refen·Pd f,o in the nens i tern abovP. . 

The form of oreanization required tL~t subscribers to stock in he 

corporation subscribe in proportion to t:eir rel~tive ~rod ction. The 

stock ymuld :1ot be d.el.ivered but 'T .s ~ eld. in 8scrou, c>nd failu.re to CO":JPl.J 

r:i th the c...greeli1ent as to not selling beloTI standard cost :night rP~ t.ll t ir. 

a ·r;>en:~.lty·or fL1e Tihi ch 'f.lould e tcl{en from t~1e f <.-uds de~JositPci. f\r T~Y

ment .of the stocko 

\ 

I 

Industry :.1et1bers had. deficu.lt~~ in "=l,breeing to ti1e fe'1.tur .~s to be 

incorpo r a ted in t he :9lan , sone goocJ. sized t ""' riff ::.'i:;~ ts having s rung u~ 

bett·een membF>rs of the i!ldustry, industry attorncnc- rendered ac'verse legal 

opinions, end fo r these and ·-.,erha~Jd other rPasons the ~lan was drop 1ed 

without the co~Jo ation ctu~lly bei1 forme d. It ID\Y be notod that 

this cJ lan ?.ith its atte:nut to fix e. st.andar cost b8lov which ouerators ~ . ~ 

should not sell e.nd the various other plans orovid.ing fo r certein uercente.ges of forme r ·)roduct ion B"'ld the lF::e , rrere very sinilar to the ide"S 

incorporated in the Lurr~b r Code coverint; ·Hices ""'!ld production. 

AVIII. FIR MERGER. 

In the sumr er of 1931 , sone l e.re;c nestern O'Derators "'.ge.in brought 

forth the idea of the po ssi bili ty of a fir ·-,e ge r and a nlan w<:s "ri tten 

up end given t he name of the author, c:Uscusst=>d at "Orne lenrth in the 

industry and to some extent \Tith the b~Uring fraternity , ou~ beyond 

occU!?:rinc; the ..... ttention of a nu.rJber of ?eo·ole in .the ind11stry for some 

'few Peeks or rr.onths , cHd not a1.1ount to ·:tnythin6 • 

Recent nens in V"rious tr".d.e j01 lrn'1.ls , nd ot' c-> r nublic<'.tions , 

suppler.tented. by the observations of r-n e :ec 1ti ve in tl e Forest Service 

vJ'ho has recfntl~- "'lade a t :ro moaths 1 trip t:1r r:hout .he 'Jroduci ng SF>ctions 

of the West , i G.icate t~1'lt t~1e1·e 1s an incre.':l.sin~ nw1ber of nP ., s1 !:!.ll 

r.1ills , "nd mills both large "'...."'l.d T1~ 11 ·1uioh haP been shut d.om f"'r. ~, 

nur.1br::r of yeC~ rs , .1ou ccning into ··1 rod.uct ion , quite a fe· · of tl1em J 

re a. 'Jil of loans from the Federal :?csPrve B'l· 1-:: q,nd from the Reconstr tction 

Finnnce Corporation , ranginG in ~10~1ts up to several hur.dred thousnnd 

o.ollars. The 4-1 Lw.1b er e~·1 s of Gctober 1 , 19?5 , sa~ts that for seve ral 

Tieeks L1nber production he.s been 11 cree )ing u~)On orders ['lnd snipments. " 

It states also tho.t eraployment L1 car:~ps end mills in the b~st in <'. decade 

and adds that 11 i t is hoped that uncontrolled. 'Jrod.ucti on \7ill not S'1'Joil 

this im:9roved situntion. 11 

Recent lumber stc:tti sties shou i · sone , e~l>:s ."'n e·~cP ss of -o roductinn 

covering ·the entire ni ted St3.tes of 2 mc as lO? over shipme;,t s or 

sales. The question , it seP .s to me , n.~.tur['.lly .'"~.rise s ._. s to 11hether or 

not the industry uill si10rtly be forced to seek other 1.nd -.;erheiJd new 

methods of controlling -p rodu ction and whet 1Pr or not , in t'1e a1:Jsence of 

the ability to find such me t hods, the indust~r will not again find itself 

in about the si tuatiOil it '17D.S nt the beginnine; of the code era. 

October 29, 1935. 

9813 
9813# 

APPZNDIX II 

TABIZS & EXHITII TS 

J 262 

tDl.l - I C<MOI:ClJ.L. JIOD.M IJIU ar ft! lli'I'fll) r.'AnS, BY RIO lOIS, S!'L~S, CLASSJ:S or 0WWDSHIP, JlfD CRUU.CTE! t:/1 OJOftl. !} 

(thn.uad JDr .. l 

. 1 t '' ~r·h Rutoclct .... ... . .... J"1T to ?oor to ... . .... Poor to ... ..... Patr to JI' ')O I' to ... Oor4 Pa.lr to Poor \e 

:;:::rlf u ... _, S.tt. .. Jc> .. l' ... ... ... .. .. ~ .... lo•r. ~.!:I'll .... s.u .. loa-,.. f'lalle.t .... s.u ... .. ....... "' ..... ,...,. total fae1e~'7 etockla.c ... ., ,.,. .. ]/ u ••• '!/ ac\017 etoatiuc ... ., u ••• ".Y f~\017 1 \0ckiQC !otal ...... 11 ..... !/ facto17 etOckiDC 

i.MIIt 

~""'' 1,92 209 ~ ll'l 1)1 !'j5 1?) 501 191 )4 ""' )S '"" 126 56 OJ • lia 2) • 

i t•.lo!!o 10,171 l,ffl 2,115 "'9 ll,Sl, S,6o2 91!6 1,61& 611 2,2 .. 1 1,278 252 "91 220 ~JO 291 41 68 24 

'" ),2'>5 4)0 1,1l6l 1,?)51 liaJ 2.151 JlS 690 .,, )16 86) 119 291 Jl) '"" 2)5 )) S2 90 JO 

........... " ~.-llj 9•• ..,. 1.!101 llb 2,1)6 611;> 152 1,)65 511 1 ,072 115 2)0 502 225 4SJ 241 112 100 )~ 

_,,... m 1 l'l 1!o0 55 145 1 Jl n •• 122 b JO " 21 12 1 ) 6 2 

-· ,,~)2 1,9q2 ... 2lfl 111 1,~ 1,142 215 19) )4 1,504 8!1 551 so )6 114 1' 16 1 2 

, .. ., n.~! 11,!'6? ~.84) 6,1"~ :, •!5 1~.576 10,8)4 2,&41 4,279 1,622 6,4o2 2, 42) 1,)00 1,5Jl )04 1,295 m )02 294 100 

W. !tlul.lc 

-· I )20 )2 26s ll 1 s6 ' )2 ., _ 2 2'!11 2) 196 11 4 - - - - - ..... 2,168 500 1,"9~ 1)6 91 86) 196 54'; 12 50 1,?15 296 8)0 lOS 41 )0 8 20 1 1 

.. JUM7 I '·'n 294 6lo ..., ,,,. 1,52) H2 4)0 54'; J16 354 149 101 15 29 96 1) " )1 1) 

.. foft ,,,, 4,6:<7 2,tM 1, '1; )64 5 .... 2,918 '·"" TJO 5)0 ),Tl8 1, 708 1,21T 574 219 6T 11 9 )4 1) 

-- I H,015 1,n1 5.429 ),T I 2,0)9 T,190 477 

'·""" 1.951 l,"l.t.s ),8!1) 1, 292 1,269 955 )61< 2,015 62 T52 86o )41 

"'"" 1"J,J'1~ 7.'9~ lO,q" 5o9 5 ).'~ 1~.470 ,,7)2 6,085 }, ,.'7 2,!0& 9,..,;1 },468 ),61} 1,T2} ~ 2 ,208 94 S20 926 )68 

.. I 

I I 

- 19,000 1,T'<> 2.'50 9.871 I 4,82] 1>,94T 1,20') 1,)6) 6,915 ),46o ),T6o 450 1,085 1 ,524 )01 2,29) 91 102 1,4)} 66T 

---~ t& 20,200 1,6lO 2 .690 10,b70 5,?10 12,178 "JJ 546 7,426 ),716 4,71&6 65) 1,2}9 1,955 !'j9 .276 liaJ 905 1,285 m 

llrU D.b'& 

I 

..,5 10 110 252 

I 

12] 50 - 50 - - 4)0 10 6o >"T 11) 15 - - 10 5 

'ftiOODth u •. 200 1,105 ).~ ),)67 ),5')1 9,611 9)2 1,26T 4,944 2,1qu. 5.J45 6so 2,22) 1,67} T69 1,2)8 ')) "" 154 }51 

!";~ 55.8')5 •.095 .. ..., za.1~ 1),754 tO,J')2 ~.6~ },226 1~.2!-:; 9.650 1~,2!1 1,1')) 4, 6oT 5.)9') 2. •~ 2 6,822 6)1 1,o47 ),lia2 1,622 

.. ..., 

lllieoh ).196 2,481 540 12} I 52 250 100 JO 51 2} 2,942 2."!-n 4TO 65 ,_ )0 4 4 - - - },4)8 l,Sl~ 1,0')0 Jl4 I 15') no 192 266 2'2 100 2,615 1,620 1!14 124 51 1) ) 10 - - ,_ 2.}58 1,T55 581 15 

I 

T 1'2 

I 120 }2 - - 2,206 1, 6)5 549 15 T 5I 5I - - - ... _ 10,296 2.767 l&,)f.ijl 2,1"9 919 ,,141 1,)90 1,005 1,015 411 5,1)6 971 2 ,"i28 1,123 514 19 6 • } 2 

.,,,_, 16,500 ,,165 .7'5 ll,61b 1,')91 ,,J16 '·"" },UII 2,~ 1,026 ),0)6 1,269 2,8)6 2,04<> m 1&6 T 19 14 6 

.... 4,651 I 2,TJO 1,519 2'1• liS 1,686 916 611 114 45 2,8')4 1,774 81) 16o n 71 46 21 ) 1 

,...,.n .. 11&,041 ' 5.1l67 7,110 1,2() 537 J,ru ).005 J,9l6 502 1')9 6, 071 1,8?8 ),11} T55 )45 , .. 204 121 2 1 

1•11 nr&1Al• ,,T69 I 1,4)8 ,.~& '·'"" 1, ... ,, 6,262 T" 2,216 2, ,w. 9" ) , 216 654 1,235 911 416 291 }) 45 145 68 

"'"" bll,249 zt,nl4 2< ,!1')2 I 1?,~ 

I 

5.18') )1,)19 0,763 12,9)6 6,885 z.n5 )2,158 12,l"i8 12 ,1132 5.19} 2,'75 Tl2 )0) 224 161 TB 

l!!!l 

n •• .., 1 .,._ 1.427 4,40J I "·"" 5.'008 14,)91 4,"'j0 t,(l()l; 1,0'¥4 3.tco1 6,'\22 2,210 '·"'" 1,4)6 1,451 }6T 196 5) 6T 51 I 

-· 2'2',000 I T .TOO T,OOO ), 165 }.9'~ 1r;,o151 ~,SlC .~ 2, 1Sf:, 2,0<)0 5.9Jl .,. ) ,14) ... 956 1,011 ')92 - 15 11 

nor14a n.&oo 6,0}0 6,~n I ~.,.. s.Tot 20,7)9 5.525 ,,9)0 4,121 5.16) 2,266 265 901 546 554 595 240 90 151 114 

OloTt•'• 22,1)? 6,\'()0 M66 ),1)4 "·532 lt,6Jl 4,1)2 4,5"T 2,1" 2,7 15 8,966 2,551 2,96T l,TOS 1,714 26') 171 52 26 20 

._ ..... 1),922 1·'"' 2.~ ~. 7211 -·'5b 14,851 I 6,157 2,0)2 2,951 } .T05 2,99') !,?18 4o1 6s5 ·~5 T2 8 26 22 16 

Jh•lnil"Pi 18.29) 5.o6J 2,446 1 4,9., 5.811 12.01)7 ),282 1,~)1 t,l9} 4,()()1 6,261< 1,778 914 l,Tl} 1 ,)9') 22 T 1 8 6 

!.,!"'lb CarollDA 20,216 4,192 j,!'jO }.T•9 16,\85 10,071 2,}6o },)82 1,T4T 2,181 9.7)'J 1,659 ).99T 2,026 2,0'lJ 1100 17} 11l 66 50 

~ 4,?)9 1,800 T•• 1"' 914 ),j;\4 ,, .... 44>; 

I 

T15 !'jb 490 1}2 }29 14 15 55 - - )1 24 

5cla.1b Carolt• 12,415 }.751 ;.~117 2,171 2.540 ),9)9 2,111 2,1~ 1,2"')2 1,<81 4,)9} 91T 1, 611 925 918 4) 29 9 ) 2 

,..... .. ~ i 4,150 },TOO 2,200 2,S]II l,i,llt },2t0 

I 

2, 11«) 1,71!4 2,2)4 ),000 .. 5 1,)6o Jl5 )SO 6 5 - 1 - ftrcJ.Di• 14,857 2,159 5.582 2.957 ,,li.'S9 6,914 1,488 ,419 1,~3" 1,6)2 J,29b 1,14T 2,816 1,~ 1,6)9 647 224 J4T 4) )) 

.. .., 190.158 5),265 52.T02 )),2)• 4t, 555 129.191 41,491 ~.124 24,)1) t0,96b 51,866 l}.T29 19.T89 12,~ l2, 2Q ),494 2.o45 68'j 4n )21 

bdtle Co&!\ 

I CeltfnU& 11,5)81 1>,58J )06 1,10} 2,1)2 8,T~ 5,6)4 l)O 1,071 1,81} 6o - - .. }2 1,724 6,95) T6 655 1,04<> 

._. 2S,IJS 19,6T5 },1!15 2,011) 1.,2'-1 10,581 T, 6T4 815 m 1, ~1) J,li40 1,01) 56T 684 802 15 ,11T 10 ,914 2,4}} 6s4 1,086 

1-..b.lacto• 20, )0') 11,1)8 2,<62 2,(190 ],57') s,6oJ 

I 

],'")3 1,125 l,1'1t8 2,271 1,8')9 653 )61 4o) 4T8 9,SOT T.J6t> 1,0T6 52T .,. .. .., b0,685 

""·'"" 6,61} 6,190 9.6T2 21,9}8 1),161 2,1)0 ),204 5,l')l 5.099 1,T4o 928 1,119 1,}12 , ...... 25.2}} ) .585 1,166 2,9611 

~t"Cl~li!:OUII '!l:l 

, .... 1),461< ').')64 1,9611 },422 ,11~ ),}SO 1,550 )44 8]4 652 80) 286 50 259 212 1) ,211 8,121 1,510 2,299 1,280 

....... 14 ,8b5 T,o62 ),T4o 2,511 1,5,? 2,545 l,Gon 3T2 299 2}4 6o6 TS 259 ,.. 121 11, 71 11 5.)44 ),10') 2,094 1,1 6T 

'"'"' )2,}2') 11,026 5.104 5.9}) },666 5.925 }o190 716 1,1}} .. 6 1, 41} }611 )0') 40) m 24 ,991 1},4T2 4,6T9 4,'9} 2,44) 

J!;!!\h ll!gz ~'ala 

k1101a& ),651 ) , 614 - } "' 42 42 - - - - - - - - } ,60') ) ,512 - 5 )2 

Colorado 12,516 T,S)') ).651 .. 9t8 2,519 ,., 1,24) 6 )41 - - - - 9 .9}7 6,85" 2,404 •• !197 

...... m 201 95 T 74 17l 9T 71 - ) - - - - - 200 1o4 ,. 9 69 

•~ la:l eo },806 },)10 - 8 88 1,092 1,011 - 1 1' - - - - - 2,714 2,6')2 - } 19 

b\b~t& 1,2P 6T5 586 2 ?1 }10 140 165 - 5 - - - - - 9T4 5}5 421 2 16 

.... ),}48 2,0)2 n• 46 492 }10 1&6 }} 4 227 4) )4 } 5 1 2,9')5 ~52 )42 }T 264 

....... 5.5 .. 4,270 1,2111) 6 6' 5 .. 416 161 - ll - - - - - 5.000 ),!54 1,018 T 51 

.. .., )0,5)0 22 ,741 5.9, 160 1,}10 5.098 2,Jio4 1,68) 11 66o ~, )4 ) 5 1 25 , 429 19.~~3 4,21) 145 l,olia 

!t.•'-n •£!oD.e }65,Jl~ 1o4,))S 102,5)5 .,,m 68,252 2)0,555 bJ,"?l 51. ~12 58,<1) 4T , 2T9 120,168 }).575 42 ,141 25.9TO 18,482 14,5')1 } ,Tl> }, 082 ,,)02 2,495 

!1•1!!! !•QS!•• 129,51!4 S),90T 11,)4b 12,28) 15 ,048 ,.,,61 2),101 •.•69 4,)111 6,94) 6, 555 2,1" 1,240 l,~Jl 1,641. 84 ,0b8 58 . 668 12 , 5)T 6, 4o4 b,45') 

~ "94,r,:!l , .. , 645 120,11n 102.072 SJ,)OO 269,516 90.552 bl.Ml b2,8bl 54 ,222 126, T2) 35.71} 4),)8'1 27.501 20,1 28 98,659 b2 , '\80 1';,619 11,706 8,954 

Total ... ..... h.lr t o Poor to ! a tal ... ....... J&ir ' Poor to to,&1 ... Cor4- Pair to Poor to Total ... .. ,._ 7str 1o Poor '• 

tectoa &D4 lt&h f'Wber .... s.u~ loo-r ... l'l.obor .... I :a..!~ .. JoD--r.- f"a'otr .... t::.u~ l oD-- r .. ~!:rl ~·· c;.,rt~ l'bo-r ... 

.lrMIJ/ ..... '!/ !&e\01'7 s1oek11l&__ Areu]/ Arl&l 4 \on .,ocki_ .u .... JJ Arl&l "lJ ton stodd~ &r•t<•IY ~'l_..~t n' ttocld.z:wr:: 

h.t.ok:111,L - Ro-.ltOekt----r;;- • t 

ill Clu••• ot On.enhiD laR.It rl&l Ontrtblu 21 ram 1oo4l.U h bllt OwllenhlD .•-J ~ 

!I Plpn1 t&ku frGI u. s. rore•• Serric• r•l••n eDtUhd. •cc.a.retal l orut J.T•• of the 0 . 6, b7 R1«1o01, Sbtn, Clan•• of Olnleuhlp. and Ch&r&ehr of Oronb, • wHb tbe esc~ u of tbe S'•" brukoown Qf "Rntoc:k1a,• 

.,...., b to 'Nr to Slthf&et.oQ"' &Ad ttpoor to Jon .. " !bJ.• • u don. by &;~P171DC tbe restoD&l perce•1ac- rel&tlonehlp of !&J. r to aathf&e'01'7 &Dd poor to aoD-ru1oeklnc tn T• ble III , ~ H1 of •A Rat.t onal Ph.D !or ••rtc.aa l't:lrntq,• 1o th,. total• of nt\.oddQ& a.ot ao.,..rutoc::ktcc an&• !or 1D41Yidul Stat•• •• dun t.n Por11t Strrice releu• enUUed •ec-erdal Porn\ Arl& of the u. s. \7 Recton1, Sta1e•, C1anll of Owneuht.p, 

Ul4 Ol&r&chr of Oronh. • !hh '&blt hclu411 l&Dd c~le o! prod.lad~~r« c._trehl \ialber ot nchl qu:atlt7 u4 cpalt.\7 • aM •••lla\le for ~trdal u.e, at tb.e elot• of 19)0. !be !ipTn are oot 1ho~l7 reliable: 'h~7, ho• n•r. 

• brace the bn t u&il.able 4ah., che~ bJ the J~nt. of ••ll-lnfon.e4 au. 

~ On.d b7 lad, l'GIIber, pulp &D4 pt.pu, ~ at.otaa; c<llrl)u.ie•, DO•al 1Wr11 optr&t.ou, ra11t"O.d.l &A4 a1seellane0\UI \Dd.iridu.&l• P4 ac•ac1••· 

Cbarachrhtd. )J tun larce n~ t or ... 1oc• repr4hn of 1be1r &.ctual 11.11, 

~ Cbaracht1u4 b7 tren too • all !or &&• 1oc• but larc• ·~ !or eord.wood a.• , r-.pr4len of wb.eUler tbe c\....S h ~t. !or cor4wood or bel4 tor &&• tt..btr, 

Leu t.ba:D 500 ac-ru. 

9813 

Mu~''' 

1 ... 

I • 

'"'" 

tut nrpld..& 

IIC\OMI. T'Olal 

.11·~-· 

n rl4fl 

l l.•d ul<r.t 

tn.a..: 

...... 

··~o.c\o• 

14r4't:.al : ot-.1 

Colo r.d.o 

...... 

1 .. lltilco 

~uten 0, S. :r.>tal 

'"'"' o. s. 14tal 

P.63 

t.oau: ·~· !":'!JJ. s-.vu n n:r , :a :. s.t.• ;ooa.coiD!I"XXD ....., &U'!'<XXm ABiS. !} 

(•HUoo C\oli\c J'Mt) 

So~:.s ~ !arl~ i;J-'r--;::w~, s._io~: ij~'T'-:!.,...'f== ... .<r+-:::,.::-,., :-;,-;-;--r.'~;::~;o.oo,=-~d·.f~;.:;·;·~ "hrdltOI>4 « 

,1) 

t.m 

1~.19'9 

1,00\1 

..... 

10.11~ 

I," 

"' 

10,11\, 

7,6p 

9.9'1 

1\1,!1\ 

... 

580 

1 ,0}1 

'1 

1,.., 

l,ill' 

2, jl<l 

l ,lt47 

'·"" 

IJl 

1'10 

"· ,, 

.... 

.... ) 

&1, 2'9 "-1,110 

t(),l1J c;J!t,qq() 

191,7)2 Hl,176 

12,11<7 

220 

2,921 

912 

2 , ))0 

10 ,1!16) 

)).299 

21),8')6 1Pj,91!2 

m.v} ZJ2.~l 

llM-,719 '58-~ 

Ill (2) 

()) 

I ,1>2 

\,,..,,. 

•.&<! 

z,q~ s 

•.m 

5.1)< 

(J) 

tot.al II. Sot\•oo4 li hr4•oo4 li 

fOt,U • 

(o) 

.,,.,. 

to.~ 

\,'ij6 

1,'19" 

""' 1.7?7 

l,\•1 

I • 

I" 

119,180 

,...,,J'I 

"'•·•50 c•r 

l5l 

105 

105 

1l 

1. 

19 

1,5lJ 

615 

2 , 11) 

1,?81 

6U 

12 

,; 

IH 

l'<l 

,.. 

IJI 

9Jl 

'·~' 

"·':;' 

1!2,1a'J 

1,1~1 

I,"' 

).6~ 

n.~ 

1!12 

2.919 

719 

2,2)5 

9,719 

'0,61><) 

298,0~ 

l5) 

1 ,1)62 

1\ 

l,6l0 

l?,cpo 

"19 

2)0 

l,T'l" 

O,'fl"l 

0~ 

IJ 

1,, 

10.~ 

.,., 70.78'; 

(6) 

tot.l 51 Sofh oo4 6 !&rd.•o" 6 

' 

m c•l m 

1! 

1,"-6 

11,11.>6 

1'1 

• ''19 

JJI 

II 

f,J1't 

1,19" 

1J 

192 

,. 

1,1)6 

2,f'50 

50,""" 

1!,11,;; 

'J'I,IJJ 

(J) 

J6 

155 

72 

""' 

J"' 

1,16()1; 

'·"'' 

15 

,. 

1"0 

2~ 

5J 

295 

281 

II 

t,t4ia 

Jl 

192 

9' 

1,1)6 

2,626 

.,2 

•66 

E!4 

661 

2'2 

l.f)94 

501 

, ,5}4 

J,J51 

112 

1,567 

IJ' 

1,\!?6 

2,010 

J2 

2' 

57 

24 

•9.658 

(9) 

Total 'i/ SOftwood 7/ Ha~..ood J/ 

(10) 

'l'l 

l,l6o 

219 

,, 

Ul 

•• 

911 

m 

2,"52 

Ill 

18') 

5"0 

JJJ 

l,J14 

!JJl 

J,UI 

2.200 

1,447 

,,, 

n .n2 

• .958 

u,6jo 

(10) 

Tot.al 'Jl 

!} The \1. S. Jontt S.rTle., wh.lc.h h re.,oadbh for tbe batte rl~C~l"'t 'lltld, dalat olll.J nlaU•e KC\U'&CJ tor tb•. n !lttllt, bo.e .. r, thAt theJ ccbraee t'h"' 

lt .. t ••&1\allh t.h , ebeclr:~ bJ thti ,tad.put ot •ell-trd'o,..e4 •u or tbe dJtte.,.llot rt'~ "Dfl . ':'he f\ruru r e"'ruent thoo pertod at ttl " :1?" 'J!' 1,,0, 

~ !:~=·~.!o~:~·:r::"~~:;::.;~.;-:, ~r!~:·: o!ar~ ~.!!r1::: ~t ~:~:e:;:~·~!::.~!ot::!: :::!1:::·ot whether the tt~ te c:ut tor eo r4• od or held tor u• tt..Hr. 

'!/ a.11o~ total• La eol~• 1 to J, tDC1u.he, are t..Uo 4lreotl.7 tr0111 talth 6, oace liP! !eol'rn •r~t!thd "Tot111l .u.. ") La'! l111tloaal Plu tor .I.!Mrte&D rone\17, 

State totale l.a col-. 1 are arrh.O at •• tollou: Stah totah ot col~ li are acHed to ur..eeUn '~" te tot.lt or Colau 7. Re,Pooal totah or col._ li 

11'1 a.44e4 to eorrupoll41oc reclooal total• of col- 7. 'DII ntlo or the ~ ot n~eethe t\a te t otall t o the 11'111 or cornr,oD41 DC rec:toa.l t otah h a?plled 

aca1111t Uae np.oiiAl total ot e~l-.. 1 u WC'Gla.te tbe total f or lll1 thh h that col-..., ~Qrnh (a), Col!D.D 4 (Co'ClD.) 2b4 (b) Col~ 4 (bcioaal t~tol) 11,1!) 

(e), l),))5 ~~ ( .. ). 5.149~ I 25.230 • t,m (Co~ottCllt totlll c~11a.O 1) COlmu 7 (Co!U!o,}~ Col,_, 7 (R4Clooal utal) ~ 

ltatl \otah h col~ 2 .. ,.. urt•M et " tollou: asq etate 1o colu.o l1 reciotl&l total of col- 1 ·: corft.;c>Mtu,s t\ate total til c:ol~ 2 : recSotl&l 

total of col- 2, ~·: to 4.1\INio.e eotlwoocl. total for eo-cUC'Il\ tu c 'llau 2:- 1,299 : 25,2:1,0 :: 1 : 9,091 I::: \iOe: Shh to\alt lD col1DJI 3 •fG&l \be 

4Utere.oce 'llthMo t'll'pl<tl•• etate total• or col._ 1 aa4 t bo11 or c?lau 2. IXc~ttooe t t~ .. ••'b"4t ..,., tbe Woke Statu &114 Uat S\ah ot C<tonh., b 

the tor.er "-"tile a•a1l.t)le •t•tlttlu ue DOt n!Uelto\l.t dt\&1114 to t~H ~ eoDI14eut\oD of r~ttocld.ac ar••• altbollc;b ~ ..,..., ue bOW1I to e.si t t 

lo tlle :Lat.e a.rea.. 'ttl• r or11t Strftee reporh DO b&Jo4•oo4 011 ... tWber aDd cordeoo4 arue to Cal U onlle; tt h therefore .. .,.~ that tben h oo h.I'O• "o4 o• 

r •• fti'Jd.IIC a.rea• 1• Uw.t ttete, 

5/ f.kn "-. tb l:o<~t tW? col -.a• ot an Wlp\l. l\r,..~M table l'l!rftt ""'~ 't7 the 0. ~. !',..rflflt ~~ ..... t-ott thd (~TCtn::lal ror11t .&.I'll ot tbe D. S., Ststl4 ot Sn !\a'ler 

OUid 2.-tal Stud '"'I !.&.• '!t..ber and Conbrood ue•t. lrJ Stahe aM llf;toD•• r'Dd. heretn&fttr rtftrTt'd t o at the .._thr 7abh. 

W ~oe.l total• t(IIU l.he ~ ot ,..ctofl&l total• Udu lbe fHtt fO'a:r' -..lo btt4!r.c• h teltle G, ~ lSll ('J. laUoaal Plan for aerleu Jorutr'1'). 

t:z.pU ( ... z:a.clat14)1 Sa• Ualttr 5 ,11), ~l tn11 1,012:, '!opt u6 ltabt 7JI, Otbtt' z6o: ,...,. oo.al total tor In Zll&lud (e~lQUI 5) 7,;?f;IJ. lihte total•..,.. 

flo1'T1.•111 et '17 \bt ,.,., •tlhod .. -.plo,.d tor col=me 2 ud. J, JJ t.c~oD&l totalt ar• arr1"4 at 'IJ 411tacttoc rectoul total• Ia col- li fro. c:orn11rpoDd\11( \Oltlt \D col~ 1 ; dtbc:lt.DC r~ a&l tot•h lD col- 5 trc. c:orn~ 

?OIII41DC tot.lt \1:1 colQUI 2; "urtatlliac.th• ratio ot \be 11CODd 411ttnaca to the Uret &D4 •vPlYIIIC Lh.le reUo to tbt corTupoM.ta,; f'IC!otl&l total ha col-.. T. 

~ =-~ !o~~~~:: C:':i:0~!~!~~\!:~: :-,:~ col- beaded 'Cord•oG4 &114 a .. toek1~ A.rl&t• to h.'bh 6, flte'll~ ( •A Jattooal P1u for ••r10111l 

ror11try•) •!Du U.t t\.all4e fer r .. p4oethe "CioDt .. 'Cor4woo4 ...,....... &bon. h the W.thr Tll.'blt, State t otalt .,.. arrtnd •t 'b7 4ed:octl-c H•• ... of oo rTt~ 

poDdlfiC: total• h col-• " and 7 h'c. '.U" ot eo11a11 1. 

9813!2/ lutoektoc areu are~ to t:d t \ t.o tbe t.ke ~tcto.o, but a"Rtl.abh t \llthtt,., ar• not IU!Ucho\lr 4ttdh4 to tiUIIl\ IICflptloe of ncb arue, 

UILal!. !:.lSD at w ! 

PUJI.!J 

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aou talafld " ., 6> .. 1 16 'l 

-· 1,)06 2,101 b,2C)5 1,217 5o91o9 1,505 ~ ....... 

.. w SJ,SJ5 ,.,Ill >5.o6ll 55.}9} •1.~ 27.>571 <0,1~ 

aw- .4'1tpUs I 

w_.. ) 10J J6 11 101 ., 19 

._,... 1.27. 205 1,Q69 1,2Slo jl)l, ., """ .. ~N'M¥ 

11.:1 JZJ ,,. l>:l ~ 115 190 

... rm 6,5JS, 

11,01o 17.950 ll,JZO ~.101 1,21) 

r-:aqlftlda 5.1197 1,1116 \,751 5.6!11 1,b7~ ~ 1,.,.., 

.. \ol z0,1jl) 1,245 11.905 25 •• , 1J,IJl "·6» 9,19> 

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··- 16,~, 12,9.!0 16,3"5 12,921 >.115 lO,ll} I 

k1:a:=II .. Ot. 1,510 '·">" 5,11o6 •. ..,. I >.500 1,000 1,500 

Jo.,Q Eabta 5} - 5J "I - - - .,_... 10,424 Z,JO!l •• 515 9,Sil) 6,~} 1,'5} "- .~ 

t'o\ol }5.1"1 ,,19} 26.6~ }Z,l)} 21.771 5.o61 16,70} 

£!!!!:~!. I llllAoh },l:Jl ,. ),117 },1 ... 121 l 120 

- 2,1S2 11 2.165 2.1Sl 101 1 101 

,_ 1,101 - 1,101 1,101 TT - TT 

......... 5.Sl• 1>" '·'"" 5.562 }.165 1<96 }.1£~ 

lth~ , .. ~ ""' J,lloo }.~ 2.m 199 2, ,,. 

..... ,1 9~ 51 "·"' "·'» I 1,>20 15 1.205 

9.61) 1,1611 

I ,.. .... 8,519 9.290 5 •• ,. 101 5.1~) 

'••' l\rctoi• 5.o62 6}1 ••• :Jl •• 91111 2,951 

'·=I .. <al }0,6>2 .. ,.., }1,1>2 ,..~ 16,61} 1~.1)1 ··~ 

~ 

- 21.176 16,l'J9 •.m 20,6bb 14,15) 11,?)0 I 2.927 

-- llt,llO U,Jlt) 12,SC!7 >2.120 20,2411 9.<01 10,Jk) 

.,. ..... 15,}12 1),16!1 2,lkJ I 15,1~ lk,k)O l2o"IO I 2,0110 

... 'II. >0,1)0 10,111 6,05) 20,\72 12,J'l4 9o08) I },111 

""'"'""" 21,590 1>,1!111 15,7o6 28,5)9 >J,915 IO,TTO I 1),1}9 

tliu.ledppl 20,08l 12,96o 7.521 I 20,066 lZ,kJ! 7.1)0 I ··~1 

JoTtb enol ln. 19 ... } u.on 1,}70 u.r"S 11,~1 .. .,.. I 

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Cldoha>o J,S)Il 2,"59 1,08) J,5"2 ~.)62 '·'"' ,,,.. 11&,6921 7.4117 1 SgQ\:IJ. C.,.ol1a. 15,462 9.351 9.1<>; li,)5'J 7. ~5 

,_. 16,165 11.15!1 4,0Q6 16,1'<9 IJ,065 ' 9.50" ~ ,c;.Eil 

ft-f'liaia n .os6 .. .., 6,25) 10,770 I 6,16}1 ··~I 9 

... al 199.2971 121,4119 n .... 195,1\1 l'-6,4501 

19 • ..., I 5) .... 

~ 

c.lltonta .. 2.06cl I 2S2,06cl - 171.051 17!,051 1!1.~ I - ....... .}1,85> .,.5,. 2,)1.1 2}}.6ol 216,896 215. J"l l,I"'J 

...... "" .. }21,}16 1 }20,915 lfOl 11},Z90 11 •• 1.,1 \74,5)2 211 

,.\ol 1,041,621 1,0}1.909 2.119 5!1},902 "'·"'' 561.}}0 1,]66 

!::rt.b IE£9: Kt , 

, .... 96.5!121 ,.,,. - 21,020 26,911 26,911 . V:OD\.U. "'J,)96 "'J,l'J6 - 1),111 l3,J06 1),}06 - .. tal IOS,)M 1~.)8! - 01,7Jl 160,~2) lfO,Z2J - lero.tlt. !!s:!5Z "'· ""·- l9,t27 19.027 - \ZO 120 lZO - Co1orad.o "::I 1<),)11 1 2,kl5 2,415 '·"'5 1 Jl 

...... 171 - ... ... .. :, - .._ W.z:loo 14 ,)19 10,}19 - .. .,. 4,296 - loo.U. DU:ota ),ZOI ),2011 - Z2l 

: I m - ..... 7.l'J1 I 1,)91 - 265 201 I - I ...... JZ,51" JZ,51" - I,) .. '·1"" 1.1 ... I - .. .., 125 .9 ~ 125,955 l 9.516 '·~ 9.~ Jl 

ll!1 }5}.1}1 1~,,. 1l'J,2n J"J,lloo >'6,-.; l2S,1I, lli.YJO I 

!S!!. 1.}1].912 l,Jll,252 2,120 ..,,1"'-l 61S,Jll 6n,,.,.. I 1.}66 

I 

~ 1,661 ... } 1 ... 5.150 1Sl,95J 988,28'9 ''"·'51 1~,111 1119,&4 

!ot.&l llofl-

- l'olal !ol&l Sotl- ......... ¥oa.a!l\a\a .W. CL&.SSIS 01 O'IIJI.SUP IKutrial. 2 

l.IJU!'I 

u m m'!ID runs •t DOlors. ft.lDI, loD cuso:s OJ' ~ !} 

(KiUl .. h.t ......... ..,..., 1-a»n t&llT} 

JIDI!W.LT OIIID OB MAUIJID 

·-IM4luol I&Uo-.1 'PoE"u• 

!Otol aenne.4 Bart~ !Otal !Oial &otnoo4 ........ !Otol 

I I 27l " zlo2 - - - - - ).9W Z,IJIJ) 1,11a 52 52 n 19 - ~9 n~ 1~ - - - - - 9}& 

~· ,... 1,o67 1,o67 67~ 39) - }9 12 27 - - - - - '·"'" m 1,~ - - - - - 1.91> ~.O:Jl '·"" 1,119 1,119 101 41> -

)I zt 5Z - - - - . 75} 121 1 b}2 - - - - -

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1.~5 9~ 

9~ , 11 )6 - 12,000 1,471 91 9~ 

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I I 

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10, CJ~2 },o62 1.900 .. ~ 1,>00 I 1162 )}I l,o6ll 

1,00] 1} 2,9')0 5 - - - 5 

z.on 16 ?,"51 - - - - - 1,0)0 - l,O:Jl Jl - - - Jl 

1,797, 2'<' ',,Sl - - -

I - - 1,1'4 90 '·"" - - I - - - •• 915 I }5 2,1110 - - ' - - - ,,.,. I .,I ••5 \,0'11 ,., 36!11 '"" I - 2 0}'\ 25J 1,110 15 ;I ' 66 - 1!,\5} I,~ I 16,'95 .. 9 5'1 }90 5 

•• 505 ,,,.,. '·~ ll" 25'11 202 5Z 20 

..... I 1,1651 1.1'19 1,1ohz 1,4112 1 677 165 - Tll 612 I 99 171 1!1 1 lk7 I I 

.. - 1 •1• •."9 >,>2) '91 "' .. , 115 - ··~ 2,10) 2,o;i;l 5 I 5 2 } -

1,029 5o Oil 2.3 .. - - - - - 7,lo;lo ·"~ """" ""' 50} 21) ?16 195 

I 180 125 5' - - -52 1 

- - ,, .. 7 1,r:;.s 1,10!) 10} IO} 5I - ,,, .. i!,at..} .. 1 

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'·'" 1.1~ 2,1UI m I m .,. - loa,?G7 .,,<->!< ,6oz , ... I ),6SJ '·9~ I 1,661< 215 

I 

- - - 105.169 10?, ~51 102,ZCil - 2.918 

l>,loo; 16,H7 .. 20],668 152,6}1 1 '5'·',. I .... 5J.,OJ0 

r.so•J 1,0,0 ll uz,m 102,\09 

... I , .. 10,.25 

>5.Zo6 >5 .101 99 421,511 357·'"1 )56,262 936 ;li,JlJ 

1,10} l,l0' - 5'J,6>1 50.2751 5".275 - 1,}46 

..., llO; - JMO!l }0.565 J0.565 I - >.9 .. 

1,;?1 1,50! - 9),1}0 U,!Oo ... ..., I - •• 290 

- - - 19,5!17 14,')59 14,059 I - 5o5JI 

- - - ... m )1,251 )1,251 I Jl 6,476 

- . - 3JO . .. ... - 102 

- - - ,.;6z ,,ozs 9,028 - ,,. - - - >.965 2,910 2,910 - 55 

.. <4 - 7.•1• 7 ,21} J,HJ - 191 

- - - }0,}28 ZS,li}S 21.158 - 2,110 

,_ .,. - 1111,9!, 3'J,911 99.917 Jl 15,o66 

96,6,. .1,J"~ ~.30!1 l,Cll b,510 ),ZJO , .... 1,)08 

Zt.,71'f 26.~79 3'J ..,, .... 5"5.955 5'65,019 9}6 1},129 

12).~32 ~.oz.._ "-'·""' b}T,502 ,,. ... , 5 ..... "'! ~.216 85,0J1 

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r~ toocUu4 ht1oe&l Jontt 

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Ill .. jl2 m .. 2,CJ1S . 200 ..., - 50.76o 270 51} 500 J 

10,412 1) 25,))2 25,]00 }2 

61<,0!)0 213 >6,155 z6.uo }5 

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tblt I.U1• bcl.Qd11 \reel 1arp eturQ,&b for l•~n )I'Od.a.oUoa "pr4l111 or l.heu aobal •••· ':bl f1cvu -=-• aD\ thof0\l&bl.1 "Hable: t.bq, bo9nsr, •b~ \be but •ftlla~• 4\a, ~ lr!r 'M ~ d .. .n ... Wol'IM4 a-. 

l/~ OnM b7 laad. , 1•'ter, ralP e.G~! ~r, all4 aio.l. .. sCIIIIp&Jd.••• unl t\or.t ~,..,.,.,, ra.11ro&A•. •ft. tll..oell&MO'U h4.1'f1hal• d4 .,.Aeh•. ~.e •• '-b&D sao ~ , .. ,. laclwlu OIM C11Ju tH\ J.W. rn Colo~. tlhlcb J.• aot ola .. tfl.t. .OCOr4J.IIrC \o \7P4 of oner.tltp. 

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1 2 } ~ 5 6 7 I 9 10 11 12 1} lll 15 

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aou I ala..a4 14 91 6,500 1} 18 b,)b!j 1 ),000 39 ~:~ 1 } a·ooo Tar.oD\ 1,992 1,}06 4.170 1,99} 1,217 4,12} 1,142 5.949 5.!'09 •51 2,Z68 19 89 ·""' .... 1 1},Sb0 57,175 4.176 1},261 55.}9} 4,177 10,~ 47,421 4,m 2,42) 7.972 }.2115 "' 2,412 4,14} 

MU.41• atlaatto 

Delaware }2 11J1 },}44 }2 107 }. }44 9 29 } .222 2} 71 ,,,1 -- - - .....,1 .... 500 1,2)4 2.~ 492 1,254 2,549 196 501 2. 556 ~~ 15} 

~: ~ • 20 2,~ Ia• JarHT .,.. 157 2.915 2111 

1),~ 2.929 1}2 }05 2,)11 51.1 1} }4 2, ~ Wn York 4,6}7 18,015 }.185 4,626 J,I!UIZ 2.918 1~:l~ }.179 1,)08 &.6}6 }.115 11 

~ 5.} ~u.aql'ft&la 1,8}1 5.897 },221 1,769 5.691 }.217 477 }.5J.4 1,292 4,015 },107 62 }.}22 

.. .., ),294 26,150 }.515 ).200 25 ~ }.518 },1}2 1}.~1 }.7o6 },468 12,000 },l!6o 94 }19 },}94 

Loko 

Ytch.lcu 1.750 16,4}0 9.319 1 ,1>59 

t~~ ' ·"52 1.209 12,9 21 10,69} 450 3.417 7.!19} 91 85 ,,. Wi~tot& 1,6}0 1.5110 5.264 1,14J 5,bi!O 490 2,500 5.102 653 ) .992 &,113 417 2,088 4,21) .. ,..~ Dltkoi& 10 

10.S~ 5.}00 10 

9.-Z~ 5.300 - - 10 5} 

N~ 11•eoutu 1,705 b,Jl<S 1,&.12 - - - b.1o6 9}2 6, }43 b,so6 6so }.500 9J 9n 10,541 

.. .., 5.095 35.187 ),o44 4,1124 )2,7}} ),}99 2,6}1 21,m I.Z)5 1,)9} 10,9b2 &,114 671 }.154 ~.100 

C. a hal 

nuoeh 2,4&1 3.1)1 1,262 2.477 },124 1,261 100 121 l,Zl.O 

~:rn J,OOJ 1,263 ~ T 1,750 ,...,_ 1,n5 2,182 1.202 1,812 2 ,1Sl 1.204 192 101 ~~ 2,01} 1,2110 

~ 1 m Io•a 1.755 1,107 631 1.755 1,107 &.301 120 77 1.&35 1,0}0 6}0 J/ - l:tntv.c.Q 2,)b7 5.574 2,014 2, Jb1 5.562 ?,Olb 1,J90 },765 2,10} 

1.~ u~ 1,850 ,. 2,000 IO.uourl 3,1b5 

':~~ 1,166 ,,151 ~,6SJ 1,16b 1,889 2,5}7 1,J'l3 90} J 6 851 O,to ;:m 1.531 •.690 ,1}5 1,5}1 91b 1,220 i:;G: 1.774 

t~~ 1,i>IJ 59 1,21) !•anee•n 9.~ 1,911 4,Sb} 9.290 1,910 3.005 5.834 1,858 1,860 204 39} 1,926 ... , nrctnia 1,4}1 5.o62 ).520 1,4o5 4,91!4 , .547 751 .9 ~1 3.929 654 2,0)} 3,101 }3 78 2,3611 

.. .., 21,221f 34.622 1,b}l 20,921 }4,06& 1,6211 l,)b3 16,613 1.896 12,11)8 1),45) 1,4}6 }OJ 556 1,~5 -·h .u.>- ),4Z) 21,176 2.151 7.2}1 20,6b6 2,1!151 4.950 ~:~ 2,86o 2 ,2Sl 

~:~ ~ 

2,15} 196 51.0 2,6o2 ... 1·700 24,170 }.1}9 b,)OS 22,728 ),}18 5.ns J.4so 890 2.791 ~?,g 1,1442 1,1154 J'lortlla ,0}0 15.}12 2,5}9 5.790 15.141 2,615 

~:~~ 14,4}0 2,611 265 711 2,611} 171 712 Georcta 6,900 20,870 3,024 b,)29 20,472 3.042 12,794 3.067 2,557 ),6)1 3.00} 171 ,. 2,}27 Lcra.itl&ZI& ),JS3 21.590 ~,1)2 1.lJ6 ~:Zl~ ,.175 b,157 23.915 }.184 1,218 4,664 ,.129 I 11 1,}75 M1 .. 1ulppt z.ob7 20,411 ,042 Z:01, 4:~ 3,212 12.4}7 ':m 1,771 8,029 .516 7 15 1,1)5 l.nth CarollA& .192 19,44} 4,b3S 18,745 2,3b0 11,591 1,&59 7.154 4,}12 11} 698 4,0, Cklab- 1,000 

1~:~ 1.9&8 1,1100 ).542 1,9&1 1,601 

1~:~~ Scn:lth OuoUna. 2,016 1}2 110 1.~ - - - ~·157 4,914 J,711 18,)59 4.9JI 2,111 ~·2"1 917 3,6&7 3.999 29 10} 3o552 ...... ·'50 16,165 ).895 4,145 16,149 3.196 J,26o 1),065 ,000 185 ~:~~ 3o4s5 22z 16 J,200 llrciDia 2,S!J9 ll,Os& }.1)1 2.6}5 10,?)0 }.198 1,418 6,16) 4,142 1,1-J 3o51l n6 },1>1} 

.. .., 57.265 199.297 3.41o 55,220 195.117 ).5}} 41,491 146,850 }.5}9 13,129 4s,26J 3.51.6 2.043 4,110 2,046 

Paetflc 

Caltfond.a 12,517 282,l!6o 22,441 5.&}4 177,051 }1.425 5.b34 177,051 

it~ - - - 1~:m ~:~ 15,16o Ore co a 19,b15 4JJ •• 52 22.254 8,)61 2J}.6o1 26.61>1l 7,b)4 216.19& 1,01) 16,705 15,Jb7 11,71~ lallh1Q&1oa 11,1)1 321 . 316 Z),051 4,512 113.250 4o,614 3.1!19 174.749 45,2!1} 65} 8,501 l),OlS J,3bb 1}8,066 11,7~3 

'l'otal ~. 14o 1,041,6211 2),598 18,907 593 .902 31.412 17,167 5f>S,b!jb }},1Z) 1,74o 25.l'06 14,406 25.2}} 447 .)26 1),)44 

lorth BookJ ·-·al• tdoho '·'"" 96.592 9,694 1,~b 28,020 15,2bl 1.550 26.917 17 ,}66 a<6 1,10) J,l57 S,l2S 61,572 1,4}6 Montana 7.0&2 49,)9& 7.051 1,718 1),711 7,9n 1.b4o 13,Jo6 S,llj 71 4o5 5.192 5.344 36,015 &.752 

'!otal 17,026 146,}18 •• 598 3. 554 41 ,1}1 11,)42 3.190 4o,22} 12, 610 Ji>l 1,501 4,11j2 13,472 104,657 7.761 

South RoeM;y YOUDt.&L 

Azlt.OQ& 3.614 19.827 5 .... 6 42 120 • •• 57 42 120 2,857 - - - }.572 19,707 5.517 Colorado 1·"'' 47.379 b.044 985 2,415 2 .452 9•5 2,415 2.452 - - - 6.854 44,964 6.56o llfe-t·a4a 201 778 },1)1 97 448 4,619 97 441 4,619 - - - 1o4 3)0 },17J New Wexico 3.710 14,119 ,.178 1,018 4.296 4,220 1,013 4.296 4 , 220 - -- - 2.692 10.09} 3.749 South Dalmta 675 3,208 ·~ 14o 22S 1,629 14o 228 1,629 - -- - ,, 2.980 5.570 Otab 2.432 ).791 3. 80 1. ~ l·312 46 201 4,370 34 64 1,882 2,352 ),526 3.200 Wyomtn,s: 4,?)0 32.51!4 ),631 416 .192 ~16 1,)44 4,192 - - - 3·854 30 ,14o 3,002 

Total 22 ,741 125.956 5. 539 2,718 9.516 ) .4}5 2.)44 9.452 ~7 34 64 1,1582 19,96) ll6,44o 5,83} 

' 'l'ob.l All SL&tea 188 .645 1,66),803 8,l!41 126.265 918,289 ) ,82) 90. 552 864,857 9.551 )5. 713 12},432 3.456 b2,J80 679.514 10,89) 

(W. Aoru) ~.14, feet B.Y. ) "ee\ B.YJ tM • .A.ere.) ()1,1£, feet B.!l.) (het B.w.J (M • .\eru) t.I.,W, feet B,!l.) (J"eet B. t~ Cu. J..eru) Ut.ll. fee t B,U.) U'ee\ !,1.1,) \(U, Acres) ~.!II. feet B.W. ) (Peet B.M.) 

Statu Total Saw Total Sa• Average Stand Total Saw ~~:; ~~- d 

A:nroge Stand Total Sa• .!.otel S&• ~.0~ ~:· '"!;a e St&Dd Total 51\w Total Saw ,l-.er.,.. S\u4 

b • ••·b ••••• . .. - ~·· ...... . 'Per re T1rrlbe . T~!~~· J.T::~ St ... ""''be e ... b ... .. ··- ALL CLASSES crF O~...RSBIP ror.u. INDUS'l'RIAL lAm! WOODL.Um, PUBLIC OrtmRSHIP PRIV.A'l'Emr.IE~ 

!/ :!: !: ~=: ~: ~: t i~: ::: ' :::~ ~~= ;:~~= ~ :::~!~:: :;~u:r:;"~!o~:e~;: ~~.t~ s~ b:·R:~::f,o;:~t!~a!::·c~!::::• ;fo::;::~~/n4 Character of ro.,t,b ~ Y Leu than 500 acne. YJ Leu than 5()0,000 fut B.Y. 

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•.• .. ""' • ,,..,oflj .,.:.}5> 

Softwood 

1929 1930 1931 .l9)2 

Alabama 1,76~,708 1,153,186 621,602 463,947 Arizona 17 ,594 95,494 85,01!5 58,162 

Arkansas 822,166 569,68 348,190 205,563 

California 

and Nevada 2,062,818 1,513,938 957,673 680,370 

Colorado 71,343 54,564 48,345 39,01!5 Connecticut 9,918 4·238 7,110 2, 442 

Delaware 1.ao1 ,358 1,975 3,013 Florida 1,028, 22 809,954 ~,079 300,156 

Georgia 1,189,839 632,56 ,363 242,573 

Idaho 1,028 ,734 839,759 499,768 248,276 

I11inoia 619 538 4~ 100 

Indiana 21 20 l 

Iowa, Xaneas 

and Nebraska 82 56 

Kentucky 27,632 14,~17 9,342 5,528 

Louisiana 1,418,036 1,057' 73 632,386 421,910 

!.Iaine 233,294 201,963 132,335 89,664 

!.!a ryland 31,52 23,311 14,236 9,688 

!.!aseaohusetts 53,215 62,242 34,496 30,773 

111ob1gan 122,079 107,712 67,420 a0,254 l!~nnesota 30a,788 153,079 6a,520 1,01!3 Mississippi 2,17 ,193 1,127,173 67 ,008 423,01!1 

Missouri 37,383 18,886 14,004 6,736 

Montana 388,666 296,970 158,208 111,018 

New Hampshire 165,066 l56,28a 74,221 48,051 

New Jersey 687 13 100 100 

New l!exlco 148,287 142,8!15 58,787 71,~4 New York 28,386 22,289 15,011 9, 9 

North Carolina 939, 224 656,820 412,72!1 314,738 

Ohio 797 292 96 69 

Oklahoma 175, 199 l48 ,a62 69,232 62, 572 

Oregon 4,772,194 3, 635. 38 2,617,4fa 1,594,794 

Pennsylvania 92,369 52,784 40,7 30,SS4 Rhode Island 2, 946 3,616 1,510 1,703 

South Carolina 877, 821 526,444 310,394 254,606 

South Dakot.s 61, 125 59, 64 26,840 14, 370 

Tennessee 115,318 76,523 55,034 2 , 067 

Texas 1 ,188,101! 888,681 507 ,96a 354.313 

Utah 5,082 6,306 5,63 ,859 

Vermont 60,098 47,116 27,877 22,~6 Virginia 444,979 292,609 207,369 164, 1 

Washington 7,27 ,707 5,491,388 3,,~4,86a 2,254,~6 West Virginia 120,930 86,202 7,75 23, 1 

Wisconsin 354,098 258,608 159,555 55,759 Wyoming 25,628 25,131 16,519 20,821 

Total 29,813,345 21, 322,786 13,851,951 8,745,636 

!ABL( V (a)1'sOFTIVOOD Al'ffi HARDWOOD PRODUCTION BY STATES 

FOR 1929 - 1934. 

(Thousand :feet board measure) 

Total tor Average 

.l9)) .l9)" 6 Years Per Year .L!>'c9 

639,202 544,583 5,192,228 865,372 289,256 I 

90,092 73.180 576,610 96,102 

335.764 418,858 2,700,225 450,037 526,152 I 

784,626 1,014,580 7,014,005 1,169,001 411 

33,698 49,370 296,405 49,401 192 

3,623 5, 796 36,127 6,021 20,2a9 625 3,820 21,092 3,516 2,a o 

a95.~5 428,206 3,493,875 582,313 108, 75 

20, 0 417,610 3,303,399 550,566 196,411 

316,356 456,963 3,389,856 564,976 . 57 

15~ 250 1,672 279 37,062 

30 123 20 169,949 

85 223 37 20,332 

7,117 6,159 70,695 11,782 311,514 

576,025 490,635 4,596,465 766,077 814,324 

99 ,"111 158,623 914,993 152,499 24,613 

7,220 9,436 ~5,415 15,902 23,346 

18,978 49,368 2 9,072 41,512 18,648 

42,763 58,316 428,544 71,424 448,938 

37,888 901! 669,266 m,a44 51,392 

615,803 6 ,692 5,678,950 946, 92 495,303 

10,479 27,587 115,075 19,179 190,6~ 125,126 171,690 1,25!,678 201!,613 

89,946 135,464 669,031 111,505 26,637 

230 1,030 2,281 380 14,889 

!19,498 101,409 612,580 l02,09l 8,263 18,!148 102,206 17,03. 131,205 

433.561 438,158 3,195,229 532,538 263,153 

303 387 1,944 324 174.740 

98,712 95,512 649,589 l08,26a 24,545 

2,234,922 2, 360,714 17,215,525 2,869,25 11,815 

24,783 39,095 280,659 46,7~ 221,881 

2,163 3.333 15,271 2,5 3,568 

289,373 261,173 2,520,111 420,018 190,166 

29,~5 33,466 228,1150 38,0~ ~ 

33, 7 66,237 370,826 61,8 648,510 

505 ,018 514,585 3,959,668 659,945 263,532 

7,826 10,237 39,944 6,657 219 

16,68~ 26,367 200,823 33,470 59.a24 

259,77 285,541 1,657,813 276,~2 260, 73 

3,091,181 . 3,045,929 25,052,476 4,175. 3 27,356 

18,247 37.~5 354, 29 59,071 ~2,062 

3.7a7 123, 6 1,025,213 170,869 8, 716 

10,9 2 18,837 117,878 19,646 l 

11,898,873 12,735.358 98 ,367,949 16,394,655 7,072,687 

HArdwood Total tor Average 1930 1931 1932 ~ 193" 6 Years Per Year 

188,438 110,418 80,061 117,449 114,569 900, 191 150,032 

299,695 159,525 71,023 178,614 208,789 1,443,798 240,633 

325 67 150 - 167 1,120 187 

124 68 3,04~ 61 94 617 103 

1a,287 5,781 3.~44 5,616 51,251 8,542 

,078 l,5a4 948 1,595 11,359 1, 893 

66,082 44,5 4 20,252 44,113 45, 137 328,606 54,768 120,920 59,25 21,083 52 ,796 58,611 509,075 84,846 

650 131 102 115 126 1,181 197 

24,674 18,439 8,032 7,933 14,678 110,818 18,470 

0],617 52,776 26,852 42,329 64,523 454,246 75.701! 

13,267 10,453 3.4~3 3.930 5,522 56,937 9,489 

l

4

4.5a8 102,012 45,810 39,519 116,617 790,010 131,668 

5 9,2 5 316,846 145,116 259,984 284,011 2,369,526 394,921 

20,141 1~,495 12,329 5.643 1~,874 102,2~ 17,041 

24,355 l ,852 8,244 a· 8 l ,659 90,5 15,084 

19,859 8,311 7,929 ,809 7.735 67,291 11,215 

359,119 189,243 R0,836 116,851 177,244 l, 372,231 228,705 69,310 31,448 16,999 10,767 27,452 207.368 34,561 

357,205 189,213 108,316 176,228 210,514 l,a36,779 256,130 107,849 60,912 28,516 30,792 72.959 91,723 81,9a~ 20 5 30 151 251 

25,419 20,2a4 12,633 11,465 19,182 115,570 19,262 12,199 7,2 l 4,466 5,097 6,380 50,272 8,379 l l 

87,32!1 59,041 29 ,438 27,451 39,828 374,291 62,382 

158,015 88,074 68,114 79,638 133,294 790,288 131,715 

107,906 52,611 31,~ 37,402 82,40a 486,967 81,161 

15,115 7,746 2, 5,924 15,47 70,848 11,808 

18,637 10,572 9,098 21,106 18,928 90,156 15,026 

155,i!b8 82,283 42,045 67 , 808 107,657 677,652 112,942 

3. 3 1,440 1,189 776 982 11,358 1,893 

180,671 139,973 99 , 307 132,367 79,888 1 822,372 2 137,062 

337,414 208,418 104,326 135,283 233,161 1,667,112 274,852 156,581 47,851 49,931 88,845 79,894 686,634 11 ,439 183 160 54 182 123 921 153 

47,101 32,732 17,1~ 13,403 23,846 193,757 32,293 202,880 104,001 62,2 60,796 120,6a3 811,027 135,171 10,741 13,132 5, 983 14,914 18,3 1 90,4~ 15,078 319,881 199,237 111,822 146,366 186,086 1,475,4 245,909 378,236 200,486 64,588 112,149 141,535 1,385,710 230,952 1 110 71 35 218 36 

4,728,687 2,670,692 1,405,596 2,062,261 2,758,281 20,698,204 3,449,702 

268 

U.UI'f (b) • IOI'ftOOD .&1!> IWIIIOCJI) J.QWII PIODUC'rl ~ 1lf !fAnS f0119~ '10 19J' 

(M hoi I, M.) 

llr.sft ... 1\a\e total Sofboo•• _ ... 

--- O. ~ttnt 14,563 6,021 1,~ 

-... 169.5110 152.499 17,o41 

... ..-a..tt• 52, T27 ~1.512 11,215 

... .... Mi,.. 1JO, 767 111,505 19,262 

.... Iol&M ~.~31 2,545 1,8'33 

••z.o•\ b5, 763 )3.~70 }2,293 

!oW ~37.791 347.552 90, 246 

lllMl• .1.\l&a\to 

Dolaan s.lo09 3.516 1,8'33 

llu7laal J0,916 15.902 15.084 

1 .. Jue.-, 1.7~ 310 I,J79 

W.. Yorlr. 79.~16 17 ,0,14 b<!,JI2 

,....,-lft.li,a 159.711 ~. 776 112,942 

!o\ol 2!4,2111 13,6o1 200,6so 

~ 

11 ~ J00,129 71,42~ 221,705 

~~:~. ....... 1~.105 111,5'14 J',561 

Wor\b llllkob - - - tlecoula 1101,121 170,169 2J0,952 

!o\ol 141,055 }53.1}7 494,211 

~ 

IllUoh 11,749 279 18,470 

la41- 75.721 20 75.701 

r- !1 9.526 37 9.489 

.... ~ 143."50 11,782 131,6bS 

IU o....rt 101,133 19,179 11,954 

Ob.io 11.~5 }2~ 11,161 

,. ...... m.656 b1,10~ 277,852 

... , nrc:tala )04,910 59.071 245.909 

!o\al 1,074. 707 152.496 922,211 

~ 

u-. 1,015,1oo1< 165.372 15Q,0}2 

- b9Q,670 45Q,OJ7 2110,63} 

n ort4.a b37 ,Oil 582. }13 54. 76! 

o.orcta 635.412 550.566 114,1!116 

Loulo1- 1,16o,99S 766,077 394.921 

Wiuhdppl 1,202,622 946,492 256,1JO 

lonh Ca.rolt .. 6611.253 5}2.531 1}1.715 

~ 120,073 108,265 11,!011 

lo"clth CaroltAa 557,010 420,011 137 ,o62 

"*- 774.}A b59.945 114,4}9 

ftrc1111 • "1,473 276,J02 135.171 

!o\ol 7.169.~ 6,157.925 1,711.525 

lacifto Coa o\ 

CalHonda y l,lEJI),lSI 1,169.001 1!7 

Or- 2,!114,2110 2,869.254 15,026 

w...b.lactoa ~.190.stn 4,175.463 • 15,071 

!o\al 1,2114.009 !,213, 718 J0,291 

Ior\11-.-llo .......... 

Itoloo 565.17} ~.976 197 

... ._ 20!,6?5 20!,613 ~ 

'!o\ol 713.121 773.~ 239 

~~ -·-'-1• J.rl- 96,102 ,6,102 - Oolo ..... 49.~ 49,1101 103 

--- 102,097 ,102,097 - --.. 31·027 ~1,027 - - b,llO 6,657 153 

.,_.. 19,612 19, 6116 36 

foo\ol 3).2,222 }11,930 !92 

... tolol ,,, .. ,JR u • .-."' ,, .. .,.. 

llrc:l• .... ..... total lott...a. -· 

'IJ II Illol .... --...... ·-

-.w.a.-.r-. 

I 

1: 

269 

TABLE VI AIINUAL DR.Ull OF FOREST I'RCI>OCTS ( OT!I!:R TIWI Llllllm!) AVEIIAOE 1925 192~ 

Sa• 'lla'ber sue 'l'!-e • ' Cord• ood St Z.A 'Pree •otal Snttwoode R&rdwoode ta Softwoo:h ll&r<l.-o • oa.l t.-o . r•:t.oode 1111oa 1 State u. cu. rt. K. Cu . Tt. K. Cu. Ft . II. Cu . N. . .. t. a.u . •· cu. n. K. Ft. B.K. K. Cu . Ft. . rt. 11.V. •. cu. Tt. u. cu. J't • ll. 1:1>.--,-t. 

~ (1) (2) ()) (4) (5) (6) (7) (S) (9) (10) (11) (12) 

OIILDeet.1cut 26,478 ), 5)) 22,945 10,54) 48,824 ),159 14,772 7,)84 )4,052 15,9)5 )74 15, 561 

~· 176,)61 72,650 10), 711 72,780 ))9,617 611,412 )01,021 8,)68 )8,596 10), 581 8,2)8 95 ,)4) 

.. p.ctweettl 50,488 17 ,91) )2,575 21,27) 99 ,159 15,85) 74,141 5,420 25,018 29 , 215 2,060 27,155 

.. Rupeb.1.re 1)1, 609 54.459 77,150 54 ,587 254.756 48,280 225,666 6,)07 29 ,090 77,022 6,179 70 , 84) 

Dode hl.an4 4,414 661 ), 75) 1, 758 8,186 661 ),122 1,097 5,0611 2,656 - 2,656 

fenoot 6),649 16,4)2 47.217 26,466 122,978 14,560 68,062 11,906 54,916 )7 ,18) 1,872 )5,)11 

!ot.al 452,999 165,648 287. )51 187 , 4o7 87),520 146,925 686, 7&4 40,482 186, 7)6 265 , 592 18, 72) 246,869 

IYQI t.~!!ltl~ 

Delaare 11,220 4,126 7,094 ),218 14,941 1,074 5,042 2,11111 9,899 4,002 ),052 4,950 

~land 62,258 15,982 46,276 17 , 5)8 81,282 5,0)6 2), 621 12,502 57.661 1111 ,720 10,946 )), 774 

h• Jeruy 6), )60 6,016 57 ,)1111 5.045 23,320 526 2,47) 4,519 20,847 58,)15 5,490 52,825 

lew tork 2Sl,55l 39,814 241,737 40,11111 lS6, 761 21,526 100,922 1S,61S S5,S39 241,407 lS,28S 223 , 119 

h D.11tJ'l YaJlla 2)),465 25,925 207 .54o 45,S14 211,743 6,474 )0,))6 39,340 181,407 187,651 19,451 168 , 200 

1ot.al 651,S54 91,S6) 559,991 111 , 759 518,047 - 162,394 77,123 355,653 54o,095 57.227 482,S68 

lMl 

.. ehlpn 253,199 43,S10 209,389 50,947 223,143 14,175 63.572 36,772 159,571 202,252 29,6)5 172,617 

11Meeot.a 213,043 117,569 95,474 4), 41) 193,981 39,123 175.352 4,290 18,629 169,6)0 78,11116 91,184 

l ort.h Dakota. - - - - 41 - 1 - 40 - - - wtaeondo 353,082 99,064 254,018 72,54o 319,483 32,820 147,100 39,720 172,)83 280,542 66,21111 214,298 

Tota.l S19,324 260,11113 55S,SS1 166,900 7)6,648 S6,11S )86,025 so, 782 )50,62) 652, 4211 174,325 478,099 

~ 

lll1no11 79.763 177 79,586 37.428 163,316 177 865 37.251 162,1151 42,3)5 - 112,335 

lnd.U.na 127,970 68 127.902 60 , 233 262,1153 68 355 60,165 262,09S 67,737 - 67 . 737 

low • 113,119 5,550 107,569 53,849 237.748 4,1!1 21,12S 49,668 216,620 59,270 1,369 57,901 

lentuet;J 262,258 47.506 214,752 126,784 577 ,S63 35,64o 180,)7) 91,11111 397,490 1)5,474 11,866 12) ~ 

1Uetour1 22S,237 9,187 219,050 109, 69& 482,6117 6,905 34,952 102 , 79) 11117,695 us. 539 2, 282 116, 257 

Obio 127,50S 54 127 , 454 59,771 260,685 54 307 59.717 260,)7S 67,737 - 67 , 737 

TeMeeeee 456,91111 92,471 364,47) 219 ,865 1,006,648 69,196 350,152 150,669 656,496 237,079 23,275 21 3~04 

Weet. V1r g1n1a 227,152 26,811 200,)41 lOS, 613 487 , 256 19,965 101,054 88,648 )86,202 118,539 6,846 111 693 

Total 1,622,951 181,824 1,441,127 776,241 ),478,616 136, 186 689,1S6 640,055 2,789, 4)0 846,710 45,638 801,072 

ls!!Y! 

.Uabu.a 328,426 18),690 144 , 736 209,7Jr 984 ,582 106,)86 550.)06 103,)51 4)4,276 118,689 77 ,)o4 41, 3~~ 

.t.ru.neas )9),177 191,615 201,562 250,750 1,164, )67 114,)11 591, ))2 1)6,4)9 57),0)5 142,427 77 ,)o4 65,12) 

nor14& 121,626 106,548 14,778 74 ,151 )70,291 60,466 312,9)) 13 , 685 57,358 47,475 46,352 1 ,09) 

Oeorgla )39.519 257,057 &2,462 220,820 1,072,182 148,5)2 769 ~ 71, 998 302,574 118,689 105,225 10,•611 

Loute lana )01,467 162.607 1)8,860 194,647 90&,201 9),033 481,206 101,614 426,995 106,520 69,574 )7 ,246 

M.1u1u1pp1 )68,561 219,)43 149,518 2)8 ,)03 1,124,458 126, 575 654,749 111,725 469,709 1)0,555 92,765 37.793 

lort.b Carol1na 459,861 281,150 178,681 29),697 1,)94,714 165,224 &;4 , 653 12&, 47) 540,061 166,164 115,956 50,205 

Oklahoma 96 , 548 19 , 345 77,203 60 ,941 267 , 204 11 , 615 59,966 49,326 207 ,2)8 )5, 607 7,7)0 27 ,877 

Soutb Carolina 227,109 164,SS6 62,223 144 ,027 697 , 446 95 , )1 3 492 , 742 48,714 204,704 83,0&2 69,573 13,509 

Teue 354.665 117,512 236,553 224 , 107 1 , 010 ,408 71 , 4)0 369.310 152,677 641,095 130,555 46,352 s4, 176 

VirgJ.Dh 302,450 154,225 148,225 195, 6)0 911 ,734 92, )82 477 ,922 103,248 43),512 106,820 61,843 44 ,977 

Tota.l ),293, 709 1,858,60& 1,4)5,101 2,106,520 9,905 , 587 1,0115,570 5,614,727 1,021,250 4,290,S60 1, 156 ,889 773,0)8 41),851 

Pac1r ~ 21 1~ 

Calif ornl.a - 62,205 56,198 6,007 48,951 280,078 48,951 280 ,075 - - 13,254 7,2117 6, 007 

Oregon 152,927 149,462 3.465 145,620 529.735 142,676 815,4o3 2,944 14, ))2 7,307 6,786 521 

Wa.ablngtoa 285,)8) 252,518 2,865 274,957 1,567 ,66) 272,360 1,555,025 2,597 12,6)8 10,426 10,158 265 

Tot U 500,515 4Sa,l75 12,)37 469,528 2,677,476 46),987 2,650,506 5,541 26,970 )0,957 24 , 191 6,796 

1o. 82ok:f k~ . 

Idaho 46,090 46,089 1 )8,628 163,745 )S. 627 163,742 1 ) 7,462 7,462 -

Montana 14,530 14,5)0 - 8,290 )5,155 8,290 35 ,155 - - 6,240 6 ,240 -

fota.l 60,620 60,619 1 46,915 198,900 46,917 198,S97 1 3 1), 702 1). 702 -

I!!· JLookt Mt . 

Arl r.ona 11,)94 11,)94 - 5,569 28,)8) 5,869 28,)8) - - 5,525 5,525 -

Colorado 5,207 5,057 120 2,696 1),011 2,576 12,459 120 552 2,511 2,511 -

lfeTada •• - - - - - - - - - - - -

•n MeX1 oo 11, )73 11,)73 - 5.&48 28,277 5,848 28,277 - - 5.525 5,525 -

South Dakota ), 7)2 3. 719 13 1,891 9,1)4 1,875 9,076 l) 58 1 ,841 1 ,841 -

Otah 778 422 356 1111) 2,091 220 1,068 223 1 ,02) 335 202 1)) 

l10011 ng 1 ,982 1 ,982 - 978 4,7)0 978 4,1)0 - - 1 ,0o4 1,oo4 -

'total )4,466 )),977 489 17.725 85,626 17. )69 8),99) 356 1 ,6)) 16, 741 16,608 1)) 

ALL R!GIQIS 7, 436,438 ), 141 , 160 4,295,278 ),SS), 298 18,474,1120 2,017, 70S 10,472,512 1,865,590 8,oo1,90S 3,55),1ll0 1,12),452 2,429,688 

. c . Tt. K. F • K cu II . Ft. . F . 8. 11 F • II F • B •• . c . F • II. F 8.11 . II F • F . ., kegion & 8t.at.e rota.l Soft wood• Hardwood a So t od ll&r<l 0 T 1 ot 

Sa ber s z. r~ s • Tr• 

Ineludee l.atleae and N'ebraek& . Callton\la and Wna4& l/ Coluane 5, 1 and 9 were 11oured bJ eubtractl..n6 t.he anrage luaber out. tor t he ye&re 1925 t o 1929 l noluel•e (Q.S.Ceneue ), troa t he et at e ao4 e8J.o~:~.&l t ot&le , eottwood. and hardwood t aw 

Re:l:!:i ~~~~o;a~!~~~~ l~n!!~ i~ ~~~:o!";.~~~~ ~~tWl~~tt!:: d ~~~ ~·: e TUber Ooneen-at.lon Board eotltled , 1 fhe J'oreet Situat i on ln the United Bt.ate• . • Reslonal totale 

A w o:'!:: ~4 ~si!~o~:'t! ::iu!:_~~. 1~1 o:!~t l!:Os!:d 1n eorde , we re reduoed to k oublo teet by appl.,r ln& the etate c ord percentage I to the n&lonal k oublo t oot totals ••-

oured tram Table 214-, T.C. B. Suoh adjuetmente were made ln all M.lddle A.tlant l c St ate s, the Pac l tlo Coe.et Stat u and the Rort.h Root.r llountaia 8tat ee . AeSion.al totale 1n ooluane 6 and a taken t rca fable 24 Wt r e4uee4 by the eame peroeat a&e ae the redu.otlon a&de 1D arrlvt.ng at the regional t otale 1n coluane 7 and 9 . State totale la oolWine 6 and a eeeured by IIIU.ltlplJ'ln& t.he resl onal i.otaJ.e by the eame percent age ae the etate t otal• bear to the regional total e 1~ ool uane 5 and 7 · Colwan 4 1• t.be eD ot oolu.mne 

6 and a. \hat h tate t.otal 1e to the re8J.on&l t ot.al 1n oolUD 4 . ll1a11ng etat e aottwood tot&l.e lllll1fl6 et.&te tot&l.• 1n column 10 eecured by wltlplJ1116 the r o£,1onal t ota.l. e 'b1 tbe percentage tAl 1 ·~ t: &1 D&l total 1D oolwm 6. In the oaee or Arlzona and lfew Mex1oo , \hll re- in ooluan U u e\lred by .u.ltlplJ'lng the reslonal tot&le 'D1 the perc entage that each e t &t.e to 8 0 e re 0 4 e4 t tll 0 epoo41.D& tlgure s 1n col aan 10 and the 1\llted 1n a ttgure el16,h\~ 8J"''&ter than the 'o0l"T'elpon41o.g t1gure• 1n colWinlO. In tuob caeu ot.h•t.hf~u.re 1 8 1.Jl~~~&d!!c,.W:eo~uo Thl: ... : a::-10 ae aot to 41etur'b the r e&lonal aaou.at or the reduotloo a.4de4 t.o Oolora4o, South DU:ot.a an4 W.Joal.O& Wlt1l they •qu.&l1e4 oo1uaa. o e ..,_ a.n.oe o ' 

t.otal• t.U.eu r~ Table 24 . Oolu.n 12 le tbe 41tterenoe betneo oolu.ne 10 and U . Colu..ne 1 , 2 aM. 3 ueure4 by &44.1D& the approprtate oolu.ne 4, 6, 8 , 10, ll ao.4 12. 

I 

I 

I 

I 

TABLE VI (a)- TOTAL FOREST PRODUCTS DRAI~ . Commodities Produced Timber Cut . QuanutyY All Timbe,.J/ Saw Timber!V Oordwood.ll 

Item Unit Total Softwood l!&rdwood Total Softwood l!&rdwood Total Softwood Hardwood Total Softwood Hardwood 

Thousands Thousands Thousands Thousand Thousand Thou a and Thou a and Thousand Thousand Cords Corde ou. rt. ou . :l't-. ou. lt. ?t.!i.m. lt.!i.m. lt.!i. m. Q.2tlJ. 

Lumber Ft.b. m.W :}8,000,000 30,957,920 7,042,oao 7,371,372 5, 668,700 1, 702,672 3~.ooo.ooo 30,957.920 7,042,oao - - - Fuel wood Cords 61,266 22,511 3~.755 4,002,635 1,~5.135 2,517,500 7,o47,000 4,146,000 2,901,000 27,723,84o 7. 291,200 20,432, 64o 

Hewed ties Pieces 53,215 22,07~ 31,137 633,034 232,491 400,543 2,025,165 ~35.553 1,1~9. 612 - - - Fence poets Pieces 395,946 13~.503 257,443 628,836 278,438 350,398 1, 299,459 654, 438 645,021 3,641,342 1,615,345 2,025,997 

Pulpwood Cords 5.336 4,726 610 58~,666 521,9oa 66,758 1,473,620 1,316,~15 156,805 2,084,080 1,827,120 256,960 

lUne t11Dbers (round) Cu. tt. 1~4,875 37.509 147,366 231,780 47,530 184,250 155,988 43 , 626 112,362 1, 692,152 325,437 1, 366,715 

Veneer logs Ft.b.m.Z/ 920,034 293,882 626,152 230,607 59 , 601 171,006 1,033.708 332,691 701,017 - - - Slack staves Pieces 979,610 360,970 6111,64o 109,345 33,863 75.~2 ~7.1161 179,780 3oa,oa1 - - -

Slack headlng Sets 67 , 766 43,310 24,456 42,452 24,701 17,751 203,016 129,737 73 , 279 - - -

Slack hoopa Pieces 138,939 - 138,939 10,053 - 10,053 41,626 - 41 , 626 - - -

Logs & bolts in 

llanutacturee Ft.b.m.ZI 593,328 92 , 393 500,935 156,575 20,790 135,785 677,960 109,443 5611 ,517 - - -

Tight etavee Pieces 307,167 149,921 157, 246 97,116 39, 414 57.702 460,378 224, 822 235,556 - - -

Tight headlng Sets 26,609 9,888 . 16, 721 43, 733 13,047 30,6116 199, 372 74,138 125, 234 - - -

Shingles Pieces 6,298,100 6,298, 100 - 138,558 138,558 - 629,810 629,810 - - - -

Export loge and hewn 

timbers Ft.b.m.ZI 307, 570 289,670 17,900 60,514 55,611 4,903 34o,535 320,503 20, 032 - - -

Poles Pi eoes 3, 443 2, 790 653 37, 571 31, 894 5,677 149,374 131 , 859 17,515 43,679 31, 955 11,724 

Distillation wood Cords 1,283 4)4 849 36,367 4, 294 32,073 88,970 11, 300 77,670 204,870 22,600 182, 270 

P111ng P1ecee 1 , 363 912 451 28,978 21,125 7•,853 141,527 108,497 33,030 13 ,866 13, 205 661 

Tanning extract wood Cords 418 - 418 26, 173 - 26,173 118,950 - 118,950 37,600 - 37,600 

Excelsior wood Cords 179 58 121 20,943 6, 786 14,157 67,125 21,750 45 , 375 44,750 14,500 30,250 

All items 14,495,308 8,6113,886 5,811 , 422 54,641,444 4o , 228,682 14,412, 762 35,486,179 11 ,141, 362 24,344,1117 

lf Thls table shows the annual oommodlty draln upon the commercial forests. It is based upon average commodity production 1n the years 1925 to 1929, inoluelve; not only were mor e and better statiatioe 

available tor this period than tor any other recent one, but commodity statistics tor 1930 had not been completed. The table obviousl y should not be construed as a measure or preeent production or a forecast ot future wood requirements. 

Zf The columns headed •Quantity• ahow the estimated nuaber or unite produced tor each comaodlty listed, excluding production from sawmill waste and imported loge, but including that (the quantities were comparatively small) from non-commercial forests and eo-called logging waote. Items in cords include the bark, wholly or in part. !n the succeeding divisions or the table the commodity production quantitiea are converted into terms of timber out, suitable deductions being made tor all production wb1ch ia not properly ohergaable as dr&ln on oolllllleroial forests. Aocow1t is also taken or the fact that some items are produced wholly from saw timber, while others are partl.f from treea or leap than sa• tl..mber a1~;e (sea cordwod. 

oolumne). 

3/ Inoludee the computed total ood volume of both the sa• timber and the oordwood trees aut from oommeroial forests. The volumes, necessarily sh01rn 1n cub1o feet, include the tope (cord•ood air;e and 

larger) or the softwood. sa• t1JIIber treee, and the tope and limbe of the hardwood ••• timber trees. Bark and the pro4ucto of non-commercial fore sts are not included. 

~ Inoludee only trees of oaw t1mber al~;e. The volumee, i n board f~et, are equivalent to the lumber wh1oh could have bean ea1red trom suoh treea. 

5I Includes only the merahantable volume, in corda, or trees below saw timber au.a. Produota out frOID tope and ll..mbe of eaw-timber-e1 r;ed trees are not incl uded. 

§I Lwober ta1]1 measure . 

V Log scale measure . 

Source: Based on a special report to the Timber Ooneervat1on Board f rom t he UD1ted Statee Forest Sarv1oa dated Janua ry 30, 1932. 

! 'I'UlM "fll AJf'lfUAJ.. POMtt ~Dr • (~ 1'IWf f'ONI:tt PM!OUOYI)ll 

...,_. lt..h 

-~u. .. , 

.. 

--_... .... ,. ... ~ ... -....to.l.lla4 ··-' ..... 11Mlt 4\).MUe 

..,_,. 

.......... 

.... IP"eOT 

In ton. 

,_..Jl...ala 

..... 

-....... 

&lGMIOV. 

· 

·~hko ... ftit .... s.a 

.. .., 

-Illloo1o 

"""-

·C.•\uoQ -

&luOIIU"t 

.... 

,_. .... ... , 1'1r&1&1• 1 

.. .., 

-,.._ 

......_, 

nort .. 

-......... 

IJ."lnlppl 

leMa o.rou- ..,.._ 

-~--,_.,., 

··-........... 

"'"' !IoWa 

CloUt 

_ ..... .. .......... .. .., .......-.J!». 

...... 

........ .. .., ~ 

.,.._ 

Color&4o 

....... 

lowa.J:loo 

Swtb Oa.ll.o\a 

.... 

....... Total 

OND& 1'oWl 

1 

Sf,67 ··-6 

),~1 

10,510 

.. 1!,501 

U ,U) 

,. 

),lll 

2, ... 

11 ), 671 

111,)47 

6),W,i 

)'j, ..,) 

l.I,Zf) 

15' 

t),OJ7 

76,5)5 

17,661 

1!,)6) 

6,!10 

)1,59' 

...... 

t),7W 

,., ... !8, 1551 

196,tlll 

54,157 

... ,.. -.,,,-. 

51 ,&10 

7t ,'5& 

S6,5U 

5),219 

9,175 

51,015 

" ·'-'1 

)0, 725 

"'·"" 

1J7 ,ttll 

tl!,71l 

15,,5'4 

50,, 41:1 

~.t,Jl 

... "'7 

t7f,1)& 

J,Jll 

...... )20 

6,01) 

1,)11 

),)CNI 

1), 820 

5).)61 

1,110,199 

, ..... 

•7• 9,972 

509 

'·"' •• lla··-,Sl5 

""' 

1

'·"" ,719 

)5,15) 

U,716 

5Z,UJ. 

... ~ 

15 ,060 

125 

11,967 

f),ou 

7 .... 

5 .... 

!,789 

111,0)1 

9,)26 

10,5&6 

M,40) 

u.r~ 

17.15) 

) l,M4 

)5,666 

22, 696 

,. ~ 

~.1,0 

)0,)60 

21,591 

5,)05 

11,111.2 

1),175 

16,501 

"'·"" 

.,,,. 

7'·"' 

''·~ 1.1! ,022 

UII,067 

51 ,761: 

171:,129 

..,. 

1,6111 

.. 

... 

uz 

... l,lU 

11,29) 

170, 690 

.. .. 

·~ 

.. t,n6 

... 

... 

,., 

ll,o'l 

,. 

660 

... 9,t6) 

) .... l), '<l 

0,252 

ll,llt 

.. 6,001 

20,201 

721 

5011 

256 

1,219 

857 

969 

..... 

1,169 

1,007 

20,14) 

1),1'JJ 

15, 1\1. 

!O,A7 

H,119 

20,25) 

19,01) 

),5)> 

18,2117 

15, 9!7 

u,ou 

196,6)' 

119 , )111 

76,"-9 

56.~ 

112,022 

1111,067 

,,14l 

17!,&29 

..,. 

1,6'111 

•• 

... 

m 

... l,UZ 

.-,2'9) 

001,1190 

~ 

U6 

7 , 1516 

)<7 

1,267 

10 

1,508 

10,117, 

155 

1,8911 

1 , 115 

1:1,,0 

1 ,1)11 

)1 , ... 

19, 607 

10, 1]2 

.., lt,l!l86 

'-2,al0 

7,12} 

11,986 

2,5)) 

U ,7112 

..... 

9,5n 

2'2 , 161 

U,555 

79 ,1W 

10, 11.ol 

11,81) 

7.555 

10,}0) 

14.,0)1 

10, 107 

9,518 

1,766 

9,12'5 

7 .... 

5.~ 

ti,W 

269,200 

1 8oft.-oli0. 1 lt&;;a•ood• 

[T 

" 700 

)5 

... 

1 .. 

1,018 

78 

5) 

1,095 

)59 

1,592 

,.,. 

159 

zoo 

.. , 

... 

17. 

.. 

.. , 

... 

,. 

m 

... 

2,75) 

8 ,601 

9,117 

6,2~ 

8,520 

ll,60) 

1,)58 

7 . 170 

...... 

7.5"6 

6,51) 

.. ,.. 11,140 

27,)011 

_,_ ,)2) 

)1,1)7 

100, 768 

~.1)9 

22,7)8 

66,8n 

415 

99) 

)01 " 

.. 

... 

... t,642 

>57.~5 

.. 1,621 

8) 

2171. 

3'1 

2,)70 

28 

)51 

2)7 

11,9)11 

1,6ll 

1.1n 

1,71' 

... 

1,125 

),7'-o 

1,085 

759 

)16 

1 , 9110 

1,219 

1,"51 

),]711 

1 ,759 

12,050 

Ill.~] 

.. 7,8)) 

)0,,)9 

111,507 

56,5)0 

40,717 

)1,)46 

7,U6 

)6, 765 

)2,021 

21,1)7 

J9S.}lll 

152.722 

2)6,690 

171l,1)7 

56).509 

!59.}4) 

1l),601 

)92,944 

..... 

.. ,92) 

79 

1,119) 

,... 

81> 

),)92 

1),095 

1 ,)90,2)] 

>65 

1) 

'7 

55 

)15 

•• 

15 

)07 

101 

""7 

1)) 

" 

87 

Z91 

25 

11 

9 

~ 

.. 

,. 

78 

.. 

>78 

5, 116 

5,919 

).7<7 

5,1)7 

6,9516 

5,0)9 

~.71l5 

MO 

4,550 

),96) 

2,7~ 

&8,922 

27,}01!1 

42,)2) 

)1,1)7 

100,768 

-.a,1)9 

22,7)8 

66,1n 

415 

.. , 

.. 

)01 

.. 

... 

.... 2,~2 

220,610 

'. 

10 

m 

.. 

101 

... 

8 ). 

89 

.. 1 ,2S4 

•u 

1, 1U 

... 

... 

... 

895 

89 

.. 

)2 

158 

105 

"' >76 

... 

985 

29,)11) 

)},1196 

ll,J15 

19,066 

)9,586 

28 , 51) 

26,852 

4,911) 

>5o 7"S 

n,lltJ 

15.502 

276, 124 

152, 722 

2)6,690 

174,1)7 

56).5'9 

>59.)lo) 

1)),601 

)92,9114 

2,056 

11,92) 

79 

1,49) 

, ... 

... ),)92 

1),095 

1,$.~ 

'l5 

.. 

n 

91 

6)) 

56 

)I 

7M 

251 

1,1"5 

171 

89 

11) 

n' 

m 

156 

70 

)98 

>65 

)00 

.. , 

) 61 

2,1175 

],1115 

), 1191 

!,111.81 

),)1) 

11,607 

),)19 

), 1.25 

580 

2,996 

2,610 

1,804 

)2,218 

~ I 

)6,:'5 1 

18 

1, 055 

,. 

... 

... 1,5)6 

"' ... 

177 

),680 

1,>09 

5.l'O 

.. ,.,. 

.... 

..,, 

>.0'15 

... 

.. 7 

)50 

1,712 

1,1&11 

1,})9 

],091 

1,&:1.5 

ll,065 

12,560 

111,))7 

9,1~ 

12, -.-1 

16,9U 

12,204 

11,1194 

2,1)] 

11,020 

9,598 

6,6)5 

U8,1l90 

1)9,285 

... 9,21:] 

.,. 

1,6)) 

•• 

~J 

1),497 

... 2 , 1176 

..... 

J'O.m 

U,ll16 

50,519 

21 , 555 

111 , 900 

125 

11 , 766 

... ,.. 

7,596 

5.)17 

2,701 

1), 588 

9,0)1 

10,!U 

2),6}1 

12,)2:) 

SII,IIOO 

22,611) 

25,&117 

16,'119 

22,1&)0 

)0.5'7 

22,002 

20,721 

),""5 

19,866 

17 .}0~ 

U,96) 

ll),616 

22,020 

)1l,l27 

25,107 

51,251& 

69,928 

)6,0211 

105,952 

>59 

... 

.. 

188 

., 

... 

•• 8 

1,651 

6'1),2)5 

.. 1,511: 

... 

""' 

5'6 

) , 656 

51 

6)8 

•JO 

1 ,9S5 

2,941 

1),016 

9,U9 

. . .,. 

.. 5.99) 

19,910 

... 

.. 7 

••7 1.,2114 

827 

9)5 

!,1611 

1,12'9 

7.729 

15.657 

17, 87) 

11, }711 

15,510 

2l,U) 

15,214 

14,]21! 

>.659 

1),1)7 

ll,99j 

1,!72 

147.71t 

22,020 

)4,127 

25 , 107 

81,2'5ll 

69 , 92S 

J6, ot4 1 

105, 952 

259 

... 

10 

... 

., 

102 1 

... 

1,65• 1 

}80,480 

ort.\ 

)/ ..... ,..,...0 b7 t.h• U, 8, Por••t. lertlo• for t.U T'Ublr Cone•"•\loo eo.rd., .:.:upt. for t.be tn-IPdG~tn by eU.tAe . The eW\• tltp~rii• nN o-p.a.e4 b1 U&•.arlll& U.. perunt..p of •UtA ·~ t.o relololl&l •t..n4 ot u.• \~bfr NilS ~Pl.71nl U~.o•• potrnnt.~ • ~o11t. t.o t.h• N&10MJ. ttaur" ot tll• Por"t. I ento• The •hll4 flcur" u••• ••r• ua.n f,_ f•bh ...;. •DUU.., •1w.o4 of &.• fl•t..r 1JI t.a. Onu .. St.et.e• by 1\•IJ.on•, IU.h•, aDd CU.••u of O.n•nhlp. • 

uo 

6,761 

1,191 '" 

10 

1,1117 

9,1111 

150 

1 ,1)1 

1 ,2}8 

~.10! 

1,,75 

J1,50) 

1.9 ,11)6 

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70 164 7.26o 

172 40) 17 ,1Jl2 

4 32 4,)00 

4 32 4,320 

- 1 ll9 

4 " 5.2)5 

12 lOll 1),974 

) 44 3,024 

2 4) 2,907 

2 34 2,3)6 

6 106 7.210 

9 145 9,902 

4 62 4,256 

ll 179 12,2)8 

4 n 4,953 

41 686 116,826 

53> 200 ll,SJ2 

&61 249 14,703 

58) 215 12,954 

651 >43 14,1161 

441 166 9.fll2 

338 126 7.511 

544 20) 12,085 

116 44 2,¢. 

)46 1)0 7 ,69s 

m 1)2 7.852 

)79 142 8,4)7 

4,9116 1,85J 10,,95'.1 

4113 5 12,894 

816 9 2),490 

501 6 14,4)9 

1,765 20 50,82) 

)01 - 11,929 

215 - lO,I!D1 

576 - 22,7)0 

\9 - 3,61) 

157 - 11,489 

4 - 296 

50 - ),Jl1 

17 - 1,26o 

)S - 2.no 

74 - 5.519 

)89 - 2!,691 

8,)11 3.42o )09,526 

(8) (9) (10) 

V.U. fee\ B.K. 

~ "·"n.::!o!·"· SA~W~==·~ ........ 4 ...... 

1/ ilcio.o.al totals 1D eolu.m... 1, 2. ,, 7• 8 &114 9 \.Ua ftoa fable 17, p.a.st 221, h 1A, B~t1 o'll&l Plu for .ltnrlO&D 7or .. h'7 .. ' ~lu:ua to eq"tVole tbt 1'\a of ool~DDo 2 a.D4 3 oa Table 1 etatUledt 1C01!1Dt.rclal Jore•t AN& 

of \U tttuted. 8\a\u,• S\&te \oh.h 1D colwat l, 2, ), 7, I! 'aDd 9 .. cured. b7 .altt.pl;rtz.s the recioual to\< 'b7 the percentace "&hat tb.e ttat•• \)ear to tlu; re~ocal totelt !G col~ 10. 

b,PoDAl tot.alt l'D c:ol"aD ~ .. CUJ'•4 b7 IINlHpl.Tla,g the restonal to\ele 1a. co1QU 7 b7 the perc:.a\ ~e \bat tha regloD&l \o\&11 1a col"t~m 14 poe to the rertoaal \ot.ale 111 col-.n 5 of !able 6 eaUUe4, ·~ Dra.lD 

of Porut pro4uc\t (0\h.r \baa laDbn). • 1lbw1•• 'bo r•etoAal to~• h oolmm 5 nre lte\1N4 trOIIIl tho re«toaal total• ia oo11allll 6 ud 7 of tbt .,., tab h. Coluan 6 h tla 41ffnenoe boh'otll c:olllaDe 4 u4. 5. 

Stah total• t.a col\lllllt 4 aDd 5 ••c:o.r-.1 b7 GN.ltipl)"1Cg the rt!io.O'Dal \ot.J.t b7 tbe p•reu\Cr.R;et \l»t etate are to r._toual. io\ale ln ool1D.U 7 endS nepeou .. lr. 

U81~ 

t 

i H /1 ,: 

& !1 

d 

i~ 

;~ 

~r 

~ll 

!; i: 

l~ 

·~ q 

• t 

t• 

I ;s I "! 

~~ ~ 

~I 11~ 

~ i~J, ~; 

~' .mH d 

~onn•ctiout 

!.!.8lne 

V•rmont 

Penr, !11 ve.nll' 

Ollnole 

Indif'na 

Ion 

TU LI 1 _S:V.:PA!!-'=' PP.IC£:5 !! SrAT~ A!'D Rrotors !/ 

Tot.flll QJ.-nt.lt¥ Sold - To~l Prlee ~e~ lv•d 

A7eraee Price Reot'iv~d (19~4-19,33) 

.Ul ~GOO.! 

~~uol 

J•r.t.lt.y 

Sold '!'~t.!'ll AV~1"4ge 

Pr1ee Prlee Reee 1 y~d 

ll. Tt. •.•:. ~·eetved Per-·. rt.. ~.-•. 

$ 6.05 

6.9~ 

6.60 

y y 

6.07 

1,937,171 1>,•57. 5'/2 6.64 

8,006 ;;.,601 6. 76 

98,862 606,720 6.14 

6, 661 2,106,405 6."5 

6. 70 

1,...,.,109 9,164,05} 

912,;::;o 5.9oo,ooo 

v y 1.-.057 6, 762,219 

14 .712 212. &~1 

16.38 

;''lt.8l Qlllll"ltlty Sold ~!. F't. B.!:. 

S'lft"?od.! 

'!':ltP-.1 

?rlee 

Received 

4,911 ?2,4~ 

720,086 <,250,159 

2'"=,655 1.759,290 

~5.896 199 ,282 

1,001,4S~ 7,820,8:;'6 

•. 726 

49,669 

y 

37 ,097 234, 752 

109,024 &01,880 

~98 ,12~ 1,62?,2o4 

5, 704,958 

78,17> 

1,294,1;7 

Avere.ee Price P.eeetved Per !:. ~t.. S. ll . 

$ 6.69 

7.29 

7.16 

5-55 

7-23 

7.19 

6.45 

.14 

1·J6 

4.08 

6.9~ 

4.12 

5.91 

'!'0tii- Qil•nt.1ty Sold !.! f't. 9.11.. 

24,893 

47.759 

46; ,991 

1,659 

3:,so2 

Total 

PrH.'e R•eetved 

144,885 

1,d57 016 

2,'22,437 

p:. 768 

174,919 

1,056,557 

6>6,900 5,3}5 ,614 

72' 214 11&,1,;? 

90,0&5 708,18) 

859,199 6,161,9)4 

12, )62 204,621 

89,5&8 1,412,393 

y v 

Averl's• Prlee P.eee ved Per !!. ~t. !!.!&. 

4.02 

6.14 

5.00 

4.98 

8. JO 

5.22 

1· '2 

6.6? 

6. 77 

7.66 

1.64 

7.86 

16.55 

15.77 

207,090 1,039,}60 5.02 2,2C4 8,241 :'.74 197,59) 9U,02] 5.00 

Jlt,-Pour1 230,502 1,1)6,160 4,9"l 72,852 350,077 4.&1 68,1502 361,1)2 5.25 

--ohio~~------4----2~1~0~,1~09~--2~.~16~7~.~16~7~---1-0~.~}1----~r---~~1~9~--~~1~.~340~----~6~.9~4~---+--~20~.~.-.o~1~~2~,1~5~9~,5~4~,-r---1~0~.J~4-----l 

650,294 ~.~:7.5 17 5.29 47,026 194,110 4.1} 19:;',407 1,)17,390 6.al 

'lest. Vlrg.lnla 1,22,! ,;;61 6,090,6o4 4.9& 4,570 25,574 2.98 400,726 1,97&,515 4.12 

Total 2,602,951 16,4ro ,727 6.1~ 1}0,545 579,)42 4.42 1,251,279 8,11<!1,621 6.1') 

~ 

Alabama z,o;;.466 ,650,615 4.27 1,210,444 4,802,1&4 3.94 80,&74 367,344 4.54 

P'lor14a 

~--·~ ___ ••-·-------+--2_,~>_14~·-1_11-+_1_2~, __ 99•~,8-~-4----~5_.6_2 ____ -4 ____ •J~1~,_&_1-+ __ 4~,J~5_o~,68~3t---~5-·2~3-----+---2-8~3~,2~9_1-+ __ 1,~a_o3,73~t---6_.~J7~--~ 

2, 712.,;1! 1 •5.JU,J'15 · 5.53 2, 705,,., 15, 121, 715 s. ~ i!'l . .,.. }i .19J - •·" __ 

~-=a.-..-s"'"t.--------+-......::.;;9.:,:67::.~629~+- 3=.-=-766;::.:, :,:5:.,2+-- 5 --: =.8:.:9:_ __ -4 __ ..:..:,629=, 70:...;-+....:. 2:.:, 2-2-,6:.:,9_3:_3+---......: ,.-5.,;4-----t---'2.;.2;..., 6""6~4-+...<.e. 91, 096 t--- 4.02 

Lou.1o1ano 2,8~0,424 17,235,61) 6.09 1,159,810 6,9>5,}18 5.97 4»9,481 2,li59,028 5.84 

~eeles1pp 1 

llort.h Ce.r')llna 

....... 

Vlrg1:.1a 

Total 

!!!£!!!2 

Cal1t orn1a 

Orf'gon 

W11.eh.1ngt.on 

To".al 

~k.Y!.!t.. 

Idaho 

llontana 

So. Rockr Itt. 

.t.rh.ona 

Colot.ado 

2,60$,566 12,51'9,507 4.&1 1,86~,101 9,10!,097 4.68 137,44o 657,604 4.7t! 

1,244,355 5.519,500 4.44 749,202 •.478,}75 4.64 188 ,549 ~ 7"2 4.49 

775.390 2,304.550 2.97 577,661 1,552,857 2.69 42,)63 112,095 2.65 

1,372,593 6,}06,495 4. 59 568,776 2,Sll2,214 5.00 95,395 }17,47) }.)} 

},6?2,374 24,899,272 6.85 1,93},095 15,607,507 8.07 150,994 729,4l>6 4.3) 

981,397 5,0}6,9}4 5.1} 350,527 1, 741,022 4. 96 149,416 695,550 4.66 

ll ll ll 

28,742,465 77 ,9}5,167 2. 71 2•,716,652 77,877,391 2. 71 2},66} 54,551 2.}1 

27,766,464 108,162,060 ~.18 3.18 U,179 2.)1 

2.97 72,730 2.}1 

2,1)~.991 7,867,117 3.69 2,1>7,925!!1 7,853, 1~ }.69 

1,151 0111 

},2&5,072 

1.~'._62 4-r ____ 62~----r- 51 16-4....:. ,8 65 .5-:-:~----1-.6 ~---4-------65~~----~-= ----1· 8 ____ -4 

9,J'.,7U 2.96 ;,278,941 9,718,626 2.96 65 103 1.58 

v v y ll jJ ll v y v 

v v y y v y y y y 

II 11 fl Y fl y Y Y fl ~.~~,~. -u---+---~~~--~~IT-J+---:r--·--r---ir~~---irv~--~y2T---~---ir-+---~;-~--~~--~ 

~~~::-1~~------+--- ~~rr-+--- ~ ---~T----t---~yyr-t---~yy~r--, ---+---~.-4---~:-+--,y~~--~ Tot al '1/ '1/ '1/ '1/ l/ i ~ " " 

TOTAL ALL STATES .ntl,o&, },.,C>J7 .~ }oJ\ 19 ...... 1'1l ,.,..,,971 ' -.1~,,1! .. IOI )'j 'f,05 

r------------ t-li~n.7B.'ii~ -R.;Ceived -per Y. ri.-s;u~ li. Ft.-B:'U. --Reoeivid - Pe-r-&~ Ft. a:w: - u:-Ft. -s.-u.- Rr-oetved Per!!. rt. s.u:. 

St.flt.e & ~glon Sold Prlee Pr1oe Recetved Sold Pri c e Price Rece i ved Sold Price Price Reeelved 

~ 

Qu.ant.ltY 'l'ot.#l..l .Averaae eaar.t.it..Y T?tp1 Averagr- (bJ.Mt1t.y Totfll Average 

~1 )foode '------~ - __ Tg_tal- • - s0rt.W0048._ ------~ '----HerttWOOcie_L-_ ------ "'====~~=~-=-- - - ~~ -- ---- ~ -- ~----- ~=--~----- ~- ~ ~~~~ 

State f1£1)U"ell were turnt~hed b:' ne U S Forest s~rvioe to l!RA ln the spring ot 1934 tor the P'lrfioee or cll.lcubtlng eoets under th~ Code. The reg.J.ona.l etumpaae prlcee •<!re arr!.ved e.t by tot.(t.).lng t.he quantity and walue of eelee by etates tor a ret,.lon &'l.d dividing t.be tot.a.l value by t.h~ tot.el que.nt1t.y. Mat rpt.e mtr.ed eelee or eott• oode and bardw??de hAve n"t b~"'" lleted ln t.he tsble, but were te.ken into eone1derat.1on b1 t.be Forest. Se:-vlce ln C'XD!'lllng the tlguree here g.1ven tor 'All Wood&'. No figuree were furniebed by tbe Foreet Servtce tor the e t8t e e l n t.he South RockY Uount.aln region beepuee or the lllDtU1 ar.:011nt or coamercla.ll.y Otr'llo::d tlrnber l:leo.tec! therein. \Yberr- no ttguree are stven tor otbu at.t:tee ·~· ~ettlon 1e rar the &alfle reeeon . 

It. should be not ed that Dept. ot Agrieult":Jre, l!UeellMI!'OUe Publ!.eptio:l.f2ltl, (1n prus ), entitled •roren. TaX&Uon in the Unlt.ed Statee•, ealle at.t.entlon to t.h.e t e.ct. that much etumpfi.Se t s ;mrchaeed e.t leas than the usual report ed pri ce, beceuee, either due to i naoouetbllit.Y or t.o partial g.rowt.b, lt 1e not read7 tor conver sion l nto lWI'Iber. Conversely, t.bose ealee reported are ueua.ll.y of tull growth t.J.mber, eac l lJ aVailabl e . The etu.mpage flgures gJ.ven 1n the above publ1cat1on were, Cleretor e, compllec1 on t.he bae18 ot a reduetlon rJt 2~ ln the e .. urn and c entral n ,a tee exe~t. lla1ne. lrl Uslne, the Rocky »'"'unt.e.ln, and the Pac1tle &tatee, a reduction ot ~ ••• made, except. tor • 5~ reduction l n Oregon. 

The tt,sure e l n tble t.able have not b~en eo reduc ed . Jot 4e\efti.GM, 

••lllg1bl•. nat raW atx~ 10tbuod..a Dot tD.elwied. 

9813 

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5-21 

) .60 

..... 5.51 

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11,,0 li,JO 

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7. 55 ll 

1.)0 Jl 

5.!1 

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1.17 II 

) .67 

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6.21 

2 .... Jl 

, ,,1 

12.1, u.,& 

6, 2) •• 17 ]/ 

'·" 5.all ll 

l O,JI 10,17 

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2,,. ll 

7.66 7.51 

lt,oo lt.oo 

J, OT J,6lo 1.1 

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, . ., 

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••• 9 J! 

), 19 u 5.91 ll 

b,J1 J! 

) .611 

"'"• . .. .. 

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( .. ,.~, .. ,.....,.._..,..) 

., .... 

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).29 

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7· 5'1 

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1,15 

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!.66 

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2,02 

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2. 26 

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5.97 

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7.56 

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2.15 

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Li , OJ 

19)0 

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'·"" 

).75 ]/ 

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7. 16 

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1),)5 

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•. ,. u 6,01 J! 

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). 97 ]/ 

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•• 17 ll 

5.16 

b,l2 Zl 

2, 79 ll 

•• 71 J! 

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2,11 

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2,12 

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1.76 

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2. 52 

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15.17 

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'·" 7.51 

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J.b6 

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1.1'9 Jl 

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10,61 

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2.52 ll 

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lt.f5 10, 00 

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6.17 

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1.61 

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!1 We1 gbled unago et.wapago p l'lcu bas ed upoo e.Dt.ual ealee, TU:eo from annual a'liaUeUc&l bUllU1na of t.be U. 8. Department of Agriculture, ccap1le d bJ Henry B suer seotor ror u t oo mi , Div111on of foreat. Econom1oe, Branob of Reua.roh , J'oreet Ser vice . Data eeoured tb.rou.Jl cooperat ion wl tb tbe B\U'eau of tbe ceoeu 11 Deputment of O~IBtllero e' • &ott. d. • d Be.r dwcc•P col1.1.1ma all baeed. upon 1n<Uvldual and flat rau aalea of eoft.woode and bardwoode, reaj)eoU•ely. Tho •aggregate~ columne a.re ba ed.'t~oa all lndlYld.ual and' fld ra::O .!I.:n ~fr;:!! ~c :::. ~~:~f::: rr:\~•:e~!~: ::!~! n °!t~~~~!t;~~::.~ d ha.rd-.oode. Where {'rl cee not. ebown, tlgu.ree ue not a.nllable. P!'l oee are 1nd1oat1.e oa.ly, 1n new of tbe u.a.r 

Y Saee d upo n a ggre gate aa l e a of 100,000,000 feet board mea.aure or ove r . Jl B&eed upon a tJgregate ealee of from 50,000,000 to 100,000,000 f fit board uuuurure. 
'l'.A.BLE :r. (b) S~age Pr1oea-Sel.eo"ted 8-ta-tea and Period~ Softwoods 

1q2g_1930_ Inclusive 1931-1933 Inclusive lq28-l931 Inclusive 

ATe rage Average Average Price Price Price 

Total Volume Total Received Total Volume Total Recei.,ed Total Volume Total Received 

Sold Price per ll Sold Price per ll Sold Price per ll 

State M feet B. M. Received teet B ll. ll feet B.ll. Received feet B.ll. M feet B.ll. Received feet B.ll • . 

Alabama 330,697 • 1,037, 665 • 3.14 16S,4.12 • 593.205 • 3.52 498,S09 • l, 630,g70 • 3.27 California 2, 738, 17 7.113,425 2. 6) 1,499. 264 4,039.302 2. ($ 4,237,281 11,152,727 2. 63 

nor ida 223,406 1,60g,l02 7.20 134,935 726,575 5·3g ~g,34.1 2,334,677 6.52 

Idaho 297,951 917,069 3.0g lg5,251 696,133 3.76 3,202 1,613,202 ~·34 Louisiana 194.526 1,020,523 5.25 l!-a,205 1S9,019 3.~2 242, 731 1,209,542 ·~g Borth Carolina 247,576 1,269,747 5.13 162,823 555.963 3· 1 4.10, 3~9 l,g25,710 4. 5 

Oregon 12,777, g97 36,567,010 2.g6 2,054,248 3. 616,2!65 1.76 14,832,1 5 40,lg~,875 2. 71 

Te:r.as 390,513 1, 777.775 4.55 64,096 176,492 2.75 454,609 1,95 ,267 4.~ Virginia 111,905 595,406 5.32 g3,552 2($,153 3.22 19~, 457 g~.559 4. 

Washington 7,220,931 21,712,S06 3.01 2, 493.655 6,015,430 2.4.1 9. 71 ,5g6 27,72g,286 2.85 

-· 

Hardwoods ~ 192g-1930 Inclusive 1931-1933 Inclusive 192g-1933 Inclusive 

Average Average Average Price Price Price 

Total Volume Total Received Total Volume Total Received Total Volume Total Received 

Sold Price per ll Sold Price per ll Sold Price per ll 

}( feet B.M. Received feet B.K. K feet B.K. Received feet B.ll. ll feet B.ll. Received feet B.l.f • 

Jlichigan 220,600 • 1,963, 631 • g.90 46,17g • 296, 5~2 • 6.42 266,77g • 2,260,163 • g,lf.7 lliesissippi 27,769 163,g~9 5.90 9,952 3g,3 9 1:~~ 37.721 202,20g 5.36 

Ohio gl,g37 ~g,9 7 10.50 39.930 301,1M 121,767 1,160,055 9.53 

Pennsylvania 96,gg2 5,2t)g 6.66 61, J.22 315,332 ~.16 15S,004 96:>,600 6.og 

Tennessee ~.955 43~.506 g.oo 17,526 S0,220 -~ 72,lj.gl 519,726 7.17 

West Virginia 1 ,167 57 , t)gg 3.96 196,500 7e!2,9le! 3.98 341,667 1,357,606 3.97 

lf lurnished by H. B. Steer, Senior Forest Economist, Division of Forest Economics, Branch of Research, Forest Service. Secured bJ Forest 

Service through cooperation with tbe Bure~ of the Census, Department of Commerce. 

00 
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59.564.00 100.00 

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284,779.75 0~1).172.52 

6 ,080 .41 

6,151.62 

5.508.96 

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64.704.21 

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22.597.21 

51,8148. 16 

12,521.76 

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200 ,1112.}5 

86,211 .23 

286 , 42).58 

6,246.84 

5.517.81 

9. 586.90 15 ,1}2.?7 

JJ,629.20 

74.81} .02 

202,464,85 

77 ,4)). 25 

98.2)1.99 

378,170.09 

52.165.89 14,&10.39 

67 ,o46.28 

211.00 

2,762,00 

1,977.67 

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2.96}.94 

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16.291.99 

519.()5).41 

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129,215.45 

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1,521,501. 02 

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!} rro- tablt 1 nUtlt4 •tablt of St a lt, Prhat• an4 Jod.tral ron•\ Lacd tn n .. d or Prot~ocUoa - Cnltndar Ttar 9}~· rut-nhb ~o d. by • · 8 . KllloHn.p . Ch.hl of Sl"'' 

CooPtr•Uon, tJ. $ . Dotpt. . of ~loul\W'tt, Porut Serl'lc.. '!'bt \A-DPrO\tc\td a.rt• 1ne1u.dtt porU ont o( tht pUbllc dollll\ln o1tutd u •tort•\ !Tta" . 

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forttt. Stulct otf1 oltll l n 10. of t.he .crt 1-.por \ pt. or 4o ub lf\&l rectno1 , 

~ ~= :::~:~: :.;o~l ,'~~·~~!:~' r'::n:!!:.~• ,~;, !;, t~;j;~ Stn1ct rtual Ttar 19}5"· $8 . 84 f or tl~ob uU and S90,}65 .55 lor lbt 1lhlr1c t. o r Cohabit . 

~ :::.o! .. :~!~:~~~::d .~;d.tral .Ulo\ll:lent.• \o St.•t.n for Jor!lt P1r~oopar•Uon•, PC-C-1.1 -0.e• . S~oc:. 2 • JJ1ow.tn~ • - 19}6 , llptd by B • .&. . Slleo.-. . Obltl of 

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1,169,188 

2,884,180 

1;,190,541 

1,21l4,009 

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96,102 

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}8 , 027 

6,810 

19,682 

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2.04 

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JOJ.J2 

10, 62; . 51 

1.)56. 44 

12, 68').} 8 

14, 684.12 

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80 , 4}0.97 

59,859.21 

171,119.02 

)17.479.20 

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18.69).42 

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5 ,120.75 1},51} . 17 

191 , 415.90 

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1,874, 671 .67 

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2)0,648,2) 

~{~:;n:~ 

578,880.21. 

22).16 

22}.16 

411.24 

67,821 •. }) 

65.5JT.)O 

l)J.1!6.0J 

2',fB,Oil.J2 

285,1131,6o 

1}2,1461.0} 

1,)16,0.)0.95 

4~u~~:~; 

4~.}72.52 

262.00 

262.00 

17 . 00 101.00 

jJ.OO 

175.00 

970.00 

4,671.00 

5 . 641,00 

281 .00 

2J7 .00 

4.~~:~ 259·00 

9,414.00 

14.656.00 

21,155.00 

l~:r~ :~ 

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73.912.00 

76.}61.00 

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2,o5a . oo 

80.00 

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8,}01,00 

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10 6~ $1 

1,}56. '-8 

12,947.}8 

17 . 00 

101.00 

1". ~~~ :~ 

15.492.56 

80,4)0.97 290.507 .41 

;~:m:~ 

196,J59o41 

;?.l98.17 

J4.52J.51 

47.591.70 

11.125.93 

~:~j:~~ 972.~1 

67.9o5.oa 

20,145.18 

5,1 20.75 22,927.17 

)46.841.!7 

l,Jl5,67J.5J 

JJJ,800.19 1,175.641.90 

} .225, 122.62 

1,510,797.62 

1.251.150.93 

2, 76a,1j41.~5 

1'o \ al ~-.1 

11rt Pro h oU oa. 

41to.r •• 

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22,6oa.&. 47 

1.54, 400. 86 

7.270. 12 

6).250.64 

129.)16.45 

)45.625.02 

2!1.61J.Oj 

82},1}5.21 

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r~:~t~ J9>.m.ao 

2,))'-,911.61 

19.702.12 

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22}.16 

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291 ,10}.11 

11' \27.20 12l,6o7.}7 

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89,5J6.n 

211.1 , }07.11; 

92,))4.50 10},174.0} 

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1,41J,J11.46 

2.o6o.626.51 

1,462,11.16.2" 

1,969,2}1.89 

5.~.201.64 

2, 12),554.}9 

1,4it0,81},16 

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}12,222 .07 .05 .002 .002 '-21;,()98.12 1,10}, 284, 47 14,201,00 1,541.590·59 1 ,564,)25.25 

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uJ f rom sc:n..su.L .. 2 • • t.c: 1. ·~t. hl \7 Exptcd llu.ru b1 Statu . rho&l Tear 1935•, u. s. r or"' Stn1ot. Sl21 .202.19 upeadtd 1D 'be DlttrlC' or Co1.-bla u4 

.S564,4g upeadtd lo Htbru-. tne1ll4e4 lo Ult •rotal .&..11 8tatc11 • . V!J l~ot~lt for f1to&l year 19}5 . Stourtd by d.h 141ftC l oW In41t.n Cou.un•tloa t orlt &Ept.n41\W"U for f'1rt Prt,.totloo u 4 $\qrprutlou. fro. J-., 19)), t.hroQ,Cb 

Stpl•~~~r.btr )1, 1935, by 2.25 e.nd td4.1o.t u ral,;b t uptldlhru tor (heal ~tr 19}5 . Dt.ta l"'unl•btd by U!.t Dlru~r . I . J .C.t ., Jtnuat"J 18, 1935· 

$3,16}.76 l o tAAto• and $2},718.55 1.n Ytbruk& •ddt4 to •total All S\totn- . loc1u4!1 r~ 1e.nh tblch oaar.ot bt tJc:lu4t4 tro• tzptodltur!l lor purt17 

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of Co1~blt a44t4 t.o RTot.al .&.11 Statu•. ill S. of coh.111u I an4 19 . 

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,~.n,,"'5 ? 

'1.1, 1 16,04111 ,9115 J0,1 Ito,,~,. 70S H,J 1,\\5,097 

·~.1 ~. 1) 19 

~~:~ I :: :;~:~; ,.,,II 101,01!,7W' 

lo i .O ''·' .,.,..7 

57.1 

'7.1 

~1..0 

~~ ~ ... ;u 

.,., 

:!:l 

41.~ 

..... 

,rl, ~lt·, , .. l 

~)1 .17') .~) 

6b.lt07,lo99 

IIJ,JII.l.Zo6 100,110,1)51 

,,b,litlb,o.(, 

90.717.716 

1~~:;~::~ ]7,~1·,05} .,,,21,41'1 

71,11'·,116 

,.,01}.9)6 

~?:~ ~~::~~:~ t• , I 201,9f.l',}, 

"'·''"·Ill' •.c.o ! fia,'JrJ,No 1., 1.1 I ll,,.9,)i0 

ofl,f1 

r•. 

l'l:~ "

61,11 ·' 7?.11 

(It) 

(fot Caal) 

&a\laah4 ... Ut 

ot .uunwdto 

'total faJM!} 

ao.<J69,oro 

ll,li•J 

,, ... . 972 

~~.1~;:~ I,OJl,IU 

,,;;:!~~ 

ll.,l7 ,1)1'1 

I )..,Jt ),J'fl,lll7 

nu 

ft\l-\t<l.&.ouut('l 

faloa e thnohl!J/ 

,, 

,., 

, 

., 

,., 

., 

, 

., 

, 

,., 

., 

., 

., 

,, 

., 

, 

,., 

., 

,, 

,., 

" " " ., 

,, 

., 

,., 

., 

... 

~ 

... 

... 

... 

... 

... 

.. 

... 

... 

... 

011.) 

(Per o .. t} 

(.loppH•4~att 

1'\abar'&lM)llll 

),0)), 1~ 

15,1i)O,IOO 

1 ,1,,0)-t 1f9,1170,o,, 

71,\1!,17) 

l19,lli.r,'5i'1 

llO,W.O,,, 

}6,m,Jw 

.,.1~:~ 

lliO,nt,,w 

liO,IIm,•ll 

lf,O)I,)l5 

,l:l:l:;lcl 

~1.)h.911] 

)ti, H'),675 

.::>,1117,.1., 

li1 , o,fi,6oo) 

,, l,100,1" 

.:;>,lllO,Wo 

·::m:~ u ... r,.,uo l11,029,l}5 ,1tm,U~ 

1~~:~~:~ 

:Z·'"·'JW 

',7:1;:~~ 

t,Oiii.N,on 

).!6,11ir,D1~ 

}1,,4oio,IIJD )5), \i.56,l20 

ri::u:: 

111,'?6,Dlt 

1,.,QII,,C)S, 

to,,•n.nJ 

}D),,,,,SlJ 

'"·'5't·'" 10,17,,1]1 l,f9J,50f 11),010,,-; 

p 1.951,"" 

fri,J'I,Jl~ "·'"'·"' 

ll:~::lcl ,~.n,,911., 

7i,bOJ,675 

1Zl,bl~.il5 

........... 

'jO:I,b)? ,l" 

ta.l.r.,~,f>to 

:r::~~:!r, 112,o67,720 

~~:~t~~~ 

116:~:~~ ,:l,, ... ,,,. 1111,1119 ,10) u,,, .... w, 

l,tiO,O)t,. )f9 

~::l:~~:~~ Jll.l,libo,no 

91)9.ooz,&6'l I t,o&),Dltl, bb'l 

,,,,,.,,no lf, lt),CJ91 ~:~:;:: 

.,,.,p,'"f I .. J•I.,lf 

.000 

··~:;: }.11}6,100 

"")67 ·.500 "" ),7J1,JOO 

li,7Tl,96o 

~l OOO 

,,19).~ 

l,DDJ,50Q ,,6lo,eoo 

1,0:r6 ,56D 

\,OlJ,,OO 

11,907.700 

2),Q5),,6o 

).171.~i.,..z .z·t.,~~~t2 

••tt. ... ud t&a4 

~=!~ ~!..'-u;• j ;:!~aol -;'u.f.: T.-1 ... lJJ 

J!:!l! 

1111,,?(,0 1,,.,,14\ 

t,c•-•.zn 

'·"l'.l"'' 

1,'"-·''j 701,1'5) 

"·"' t,Ho,m, 

' ·"'1,.Jlfl 

~:;!; llo.~· 

l!~:rn 5bb,D)l 

t,n6,t51 b'jll,9(16 

,,001:1,)21' 

l,lilo),lli97 

1,99,.1'1\ t,~\9,4111 

t, l2'0,bn 

~:~~tn: 

::*:iiZ 

~:~::! 

~~. 72,,(11., 

l::n:~: 2,fi")Oj,fil'? 

q,qr\J.'Ict 

!~:l',l 

''•7.'9<4 

z.~ ,_ 

~~ 

~~ 

~~ 

~­·- 1111, --,_, .. , 

(11) 

(1fot1'ot&l JoS,JutM 

"''-'"'&l .. )UJ '•''-"4 JOG,..,, 

m.... ·"" 7 ,,U 1,011,0117 

t.~t..rro 

),10),16) 

\,~.ot .,,,n, 

1'1,100 

t,loO}'."' 

11,111"1, 9P1 

~~:::Z 11t,i"jt 

'"·!!I 

"''~'; .. ~: .... 1)1 ,761 

6.011o9.,., 

'·m'·'" r, ,1141 \, ...... 1, 2'01.~ 

u~:~ tu,52'J 

::1il:i'J 

1,ii5J,k} 

'~·'11" .'5 )6 

,,bl1,,10 

,bbl!,~ 

fi,too,nf 

ll,),, lit4 

1,t"',m 

]11.1,1)1 

1,1i'tl, 

Ill'·""' ,.,., 

\4,)65 

1177 .7fi0 u .nfi ,,,u, 

,....,,. "·"' 

r,.l )5(..67~ 

(l-ot ,...,al.....,..hd. "'' 

"''-'114 t"al•Uf hl'-lad.I'Gf'ttl 

, .. ~a. 

~ 

""'" ... -on 

~ 

Colmaot.lcut. 

..u.. 

.... ohu .. tte 

-IIMpoklrw 

Do4e I•laD4 

Yerson.t 

to!A.l 

aM~I -'U1Afl1g 

Dtlanre 

kryl.ao4 

••• Jerae7 

.... Yon 

hnntJlftll1& 

total 

1M& 

1(1ch1gan 

IU.Dn .. ota 

lart.h PUot.a 

~ICODI1D 

to!A.l 

~ 

llllaou 

lM.lana 

Ion 

~.atucl:J 

IUuoW"1 

Ohio 

Yn\ YlrgJ.nl& 

total 

A.rtan••• 

n.ortda 

Georgia 

Lout a lana 

khelulpp1 

lort.h C&roll.na 

Otlalloaa 

&outb Carolina 

?euo 

f1rgJ.D1& 

Total 

hQ!lli 

Ce.lltcrnla 

Ore eon 

Yaab.1n6tm 

'!otal 

k:l.li. P.S5tf ~~1:1~D 

I4aho 

........ 

To!A.l 

laY~ 82Q~I l!m6DY& l! 

Ar1tona 

Colora4o 

...... 

In KaX1oo 

South DU..ta 

01.&1> 

IJoal.J>& 

total 

total All aw.t .. 

---- onollla&1.CIIl 

9813 

I 

I 

Pr1ntols 

OOD04Sa. 

tabor Laa4 <:::rt 

(1) 

201 

9,880 

4)7 

757 

1) 

1,91) 

13,261 

)2 

492 

261 

4,626 

1,769 

7,200 

1,659 

1,14} 

10 

1,612 

4,424 

2,477 

1,812 

1,755 

2, 761 

},158 

2,690 

4,86) 

1,405 

20,921 

7,2)1 

6,708 

5, 790 

6,729 

1 315 

5,060 

4,0l9 

1,800 

}, 726 

4,111? 

2,6)5 

55,220 

5,6)4 

a , 761 

4,512 

14,907 

1,5}6 

1, 718 

3.554 

42 

985 

91 

1,014 

140 

so 

416 

2,na 

126,265 

Pri••t•17 

C>.!.ed 8&• 

t"la'ber t..n4 ('!::!:;" 

I 

UBLIDII ES't'DlA'n::D An'UAL V.X: BU'RDD o• CCIOUF\CLU. PRIU.TEU-<l'IMED SAW ~t:KB!R AREAS, BY BTATE.B AND REJ)IOIS 

(Ba . . . e4 on 1929 D ta Re 1oo4 t 0 D . tal 1/ 

I I to~ 

Eat!-

...... to!A.l total t..D4 bt.lo of 

Saw Sa• ......,bor Dn. t St.unm e Y&lue 

Catl- ... ........ 64. Aeeeuect 

t..D4 '1'1aber ...... a .. to le\1- Yalue or 

T&lue t.od Soft.woorh ~~ ~n.wood.e I K&rdwoo4e Saw 'l'l.at».r ...... Saw 'ft..'oer 

Par Yaluo (IU1llon (Per a -ft. (Per I .11. . !Uber Val.ue Talue Yal"" ... t.od 

...... (11000) Pt. . B. ll. ) Pt. . B. II.) B. II.) B. ll.) (Tbouoan4 tl (1'bouellll4 t) Per Cent (Tbouoan4 tl 

(2l (Jl (4) (5) 

I 

(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 

I 

(11) 

.,.oo 60) 75 627 .6.69 t5 .82 4,151 I 4,754 6).2 ) ,005 

2.00 19,760 24,120 14,5)7 7-29 4.02 2)4, 274 254,0)4 52. 0 

I 

1)2, 098 

).00 1, )11 1,)68 5)0 7-n 6.14 1),829 I 15,140 n.5 11,7)4 

),00 2,271 ),822 2,009 7-16 5·40 )4,)92 )6,66) I 76.2 27,937 

).00 I )9 59 29 Jl Jl 571 I 610 I 80.0 488 

).00 5,919 2,079 6,1)8 5-55 5.00 42,228 I 48,147 55·0 26,481 

2.25 29 , 90) )1,523 23,870 7.2) 4.98 329,445 359,)48 

I - I 201, 74) 

I ~ ).00 96 )6 71 1.19 8.)0 848 944 77.5 7)2 

).00 1,476 I 204 1,050 6.85 5-22 6,878 8,)54 64.0 5,)47 

).00 843 426 )97 Jl Jl 5,823 6,666 63.2 4,21) 

) .00 1),878 

I 

6,501 U,l!?5 8.14 7-)2 1}6, 769 150,647 84.8 127,749 I 

).00 5.)07 1,106 4,585 7.68 6.67 )9 ,076 44,)83 57.8 25,653 

3·00 21,600 8,273 17, 558 7-)6 6.77 149,394 210,994 

I - 16}, 694 

2.00 ),)18 ),426 12,917 4.08 7-66 112,930 116,248 96.) 111,947 

2.00 2,286 1,969 4,52) 6.98 1.64 21,161 I 2),447 )9.2 9,191 

2.00 20 ?./ 53 !II Jl 417 4)7 !II !II 

2.00 ),224 1,536 8,007 4.12 7-86 10,499 7),723 96.6 71,216 

2.00 4,848 7,2}) .25.500 5.91 7-17 205,007 21) ,855 - I 192,354 

4.00 9,908 1) ),lll Jl 16.55 51.544 61,11?2 24.1 14,8115 

4. 00 7,248 17 2,164 Jl 15.77 )4, 201 41,449 80.2 )3,242 

4.00 7,020 zl 1,107 .!II Jl 7,5}9 14,559 12.7 1,849 

),00 8,28) I 7)2 4,8)0 ).74 5.00 26, 81!8 }5,171 I 

85.2 I 29,966 

2.00 6,316 289 ) ,)94 ~.81 5-25 19,208 25 ,524 70.9 I 17,762 

4.00 10,760 50 4,085 6.9~ 10.)4 42,586 53. 346 70.2 31,319 

3-00 14,589 1 ,024 8,266 4.1) 6.81 60,520 75,109 69.4 52,126 

}.00 4,215 621 4,36) 2.98 4.12 19,826 24,o41 44.0 11,540 

3·21 68,))9 2,746 }1, 320 4.42 6. 73 262,312 })0,651 198,749 

}.00 21,69) 16,1184 4,182 3-94 4.54 63,9)3 105,626 57.2 60,414 

}.00 20,124 10,}66 12, }62 5-23 6-37 132,960 153,084 27.1 ~1.486 

).00 17 ,}70 1},012 2,129 1-~ 19-'!; --~ 95~621 24.0 _,.,;f:J-

}.00 20,187 16, }26 ~.146 ).54 75,251 

,., 94,648 11?-5 4}, 065 

300 22 125 12 874 15 705 5 97 165 575 190 700 82 7 157 709 

}.00 15,180 12,951 7,515 4.88 4. 78 99,122 114,}02 53-4 61,0}7 

).00 12,057 10,675 8 ,070 4.64 4.49 e<,766 97,823 I 8}.7 81, 878 

}.00 5,4oo 2,11?9 1 ,08} 2.69 2.65 9,1035 14,11115 I 62.3 9,27} 

}.00 U,l84 9,0)4 9,}25 s.oo ' }} .. 6,222 87,406 24.4 21, }27 

3·00 12,435 11, 711? 4,404 8.07 4,8} 116,05} 128,4811 45 .2 61,931 

).00 7,905 4,535 5.735 4.96 4.66 49,219 57, 124 48.8 I 27,877 

}.00 165,660 120,461 74,656 5-11? 5.65 q".o,oll7 1,1}9 701 - 58'1.950 

I 2.00 11,265 177,051 ?.I }.07 !!/ 54},546 554, 814 55- 9 I )10,141 

2.00 17,522 2}2, )41 1,260 2. 71 I 2. "1 632,555 650,077 6}.} 411,495 

2.00 9 , 024 182,8115 }65 3.18 2. 31 582,417 591,441 }).1 I 195,767 

2.00 }7 ,814 592,277 1,625 2.97 2.31 1, 756.518 1, 796, }32 I - 917,406 

I I 

2.00 },672 28,020 zl 3-69 

I - 10),}94 107,066 60.0 64 ,2)9 

2.00 ),4)6 1), 7ll zl 1.62 1.56 22,212 25,648 34.4 8,823 

2.00 I 7,108 41,731 zl 2.96 1.58 125, 606 1}2 ,714 - I 7},062 • 

2.00 84 120 zl J/ - 240 }24 81.0 262 I 

2.00 1,970 2,415 y Jl - 4,830 6,800 1}. 6 5,005 

2.00 194 I 448 I zl Jl I - 896 1,090 50.0 5I!? 

2,00 I 2,036 4,1!96 zl Jl - 8,592 10,628 43.0 4,570 

2.00 280 228 I zl Jl I - 11?6 7}6 82.6 60S 

2.00 1 

I 

160 265 I zl J/ - 5)0 690 61. 4 424 

2.00 I 832 1,744 zl Jl - ),41111 4,)20 72. 4 ) , 128 

2.00 5,556 9,516 zl , 2.00 - 19,0)2 24,51111 - 14,542 

I t2. n )44,aza 81),760 174,529 . ).}6 • 6.)4 ).86),)61 I 4,208,1!'9 - 2. )50.500 

'total 

!atl-

...... to!A.l f atal Lan4 Ratlo ot a.. ~~tt.WOo41 tet.1- ... A .. , .. .t A.uesee4 

t.od tabor K&rdwoode 8oftwo0de Bordwo~ ..... Saw t.o Eet.t .. Value of 

Value t.&orl (lUllloo (~:-'i~'',,l l (Par II J't, (Par •r . Saw ft.cber ..... 8&• flcblr Par ( .. ~) Pt. . B. ll.) B. ll,) B. II. ..,,.. u ~~~~"!·~~· ~~~: ...... , !!!"~-". ,::.~.~.· 

rcr .. t 

'"" Ann,ae '""" <ir.i Produo- '"" t1oo to!A.l 

t;~ -

Per al . P't.. !au- B. M. of ...... <t ~~~ t.oobor Yalua) Procluoed 

(12) (1)) (1~) 

• 47.~ 14,56) t).26 

2,540,)4o 169,540 14.911 

151,1ooo 52,727 2.87 

)66,6)0 1)0, 767 2.80 

6,100 

4.4)8 I 1.)7 

441,470 65,76) 7-32 

),59),11So 4)7 , 798 8.21 

9,44o 5,409 1.15 

8),540 1 )0,986 2. 70 

66,660 8,759 7-61 

1,506, 470 79,416 14. 96 

44),8)0 159,714 2. 78 

2,109,940 284,2811 7.42 

929,984 )00,129 ).10 

2}4, 470 146,105 1.60 

4,370 v v 

737,2)0 401 , 821 1.83 

906.~ 848,055 2.25 

61 •• ';20, 18,749 )2.94 

414,490 75 . 728 5.47 

111?,590 9,5}5 15-27 

351.710 14},450 2.11? 

2';5,24o 101,133 2.48 I 

5JJ,"6o 81,445 6. 5} 

751',090 )39,656 2.21 

240,~10 )04,980 .19 

) .)06.51> 1,074, 706 }.07 

1,056, 260 1,015,404 l.o4 

1,5)0,S4o I 690,670 2.22 

95fi,21 ~ 637.081 v;o 

946,480 6}5, 412 1.49 

,907,000 1,160,998 1.64 

1,14),020 1 ,202, 622 .95 

782 , 580 664,25) 1.14 

148,850 120,07) 1.24 

874,060 557,080 1.57 

1, 2t4,aao 774,}84 1.66 

571,240 411,47) 1.}9 

U .201,42o 7,869,11?0 1.~ 

5,544,140 1 1,169,1fS 4.]5 

6.500.770 2.884.280 I 2.25 

4, 7)1,528 4,190,541 1.1} 

16,780,4)8 8, 244,009 2.04 

1,070,660 565,17) 1.89 

256,480 208,655 1.2) 

1,)27,140 77),825 1.12 

},240 96,102 .o, 

65,000 49,504 1.37 

10,900 !I .!II 

106,280 102,097 l.o4 

7,)60 )S,Ol[ .19 

6,900 6,810 1.01 

4},200 19,682 2.19 

211?,880 }12,222 ·19 

• •• 1 

114o,.70,&62 -19.5114.}56 2.~ 

A .. rogo ! 

·- rrorut 

'"" P<reat 

(1$ -· ot 

-

u .. 

... J -

BuZ'Iao Total 

(r.~. Par- M. P't. E•\1 .. a. 111. or 

;:~:" = 

um.. .l.III (a)"riiiBD 'I'.UUIOJ' IJJ ULAUD !0 l'liOIIUO!IOII !/ 

De 7<1"& tlli.k h.mUoa h 1a 

I~ .,q 1ep!rlaa\ 4-c:r-• the _.. 

lalMr of loaa\oldQ& Uahr crv.\U .. 

..{) UllloolralllT troa an 1114natrlal 

..... 7cro. p\ _, UaiMr ia\o 

l'rotbcUoa ia .... er \o O&rr7 

hnof 

lf eo, h"" IIUCll oapaoH7 \o 

prootuo haYe 7VIl a4.4o4f 

C\... or o.-...1 ~7 nnpohU 

~~--4---------------~----~--------;---------------4 

(v~--1~+-------~t:ro~----------r-------iTM~oo~---------i------~~~~~--------~ 

. .. ~ 

t ... lot opera~e4 daoo l'JO but it oollclit 1oaa 4o aot 1.-

proft oOOil will fHl DCIIIpOll e4 

to rea>ao au\t1Q&, pro'ba1>l7 at 

a 1••• 'o pre•eat \u.ea eattac 

1t 111>. - 1-

bl~- \o ooann ozwoocb ·~ 

... thl o 7oar to \eke oar• of 

tax pa.JIIOD\o 1t 1t h pooolblo 

to clo 00 0 nt O"lltlOok 1o llO\ 

T1117 D..-10111« &~ DHOOD\, 

----~-

~--~0!~11-+-------;.--------t--- l•o__ --- - ~ -_ -- 2& o Too rrotbco4 whoa ohov.l4 lla.,. 

2 

37 

~ ... 14lo, 

l••· lla.-e ~·_..•d up proctuo 

t o-t-- - _!o - -= ia u ... paot acceuJlt of tu 

pree.ure and ez:pea\ t o ha.,• to 

4o oo &«aiD 1t ocao relief h 

--

·-

l--~~_, ___________________________ -t~ao~t at 4 

'" • Too---- - --1------ 25J --- ---i 

IIC • Too 107 • .,., 

II$ • Too. Cut ao rap141T ao poool'bl 

all4 eut out, 

2~.000 II 

1---~~-~n~-t------:~-- -- ---+----~~~:~·~------ ----~:o~~J ______ ~ 

n • lfo 

72 • D1oconthne4 purchaotac loso 

tor i oapacl\7 all4 will ""'' our on Uabor ao r.p1U7 ao 

QOoatblo. 

7' 

15 

82 

83 

88 

l'ro'babl;r on Pac1t1c Coaat 

lfot oo ara.ch ill SOuth ox.cwpt 

where timber ia held for a 

loac Dor1o4, 

Teo 

Te o 

lo 

Dir~tora approT• ~ haeten1n&: o 

aeeoun\ of eTer 1ereaaiQ& 

tax••· Jo creat tacreae• 10 faJ. 

~ ban 'been partl7 4etel"ll1,... 

1DC factor. 

lfo 

Tea, - unleae rel ief 1a 

atfoNe4 will ban t o keep 

on 4eplet1ng timber oupplT 

aa faat &a market will 

abaorb it 

Too Put OD u1r;bt ohlft 

89 

92 

9' 

98 

100 

101 

106 

107 

109 

111 

Too 

too 

Teo 

In certain bee.~ producinc 

rerlono 

Too 

Teo - to carry ~&Jtoo all4 eli&i· llllnn1ns tlae 1DCroaoo4, 

ute taxea on ttmb r qo M"t. 

rtlo 

reo - bUt not rooyono1bU ror 

"Yohae. 

Jo 

Cut rsp1dl:y to carey taxoo, 

Aleo oold conatderable timber 

Teo 

Tre'ble4 

Jo 

leo 

lfo 

- 110 

110 

l'_r,OIIO I per year, 

Cut out and quit 

SOld oCIIle timber 

.Ul 1n paot ;rearo. Vor;r 

11ttlo left, 

llb 

117 Un4ou'bte4l:y Dieeont ~ nued bu,yiog loge or 

timber and cut tlng u r~~ptdl7 

f\B could dt.spoee Of product. 

Ca.nno~ until marke~ cllangoa. 

118 

119 

Teo 

. Jo 

leo 

De 7ou tllioll: taxaUoa 1o 1a 

Ia4Utt7 oJq l.aportant 4ocroo Uao oauoo Jan 7VIl pt oJq Ua'bor late It ••• u. -..Ia _.t\7 to lla.loOJ" of haotoal. .. t1allor C"llH1JIC Prot ot1o11 1a ....... h Clan7 pro4-Gco han 7ft 1144o4l UD4oo1ralll;r !roe aa tllcluotr1al tas.eaT 

or o-.alt7 rtowpoiaU 

126_ y .. y .. 

12 . .. -- lJl . Too J •• j44o4 .15.._000 II por~ 

~ • Boca 1,211 

• -- - I- .. - lJII • Too - llan oporatot planto that 

....U4 han hal \ e4 aoo-p ~ tor 

~b ----I - llo - _ tu_loo&r4oll - -- -- - ~ . 

• - - --~ .. - - - _r •• lS 000 II 

1117 • Too Cepaot\7 1o 3~lf3 to 

•on thaa •al•• --- 2 • Too 5,6oo II per O.!!:.t_ -

157 I J'or 11&JQ' 7oaro pri or to Jot roOC\17 , 

l b2 • ,.aot fho_z oaro. 

y<:.s 1'"clU auutaot"ariQ& oaCill 7 oar 

•• lnOh u poeal bl e t o r ... 

•uc• O"Yerhea4 of wb:i ch taxea 

lb' . • h tho larsoot --

lbll • Tee. In 1922 r oal1ae4 that - ------ t ho7 coul4 not e&rr7 ouppl 7 

of t 1a'bor all4 ohow oJq 

profit wi t hout ""'' UQI ""t7 larso -O"Illlt to taka oaro of 

tax o"Yerhaal 

lb'l . lo 

1 1 I Too .Ad4od orlra 'baa4 tn 1910 

176 - • Too 

1 • lo, On DO t ia'bOJ", 

1110 . Jo . lhq \labor about a o . Jo,.. -

neo4o4. 

1811 D1 ff1cu.lt to oq, In oarlT lfo 

4a;ro tueo not hoaY7 but 

..attin& to 'bo oo now 

1!16o l&rgeat factor ill preeent Pro'bablT tortU11&tel7, n 

O'Yerproductton. han no otandtac tla'bor, 

188 Too •• 189 .. --- 191 Teo lo •• 192 lfot 1D thlo ooction lo 

194 Too lo JIO 

19'1 J. fac t or 1n 1~~ hold1_~ 

19f Teo Too llarl<ettns all we can a o 

t imber or l,.'ber, --- 1~ Teo teo 33" 201 Too 01 

205 Teo lte.a had ac:ue ia.!lueuce on -------- pro4uct1oD and ~ ban 

eonalderabl7 more 

1<2 Teo Too, Iucreaoo4 lOf; O"lltput, lfew aa-.111 cut ting 200 ll 

per olllrt 

11 Teo lfo 

' 

!/ Repl1eo to queottollll81roo oont to leediac l""'ber 1118JNfeeturoro on Jo.DTJ.er7 12, 1932, 

~ ··-

TABLE XIII (b ) TIIIBE < TAXATION AS RELATED TO LUliBER PRODUCTION AND TINBER 0~ GROSS TAXES 

P•r Tbouoo.nd F••t Cut. Per Thouoand Feet Owned 

PerCent Per Oent 

Inoreaee or Increase or Deoreaee (- ) Deoreaee (-) 

State Oompan,y 1909 1919 From 1909 1929 From 1919 1909 1919 

South Carollna §~ $.0)1 U~i 3511.8 u~~ 255:~ $.005 $.065 

- - 6. - .161 

Florida 1~ .11~5 ~:gM 311:.o 2

:8W' 5~:4- :g<i~ :g~i 

i~ . 259 :~~ 1)11.11 :~~9 53 -0 .021 

- l. - 1.69 19.7- - :g~~ A:abama 7<; 22 ;~ 22.1. ,012 . l3 

llfeeiee1ppi 1o6 - 2:m~ - 1-22~ 1~n~ - :m~ 

:~~ ~~u 1~7 2:1<n 2.~5 2. 0 -7.8 :g~~ .18 s§ 

Louie lana 21 - 1J~~ - 1:~~7 1'>~·? - ,J.U'> 

91! .099 1801!.1 §·1 - - 103 . 296 1.068 260 . 8 2.020 8 .1 .020 .166 

104 . 667 1 . 000 119 . 9 2.000 100. 0 .100 .180 M, .1iio i:g~~ 219 . 7 

1.272 ~u - 1.990 .022 :g~~ 'l'exae 

j~~ ·1!!1!1 11.~ 

9~~ ~?·U- :~ ·'?~~ 1~~ ~~ 290 . 4 

191 . 11 11111. 1.1 1 H:~ .ofJ7 :g~~ ou1s1ana Texas 1 1 • -.& :-90C 1';0 . j'>, O 

Tennessee 211 - - - .927 - - - lleet V1rgin1a m 2l'~ m 6~.<l ~:n~ ~~ ~ .032 • 2 - :~~i 

1Uob1go.n 72 1. 858 11 . 9711 167 . 7 3.5112 28 . 8- . ou .120 

1~8 -~ ~:g~~ 106.1 u~~ 1111.1 

06 1110 ~72 ;~I Wlec onaln ~ -750 1.6Sll 1211.5 .921 115-3- .Oil) -~~ 

117 1. ... ~2 u~~ 2116 . 7 2.028 17 . 1- .ol;, :~~~ IUnneeota 37 . 118 ~~~ ~:6~g m:~ .9119!U 5~ :g.}~ :~~ 

Washington 22 - 1.112 - 1.1160 31. 3 - 101 . 767 1.2611 611 . 8 .91!6 22.0- . 034 . 050 

142 .2f -367 54.9 -506 37-9 .015 .0)1 

1 7 . 2 7 . 6115 132.9 .630 2.3- .095 .168 

163 - - .1150 - .01 

181! -323 :W 35-3 ·460 1.8- . 026 .184 

199 - - • ~<;o -- -~ - .062 

OTegon 23 - .300 - =-'±30 - .0~5 112 - - - .842 - - 47 - - - ·5 7 - .012 .014 

73 - .659 - .no 16.8 - .021 5 .270 1.223 353-0 -590 51.5- .017 .223 

26 - 1.037 - .311! 69.3- . 008 

66 -571 .691! 22.2 1.251 79.2 .o04 ,008 

94 . 077 . 261 239 . 0 .238 8.8- .005 .015 

13li - - - -700 - - - 201 - .62"' - :~6~ - 206 - - 27.4 .006 .Ol7 

California 10 - - - :~~ - - - 52 .117 .112 II. )- 98 . 2- . 009 .015 

60 - .832 .874 ~-0 - .009 

116 .op . 727 844.2 .625 1 .0- .066 .113 

126 -3 ~ -760 120. 3 1.270 67.1 .008 .020 

194 .11~ 1.01!0 601. 3 1.540 41.7 .009 . 019 

197 

201! 1.~~' . 0 2Jgf 1m:~ 1.00 -~i? ~J-6 8.2 .001 ,0;6 

Idaho 110 1.096 1.432 30.7 1.191 16. 8- . 021 .051! 

207 6~~ - 9 .3-Y - - .00~ .010 

93 -558 -541 3.0- -34 . 198 

121 .866 .979 13.0 . 895 8.6- - . 020 

~g~ - .086 - -326 279.1 - .on - - - - - .006 .008 

llontana 209 - - - - - .033 

i~~ -719 ~~ 89 . 8 1:m 31.1 - - 4. 0 gi~ :g~~ 

Oregon, Arkaneae & Alabama 92 . 251 .913 263 -7 1.416 55- 1 .011 . 067 

!/ Rased on an invest igation made i n January 1932 by ~he Nati onal Lumber llanufacturere Association . 

~ Based nn 1928 produc tion . 

l/ Based on year 1922 . 

!U Based on year 1928 

51 Based on 1907 produe~1on . 

§/ Based on year 1910. 

Per Cent 

Increase or Deoreaee (-) From 1909 1929 

1,200.0 

- tm m:~ :~~7 1112.9 .129 

- .211 

• 1211 

-

~~§ ~ .88 :~~ - .21/(J 

- -· 730.0 .1144 

80.0 1.20 

331.8 :ill ~U:6 1!1~ 

742.9 :~~ • '78 

- . :>41 

1, 11311 . 11 r.t~ 

~i:-3 2~~ . 243 

:~8~ 290 . 7 -~~r -

1110.8 7:m 

~[>11 9 - 110.6 -

- 117 . 1 .101 

106.7 .01!5 

76.8 .179 

- .060 

607.7 

- .0~0 - .OI<.J - .072 

16.7 .023 

- .043 

1 , 211.8 . 052 

- .013 

100.0 .017 

200.0 .047 

- .079 

181.1 . 022 

. OliO 

- .092 

66.7 .090 

- .016 

71.2 -258 

150.0 . 03a 111.1 .02 

1.<;00.0 .0~2 

176.2 .101! 

IIOo.oy .026 

322 . 7 . 084 

- .031 

;,_, :gll -

1

68

31.8 

4 g~~ 

509.1 . 105 

Per Oent 

~~~:::: <-> 

P'rom 1919 

90 5~:4- .6 

m:~ 152.9 

- 21<;. 

~~:r 168:, 

-

- 167 -5 

566.7 

1~t~ 

~~:~ -32.2 

702 . 

-

,.tt 

911.2 

1~u 

1175-6 

1,8~~-~ 

-

-

- 102.0 

1711.2 

6.5 

-

-

1.9-

100.0 

611.3 

104.8 

76.7-

62.5 

212-5 

213-3 -

n~.1 - 500,0 

77.8 

128.3 

75.0 

26 . 3 

i6.7 

86.2 

160.0 

57-6-

55 . 0 

:>li;_ .. -

u56.7 

!ABLZ SHOWIJrG RJ:L.A1'IV& ST.A.'liS'l'IC.AV POSI'fiOllf r:g PllmCIP.AL PRODUCiliG ftADS J'Oll SOP!'WOOD LUYBD 1934 AS !!0 C.AP.lCift, lWmtmiOir .lD ft.&D 

(a) P~DUCTIOlf {10 TEAll J.TER•Gil (bl C-U'.&.Cift (123~} (scl !naml S'r.ABD U:93!ll 

KIGIOJI A S!ATI RII:L.ATIT.I ~ Ol TOTAL Amro.AL KI!:LMIVB J ~ TC1r".AI. C.AP.A.CI!Y lr:ELA.!IT.I J OJ' !O'r.AL B!.AD 

POSUION U. S. PBO- PRODUC!IOI POSITIOI U.S. CAP.A.CI!t ll.ll.M. POSI!IO. S!.AJD JI. :B.I . 

SOJ"l'WOOD DOCTIOJJ SOJ'TWOOD SOft'IOOD SOJ"l'WOCJ.D SO:rr'WOO]) SOI'liOOD SOJ'1'IOOD !OJil"'IOD 

SOftWOO]) M.B.Y, 

ftSTEBN 

Washington 1 24,95 5.422,108 1 17!69 9.872,000 2 2l!59 320,915,000 

Oregon 2 15!74 3.4?1.973 2 14.50 8,095,000 1 29!31 435.534,000 

California 3 7.02 1,526,502 6 5.49 3,066,000 3 19,01 282,46o,ooo 

Idaho 9 3.39 737.798 13 3.38 1,891,000 ~ 6.50 96.592,000 

Total Region 51.10 11,108,381 41.06 22,924,000 76.ln 1,135.5()1,000 

SOUTBE:RN 

llieeiaaippi 4 6.82 1,481.759 4 7.15 3.993.000 14 .(;{ 12,96o,ooo 

J.labama 5 5.&> 1,260,503 3 7.17 4,005,000 10 1.13 16,799.000 l\) 

Louisiana 6 5.74 1,247.617 12 3.4o 1,900,000 15 .(;{ 12,8~4.000 00 

~ 

!e:me 7 4.14 900,505 10 3.54 1,981,000 16 !79 11,759.000 

Georgia 8 3.46 748,978 5 6!22 3.476,000 11 1!00 14,817,000 

:florida 10 3.34 726,567 11 3.46 1.935,000 13 .87 13,169,000 

Total Region 29.30 6,365.929 30.94 17,290,000 5.53 82,388,000 

!otal of' Regions so.4o 17,474.310 72.00 4o,214,ooo tn.94 1,217,889,000 

Total U. s. Annual Softwood Produetion·K. B. M. (10 rear average) 21,733 .5;9 

" " • If n Capacit7 11. B. ll. (1934) 55.905,000 II • II n • Stand M. :B. M. (1934) 1,485,850,000 

a) Source: Bureau of the Censu. 192?, 1926, 1927 928, 1929. 1930, 1931. ~ 

b) Source: Statistics of Mill Capccitiee, by DiTia on o! Beeeareh and Planni 

c ource: u. s. orest rvic Co rc al Forest ea of the United St 

• tati tical Position: '!'he nk: of a at t 

the atest ~oducti n and amo 

Table XV 

~ Table Showing Relative Statistical Position• of Principal Lumber Producing States For Hardwood Lumber 1934 ... As to Capacity, Production and Stand ~ 

Productiomf~esr ,AnrNeJ-- Per Cent of rdwood Oa.Qaciti E7 

Per Cent of Hardwood ~tand ~ Parent To a1 U.S. HardRelative U.S. Hardwood Production Relative u.s. Hardwood Capac! ty Relative u.s. Hardwood wood Stand 

Region and State Position Production Per Cent Position Capacity M.B. M. Position Stand M.B.M. 

Southern 

Louisiana 1 ll.t)g 533.569 9 5. 60 763,000 1 8 •. 63 15,706,000 

Tennessee 2 8.11 370,621 1 10.46 1,422,000 7 4. t)g 8,519,000 

Arkansas 3 7. 96 363,696 4 7.30 992,000 4 7.05 12,827,000 

Mississippi 4 7.67 350,164 2 9. 29 1,264,000 10 4.13 7,521,000 

Alabama 8 4.33 198,002 12 3.08 419,000 19 2.40 4,377,000 

Texas 11 3.43 156,852 13 2.51 342,000 18 2.42 4,406,000 , 

Total 43.18 1, 972,904 38.24 5,202,000 29.31 53.356,000 

Northern 

Wisconsin 5 7. 60 347,104 8 5.56 756,000 8 4.68 8,515,000 

• 

Michigan 6 7.22 329,898 11 3.82 520,000 3 7.13 12,980,000 

Total 14.82 677,002 9.47 1,276,000 11.81 21,495,000 

A}2:Qalachian 

West Virginia 7 7.22 329,735 3 7.38 1,004,000 17 2.44 4,431,000 

Virginia 9 3.85 175.721 7 6.41 872 ,000 11 3.44 6,257,000 

North Carolina 10 3. 61 165,017 6 6.50 882,000 9 4.60 8, 370,000 

Kentucky 12 3.31 151,343 5 6.85 931,000 15 2.66 4,840,000 

Total 17.99 821,816 27.14 3. 689,000 13.14 23,898,000 

Total All Re gions 75.99 3.471,722 74. 76 10,167, 000 54.26 9fS,749,000 

Total u.s. Hardwood Production (Annual Production 10 year average). 4,567,987 M.B.M. 

Total u.s. Hardwood Annual Capacity, 1934 • . . • 13. 59 3 • 000 M.B.M. 

Total u.s. Hardwood Timber Stand, 1934 • . . . . . .Wl, 953 ,000 M. B • .M. 

• Statistical Position: - The rank of a state as compared rrith other states; thus in "production" and 11 stand" the state of Louisiana ranks 

a/ Source: 

~c Source: 

'::./ Source: 

first, having the greatest ]J roduction and largest stand, but in capacity it ranks 9th. 

Bureau of the Census, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934 and 1935 (See table IV). 

Statistics of Mill Capacities, by Division of Research and Plannin~ (See table XIV-A). 

u.s. Forest Service "Commercial Forest Are.as of the United States.' 

., 

~ 

00 

C)l 

Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

C&lHornia 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

GeorSia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Ion. 

Jransas 

Jrentuoty 

Louisiana 

liaJ.ne 

llaryland 

llassachusetts 

1Uch1gan 

IUnneeota 

llies1es1ppi 

llissouri 

llontana 

Nebraska 

Nevada (See Calif. supra) 

Ne• llamp eh1re 

Ne• Jersey 

lfe• llex1co 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoo-a 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

'l'exae 

Utah 

Venoont 

V1rS1n1a 

Washington 

lfest Virginia 

1f1scone1n 

ll'yoming 

TABLE XVI 

PEPCEJ"TAGE OF' CAPACii'Y AliD NU!.!!lEB CF !.:ILLS 

Percentage of Tot~l Capacity 

Hardwood Softwood 

NucbPr of Sar U1ll• 

l'ard\Vood Soft .. ood 

------ ------·- ---- --------- ------ ).og 

7-30 

o.~ 0. 

1.06 

2 -33 

0 . 39 

2.20 

0 . 01 

0.06 6.S~ 

5 -60 

2 .10 

O.S5 

l.OS 

3-g2 

9.29 

3- g7 

l.g~ 

0.03 

1.16 

6. 50 

2.29 

,g9 

1.09 

.fl4 

2. ~ 

10.~6 

2.51 

6. -7~5 1 

7-50 

5.65 

99.73 

7-17 

0.67 

3-55 

'). 50 

O.)g 

0. 12 

0.07 3-~7 

6.23 

3-39 

0.11 

~ 0. 70 

0 .13 

0.36 

0.49 

o.g6 

7· 15 0.44 

Lgo 

0. 61 

0.01 

o.S9 

0.}9 

5.01 

0.01 

0 .61 

14 .50 

0.}6 

0.01 

3- 03 

0.}6 

l.2g 

3-55 

0. 15 

0.25 

~.2S 

17.69 

0.00 

0. 76 

0.17 

99.91 

201 

470 

22 

6 

2S 

110 

54 

234 1 

3 

56S 

111 

76 

56 

3S 

9~ 

69 

2 

56 

~32 

270 

9S 

6S 

2 

109 

7S5 

1o4 

37 

530 

3Sl 

146 

6,099 

1,390 

16 

6'8 145 

73 

29 

19 

~ 1,30S 

139 

31 

2g3 

103 

35 

53 

50 

20~ 

1,3g2 

201 

g7 

93 

~ 76 

97S 

g~ ~62 

92 

3 

526 

25 

361 

435 

52 

50 

90S 37~ 

1 

7S 

26 

11,361 

----------- -------· ---- --------- -- Source : Statistics furnished by the Lumber Code Authori~ and compiled by the Division of Research and Planning, 

Nl\A. 

9813 

TABLE XVII-A 

<0 LUMBER PRODUCTION I SOFTWOOD, BY STATES FOR EACH YEAR AND THE 10 YEAR AVERAGE; 

Q) 1925 - 193~ 

""' (II Ft. B.ll.) ~ 

10 Yeo.r 

1925 1926 1927 192!1 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 193~ Average 

Alabama 1,964,522 1,11}1,8!13 1,1!!14, 611 1,731,783 1, 769,708 1,153,186 621,602 ~63,9~7 639' 202 544,583 1,260,502 Ari a 145,609 115,230 169 ,085 158,0~7 17~. 594 95.~94 85,085 58,162 90,09:> 73,180 116,~8 Arkansas ~.~ 9 8}6,617 732,009 659,1~9 822,166 569,68 }48,190 205,563 3~~· 764 ~18,858 590, 2 

California & Nevada 2, .67~ 2,184,270 2,070, 618 1,952.~58 2,062,818 1,51~,938 9~,643 680,370 78 ,626 1,014,580 1,526,503 

Colorado 71,001 7 ,95~ 67,250 72,200 71,3~3 5 ,56~ .3 5 39,085 33 ,698 ~.370 58,181 

Connecticut 10,~7 11,896 19,170 9,878 9,918 4,238 7,110 2,442 3,623 5, 796 8,7~8 

Delaware ~.69~ 8,019 13,151 10,926 7,~01 ,}58 1,975 },01} 625 3,820 5,788 

Flori da 1,050,92 9~.755 882' ~88 933.~1~ 1,028, 22 809,954 a62,079 }00,156 ~95,055 ~28, 206 726,566 

Geor gia 1,2~,181 1,025,329 1,03~. 35 888, 37 1,189,8}~ 6}2,56 0,}63 2~2.573 20,~50 ~17,610 748,978 

Idaho 1,1 ,110 9~7 ' 269 923.~91 977' 253 1,028,73 8}9,759 ~99' 768 248,276 316,356 ~6,963 737.791! 

Illinois 1,~25 2,487 1!00 484 619 531! ~~ 100 15~ 250 687 

Indiana 391 85 1!0 21 n 20 1 }0 70 

Iowa , Kanee.s & Nebraska 1!2 9,3a~ 85 22 

Kentucky 22,281 16,31!1! 16,860 17,050 27,632 1~,917 5,<;21! 7,117 6,159 1~. 327 

Louisiana 2,564,272 2, 100,0215 1,66~,9157 1,550,414 1,~18,0)6 1,057.~73 6}2, }86 ~21,910 576,025 490,635 1,2~7.617 

Maine 301,832 307, 819 231,223 2~.569 233,294 ?01, 96} 132,335 1!9,66~ 99,111 158,623 199,643 

Maryland 37,227 29, 3~6 31,51!5 29,533 31,52 2}, }ll 1~, 236 9,688 7,220 9,~36 22,311 

Maeeachusette 75,617 57. 515 60,098 48,585 53,215 62' 242 3~.~96 }0, 77~ 18,978 ~9.368 ~2,089 

Michigan 231,765 172,888 1}8,079 1 1, 787 122,079 107,712 7.~20 ~0,25 ~2.763 58,316 111, ~06 IJinnesota 512,787 4}1,627 371,}66 359' 6111 '05, 71111 153,079 63,520 1,083 37,81111 67,9011 2}4, 66 

J.lil\sieslppi 2,597.~65 2,}62 63~ 2,09},5~7 2,01!5,097 2,17~.193 1,127,173 674,0011 ~2},0111 615,80} 66~. 692 1,481,759 

I.Uesouri 72,7~ 68,~20 ~5.9~ 35,272 37.3113 11!,1186 1~,004 6, 736 10,~79 27,587 33,751! 

Montana 3118,11 371!, 9} 396,207 31!7,802 }88,666 296,970 151!,201! 111,018 125,126 171,690 280,302 

New Hampshire 2la· """ 340 210,025 190,670 211 '190 165,066 156, 28~ 7~. 221 ~1!.051 89,9~6 35.~6~ 1~9,629 

New Jersey lO ,2 2 2,}10 258 102 61!7 13 100 100 230 1,030 919 en 

New Mexico 152,325 127' 110 172,517 162,030 1~8,287 1~2,885 58,787 71,~~ 89,~98 101,~09 122,6a6 oJ 

New York 64,6}1 ~3.7~9 38' 673 }2,166 28,386 22,21!9 15,011 9, 9 8,26} 18,848 28,1 2 

North Carolina 8~3.455 775. 0~6 821,520 787.616 939,22~ 656,820 , 728 31~.738 ~33.561 ~38,158 642,314 Ohlo 90 282 10 120 797 292 96 69 303 387 28 

Oklahoma 152,1?0 134.331 15 ~.~9 7 17~.957 175,199 148,}62 69,2}2 6:?,572 98,712 95,512 126,5~9 

Oregon ~. 209,596 ~.447,673 3,985,032 ~.361,90~ ~.772, 9~ 3, 635, ~38 2,617.~~ 1, 59~.79~ 2,2}4,922 2,360, 71~ 3, ~21, 973 

Pennsy1 vanla 126,926 120,759 89,269 8~,11~5 92, }69 52,78~ ~0.7 }0,884 2~.783 39, 095 70,180 

Rhode leland 1,9~2 2,502 2,360 1,815 2,9~6 },616 1, 510 1,703 2,16} 3 ,333 2,}89 

South Cerol1nR l!a6,880 746,615 6~9,6;'4 660,025 877,821 526,444 0,}9 ~ 25~. 606 289,373 261,173 545,328 

South Dakota 6,719 9,273 6,909 53.967 61,125 59, 64 26,8~ 17,370 29,895 33.~66 ~2.503 

Tenne-FRee 111,286 1111,275 97,0}0 85.592 115,}18 76.523 55,03~ 2~,067 33,647 66,237 78,}00 

Texas 1,366,~32 1,2~2.205 1,219,489 1,217,361 1,188,108 8811,681 507,96~ 35a.313 505,018 51~.585 90o,aoa 

Ut"-h 5, 32 6,2~8 J·95a 7,361 5,082 6,306 5,63 ,859 7,826 10,237 6, 9 

Verm'lnt 62 ,071 59,290 ,50 53.527 60,098 ~7.116 27,877 22,~6 16,689 26,367 42,~21 

Virginia ~41,013 ~9,801 320,119 352,0~9 447,979 292,609 207 ,369 164,5 1 259. 77~ 285,5~1 }18 ,079 

Washington 7 ,02~,1~5 7,541,229 7,311,008 7,291,92~ 7. 27~. 707 5,491,}88 3,894,86a 2,254,406 3,091,181 3,045, 929 5,422,108 

West Virginia 103,210 11

4·4

1

a 108,62~ 110,383 120,9}0 86 , 202 7.7 5 23, 61 }8,2~7 37,835 79,435 

Wisconsin ~56, 768 39 • 6 330,}81 352,548 354,098 258,608 159,555 55.759 73. 7~7 12},~6 255 .937 

Wyoming 16,105 19,}92 12,863 24 , 396 25,628 25,131 16,519 20,821 10,9 2 18,8}7 19,063 

Total }1,710,~78 }0,~69, 344 28,442,522 28,3~5.095 29,8 3,3~ " 21 , 322,786 1},851,951 8,7~5.636 11,898,873 12 ,735.358 . 21,733.538 

Source: Bureau of the CenAUS, ncensus of Manufactures ,'' 1925-l934 . 

Note : 10 Year Average computed. 

i TABLE XVII-B 

LUVBER PRODUCTION HARDWOOD, BY STATES FOR EACH YEAR AND TilE 10 YEAR AVEIIA.GE 

~ 1925 - 1934 

(II Ft. B.ll.) 

1925 1926 1927 1921! 1929 1930 

10 Year 

1931 1932 1933 1934 •••r•s• ---------- Alabama 271,216 273,239 287,076 24g,299 289,256 11!1!,438 110, 411! 80,061 117,449 114,569 198,002 Ari>;ona 2 - - Arkansas 620,~11 604,401 497,4~2 470,582 526,1f2 299,69i 159,5~1 71,026 178,614 20S,r89 363,696 C~ li fornia & Nevada 2, 17 689 1 3 201 4 1 32 15 ~4 452 Colorado 61! 324 71 57 192 12 68 78 61 113 

Connecticut 31,243 35,471 36,779 25,471! 20,2a9 1a,287 5.71!1 3,049 3,~4Z 5,616 18,022 Delaware 2,629 1,414 a·673 2,235 2 ~ 0 ,071! 1,5~4 948 1,595 2,1~ Florida 12,952 15,1!30 2 ,540 61,551! 101!:~75 66,082 44,5 4 20,252 114,113 45.137 44,3 Georgia 126,993 120,160 166,~73 151,031! 196,411 120,920 59,25 21,01!3 52,796 58,611 107,383 Idaho 465 202 95 215 57 650 131 102 115 126 255 

Illinois 28,031 35,1!70 27 ,1!63 29,139 37,062 24,674 11!,439 1!,032 47,933 14,67S 2a,172 Indiana 171!,169 139, 31!7 148,412 126,769 169.949 97,1!17 52·Jr 26,1!52 2,329 64,523 10 ,691! Iowa, Kensae & Nebraska 16,069 14,002 16,91!2 13, 9()g 20,332 1' ,267 10, 53 3,433 3,930 5,522 11,71!9 Kentucky 11!4, 997 200,371 11!0,7<;1! 157.290 311,514 1

4

ri.sas 102,012 45,1!10 39,519 116,617 151,342 Louisiana 721!,819 789,502 720,737 721!,001! 1!14,~24 5 9,2 5 'U6,1!46 1~5.116 259,984 284,011 533,659 

M'\ine 21!, 271 33,074 32,595 25,954 24,613 20 , 141 19,495 12,329 5.7~3 19,1!74 22.213 

Maryland 51,736 39,091! 3": , 956 30,196 23.346 24,355 14,852 1!,244 ~·0 g 14,659 24,749 Mas•achueett• 34,001! 2S, 653 21!,200 33.714 11!,'6ilg 19,1!59 1!,311 7,929 ,808 1. 7a~ 19 ,11!6 Michigan 565,1!45 490,456 1140,175 430,272 448,931! 359 ,no 11!9,243 1!0,1!36 116,851 177,2 329,897 Minnesota 65,916 39,46~ 25,'525 52,725 51,392 69, ) 10 31,441! 16,999 10,767 27,452 39,099 

!.'1Fe1Bsipp1 530,:'13 532,360 463,065 439,222 495,303 357.205 11!9 ' 213 101!,316 176,221! 210,514 350,173 Mi••<>ur1 114,017 110,041! 143,196 106,711! 190,695 107 ,1!49 60,912 21!,516 30,792 72,959 96,570 Montana 10 205 60 77 45 20 

20, 2a~ 30 151 60 

New Hampohire 45,310 32,91!2 2~,242 21!,071 26,637 25,419 12,633 11,465 19,11!2 24,717 New Jersey 5,574 4,643 ,71!6 3,111! 14,1!89 12,199 7,2 1 4,466 5,097 6,31!0 6,1!39 l.:l 

New Mexico 5 1 00 - 1 00 New York 133,023 127,214 103,1!32 97,940 131,205 1!7,321! 59,041 29,431! 27,451 39,1!21! 1!3,630 North Carolina 196,980 195,919 233.702 233.277 26~,1~3 151!,015 1!1!,074 61!,114 79,631! 133,294 165,016 Ohio 140,246 141,217 127,1!40 112,109 17 • 7 0 107.906 52,611 31,9~ 37,402 S2,40a 100,1!40 Oklahoma 5,460 15,591! 1'5,4 6 11!,836 24,545 15,115 7,746 2,0 5,924 15,47 12 , 611! 

Oregon 6,7S7 7,062 7,820 10,020 11,1!15 18,637 10,572 9,09S 21 ,106 18,921! 12 ,11!4 

Penn sylvania 20} ,1!96 19S,03S 11!1!,453 154,430 22l,SS1 155,978 1!2,2S3 42,045 67 ,S08 107 ,657 142,246 Rhode Island 1,444 2,924 4,455 2,1!07 3.561! 3.403 1,1140 1,11!9 776 9S2 2,321! South Carolina 123, 09 144,210 177,362 161, 1!75 190,166 11!0,671 139,973 99 , 307 132,367 79,1!81! 142 ,922 

South DakotR 60 g 1 1 7 

Tennessee 531,073 565 ,0l!g 498,267 444,714 648,510 337,414 20S,41S 104,326 135,21!3 233,161 370,621 TexRs 211,676 213,916 226,971 229,325 263,532 156,581 47,851 49,931 88,845 79, S94 156,1!52 Utah 429 2~1 197 262 219 183 160 54 182 123 204 

Vermont 64,362 52,3 8 42,.,76 53,831 59,~24 47,101 32,732 17,lak 13,403 23,846 40,667 

Vire;inin 261!,167 266,862 .~97 195,657 260, 73 202,880 104,001 62 ,2 60,796 120,633 175.721 

Washington 3,11!0 5,010 14,8~4 413,446 27 , 356 10,741 13,132 5,91!3 14,914 11!,341 12. 61!6 

Vle st Vir ginia ~~go ,l:tz 471,075 433,2 6 37. ~12,062 319,881 199.237 111, 1!22 146,366 186, 01!6 329,73~ Wiscol!sin 611,1! 518,060 ilg9,126 466,302 1!1!,716 371!,236 200 ,41!6 64,588 112,149 141,535 347,10 

Wyoming 6 1 1 110 71 35 22 

Total 6, 621!,163 6,466,5S6 6,01!9,1!98 5,797,021! 7,072,61!7 4,721!,687 2, 670,692 1,405,596 2,062,261 2, 751!,,21!1 4,567 ,91!7 

Source: Bureau of the Census, "Cen~ue of Manufac tur ee, n 1925 - 1934. 

Note: 10 Year AverRge computed. 

289 

!AlU.W XVIII 

li'ICJ.PI1'0LATIOB :BY IBDBV.A.LS 07 Llii!D PBODO'C.DS 

WBOSJI MILL CAPACITY IS KllOD (*) 

0- 100 

101 - 3)0 

201 - 300 

301- 400 

401 - 500 

501-750 

751 - 1,000 

1,001 - 2,000 

2,001 - 3,000 

3,001 - 4,000 

4,001 - 6,000 

5,001 - 6,000 

6,001 - 7,000 

., ,001 - 8,000 

8,001 - 9,000 

9,001 - 10,000 

10,001 - 11,000 

11,001 - 12,000 · 

12,001 - 13,000 

13,001 - 14,000 

14.001 - 15,000 

16,001 - 16,000 

16,001 - 17,000 

17,001 - 18,000 

18,001 - 19,000 

19,001 - 20,000 

20,001 - 22,000 

22,001 - 24,000 

24,001 - 26,000 

26,001 - 28,000 

28,001 - 30,000 

30,001 - 35,000 

36,001 - ..0,000 

.0,001 - 45,000 

45,001 - SO,OOO 

50,001 - 60,000 

60,001 - 70,000 

70,001 - Up 

!'otal 

Baber of 

Producers 

492 

1,371 

2,442 

2,101 

2,122 

2,126 

3,189 

2,015 

6&ft 

-289 

155 

89 

54 

46 

50 

26 

21 

28 

15 

16 

28 

7 

14 

15 

13 

10 

29 

17 

15. 

17 

16 

18 

1.2 

10 

11 

13 

7 

1 

17,467 

louree: Diviaional Code J.ut&oritiea . 

!otalllourq 

Capacity for 

Intenal 

(Ia Bd. ft.) 

49,.200 

274,200 

732,600 

840,4.00 

1,061,000 

1,594,500 

3,189,000 

4,030,000 

1,692,000 

1, 156. (_)()() 

775,000 

534,000 

378,000 

360,000 

450,000 

260,000 

2!J7 ,000 

336,000 

195,000 

224,000 

390,000 

11.2,000 

238,000 

270,000 

247,000 

200,000 

638,000 

408,000 

390,000 

476,000 

.ao,ooo 

630,000 

480,000 

450,000 

550,000 

780,000 

490,000 

80,000 

25, 736,900 

*laciudes all codal di~isiona and snbdiTieions ~1ch sa. lumber except Mahog&DT 

ad. Philippine Kaho~. 1 

9813 

Alabama 

.A.laska 

.Arizona 

J.rk:ansaa 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District of Columbia 

J'lorida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illuoill 

Indiau. 

Iowa 

IBllSU 

.l(eD.tuc.!cy 

Louisiana 

Maille 

Wary land 

Massachusetts 

liichi&aa 

lUnnes~ta 

llississippi 

Viseouri 

Kontau. 

lleTa.da 

Bew Hampshir 

N'ew Jersey 

New Mexico 

Nell!' York 

Norta Ca.ro11Da 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

OregOJl 

PennsylTania 

Rhode Island 

South Dakota 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermoat 

Virginia 

l'est Virginia 

Wash i:Agtou 

Wisconda 

Wyoming 

290 

TAB~ XIX 

REC.A.PITUUT ION :BY STATES OJ' 

KNOWN Ll.Jimlll PBODUCERS• 

B-amber of Humber of 

Total Producers Producers 

Number Whose 14111 Whose Mill 

of Xnon Capa.eit7 Cape.eit7 

Producers is Unknoa is Xnoa 

1,695 104 1,591 

6 6 

22 6 16 

1,157 49 1,108 

195 51 144 

102 29 73 

67 16 51 

26 1 25 

2 1 1 

537 4 533 

1,455 37 1,418 

207 68 139 

239 185 54 

400 166 234 

1 1 

3 a 

601 2 599 

394 394 

231 52 179 

92 1 91 

120 29 91 

894 750 144 

286 82 ~ 

2,046 68 1,978 

551 8 54.~ 

131 44 87 

1 1 

201 39 162 

6 1 5 

52 12 40 

197 65 132 

1,438 28 1,410 

570 .297 273 

187 5 182 

517 55 462 

271 111 1SO 

11 6 5 

29 4 25 

639 4 635 

1,163 17 1,146 

542 3 539 

93 41 52 

116 .29 87 

1,472 34 1,438 

384 2 382 

423 49 374 

972 748 224 

37 11 26 

20,781 3,314 17,467 

Source: DiTisional Code jnthor1ties. 

Total Hour~ 

CaPa.cit7 

(In Bd.. Jt.) 

1,638,600 

27,800 

140,200 

1,101,600 

1,135,500 

79,100 

42,300 

16,700 

3,000 

770,500 

1,405,150 

700,400 

. 19,660 

111,300 

400 

CS,30V 

367,000 

986,100 

250,900 

70,500 

129,450 

295,750 

177,200 

1,947,100 

287,400 

372,700 

2,000 

219,300 

3,700 

184,650 

138,850 

1,363,850 

117,250 

172,350 

2,998,100 

129,850 

5,100 

75,500 

?44,850 

791,000 

860,400 

30,650 

89,150 

1,207,350 

378,200 

3,656,350 

452,850 

36,000 

25,736,900 

*hlcludes all codal diTisions ud subdivhious which saw lumber except Mahogany ead 

9813Philippine l:a.hogaD,y. 

<0 TABLE XX 

00 

'""" COMPARISON OF EQUIPUENT UTILIZATION ~ 

1 9 2 9 1 2 3 g J?o~u~tfon lc;& 3 ~ Reasonable -l'rOci.uc tion Production Pr uct!on 

Total Maximum ~ Annual Production ~ Annual Production ~ Annual Production • Annual Production 

Number Capaoi ty Annual Capacity ~ Hourly Capacity • Hourly Capacity • Hourly Capacity • Hourly or Per Hour Capac ity Pr oduction Per Capacity Production Per Capacity Production Per Capacity Production Per Capacity 

ProduOOMJ (Bd.Ft.) (II Ft. B.!!. ) (M Ft .B.M. ) Cent (In Houre) (II Ft .B.II.) Cent (In Hours) (M Ft .B.M.) Cent (In Hours) (II Ft. B. II .) Cent (In Houre) 

Washington a7~ 3, 656 , 350 9,8 72,1~ 7, 302,063 73.97 1,997 2, 260,689 22.90 61!1 3,106,095 31.~6 850 3,0~,~0 31.0~ 838 

Oregon 62 2,9~1!1,100 8,09~,870 4,71!1~,009 59. 10 1, 596 1,603,892 19.81 535 2, 256,028 27.87 46~ 2' 379, 2 29 ~ 

Misslosippi 1,978 1,9 7 ,100 a·2s ~~ 4 .170 2, 669' ~96 a0.78 1,371 5~,397 10.11 273 792,031 15.07 1!175,206 16.65 

Alabama l,an 1, 638,600 .~2 ,220 2,051!,9~ 6.5~ 1,257 5 ,008 12.30 332 

4

s6, 6al 17.10 ~62 659,152 1~.90 ~2 

Georgia 1, 11! 1,405,150 3.793,905 1, 386 ,250 36.54 91!7 263,656 6.95 11!8 73,2 6 12.~4 337 ~76,221 12.55 ~39 North Carolina 1,~10 1,363,850 3. 682,395 1, 202, a77 32.65 81!2 382,1!52 10.~ 21!1 513,199 13 . 9 376 ~71.~l~ 15 ~2 19 

Virginia 1,4~8 1,207,350 259,8~5 708, 52 21.73 584 226,71!5 6.95 188 320 , 570 9 .1!13 266 06,1 12. 6 336 

California & Nevada 1 5 1,137.500 3,071,250 2,063. 229 67.18 1,81 680,520 22.16 598 78~. 626 25-55 690 1,01~.7 7 33·0~ 892 

Arkansas 1,108 1,101,600 2,9 74,~20 1,3118,318 45.33 1,224 276,586 9.30 251 51~.3 8 17.29 467 62 .~7 21.10 570 

Louisiana 39~ 986,100 2, 662, 70 2,232,360 83.85 ,2~ 7,026 21.~ a1s 1!36,009 1.~ 1!1118 77 .~6 29.10 71!6 

Texas 5~9 860,~0 2,323, 080 1,~51, 64<> 62.49 1, 687 2~ 17. 71 593 ,863 25 . 56 690 594,~79 2a .s9 691 

Tenne ssee 1,1 6 791,000 2, 135. 700 763,828 3a· 76 966 21! ,~3 6.01 162 168,930 1·91 21~ 299, 391! 1 . 02 379 

Florida 533 74Z,500 2,080, 350 1,136,897 5 .65 1,~76 320, 8 15.~ 416 39, 68 21.11 570 ~p.343 22.75 61~ 

South Carolina 635 7 ,850 2,011,095 1,067,987 5~-10 1,~34 3~,913 1~ . 60 ~75 ~21,4~0 20 .97 ag~ ~n,o61 16.96 ~8 

Idaho 13~ 400· ~00 1,891,080 1,028,791 5 -~ 1,468 2 .348 13 .1~ 355 316, 71 16.73 ~,089 2~. 17 653 

Wisconsin 22 52,850 1, 222,695 8~2,81~ 68.93 1,1!61 120,3 7 9 , 1! 266 18a,s1!6 15.20 ~10 2 ,991 21.67 585 

West Virginia 382 378,200 1,021,1~ 632,992 61.99 1, 644 135,283 13.2a 358 11! • 613 18.08 41!8 223,921 21.93 a92 Montana 87 372,700 1,006, 290 3813, 711 313 .63 1,0 

4 

111,0118 11.0 298 125, 126 12.~3 336 171,1!41 17 .08 61 

Kentucky 599 367, 000 990 ,900 339,1~6 34.23 92 51,338 5. 18 1~ ~6 ,636 ~-7.1 127 122,776 12.39 335 

Michigan 1~ 295,450 791!,525 571,017 71.51 1,931 111,090 la.91 376 la9.61~ 19.99 5~ 235.560 29.50 796 

l.!issouri 5~3 287' 00 775 ,980 221!,078 29.39 794 35,252 .s~ 123 1,271 s.a2 1~ 100,a46 12.96 350 

Maine 179 250 , 900 677,430 257,910 38.07 1,028 101,994 15.06 ~7 10~, 904 15. 9 418 178, 97 26.35 711 

New )Hampshire 162 219,300 ~92,11 0 191,703 32.38 874 60,68 10.25 277 101,411 17.13 462 154.~6 26.12 705 

New ·lolexioo 40 184,650 98,m 141!,287 29.7 ~ 803 71,715 14 . 38 31!8 89.498 17.95 41!5 101 ,409 20.3~ 549 

lolinhesota 204 177, 200 478, 357' 11$0 44.66 2,016 58,082 12 ~ 328 41!' 655 10.17 275 95,360 l !L93 

Oklahoma 11!2 142 ,350 465,345 19 9,7~ 2.92 1,1~ 64,616 13 . 89 f5 104,636 22.49 607 110,9136 23.85 Mf~ Arizona 16 1 0,200 378,540 174,594 ~6 .1 2 1,2 58,162 15.36 15 90,092 23 .80 ~3 73,11!0 19.33 a22 ... New York 132 138 ,850 374,895 159,591 42.57 1,149 38,847 10 .36 280 35, 714 9-a3 257 as, 676 15. 65 23 

Pennsylvania 160 129,850 3a0,595 314,250 89 .63 2,420 72,929 20.80 562 92,591 26. 1 11a 1 6,752 41.86 1,~~ Massachusetts 91 129,450 3 9. 515 71,863 20 .a6 ass 38,702 11.07 299 23, 787 6.81 18 57,103 16.3~ 

Ohio 27a 117,250 316, 575 175.537 55· 5 1, 97 31 ,972 10 .10 2p 47.705 11.91 322 82,792 26.15 706 

Indiana 23 111, 300 300,510 169,970 a6. 56 1,527 26,853 8.94 2 1 2, 333 14.09 380 ~.553 21.48 580 

Ve"rmont 87 89,150 2~.705 119,622 9.40 1,342 39,827 16.5a ~7 30,092 12.50 438 o, 2~ 20.86 563 

Colorado 73 79,100 213,570 71,535 33· 9 904 39,163 18.3 495 33 .759 1a.8l 27 9,4 23.16 625 

South Dakota 25 75,500 203,850 61,'1.26 29 .99 810 17,370 8.a2 230 29,895 1 ·~ 396 34,467 16.42 ~3 

Maryland 91 40,500 190,350 54,870 28.83 778 17,932 9. 2 254 12,268 6. 174 2 ,095 12.66 342 

Connecticut 51 2,300 114,210 30,157 26 .40 713 5,491 4.81 130 6,902 6. 04 163 11,41? 9.99 270 

Wyoming 26 36,000 97 , 200 25,629 26.47 712 20,892 21.49 580 10,977 11.29 305 18,837 19 .38 523 

UtAh 52 30,650 82 . 755 5,301 6. 1 173 4,913 'i.94 160 8,008 9.68 261 10,360 12 . 52 338 

Illinoi• 54 19. 650 ~3,0 55 37.681 71.02 1,918 8,132 15.33 414 8,091 15.25 412 14,928 28.14 760 

Dela-re 25 16,700 5,090 9,641 21.38 577 3,961 8. 78 237 1,469 3.26 88 a·415 12. 01 324 

Rhode Island 5 5, 100 13 '770 6,514 47 -31 1,277 2,892 21.00 564 2,939 21.34 ~ ·415 31.34 846 

New Jersey a 3,700 9 ,990 15,576 155 .92 4,210 ~~.a66 4a.71 1,23 5,327 53·32 7, 10 74.17 2,003 

Iowa 1 KRn ea& & Nebr~ Bka 3,700 9,990 20,332 203.52 5 ,495 3. ~1 3 -36 928 3.930 39-34 1 ,062 5,607 56.13 1, 515 

17,460 25, 706,100 69,406,470 36,886, 032 53-14 1,435 10,1')1,232 14.63 395 13,961,134 20. 12 543 15,493,639 22.32 603 

AlP ska 6 27, 800 75,060 Diotrict of Columbi a 1 3,000 8,100 

17 .467 25,736 ,900 69,489 .630 I 

- -----------·- ---- ·- ·--- -·----------------- ------ --------------------- --- -~-----·-

Source: Production from Census. Capacity (Hourly) from Capacity Study. All other fJ.euree computed. 
292 

!'A'JLE CF t::APACE'Y '<iiD RATIO OF STAN:l TO CAPA I TY 

(~1111on Ft. B. U.) 

Rati o Stand t o Canac ltyg/ 

HArdviood Softwood 

Al~>bema 

Ar11ona 

ArkP..nFC?.S 

C~>l!forn1a 

Color, do 

Conn<>ct1cut 

Del?war<> 

Flcr!rle 

(}PtJrG!9. 

ICe.l:o 

IlUn"1r< 

Indian& 

IOY/8 

K.e.nc::~r 

Kentucky 

Lo•Jl.ele.ne 

:•")\t1P 

~·,.rv1~nd 

!.'~t.rfaehupe!.ts 

'trh1gan 

!..lnne~:ota 

:,•1 F~1 .. !"'1!>/1 

;.l,~ourl 

!..ontAna 

:ebr~ska 

t:evada (See Call 

;·p,, H~(!lneh,!rJl 

::~ J,.rf~" !'e-·· .. f",.l("; 

:~e .. York 

~h!.r 

Oklnhn"'~ 

Creson 

Pl!n t'Vl tP."l!P 

Rhllde· IFlMd 

s~, ""'.Pr~l1"1..~ 

South D~'<c>UI 

':"ennP££PP 

'!'P~~G 

UtPb 

Venn nt V1 n 1!. 

'eshlnE;t'ln 

We-t V1I'f:'1n1• 

<"HCOfiP1n 

v;:,,om1ng 

1>19 

992 

36l. "'

1 

9 

931 

763 

286 

116 

1i!S 

'\20 

l,26h 

'\?( 

251 

:. 

159 

882 

'11 i?.O 

6 

19 

l ,422 

102 

2 

()()I. 

' '6 

So•Jrre>: U. s. F'oreet Service P~l~"P 

:'Otl\1 Har<!wo and So t oo<! 

--- ---. ------------------ !!. OQ'\ 

':n9 

1,983 

3,066 ?14 

66 

39 

J., 935 

3, 76 

1,891 

60 

1,900 

'91 

'74 

202 

279 

1:.]8 

'1,993 249 

1,006 

2,800 

'\ 

311.6 

>!,095 

202 

6 

1,692 

204 

714 

1,981 8~ 

P9 ?~u 

9:~72 

17 

427 

97 

nd ~1v1ded by Soft~ood Ca~c1ty. 

10.45 

12.93 

13.56 

11.83 

14.78 

19.03 

58.81 

7.19 

11.07 

5. 20 

20.58 

5?.51 

9.22 

3.84 

211.96 

5.95 

6.45 

10.19 

1~ .50 

72.20 

9. 9 

32.10 

10. ~~ 

28.~~ 

<;,99 

12.U 

60.83 

7.18 

11.41 

11.26 

4.19 

52-31 

5.72 

92.12 

221.39 

1.19 

.n 

6.81 

4.26 

51.07 

12. 23 

6.78 

6).25 

2.77 

7.29 

12.37 

7.18 

3. 24 

1.16 

49.50 

12.86 

55·3; 

28.8 .. )0.25 

3·95 

10.20 

7.11 

511.08 

5. fi7 

1'+.8) 

5.53 

15.7) 

1.63 

5.94 

9).86 

15.12 

2.02 

}2.50 

37.12 

'\.41 

335.91 

From S~Pt1at•~~ r •rn etPrl bv t e Lumn~r C~e Au 1or1 y ~nd compll~d by h~ Dtv1e1on or ftpo~~rt'l: and Pl~>nnln of thP !:RA 

g/ StAnd of S!lw ';'tm~r ln t~ Un1•.Pd 3'..l'tee. 
~ 

00 TABLE XXII 

,.. 

Co:l QUARTERLY SOFTWOCD STOCK BY DIVISIONS 1929 - 1934 

NorthSouthern West Western California eastern Northern Appalachian Southern Northern Total 

Pine Coast Pine Redwood Softwoods Hemlock Softwoods Cypress Pine 

1929 

1 quarter 2,S33,000 l,~S6,000 l,S22,000 tt4S,950 366,300 101,000 

2 II 2,7S2,000 1, 90,000 1,95S,ooo S,S50 369,700 101,000 

~ II 2,S96,ooo 1,706,000 2,124,000 442,500 '.79,000 107,000 

" 3,064,000 l,g50,000 2,515,000 469,750 "328,000 463,000 112,000 357,000 334,000 9,432,750 

1930 

1 quarter 3,208,000 1,843,000 2,333,000 48~,000 442,700 118,000 

2 " 3,~78,000 1,955,000 2,63S,OOO 4g ,S50 469,100 124,000 

~ " 3, 1 ,000 1,718,000 2,g54,ooo 4Sl,300 ~00,400 123,000 

" 3,45S,OOO l,S69, 000 2,559,000 49l,S50 293,000 94,000 132,000 375,000 290,000 9,961,850 

1931 

1 quarter 3,356,000 1,665,000 2,314,000 4S6,500 511,400 126,000 l\) 2 II 3,223,000 1,69~,000 2,359,000 464,500 539,300 123,000 

~ II 2,960,000 1,63 ,000 2,380,000 tt42,000 5~4,100 117,000 c.o II 2,g9o,ooo 1,601,000 2,216,000 5,000 314,000 5 1,000 92,000 370,000 249,000 S,71S,OOO ~ 

1932 

1 quarter 2,716,000 1,496,000 1,807,000 434,500 550, 700 86,000 

2 II 2,651,000 1,343,000 1,724,000 416,000 ~12,600 84,000 

~ II 2,363,000 1,235,000 1,668,000 4oS,750 65,000 78,000 n 2,251,000 1,198,000 1,599,000 398,000 270 , 000 432,000 73,000 357,000 197,000 6, 775,000 

1933 

1 quarter 2,201,000 1,127, 000 1,387,000 390,000 423,1.1:00 64,000 

2 II 1, 913 ,000 1,077,000 1,212,000 34g,ooo 356,900 ~2,000 

~ II 1,911 ,000 1,og4,ooo 1,322,000 300,000 271,000 9,000 II 2,002,000 1,168,000 1,336,000 2g5,000 200,000 1g5,000 52, 000 334 ,000 126,000 5,68S,OOO 

1934 

1 quarter Z,136,ooo 1,373,000 1,236,000 285,500 187 ,000 19g,99g 49,872 319,000 112,000 !),889.370 

6,191.568 2 II 2,160,000 1,~5,000 1,~83,000 301,000 179 , ooo· 202 , 476 42,486 296,606 1~?,000 6,098.501 

~ " 2,111,000 1, 3,000 1, ~1,000 297,000 164,000 192 ,g03 38,og6 277 ' 612 123,000 5.728,688 II 2,000,000 1,35g,ooo 1,3 5,000 300 , 000 149,961 17g ,657 39,882 252,188 105,000 

Source: L. C. A. Docket fi-5 - 2nd Quarter 1935. 

"294 

TABLE XXIII 

QUARTERLY HARDWOOD STOCK BY III vr~~ BI9H8 

1929 - 1934 

Appalachian North- and Southern Nor thern eastern North 

Hardwoods Hardwoods Hardwoods Centr~ l W~tlnut Total 1.! Ft . B.M. M Ft. B.M. lA Ft . B.M. M Ft. ll. ll. II Ft . B. ll . M Ft. B.M. 

1929 

let Quarter 2,189,000 532,600 19,000 

2nd I 2,204,000 546,800 20, 800 

4~ 2,43 ,000 5 ,500 24 , 700 

2, 57,000 526,000 300 ,000 156, 000 30 ,000 3,469 , 000 

1930 

let Quarter 2,574,000 640,000 31 ,900 

2nd I 2,700,000 7 9,600 33,4oo 

4~ 2, 673,000 742,300 31 ,900 

2,713,000 713,000 262,000 129, 000 30 , 300 3, 847 , 300 

1931 

let Quarter 2,621,000 801 ,100 26,900 

2nd I 2,~57,000 833,900 26,100 

4~ 2, 20,000 771,500 23, 100 2,354,000 692,000 241,000 115,000 22 . 300 3, 424,300 

1932 

let Quarter 2,203,000 676,100 21,100 

2nd • 2, 159,000 624,600 20,200 

4~ 1,992,000 ~34,100 18,800 

1,827,000 22,000 165,000 89, 000 17,000 2,520 ,000 

1933 

let Quarter 1,400,000 416,~ 15,900 

2nd I 1, 13,000 345, 13, 4oo 

a~ 1,434,000 295,700 11,800 

1,53 ,000 313,000 125,000 70 , 000 15,500 2,057,500 

1934 

let Quarter 1,566,000 356,006 120,200 70,000 15,700 2,127,906 

2nd I 1,604,000 363,643 125, 449 72 ~ 17,048 2,182 , 670 

4~ 1,62g,ooo 340,7g9 109 , 2 2 71 , 0 17, 5g3 2, 164, 014 

1,572,000 322,122 94,033 68, goo 17,716 2, 07 ,671 

Source: Lumber Code Authority Docket *5, 2nd Quarter, 1935· 

981.3 
• 
~ TABLE XXIV 00 p.,;&tv .: :. 1-d-

~ QUARTERLY SOFTWOOD PROfUCTIONS BY ~!VISIONS 1929 - 1934 M Ft. B. r.:. =--=-===-=----=..::._ ___ -_;._;,~.:.=..=.....:..=-:.....=...--====--======-:: -: -:. ~.; .=::..:.: :-: : : .= ::...: =-===-==-..:. .:...:.~-:. :-:: ':"= = .:..:...:. --.:-: =--= -: .: = ==·: =-..:.~-=- =-===..:.=.----==-=..=..:::..-=.-= .:..:..=..~-== :.=-=-==.=.-=:;.=.-: ==-==-=-== 

NnrthSou-::.hern West West<>rr. Ce_11forn a eastPrn Northern Appalachian Southern Northern 

Pine Coast Pine Redwooc. Soft,. oods Hemlock Softwoods Cypre ss Pine Total - ------- ---·- .. - . -- ------- . . -------- --· -·-·- ·----- -·- - ---- -·------- ----- ---- _,_ __ -,._ -- . . -------- -----------. ---- - -- . .. ·- - ------------- 1929 Total 11 ,630,000 10,147, 000 5,217,000 589,925 646,000 486,000 375,000 3Rl,OOO 357,000 29,828,925 

1 quarter 3,023,000 2,293,000 854,000 135,675 161,500 122,000 91,000 95,250 89,250 6,864, 675 

2 " 3,027 ,000 2,81~,000 1,582,000 1a3,500 161,500 122,500 88,000 95 . 250 89,250 8,1a7,000 

~ " 2,928,000 2,730,000 1,5~4,000 1 2,750 161,500 144,300 103,000 95,2'10 89,250 7,9 8,050 

2,652,000 2,306,000 1,227,000 158,000 161,500 97,200 93,000 95,250 89,250 6,879,200 

1930 Total 7 ,450,000 7,638,000 4,076,000 489,150 ss 4 ,ooo 3~0,000 301,000 379 ,000 222,000 21,489,150 

1 qua rter 2,104,000 2,098,000 687,000 145,300 138,500 109,100 95,000 94,750 55,500 5,424,150 2 It 2,0a1,000 2,341,000 1,417,000 128,800 138,500 111,700 86,000 94,750 55,500 6, 2 ,250 

a 

It 1,7 ~.ooo 1,570,000 1,257,000 107,450 138,500 102,600 64,000 94,750 55,500 4,134,800 It 1,550,000 1,629,000 715,000 107,600 138,500 56,600 56,000 94,750 55,500 ,402,950 

1931 Total 4,430,000 5, 367,000 2,757,000 281,300 333,000 261,000 211,000 255,000 95,000 13,990,300 

1 quarter 1,287,000 1,293,000 505,000 94,800 83,250 60,600 62,000 63,750 23,750 a·473,150 2 II 1,246,000 1,668,000 959,000 70, 500 1'>:J,250 90,000 61,000 63,750 23,750 ,265,250 

~ It 1,008,000 1,401,000 876,000 58,800 83,250 76,200 45,000 63,750 23,750 3,635 ,750 It 889,000 1,005,000 417,000 57 ,200 83,250 ~4,200 43,000 63 ,750 23,750 2,616,150 

1932 Total 3' 068' 000 3,090,000 1,817,000 174,250 236,000 114,000 130,000 118,000 58,000 8,805,250 lV 

<0 

1 quarter 703,000 831,000 228,000 49,150 59,000 52 ,700 a1'>,000 29' 500 14,500 2,004,850 c.n 

2 It 828,000 765,000 551,000 42,600 59 ,000 19,200 0,000 29,500 14,500 2,348,800 

a 

II 752,000 729,000 622,000 ll,625 59,000 14,400 27,000 29,500 14,500 2,285,025 II 785, 000 765,000 416,000 ,875 59 ,000 27' 700 25,000 29,500 14,500 <:,166,575 

1933 Total 4,200,000 4,6J3,000 2,338,000 203,900 264,000 117,000 142,000 115,000 49,000 12,081,900 

1 quA.rter 645,000 862,000 194,000 46,100 66,000 24,600 19,000 28,750 12,250 1,897,700 

2 II 843,000 1,190,000 646,000 32,900 66,000 3o,ago 33,000 28,750 12,250 2,887,200 

a 

It 1,4oo,ooc 1,473,000 913,000 53,600 66,000 28, 0 51,000 28,750 12,250 4,026,000 n 1,307,000 1,128,000 585,000 71,300 66,000 33.700 39,000 28,750 12,250 3,271,000 

1934 Total 4,680,000 4,275,000 2,649,000 350,450 290,882 181,578 56,671 110,310 84,433 12,678,324 

1 quar ter 1,450,000 1,208,000 375,000 80,900 78,900 50,826 14,551 24,461 10,733 3,293,371 

2 II 1,375,000 1,046,000 908,000 93,700 83,972 ~,842 18,717 24,974 37,000 3,641,205 

a II 1,009,000 1,024 , 000 850,000 86,600 75,503 ,419 9,399 30,582 30,000 3,163,503 II 846,000 997,000 516,000 89,250 52,507 28,491 14,004 30,293 6,700 2,580,245 

Total 35,458,000 35,170,000 18,854,000 2,088,975 2,323,882 1,539,578 1,215,671 1,358,310 865,433 98,873,849 

.Q Year Average 5,909,666 5,861,666 3,142,333 34S,l63 390,647 256,596 202,612 226,385 144,239 16,478,975 

Source: L. C. A. Docket 'IF5 - 2nd Quarter 1935· 
296 

TABLE XXV H J1Ws'o s. QUARTERLY HARDWOOD. PRODUCTION BY ISIONS 

1929 - 1934 

AppalllCh1an Northand Southern Northern eastern North 

Hard"oode Hard"oode Hard"oods Central Walnut Total 

14 Ft. B.!l . !l Ft. B.ll. II F't. B.ll. lol Ft. B.ll. II F't. B. II. 

1929 5,315,000 939,000 521,000 381,250 71,500 7,227,750 

let Quarter 1,2S6,000 313,600 130,250 95,250 13,200 1,838,300 

2nd • 1,251,000 277,900 130,250 95,250 19,200 1, 773.600 

ard 1,4?7,000 196,300 130,250 95,250 19,~ 1,898,500 

th 1,321,000 151,200 130,250 95,500 19, 1,717,350 

1930 3.792,000 794,000 3S5,000 230,000 36.300 5,237.300 

let Quarter l,lS9,000 335.~ 96,250 57.500 11,900 1,690,150 

2nd • l,OS6,000 25S, 96,250 57.500 11,100 1,509.250 

ard SlO,OOO 121,600 96,250 57,500 6,300 1,091,650 

th 707,000 79.500 96,250 57.500 7,000 946,250 

1931 2,24?,000 . 464,000 237,000 148,000 23,200 3.117,200 

let Quarter 664,000 20.J,500 59,250 37,000 4,500 970,250 2nd • 646,000 1 .soc 59,250 37,000 7,100 894,150 

a~ 476,000 62,200 59,250 37,000 5,000 ~9.450 459,000 51,500 59.250 37,000 6,600 3.350 

1932 1,395,000 230,000 130,000 ~.ooo 9,200 1,848,200 

let Quarter 408,000 134,100 32,500 21,000 2, 700 598,300 2nd • 425,000 52,000 32,500 21,000 2,SOO 5~3·~ 

a~ 289,000 19,~00 32,500 21,000 1,600 3 3. 

273,000 24, 0 32,500 21,000 2,100 353,000 

1933 2,090,000 24o,ooo 14o,OOO 109,800 22,000 2, 60l,SOO 

let Quarter 279,000 46,000 35,000 27,600 2,900 §90,500 2nd • 488,000 36,500 35,000 27,600 3,500 90,600 

4~ 749,000 7l,SOO 35,000 27,000 6,300 889,100 

574,000 S5,700 35,000 27,600 9,300 731,600 

1934 1,950,000 281,075 144,676 150,752 16,962 2,543,465 

let Quarter 566,000 112,420 56,000 48,352 4,85~ 787,627 2nd • 603,000 80,326 54,223 46,500 4,62 788,673 

4~ 458,000 46,076 18,160 31,600 4,154 ~,990 323,000 42,253 16,293 24,300 3,329 ,175 

Source: Lumber Code Authority Docltet ~. 2nd Quarter, 19J5. 

~813 
let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

12..ll. 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

let quarter 

Total 

Shipments 

7,106.9 

8,121. 3 

7.449.9 

6,248.2 

5,586.3 

5. 790.5 

5.092.2 

4,333.0 

4,066.5 

4,300.3 

3.921.3 

2,878.5 

2, 700.8 

2, 719.8 

2,848.1 

2,516.5 

2,253.11 

3.500. 7 

11,079.0 . 

3.209.9 

2,883,2 

3,213.9 

3. 372.9 

3.06o.9 

3.191.1 

Southern Ping 

Per ent 

Estimated of 

Shipments Softwood 

2,957 r 

3.078 

2,814 

2,484 

1,960 

1,889 

1,696 

1,511 

1,389 

1,378 

1,271 

960 

732 

'1,186 

1,292 

1,087 

1,271 

1,161 

1,220 

41.6 

37.9 

37.8 

39.7 

35.1 

32. 7 

33.3 

3~·9 

34.2 

32.1 

. 32.4 

33.5 

32.4 

32.1! 

36.5 

35· 7 

Jl.1 

ee oa.e 

Pet Cent 

Estimated of 

Shipment• Softwood 

2,374 

2,914 

2,514 

2,162 

2,101 

2,2~9 

1,1!07 

1,478 

1,4-95 

1,640 

1,460 

1,031! 

959 

918 

837 

1!02 

33.4 

3~.9 

33.1! 

34. 7 

37.6 

311.5 

35.5 

34.1 

36.7 

38.1 

37.3 

36.0 

35.5 

33.8 

29.4 

31.9 

871 38·5 

1,154 J2.9 

1,36o 33.4 

963 JO,O 

1,004 

903 

1,085 

l,Oo6 

1.135 35·5 

Source: Lumber Code Authority Docket Number 5; 2nd quarter, 1935. 

Eatimated 

Shipments 

1,174 

1,407 

1,471! 

1,014 

949 

1,074 

1,031 

866 

618 

631 

693 

542 

112, 

793 

817 

564 

SOl 

6os 

(Killion fest B.K.) 

16.5 

17.3 

11!.5 . 

16.2 . 

17.0 

111.5 

20.2 

20.0 

18.6 

20.4 

21.6 

20.4 

22.9 

23.2 

24.3 

21.5 

19.1 

2J. 7 

20,0 

17.6 

17.7 

23.9 

23,8 

20.3 

19.0 

e woo Per Cen\ Estimated of 

Shipments Softwood 

131.1! 

163.6 

149.1 

130.1! 

132. 

127. 

111 •• 

100. 7 

93.4 

72.4 

64.4 

59.4 

60.1! 

44.8 

55.4 

54.1 

75. 

101.6 

86.3 

. 77.4 

85. 

90.7 

84.1 

81,6 

, 

1.1! 

2.0 

2,0 

2.1 

2.4 

2.2 

2.2 

2.2 

2.5 

2.2 

1.11 

2.2 

2.2 

2,2 

1.6 

2.2 

2.4 

2.2 

2,6 

2. 7 

r ern 

Estimated 

Shipments 

90. 7 

119.1 

135· 

73.2 

65.4 

115.3 

71.3 

63.0 

43.2 

62.1 

61.4 

47.3 

43. 

57.3 

62. 

60.7 

32.8' 

97.2 

114.3 

119.7 

1.3 

1.5 

1.11 

1,2 

1.2 

1.5 

1.4 

1.5 

1.1 

1.4 

1.6 

1,6 

1,6 

2.1 

2.2 

2.4 

I.5 

2,8 

2.7 

1.5 

1.7 

1.4 

I. I 

01 ea;.:;noent 

Estimated of 

Shipments 8Qftwood 

133.4 

158. 7 

177.8 

165.1 

153.1 

147.3 

164.9 

123. 7 

101.4 

82.7 

68.6 

59.2 

511.8 

70. 

711.4 

72.11 

70.2 

113. 5 

93.5 

86.11 , 

91.5 

91.9 

90. 

67.2 

1.9 

1.9 

2.3 

2.6 

2.6 

2. 7 

2.9 

2. 7 

Estimated 

Shipments 

246. 

280.9 

282. 

219.1 

221.11 

2311.9 

211. 

194.3 

179.2 

166.1 

140.9 

122.6 

85.6 

89.7 

92.9 

115.6 

67.3 

111. 

108.6 

9.7.1 

77.6 

99.3 

86.3 

76.8 

81.6 

4.0 

4.1 

4.2 

4.5 

~ 3.2 ~ 

3.3 

3·3 

3.4 

3o0 
QUa.rterly Shipments or llaxdwood Lumber By --~ ... 1929 - 1935 

(Killion f et B.K.) 

southern & ilJ?alachian Northern North Central llortheaatern · Walnut All Other 

Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 

Total Estimated of Estimated of Estimated of Estimated or Estimated of Estimated of 

------------~S~h~ipme_n~t~s ____ ~S~h1~p~m_e_n_t_s __ ~R~ar~d~•~o~o~d ___ ~S_h1~p~m_e~ te ____ ~wo~o~d--~~-i~p~m~e~n~ts~ __ Ha~r~d~•~o~od~--~~~i~p~m_e~nt~e~-=Bu~d~•~o~od~--~Sh_1£p~m_en~t~s~_H_ar~d~wo~o~d~--S~h~i~p~me~n~t~s~~R~a~r=d~~~o~d~ 

let quarter 

2nd qua.rter 

Jrd quarter 

4th quarter 

let que.rter 

2nd quarter 

Jrd quarter 

4th quarter 

ill! 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

!2E 

let quarter 

2n!1 quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th qua.rter 

!ill 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd qUArter 

4th quarter 

!il!i 

let quarter 

2nd quarter 

3rd quarter 

4th quarter 

!212 

1st quarter 

1,889.1 

1,849.9 

1, 747.2 

1,540. 

1,476.6 

1,306.8 

1,079. 4 

1,032.5 

1,042.2 

1,030.2 

887.0 

1108.5 

879.2 

6S2.6 

733.0 

6;1. 7 

541.8 

1,066.1 

96~.~ 

6S7.2 ' 

717.8 

71j.4.4 

584.7 . 

511.6. 

1,356 

1,377 

1,289 

1,132 

1,080 

9~ 

784 

731 

796 

795 

639 

571 

636 

495 

547 

460 

408 

86; 

71j.4 

5 q 

532.9 

565.3 

434.2 

378.5 

520.4 

71.8 

74.5 

73.8 

7}.6 

73.1 

To!.~ 

72.7 

70.8 

76.4 

77.1 

72.1 

70.6 

72.3 

72.4 

74.6 

66.5 

75.3 

81.5 

77.2 

75.6 

74.2 

75-9 

74.2 

74.0 

76.0 

284. 

232. 7 

233.6 

165.7 

191.5 

178.8 

128.9 

108.8 

117.4 

112. 

124.6 

131. 

150. 

10}.5 

110. 

136.5 

51.3 

107.8 

121.5 

6S.4 

Bouroes LuabBr Code Autbori ty DoolrBt ~bBr 5, 2nd. qua.rtez, 1935. 

15.1 

12.6 

13.4 

10.9 

13.0 

13.7 

12.0 

10.5 

11.3 

10.9 

14.0 

16.2 

17.1 

15.2 

15.0 

19. 7 

9.5 

1(}.1 

12.6 

9-9 

9.5 

9-9 

11.8 

11.9 

13.1 

91.6 

100.4 

91.2 

81.8 

71.9 

69.1 

56.6 

57.4 

41. 

37.6 

48.1 

35.3 

29.7 

28. 

22.7 

29.6 

21.3 

31.9 

42.~ 

33· 7 

41.3 

~3·9 

32.7 

26. 7 

32.9 

4.8 

5.4 

5.2 

5-3 

4.9 

5-3 

5.2 

5.6 

3.4 

4.1 

3.1 

4.5 

3-9 

3.0 

4.4 

4.9 

5.8 

5-9 

5.6 

5.2 

4.9 

129.6 

110.4 

105.6 

134.4 

114.2 

97-3 

93.1 

118.4 

72.2 

69.7 

59.3 

56.8 

55.6 

47.4 

45.3 

57.7 

48.6 

41.4 

39.6 

50.4 

60.8 

48.9 

34.4 

Jl.5 

6.9 

6.0 

6.0 

8.7 

7. 7 

7.4 

8.6 

11.5 

6.9 

6.8 

6. 7 

7.0 

6.3 

6.9 

6. 2 

8.3 

9.0 

3-9 

4.1 

7-3 

8.5 

6.6 

5-9 

6.2 

3-9 

15.9 

17.4 

15.8 

14.1 

10. 

9.6 

7.8 

7-9 

8.6 

7-9 

8. 

7.4 

3·9 

3- 7 

3. 

3-9 

3.6 

6. 

7-9 

6. 7 

4.6 

3.1 

4.5 

4. 

4.3 

.8 

.9 

.9 

.8 

. 7 

• 7 

• 7 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.9 

·9 

,lj. 

• 5 

.4 

.6 

. 7 

• 6 

.8 

1.0 

.6 

.4 

.8 

.8 

.6 

12. 

12. 

12. 

12. 

9. 

10. 

7. 

8. 

8. 

7. 

4. 

5 • 

5· 

4. 

9 • 

10. 

10. 

10. 

10. 

10. 

10. 

.6 

.6 

• 7 

• 7 

.6 

.8 

.8 

.8 

. 7 

• .s 

.9 

.9 

.5 ~ • 7 

• 7 

.6 

1.6 

.9 

.9 

1.3 

1.4 

1.3 

1.7 

1.9 

1.5 
t.O 

Table XXVI II 

00 Costs of Producing Southern Pine ~ 

~ 

Jl8ilu- Generar--ueprec 1-

Period Source of Data Logging Milling fac tur i~ and ation 

( Sul>-t.ot Adminis. 

First 

quarter 

. 1934 Industry questionnaires $6.88 $6.g3 $13.71 $4.55 :v 

Year 

1929 u.s. Tariff Comrnission1/ 7.14 11 7.63 14.77 }j 5. 41 }j .oo ?J 

1930 ·, Southern Pine Aas'n 6.30 5. ~9 11.99 3.4S 1. 61 

1929 Southern Pine Ass'n 6. 75 6,10 12.S5 3.14 1. 62 

1928 Southern Pine Ass'n 6.66 6.06 12.72 3.ll 1.60 

1927 Southern Pine Ass'n 7.37 6. 37 13. 74 3.0S 1. 55 

1926 Southern Pine Ass'n 7.29 6.58 13.87 3.01 1. 57 

1925 Southern Pine Ass'n 6.59 6.31 12.90 2. 77 1. 55 

1924 Southern Pine Asa'n 6.85 6.31 13.16 2. 69 1.47 

1923 Southern Pine Ass'n 6.56 6.04 12.60 2. 61 1.35 

1922 Southern Pi ne Aas'n 5.58 5,1S 10.76 2. 50 1.27 

1921 Southern Pine Asa'n 6.0S 5.29 11.37 2. 73 1.30 

1/ The U.S. Tariff Commission included depreciation in these items. 

gj The U.S. Tariff Commission did not consider selling expenses. 

Shipping Total 

and Conversion Stumpage Costs 

Selling (Sub-total) 

$2.6S $20.94 $4.31 $25.25 

20.1S 5.23 25.41 

2.26 19.34 5. 6S 25.02 

2.13 19.74 6.06 25.80 

2.05 19.48 5.46 24.94 

2.06 20.43 5.52 25.95 

2.00 20.45 5· 63 26.10 

1.92 19.14 5.54 24. 6S 

1.89 19.21 5.S7 25.0S 

l.S4 IS. 40 5. 63 24.03 

1.68 16.21 5.34 21.55 

1.71 17.11 5.33 22.44 

l/ The Industry Co st sheets were so arranged as to classify· depreciation with the operation expense - separate t~bu1at ion, 

however, developed this item to amount to $1.42 in this period. 

Sources: Indicated opposite each aeries, 

Compiled by: D. N. Burnham, C.P.A. · Division of Review, NRA. 

lO 

t.O 

c..o 

<0 

Table X.XIX 

00 ••• ,G'Il PiDe Out• ~ 

First 

Quarter Year Year Year Year Year Year 

11]4- ly~+ ll12 1~9 ljf 1~7 1l76 

Logging $ 6. 93 $ 7.53 $ 7.53 $ 9.17 $9.13 $10.2g $10.02 

Sawmill and yard 4-.77 4-,54- 4-.40 

Pond to trimmer 1.77 2.27 02. 4-1 2. 4-1 

Chain to pile inclusive 1.54- 1.40 1. 7g 1. 63 

Overhead 4-.70 4-.35 2.4-4 1.53 3.4-6 1.91 1. 77 

Depreciation {Sawmill, etc.} • g2 .g6 • 55 0 56 53 

Cost in pilf' - 16.40 17. 24- 14-.14- 14-.92 17.59 16.94 16.37 

Pile to planer inclusive 1.27 l. 67 1.40 2.03 3.01 1.97 1.67 

Shipping expense 1.54- l. 56 1.20 1.23 1.40 l. 4-5 

Depreciation (Planing mill,etc.} .27 .36 .25 .32 .29 C.:l 

Q 

2.12 2.64- 1.55 5/ 

c: 

Selling expense 1;39 1.32 1.19 

Cost in· car - 21.33 23.3g lg.65' 19 .. ,g2 l!0.60 21.94- 20.96 

Stumpage (Lumber tally basis) 2.11 2,g6 2.g9 2.17 2.4-7 2.4-2 2.4-6 

Operating costs and stumpage 23.4-4- 26.24- 21.54 21.99 23.07 24-.36 23.4-2 

Other costs .00 .oo .30 .77 .oo .g7 1.05 

Total - All costs 23.4-4 26.24 2l.g4 22. 76 23.07 25.23 24.4-7 

5I 

M Industry questionnaires. ~ources: Indicated by column references 

~ Western Pine association. Compiled by: D. N. Burnham, C.P.A. 

U.S. Tariff Commission. Division of Review,NRA. 

Western Pine Manufacturer's Association. 

Without selling and interest. 

30i 

TABLE XXX 

LUYBERa Costs and Realization. 

BASIS: Thousand Feet Board Jr.easure 

Industry Data United 

Under Code States 

Jany-Feby-Jlch. 1'aritt 

122!! com .. misai~n 

Reported Reported Costs 

Costs Bealize.tion 1929 

Southern Pine a 

Large 16.lls $ 24-53 $ 26.63 • (1) 

Small llills 20.1:2 . 22.2k (1) 

.111 Kills 24.04 2/J.CY'/ 28.25 

Southern Hardwoods 28.58 32·33 (1} 

Appalachian Hardwood 32.68 35·~ (1) 

Western Pine 

-(Ponderosa} 24.00 23.18 23·07 

West Coast a 22.96 

Douglas Fir and Hemlock -

Large lfills 18.;1 17.91 (1} 

Small Jti.lla 12.31 1!,..66 (1} 

S1 t.lca Spruce 22.83 22.19 (1) 

(1) Not separately tabulated by United States Tariff Commission. 

9813 

Compiled By a D. N. Burnham, C.P.A. 

Review Division, N.R.A. 

Sources: Industry Data from 

Industry Questionnaires 

Tariff Commission Data 

trom Repcrt to the 

President on ~r Report No.32, Second Series. 

Page 22. 
<0 T.\8!.." X:<Xt 

00 CONS~JPTlON CF DOMESTIC LUYBfR BY THF ONSTRUCTION, WOODEN CONTAIKfR ,..... 

~ Aml ALL Ol'tr:R I 1DUSTRIAL us-AS VOR TKf Y!:AR 1928 

-~-------- - -- - (U r:.B:1.1.)-=~=-=---- _ 

____ ____Q£m_at,_r:uc~lon.!/ __ Lumber Indu ~rlalty Conaum~d 

By Other Thl'n ConRti'UctLon Prod~cteY Total]/ 

Softwood HA wood To !.Ill Softwood Softwood Hardwood To~al Softwood Hardwood ""'i'Ota1 ------- -- ----- ----------- Alabama 1'1,106 l},ill 11111,(62 ~11,693 15,753 ';0,446 33,434 16,8~ 50,256 199,233 115,831 245,064 Arizona 55,817 5, 61, 61 30,009 10,009 1,?76 1, :u6 87,102 5,6811 92,786 Arknnea• ag.779 },719 4-o,491! 17.864 }<;,220 51,084 16,1193 51,569 68,062 71,136 90,508 161,644 Cal1forn1a 1, 3 '271 1}S.~l6 1,47S.787 67.746 120,095 1 7.1141 107,767 25.u2 1~2,8~9 1,515,7811 280,68~ 1, 796,1167 Colorado 119. 64-o 12,097 131,737 11,032 <' 11,034 37,225 1, 5 8,8 0 167,897 13,7 181,641 

Conn&c t 1out 318,247 32,1~ 350,1125 38,"69 'H,210 75.719 17,060 13,6(8 30,698 373,876 113,026 456,902 De ll>. war e 35,04-11 4·5 38,592 7,959 600 1!,5 9 22,096 },0 5 25,141 65,103 4·lg9 72,292 D. C. 339,232 3 ,300 364.542 9 9 1,906 322 2,228 }1+1,147 3 ,622 375.769 Florida 94.z60 9,581 1 .... 1 llo,750 z.692 4-8,11Jl2 11,537 4,377 12,914 11111,0117 21,650 165,697 0&org1s 217. 29 21,9e5 239.~14 35,1138 1 • ,4, 1+9,1131 11+,981 21,229 }6,210 267,898 57,557 325,455 

I daho 12,981 1,313 111,294 41,92~ 3 111,955 16,2511 llo7 16,661 71,160 1,750 72,910 Ill1no1e 2,1134.55G 246,161 2,680, 716 11!5,47 75. 68li 261,158 210,170 211,455 1121,625 2,830,199Y 533.300 3, 364,499 I ndta.na llo6,08 41,060 11Jl7,111Jl 15.'9:> 71,294 86, 61!6 115,690 254,810 390,500 557,166 367,164 92 .330 

I owa 98,654 9,975 l08,6?Q 12, 1!11 10,46 :n,276 41,719 20,888 62,607 15},184 41,328 194,512 KanG&o 80,91~ 11,1111 119,09<; 1,686 492 ~.178 ~7 ,115 11,675 48,790 119,715 20, -;4-g 140,063 

Kentucky 140,626 14,219 154,811<; 15,1120 46,454 61,874 21,015 126,1?7 11+7,16? 177.0!11 186,800 363,881 Lou1o1ana 109,904 11,113 121,017 25,1119 65,182 90,601 2o,nJ 11,005 ·n.pll 156,056 87,300 2113.356 Ma i ne 27,260 2,756 ~0,016 106,145 22,11Q4 106,242 1'1,220 24,11!5 43, 05 152,625 27,038 179,663 Ma.ryland 223.703 22,619 246,322 ~~~.159 10!>,993 13,507 21!, 3711 41,885 321,~69 74,831 395,200 MaeEaohueette 870,797 81!,047 95t,1111Jl 26 ,814 22,91 21!6, 727 46,047 9 ,811 139,85t 1,180 , 58 20 • 771 1,3115,429 

M1 oh1SAn 1,191,4211 120,466 1,}11,890 3 3 ,4-o6 68,081 4-ol, 1187 164,9115 524,882 6!19,827 1, 61!9. 775 713,1129 2,4-o3,204 llinneeot a m,m 22,4-oo 211),'139 65,0911 20, 7<.4 85,852 62,392 26,201 U,593 3~,029 69,3~ 418,384 M18a1ee1pp1 37. 3,1!06 41,450 10,z.a3 'il, '91 62,224 16,075 6,047 22,122 .552 61,2 125,796 111 saour1 }911, 295 llo,272 11311,567 92, c; 17,5& 1§0· 333 60,~3 54 ,ll-6!1 115,031 551.303 1}2, 628 683,931 llont ana 19,038 1,925 20,963 5"'.178 5,178 9, 7 253 9,710 83,673 2,1711 85,851 

N&braska 79,832 11,072 87,904 8,0 4 5.295 1 '329 2n92 7,)02 31,094 111,658 20,669 132,327 ~ 

N

N

e

ew 

vad

i!aJJ>p

a eh1 ~ 

8,654 

6,707 

87S 

678 

9,529 • 12 86 1,4911 10,066 961 11,024 ~ 7,385 146,100 1,107 144,207 6,620 26,322 ~2,9112 146,427 28,107 174,53 New Jersey 827 ·~28 11},672 911,200 1 • 7211 5,171 1 5,1!99 7<l,703 67,089 1 6, 792 1,047. 9~9 155,932 1,205,891 New llex.1co 13, 14 1,356 14,770 27,325 ?7. 25 1,132 36 1,161! 41,8 1 1,392 II ,263 

New York. 6,1!38,518 691,451 7,529,969 302,021 29,418 331,439 160,~4 225,563 385,837 7.300,813.!/ 946,1132 8 . 2:!.4· 211? North Carolina 211! ~11 22,094 24-o,605 151,022 20,948 171,970 27. 9 20},872 231,521 394,1e2 246,914 6 ,096 Nor t h Dakota 13, 14 1, 356 14,770 l, 315 27 1,}1!-2 1 .729 1,383 16,112 Ohio 1,18(,'119 119,657 1,303.07!> 203,182 103,1166 )07,01111 1}9,722 158,432 2911,154 1,526,323 381,955 1,908,278 Olt1a.homa 17 ,376 17,631 192,007 1,6}6 1,526 3,162 7,936 1,659 9,59S 11$3,948 20,816 204,764 

Oregon 133,703 13,519 147,222 '11!5,199 '1!5,199 59,691!1 19,969 49,667 578,600 3},481! 612,Qa8 enn~U"l o.n1a 1,2911,516 1}1,295 1,429 ,till 291,085 171, '75 462.4-60 80,353 162,989 2 3,342 1,669,951!- 1165,659 2,135.613 Rhode Island 17},078 17,500 190,578 2}, 690 23.690 2,3117 11,211 6,~8 199,155 21,711 220,866 South Carolina 22,716 2,297 25,013 32,959 2~.967 56,926 5.136 11,316 13, 2 60,1!11 }4,580 95,391 South Dakota 12,51111 1,269 13,817 6,1131 6,11}1 ,750 112 5,862 24,729 1,3111 26,110 

Tenneeeee 199,039 20,125 219,164 15,493 18,734 54,227 21$,157 83,904 112,061 262,6!19 122,763 }85,~ Texao <;<;6,012 56,219 612,2"'1 1!1,061 27.~70 35. 0 31 32,085 16,597 4-11,61!2 596,158 100, 61!6 696, Utah 41,539 ll-,200 45,73° ~.~6'i 3,8~ 4,719 291 <;,010 50,123 4,491 54,6111 V&rmont 32,019 3.237 ""5,256 l ,986 2,218 17,2 3,1130 32,632 36,462 50,835 38,087 1$8,922 V1rs1n1a 120,289 12,16 1}2,452 156,042 1,1127 187.~69 39,289 95,819 135,108 315,620 139,4-09 1155,029 

llaah1ngton 3~.319 ""0,669 3~,91!8 504,9211 6,4-o2 511,326 105,803 13,94-o 119, 71!-3 914,01!-6 41,011 965,057 lleat V1rs1n1a ,135 11,1163 ,598 1!1,349 211,11116 (g· 705 102,039 1! ,673 110,712 154.,23 1,582 196,105 lliaconsln ~61!,006 37 , 210 4-o~,216 157.762 82,819 2 ,581 60,61!7 158,003 218,690 51!6, 55 278,032 864,1187 llyoa1ng 3,678 72 , 050 1,1!80 229 2,109 5. 558 601 6,159 

21 ,634.717 2, 1117 ,513 2),822,230 4,189,218 1,285,063 5,11711,281 2,117,065 2,1128 , 424 4, 945, 1189 27,941,000 6,}01, 000 34,242,000 

Source : ll Computed. 

Zl "Luaber Oead ln M&nutao~ure 1928° - U.S.DA. Poreot Servic e . ]/ 'l'ota.le tr011 '1'1aber Coneern.Uon Boar<1 Report - J ul.r }0, 1931 - Chart Leu txporto l'l'om 

Domestic Commaroe, Iooua f7 - FebruAry 10 , 1935 - St&te Breakdown Computed , Paae 3· 

"llcr1d Lwlber Preu Int'ol':ll&t1on : Departmen t ot COIIUIIIIroa , Bureau of 1ore1SII and 
TABLE XXXII 

co COllS\IMP':'ION CF DOI'" S'CIC Llll.!fle:R BY THE CONSTRUCTION, WOODEN CONTAillER 00 

~ AJID ALL 01'HI':R INDUST!UAL USERS FOR THE YEAR 1933 

~ (:II Ft . 8 . 11.) 

:· :===--~-===-.:.....:...:=-=---=.:.=..===~--= =-====~.:.. .:~:: :: == -~=- ·-

Construct i onY W0oden ~~ inerg; Lumber I ndustr i ally Consumed !!:LQ _TI_ta...n._Con'!.Y'U tio!l_~oductsY Total.:V sor twood-- Hflrdwoocr--- ·fiitRI sortwood-- ·li.;rciW"ci<ii - - -Totaf Soft wood Hardwooo Total SOITwood ----.r.;:-~v;oo<l -· Total 

------ -------·-- - ·------- - ------- --·----·---------,--

Alabruna ;$8, 900 ,~21 44,421 4,295 5, 309 9 ,604 g,919 1,997 10,916 52 . 114 12, t- 27 64 ,941 Ari:r.ona 10, 500 1, ~ 11 ,987 26,552 26, 552 g94 1 895 37 .946 1,4811 39.4)4 Arkansa s 8,200 1, 1 9.G64 13,1192 30 ,96} 44 11 ~ '5 , 347 29,36!1 34,715 27 ,439 1,49~ 88,934 California 1 '9,6. 700 274,7112 2, 211 , 82 391, 261 63 391, 32 .3a8 9, 969 69 ,307 2, 387,299 2114, Ill 2, 672 ,113 Colorado 7.900 6, 1102 54. 702 ' ,950 100 4,050 ' 2 7 662 4,909 56.097 7, 564 63.661 

Connecticut 212,100 30 ,090 242,190 20 , 1178 2,4'50 2~, 32 11 2, 729 5,<;113 11, 312 2G5. 101 38, 2~ 27),830 Delaware 41, 400 5 , 11 71 47.271 4, 501 , 501 324 213 537 6,225 6 , 011 

D 52,Go9 . c. 166.6oo 23,638 190,238 203 203 9 6 

11. l~a 166,812 23, 644 190, 56 Flor ida 115,000 16,319 131, 319 18, 951 4,665 23,616 9, 7~4 1,390 14G. 685 22 , 374 166,059 Georgia 63. 600 9,026 72,626 16,806 12,228 29 ,034 H ,3 2 12, 003 26, 345 9 • 748 33,257 128,005 

I daho 5. 500 776 6.276 16,252 1 16,253 4, 324 15 4, 339 26,076 792 26,868 I11 i nois 251.200 35, 637 286,837 91, 237 49,552 14o, 789 56,942 69,81111 126,1130 399.379 155, 077 554.456 Indiana 92,900 13,177 106.077 3a 6 16, 6!10 51 , 916 33 , 67 82,463 115,1130 161,503 112 , 320 27),823 I owa 78.900 11,198 098 ,2 9 645 4,894 7 . 60 4, 1109 12, 269 90,609 16 ,652 107,261 Kansas 39. 800 5, 651 5.451 1, 462 6,202 7 , 664 13, 901 2,336 16, 237 55.163 14, 189 69. 3'\2 

Kentucky 92 ,100 13,073 10,.17) 7, 58!1 9,7116 14 ·~4 6, 619 26,5211 33 ,147 106,307 49 ,3117 155.694 Loui siana 56,800 8 ,056 6 ,856 9 ,052 15,395 2 ' 7 13, 116 7. 642 20 ,7 58 78,~68 31 , 09 3 110,061 lAR ine )9,000 a. 534 44,534 36, 777 69 6 ~,664 211 , 249 31,913 79. 41 ~3 ,852 113,293 !.Ia ryl and 171 ,801 2 . 375 196,175 31,676 II , 376 ,052 • 663 10,562 1a,22a 208, 139 3, 313 251,452 Massachusetts 519, )00 73 , 680 592,980 105 , 670 2,618 1011, 2811 12, 427 41 ,977 5 , 4o 637' 397 118 ,275 755.672 

Mi chigan 168.200 23,1170 192 ,070 111 ,948 14, 7311 129 , 686 43 , 475 102, 660 146, 135 J23, 623 144,2611 467, 891 llinnesota 180,500 25,603 206 ,103 27. 6611 2 , 193 51,861 28 , 523 10, 5118 39 ,111 236,691 60, 384 297.075 Missi s•i ppi 15,900 2, 250 18,150 18,472 111, 526 36, 998 5.055 1, 11511 6,913 39. 427 22,634 62,061 

Mi ssouri 311.800 44,237 356,037 14,432 19,240 36,672 30 , 462 25, ~ 55,851 359. 694 1111,866 448, 560 

Montann 13,800 1,953 15.753 ,317 4, 317 1 ,5111 1, 566 19, 635 2, 001 21 ,636 

Nebraska 34. 500 4,901 39. 401 1,844 2,1183 4,727 4, 3116 2, 2911 6, 6!14 40,730 10,082 50. 812 

Nevada 3.6oo 517 4,117 7 7 585 82 667 4,192 599 4, 791 

New He.moshire 17,500 2, !11S3 19. 983 76,102 1, 499 77 ' 601 2,959 15 , 382 18,341 96,561 19,364 115.925 

!lew Jers ey 325,700 46,215 371.915 51, 142 5,526 56,668 15 , 47a 16, 901 32,376 392.317 6!1 , 642 46o, 959 5. 700 ~ Ne" l!exico 802 6,502 19,546 19 ,546 70 10 714 25, 950 812 26,762 0 

2,1)2,800 2,43G .396 100, 55 6 64,964 97,411 165,~ 5 2, 3o1.G2o 415,228 2, 716,548 ~ 

Ne" Yor k 302 , 596 15,221 115,747 North Caro1inR 65, 6oo 9,310 7 ,910 68 ,121 17, 622 115,7 3 1 . 748 122.690 1371 38 148, 69 149,622 298.091 

tlorth Dakot p 5.700 802 6,502 

79,Jg 

76 ~ 10 ~ 6,031 1112 6,843 

Ohio 299.300 42.465 )41, 765 49 , 459 128, 9011 72 ,2 77 ,100 149,3 451, 013 169,024 620,037 

Ok1r'><>"'e. 75.600 10,720 86,320 2,242 160 2,402 3. 314 251 3,565 81,156 11,131 92,287 

Or"gon 58,700 8,,27 67, 027 196, 017 26 196,043 9~5 19 , 690 ~,6 5 280,652 28 , 043 308,695 

Pennsylvania 496,700 70 , 73 567, 173 106, 177 41 , 264 147 ' 441 41 ,8 1 92 ,325 13 ,176 644 ,728 204, 062 848,790 

Rhode Island 94, )00 3,~g 3 107.683 7. 669 4· 669 593 1,373 1,966 102,5 2 14,456 11 7. 8 South Car olina 24,300 9~ 27.lflG 12,265 2,703 1 ,968 2, 586 2,330 4, 916 39.151 s, 86 47 . 37 

South Dal<ota 6, 700 7. 3.356 3. 356 1,012 23 1,035 11,068 967 12.035 

Tennes see 90,800 12,879 103,679 10,4o2 17, 319 27 , 721 13,0S7 118,135 101 ,222 114 28~ 118,333 232, 622 

TexaA 301, 200 42,737 142,937 15,~~ 17' 779 33 ,1F 16,532 11,007 27 , 539 333.12 71 ,523 4o4,647 

Utah 14 ,200 

2, 014 1 ,217 4 2 1, 303 356 1, 659 15.945 2,373 18, 318 

Vermon t 13.500 1,91 15,414 12 ,<;43 4811 13,031 1,623 12,914 14 ,534 27,666 15, 316 42,982 

Virginia 121 ,600 

17,250 138,850 50,942 17 , 423 68, 365 16,419 68, 2115 114, 70 188,961 102 , 958 291.919 

111.600 

15, 827 127,427 157 .374 218 157.592 27 ,488 11, 923 36, 411 296.462 Wa shington 24, 968 321,430 

We 23,300 26,610 36. 862 st Virgi ni a 111 ,200 3,310 126.976 8, 31S 26,800 35,118 5,244 3,412 8 ,656 195. il8 33.522 ]0, 384 

Wisconsin 1,500 15,776 54 , 055 33.576 87,631 30 463 50,667 81,130 100, 019 295.737 

Wyoming 220 1, 720 12 12 1 }08 26 1, 334 2,820 246 3.o66 

Total 9,114,000 1 , 293,091 10,4o7 ,091 2,054,374 494,765 2,549,139 739,497 1,167,805 1,907,302 11 ,907.871 2, 955. 661 14,863. 5)2 

I Source :]/Computed . 

JV"Lumber Used i n Manuf acture 1933" U.s.O .A. Forest Service . 

]/Totals f rom Lumber Code Author i ty Docket f5 - 2nd Quarter 1935 - Less Exports rrom 'Wor d Lumb r Preee Information,• Depart ment or Comme rce, Bureau ot Foreign and Domestic 

Commeroe , Issue *7 - Februar y 10 , 1935. Page 3. 
1920 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1925 

1926 

1927 

192g 

1929 

1930 

1931 

1932 

1933 

1934 

Sources: 

TABLE XXXIII 

COMPARISON BETWEEN TOTAL CONSTRUCTION AND UNITS SHIPPED PER $1,000 OF CONSTRUCTION 

FOR SELECTED CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS, DURING THE YEARS 

1920 - 1934 

Estimated TotA.l 

Annual Building 

and 

Engineering ~1)­

penditures.!/ 

• 4,093, 300,000 

3,922,700,000 

5,617,100,000 

6,352,100,000 

6,gg9,600,000 

g,~4,200,000 

g,921,600,000 

g,693,000,000 

g,949,600,000 

7,901,400,000 

5,g94,900,000 

4,293, 733,000 

1,929, 7g9,000 

1,761,g9g,ooo 

2,og7,714,ooo 

Total Shipments of Lumber for 

ConstructiC?'l 

PurposesY 

Bd.Ft. 

lg,502,026,720 

lg,l46,265,300 

20,4a3,135,250 

23,599,054,goo 

22,g50,467,250 

24,277,274,347 

23,265,300,g24 

21,471,939, 559 

23,g22,159,4oO 

22,603,707,613 

16,Qg9,099,397 

u,g36,619,432 

g, 692,319,076 

10,162,614,946 

9,442,293,173 

1/ Construction Unit, NRA. 

Ft. B. M., 

of 

Lumber 

per $1,000 

Cons truct1onJ/ 

4,520 

4,626 

3,647 

3,715 

3,317 

2,796 

2, 6Qg 

2,470 

2,662 

2,g61 

2, 729 

2,757 

4,504 

5,768 

4,523 

Total Shipments 

of 

Portland C!'ment 

(bbls)!!/ 

96,311,719 

95,507,147 

117,701,216 

135,912,118 

146,047,549 

157,295,212 

162,187,090 

l7l,g64,72g 

l75,g38,332 

169, 868, 322 

159' 059. 334 

127,150,534 

80,S43,1S7 

64,Qg6,000 

75,917,000* . 

Barrels 

of 

Cement per $1,000 

Construct1on.1/ 

23.5 

24.3 

21. 

21.4 

21.2 

1S.l 

lg.2 

19.g 

19.6 

21.5 

27. 

29.6 

41.9 

36.4 

36.4 

Total 

Shipments of 

Face Brick 

{M Bricks)5/ 

Bricks 

per $1,000 

ConstructionJ/ 

Not Available Not Available 

do do 

do do 

do do 

do do 

2,391,323 

2,330,S42 

2,399,521 

2,079,651 

1,4a7,999 

1,045,735 

499,270 

363,900 

372,218 

2~.0 

2~.1 

2~.1 

263.2 

252.4 

243-5 

25g-7 

206.5 

170.2 

~Computed from trigometric deviation based on 192g and 1933 lumber shipped for construction purposes. Lumber shipment figures computed from Census production data and Forest Service Changes in Mill Stocke data. 

)./ Computed 

Y "Mineral Resource~" Bureau of Mines, 1920-33· 

5/ Bureau of Census. Shipments computed from Stocke & Production data. 
305 

SECT. II CHAPTER 2 TABU n:xiV 

Lt.Jl(BER AND TDfBER CORPORATIONS 

(FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES) CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET AND PROFIT AND LOSS DATA 

(000 omitted in all dollar amounts) 

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 

BALANCE SHEET DAU 

ASSETS A B c D E F G 

Cash 1~2,4o3 12~,880 138,678 121,666 113,808 82,978 77,100 611 ,823 

Receivables 609,~4 5~,985 612,707 620,03~ ~90,62~ ~69,419 326,705 297,506 Inventories 770,01 7 ,276 707,050 705,313 637,856 7. 62 337,690 356,613 

Capital Assets - Less Depree . and Deple . 1,853,888 1, 7:¥.!15 1,8~.793 1,7~,2~ l, 677.301 1,511 ,8SO 1,~.283 1,339,762 

Securities - Not tax exempt 7Y.07l 5¥.519 

2 ,368 2a1 ,991 292,~1 3~,220 291,591 I - Tax exempt 2,355 5~.054 2,156 38. 3 ,417 38,059 

Miscellaneous Assets 571,519 54o,893 28 ,091 183,660 22~,058 150,155 143,010 156,379 

Total Assets ~.023,358 3,793,704 3.7~.838 3,672, 359 3,443,793 2,892,578 2,7~.425 2,5lia.733 

LIABILITlES CAPITAL 

Notes and Accounts Payable 692,017 666,449 650,411 594 ,7~ 530,086 380,349 366,171 350,652 Other Liabilities ~61,580 322,~9 231.~7 231,049 203#J7 181,010 177,804 1611,590 

Bonded Debt and Mortgagee 159,972 161,010 212,191 37, 8~ 259,567 265,498 253,441 231,304 Preferred Stock 285,434 209,910 229,118 217,177 215,ill 197,-869 184,035 175,89 COIIUIIOn Stock 1, [;47. 612 1,345 ,422 l,J4o,4o9 1,278,737 1,266, 1,190,320 1,22 ,870 1,159,225 

Surplus 1, 6,743 1,088,2~ 1,085,062 1,112,802 968,218 671,0~2 499,104 ~~ o6~ 

Total Liabilities and 

Capital Interest 4,023,358 3,793,7o4 3.7~.838 3,672,359 3,443,793 2,892,578 2,7o4,425 2,5lia.733 

PROFIT AND LOS§ DATA 

Grose Sales 2, 938,014 2,694,795 2,730,761 2,684,lo4 1,910,432 1,284,660 793,996 922,936 Lese Cost of Sales 2, 254,9p 2,072 ,926 2,088,~6 2,050,193 1, 53 a . 766 1,076,945 687,884 696,m Gross Profit from Sales 683,0 l 621,869 ~2. a 633.911 37 ,666 1~,71~ 106,112 226,2 

Other Income 88 ,950 111,934 114,00 112,979 y" 78,843 y" ,53 y" 61 , 623 y 64,071 Net Prot'1te 116,810 43,379 81,958 78,018 109,576 177,7a2 202 ,266 66,069 

Cash Dividends Paid 124,291 108,586 112,~ 102,973 68,962 35,2 1 25,860 1~.655 Stock Dividends Paid 15,072 9, 672 11, 3 12,418 4,528 1,678 411 1,~ Income Tax Paid 21,907 15,61:> 15,210 13,437 3,591 1,379 2,237 3. 

NUloiBER OF CORPORATIONS REPORTOO 

Number Reporting Net Income 4,591 4,178 4,290 4,195 2,34o 1,525 541 1,638 

Number Reporting No Net Income 3,271 3.353 3,367 3,294 4,868 5,150 5,929 4,882 

Number Reporting Inactive }/ 285 290 380 293 279 237 359 

Total !lumber Reporting 7,862 7,816 7,947 7,869 7,501 6,954 6,707 6,879 

. Number Reporting with Balance Sheets 7,244 7,230 7,190 7,094 6,824 6,137 6,147 6,161 

!I Not segregated from Miscellaneous Assets in this year. Prepared by: D. N. Burnhaa , C.P.A. 

Y. Deficit or Net Lose. Division of Review, NR.l. 

11 Not tabulated. Source : Stat1et1cs of Income, 

Bureau or Internal Revenue. 

9813 

306 

SECT. II CHAPTER 2 TABLE IXIV 

WilBER AND TIIlBER CCIIPORATIONB 

(FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES) 

!MillER OF CORPORATIONS REPORTING PROFIT AND NO PRCFI'r 

IN EACH OF Tl£ CLASSIFIED GROUPS 

1931 

All Corporations 

Number Reporting Profit 1,354 Number Reporting No Profit 4,783 Total Number Reporting 6,137 

Corporations With Total Aeeete Under $50,000 

Number Reporting Profit .4ao 

Number Reporting No Profit 1,572 Total Number Reporting 2,052 

$50,000- $100,000 

Number Reporting Profit 262 

Number Reporting No Profit 818 

Total Number Reporting 1,080 

$100,000 - $250,000 

Number Reporting Profit 321 

Number Reporting No Profit 1,078 

Total Number Reporting 1,399 

$250,000 - $500,000 

Number Reporting Profit 126 

Number Reporting No Profit 570 

Total Number Reporting 696 

$500,000 - $1,000,000 

Number Reporting Profit 91 

Number Reporting No Profit 

Total Number Reporting ~~ $1,000,000 - $5,000,000 

Number Reporting Profit 65 

Number Reporting No Profit 332 

Total Number Reporting 397 

$5,000,000- $10,000,000 

Number Reporting Profit 6 

Number Reporting No Profit 43 

Total Number Reporting 49 

$10,000,000 - $50,000,000 

Number Reporting Profit 3 Number Reporting No Profit 23 

Total Number Reporting 26 

Over $50,000, 000 

Number Reporting Profit 0 

Number Reporting No Profit 3 

Total Number Reporting 3 

981_3 

1932 1933 

520 1,5114 

5,627 4,577 

6,147 6,161 

210 499 

2,157 1,994 2,367 2,49 

92 301 

960 7511 

1,052 1,079 

102 393 

1,187 1131 

1,289 1,22~ 

54 1117 

573 ~35 627 622 

37 101 

353 264 

390 365 

23 117 · 322 233 

345 320 

2 13 

47 39 

49 52 

0 2 

25 20 

25 22 

0 1 

3 2 

3 3 

Prepared by: D.N.Burnham, C.P.A. 

Divie1on of Review, NRA. 

Source: Statiet1oe of Inoome 

Bureau of Internal Revenue. 

307 

SP.:CT. III CRAP TER 2 TABLE XXXVI 

CORPORATION · RETURNS 

CLASSIJ'IED BY IUJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS 

PERCEI!UGE OF CORPORATIONS REPtl\TING PROFIT 

1920 1921 1922 192) 192~ 1925 1926 1927 19213 1929 19)0 19)1 19)2 

All Oorpora~ione 

!grioultun ~ )6 ~ ~ ~ ~7 ~ ~5 ~ ~ )2 23 11 

llin•• ' ~rying 40 25 36 213 27 29 31 28 213 29 27 22 17 

llanufac~ur ing-To~ 6) ~6 59 6) 59 61 59 57 57 57 ~3 J3 16 

rood Produoh 55 52 59 62 6) 63 60 59 59 60 53 ~~ 2~ 

!obilooo !/ !/ !/ ~9 ~6 !/ 58 59 5~ 56 ~ ~1 30 

Taxtilea 55 ~9 61. 65 56 61 57 59 56 55 39 33 17 

Lea~her 57 ~ 58 57 55 58 57 57 56 5~ 36 33 20 

Rubber ~ 31 ~ ~ 51 55 50 51 ~ ~9 37 32 113 

Foree~ Products 73 44 66 71 62 61 58 53 5~ 53 31 22 013 

Paper-Pulp so ~ 61 ~ ~ 66 67 67 6~ 66 53 40 23 

PrinUnc-Publiehing 79 ~ 66 67 65 66 66 63 6~ 63 52 39 18 

Oheaioale 52 ~ 57 55 55 57 56 55 56 5~ ~5 39 23 

B~one, Clay , Glass 73 5~ 63 69 63 62 60 55 55 53 38 26 10 

Ke~al 67 35 53 6) 56 59 60 56 59 61 39 2~ 10 

lo~ lleewhere 

Claasi tied 60 ~l 55 60 58 59 53 51 50 ~ 37 26 13 

OonetruoUon 70 58 62 65 66 63 60 57 57 52 ~ 3J 11 

Traneportation & 

Public Utili tie a 6) 62 67 6a 65 6) 62 60 59 57 51 ~6 2S 

Trade 66 ~9 62 ~ 65 66 6) 61 61 59 ~ )~ 15 

Pro!eeeional -Betels 

.U.Ueements ~ 56 58 62 59 57 55 5J 52 51 ~ J7 15 

Bankint Ina . Real 

leta Stocks & Bonde 70 65 ~ 65 ~ 6) 59 57 55 5J ~7 39 lS 

!/ lot available aa eeparate item Prepared by: D. ·n. Burnham, C.P.A. 

Division of Review, NRA. 

Source: Statistics of Income 

Bureau of Internal Revenue. 

981.3 

308 

SECT . III CHAPTER 2 TABLE XXXVII 

CORPORATE RETURNS 

CLASSIFIED BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS 

PERCENTAGE OF ASSET VALUES OF CORPORATIONS REPORTING PROFITS 

1920 

Auicul ture 71 

ll1n1ng & ~arry1ng 87 

Kanutaotur1ng-Total 67 

Food 61 

Tobacco JJ 

Textiles 69 

Leather 58 

Rubber 77 

Foreet 89 

Paper-Pulp 96 

Printing 90 

Cbeaicals 82 

Stone Clay 94 

Ketal 89 

•ot elsewhere 83 

Classified 

Construction 84 

Transportation 85 

Trade 75 

8erY1ce , Proteeaion- 85 

Ill, .&.uaeaen ts, 

Hotels 

Finance 80 

1921 

55 

77 

62 

66 

72 

80 

64 

75 

77 

!I •ot available as s eparate itea . 

9813 

1922 

68 

64 

go 

77 

y 

84 

79 

59 

84 

79 

99 

87 

87 

77 

82 

74 

83 

79 

76 

1923 

79 

92 

92 

87 

79 

88 

82 

79 

1924 

70 

53 

84 

88 

95 

67 

(/:) 

84 

78 

85 

87 

gg 

gg 

gg 

82 

75 

1925 

72 

75 

87 

86 

y 

79 

78 

93 

80 

85 

87 

92 

90 

80 

87 

81 

1926 

71 

71 

85 

86 

97 

(/:) 

74 

72 

76 

87 

86 

91 

90 

90 

79 

81 

92 

82 

78 

76 

1927 

77 

59 

79 

67 

98 

81 

82 

79 

85 

82 

75 

77 

70 

85 

89 

98 

73 

77 

67 

72 

go 

87 

92 

84 

89 

81 

78 

90 

81 

73 

73 

Prepared By: 

Source : 

1929 

77 

75 

83 

71 

96 

72 

72 

64 

71 

86 

86 

93 

84 

53 

76 

74 

91 

79 

73 

69 

1930 

54 

54 

66 

64 

93 

32 

53 

51 

36 

64 

77 

76 

73 

74 

58 

71 

81 

63 

66 

57 

1931 

44 

33 

48 

57 

92 

41 

49 

49 

33 

50 

56 

46 

46 

40 

46 

54 

51 

53 

46 

D. N. Burnham , C.P.A. 

D1v1s1on ot Revi ew NRA . Stati stics of Income , Bureau of Internal Revenue . 

1932 

36 

32 

40 

61 

94 

31 

44 

20 

11 

29 

50 

43 

28 

16 

32 

33 

43 

40 

29 

Tear 

1926 

1927 

1928 

1929 

1930 

1931 

1932 

1933 

Totals 

tor 

period 

jJ l'et Loss 

9813 

JJ 

l1 

!1 

!1. 

309 

TABLJ: XXXVI II 

JOREST PRODUCTS CORPORATIONS 

liT IBCOME, OR LOSS, CASH DIVIDENDS 

ADD JEDERAL INCOME TAXES PAID 

(,000 omitted in all dollar amounts) 

Bet Income Cash Federal 

or DiYidends Income Taxes 

let Loaa 

$116,810 $124,291 $ 21,907 

43,379 108,586 15,612 

81,958 112,558 15,210 

78,018 102,973 13,437 

109,576 68,962 3,591 

177,752 35,241, 1,379 

202,266 - 25,860 2,237 

66,069 14,655 3,254 

let Surplus 

Reduction 

$ 29,388 

80,819 

45,810 

38,392 

182,129 

214,372 

230,363 

83,978 

l:/$235,498 $593,126 $76,627 $905,251 

Prepared by D. N. Burnham, C.P.A. 

Division of Review, NR1 

Source: Statistics o! Income 

Bureau of Internal Revenue 
Reg! on From State 

North A tl!!.!!t1o . Uaine 

!lew Ha~~~pshtre 

Vermont 

IJ&aeaohuaetta 

Rhode h1&n4 Connecticut 

U1d-Atla nt1o 

tier York New Jerse y Pennsyl van 1e. De laware 

'!&ry land D1et. of Col. Sou tbeaotern 

West V£rg!n1a Virginia 

llort h Caroline. 

South Caroline 

Ceor 1a Florida 

Al abama 111ee1ee1no1 

Tenne ssee Kentucky Lake Sta t ea Ohlo 

Ind 1on.a Illinois 

llioh1 01U\ 

'Tieoonein 

Ulnneeota 

1!1d-'li'estern tli asourl 

Kansas Iowa 

llebrnelta 

South Dakota 

llorth Dakota 

South..., stern 

Arke.ne&a 

Loulsiana 

Te xas Olilahoma Int r-Uountain 

llontana 

Idaho 

11yom1.ng 

Oo1orado 

Utah 

Art zona Ne vada 

New llexioo Pacifi c Conet l'!ash1ogton Qre@On 

Californi a 

GRlliD TOTAL 

Sou t hern 

57,'l20 

},254 

1,302 

2,278 

37.745 

2,278 

11,063 

532,987 

163 ,345 

6c,054 

247.621 

4,230 

50 . 761 

976 

931 , 51!7 

27,007 

162, 3t>9 

217. t>IS5 

14,96S 

c;o,no 

18,??2 

}8,070 

97. 617 

2lb, 3113 

89,156 

10,<;42 

l'i0,61;5 

139' ?66 

273,001 

205, }20 

27' 98} 111,}17 

2 6,'i57 

l6S, '551 

27,658 

25 ,055 

7. 484 

7.809 

630,277 

2118' ?71 

233 . 629 

1}2' 108 

16, 2<>9 

6, lS2 

}25 

}25 

1,952 

1,}02 

976 

1,302 

47,8 2 

1,}02 

650 

45,880 

,25J,M4 !J 

II rttT BD. II 

f.IJILW IIXO: 

DISTRIBUTION OF HJ.Ro::ooD L!JIIBER FROll PRODUCING REGIONS T{l CQ!ISUlllNG REGIONS .lliD STATES 

1929 

(II rt Bd. ·;) 

----------- A pe.laohia.n !lor th Cent ra1 'lort hern Northeastern lie stem Total Southern 

52.312 

2,4}0 

!158 

1,000 

39.7311 

2,144 

6, 146 

}00, 296 

118,91 

25, 727 1 ", .('t"'" 

22,297 

1, 429 

598,447 

1 4, 492 

19 , 724 

5,002 

1,2!16 

m 

1,000 

4.."9 

294.579 

150,934 

1140,081 

172,802 

56, 171 

70.322 

112,772 

20,582 

7.432 

24,298 

17,152 

1,143 

5.574 

429 

C>, 146 

3.430 

2 't7 

429 

!158 

286 

572 

2,1105 

3!1 

2,023 

l'l1 

153 

18.936 

10,079 

1' 1!14 

7,063 

61Cl 

4,!149 267 

496 

955 

ll'i 

}.J: 1 

d.0,955 

121,522 

3'l, 6~9 

ho, 310 

,')c,.; 

1,184 

... <;:>o 

;.; 405 

115 

1, 6011 

878 

611 

115 

6,861 305 

76 

11,145 153 

2, 716 76 

1, 429.299 !1 }ill, 7 1 

4,170 

204 

101 

),158 

10? 

611 

15.585 

8, 760 

815 

5, SOC> 

:?04 

'·~' ')OQ 

'llc. 

10(> 

}06 

c;oq 

10~ 

?04 

QCl 

9!12 '861 

17.626 

2},12} 

1110,161 

429, OliO 

2~~:?~~ 7.1 0 

1, 83} 

815 

J, 7fiJ 

~ot.. 

0 1,01 

102 

'll7 

IJJ:J7 

306 

101 

3,!171 204 

1, 732 

1,935 

l,OlS,&ilj: lf 

165,172 

26,722 

26,854 

26,457 

46 047 

2,157 

36.935 

252.337 

91, }"(> 

12,!155 

145.~~ 

},082 

1,4')} 

152 

)9t> 

68 

616 

l, 7}C> 

1 , 5<'8 

208 

191 

27 

164 

1,787 

7 

172 

2,076 

1,141 

371 

14,5'10 

353 

,092 1 . 145 

li6 

116 

771 

82 

281,985 

32,610 

29,0111 

29,S74 

128,707 

6,872 

54,908 

1121,877 

39}, 756 

106, 84} 

537,645 

4,274 

76,£54 

2, 05 

1,540,0'12 

151,970 

183,450 

<'24,981 

16,648 

50,988 

18,651 

)9,579 

98,14!1 

511,281 

2hJl, J'l6 

2,608,818 

490, 717 

341,178 

526,290 

COli, ~68 

m:n 

<'S5, '~I 

190,558 

JO , 708 

47,o58 

8,117 

8 , 013 

305 

039,092 

252,579 

2}6, 629 

1)),615 

16, 2"9 

8,218 

693 

4 329 

421 3,251 

264 l, 667 

976 

1,}02 

24,17~ 83,659 o,~72 10,9511. 

10,155 16,8}5 616 ~.047 <;5,870 

~.224 y lis 295 v &569,1oo y 

20.54 

t~; 

7.62 

29.3} 

3}.15 

20.15 

47.51 

41.49 

61 . 82 

46.06 

98.97 

65.'16 

40.51! 

60 . 49 

17.77 

88.51 

96.76 

S9.91 

98 . 28 

97.70 

96.19 

99.46 

42.32 

}6.4a 

}1.07 

}0. 70 

llo.l!2 

51.!17 

25.53 

&a~ 

&?.'31 

SS.45 

90 . 07 

52.57 

92.20 

97.45 

98.62 

98.29 

98.73 

a~. ~7 

108. 00 

5.2} 

46.90 

98. 78 

60.05 

78. 10 

100.00 

100. 00 

57.17 

11.89 

3.86 

S2.12 

.l.ppa1aob1an 

18.55 

7.45 

<' .95 

3·35 

}0.87 

31.20 

11.19 

26.71 

30.20 

24.08 

24.54 

2S.?,7 

59.!-? 

JIL6o 

SJ..t12 

•fJ. f? (! ,.,. 

7.72 

1.12 

2.)0 

2:~ 

57. 60! 61.76 

16.87 

)5.22 

16.46 

13. 36 

14.02 

6. 29 

6.211 

8.51 

9.00 

3. 72 

1L 70 

5.29 

.96 

1.}6 

.97 

>2 

10.44 

41.27 

17.59 

8 .20 

24.62 

4.!16 

?1. 7o 

PERCENTAGE 

North Central 

.l'l5 

. 1) 

1. ?7 

2. 78 

.215 

1. 69 2.56 

1.11 

1 . 31 

. 79 

. 31 

.18 

.27 

.~2 

.02 

1. 23 

1).46 

28 . 72 

35.62 

7.5) 

5.76 

.~!a 

.9'l 

.:$8 

l. 26 

.24 

.25 

.35 

.26 

.09 

.16 

. iC) 

.91 

.14 

llorthern Northe aatern Weatern 

1.48 

. 63 

. 34 

2.L.5 

1.4a 

1.11 

1.39 

2.22 

. 76 

1.08 

.27 

.2) 

. 1) 

.21$ 

.41 

1. 84 

.60 

1.215 

l () 

.04 

21 

)7 . 67 

3. 6) 6. 78 

26.64 

5'·35 84.53 

80.6S 

2 50 

.96 

2. 65 

7.91 

2.51 

2.55 

100.00 

.16 

.04 

.6Q 

4.<J? 

9. 41 6.06 

58.58 

131.94 

92.56 

1!13 . 56 

)5.71! 

)1. 39 

67.27 

22. 49 

2}.14 

12.0J 

27.01 

1.03 

4.01 

.10 

.19 

.11! 

. 53 

.25 . 78 

1. 72 

.27 . 21 

1. ?0 

.04 

.07 

.09 

.14 

4. 6) . 74 

1. 86 

10.29 

}.46 

rs. sc--- 1.1o 

. 15 . 39 

.20 

.01 

.01 

.07 

. 15 

.01 

.05 

. 39 

.14 

.11 

5.11 

. 19 

3. 56 

27.58 

. 01 

9.33 

11. !!3 

1. ~2 

12.95 

1?.84 

28.')0 

115.56 

60 . )2 

8. >:> 

.69 

SOURCE: Lumber co~e Auth r1ty Ooc~et f5. 2nd. auart~r, 19'5· Lumb~r Dt t ributlon an ~ Con ~ t\~n, 1 

dat11. !or the years 1928 AAd 1034). •l'lor1 d L111Dber Pr !lalnformat1.m•, r. ar en cf Co •rce, .,., ~ArtrDt:"nt ot A:-Ticulture ~oreat $f'!rv1 ~. 1 1:4. (Al o

1 ~r~ 

... eou o! -orelf!11 ::tn" Do· ... ,.nt.tc Cor.1"'rc~. ; ·7 - tJ 

h~· .s of Pi 1l •r 

!/ L. C. A. hardwood sh1oment !1o;ur•e lese hardwoO<I emort i<lld ooruon•·d o each ion ! or\ ln ~d 

of Foreat Service data . Figure~ edju~ted on baei• of 192' Toreet Service data. t1 ' ,, .. ~ch r .. lon or orL n h.~ port! If( t on thP ~1c 

?.} L. C, I. . ha.rdwaoo ahtr;.menta leas h .rd,.QOd ~moTh. 
fULl XL 

i DISTRI9 UTI 0:1 OF HA.\DYIOOD LUUBER 

""' TROll PRODUC I!IG REG IONS TO 00!/SU!JING REGI CNS AND STATES 

~ (!A Ft 

1932 

Bd . l!. ) 

--rr.-JD. :J-:- - · · ----,srnet!l'l'A()l;: ____ --- - ··-·------- Region Southe r n Appa l a ch ie.n Nor t h Centra l No'rthe rn !lor theast e rn Western To tal Southe r n A?palachian Nor th Central Northern Nor thea tern lie st e rn From 

Sta te 

North Atla ntic 22, ggg 22 ,518 1 ,267 l!a 2 97. 3~1 1, 393 1~9.889 15.27 15.03 . 85 2. 9 ~.9~ .92 

llaine ~ 1 ,299 12 ~ ~9.08~ 0~9 2.57 6. 17 . 59 90.67 

Ne ,. HEJDp shi r e 1,083 595 329 6, 287 .29~ 1~ 6 7. 17 3.97 75 .80 

Vermont 1, ~ 217 1 31, 658 33 . 270 .07 . 65 . 12 95 .16 

llassachuse t t s 11, 6 7 1~ . 669 1 , 218 3 . 20 7 29,809 198 60 , 7l!a 19.17 2~.1~ 2 . 00 5. 28 ~9 7 -33 

Rhode I eland 1, 0 920 1 1,208 3 . 659 40. 72 25. 1 1.12 (.3.02 C onnec ttcu t 6, 772 .818 9 740 9, 295 1 , 195 22, 869 29. 61 21.07 • 21 ~ 0.0 . 64 5.?3 ~a c.-.l, t11Y!t!c 186,220 147. 776 16,085 1 2,253 1 41 , 723 2,972 507 , 029 36. 73 29 .15 3. 17 2.~ 27. 95 .58 

New York 62 ,021! 50 ,125 13 , 323 6,867 54.8a5 2, ~ 189,626 32. 71 26. 3 7.03 a -62 28. 92 1. 29 

New Jersey 12, 32 ~ 11 ,855 390 1, 562 7,2 9 99 a~ m 36.81 35.41 1.16 . 67 21.65 . 30 

Pennsylvania 86,135 74, 538 2, 145 3, 043 77 ,321 33 3 • 215 35.~ 30,65 . 81! 1. 25 31. 79 .01 

Delawar e 2, 0~ 21 7 2, 520 91.39 8. 61 

llaryland 23 , 02 10,a55 227 ~ 2,311! 392 37 , 133 62.00 1! 2 . 62 1. 66 6. ~ 1.06 

Dist. of Col. 40 6 86 1 , 056 38. 115 46. 02 15.53 

Southeastern 549 , 991 239. 689 3, 81!3 2,~67 1,553 79 7. 583 68. 9 6 30.05 . 49 .31 . 19 

West Virginia 15, 168 55.971 65 82 71.286 21, 28 78.52 .09 . 11 

Vir gi nia 10 2, ~ 8, ~ J, 79 329 123 111 , ~ 92. 12 7. 32 . 1 6 . 29 . 11 

North Carol ina 212, 7 7,0~7 . ~9 206 l l!a 220, 20~ 9 6. 62 3. 20 . 02 . 09 .07 

Sou th Carolina 12 ,1!66 1 , 9 9 12~ 14, 93 ~ 86. 12 13.05 . i!l3 

Georgi a 12, 32~ 217 452 1 13 ,63 90 .39 1. 59 3- 32 4. 70 

Florida 7,314 54 - 1. 368 99. 27 . 73 

Al abama 13 , 272 82 13 , 354 99 . 39 . 61 

!.!ississi ppi 67 , 175 164 67,339 99 . 76 .2~ 

Tennessee 1!13.~6 111 , 020 227 281!1 194, 961 ~.79 5.6- 94 .1.2 . 15 

l•ntucky 22, 753 55 .267 3. 363 740 ~ 82,7~ 27. 119 66. 78 4.06 . S9 . 78 

Lake States 21 2, 900 123,635 139, 822 382 , 819 5.942 6,572 871, 690 24.42 14. 1S 1 6.04 ~a ·93 .68 • 75 OhiO-- 53. 902 61 a 6, 49 1 .~6 3.920 792 18S,S82 2S 5~ 34. 07 29-91 . 98 2 . 08 .~2 

Indianp 3· ,057 10 ,231 7~50 8, 553 123 165 10~ 79 36. 28 9-75 45 . 53 1!1 .16 . 12 . 16 

Illinois ~· 707 26, ~70 2S, 855 56 , 539 247 3.2~7 191,06a 39. 63 13. 1!la 15.10 29 . 59 . 13 1. 70 

!l1ch1 gan 3 , S06 17 ,6~7 5, 036 153, 621 1,~2 1, ~1 2 214,17 16.25 S. 2 2. 35 71. 73 -77 . 66 ~ W1acona1n 6, 771 3 .735 1, 690 11.7, 0 66 564 129,826 5 . 22 2. gg 1. 30 90 . 17 . 43 I"'> l.!inne sota 3 . 657 1,191 37 , 624 392 ~ 8 . 53 2 . 78 - 87. 78 .91 .. L!1d-1'!estern 97,918 ~, 21 926 5, 79S 1,5S7 111 , 750 8 7. 62 4.94 . 83 5. 19 .~ 

!lissouri 78 1~5 • 655 92 6 2, a85 2S6 86, 397 90.4a a -39 1.07 2 . 76 . 33 

Xansa s 5 . 959 271 93 6, 723 SS. 6 .03 ~ Iowa ,07~ 5~1 2,0~6 S61 12,~2 2.~1 ~. 2 16. 6.86 

Nebraska 469 54 7 1 183 5 . 7 82.05 -99 13.60 3. 36 

South Dakot a 271 123 39 4 68 .78 31.22 

North Dakota 257 257 100. 00 

Southwest ern 270 , 730 595 ~ 271,777 Jl·U~ 9 9. 61 . 22 .17 

Arkansas 135.297 l!a7 1 5, - 99 . 61 .36 .of 

Louisiana 76, 114 82 76, 19 6 99 . 89 . 1 

Texas 51 , 735 281! 52 ,023 99.~5 . 55 

Oklahoma ,5S~ l OS ~ 7. 733 9S.07 1.40 . 53 

Inte r-l.!oun tai n 1 , 625 54 905 ~ '·oF ~7 1, 7~ 29 . 22 16. 57 

Montana 329 3 > SS . 20 11 . 80 

Idaho ~ 154 31S al. 57 48 . 43 

Wyoming S2 110 192 2. 71 57.29 

Colorado f}7 7 82 121 !!SO 6.9 ~ 9 . 32 13.75 

Utah 271 54 124 84 533 50. s 10 .13 23. 26 1 5. 77 

Nevada 

Ar tzoma. wew l!ex1co 677 12~ 801 34.52 1 5. l!a 

Pacifi c Coa st 12,053 1,516 l!a7 2, 015 23, 614 39. 685 30.37 3. 82 1.23 5. 0S 59 .50 

l'leshington 406 lOS 52 6, 120 7, 006 5 -73 1. 52 6. 3S S6. 34 

Oregon 271 ~52 14 ,4S2 1 5, 0~ 1. 7S 2.9S 95. 2 

Californ ia 11 ,376 1,408 41! 7 1, 111 3 , 011! 17,39 65 .10 2L 09 2 . 80 6.39 17. 32 

GiUJID TOTAL 1,354, 325 1Z 5~1,3 ~ 1Z 1 62 , !HO 1l ~:r::T2T-_IZ:: 246,.5:29 1Z_ 36, 6~ 1 1Z 2, Z52. 500 2/ .1±9 20 - ~6]___ 5. '.lQ 8,'.12 _ _hj]___ 

Sour ce: Lumber Code Authority - Doc l-et lr5. 2nd. Quarte r , 1935. "Lumber Dist r i bution and ConsUIIIJ)tion " , D"!lt - of AgricultUl·e, Forest Service, 193~- (also work sheets - p. 3. of sin1l p.r data for the years 192S and 1934) . ""Ror l d Lumber Press Information" , Dept. of Co!lllllerce, Bureau of Foreign & Domest1C~ommerce, Issue lr7, Feb. 10,1935 

!/ L. 0. A. hardwood shioment figu.res less hardwood e>ports and portioned t o each region of or1gln R nd the total of e•ch re · ion of origin then a oporti oned to 

each state on the mala of Forest servi e data. 

?J L. C. A. hardwood ahipmente lese ardwood export~. 
312 

!»LI n.x 

DISTRIBUTION OF HARDWOOD LUMBER 

FROM PRODUCING REGIONS TO CONSUMING REGIONS AND STATES 

1934 

{K Ft. Bd . K.) 

Reg1on 

tr011-

State Appala- North North Sollth- Appala- North North- lorUa 

to: Southern chi an Central Northern eastern Western Total ern ch1an Central ern eaet.ena ... Lei 

lfot!,h Atlan~11l 10,259 11,285 1,154 1,3Ja 65,11>6 937 90,119 11.38 12.52 1.28 1.49 72.29 1.! 

Kaine 331 239 27 343 18,476 427 19,843 1.67 1.20 .14 1.73 9} .U 

New Hampllhire 221 287 171 13,019 13,698 1.61 2.10 1.25 95.011 Ten~ont. 110 143 10,654 10,904 1.01 1.31 - 97-61 Kaasachusette 7,170 6,025 859 584 17,051 105 31,79 22.55 18.95 2.70 1.84 

Rhode Ialand 662 1,100 69 694 - 2,525 26.22 43.56 2.7J ~H~ Oonneotieut 1,765 3,491 268 171 5,252 4o5 11,)52 15.55 30 .75 2.)6 1.51 46.26 

Kld-Atlantlo 190,848 106,011 7.570 4,322 l0S,326 603 417,61!0 45.69 25.)8 1.81 1.04 25.911 

!few Yorit 63,322 45,284 2,255 1,543 38 , 641 352 151,397 41.83 29.91 1.49 1.02 2~·52 !few Jerae7 17,320 8,129 201 69 4, 258 29,977 57·~ 27.12 .67 .23 l .20 

Penna7lTanla 76,339 45,235 4,510 2,504 64,714 193,302 39. 23.4o 2.33 1.30 JJ.lla 

Delaware 2,868 430 - - 3,298 !!6.96 13.04 - - Jlar7land 30,227 6,503 604 137 713 251 )8,435 7!!.64 16.92 1.57 .36 1.86 

Dhtriet or Coluebla 772 430 69 1,271 60.74 33.113 5.43 

8outheaet!rn 4u,o4o 220,197 2,174 823 2,194 56 636,484 64.58 34.60 ·34 .13 .~ .c 

West V1rg1nia 2,648 55,850 67 34 1,669 60,268 4.'19 92.67 .11 .06 2. T1 

V1rg1n1a 71,044 3,1173 103 75,020 94.7o 5.16 .14 

lforth C&rol1na 119,252 2,1121 69 122,142 97·63 2.31 .06 

South Carolina 5,516 5,516 100.00 

Georgia 12,904 48 Ill 274 525 13,83~ 93.29 ·36 .51! 1.98 3·79 no rid& 22,17 430 22 , 60 911.10 1.90 

Al.abe.aa 20,4o9 669 34 21,112 96.67 3·17 .16 

Kleeiuippi 44,347 48 - 44,395 99.89 .11 

Tennessee 93,~27 107,3911 13 24o 200,9711 46.44 53.44 . 01 .11 

l:e11.tuoll;r 19, 16 49,060 2,013 69 56 70,614 27.50 69.48 2.85 .10 .c 

Lake S~!.u 177,1131 125,759 120,224 331,7911 11,799 1,484 768,!!95 23.13 16.36 15.64 43.15 1.53 .) 

Ohlo 35,191 70,292 52,5QS 5,430 11,216 45 172,0!!2 20.45 ~K>.ss ~0.51 J.J9 4.77 .c 

Indiana 36,4o5 10,079 37,70~ 6,071 900 22 91,190 39.92 11.06 1.35 6.66 .99 

I11inoie 60,89a 23,~6 20,29 ~,455 1,~~ 693 163,777 37.18 14.36 12.}9 _34.47 1.18 

K1ch1pn 39,71 17, 3 8,o40 1 ,497 ~44 210,793 1!!.84 !! . 28 3 .81 68.~5 .~ .1 

W1acondn 2,754 2,391 1,302 83,138 56 89,~ 3·07 2.66 1.44 92. 9 .CJ7 .2 

Klnneaota 2,468 2,00!! 376 35,807 105 41,1 6.97 4.1!8 .91 86.99 .2 

Kld-Weatem 70,603 9,324 2,!!46 3. 7Ja 113 535 87,159 t!l.OO 10.70 3.27 4.29 .13 .t 

K1eeoiU'1 54,027 8,607 2,1146 1, 748 113 41 71,342 81.29 12.06 3·99 2-~ .16 .o 

[ansae ~·2~ 191 617 296 6,399 !!2.75 2.9!! 9. q 

Ic..wa ,7 526 892 116 6,278 75.57 8.37 14.21 1. 

Weoraeka 2,537 309 41 2,!!117 117 .1!8 10.70 1. 

South Dakota 69 41 110 62.73 J7.2 

North Dakota 103 103 100.00 

B2u~hweettrn 224,356 2,630 34 209 231,229 98.76 1.14 .01 .o 

Arkauae 119,363 1,769 209 121,341 98.37 1.46 .1 

Lou1a1ana ~9,571 765 60,3ag 98 . 73 1.27 

'lex.ae 7,216 96 34 47,3 99.73 .20 .07 

Oltl.ahoaa 2,206 2,206 100.00 

Intar--lloun!,!ln 1,655 44 24o 959 2,902 57-03 1.65 4.27 )3.0 

Montana 137 139 276 49.M 

Idaho 112 112 '17oa1~ 221 - 221 100.00 

Colorado 772 4& !!6 906 85.21 5-30 

Ut.ah 331 103 112 546 60.62 14.86 

Wenda 510 510 Ar1~ona 331 331 100.00 

!few Mexico 

Pao~t1c Coaat 12,576 2,917 255 686 32 , 698 49,132 25.60 5-94 -51 l.llo 

Waehington 1!83 239 137 12,964 14,223 6.21 1.68 .96 

Oregon 221 96 103 16,4o2 ' 16,822 l.~l -57 .61 

Cal1torn1a ll,472 2,542 255 446 3.332 14,047 63. 3 14.27 1.41 2.47 

Grand total 1,103,1~ 478,17111 134,22,11 342,9~ lt!7,57s!/ 37,48111 2,283.~ 44.31 20.94 5.!!8 15.02 8.21 

Source: Luaber Code Author1t7 Docket 15, 2nd. quarter, 1935 · 1934. {Alao work ehaeta or aS..llar cia\& for •Luaber Dlltr1but.1on and ConeU&pt1on, 1 Departaent ot ~lollltllrB, roreet SeMtce 

the 7eara 19211 and 1934.) •world Lumber Press Information, 0 Department or Commerce, rorelgn and DOlle& tic COIIIIIIeroe, Iae\le #7, Februar-r 10, 1935. p. 3· 

}./ L. C. A. hardwood ehlp11ent figures 1ees hardwood exporta and apportioned to eaoh region ot origln and t.he tot.al ot each of or1I1D 

the11. apportioned to each state on t.he baaia or roreet Serv1oe data. 

y L. C. A. hardwood ahipmenta lees hardwood exports. 

9813 
fA'II.• Jrt.ltt 

,HrN'lff' ('Jr I'IIJif!'TPAL tomoaD '"1~~:1tD~-~oJ!.t. ~~ PIUliOJUJ, "'(I)UCfiiO QOlOIII 

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l&t.ln• 

lt•tlouptlllrt 

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1.14 At.lMUt 

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lft•llr'IOI '" hnn~o~l-.nh 

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louu. .. n 

' . .. , lt"'lnt• tsrallll• 

lfor-IJIC&rolll'l• lovUI CIJ'OUM 

o.o.-.t. 

PloriU ~.~ ..... 'Uul .. lPPl ftl\1'111111 

hM.uoQ 

i.Ak•lt-. ... , 

"'" l nOhn• 

1\Unot• 

¥101H&fJI 

u~olllln 

Mln.nuot.o. 

IU .. IIUrl 

ton•.,• 

,_ 

v.t. ..... u louU\DUo~ 

Hor\.11 DtllliU 

10\1\lllllt."m 

ATt.-111 .. 

V....hl"/11 

TIJ-It 

Olllttl..,.. 

llon\•n" 

Jtltt.o 

• ,01111\1! 

Cotnrt4o 

Ut.•b 

,., •• d. 

UllOM 

lft•Wuloo 

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•••M1111Lan Oroaon 

Co..l ttorn lo 

0rNI4 TOUl 

------

l6'f,\9P 

·l:fil 

r:: .. j 't,l) 

6&1,05) 

~=:=~ tf5,S"~ 

t::!!l 

)0,135 

~' ::Ill 

'·,e; 

:::;~ "' 

*11,591 

uo,60o ,6,gol 

~~:~~ 

~~:~U 

'100.910 

71,1;>6 

(o\,168 

1'10,060 

~l:~~ 

''·'n 

17,1)1 

~:U~ 

"'·"6" l0,~56 

n~ . .,,ll lll,lo~ 

~~~:~~{ QO,(>l) t'50 

~J:I~ 1,990,095 

~~i:l~ ' · "'~.050 

".91:l,99a'/ 

1,071 

1,10:1 

, .. 

,,, 10,"99,,99'/ 

)ll,076 

'I:Hl J·" t:;;fl! 

1,"'52,1l7!; 

·~ :" ·:un ,!::m 

U,li6t 

\l:l:l 

•. m 

•. :g} 

Jfll 1,(111, 

1,J7',11oH 

U9,-.l'l 

.. ~~:.r. tii~,Pll 

:'10,671 

~t,,ot 

\,111,"-111 

ro«, :it~ ·~~1 1"0,016 

1'l',l61 

'l9,H. 

10, ,,. 

~~~ ,(! 12'0,706 

6'0, .. 7' 

611,<)7' 

111,6,0 

lll,flll 

16,69 ·~·!"' ,Ut 

t.0,6111 

~5.6~11 

),069,127 

t)ll,a~ 

110t,0611 l.,o411,9ftl 

•• ~1)6,J11 'll 

... AI\ lloU•ooot ~b.I"P'I'fllluCitd \n ... bmflnoDteldon y • 

.. , o • • " louUt.arn • • 

• lrn\ Ooou\ tll.t•Uo 

).ll7,11411 

91&,~P6 

m:~r. 

;~·l'~ 

nn~ !ll·"' 

rtd:~~' ",496,110:) 

010,001 

,,U~:~~~ 0~1, 111• 

~:~:~; 

• ~~.11i' 

~~{ ·~v; ~M:t~ 

111.~l1 

17,'7(, 

lf>\,/;1(11.1 

'7~.1J7<,1 

l6t., ... '.A 

'·~~:iE 

'·'"7.?1 ?4'!-,"i!OP 

r4; :~z 

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'I~:~~~ 

·~u~: 

5,060,4~4 

::~~1:;5 Z),Qi'8,1711 

" ••• 4 

':4; 

·i' 

:.~ 

.H \9) 

17 -·~ 11.119 

, "' .. 4& 

1&18 

Ill. I .. 

r7.M 

'7 

Y,_lk 

it~ 

~~:~~ 

I, 0 

... ,, o.llo 

'"' 

.. 57,fJ 

If JO 0,11 

'-"" ...0:> 

f.p.o, 

OJ "" IJ t.• 10 

''"' " ·"' 

... "' ·'' 

1.011 

.. , 

·" "" 

''"' "'" 01r.l 

'" "" ....... "''' 

11.111 

" 

- ------ .. L,J.• _ _ ___J,J,_J_j_~.....,__ -· -

• p .l/ y, p J/ D P.'!f To""J 

, .. ,017 

l:m '·:!1 .;1 

"' "' 

!:~~f "' 

ll<J0,106 

w;!l,:>llll 

id ,Ofll 11:0,ooll ~9.161f 

1::~' 

.. ~. p 

10,01~ 

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~~:~~~ 

''· n v., .. ?7 

·:~ li'I,'II'>O 

I 1 , ~6 

6.-Ji.'2, 

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:t•:r~ 

r·r:~ 

~~. 9 

I 70 

I'·'' 

~·I~ ., 71•,v,t 

Ot·•a 

\!i·' 

"1:61-

•,t..!:t 

... 'l' 

t,ll60 

lnt ,•··IJ 

19,'1~ 

18,(,1~ 

114,00<. :z.,l 

llo1 ,11110' 

""·""0 •1.1,5\o 

,n:~: 6 tl<l 

"~;~ lt.,O~ 

"' ,l:lli 

"·'""' ',607 

·'" rt:1ii 

~to:7lr.l J.1~l 

1' 1 1\'i} 

t 01.1110 

lt,719 171.1111 "l'.•ro 

.nf.&:!tJ 

17,"11'0 

1\,~ 

. "·"' lt,l8:" 

}~l:~~ 

"''·'~' w,o,.n 

61,\ 

190,1Cf> 

ti~:~~ 

~~~t· ·:: 

~.c.tl' 

tii , ,V. IP",I\1! 

~1). "'1 ?~. j\1 

61,0,90 

~~:~~ llo,0,69 

90il,(llj7 1,~1 1,11 .11~1'. t,111t, .. llb 

:itr~ ~.::: ~:H! l.i~r,~~ (I ,IIJII,t)CUJ ~.)09,~~ 01 1 11 '/ C,~o0',70fl 

,..,. -----,....- -- --..~ 

Cltn\ C•nt. Ctnl •.r l P D.P 

!I Poi!~~ :~r~:r~~~~;1! :-~:r~~~;rg~l!~~~~~6 till, fH•9 ~nf \9' I 70 t l 11 IOH 1\1141 \1 lol to I'HVn , ... ~ "'1•\W ... I "''~'~ ... hll .~ In "II ,,.,. ... ,.0 rll• C-1 In .. ~ .. , ..,, \<;\~ ~n~ 

~·~- P~ NORI'IV. t" \Q M..-11 M • .O\" e'opot.•ll (,.,... (•) 1: : "~;·~~~!~:!!!•!,!: ~!! ~~IJ!:i:nt;"';~ ~~\':''~' ,;~~;'~~ ~%~" n(l HI\ not tn~luoo "1\1 "",..""'" '·" ~.u r .. l'nlll, ,.,., . n•. rhrih •NI 'l•"l\.1• 

11 lbt.tM\4(1 ~o\.0\ Rhl~•n t., ,.,,. ,,,r "'bliM,4 tn Don~ "" <t' !I'll"''"' :o,.tr'll e~aaou.t"" '""tlf"€ -,r W.b .. r Cod " 1.\.II.IH\I' ll.J' J:• r oh tQV, \ut "•f"''l"t •• fNbl\• ., by,.,...,,:!' en.,,.,. A r•,.JI'}'\Ion. 

ll (!;'~ i~:~:~:!~:~:~~~~~ :~ ~=~~:.~~~~~~~,..,~ ,\ ~~W! ~~ ~~:r"~~·~:~~~zn:~'j~,{ e~~ ~~:)!:~~ ~~~!·,~!!t:~~:~~'" u '· o ..,~ .. u.ent ot A.Vt•ull.•u-, r o,...,.l. ,., ... , .... 

f:i : i,ir~;:~·~~~!,i!:! :~fbt'111 !r;: ~;1; :wrunt-ot" t or 191'9 .. no 1011< -erunu~·· •or l'>H - ~~~"''h •ht~~"~ tl£~,~ru ror 19:/'9 Mil 19,, ""' o.1 , ·••Htl!ln l 

!/ roo:'6• ;.~r-!~~,.::n~! :t,.t,.• rtport.fltl 111 Wll tol\h U\ 10i"9, 110 •lilt 11'1 \Olil' (6 •oPit..'l• l. uniiPIO.-rl III.IJiber In \9)" , 19 •o)n tb•l 

!~- ::_n:£i"!~~~:.~:=~~~~~: :;::~~:~ .. !~~e~"'~, (b) to ob""t" 11.u1 Sblf*•"v VI "" ell '""~' l111t,a t9 l " Pf'I"'"""'"" tor to'' 4 "" tnt,.• t. "''.11'"' w,H,.bl• f r 1l") o - lltt"'o _ Tot.tl •l'll,.~n\• or rorl't ~untt t o &UMUo & O...tr Porh o\'1\Ain-1'1 ri"''' ~" 1"10 511\r-tll~" to u eb 1\1\4 •• rtpor\411 b7 u J, Shlpf'l"ll llo~r. , ~N"u ot liltUM"tth 

: : g::: : ;;~~~~!"J:o"=h~;::n !"'~! :~~~: l':~~·b~ ... \, 'I npor't.e4 'QJ P•tlflo w..""r Ilup.ouon l!lw'tllll • Tl•bt,....,., .wlUpltt4 b7 lbl to ob\111n etr'r;o thl,.trlt~ \') tl'lob •"""'· 11 - ToC.Ol • ToLotl tblf8tnt• t.o uoh t\.tt.l obtlll '"' br tad.ln& ol ll.,oo t l •nO l t lCtrt.O 

tt,n~o 

.,1)11 

f ,9UI 

.6·'" 

~:~ )0,1171 

,,1,191 

'16,9'0 t,026 

?:~;: 

;:m 

16, 10 

.::~: 

1,170 "' ,. 

~~~~ 

1::~~ r.t~a 

1,106 

,.,16.. 

$'1,11lt 1,''! 

!o,·"'" 

\nl,•l 

f.':~:-: ,(0,,11 

!Ull 

Ill \\~ 

~ ...... 

··~ ~::~ 

\70,682 

911,11Hi 

~n:~~ 

~:~: lh,u;o 

!1;,111 

&a l,140 

1.10,1XI 

U::~~ 

t~·~' 

90, ll~ 

if~ :):r:t 

6,2,199 

'!~:?64 ;'lilt.~" 

a,w•; 

t!:~~t II')Q,O)Io 

ll'l.f'6' 

~o. lllo 

01,711 

~;~~ 

1~·:t! u6;0'>tl 

tlll,MI 

11',1171 

l,t1.7, ''0 

''6,6>fi 

.~:::: 

i!:~ ..., 1 I) ~ tll9, 10 

'~:~ 71.702 

a,pt ~~·:~..! 1:> 1\6 1 lt,ij4~ 

4[ ~:M~ 

1,M:',1)..6 f,';o,OlQ 

u1:~ ,.~:m tll7: 711~ \),2";;1 

',io67 lo)t,1~f' 

~ '~:;z 

" 1 ltm 

,9,0611 

.,1,.61 l,\50 ii!O,It~ 

9l0 ,11\9,~ 

t6' ~~:~~ ~7 ~.n? 

ll,10'1,1 J)Z/.-..!,1~1 oosi/ 

liOIJ,97& 

\.9,0,61 

,:f::l 

.~~: m 

\,6)?, ~"' 

"tt1· :~~~ 

t~:'ro: ',.:Z!l 

""·"" 61l,l"" 

1)6,l•4 

~·~~ M:fl7o 

1'9. ~e7 

.iUI~ 1110,,~10 

11",7"' 

.~.l\lt 

Wio.tll 

1'6,loOio 

61.1,9Sjj 19:',"!' 11>'!.18 

1'111,8<. 

\, ~CH. 7111 

~·4:~ 

lll:lll 

:t;:J,l 

l,\7\,')l9 

~~:~:~ lo,:l\;: 

311,"01 

14~:1~ ~.106 

1;:~~ 

~:m 1 ,101,16()1 

lt52,11~1 

.. ~:;;~ 

I0,81i7,1~ 

?:>,69 

t 1.1 ' 

!U' 

t9. 1l ,.., 

)O.U 

..... "'·"' 

l(:'/ 

ll.i'llo 

0.76 

, ... 

1.67 

i:!f 

'!: 

11' 

l,1t 

.. 1.~0 

1J.U 

1'.1\ 

IS-'1 

f!-.61 

&: :~ ''1.00: 

'' · ~L lL!:. 

Li_L_ 

;)l ~ - ,0..;) 

•s.tn 

t:~ l",670 

16,6611 

1111:1,)01 

~~:m 

~:ill 

~:iu 998 ,670 

U6,C90 :l'}0,69l' 

sn,ou 

91,1)1 

: 

J·'" '~ .1:!5' 

1,070,6911 

ao,091 

ijtm 

t,SJl 

"' "' 

199,104 

!·'" 

~~:m se . .-~6 

686, 118 

"·l·'" na:l;1 

u.n~ 7t,)ro 

ih,ll'oiO 

~:m 8,0,1 

!: •• 2'9t ~~· 

'" ... 11,'<61 

~1,1)1 

~.!:~; lfl11i:" 

66,?1o7 

,!::;:l 

ll"-l,\61 

"'·'"0 8),0011 

~~:~~ 

;f;1e9 

66.~~ 

'7S,tlS 

~l :~ 

190, ···n ll:h 

,,,. 

~\ " 

5·79 

... 

... 

... 

•t . ta ,.,.., 

:ill' .... , 

.... 

ll'.08 

26.1G 

, ... 'l:~ 

~·~ 

,,, 

IU,f9 

~:~' lUI 

U.O& 

..... t•.u 

0\.61 

~1.9) 

110.'!1~ 

;w 

._...., A\hnu• 

lit"""'"' • la.tpoM.rt ,,,..OI'It. 

""••a.o ta.~uu.a 

~od• hl-.ntl Oont~toU•ut. 

'Ut A\\111\10 

lf••lortl 

... ,,,. .. , Dtlt "'""'''H(I'• .._,., 

W.....)'louod 

DIHI'h\&r 00\ll.tbl• 

I.,..U.btttt. 

... , 'U'&J.-1'1\t tlf"f.lnt• 

llor~b O.roUn• loon.ll C.Mllt~• 

1.~rt .. h nortu 

Al•""'"'" WlttlnlPI'l 

T""n•uta 

ltn~uc:'-7 

""" lllliiOif ""'~ 'Udll..,.. 

• lt'Ofltln 

lllnr.t•vtt 

ltl4 ltHtft'l 

IU110ur1 

ltn ... 

.... '"' ,... ..... lou\bl:ku;.ot.t 

lftn"UliM.tOI.t 

tou1.t1•••t•m 

.... "" .. ~ 

'-'''""· r.uo 

C.h.llo-t 

Ilion\ tilt 

, .... 

:!~~ • .... 

1.1'1\.0Pit "''"'"' 

••• w •.uoo 

•.oltlo Ootn. 

... bt .... I.Oft 

Or-.&011 

Ctlthmlo 

9813 

Total 

Jir , Spruce 

Spec ie a of We e tern 

H .. lock L ose 

Jntored f ollowi o« Cuotomo I 

Dietri cte • .• . ..... .. .. . ... . . . • . . ...... .. . • : 

1929 Total .... .... , , . ......... .... , . .... : 86,994 I 

lraahiD«ton. , . ..•. ... . . .... ... . . . . . . ... .... 1 

lew York • • •. •. • . . .. . ..... •.... . • • ...•• . .. . : 

.... Jn«land' . ' .. . .. .. ... ......... .. ... ... Maeeachuet t a. Bbode lel and & Connecti cut . : 

llakota ••. . .. ..... .. . .. . .• •. . . .•••... .. ... . t 

Dnluth & Superi or,,, .... .... , .. , .. , . ... : 

lliohip.D .. ".' .. .. . " .. ... ' ... ' : .. . ....... : 

1932 ! ot al .. , , , , , • , .. , . .. . . ... , ... . 1 58,933 

laeh1Dr«ton • • . . . . . . ... 1 ••• •• • • •• • •• • • • • • • • · : 

lew Yor k •• •• .. . . . .. . . •• •• •. .••.• • ••. ••. •• . : 

Jew hg1and .. .. .. .... . ... .. ..... . . , .. . .. . 1 

Kaaaaehuee ~ta aDd Cozm.ec t 1C'Q.t • • • •••. •• . . .• : 

Dakot a ••• •.• • •• ••.• . • . . ... ... ..... .... ... : 

Dnluth 6 Superior ... ...... ,, .. . , ., ... .. , 1 

llichip.n. ...... .... . . , ... .... , , .... . . .. 1 

I 

I 

1933 !otal .. , , , , ... , . , . , ... . .... . ... .. .. : 86 . 579 

lraahiD«ton, , , , . . .... . ............ . .. ..... : lew York •• •• . . . • • ..•.• ..•. • .. . . . •.•• . . ... : 

Jew Jn«1e.Dd .. , ... , , ..... , , , . . •. , • , . .. , 1 

l&aaaaehuaetta & llhod.e leland . • •• ••• •.•••• • t 

:Dalcota • •••• ••• • • •• • • •••• •• • •• • •••• • ••• •••• : 

Dul ... th 6 lfuperior , .. ,, . .. , . , ... ... .... .. . 1 

llichipn. ...... . . ....... .... , ... , .... ... . : 

I 

1931! Total . .... ,,,., . . , .. , , .. , .... , , 1 17 ,J4o I 

lraohi~on., , • , •• , , , , , .. , , • . •. .. .. , , , • 1 12,912 

In To:rk •• •• . • . . .. . .•. . . . . • . .... . • . . . . .. . • t 

Jww JD«land,.,, ,, , ,,, , . , , , , , . .. . , I 11, 4o3 

ll&ooaclmaetto and Bh e Io1aDd.,, , . , , . . •. . : 

Dakota, , .. .. , . ...... , ,. .. .. . . . ... .... .. I 

Dnl ... th 6 S!lperior.,,, , .. .. , .... . ....... : 25 

llichipn. .... ' ' ' ' .. •• "' " " " ' ' ' ' . . . ' .. . ' : 

1"" 9 •on~ha , 1935 Tot al, .. , , ,,,,,,, .• I 66, 6o 

I 

Yaahi~cia :, ..... . ........ . . . ..... .. .. ... . , Jew York ........ .. .. ... ... . .. . , . . ,., .. .. . . 1 

J'WW JncJ,aM.," " . . " • . • .. ' . . •' '•' "' .. " . I 

llaaeacll"o.aa\\e an4 lbo4e Ial.a.n4 • •• , • • •• • ••• t 

Dakota •• , .. . .. ... , , , .. , .. , , , , , , ... , , .. 1 

'Dnluth 6 .1nperior, . ,,,,. , •• • ••• •••• • • t 

lllehipa. .. ... . . . ····· ·· ········ ···· ····' 

•Jot•• oaq priuci.-1 cuat .. , diotrie\ o\atioU eo ahown. 

J'ot.: J',J,S. - J'o\ otiiAirwioe opeoifio4. 

IIIPORTS OJ SOJ'!'WOOD Lllll!D 

TAIIL1l I XLIII 

IIIPORTS OJ' J'IR, SPR~E OR 11ES'I'ERII REioiLOCK LOGS , IIARDIIOODS, AND J'IR, RIIILOOX , SPI!m'l, PIIU A11D OTI!EI! SOJ'TWOQD LUIIUR 

• so=coo: J oroign Commerce aDd RaTiption ot t ho United Stateo, Calendar yoaro 1929 , 1932 . 1933 , 1934 Claooiticationo: 4ol8; 4lo4 ; 4105 : 4Io6; 4107: 411 2: 4109 : 4117 : 4110; 4119 : 4120 4115 71pree for 1935 eecured from .A.d•a.nce Otf1c1al Data , SubJect t o Re•taion. of 'Bureau of J'or etp andDomeetle Oaaaerc e 

All licureo In II teet Bll 

Jir, Spruce 

or 

Weetero Total Softwood Total Hemlock Softwood Lmlber Total Jir Hemlock Hemlock Total Sprooe Sprue• Loce Lumber Canada I Jir Lmber Lumber L1abe r Sprace Lurrber Lumber Ce n ede !!.J.S. J.J. S. Lmber Qenedp Ca.lwl& Luraber Cenedr Rut eta 

86,994 1,418 ,4119 I 1 . 352 ,597 

86,664 79. ~ I 

209 . 7 

522,~99 

139. 29 

163.935 

153.16o 

65.581 

58.933 126 ,819 125. 7o4 50. 1!'5 50.1!5 3.153 3.153 125,698 90,580 )1,410 

58.o47 11, 327 6.558 t 17 1,36o I 

2 ,767 14,520 131 24,131 641 65 . 581 233 110 68,157 

' 10 ,966 1, 366 14 ,5()1 

3.712 6, 749 610 5.4o6 12,928 4 ,008 7}6 10 ,008 

8,984 2 1,948 

86,579 4,199 4,199 22.729 22, 7o4 2 ,47} 2,47} 176,020 I 146,284 21,924 

85,119 1,059 8,9}0 164 789 5.691 1,003 28,823 I 

1 ,457 279 548 101,615 

3 .1~ 391 14 ,632 1.966 2,3 118 5.494 

1,668 24 15,170 I 

75 9 .438 I 

17.338 5.237 5.237 4,085 11,076 821 821 142 , 26o t 124,08!! 13,023 

2,002 2,091 100 458 I 

2 13.365 665 299 474 85.~3 

8 207 105 1J ,212 ' 

2,420 826 6.729 110 I 590 34 17 ,J07 I 

27 106 5.529 

66,660 13,865 13,865 53.255 I 5, , 255 6,312 6,312 1}3,655 111,905 15.855 

61 ,679 4,419 14,014 80 346 

1lr;2J4 4,219 19 .672 4,921 1,72} 2,003 82 76.142 I 

I 15 1, 427 724 8,34o r: 7.237 8, 518 6~ 8,91~ 20 453 5. 3}0 I 272 14 ,41 

13 12 n 4 ,087 I 

I Tot al Pine Total !lard wood Pi no LUDber ' !lard wood Lsber 

LUDber Cene1 e Lmber CII!IA!Ia 

81 , 796 78,676 

1,~ 30 ,180 

2,479 

50 2, 761 

32,432 

I 45 .928 I 43,085 15,276 ~ . 325 

743 2,957 I 817 13,885 12,529 

1,519 282 16 ,568 I 5}1 . 

6, 396 633 

104, 066 102,626 26,923 24,616 ~ 

;..-

1,330 I 

1,054 I 1, ~ "" 4o ,454 I 22 ,0 

36 755 

a·439 I 

3 ,052 

22,168 I 1 ,1}4 

91,194 8?,959 20.255 15,275 

43 I 479 

29 2, 8114 

36 .981 13,712 

6o4 

1',039 19 

35.592 625 13 , 252 I 768 

I 70, 184 66, 332 

89 

1 

20, 390 

16o I 

29,914 

8 ,466 

Table XLIV 

(0 

~ United States Exports of Specified Lumber and Timber Produoto to Principal Inporting Countries, 1933 - 1931> 

~~~------------~=o~n~10t~e~d~k~l~n~gd~om~;---;=;=~Jop~an~~:;;=~~=;~c~h~1~n~a~~~~~~----;-:;~c~an~ad~a~~~;---;=~l~r~ge~nt~1~n~a~~~---::::::=t~t~a~Ijy==~=---~====]B~e~Iig~lum~:::---~:::Jce~rmman~YL:::: W ft.bd.K $1,000 W ft.bd.W $1,000 W ft,bd.W $1,000 W ft.bd.W $1,000 W ft.bd.W $1,000 W ft. bd.W fl,OOO W ft.bd.M $1,000 W ft.bd.W fl,OOO 

L2....l..._li 

Total 

Loge-Hewn Timber 

HardWO(Jd8 

Softwoods 

Sawed Timber 

Hardwoods 

Softwoods 

21!3 , 227 11>,169 

1,150 

1,150 

26,232 

57 

26,175 

28 

21! 

1, 211! 

2 

1, 216 

Boards, Planks and 

Scantlings 250,251! 12,1>91 

Hard,.oods 

Softwoods 

Other Sawed Lumber 

Box Shooks 

Hardwood Flooring 

Railroad Ties 

Li..l...1 

Total 

194.307 10,411 

55.951 2,01!0 

60 

5,444 

83 

1 

430 

1 

305,516 12,105 

Logo-Hewn Timber 2,1>59 134 

Hardwoods 2,002 111 

Softwoods 457 23 

Sawed Timber 31,171 1,006 

Hardwoods 152 5 

Softwoods 31,019 1,001 

Boards, Planks and 

Scantlings 266,51!4 10,643 

Hardwoods 202,1>25 1!,844 

Softwoods 6!>,159 1 ,799 

Other Sawed Lumber 

Box Shooks 

Hardwood Flooring 

Railroad Ties 

11>1 

5,161 

3 

319 

302,779 

2 , 265 

134,1!33 

135. 1!43 

135,643 

313 

26,785 

2, 740 

313,347 

99.309 

2, 350 

96,959 

174, 61>3 

4 

174,639 

39.395 

132 

39.263 

3,665 

15 

1,495 

1, 636 

78 

397 

3. 504 

1,374 

17 

1,357 

1, 636 

2 

l, 634 

494 

25 

469 

301,246 

2,546 

32,411 

8 

149.528 

4 

18 

67,!!33 

1!!3,951 

8,170 

7,170 

1,000 

37.923 

37.923 

123,271 

123 , 271 

14,587 

3,1U5 

17 

190 

595 

2 

1,729 

1 

2 

879 

1,883 

51 

46 

5 

327 

327 

1,032 

1,032 

473 

98,123 

42,358 

253 

1,920 

28,1!60 

24,530 

1!9 

113 

55.328 

13,011 

263 

12, 71>11 

1,272 

81 

1,191 

31! ,939 

24,782 

14,157 

102 

115 

1,889 

578 

10 

46 

1, 601 

839 

4 

7 

2,118 

217 

8 

209 

59 

4 

. 55 

1, 696 

1, 240 

456 

3 

5 

138 

Source: Report "Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United Sta tes" 1933-:934- Depa rtment of Commerce . 

97.558 

2,175 

2,524 

92,859 

79,1!42 

300 

300 

910 

910 

71!, 610 

2,602 

76,001! 

22 

93 

157 

2,646 

1,752 

5 

5 

17 

17 

1, 729 

11>8 

1,581 

1 

56,260 

11!8 

20,449 

8,115 

27,463 

45 

57,032 

439 

169 

270 

22,335 

8 

22,327 

34,258 

9,505 

24,753 

2, 418 

4 

745 

402 

1,265 

2 

1,818 

30 

20 

10 

610 

1 

609 

1,178 

316 

862 

103 

1,865 

5.553 

35,223 

30 

75 

52,322 

628 

28 

600 

1,846 

49,741 

11,599 

38,142 

107 

1,583 

56 

263 

1, 21>8 

2 

6 

25 

2 

23 

37 

37 

1,513 

426 

1,087 

29,947 

1,281 

1, 577 

1,869 

25,022 

34 

164 

33,167 

3.797 

1,449 

2, 31>11 

1,045 

1,045 

28,305 

1,230 

27,075 

20 

1,366 

186 

1,062 

3 

9 

1,202 

190 

147 

43 

32 

32 

979 

98 

1!81 

1 
316 

TABLE XLV 

Softwood Exports: United States Share of World Market 

Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 

Year United States of All other of World Total of 

Total Countries Total Total 

(M ft. b. m.) 

1929 3,213,325 21J.7 12,285,805 79.3 15,499,130 100 

1930 2,268,1.355 19.9 11,398,150 80.1 13,667,005 100 

1931 1,664,77'd 1ti.6 8,998,078 84.4 10,662,856 100 

1932 1,066,100 10.8 8,801,326 89.2 9,867,426 100 

1933 1,197,152 10.8 9,880,130 89.2 11,077,282 100 

1934 1,386,498 12.3 9,863,893 87.7 11,250,391 100 

Source: Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, Seattle Washington. 

See Table - World Imports and Exports 

9813 
31"Z 

TABLE NO. XLVI 

RE?AIL LUMBER DEALERS 

NUI.!BER OF DEALERS A!'ID 1934 QUESTIONNAIRES RECEIVED 

PercentAge 

Nllr.lber of 

of Dealers Reporting Divisi~n - StAte Known Dealers Reporting to Known ------------ ---- ·--·------

* 1 - A1ah"l.tna 652 ~~ 5· 67 

2 - Calif ~rn ia ( orth) 633 7 .11 

; - North CArolina 197 

South Carolina 362 

T<ltAJ. for DiviH-.n 559 3 0.005 

4 - !"lorida 296 ~~ 31.42 'i - Georgia 372 3- 76 6 - Illinois 1,014 119 11.74 

7 - Indie.na 614 1~ 28.66 

8 - Kentucky 323 12.38 

9 - LouisiPna 235 24 10.21 

10 - Michigan - South 726 120 16.53 

11 - Delaware 39 5 12 .82 

District of Columbi~ 19 1 5.26 

Llaryland 138 28 20.29 

New Jersey - South 105 21 20.00 

PennBylvania - Eaet 689 ll8 17.13 

Total for Division 990 173 17.47 

12 - Mississippi 147 g 5-44 

13 - Colorado 312 96 30.77 

New Mexico 115 18 15.65 

Wyoming 90 17 18.89 

Total for Division 517 131 25-34 

14 - Nebraska 83~ 128 15.~ 15 - New Jersey - North 47 lj{) 8. 

16 - New York City 453 ~ 8.61 

17 - Connecticut 176 22 .73 

Maine 167 ll 6.59 

Massachusetts 323 58 17-96 

New Hampshire 62 7 11.29 

New York (excl. NYC) 1,094 121 11.06 

Pennsylvania - McKean Cty. 29 5 17.24 

Rhode Islend 67 7 10 . 45 

Vermont 61 5 8.20 

Total for Division 1,979 254 12.83 

•18 nnesota 4Ql 53 13.22 

North Dakota 1~9 80 50.~ 1 South Dakota 1 1 50 35 · 6 

Iowa 626 126 20.13 

Total for Division 1, 327 309 23.29 

19.- Ohio 914 241 26 .37 

20 

21 

22 

~~ 25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

- Pt'nneylv~nia - West 494 96 19 .32 - ArkansaR 25 8 3- 15 

Missouri 77~ 173 22.32 Kanst~s 92 124 13.74 

Oklahnma 726 17 23 -97 

Tot'll for Division 2,679 482 17 .99 

- TennP.~see 398 26 6.53 - Texas 2,076 227 10.9§ - Uto.h 115 12 10.4 - Virginia 1, 091 41 3·76 - IdAhO 229 7 3.06 ;~ontanf\ 309 50 16.18 NPv>tda 35 3 8.57 

Oregon 375 17 4.5~ Washington 582 59 10 . 1 

Total for Di vl sion 1 , 530 136 8 . 89 

- We • t Virginia 153 14 9.15 - Mtch tgan - North 60 4 6.67 

Wisconsin 910 253 27.80 

Total ~or Division 970 257 26.50 

- Ill tnots - :ook Cty. 190 32 16 . 84 - !Ji ssouri - St. Louis Oty. 105 21 20.00 - Arizona 89 62 69.66 - CAll fornla - South 580 154 26.55 

TOTAL 23,531 3.554 15.10 

---------------- In Divi sion #18 , North Dakota, the nu~ber of known dealers reporting is shown as 80 or 50. 31 per cent. Th1P high percent age of return for this state may be attributed to the r eport submitted by the Midwest Lumbe1 Corupany at Minot, covering 53 yards, throughout the state . It is vecy probable that this lumber 

company was recorded •-s only one ( 1) known dealer by the Code Author! ty whereas we have included it as 53 separate reporte. Counting this company' s r eport as only l report, the number reporting in N. D. would be reduced to 28 or 17.61 per cent. 

Compiled By: D. N. Burnham, C.P.A., 

Divieion of Review, NRA, 

Sources: Retail Lumber Code Author!~ 

Industry Questionnaires. 
TABLE NO XLVII 

RETAIL LUMB!:R AND BUILDING MATERIALS CODE 

RECAPITULATION BY DIVISIONS OF RECLASSIFIED DATA CONTAINED IN 19}) QUESTIONNAIRES 

TOl'AL OF SALES IS BAS£ OF ALL PERCENTAGE GIVEII 

Total ~xpeneee 

___ D~fu!:J____ Totnl Per 

D1v1e1on No . & State ln Division Reporting Sales Amount Cent 

---------- --------------- One - Alabl\ma 

Two - Northern California 

Three - N. & S. Carollno 

Four - Florida 

Five - Georgia 

Six - Ill1noie 

Seven - Indiana 

Eight - x~ntuoky 

Nine - Louiptana 

Ten - ltiohigan 

Eleven - IL14dle Atlantic 

r.e1ve - Miaeleeippi 

Thirteen - Col,Wyo, & II.Mex. 

Fourteen - Nebraska 

Fifteen - New Jersey 

Sixteen - New York City 

Seventeen - North Eastern 

Eighteen - North Western 

Nineteen - Ohio 

Twenty - Western Penney1vania 

Twen~-one - South Western 

Twenty-two - Tenneaoee 

Twenty-three - Texae 

T.enty-tour - Ut~ 

l'Yenty-fi9e - Virginia 

Twenty-etx - Weetern 

Twenty-eeven - W. Vlrg1nia 

Twenty-eight - Wiacons1n 

Twenty-nine - Chicago 

Thirty - at. Loula 

Thirty-one - Arizona 

Thirt-y-two - Cal1fom1a 8. 

170 

544 

542 

J05 

387 

1,277 

700 

300 

166 

801 

702 

250 

500 

830 

370 

1165 

1,422 

031 

1,000 

600 

2, 700 

385 

1,1100 

108 

230 

959 

1!10 

94o 

178 

42 

86 

469 

22,129 

4J 

1111 

53 

94 

30 

570 

188 

72 

28 

147 

229 

17 

143 

314 

141 

109 

582 

526 

317 

177 

557 

4 

186 

llo 

81 

134 

7 

441!! 

113 

26 

31 

220 

5.731 

1, 647.621 

14,067.726 

2, 625,197 

5,395,082 

1,680,4 9 

19,41!!9,994 

5, '87. 5.:l:! 

2,99 ,095 

1,552,628 

5,391,107 

14, 7'<6,'<16 

792,225 

5.530,75 

7 11,888 

11,752.687 

6,597,032 

41!!,2119,226 

30,038,323 

10,565,762 

6,311,805 

19,494,1126 

1,1116,702 

10,187, 50 

2,188,988 

5,470,064 

5,844,7 7 

2,3 1,791 

16,204,11 

3,065, tlo 

2,63 • 

1,686,876 

17,4o2, 2 

710,604 

4,460,190 

1,025,793 

1,969,117 

712,347 

6,398,676 

2, 215,41!!7 

1,062. 6}0 

211,0112 

1,960,"\28 

5,859,775 

1113,729 

1,969,}66 

2,2 5. 290 

11,681,987 

2,882,521 

17.291 '259 

9,019,108 

11,574,983 

,oll5,959 

6,5311,311 

509,129 

,615,5oll 

7 7,971 

2,19?.673 

1,899,198 

6 ,602 

5,2 0, 9 

1, 9,569 

97 • 790 

626,150 

6,08 ,6JO 

291,639,759 103,936.057 

113.13 

}1.90 

9.08 

36.50 

42.)9 

}2.83 

4.68 

35·"0 

3·7 

6. '6 

,9.711 

52.20 

35.61 

JO. 72 

39.8} 

4J. 72 

5.811 

JO.OJ 

IIJ.JO 

41!!.26 

.52 

·11 

llo.14 

2.49 

1.07 

2 22 

.76 

37·05 

7.12 

.96 

35· 

====~-=-·==--o-== _!A£!!!" !.laintpnance Selling Overhead Other Items Per ---Per Per Per Per Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent Amount Cent 

--------- ------------------ ------------ 211,711 12.85 

tl91,471 6.10 

346, 760 13. 21 

518,302 9.61 

260,003 15.116 

1,818,271 9.33 

655,6511 10.26 

288,641 9.64 

1Jti,036 8.89 

574,201 10.65 

1,965,607 13.'3 

63,982 11.08 

552,521 9.99 

612,260 8.}4 

1,391,824 11.84 

839,759 12.711 

5,548,602 11.50 

2.3111,2112 7.70 

1,331,793 12.61 

931,477 14.76 

1,550,}85 ].95 

158.884 11.23 

8112,148 8.27 

179. 10 8.20 

724,291 1 .c>4 

<;18,627 8.87 

272, }90 ll. 

1,520,637 9. 8 

11011, 356 1 .19 

32,212 12.61 

177.596 10.53 

2, 2i,788 1}.}8 

0,26},11111 

61,851 3· 75 

162,584 1.12 

95,828 3·65 

155,303 2.8a 

56,099 3·34 

'63,598 1.88 

123. 809 1. 94 

6},4111 2.1:? 

34,891 2.25 

122,285 

4o1,980 

19,672 

147,144 

108.344 

}08,099 

171,524 

1,174,225 

391,205 

297,032 

201,841!! 

)011,1176 

43,1103 

1112,1110 

11?.108 

156,1105 

125,009 

51,1211 

379,496 

94,025 

47,230 

7,098 

1132,1 II 

2.27 

... 73 

2.41!! 

2.66 

1.48 

2.62 

2.60 

2.43 

1.30 

2.81 

}.20 

1.56 

).06 

1.40 

2,06 

?.85 

2.14 

2.17 

2.34 

3·07 

1. 79 

2.79 

2.48 

2.17 

53,868 ).27 

338,317 2.31 

57.878 2.21 

138,766 2. 58 

11?,518 2.72 

460,11?1 2. 36 

1511,2118 2.42 

81,591 2.73 

76,107 5.03 

89,"06 

343,367 

27,869 

18a,031 

246,005 

280,643 

195,053 

1,159,1127 

1,1193,367 

243,224 

158,080 

979,629 

39.~ 

447.5011 

121,1!160 

117,197 

22},1)0 

87,619 

393,94o 

94,368 

89,552 

51,006 

385,8 8 

1.66 

2.,32 

}.52 

}.40 

3·35 

2.39 

2.96 

2.4o 

11.97 

2.}0 

2.50 

5.02 

2. 79 

4.39 

5·57 

2.14 

}.82 

}.72 

2.43 

).08 

.4o 

3·38 

2.22 

8,870,870 J.oll 

382,645 2}.22 

1,467,438 10 . 04 

498,565 18 .99 

1,067,925 19.79 

338,4o6 20.14 

3,642,,94 19.08 

1,279,139 20.03 

589,699 19.70 

272,818 17.57 

1,164,l73 21.51 

3,121,573 21.17 

302,206 }8.15 

1,066,544 19.28 

1,252,402 17.06 

2,682,332 22.82 

1,549,128 2} . 50 

9,333,862 19.35 

4,716,150 15.70 

2,692,490 25.48 

1,737,139 27.52 

3,6}1,8111 18.64 

267.239 18.87 

2,137,990 20.98 

390,177 17.82 

1,160,636 21.22 

1,024,270 17.52 

523,653 22.27 

2,853,9511 17.61 

742,819 24.2} 

495,653 18.112 

}44,}91 20.111 

2,895,205 16.64 

55,6211,876 19.08 

509 .OJ 

1,800,3g0 12.33 

26,742 1.02 

88,819 1.64 

12.320 . 73 

113,962 ·59 

2,597 .04 

39.258 1.31 

190 .01 

10,163 

27,246 

15,126 

36,279 

19,0119 

127,057 

74,743 

1oll,144 

10, 444 

17,415 

67,980 

155 

45,11?2 

1,416 

37,144 

8,162 

30,1116 

72,312 

11,001 

11,1113 

59 

42,665 

2,8117 790 

.19 

.19 

.28 

.so 

.16 

1. 92 

.15 

.}4 

. 10 

.27 

·35 

.Cl 

.45 

.06 

.68 

.14 

1.31 

.44 

.1} 

.42 

.911 

Co-plled By: D. H. Burru.a.., C.P.A •• D1Yi a1on or ReYiew, WRA., 

aourae : l n4uec.., lllae•C.1_1re • • 
TABLE NO. XLVIII 

RETAIL LUMBER DEALERS 

tC RECAPITULATION 

EXPENSES TO NET SALES DOLLAR (1) YEAR 193~ ... 

~ KNOWN DEALERS 23(531 - DEALERS REPORTING 3,55~ 

See Exhibit •a•) 

I 

Percen~e of Each to Net Sales 

Handling Selling Interest Total 

Sales 1

Gross Rework Del1Y.!!.a Admin . Bad Debts Uade Profit 

000 Omitted 1Prof1t 11111 Exp. Expense Expense Expense Expense Lose -

Industry • 166,763 27. 7~ ·75 7.12 17.013 3.27 213.22 ,ljg.. 

Division - State 

1 - Alabama 1,~ 35.01 3.136 13.0~ 17.17 3.20 32.27 2.13~ 

2 - No. Cli. if. 2,~26 27.~3 1.03 7.11 1~.713 3.113 26.10 1.33 

4 - Carolinas 107 37·513 5-90 7.132 20.52 1.113 35.~2 2.16 - F'lorida 6, 0613 29.36 1.013 6.77 1~.513 3·17 25.60 3·76 

5 - Georgia 1,7136 213.41 2.2~ 7.52 13.132 1.93 25.~1 2,80 

6 - Illinois 3,1372 27. 6 . 12 7.113 16.89 3.22 27. 1 .05 

7 - Indiana 6,307 27 . 78 ·53 6.66 17.63 3·36 28.1S .40-

g - Kentucky 1,13~3 31.013 . 75 6.99 19.48 3·15 30.37 ·71 

9 - Louisiana 1,630 27.113 .11 7-17 16.73 1.55 25-56 1.62 

10 - So. llich. 6,099 27.99 .69 7-97 16.50 3-113 213.3~ ·35-

ll - Total 12,8133 213.0~ .63 13.~ 16.80 3.58 29.~ 1 ~1-

Dele. ware 548 213.87 7.27 1~.9g 1.2~ 23-~9 5.313 

D. of C. ~1 21.33 5.4-o 13.62 1.213 15.30 6.03 

ILsryland l,S27 27.66 .91 6.95 15.133 2.1313 26.57 1.09 

So. N. J. 1,2S3 213 .01 .13~ 8.~9 22.0~ 10.31 ~1.69 13.68-

East Penna . 9,030 213.22 .60 8.S7 16.5 2.95 213.96 .7~ 

12 - ll1ss1ss1pp1 551 30.713 .05 7-43 21.25 5-03 33·76 2.98-

13 - Total 5,073 25.137 .10 5·35 16.29 2.70 2~-~ 1.43 

Colorado 3,436 24.67 .12 ~.Sl 15.132 2.27 2~.02 .65 

New llex1co 1314 25.96 .12 .02 16.01 2.5S 22.73 3·23 

Wyoming 132 30.131 ~.74 113.51 4.61 24.136 2.95 1~ - Nebraska 3,7S5 23.213 .21 5.98 15.99 2.1S 2 .16 .813-

15- No. N. J. 3,111 32-~ -39 9-95 21.23 3·64 35-21 2.~ 16 - N. Y. City 3,915 31.64 .65 11.13 19.00 2.70 33.413 l. 

17 - Total 23,173 29.21 .98 8.60 17.54 3.71 30.133 1 62-

Conn. ~.9S6 29.4-o .05 13.94 15.85 4.}13 29.25 .15 ~ 

llaine 661 30.26 2.51 5.6 16.16 2.67 26.913 3.28 ... llass. 6,~~ 29.21 1.21 9.7a 14.51 3.16 31.63 2.42- ~ 

N H. 32-40 5-21 10.1 1 .Sl 3.42 33·58 _gg_ 

N. Y. State 9,350 213. 6 .8S 7.S3 18.04 4.46 30.21 l. 75-

Pa. 3 C'tiee. 1134_ 34-~ S. 63 5-97 10.00 .67 ~0.27 ~-32 R. I. 1313 31. -65 9.134 24.30 13.29 3-08 11.59-

Vermont 354 31.62 1.67 ~.gg 21.31 .913 28.8~ 2.713 

18 - Total 8,657 24.27 6.01 14.24 2.02 22.27 2.00 

Iowa 3,690 24.10 7.~0 11.85 1.93 21.113 2.92 

Minn. 2,538 2~.137 6.86 13.50 2,gz 23.03 1.~ 

North Del<. 1,382 25.06 3·32 113.29 22.55 2.51 

So. Oak. 1,0413 22.37 2.59 19.09 2.23 23.91 1.5~ 

19 - Ohio 10,590 30.66 1.06 7.68 113.65 4.90 31.29 .63-

20 - Penna. West. 4,269 29.62 .96 7-~7 19.32 .013 31.93 2.31-

21 - Tot.al 13,575 25.139 .12 ~.13 17.39 2.89 2~.53 1.45 

Arkansas 164 213.02 8.63 1~.~ 4.53 27.60 .42 

Kansas 3,01 27.39 .01 4_-99 113.79 3.20 2~.99 1.4-o 

Missouri 5,o4o 25.1>4 ·32 ... .95 16.92 2.26 2 .~5 1.19 

Oklahoma 5.354 25.23 3.31 17.13 3.27 23.71 1.52 

22 - Tennessee 1.276 )0.45 .139 6.20 20.20 3·23 30.52 .07-

24 - Texas 6,91~ 24·59 .113 • 2.28 19.75 4·39 25.60 1.99 

2 - Ut.ah 551 2 .52 .42 5-137 13-79 .9~ 25.02 .so- 25 - Virginia 3,293 27.25 2.16 7-05 15.22 2-75 27.18 .07 

26 - Total 5,007 29.131 .313 7-413 16.36 ~.33 213.55 1.26 

Idaho 2131 27.06 ~.63 13.~5 9.95 213.03 .97-

tlonta."la 2,079 29.32 -30 6.57 15.26 ~.90 27.04_ 2.29 

Nevada 96 27.o4 5-30 21.05 2.39 28.7 l. 7Q... Oregon 633 32.15 .02 6.34 20.44 2.53 29.22 2.133 

Washington 1,917 30. 10 .64 9.313 16. 4·57 30.03 .07 

27 - West. Va. 1,001 27 . 61 .76 6.75 1~.99 .56 27.06 ·55 

28 - Total 9,142 2~.56 .21 6.613 1~.29 3.03 2~.21 ·35 

Mich. No. Pen. 211 26.16 8.09 12.18 2.11 22.313 3·713 

Wiecons1n S,932 2~.52 .22 6.65 14.4~ 3·05 2~.26 .26 

29 - Chicago Area 3,510 29.65 .24 13.17 20. 9 3.46 32-36 2. 71-

30 - St. Louis County 1,855 31.07 1.134 9.52 21.50 2.08 3~.9~ 3-87-

31 - Arizona 2,5~ 27.97 .01 7· 74 17.31 3.13 213.19 .22-

32 - So. Calif. 10,5 23.19 2.39 7.67 16.33 3.56 29.95 6. 76-

Comp1led By: D. N. Burnham, C.P.A., 

Division of Review, NRA, 

Source: Industry ~e•t1oo.a1ree. 

~:...u 

1'AH" :: :·:: :'( 

tJ£~AI L LUL!B?"" ::'£.l l:'l'S 

RECAFI?;.·L.; -I :t~ 

··c=:.:. : cs: ::;;:- ~r :. s 

Y?Ai; l 9<L 

rt·cm· r::ALJ s 2-;, ... 1 !:ALEES p:; pe !"G 5~4 ( 5P& :' ~=trl e n '1. I 

, & -~........._~....,.,..,- ............ .. -.-a .. ,._ ~-.-...,----~~~...-- .~ .. 

....,.... ___ _ ._per· fL of Each to Total Cost of Goal. s Sold s~ lee !'.P ncl.l1 ng sell cr.e & I!":.er~et Total 

V?lu"'e r';t·oc::: E Re•ork _2el1Vfl:.Y Admir .. Bad :Jebte !!.ade ProUt 000 c 1'"· Prof1 .. 

'"' : xp £xpense !:xpe-n£e ;-xpense Expenee Loss - ----- --- Industry $!Co, 7' " )6. ) 9 1. 04 9.!55 23 .64 4.53 ~9.06 .67-

:l1Y1s1on - St~te 

1 - AlRbama ] ,409 ;3 .67 5 -93 12-37 26.43 4.92 '+9 . 65 4.22 2 - llo Ce!lf 2, 426 '7 .SO 1. 41 .... so 20.}8 4.}8 35 · 9K 1.83 G - Cs.rolinae 107 60. 21 9 . 4:; 1"·53 32. 6l 1.89 56 -7 3-47 - Flor~da 6, 068 ... 1. =c 1. 53 9."9 20 . 6 .49 36.25 5-31 5 - ::leorgia 1, 7of. ;9,u9 ' .13 10.49 19 .28 2.69 35-59 3.90 6 - Ill1r.Olf 3, 871 37 ~6 . 17 9. 89 2' . 29 4.4) 37-73 .OS 7 - Indlar.a 6, 307 '8. 47 -73 9.22 24 . 42 4.65 02 -55- S - ltent.ucky l,t.42 L.5. 11 1.09 10.14 ' 28.27 -57 .07 1.04 9 - Lou!s1a~5 1,630 37.<2 .15 9.84 22 .97 2.13 35.09 2.23 10 - So. Wlcil. 6,090 ;6 .1!7 .96 11.06 22. 93 4.41 39-36 .49-

11 - Total 12 ,oo: 38 .97 ,gg 11.72 2'. }5 4.97 4o.92 1.95- !'ola,.,.re 548 4o . ;8 10.21 21.06 1.75 :n.o2 7-56 Dist . or ~' 1. 193 27.12 6.87 10 .95 1.63 19. 45 7. 67 lt>ryl•.nd 1,827 38.23 1.25 9.61 21.88 '.98 36 .72 1. 51 So. r . J. 1,282 ; 8.91 1.16 11.79 ... c .6a 1( 32 92 19.01- E. Ponr. R. 9 030 (.9.,1 .!54 12.35 23. 0 4. 11 .}4 1. 03- 12 - '1~.;:- . 551 '!~ . 6 .OS 10.73 30 .70 7- 27 48 .78 4.32-

13 - ot.al 5,<-,2 34 .90 .14 7-22 21. 97 3.64 ~2.97 1.93 Colo . 3,435 32 -74 .16 7-F 20 .99 }.02 3l.g9 .S5 !1. LIP": 813 ' !5· 0, Wyo

.16 5- 3 21.63 3-48 ' 0.70 "·35 . 82~ ~-5 6.85 26. 7~ 6.66 4o.26 11.,213 '~ - l.,b. 3, 76 35 .01 7.1!0 20.1! 2,g4 31. 49 1. 14- 1-. - ;o. ~ J. 3,111 .01 -57 1L.73 31. 11.2 5-39 ~2-11 4.10- 16 - .'. Y. City 3,914 46. 29 .96 16.29 27.60 3-9'1 9.00 2 1-

17 - 'rot.al 23,173 41.25 L:S 12.15 24.78 5.24 .. 3.55 2 0-

Conn . 11. ,9~5 1. 64 .07 12.71 22. 11.5 0.20 '!-1.43 21 llaine 661 43 .40 3-60 g_09 .18 (.·82 ~.69 - 1 

!la ~8. 

( ~~ 1.26 1. 71 l3-7g 2 . 73 <+.11.6 .6S 3 2-

I H. 48.59 7-73 15. 08 22.01 :;.o8 9.90 1 1 . Y. -::.tate 9 , 349 39.78 1.23 10.95 25-21 .... g..:. 42. ' !" .I Penna . Part 183 '1 2.gg 13.19 9.12 16.82 7.14 46.27 6.61 R. I. 883 45.94 .95 14.37 35.47 12.09 62.gg 1E.91-

Ventont 353 46. 2 2.45 7.13 11.17 1.43 42.16 4 

18 - Total <!,657 32 05 7.93 18. go 2.68 29 11.1 

Iowa 3,689 31-75 9.711. 15.62 2.5.; ~ 91 3 64 llir.n. 2,538 33-11 9.14 14.96 '· 5, 30.65 2. " lio. Dale 1,381 33·43 4.43 2 . !l.o 1. 26 ;o.o9 ~ 

So. Dall . 1,047 2S.Sl 3-33 24.59 .!.SS ~0.1!0 ' 19 - ObJ.o 10,590 4'1 .21 1.53 11.07 26.g9 ').62 <;.11 20 - W. Penr.a. 4,268 42 .og 1.36 10.76 27 .45 .80 5-37 

21 - T1t.al 13, 574 34.94 .16 5.58 23. 46 3. 91 33-11 ::. o1 

Ark. 167 38.92 11.99 20. 06 6. 29 38-34 .')8 

1\:ans . 3,013 34·44 .01 5-50 25.87 4.41 35·79 1.95 

Vo . r:, 039 3 • 4 .43 6.65 22-75 1.o4 32.87 1.60 

Okla. 5.354 ~3- 7 ' 11..42 22. 91 4.~ ~1. 70 2.o4 

22 - Tenn. 1,27f 3-78 1. 26 8.91 29.04 4. 3 -87 .09- 2~ - Texas 6,91 ' 38.10 .25 3.111. 27 . 27 4.69 35 · 3a 2. 75 

2 - Utah 551 12 . 48 -55 7.78 18.27 6.54 33·1 . 66-

25 - Va. 3,293 17. 46 2.97 9.69 20. 9'1 3- 78 ?-7- 37 .09 

26 - ':'ot.al 5,006 11.2 .11.6 .54 10.66 23-"l 6.16 40.67 1. 79 

Idaho 280 ~7 10 6.35 16. 44 13.64 3g.43 1. 33-

ont 2,078 1.48 .44 9.29 21.59 6 .93 )!!. 25 3.23 

Ne'ftlda 96 '7 .03 7-24 ;>8.84 3.28 ~9-39 2.36-

Oregon 633 47 . 38 .03 9.1 29.95 3- 74 3. 06 !1. 32 

Wash. 1,917 43 .06 .92 13.41 23 .52 5 -11 42 . 96 10 

27 - w lla. 1,001 36.14 1.05 9.33 20.71 6. 30 37-39 75 

28 - Total 9,142 32-a6 .28 8.86 18.91< 4.02 32.10 .46 

No. l.licb. 210 35· 3 10.95 16.49 2.~6 30-30 5-1~ Wise. 6,931 42.49 .29 8.!11 19.00 4.05 42.15 ·3 

29 - Cook c~. Ill • . 3,509 2.15 -35 11.61 29.13 4. 92 6.01 3.g6-

30- St. Lou1e Cty. 1,855 45.04 2.66 ' 81 31.19 1.02 50.6S 5.61-

31 - Ar1~ona 2,545 38.8 .01 l J . 75 24.03 li. <<; 39 -14 -30- 32 - So. Calif. 10,5 7 30.20 3.12 9.98 21.26 4: 64 39.00 8.20-

-----------------

Compll"d D. N. Burnham, C.P.A . , D1v1s1on of Review, N!t'< 

Source Industry ~e s t1onna1rec . 

3~ 

TABU: NO . L 

RETAIL WilBER DEALERS RECAPITULATION FOR INDUSTRI OPERATION RESULTS 1934 DIOIIN DEALEI\5 23, 531 - DEALERS REPORTING 3, 554 

.l. WEll 

1. 

2. 

l: 

5· 6. 

7· 8. 

9. 

Luaber, blildlng aateriale Direct ear-lot eh1pmente, liUlber, and building material a Stoolt aillworlt 

Spacial manufactured millwork a>1ldere• euppllee ( eee liUlber code , art, II, par. 1) Direct ear-lot eh1pmeota builders' auppliee Retail a tore 1te11a and blilding epeeial tie a Coal and ot.ller tuele reed, eead , gr&lD, fertilizer 

Other Iteaa 

10. 

ll. 12. Total ealee 13. Dlacounte and a11owanceo made 1~ . let ealee (12 m1nue 13) 

8. COST Or GOODS SOLD 

15. Innot.oey - BeSl.=ing January 1, 1934. or earlier 

16. Purchase or all i teme 1 to ll 

17. Manufactured apeeial millwork (item Cl-41) 

111. !ctal 15-1~17 

19. Innotoey - Cloeing Dec . 31, 19r, or earlier 20. Coat or goode a old ( 18 minuo 19 21. Grooo profit ( i tom .l-14 minue 8-20 

22. !otal aaw and planing mill expense (C2l 

2~- Total handling and deliTery expense (D 

2 • Total aolllng-adminietrathe expenoo (J:) 

25. Total other deductions (F) 

26. Total •ode expenao (22 to 25) 

27- Depreciation 28. orueera' llte-inauranoa premiumo 

29. Other expenee not !Deluded 1n other items 

JO. Total (26 to 29) 

31. !let profit (21 loee JO) 

J2 . Other iDe~• 

5': Interest and discount earned, lost accounts recovered, 

!let prof1 t for period per the boolte 

Cl. IIILL FOR IWIUJ'ACTURE OF SPECIAL IIILLliORJ: 

35· 

36. 

37 · )8. 

~: 

Superintendent and foreman wages Mill labor - direct and indirect Suppl1ee 

Maintenance and repa1re - mill only 

Heat, 11ght, and po11'er - mill only Mill expense, other - not including taxes, insurance, 

depreciation, and rent Total mill ooete llnclude ae 8-17) 

C2. S.lW AND PLANING WILL (incidental remapufacture of lumber) 

42. Labor 

etc. 

Percentage 

61.94 

3-12 

)".86 

3.16 

8.83 

1.09 6.34 

7.96 

1.73 

3-13 

101.16 1.16 

100.00 

Percentage 

to Salea 

72.26 

27-74 

-75 

7-12 

17.08 

2Ht-

~ .13 ___,JL 

30-52 

- 2-79 

.26 

~: 8uppl1ee and incidental expense !otal &&11' and planing mill expense (transfer total to line 22 ) 

D. HANDLING AND DELIVERY EXPENSE 

45. Yard labor %. Yard aalntenanoe and rapalre 

~7- Yard euppllee 

. DeiiiUt't'age 49. Truck labor 50. Truck aod garage malDtenanee and repeire 

51· i'ruclt 1!.&1 and oii 

52. Hired tNcb 

5~ stable labor 

5 . Stable-wagon maintenance and repalre 

55· Peed and eupfl1e s 56. Other items epeo1fy) 

57-

511. 'l'otal handling and delivery expense (transfer total to llDe 23) 

E. SI:LLIW AIID ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSE 

59. 

60. Salesmen's aalar1ee, comm1ae1on, 

Advertising 

and travel 

61. 0ft1cere' or partners' eal&r1ea 

62 . Office wages 

~: Postage, etationeey, and suppl1eo 

Telegraph and telephone 

65. Heat , light and 11'8ter (for yard and office) 

66. Aooounting tees 

Of. Legal feee 68. Dues and subscriptions 

69. Collection expense 

70. Donations 

71. Travel and promotion ot.ller t.llan E-59 

72. orrtce malntenaoee and repairs 

7~· Payments to Code Aut.hor1t1 

7 • Insurance (all Unde except llfe) 

75· Taxes (except Federal income tax) 

76. Rent 

77- Other (specify) 

71l. 

79. Total (traneter to 11ne 24) 

r . O'l'IIER DEDUCTIONS 

80. Interest p&ld (not interest on investment) 

Ill. Bad debts 82. Total other deduetione (transfer to line 25) 

11.511 

-75 

.23 

4.97 

1.97 

2.26 

-70 

.17 

.69 

23-32 

7-33 

l. 70 15.13 

10.90 

1.41 

1.42 

.91 

.28 

.50 

-57 

-32 

.19 

.56 

.38 

.90 

J.49 

5-52 

2-55 

1.91 

55-97 

~ 

3-43 

10.71 

• 103,296,326 

5,206,990 

6,439,841 

5, 265,631 

14,724,577 

1,816, 769 10,573, 159 

13,273,603 

2,893.715 

$ 

• 

• 

• 

5,214,994 

168 ,70$, 605 L94l,S33 

166,763,772 

62,075,916 

ll4, 792,60J 3,190,8 

11!0,059,387 

59,55~,677 120,50 ,710 46.260 062 

1,247,347 

ll, 873.3111 211,490,601! 

5.~.156 47,0,952 

3,001,339 

219,361 

622.262 50,908,914 

4,6411,1!52-

1 , 423,935 2, 92,431 

432,41!~ 

953.751 

?93.596 

5,1195,273 

)80 . 467 118,080 

2, 532.595 

1,002,582 

1,150,972 

3511,652 

85,201 

350,019 

$ 3. 731,810 

Si$11,831! 

7. 704,276 

5.547,637 

717, 613 

422 ,051 63, 453 141,265 254,562 

287.736 

161 , 921! 

99,144 

287 ,OS 

193,160 

457.553 1, 775,039 

2,801!,969 

1,?91!, 309 

974,17S 

$ • 1,747,643 

3,706.513 

Compiled B1: 

Source : 

Percentage 

to Coat of Sale a 

• 

3,190,1!64 

ll,S73,341 

$ 28;490,601! 

D. N. Bw-nham, C.P.A. DiVision ot Rev1e11', NRA , 

Industry Queationnalres. 

38.39 

Loll 

9.~ 

2~. 

~ 

1.91 

·57 

.18 

.75 

3-53 

.23 

.07 

1.52 

.60 

.69 

.22 

-05 

.21 

~;!L 

2.24 

-52 

4.62 

3· 33 

.42 

.43 

.28 

.OS 

.15 

.17 

.10 

.06 

.17 

.12 

.27 

1.06 

1.68 

-711 

-511 

l].OS 

322 

TABLE LI 

Lumber Cost at Chicago, Iilinois 

Code Period January to March, 1934 

Douglas Southern Western Oak 

Shipping Weight per M Ft. 

Jraight rate per 100 pounds 

Costs per M, B. M. 

Stumpage 

Logging and Milling 

Labor 

Ot~r Costs 

Shipping and Selling 

Labor 

Other Costs 

Overhead and Administrative 

Officers and Owners Pq 

Other Costs 

Total Mill Costs !/ 

Jreight 

Cost to Retailer 

Retail Costs g) 

Fir Pine Pine 

2,800# 

$ .72 

$ 2.42 

5.11 

6.58 

1.06 

1.21 

.62 

1,80 

$18.80 

20,16 

$38,96 

3,000# 

$.38 

$ 4.31 

7,58 

.6.13 

1.61 

1.07 

1,05 

3.50 

$25.25 

11,40 

$36.65 

2, 3001 4, 3001 

$ ,51 $ .295 

$ 2.11 $ 6.31 

6.35 

7.77 

1.90 

1.95 

.76) 

9.27 

6,91 

2.35 

1.53 

) 4.11 

2.60) 

$23.44 $30.48 

11.73 12.75 

$35.17 $43.23 

Labor 6,89 6,48 6,22 7,64 

Officers l Owners P~ 2.71 2,55 2.44 3,01 

Other Costs ~8,~~..:1=3:...--__ 7~·!r.o::6:;.:::5~---=-7 ,:111.0134~-....::9.,.,.;::.0~3 

Total Cost to Consumer 

Stumpage 

Logging and Milling 

Selling and Jdministrative 

Freight 

Retailers Costs 

$56,69 

DCJU>ITULA.TIOli 

2.42 

11.69 

4,69 

20.16 

17.73 

$53.33 

4,31 

13,71 

7.23 

11.40 

16,68 

$51.17 $62,91 

2.11 

14.12 

7.21 

11.73 

16.00 

6,31 

16,11 

7.99 

12,75 

19,68 

Cost to Consumer $56,69 $53.33 $51,17 $62,91 

!/ Total mill cos~s derived from Industry cost questionnaires. 9813 Y Retail costs derived from Industry cost questionnaires 

TABLE LII 

Lumber Cost at New York, New York 

Code Period January to Karch 1934 

DOU&las Douglas Southern 1f estern 

Shipping Ieight per M lt. 

7reight Rate per 100 pounds 

Coste per K. B. M. 

Stumpage 

Logging and Willing 

Labor 

Other Costs 

Shipping and Selling 

Labor 

Other Costs 

OYerhead and Administrative 

Officers and Owners P~ 

Other Coats 

Total Yill Cost JJ 

Freight 

Cost to Retailer 

Be tail Costs y 

Labor 

Officers & Owners Par 

Other Coats 

Total Cost to Consumer 

Stumpage 

Logging and Milling 

Selling and Adm1nistrat1Te 

rreight 

Retailers Costa 

Cost to Consumer 

l ater Rate 83~ of $12.00t"2f¥ 

Fir Fir Pine 

W.ater 

3,1001 2,8001 3,0001 

$ .87 $ .37 

$ 2.42 2.42 4.31 

5.11 5.11 7.58 

6.58 6.58 6.13 

1.06 1.06 1.61 

1.21 1.21 1.07 

.62 .62 1.05 

1.80 1.80 3.50 

$18.80 $18.80 $25.25 

10.20 24.36 11.10 

$29.00 $43.16 $36.35 

6.51 9.69 18.16 

1.77 2.64 2.22 

5.96 8.88 7.48 

$43.24 $64.37 $54.21 

RECAPITULATION 

$ 2.42 $ 2.42 • 4.31 

11.69 11.69 13.71 

4.69 4.69 7.23 

10.20 24.36 11.10 

14.24 21.21 17.86 

$43.24 $64.37 $54.21 

Pine 

2,3001 

$ .73 

2.11 

6.35 

7.77 

1.90 

1.95 

.76) 

2.60) 

$23.44 

16.79 

$40.23 

9.08 

2.46 

8.28 

$60.00 

$ 2.11 

14.12 

7.21 

16.79 

19.77 

$60.00 

9813 lJ Total mill costs derived from Industr.y cost questionnaires. Y Retai 1 co·sts derived from Industry cost questionnaires. 

Oak 

4,3001 

$ .4lt 

6.31 

9.27 

6.91 

2.35 

1. 53 

4.11 

$30.48 

17.75 

$48.33 

10.83 

2.95 

9.94 

$71.95 

$ 6.31 

16.18 

7.99 

17.75 

23.72 

$71.95 
32<i 

TABLE LIII 

STOCKS, SHIPMENTS AND PRODUCTION OF SOF'TI'/000 Wl~li<:R 

1923 - 1935 

Total Stocke, Shi_?mente and Production of Softwood Lumber in Mill1on11 of Feet and Eltminatlon o~ S~aeonal Fluctuations to 

Show Secular (long ttme) Trend 

-~ 

Stock on Hand At Trend of Shipments rend of Production Trend or 9eg1nn1ng of Period Stocke During Period Shipments !luring Period P!'odllct1on ··--·---·---- - ------------ --

192a 6,600 1.019 . 6,470 30,004 4 7.501 '10,904 .. 4 7,726 

192 7,500 1.019 7,360 29,106 4 7,276 29,406 4 7,352 1925 7,SOO 1.019 7,~ 31,010 4 7.7~2 31,410 4 7,928 

1926 S,500 1.019 S,3 30,169 4 7,5 2 30, 69 4 7,617 

1927 s,soo 1.019 S,630 27,942 4 6,9S6 2S,442 4 7,1l0 

192S 9,300 1.019 9,120 29.367 4 7,342 28,345 4 7,086 

1929 let Quarter S,416 1.019 S,259 7,107 .908 7 ,S27 • 6,S39 .S63 7,925 

2nd " S,14S .992 S,214 S,l21 1.074 7.561 8,116 LOSS 7,460 

a~ S,l43 .996 8,176 7.~ 1.082 6,885 7,968 l.OS7 7.330 

S,661 -993 8,722 6,2 .9)6 6,67<; 7,020 .962 7,297 

1930 let Quarter 9,433 1.019 9,257 5,586 .908 6,152 5,586 .863 6,472 

2nd " 9,433 .992 9,509 5.791 1.074 ~,392 6.388 LOSS ~,871 

a~ • 10,030 .996 10,070 ".092 1.082 .706 ~,l:"-0 1.087 • 719 

10,068 .993 10,139 ~.333 .936 4,629 ,227 .962 4,394 

1931 1st Quarter 9,962 1.019 9,u6 4,067 .908 4,479 1,515 .S63 ,073 

2nd • 9,410 .992 9 , 6 4,300 1.074 4,oo4 ~.23S LOSS 3,S9<; 

a~ 9,34S .996 9,3S6 3,921 1 082 3,624 3.609 1.087 3.320 

9,036 -993 9,100 2,879 -936 3,076 2,"61 .962 2,662 

1932 let Quarter S,718 L019 8, 5c5 2,701 .908 2,975 1,980 .S63 2,294 

2nd • 7,997 .992 8,061 2,720 L074 2,533 2,33~ 1.0SS 2,1" 

a~ 7,610 .996 7,641 2,84S 1.082 2,632 2,307 LOS7 2,122 

7,069 .993 7,119 2, 516 .9)6 2,688 2,2?2 .962 2,310 

1933 let Quarter 6, 775 1.019 6,649 2,216 .908 2,~1 l,S2 .S63 2,114 

2nd . 6,3S3 .992 6,4}4 ',450 L074 3,212 2,782 l.OSS 2,557 

ard 5,715 .996 5.738 3.997 l.OS2 3,694 3,927 L087 3,613 

th 5.645 .993 5,68<; 3.133 -9'6 3.347 3,176 .962 3,301 

1934 let Quarter 5,688 L019 5,582 3,116 .908 3,432 3,323 .863 3.851 

2nd I 5,895 .992 5,943 3,312 1.074 3,102 3,655 LOSS 3.359 

a~ 6,218 .996 6,244 3,'21 1.082 3,071 3,ij6 1.087 2,922 6,071 -993 6,11 2,82 .936 '1,0:>0 ?, 5 .962 2,583 

1935 let Quarter 5,429 1.019 5,622 2,943 .90S 3,241 2,649 .S63 3,070 

2nd I 5, ~ .992 5.479 3,545• 1.074 '·4: 3 ,156· 1.088 2,901 

a~ 5,0 • .996 5, 066 3. 1.>79• 1 082 3,18 .936 '· j,lloo 

------ - ·- -·- ·--- ------------------··------ · - -- -------- ·----------- • Anti cipated 

llote: Quarterly f1guree are not available pr1or t o 1929. 

9813 
TABLE LIV 

Hours of Labors Number of Esta-t>11sh.ments and NuDiDer of lege 

Earners by Prevailing Hours of La-bor per Week, 1929. 

Per Cent Per Cent Sawmills 

of of and 

Sawmills Total Millwork Total Millwork 

(Total EstabliShments 12,915 100.0 4.849 100.0 17,764 

(To tal Wage Earners .419,084 100.0 90,134 100.0 509,218 

(Establianments with 

(hours not reported 6,333 49.0 560 11.6 6,893 

(1fwnber of wage earners 31,514 7.5 1,442 1.6 32,956 

( 40 hours and under 

(Number of establi~ents 350 2.7 300 6.2 650 

(Number of wage earners 15,874. 3.8 4,787 5.3 20,661 

(Over 40 nours but 

(under 45 hours 

(N~ber of estab1i&aments 75 0.6. 1,098 22.6 1,173 

(Number of wage earners 4,635 1.]. 17,984 20.0 22,619 

(45 houra to 48 ~ours 

(inclusive 

(Number of establiahments 1,803 14.0 680 14.0 2,483 

(Number of wage earners 95,068 22.7 16~637 18.5 111,705 

(Over 48 hours but not 

(over 54 hours 

(Humber of establiShments 1,391 10.8 1,377 28.4 2,768 

(lumber of wage earners 48,125 u.s Z7,980 31 .0 76,105 

(Over 54 hours 

(Bumber of establianments 2,963 22.9 834 17.2 - 3,797 

(lumber ~f lage earners 223,868 53.4 21,304 23.6 245,172 

Sourcet Census of Manufactures, 1929; ~ercentages, and sums for S~wmills 

Millwork, computed from Census figures Shown. 

9813 

Per Cent 

of 

Total 

100.0 

100.0 

38.8 

6.5 

3.6 

4.1 

6.6 

4.4 

14.0 

21.9 

15.6 

14.9 

21..4 

48.2 

and 

INDEX NUMBERS 

AVERAGE OF 1905,'10,'15,'20, 

'25,'30, '35 • I 00) 

llBilllf .... 

326 

PRICE TREND 

SOUTHERN PINE ROOFERS 3f4"x 5 112'.#4.. 

BY YEARS. 1905- 1935 

180,----------.---------.----------~--------~---------.---------. 

170~--------~---------+----------~--------~---------+--------~ 

I ~ • I 

160 t----------+----------+--------- 1 ----------t----------+----------1 

I I 

I I 

12-MONTH AVERAGE 

~ 

PRICE: I 

---------+----------~--------~ 

~~ I 

150 

140 1-----------t----------+-------,. : 

-1 ~----~~~~~~~--~ o 3-YEAR SLIDING AVERAGE PRICE 

~o~\ ]// I 

130 f------+--------!-,-/-~-x~~-t--------i 

I o I ;, 

I I I ', ~-""':.:--o 

120 f------------t----------+-----• 1- -_I_,_ I , -;" · ... ,~- \ "'9...._----+----------l 

: lo I j o \,.,..."' "'~ 

I 1 / \ o 

I I 0 f------------t----------+--- -~ -~-,' \l\- : I v \1\ I ~ e 

UNADJUSTED I \ \ 100~--------~~~~=--+----r-~--+---------~--------~~~----~ 

!f \\ t· 

90 t------------+----------+---;7 ! ~ AOJUSTLED PR"\T"T \ -·~~ 

80 1----\\ 17 - -- d _\_f 

70 

60 !----~'~~~,;;;;;: , _ --' - ~ ADJUSTED FOR PURCHASING----------I 

--- •,,,..<-• '•,t\ VALUE OF DOLLAR 

50 

40f----------~---------+----------~---------t-----------l--------~ 

30 1----------~---------+----------~---------t---------~--------~ 

20 1----------~---------+----------~---------t---------~--------~ 

IOt---------~---------+----------~---------t-----------1----~--~ 

~1~1~1~1~~~~~~~-~l_l~l-~ll~~l_l~l~l~~l~l~l-~1-~11_~11~ 

1905 1910 1915 

SOURCE • "NEW YORK LUMBER TRADE JOURNAL " 

'<9813 

1920 1925 1930 1935 

NRA 

DIVISION OF REVIEW 

STATISTICS SECTION 

NO. 495 

EX ~r&rT" c 

LUMBER INDUSTRY 

QUARTERLY SOFTWOOD SHIPMENTS, BY REGIONS, 1929-1935 

D SOUT HERN PINE 1 WEST COAST 

PER CENT 

100 ~~~~~--. 

1929 1930 

SOURCE : LUMBER CODE AUTHORITY , 

9813 

~WEST ~ PINE 

1931 

DOCKET N0.5 

{IN PER CENT) 

~ REDWOOD 

1932 

NORTHERN 

HEMLOCK 

1933 

D NCRTI-€ASTERN [] OTHER 

SOFTWOODS 

PER CEN' 

.--....-----.-----.----, II 0 0 

I 

so 

eo 

70 

60 

50 

30 

20 

10 

1935 

N R. A. 

011/ISION OF REVIEW 

S TATISTlCS SECTION 

NO 353 
·- y·-- .. 

LUMBE'R . INDOSTRY 

QUARTERLY HARDWOOD SHIPMENTS, BY REGtONS, 1929-1935 

D SOUTHERN 4.N0 

APP4.LACHI<IN 

PER CENT 

100 

90 . 

80 . 

70 . 

20 

10 

u NORTHERN 

I 7J 1 In '1:1 8 

( IN PER CENT) 

~NORTH C(NTRAL D NORT H-EAST(Rif D WALP<Ut· D OTH£R Ho\ADWOOOS 

16 4 711 72 I 70 6 753 813 772 ~6 74 2 75~ 74 2 74D 

PER CENT 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

Q ~~~~~~~.~.~.~--~~.~~2*D~J~~~~4~,.~-- -~Is LJ~.~~4~H~--~~~~~~-4~T-HL_~~~~r~2~~~3~.~~4~T~HL_ __ L_I~Sf~2~~0~3~0~~L---L- ~"~~3~00~4~T~H~ 0 

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 

SOURCE LUMBER CODE o\UTHO~ITY DOCKET ItO ~ 

N R A 

DIVISION OF A[VI EW 

STATISTICS SECTION 

NO 3~5 
SOFTWOOD 

- SOUTHERN PINE 

BBIBI'! •z• 

LUMB.ER INDUSTRY 

STOCKS ON HAND. BY REGIONS, .1929 

WEST COAST 

(IN PER CENT) 

(@t WESTEIIN PINE ~ REDWOOD ~NORTHERN 

~HEMLOCK ~~~ NORTH EASTERN 

1935 

~ OTHER 

~SOFTW~ 

PER CENT PER CENT 

IOOr.""~~~""~--~~~~"-"~-.~~"-"""~~-."-"""~~~~-,""~~~~~~~"-"~~""r-~~~~~--r~IOO 

90 

eo 

70 

50 ~ 

40 

30 

20 

10 

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 

-----------'------STOCKS AT END OF YEAR----------+ -sTOCKS ' AT END OF QUARTER~ 

'\URCE: LUMBER CODE AUTHORITY, DOCKET · N. R. A. DIVISION Of REVIEW 

STATISTIC$ SECTION 

NQ 375 

HARDWOOD STOCKS 

1929 1930 1931' 

EXHIBIT ttF" 

LUMBER INDUSTRY 

ON HAND, BY 

(IN PER CENT) 

1932 1933 

REGIONS, l929-l935 

I ST 20C> 3RO 4TH 

1935 

._----------~--------~----STOCKS AT END OF YEAR---------------------. ~STOCKS AT END OF QUARTER-. 

N. R. A. DIVISION OF REVIEW 

STATISTICS SECl'IOH 

NQ 376 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

:IXBIBIT "G11 

LUMBER INDUSTRY 

QUARTERLY SOFTWOOD PRODUCTION, BY REGIONS, 1929-1935 

[ill SOUTHERN PINE 1!1 WEST COAST 

PER CENT 

90 

80 

70 

60 ~ 

1929 1930 

~WEST PINE 

1931 

SOURCE• LUMBER CODE AUTHORITY, OOOK£T 110 5 

ON PER CENT) 

REDWOOD NORTH -EASTERN filii 

1932 1933 

HEMLOCK 

WZI OTHER 

~ SOFTWOODS 

NORTHERN 

PER CENT 

1934 1935 

N. A.A. 

DIVrS10J OF,.REVIEW 

STATISTICS SECTION 

100 

eo 

70 

30 

20 

10. 
QUARTERLY HARDWOOD 

~~~ NORTHERN PER CENT 

SOUTHERN AND 

APPALACHIAN 

1930 1931 

SOURCE• LUMBER COO£ AUTHORITY, OOCI(ET NO 5 

EXHIBIT "H" 

LUMBER INDUSTRY 

PRODUCTION, BY REGIONS, 1929-1935 

QN PER CENT) 

1m NORTH•EASTERN ~ NORTH CENTRAL 

1932 1933 1934 1935 

N.R.A. DIVISION 0/F REVIEW 

STATISTICS SECTION 

NO- 372 

90 
333 

EXHIBIT "I" 

AVERAGE LUMBER PRICE BREAKDOWN AT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 

CODE PERIOD JANUARY TO MARCH, 1934 

OOI.I.ARS 

P!R M. B. M. 

OOU.ARI 

PER 111.8.111. 

9o oo ~--------------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------,eo oo 

80.001-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------410.00 

70 001------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~70 00 

6QOO ~------------------------------------------------------------

COST TO 

50 00~-------------------

RETAil. 

10.00 

SOURCE• I.UIIIIIt:R AND TIIIIIIER PROOUCTS STUDY UNil, 

OIVISIO!i OF REVIEW, N. fl A. 

IOUTH!IIN l'lfl! W!IT!IIII l'tfll 

62.91 

--------------------------~80.00 

COSTS- OTHEII 

RETAIL COSTS- O,ICIIII 

AND OWNEIII ,AY 

---------------------------140.00 

ETC. 

AND OWNERS' PAY 

IILLINI-<n'ID 

KUJM-LAIOII 

NRA 

OIVI81011 0, IIEVIEW 

STATIST1C8 SECTION 

NO. 1111' 

10.00 
334 

EXHIBIT IIJII 

AVERAGE LUMBER PRICE BREAKDOWN AT NEW YORK, N.Y. 

CODE PERIOD JANUARY TO MARCH, 1934 

DOLLARS DOl.UIII 

PER M.B.M. PER IU.II. 

90 00 ,-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~90~0 

e~oo ~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~~ 00 

70.00 ~-----------------------------------------------------------

6000 ~------------------------------

5000 ~------------------------------

COST TO CONSUMER -

40~0 

RETAIL COSTS-

~OvO 

COSTS TO RETAILER 

2000 

COST AT MILL 

tooo r-------------------------

SOURCE• LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS STUDY UNIT, 

DIVISION OF REVIEW, N. R. A. 

9813 

---------------------------170.00 

COSTS- LABOR 

-------------------------15000 

40.00 

AIIO OIINERS PIIT 

AHO SEl.Uif0-01'10 

AIIO SEWIUI-I . .MOII 

20.00 

___________ ,. 0 

NRA 

DIVISION Of REVIEW 

S'TATISTIC SECTION 

HO. 373 
co 

00 

~ 

~ 

$32 

30 

28 

26 

24 

... 22 ... 

.. 

:. 

. 20 

.Jl 

. 

0 

. 

~ 18 

Cl 

0 

.. 

&: 16 

Cl 

Cl 14 ~ Ill 

Cl 

~ 12 

k 

Cl 

... 

41 10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

1 9 2 3 1 9 2 4 1 9 2 5 

EXHIBIT 11K11 

AVERAGE PRICE OF SOFTWOOD Lt»mli:R 

1 9 2 6 1 9 2 7 1 9 2 8 1 9 2 9 1 9 3 0 1 9 3 1 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 3 

Figure 3 - Relation of Prioe Estimated from the Supply-Demand Index to the Aotual 

Pr1oe per K feet !. o. b. mill from 1933 to date. 

1 9 3 4 

Source: Lumber Code Authority Docket #5 

- . ..,.;;. ' 

28 

2 

0 

1 9 3 5 1 9 3 IS 

~~•r ot 

lt-.n4J.ac an no •• 

btl!! rlaltv, PTlor 

.. 'MM"' t e.odlllal 

tOon.-u. ot t)a t•roo an4 

nytpprtaU.tp 

I 

·--,_ ..... _..._ __ I 

,..., t'OhU.-4 l'•ht 

11110 I 

•• 111) I 

I 

1iij0 I !Do IIAlal 

•• tO..r:. ... ot tbo 

11!19 I ' OAl\14 1\t\u 

' 

;la•ipUoa 

trorol• c ... ,_,. .. AD4 

1Jadcot1oa 

I 

I I re 1cJl eo.- 1•roo u4 tJa•lp\ioa 

11•. Loa.h 

tJao-b' - ••·'· L•lJ•r 

' 

-----:-----------::-.~~;~:~~~.~al=-~:-----------

: :~'f.:r:? J.ain! t4!e,_tltUOt I 

ti<N\Mra L~ t 

11'0\U't..al -----· rli.T. L•l)•r 1 

rirtd• Journtl t 

:Pa.oUlo Oo .. \ 1 

tf.!e4f JO\U'!!tl t 

tltlltUlo.a 

1;ao :r>-c c.olal 

:C.o-a.o ot UM> 

:ODl\od. St.a\.4'• 

:lur•an or \bo 

:Co:t.na 

:PeooAnlal 

:C-=-v.• ot \bo 

:~;u£;~::=.----.:._ ________ _ I 

:rordp Coa- tftl,e 'J't..!lwaa.a 1 

•• 1909 ' : Ott.1 \o4 Sta.hs 

aror .. t Se.rdoo 1 

:-.reo e.l'l4 

-...tpU.oG. 

al'a.r Dep&r"-D\ 

t~hr=e.n 

:I.T .. I uabu 1 

:~

?llt~ra. 

~· t 

tLWibu JolU'pll 1 

aPsclflc COM\ I 

:~~~ 

: ._r1:::e.o 

:L•b•r~ 

o •h S\aUo-

:Uoal S.n1·o • 

:Barr..-4 Jtecor4 1 

' :H.ar h~o4 w..rt.t' t 

;WT~;:""""P"'ln,.,...,-- , ' I I :ltarUt. ~orts : 

:tt.o:•zml-.1 :DoceM.lal :5o•,then. flue tltaroau of Labar :lore1C'J COlli- :Tho Tlzlbar~UC ::tw-oau of :lweau of : St . Loa.J.a 

:C.o•u. of t.he :C&AI'Qa of \he : AaaoclaUoa 

~..l!!.t!!.._l trnUM States tl'ett Caut 

: 5u:ro.au ot U:le : ror .. t Senlce :L,.])onMD'• 

:Cai11NA 1 :.Utoolatloa 

tS\atht.1e • :IIS"eo 1D4 :lu.tun&l tln~raal :L "m~bor.aa 

--------:~::u'i~1~!:.er ~ ~!!~1~:-or ;::=:::-;~";~;:.'=" .. :-;,:---'""'"''"''"'•""=------~:;!da J.:~ 

:Sov.tb.ora Pi.De : le•t.eru Pia. 

: .U110el at1oa :U~utac;;woora 

: Woet Cl u\ : .& oel.at.loa . Ltder.en'a -----, 

::: :c.!:'~:. ~;w.,. =-"Dopor=""-=•:ol:-: Ut&.aute.ttu. e ra 

: ,UI'!)Ciabr.;,pP ) 

:Natloo.al L\Dber: 

Ka.nutact.a-era 

! !*_IOcla t lou. 

:.~=""~,,.,::,_'_•_• ___ "'"'..,.='""=------ ~~=~~: ~~=:::~ournal ISOUthen P!De :Poacltt.o CoMt. 1 

aj,uoehti.,a : Toa.A. JOW'a.al : 

!)lortD Ca.:-oUna: :~--

: Pl.oe .A.u nc iatm: : L .aoo ,.... 1 

::Da'tla S\at.l.a- : 

r t l cal _!!!:!.!s.L_ a a8al''f'aT4 a.oor4 : 

::Jard.r.nd W&r4:at: 

:R!J)Or\ 

4

1eat Co u\ 

:•oob Karke\ 

: lleport. 

:Tello• Pbe 

.Kart.~ :Report 1 

:Coa•ua or 

: Uanu.tacttzru , 

:Bureau of Labor: 

:Stet1at1c• 

1920 zror .. \ Son1ee :Conn. of tCoaou of :Soutben Plo• :1 \U'..U o! Lab« :l'onlp Coca- 1'1'bl !'iAbe.nuA a Boron ot tllJJ'eau. of r» .. T L•b•r :Sautbern Pbe 

to : IU.Dufaota.r .. 

19211 I 

:K&Da:t'aot.urol : A.aaoc1atloo :Statla\le• :Mrc. ed : tiatornal t itr.tornal aTradA Jourual. :Auoolatloa. 

:!::!!~n:l!!n• ~::e=:~. :::::~7 Labar ::i?~!i~~ •r :~::!!!~ ;~er ::i:=:::-;:";•~"'="~'"'••;---;~•"'••"'•.:.•ue=----- ~~:!!:~ourw ~:::~:,~:: . 1 :los\ Cout :J.nocl.s.toD : Ce!liUI d!. :lnfP"Ohoa. :Bu:oau L'Ialtb~a. • , : :.u1oclat1o.r:. 

~~::~;: =!;:t.=• · ltc\dactutea ::::of Fall -~~:!:;!:'• :~:~:1;~ ~-rr~: : leat.ero Ph.. :Anoo1atloo. 1 :•.e,y P=oo.oaio• .Caa:ui.nloD .U ~clat.lon :L011'boJ':16Q_ 1 

:YaDG1ut\U'eu :liardwoo~:""' --- ---:Vort.b C&rol1n.a : :D&dt St ath~ : 

:.Uaoe1atloa :Ia•tltuto :Pint .1010 . :tical Sen1~ ; 

, :Rardwroocl IUrs. 1llorthern Bard- : aa,. ~0o4 Wfra. :Rarvard. Jlooord. : 

ia..~tUuh :wood & H-.loek : : lnotJ.\ute 

:lortban Hard- :J.uoe1a\loa. 

: wood 4 B.Uock t Northen Pl.no 

:Aaao olat.lon :ltanu!ao\urera 

:llorth•rn PiD• : .Auoe lat1ou 

:KaD.ufacturer • :Cal1tot'llla 

:J.uochtloo :Redaoo4 pm. 

:Cal1forala :Southern 

1~.!!1..!-:Crpresa Jnn. :SouU•n tllatlollOl Lumbor~ 

: Crpreaa Mm. aKatlu!actureu ' 

:latioD&l Lwaber:J.••ociatlon 

:Waau.tact\a"ert : S'Ur"Yey of 

t~i~:Current B\11.. : 

:S\lr'Ve.f of :Mnti on.al L~.mber: 

:CurreDt BUI' . :Bulletin : 

t»aUonal L\Ciber:l'ar ~partmeot : 

: : :l!atboo4 ltarket: 

:R!P(Irt 

:le•• CCut 

afoo.o• M.a.rkoi 

:T~~-'---' • llow PlAe : :Market l!•port : 

: Ceaeu. of 

;Wu.u.tuturet 1 

»wt~au of Labor: 

:S t.at.ts;kl" 

: tht Tlabonea 

: . •t Coast 

; lf_.-be~:~fA 

:Bullot1n ,. ------· __ , --·---'· -----~----'----......_1 

1925 :7oroa\ ~·n ce :Cotr.•u of 

;~ -----~;:;.a::rn:~uru 

: Cen•u.a o! the 

:9DJ,hd Stetea 

:Con.ua of :Decennial 

:loiV~ufacturet :Cen.ua of the 

:Buree.u of Lnllor :rordgn Com- :The 'l'ldleMri&Q :Bure.u o! 

:Stat1a£ics :mer ce and 1h ternal :Bw-e.u of 

:Int4r.c.al 

:v.T. Lumber 

:'l'tado Jou:rnal. : Deeennlel :UD1ted Strtea 

:CRn•u of the :Souther a Pine 

:1Jr.:.Ud St:stu :Aaaociatlou. 

:Soutbern~: ~lu t Coast 

&.~~:· ·\':lb•r .. rl•s 

~oot.bly Labor :t:avhatloD :Pacltlc L'IDber IFoYeDU:. 

:Revie• :Pao.Ulc Lu:nber :ln.apect1on : West Cout 

:Cer.•u. o! :Inepect 1oo 1Dureau :Luribennen'a 

:H"'"'"''"''""'"""'------= Southern 

:~er J ourpal 

: Southern Pifte 

:.yaoch.t1oo 

:l'ester:a Pln• 

:Ua.n\lfact\a'era 

:M•ocla \.loa :!,fanu,bet.ure• :Bureau :IDters~te :.U1!oeiatlon : , 

:Bureau of !\&11-:Comurc:• :Southern Pltl:e r .. t Coaa\ :J.uoci at.iotr. 

LUD1berll'le n 1s :We stern P1ne 

Anoe1AtlOD :Kanu.faetur•r• 

r .. teru Pins :A!..!!.Oc1at1oa. 

UeDuf'ae.turera :Hudwoo4 

uaoc1at1 oD : Ina t1 tute 

Ba.rd., od :Norther n HardIn• tl ta.te : 'IJOocl A. B.U.oclt : 

~orthen. Hard- :A .. oc1atlon 

wood & Hemlock :Nor tba1 o Ploe 

A•aod, a\1on JUenute.ctur.u· a. 

fortcern Pla.• :J.aooe1at1oo 

~:'\ut't.c turera :Colltornla 

~oo1 1\~:Jtodwood J.Jan. 

Cal1!0l' :t~ :&.u :Soutb.en 

ltod.wood .Uen. :Qnren •n. Sonthe-ra :Nf\tion.e.l Lumber: 

Cnre•t .&asn.. :ltanu.fac:turor• 

Jfl'l.tl onal Llallber:A.noelat1on 

W&nuf e.ct.urers : S'urve,f of 

4asooh.t1oo : CUrl'eot But . 1 

SwTey of :National Lu:".ber: 

CUI· rent ttu. . :Bulle tiln : 

NatloD.&l L'Omber : lar Depa.rtueo\ t 

Bulletin 

:U . S. ShlpJ:inc : 

: •g Economics : Cot~~i:~hdoo :J. ... ociation : 

:J'orut Service : Southern Pine 1N0Tth Carolina : 

---------- ~:~o~:~!~D ~~t;~.';o~o;u;.~ : / ~::~m:~: ~- I 

: •es torn Plne 

:Manu!acturera 

: A .. oc1o.t1on 

,., 

::u;-~~ 

!Luab eriD&[I 

:Dada Ste.th-

: Ue&.l Sen1co 

: HarYaJ' d Record 1 

:Hardwood Wnrket: 

:Peport 

:feat Cout 

: W'oodo Wuk.e \ 

: Report 

1Tel1o• PU.. 

:l:!en.-ua sr -· 

: llpuf ac tur•• ::8\U:eau. ot Labor: 

:St.atlaUc• 

'U•ber'II&D 

: w,at Coe•t ! Lwtb•[!&n 

~_;_,__~=;.:c~=.-.:.=::.:.-·o-:=-::-;-~:B~oaz~4 -:::-:~; ~~, ·c=:::' · ,_.~~:'""-"'-~~~~~~---~~~---~~~-;::-;::;:;-;;:::--\ _ 1930 :J'or01t S•nioo :Couua of ;Cenoua ot :Southern Pine :B\ll'ean of Lal>or :J'or al ep Com- 1!he 'l'i.mberm&ll :!ureau of :Bureau o! :N.Y. Lumber :lu\em. PiDo 

to :Yazmf'aotares :Wc\l!acturu :u aoc1at1oD : Stat.lat1c• :me r ce and o.:=o::-=;;;7,:-:Int.itrnal :Itr.ternal :'l'rad.e J ouraal :U&nofat:turere 

1931 ---------- : Sontbern Pine :'f .. t co11 t :Wonth1)' tabor :He.v1catlon PIDSacpe1f 1c11 """• er :.~·.v,•,"'"'coaot ':~•~n~•~•""=---- :.Ls~~~ho•r"'Jo··--' :.a.uoe1at1oo :,u110elatioo :Lunb enren •t :Rertew : Pacific LUI:!Iber .,. ... ,., ...... .....,. 

: le1t. Coaat :.t.a.ac1atloD :CeMuo of In~ec\iotr. :Rure.ca. :1:\ID.benn.a.'a tJ.mer1cao 

:~U::~~: Y}t! !~f!t t~:e : _ltan_ut_a•=--•-•--:l'i~:i::l::""=:.r;.-.;;,co::n::,:::.r::--~ ~:!:~;!:h ~t::~:!;~1;~ :;~:";:u.- :Bardeood :)fortbern Hard- : : vaUoD Board :Coaelsaion :.A.nocla\.ioD :tical Sert'lce 

:l!!IUtute :..,od & H6JAlook : :Soutbem P1ne :North Carolina.: :Soutborn Pi.De 

:Northern Hard- : .uaoclatloo :.&.noclaUoo :P1ne .uso.. :LUD.ber !Xchanl;e: :wood & BMlook: :)lorthern Ph• :~-,,---: :Harva.r d Pecord : 

: 4,.,oo1atlou. :w.anute.eturere :t\lllbenraeo'• 

: Hor tber n P1ne :&uoo1atloo :.A.uoelat1oa. 

: t.:antlfecturera :Callfcrn1a 1ifeatern Plue 

;J.!Ioclation :R•dwoo4. .&.un. :ataoutact\l:J'er• 

:Cali torula :South oro : A.!aoclat.1on 

:hd•ood A!!D. :~e•• ban. 

:Southern :JfatlollGl L\der: 

:CYpTeu #Sll, :Wana.fac\\\l'en : 

;ltetional L,_eribtociatioo. 

: Manufaeturen :sunoy o! 

:Anoclatloa ___ : CwTea.\ ~: 

:Sar'tQ' of :Tl.ld:ler Coo.ter-

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1 ~o.sd ,, 

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: Cen•a.. of 

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: wnt Coaat Luabtnap. 

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: .-ood. & Hemlock :Nor thero Plne :Uaociat loa lint Coaat 

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:}QU~! 

I 

OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION 

THE DIVISION OF REVIEW 

THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF REVIEW 

Executive Order No. 7075, dated June 15, 1935, established the Division of Review of e 

National Recovery Administration. The pertinent part of the Executive Order reads thus : 

The Division of Review shall assemble, analyze, and report upon the statist ical 

information and records of experience of the operations of the various trades and 

industries heretofore subject to codes of fair competition, shall study the effects of such codes upon trade, industrial and labor conditions in general , and 

other related matters, shall make available for the protection and promotion of 

the public interest an adequate review of the effects of the Administration of 

Title I of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the principles and policies 

put into effect thereunder, and shall otherwise aid the President in carrying out 

his functions under the said Title. I hereby appoint Leon C. Marshall, Director of 

the Division of Review. 

The study sections set up in the Division of Review covered these areas : industry 

studies, foreign trade studies, labor studies, trade practjce studies, statistical studies, 

legal studies, administration studies, miscellaneous studies, and the writing of code histories. The materials which Nere produced by t hese sections are indicated below. 

Except for the Code Histories, all items mentioned below are scheduled to be in mimeographed form by April 1, 1936. 

THE CODE HISTORIES 

The Code Histories are documented accounts of the formation and administrat ion of the 

codes. They contain the definition of the industry and the principal products thereof; t he 

classes of members in the industry; the history of code formation including an accou~t o f t he 

sponsoring organizations, the conferences, negotiations and hearings which were held, and 

the activities in connection with obtaining approval of the code ; the history of the administration of the code, covering the organization and operation of the code aut hority. 

the difficulties encountered in administration, the extent of compliance or non-compliance, 

and the general success or lack of success of the code ; and an analysis of the opera tion of 

code provisions dealing with wages, hours, trade practices, and other provisions. The s e 

and other matters are canv3ssed not only in terms of the materials to he found in the f i les, 

out also in terms of the experiences of the deputies and others concerned with code formation 

and administration. 

The Code Histories, (including histories of certain NRA units or agencies) are not 

mimeographed. They are to be turned over to the Department of Commerce in typewritten form . 

All told, approximately eight hundred and fifty (850) histories will be completed. This 

number includes all of the approved codes and some of the unapproved codes. (In ~ork 

Material§. No_ l~. Content§. of Code t!iE"1ries, will be found the outline which governed 

the preparation of Code Histories.) 

(In the case of all approved codes and also in the case of some codes not carried to 

final approval, there are in NRA files further materials on industries. Particularly worthy 

of mention are the Volumes I, II and III which constitute the material officially submitted 

to the President in support of the recommendation for approval of each code. These volumes 

9768--l. 

-iiset forth the origination of the code, the sponsoring group , the evidence advanc ed to support the proposal, the report of the Division of Research and Planning on the industry, the 

recommendations of the various Advisory Boards, certain type s of official correspondence, 

t~e transcript of the formal hearing, and other pertinent matter. There is also muc h official information relating to amendments, interpretations, exemptions, and other rulings. The 

materials mentioned in this paragraph were of course not a part of the work of the Div ision 

of Review.) 

THE WORK MATERIALS SERIES 

In the work of the Division of Review a considerable number of studies and compilations 

of data (other than those noted below in the Evidence Studies Series and the Statistical 

Material Series) have been ade. These are listed below, grouped according to the character of t he ma terial . (In Y/QI.t Ma te rig,l.§ tlQ· 17. Tentative Qutlines and Summaries Qf 

~di~ ill EI.QQ~ss, these materials are fully described). 

Automobile Industry, An Economic Survey of 

Bituminous Coal Industry under Free Competition and Code Regulation, Economic Survey of 

Electrical Manufacturing Industry, The 

Fertilizer Industry, The 

Fishery Industry and the Fishery Codes 

Fishermen and Fishing Craft, Earnings of 

Foreign Trade under the National Industrial Recovery Act 

Part A- Competitive Position of the United States in Internati onal Trade 1927-29 through 

1934 . 

Part B - Section 3 (e) of NIRA and its administration . 

Part C - Imports and Importing unde r NRA Codes. 

Part D - Exports and Exporting under NRA Codes . 

Forest Products Industries, Foreign Trade Study of the 

Iron and Steel Industry, The 

Knitting Industries, The 

Leather and Shoe Industries. The 

Lumber and Timber Products Industry, Economic Problems of the 

Men's Clothing Industry, The 

Millinery Industry, The 

Motion Picture Industry, The 

Migration of Industry, The : The Shift of Twenty-Five Needl e Trades From New York State. 

1926 to 1934 

National Labor Income by Months, 1929-35 

Paper Industry, The 

Production, Prices, Employment and Payrolls in Industry, Agriculture and Railway Transportation, January 1923, to date 

Retail Trades Study, The 

Rubber Industry Study, The 

Textile Industry in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan 

Textile Yarns and Fabrics 

Tobacco Industry, The 

Wholesale Trades Study, The 

Women's Neckwear and Scc.rf Industry, Financial and Labor Data on 

9768-2 

iii 

Women's Apparel Industry, Some Aspects of t~e 

Commodities, Info~ ation Concerning : A Study of NRA and Related Experiences in Control 

Distribution, Manufacturers' Control of: Trade Practice Provisions in Selected NRA Code s 

Distributive Relations in the Asbestos Industry 

Design Piracy : The ProbJem and Its Treatment Under NRA Codes 

Electrical Mfg. Industry : Price Filing Study 

Fertilizer Industry: Price Filing Study 

Geographical Price Relatior.s Under Codes of Fair Competition, Contrvl of 

Minimum Price Regulation Under Codes of Fair Competition 

Multiple Basing Point System in the Lime Industry : Operation of the 

Price Control in the Coffee Industry 

Price Filing Under NRA Codes 

Production Control in the Ice Industry 

Production Control, Case Studies in 

Resale Price Maintenance Legislation in the United States 

Retail Price Cutting, Restriction of, ~l ith special Emphasis on The Drug Industry. 

Trade Practice Rules of The Federal Trade Commission (1914-1936) : A classification for 

comparison with Trade Practice Provisions of NRA Codes. 

Cap and Cloth Hat Industry, Comm ission Report on Wage Differentials in 

Earnin[s in Selected Manufacturi ng Indus:ries, by States, 1933-35 

Employment, Payrolls, Hours, and Wages in 115 Selected Code Industries 1933-35 

Fur Manufacturing, Commissi on Report on Wages and Hours in 

Hours and Wages in American Industry 

Labor Program Under the National Industrial Recovery Act, The 

Part A. Introduction 

Part B. Control of Hours and Reemployment 

Part C. Control of Wages 

Part D. 

Part E. 

Control of Other Conditions of Employment 

Section 7(a) of the Recovery Act 

Materials in the Field of Industrial Relations 

PRA Census of Employment, June, October, 1933 

Puerto Rico Needlework, Homeworkers Survey 

Administrative Studi~ 

Administrative and Legal Aspects of Stays, Exemptions and Exceptions, Code Amendments, Conditional Orders of Approval 

Administrative Interpretations of NRA Codes 

Administrative Law and Procedure under the NIRA 

Agreements Under Sections 4(a) and 7(b) of the NIRA 

Approve Codes in Industry Groups, Classification of 

Basic Code, the -- (Administrative Order X-61) 

Code Authorities and Their Part in the Administration of the NIRA 

Part A. Introduction 

Part B. Nature, Composition and Organization of Code Authorities 

9768--2. 

- iv -

Part C. Activities of the Code Authorities 

Part D. Code Authority Finance s 

Part E. Summary and Evaluat ion 

Code Compliance Activities of the NRA 

Code Making Program of the NRA in the Territori.e~. The 

ode Provisions and Rel ated Subjects, Policy St a tements Co nce rning 

Content of NIRA Admini~trative Legi~lati Qn 

Part A. Executive ~nd Administr~tive Orders 

Part B. Labor Provisions in the Codes 

Part C. Trade Practice PrJvisions in the Codes 

Part D. Administrative Pr visions in the Codes 

Part E. Agreements under Sections 4(a) and 7(b) 

Part F. A Type Case: The Cotton Tex t ile Code 

Lab~ls Under NRA, A Study of 

Model Code and Model Provisions fJr Codes, Devel opment of 

National Recovery Administration, The: A Review of its Organization and Activities 

NRA Insignia 

President's Reemployment Agreement, The 

President's Reemployment Agreement, Substitutions in Connection with the 

Prison Labor Problem under NRA and the Prison Compact, The 

Problems of Administration in the Overlapping of Code Definitions of Industries and Trades, 

Multiple Code Coverage, Classifying Individual Members of Industries and Trades 

Relationship of NRA to Government Contracts and Contracts Involving the Use of Government 

Funds 

Relationship of NRA with States and Municipalities 

Sheltered Workshops Uuder NRA 

Uncodified Industries: A Study of Factors Limiting the Code Making Program 

Anti-Trust Laws and Unfair Competition 

Collective Bargaining Agreements, the Right of Individual Employees to Enfo·rce 

Commerce Clause, Federal Regulation of the Employer-Employee Relationship Under the 

Delegation of Power, Certain Phases of the Principle of, with Reference to Federal Industrial 

Regulatory Legislation ' I • ~ 1 ; 

Enforcement, Extra-Judicial Methods of 

Federal Regulation through the Joint Employment of the Power of Taxation and the Spending 

Power 

Government Contract Provisions as a Means -;f Establishing Proper Economic Standards, Legal 

Memorandum on Possibility of 

Industrial Relations in Australia, Regulation of 

Intrastate Activitie§ Which sQ Affect Interstate CQmmerce as to Bring them Under the Commerce Clause, Cases on 

Legislative Possibilities of the State Constitutions 

?ost Office and Post Road Power-- Can it be Used as a Means of Federal Industrial Regulation? 

State Recovery Lagislation in Aid ~f Feder3l Recovery Legislation History and Analysis 

Tariff Rates to Secure Proper Standards of Wages and Hours, the Possibility of Variation in 

Trade Practices and the Anti-Trust Laws 

Treaty Making Power of the U~ited States 

War Power, Can it be Used as a Means of Federal Regulation of Child Labor? 

9768--4. 

- vThe Evidence Studies were originally undertaken to gather material for pending c~urt 

cases. After the Sche~hter decision the project was continued in order to assemble data for 

use in connection with the studies of the Division of Review. The data are pa rticularly 

concerned with the nature, size and ope~ations of the industry; and with the relation of the 

industry to interstate commerce. The industries covered by the Evidence Studies account for 

more than one-half of the total number of workers under codes. The list of tho s e studies 

follows: 

Automobile Manufacturing Industry 

Automotive Parts and Equipment Industry 

Baking Industry 

Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Industry 

Bottled Soft Drink Industry 

Builders' Supplies Industry 

Canning Industry 

Chemical Manufacturing Industry 

Cigar Manufacturing Industry 

Coat dnd Suit Industry 

Construction Industry 

Cotton Garment Industry 

Dre::s ~anufacturing Industry 

Electrical Contracting Industry 

Elect~ical Manufacturing Industry 

Fabricated Metal Products Mfg. and Metal Finishing and Metal Ccating Industry 

Fishery Indus-try 

Furniture Manufacturing Industry 

General Contractors Industry 

Graphic Arts Industry 

Gray Iron Foundry Industry 

Hosiery Industry 

Infant's and Children's Wear Industry 

Iron and Steel Industry 

Leather Industry 

Lumber and Timber Products Industry 

Mason Contractors Industry 

Men's Clothing Industry 

Motion Picture Industry 

Motor Vehicle Retailing Trade 

Needlework Industry of Puerto Rico 

Painting and Paperhanging Industry 

Photo Engraving Industry 

Plumbing Contracti n3 Industry 

Retail Lumber Industry 

Retail Trade Industry 

Retail Tire and Battery Trade Industry 

Rubber Manu facturing Industry 

Rubber Tire Manufacturing Industry 

Shipbuilding Industry 

Silk Textile Industry 

Structural Clay Products Industry 

Throwing Industry 

Trucking Industry 

Waste Materials Industry 

Wholesale and Retail Food Industry 

Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Industry 

Wool Textile Industry 

THE STATISTICAL MATERIALS SERIES 

This series is supplementary to the Evidence Studies Series . The reports include data 

on establishments, firms, employment, Payrolls, wages, hours, production capacities, shipments, sales, consumption, stocks, prices, ~aterial costs, failures, exports and imports. 

They also include notes on the principal qualifications that should be observed in using the 

data, the technical methods employed, and the applicability of the material to the study of 

the industries r,oncerned. The following numbers appear in the series: 

9768-5. 

Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Industry 

Business Furni~ure 

Candy Manufacturing Industry 

Carpet and Rug Industry 

Cement Industry 

Cleaning and Dyeing Trade 

Coffee Industry 

Copper and Brass Mill Products Industry 

Cotton Textile Industry 

Electrical Manufacturing Industry 

\ 

' 

- vi 

• 

\ 

Fertilizer Industry 

Funeral Supply Industry 

Glass Container Industry 

Ice Manufacturing Indust~y 

Knitted Outerwear Ind~stry 

Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer, Mfg. Industry 

Plumbing Fixtures Industry 

Rayon a~d Synthetic Yarn Producing Industry 

Salt Producing Industry 

THE COVERAGE 

The original, and approved, plan of the Division of Review contemplated resources sufficient (a) to prepare some 1200 histcries of codes and NRA units or agencies, (b) to consolidate and index the NRA fileb containing some 40,000,000 pieces, (c) to engage in extensive field work, (d) to secure much aid from established statistical agencies of government, (e) to assemble a considerable number of experts in various fields, (f) to conduct 

approximately 25% more studies than are listed above, and (g) to prepare a comprehensive 

summa r:y report. 

Because of reductions made in personnel and in use of outside experts, limitation of 

access to field work and research agencies, and lack of jurisdiction over files, the projected plan was necessarily curtailed. The most serious curtailments were the omission of 

the comprehensive summary report; the dropping of certain studies and the reduction in the 

coverage of other studies; and the abandonment of the consolidation and indexing of the 

files. Fortunately, there is reason to hope that the files may yet be cared for under other 

auspices. 

Notwithstanding these limitations, if the files are ultimately consolidated and indexed the exploration of the NRA materials will have been sufficient to make them accessible 

and highly useful . They ccnsti tute the largest and richest single body of information 

concerning the problems and operations of industry ever assembled in any nation. 

9768--6. 

L. C. Marshall, 

Director, Division of Review . 

'• . 

Economic problems of the lumbe main 

338U585w no.79 

\I \\1\\\\\1 \\\ \I\ \\1\\ \1\\1\l \\\\1\\\1\\\\\1\\\1\\\ II\\ \\\1\\\ \I 

3 1262 03446 6051 
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