J O N E S

J O N E S

Midway Atoll National WDraft Conceptual Site PlaVOLUME IV

PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE NATIONAL MON

DRAFT MONUMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

produced byJones & Jones Architects and Landscape ArchSeattle, Washingtonfor the U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceApril 2008
PLANNING TEAM

JONES & JONES ARCHITECTS AND LANDSCAPEARCHITECTS, LTD.René Senos, Project Manager, Project Landscape ArchitectKeith Larson, Principal-in-Charge, Project ArchitectMarina Alvarez, Landscape DesignerInts Luters, Landscape ArchitectMark Ellis Walker, Graphic DesignerALCHEMY OF DESIGNAlan Ransenberg, Interpretive DesignerSharon Smith, Interpretive WriterU.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICEPacifi c RegionMike Marxen, Chief of Visitor Services and CommunicationsChuck Houghten, Chief, Planning and Visitor ServicesAnan Raymond, Cultural ResourcesLouAnn Speulda-Drews, Cultural ResourcesNick Haluschak, EngineeringDavid Hoy, GIS SpecialistVirginia Parks, Cultural ResourcesHawaiian and Pacifi c Islands NWR ComplexBarry Stieglitz, Project LeaderBarbara Maxfi eld, Chief, Pacifi c Islands External Aff airs and Visitor Services Papahānaumokuākea Marine National MonumentSusan White, PMNM SuperintendentDominique Horvath, Refuge Operations SpecialistMidway Atoll National Wildlife RefugeBarry Christenson, Refuge Manager Matt Brown, Deputy Refuge ManagerPacifi c/Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge ComplexDon Palawski, Project LeaderLee Ann Woodward, Resource Contaminants Specialist

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSNATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC

ADMINISTRATION (NOAA)

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National MonumentSean Corson, Deputy SuperintendentRandy Kosaki, Research Program CoordinatorJoe Chojnacki, Field Operations SpecialistRussell Reardon, Resource Protection SpecialistKevin Grant, Policy SpecialistAndy Collins, Education Program CoordinatorPacifi c Islands RegionDave Rathbun, Operations CoordinatorFisheries Pacifi c Islands Regional Offi ceMike Tosatto, Deputy DirectorMargaret Akamine, Monument Management Offi cerFisheries Pacifi c Islands Fisheries Science Center—Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (PFISC CRED)Seema Balwani, Management and Program AnalystFisheries Pacifi c Islands Fisheries Science Center—Protected Species Division (PFISC PSD)Charles Littnan, Team LeaderJason Baker, Marine BiologistChad Yoshinaga, Program Management SpecialistOffi ce of the Chief Administrative Offi cer (NOAA/OCAO)Tino Escalona, P.E., Project ManagerGary WickDan Standy, Chief, Facilities and LogisticsNOAA Sanctuaries Channel IslandsTodd Jacobs, Assistant SuperintendentNOAA SanctuariesTed Lillestolen, Deputy Director of Operations

STATE OF HAWAI‘IDivision of ForestrPaul Conry, AdminisDave Smith, ManageSectionCynthia Vanderlip, MSanctuaryDivision of Aquatic Athline Clark, SpeciaKerry Irish, NWHI PoCHUGACH INDUSTRJohn Hanna, OperatCONSULTANTSFerraro Choi and AChristopher WallingFacility ProgrammDoug LoweTranSystemsDavid Campbell
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Midway Atoll Vision

Vision Statements 2Signifi cance of Midway 2

2 Project Mission / Purpose and Process

Monument Planning Context 

and Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Planning 6

Description of Midway Conceptual Site 

Planning Process 8

3 Site Overview

Site Analysis 12Challenges at Midway Atoll 27

4 Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

Goals 30Design Guidelines and Principles 30Management Zones and Site Zones 32Conceptual Site Alternatives A, B, C 36Matrix of Midway Atoll/Sand Island 

Conceptual Site Alternatives 44

5 Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site 

Introduction Sand Island Conceptual Site Plan Sand, Eastern, and Spit Islands Management ZSand Island Conceptual Site Plan Agency Research and Operations Facilities ConInner Harbor Concept Airport Welcome Center Concept 

6 Priority Actions

Prioritization and Implementation 

 Resources

Planning Documents Selected References of the Draft Management 

Midway At
Laysan albatross chick with parent

1. Midway Atoll Vision

VISION STATEMENTSPAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA MARINE

NATIONAL MONUMENT VISION:

That the health, diversity, and resources of the vast Northwestern Hawaiian 

Island ecosystems and the wildlife they support—unique in the world—be protected forever.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MIDWAY

The purposes of Midway Atoll NWR are to maintabiological diversity; to provide for the conservatiwildlife and their habitats within refuge boundartreaty obligations of the United States with respeprovide opportunities for scientifi c research, envcompatible wildlife-dependent recreational activmaintain the historical signifi cance of Midway AtOctober 31, 1996). All activities considered in thiconsistent with the Refuge purposes.Midway Atoll’s signifi cance is also recognized by designations: Papahānaumokuākea Marine NatioMemorial to the Battle of Midway. Midway Atoll ground for fi eld operations throughout the Monuoperations of Kure Atoll Wildlife Sanctuary.Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is within thU.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife as part of the Hawaiian and Pacifi c Islands Nation

provides oversight for 19 refuges. The FWS begaon Midway Naval Air Station in 1988. Administrawas transferred to the FWS in 1996.As one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Mida remarkably unique and important marine ecosystem. Located near the north end of the highest-latitude coral reef ecosystem in the world, it is bathed in relatively cold water for coral reefs, making it a vital case study in the global incidence of heat-induced coral bleaching. Part of a volcanically created island 

MIDWAY ATOLL NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE VISION:As part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Midway Atoll is a unique and peaceful treasury of wildlife and history in the midst of the Pacifi c where nature rules, and the health of people, wildlife, and ocean are intrinsically connected. Native habitats and species dominate the Midway landscape, while remnants of the historic Battle of Midway are protected along with rehabilitated historic structures that support a cooperative interagency fi eld station. Coordinated management promotes ecological restoration, research, service-based tourism, and education to preserve and enhance this fragile island and coral reef system. Midway Atoll is the “window” to the Monument that off ers people a rare opportunity to immerse themselves in the rich history and ecology of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a remote ecosystem of international signifi cance. As a living classroom, Midway provides restoration and sustainability lessons for current and future generations worldwide to apply to their home communities.

2
Albatros

beach at Rusty Bucket

chain, Midway is an example of atoll formation, a poorly understood geological process. Because of its unique position in the middle North Pacifi c, it is also an important node in the global network of ongoing biogeographical and oceanographic research. Due its geographic isolation, Hawai‘i in general has a very high percentage of endemism, or occurrence of species that are found nowhere else in the world. Many of these species are threatened or endangered, often as a result of human activity; the isolation of the Monument provides them with a huge refuge habitat. Finally, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are the last intact, predator-dominated marine ecosystem in the United States and among the last in the world, making it invaluable to scientists’ understanding of marine ecology. The access to this remote ecosystem provided by the infrastructure at Midway enables unparalleled opportunity for studying an isolated marine ecosystem.In addition to its rich assemblage of marine life, Midway Atoll contains numerous heritage resources that collectively tell the story of commerce, military, transpacifi c communication, and human modifi cation of the atoll environment. Despite its small size and remote location, Midway’s strategic location in the middle of the Pacifi c Ocean drew great attention over 100 years ago. Notably, Midway’s pivotal role in World War II, commonly known as the “Battle of Midway,” and the sacrifi ces of military personnel who fought at Midway, are memorialized in history. Today, Midway contains 63 existing historic properties eligible for the National Register of Historic Places; these include defensive structures, military architecture, both industrial and residential, and architecture from the Commercial Pacifi c Cable Company period (1903) and World War II period.

The recent designation of Midway as a special management aMonument elevates the atoll’s signifi cance regionally and globbe a hub of Monument-wide management and operations, anwhere visitors can experience the Northwestern Hawaiian Islapeople to the place in a way that does not diminish but rather integrity of Midway Atoll is benefi cial to the Monument. Equabringing the place to people who cannot visit, so that the valuexperiences of Midway reach across the world to local commuA key question is: how do we tell the amazing story of Midway Monument operations while preserving the atoll’s character aThe Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan off ers the opportunity 

the island as a powerful case study in how humans and a delicin a small locality can and must live in balance with itself and oover a long timeframe. This precept is a vital one where the atand terrestrial isolation make a model of sustainability essential. In addition, Midway Atoll has a delicate ecosystem and is of a scale where our actions, both positive and negative, quickly have an enormous impact. Midway Atoll can provide a vital biosphere experiment in a natural setting, which if we learn to manage successfully, could become a model of how to take better care of the planet at large, and a great source of environmental public awareness.
PAPAHANAUMOKUAKEA APAHANAUMOKUAKEA MARINE NATIONAL ATIONAL MONUMENT ONUMENT

FEBRUARY 2008 MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

4
Project Mission / Purpose and 
Sea turtles resting on beach

2. Project Mission / Purpose and Process

MONUMENT PLANNING CONTEXT AND MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNINGIn June 2006, Presidential Proclamation 8031 designated the 139,793 square miles of federal lands and waters in and around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) as the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, thereby creating the largest fully protected marine conservation area in the world. The establishment of the Monument builds on the collective eff orts of State and Federal agencies, research and nonprofi t organizations, stakeholders, and the public to ensure the long-term protection of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the NWHI and the preservation of cultural and historic resources. Management of the Monument is the responsibility of three Co-Trustees: the State of Hawai‘i; the U.S. Department of the Interior, through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS); and the Department of Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is one of the fi ve designated protected areas within Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Midway Atoll NWR, Hawaiian Islands NWR, NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, the State of Hawai‘i Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine Refuge, and the State of Hawai‘i Kure Atoll Wildlife Sanctuary.

MANAGEMENT PLANNINGThe Monument Management Board is currently dMonument Management Plan for the new Monuof the Central Operations and Coordinated Field the Monument Management Plan, the Co-Trustesuccessive detailed planning processes. The fi rst agencies’ existing assets and future requirements a Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monumprocess. The Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan cresult of the second endeavor. With the full range and constraints articulated for Midway in the PapNational Monument requirements planning procConceptual Site Plan focuses with increased specinfrastructural and operational changes, off ering solutions.

6
FWS Planning Team members on Sand Island

PAPAHĀNAUMOKUĀKEA

MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT

REQUIREMENTS

An important fi rst step in eff ective 

site planning is the identifi cation of existing assets alongside current and future fi eld operational requirements. The requirements planning process provided a general outline of people, programs, assets, and operations associated with the Monument. It summarized the functions and numbers of personnel along with the types of supporting facilities required at each location within the Monument. Those requirements were then combined to defi ne a “Monument level” requirement at each location. Recommendations from the planning process guided development of this Midway Conceptual Site Plan. Specifi cally, the process identifi ed the need for 

two consolidated operational plans to be developed: one for Midway and one for the remaining locations within the Monument. The operational plans will identify the needs of each agency, identify resource-sharing opportunities, and include mutually agreeable cost-sharing guidelines. Agencies are working to develop cooperative agreements that meet these needs.One goal of the operational plans is to promote a sustainable agenda. The Monument Management Board is working to adopt an aggressive, measurable goal to reduce conventional fuel consumption through a combination of conservation, green architecture, and renewable energy.

SCOPE OF MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL SITE PLANAs a NWHI hub of Monument operations and visitor experiencrequires conceptual site development to ensure that its use anover the next 15 years and beyond is aligned with the purpose the Monument, the purposes of the National Wildlife Refuge, aof the National Wildlife Refuge System. It is important that the planning begin at Midway. The lessons drawn from the developlan will guide site planning Monument-wide.The Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan builds on the results of requirements planning process and the extensive infrastructuthat has taken place at Midway over the past 10 years. Since 2and Wildlife Service has implemented recommendations propInfrastructure Condition Assessment and Modifi cation Report National Wildlife Refuge, commonly referred to as the “right-sizing” plan. When the Monument was established in 2006, it was necessary to revisit previous decisions and consider new interests and needs for managing the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. With the recent designation, Midway Atoll and the Monument are elevated to a status of national and global signifi cance and public recognition. The Monument Management Board’s goal is to protect and enhance the natural and historic resources of Midway, while providing opportunities for the public to experience its lessons and become stewards of this remote Pacifi c ecosystem.
M

Laysa

The Planning Team began the Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Planning process in Spring 2007. U S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed the Midway planning eff ort as a streamlined process occurring in tandem with the Marine National Monument Management Planning eff ort. FWS staff and consultants conducted site analysis, document review, workshops, and mapping to identify primary issues and goals specifi c to Midway design and planning. Key design guidelines and preliminary building programs based upon biological constraints and historic preservation objectives were developed. The team facilitated a workshop in July 2007 in collaboration with FWS, NOAA, State of Hawai‘i, and partners to present preliminary concepts and receive stakeholder input. 

Based on the workshop fi ndings, the Planning Tealternatives and the preferred site concept alternConceptual Site Plan Report was produced and rand the Monument Management Board. This Mida supplement to the Draft Monument Managem

DESCRIPTION OF MIDWAY CONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING PROCESS

2. Project Mission / Purpose and Process

8

MIDWAY ATOLL

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

EASTERN ISLAND

366 ACRES

SAND ISLAND

1117 ACRES

SPIT ISLAND

15 ACRES

FEBRUARY 2008

10
Site O
 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

Located on the far northern end of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Midway Atoll is located approximately 1,250 miles northwest of Honolulu, Hawai‘i. One the oldest atoll systems in the NWHI, Midway originated as a volcano approximately 27 million years ago. Midway Atoll comprises an elliptical outer reef nearly 5 miles in diameter, and 580,392 acres of submerged reef and ocean and three fl at coral islands totaling approximately 1,549 acres. Sand Island (1,117 acres) and Eastern Island (366 acres) are the two most prominent coral islands of the Atoll, while Spit Island is only about 15 acres in size. Sand Island contains the highest number of historical resources as well as all visitor facilities.Midway Atoll is an unincorporated territory of the United States and is the only atoll/island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the State of Hawai‘i. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is owned and administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) on behalf of the American people and has international signifi cance for both its historic and natural resources.Key Midway Atoll site issues are described on the following pages.

BIOLOGICALMidway Atoll’s plant and animal species are protelaws, including the Endangered Species Act, the and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Twenty-three listed under the Endangered Species Act are knoinclude the Hawaiian monk seal, several turtle sploggerhead turtle, whale species, Laysan duck, shhalf-dozen native plant species. Midway is also hfound only in Hawai‘i, that merit special protectioMidway Atoll consists of vast expanses of coral resubstrate that support both a wide array of speciof the most intact coral reef ecosystems in the woislands are protected by encircling barrier reefs, aconstantly under the infl uence of ocean weather periodic inundation, and constructed from oceansupport birds and terrestrial wildlife that prey on to nutrient runoff into the shallows. The interdepnearshore waters intrinsically connects the welfathe health of both terrestrial and marine ecosystereality is the underpinning of the integrated appto managing the Monument.

12
FEBRUARY 2008

CLIPPER HOUSE

CAPTAIN BROOKS

CABLESTATIONCOMPLEX

SATELLITE DISHES

BOQ BRAVO BARRACKS

BOQ CHARLIE BARRACKS

MIDWAY HOUSE

CONCRETE DUPLEXES OFFICERS’ QUARTERSCONCRETE RESIDENCE

FUELTANKS

FUEL FARM LAB

ALL HANDS CLUB

SEWER

MIDWAY MALL

PROPAGATIONGREENHOUSE

GYM GALLEY

MEMORIALS

INTERNET CAFE

TRANSPORTATION FWS OFFICE

LAUNDRY

MEDICALCLINIC/

OFFICES WATER TOWER

COLD STORAGE

CARPENTRY

OIL CENTRIFUGE

GENERATOR

PAINT & 

OIL

STORAGE

WAREHOUSE

W PROPANE AREHOUSE ELECTRICALSUBSTATION

SEAPLANE HANGAR SEAPLANE/BOAT RAMP

BOATHOUSE

SEWER LIFT STATION

CONCRETE PILLBOX

ARMCO HUT

BATTERY D (GUN POSITIONS)

OLDHANGAR

BUILDING

RADAR BUILDING

CEMETERY

BATTERY C (GUN POSITIONS)

ARMCO HUT

OLD COMMANDCENTER

BRACKISH WATER RESERVOIR

MARINEBARRACKS

BUNKER

MARINE BARRACKSOUTBUILDING

R2 WATER TREATMENT

FACILITY WATER STORAGE

TANKS

ARMCO HUT

BATTERY A (GUN POSITIONS)

BUNKER

CONCRETE PILLBOX

HARBOFFIC

STORA

BUILD

DIESEL POWERPLANT

SEISMIC MONITORINGSTATION

COMMISSARY BUILDING

CONEX COLD

STORAGE STRUCTURE

HYROPONICGREENHOUSE

RUSTY BUCKET

NORTH BEACH (PUBLIC USE)

FUEL PIER

CARGO PIER

OLD SEAPLANE RAMP

INNER HA

BULKY DUMP

FRIGATE POINT

WEST BEACH

TURTLE BEAC

SAND ISLAND EXISTING XISTING CONDITIONS ONDITIONS

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

AERIAL IMAG

POWER HOUSE ANDCOMMAND STATION

MACHINE SHOP

TORPEDO/PARACHUTE

NEW FUEL SITE

NEW HENDERSONFIELD OPERATIONS

BEQ BARRACKS

RADAR BUNKER
1940s Offi cers' Quarters designed by A

 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

14
Spinner Dolphins

Male frigatebird

Concr

Midway is a predator-dominated marine ecosystem, an anomaly among marine ecosystems, but typical of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (DeMartini and Friedlander 2006). Abundant populations of sharks, jacks, grouper, monk seals, dolphins, and other “top predators” live at Midway Atoll, out of proportion of top predator populations seen on other coral reefs around the world. This unusual ecological structure challenges commonly held biological assumptions, and scientists now speculate that all coral reef ecosystems were once predatordominated before human impacts.Approximately 200 Hawaiian spinner dolphins rest within Midway’s lagoon and forage outside its reef. Bottlenosed, striped, spotted, and rough-toothed dolphins may occasionally be seen in the open ocean, as well as beaked, pilot, and endangered humpback whales.Almost 2 million breeding seabirds of 19 species make Midway one of the most important breeding areas of seabird conservation in the Pacifi c. Midway supports the largest nesting colonies of both Laysan and black-footed albatrosses in the world. Midway’s breeding populations of white terns, black noddies, and red-tailed tropicbirds constitute the largest colonies in the Hawaiian archipelago.

HISTORICAL/CULTURALThe fi rst visitors to Midway Atoll may have been Polynesians/Hexploring the Pacifi c Ocean in voyaging canoes. No physical evisits remains, but oral histories and chants refer to distant lowwith abundant birds and turtles. Native Hawaiians named the which means “the loud din of birds.” Today, Native Hawaiian hcultural practices are a vital part of the NWHI management.

Midway Atoll contains the most historic resources within the MNumerous federal laws, regulations, and policies mandate the management of historic resources, including the National HistAct of 1966, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 19Preserve America Executive Order of 2003 (Executive Order 13resources at Midway Atoll include several sites, structures, artirepresentative of the historic periods associated with early 20th Century transpacifi c communications and military operations. At Midway, there are four types of National Register 

eligible historic resources including: 1. National Historic Landmarks, 2. Cable Station, 3. Albert Kahn residential and industrial architecture, and 4. other historic elements such as Battle of Midway remnants.
SAND ISLAND LAND COVER

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

RUSTY BUCKET

NORTH BEACH (PUBLIC USE)

INNER HARBOR

BULKY DUMP

FRIGATE POINT

WEST BEACH

TURTLE BEACH

FEBRUARY 2008

3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

16
EASTERN AND ASTERN AND SPIT ISLAND LAND COVER

FEBRUARY 2008

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING 
FWS currently manages the historic 

properties at Midway Atoll according to a Programmatic Agreement (1996) and Historic Preservation Plan (1999), which will be updated to address preservation issues at Midway within the context of the recent Monument designation. The Midway Atoll Historic Preservation Plan focuses on long-term management and treatment for each of the 63 historic properties. It also identifi es procedures for treating new discoveries and caring for museum collections, and includes recommendations for interpretation, education, and public outreach.The Programmatic Agreement and Historic Preservation Plan prescribe one of six diff erent treatment categories to the historic properties. The treatment categories are (1) reuse, (2) secure, (3) leave as-is, (4) fi ll in, (5) demolish, or (6) relocate. Many factors were used to determine the treatment category to which a historic property was assigned, including historic importance, interpretive value, overall setting, association with key historic themes, and structural integrity. Preservation treatment primarily focuses on adaptive reuse of the historic buildings; reconstruction is generally not viewed as an appropriate treatment.

In 2007, the Cultural Resources Team of the FWS 

further evaluations and provided treatment recobuildings. Several buildings are severely deteriorrequire signifi cant repair (e.g., Seaplane Hangar). recommendations were incorporated into the Mprocess and are refl ected in the Building Program Reuse of historic structures is a primary strategy t1. Repair and preserve historic structures, 2. Avoiwould degrade historic landscape quality or wildagency operations and visitor needs, 4. Be cost-econstruction costs.The historic properties require continual repair athe terms of the Historic Preservation Plan and thStandards for the Treatment of Historic Propertieand erosion by saltwater, salt spray, salty soils, prsolar radiation, and wind continue to threaten thproperties at Midway Atoll. Additionally, lead-bafrom structures to eliminate a hazardous materiaalbatross populations. Submerged historic resources around Midway wunderstanding and warrant further consideration A careful study of the wrecks in the lagoon and nconducted. The submerged items need to be accurately identifi ed in order to establish their historical association and eligibility to the National Register. Two Midway maritime heritage sites associated with World War II, the USS Macaw and a World War II-era Corsair, have been preliminarily documented.

 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

18
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND, S PIT & E ASTERN ISLANDS HISTORIC ISTORIC CONDITIONS ONDITIONS

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING NOVEMBER 19

EXISTING ISLA
Caterpillar electric generator

UTILITIES AND OPERATIONSMidway Atoll is so remote that it must operate independently as a small town. It provides its own power system, water treatment and distribution, facilities maintenance, sewage treatment, waste management systems, communications systems, and all the other operational necessities found in a small municipality.DRINKING WATER SYSTEMA new drinking water treatment system and distribution main were placed into service in October 2005. The old system is no longer treated to drinking water standards and was left in place to provide fi refi ghting water. This took care of the major public-health-related concerns but sections of the water delivery system need to be modifi ed to complete the full system upgrade.The new treatment system is sized for a short-term maximum population of 200 persons at a per capita daily use rate of 100-gallons per day, totaling 20,000 gallons per day. However, the actual effi cient operating capacity is much lower. A regular on-island population above 120 people will require added capacity.Rainwater is collected in a pond, then pumped to storage tanks at the R-1 area. The new electrical grid was not extended to provide power for the rain water pumps. The pumps are grossly oversized for current needs and should be replaced with smaller units. Electrical power can be furnished by extending new electrical grid, by installing a small generator, or by installing renewable energy systems. These pumps are operated infrequently, following signifi cant rainfall events; thus a small portable generator may be an economical way to provide power.

 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

Stored rainwater is conveyed to the treatment plan existing pipeline. Gravity fl ow allows use of ovolume of water. The total storage volume, appris greatly in excess of current use. Using a daily usystem has about 300 days of water accessible visame rainwater storage feeds the “old” water systapproximately 10,000-gpd, so that reduces the st200 days.The existing pipeline that conveys untreated watcement. This pipeline should be replaced. In addinstalled at R-1 to pump stored water to the treatentire storage capacity available.The new water distribution pipeline was connectpipes at certain buildings through the core area of town (basically, from the FWS Offi ce northward to the Clipper House restaurant). The distribution system would need to 

be extended to serve any newly constructed or remodeled facilities located outside the vicinity of the new water main. The Inner Harbor area does not currently have drinking water service. Water that is available comes from the old system and is no longer potable. The same situation exists at the Cargo Pier area near the old fuel tank farm. An evaluation will be conducted to determine whether these areas would be best served by new water pipes, new catchment systems, or left dry. 20
SAND ISLAND HISTORIC ISTORIC DEVELOPMENT EVELOPMENT

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

MAP OF S

MAP OF SAND ISLAND c. 1964

Current Circul

FEBRUARY 2008
Electrical switch gear

ELECTRICAL GENERATION AND

DISTRIBUTION

New electrical generator sets were installed and were placed into service approximately October 2005. These new generators were downsized from existing systems to better match generator capacity to connected load. Two generators were installed and they operate in an automatic duplex mode. For the most part, only one generator is needed to satisfy island electrical demand. When load exceeds the capacity of one generator, the second one automatically comes on-line. It then automatically shuts off when electrical demand reduces.Maintenance activities can be accomplished on the “down” generator during that time. When the primary generator is due for service, the roles are switched and maintenance is then performed on the second generator. This style of engine-driven generator cannot be run continuously and must be periodically shut down for maintenance. Every few years, depending on operating hours, they must undergo a major engine overhaul. At that time, or whenever both smaller Caterpillar 3456 units are down, the system is run using the older, larger, but fully functional Caterpillar 3516 unit.Current capacity for electrical generation is suffi cient for existing population demand but nears maximum capacity during times of heavy load (summer). If island population increases or electrical demand grows to require that two generators must run continuously, additional electrical generation would be necessary. Increased demand for energy may be met with sustainable energy alternatives and conservation measures or operating other existing generators. Midway is currently powered by burning fossil fuels in diesel generators. Current and future projects will be evaluated with a goal to increase energy effi ciency and transition to sustainable energy systems. 

A new electrical distribution grid was constructeapproximately November 2006. The extent of thin comparison to the existing old grid. The new gelectricity to only those facilities identifi ed for futforeseeable in early January 2006. Facilities conncurrently provided power through a backfeed to equipment of the old grid are old, in disrepair, anas there are no failures in the old grid, all island faelectricity. When a failure occurs, it most likely wand all facilities connected to that portion of the grid does not extend services to the peninusla wthe old Fuel Farm area, or the large hangar. Eithebe extended to serve any new developments or tto generate their own energy. The same applies are currently connected to the old grid. 

WASTEWATER SYSTEMThe current wastewater treatment and disposal sdrainfi eld) is overloaded by storm water intrusion infi ltration. A new sewer system and treatment adesigned to meet a goal of effi ciency and water cserves only certain facilities located in the core abeing accomplished to eliminate storm water intas opposed to centralized septic is preferable for treatment clusters around sensitive habitat areas sites. Estimated construction cost of new wastew$2 million. Implementation of a graywater utilizatoilets will be considered with a goal of reducing system in new construction.

 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

22
New fuel tanks lead industry in spill protection

Sat

SOLID WASTE DISPOSALGeneral waste is collected and burned in an incinerator when adequate waste fuel is available, or in an open air pit when fuel is not available. Ashes are buried in the existing small landfi ll/dump. Aluminum cans are collected, compacted, and periodically sent (via barge) to a recycling facility in Hawai‘i. Glass is collected, crushed, and buried in the landfi ll/dump. There is no adequate system in place to deal with hazardous waste (asbestos and lead specifi cally). This issue will be addressed before any planned reuse, renovation, remodeling, or removal of existing structures takes place.Solid waste disposal practices at the Midway Atoll presently consist of:1. Temporary waste storage in open plastic containers2. Periodic collection via stake bed truck3. Waste burning in oil fi red incinerator4. Mounded burning in an unlined pit.An incinerator or gasifi cation system that could burn the waste as fuel to generate power is the type of technology needed on Midway to handle the island’s waste long-term. It could also be modifi ed to burn marine debris collected throughout the Monument. Several such machines are under development in the U.S. at this time but none are currently commercially available. Development of such incinerators should be tracked as plans for Midway develop, since burning waste for power would be a powerful cost and carbon-emissions savings. 

FUELING FACILITIESA new fuel tank system became operational in October 2007. gasoline and a new fuels lab are scheduled for completion in aMay 2008. Storage capacity for fuel is 450,000 gal. That amouto satisfy FWS and Coast Guard fuel needs for approximately ofuel storage capacity will be installed to meet NOAA and the Sgasoline and biodiesel or other sustainable fuel types.TELECOMMUNICATIONSA new fi ber optic distribution system was constructed during satellite antenna was relocated and partially refurbished in OcSatellite service is in the process of being upgraded. These upmoderately improve telecommunications for the existing islanare not designed to allow expansion of the system to additionnew offi ces/programs on Midway will have to invest in additioadditions to the system in order to meet their telecommunicaDue to its isolation in the North Pacifi c, Midway is an importanmany types of data collection. In order to realize its scientifi c, and educational potential, Midway would require additional dcapabilities.
Cruise ships occasionally visit Midway Atoll NWR

Most visitors arrive by plane to Midway Atoll

SITE ANALYSISAVIATION AND MARINE

TRANSPORTATION

Midway Atoll is accessible by two transportation modes: aviation and marine vessel. Currently there is no visitor welcome area at either Henderson Airfi eld or the Inner Harbor.Midway is used as a required emergency landing site for extended twin-engine operations (ETOPS) fl ights across the Pacifi c Ocean. 

Under current regulations, twinengine aircraft must be within a maximum of 180 minutes from a Part 139 certifi ed airfi eld in case of 

an emergency. Midway’s 7,900-foot runway is capable of handling almost any type of aircraft.Relatively few fl ights are conducted in the Monument, and most of them are to and from Midway Atoll. Henderson Airfi eld on Sand Island handled a total of 86 aircraft during 2007. Most of these, 51 fl ights, were by Gulfstream aircraft operated by Maritime Air, the charter company used by FWS/FAA. The next largest user is the U.S. Coast Guard, which had 18 fl ights to Midway in 2007. The remaining fl ights were a mix of military and civilian aircraft, most associated with special events held during the year. A new airport operations center was constructed southwest of the current hangar in 2007.Marine traffi c in the waters around Midway Atoll primarily consists of research ships, merchant ships, and occasionally Coast Guard vessels, recreational boats, and cruise ships. Midway Atoll receives day-trip visitors mainly via a small 

number of cruise ships. Three cruise ships visited 2005, 2006, and 2007, one cruise ship visited the pers. com.). No cruise ships are scheduled to visirequirements at Midway, cruise ships offl oad pas

lagoon and transport them ashore in small boats

POLLUTANTS AND TOXIC MATERIALS

Building Materials

Several historic buildings on Sand Island contain as lead-based paint or asbestos. These toxic mat

concerns for humans and wildlife. Lead paint fl akchicks, causing growth deformities and mortalityis a high priority action for Sand Island structures

No Dig/Landfi ll Areas

“No Dig” areas, found on both Sand and Eastern I

remaining from the closure of the Navy base. Arerestrictions are former landfi lls or areas where cowas left in place at or below 4 feet from the surfaon these sites to avoid future exposure of humancontaminated soil or groundwater. Human activcontaminated soil or groundwater within the site responsibility for the site from the Navy to FWS. expected to degrade through time, the amount and rate of degradation are unknown. Therefore, these land use restrictions will remain in place in perpetuity to protect humans and wildlife.

 3. Site Overview

24
Tons of marine de

One area on Sand Island that needs continued monitoring and potentially further remediation is known as the Old Bulky Waste Landfi ll. This site is an uncharacterized landfi ll that was created by the disposal of scrap metal, used equipment, and unconsolidated waste off the south shore of Sand Island to create a peninsula approximately 1,200 feet long by 450 feet (average) wide by 9 feet high (Navy 1995). It is surrounded on the three seaward sides by an approximately 10-foot-thick band of concrete and stone rip-rap. Wastes known to have been deposited in the landfi ll are metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel), gasoline, battery acid, batteries, mercury, lead-based paint, solvents, waste oil, PCBs, dioxins, furans, transmission and brake fl uids, vehicles, equipment, tires, and miscellaneous debris (BRAC SI 1996 vol. 1). The landfi ll was covered in approximately 2 to 2.5 feet of soil in an attempt to contain the waste. Currently the Old Bulky Waste Landfi ll is eroding, and the soil placed on top is sifting into the debris, causing large holes to open up around the edge and in the center of the landfi ll. Additionally, burrowing birds are bringing up buried soil and nesting below the cover. Over 500 bird burrows have been counted in the landfi ll.

Marine Debris

Marine debris accumulation on the reefs and beaches of NWHI is a staggering problem, and an estimated 57 tons of new debris enters NWHI on an annual 

basis (Dameron et al. 2007). Marine debris, especially derelict fi shing nets 

and gear, plastics, and hazardous materials, is a severe chronic threat to shallow ecosystems such as Midway Atoll, and adversely impacts the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal, threatened and endangered sea turtles, albatrosses, and other wildlife species who become entangled in or ingest these materials. Large masses of fi shing nets degrade coral reef health by shading, abrading, or dislodging fragile corals or by preventing reef regeneration.Over 15 agencies and partner groups have worked since 1996 to remove large accumulations of marine debris. The total debris removed from 1996 to 2006 in NWHI was 563 tons. Midway staff periodically clean the beaches to remove entanglement hazards and collect the ongoing accumulation of plastics, glass, and metal for eventual disposal. 

TERRESTRIAL ALIEN SPECIESHuman occupation and development at Midway Atoll has tranatoll since the Commercial Pacifi c Cable Company established Sand Island in 1903. The cable company attempted to make tself-suffi cient as possible through the cultivation of gardens aDue to the lack of organic soil on the islands, barge loads of sofrom O‘ahu and Guam, and contained not only the organic magardening possible, but also all the associated soil organisms scentipedes, fungi, and other nonnative species.Additionally, trees and ornamentals were planted on Sand Islaironwoods, eucalyptus, and acacia. So successful were these inby 1922, an estimated two-thirds of Sand Island was covered wvegetation. The black rat (Rattus rattus) was successfully exterMidway in 1997; however, mice (Mus musculus), along with varof ants, termites, wasps, ticks, and mosquitoes, continue to infMosquitoes are of special concern as they are potential vectoras West Nile virus, avian malaria, and avian pox. Termites have most of the historic wooden buildings on Midway.The number of alien land plants in the NWHI varies from only 3 Nihoa to 249 introduced at Midway Atoll. The level of threat frplants also varies between species. For example, the invasive crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) displaces all native vegetatareas, causing entanglement and heat prostration and killing hundreds of albatrosses each year (J. Klavitter, pers. com.).
Golden crown-beard is a major invasive plant

Sho

Fish school in Eastern Island shallows

MARINE ALIEN SPECIESSeveral alien species also threaten Midway’s waters and reefs. Although the ecological implications are unclear so far, one alien fi sh species and four alien invertebrate species are known to exist at Midway. At a minimum, these species compete for resources with native species. Two of the invertebrate species have the potential to change the character of coral reefs where they become established. One additional alien invertebrate species was found on a ship’s hull at Midway and is thought not to be established at Midway.Several other species have been identifi ed as potential threats to Monument waters including Midway, having been documented in the main Hawaiian Islands or isolated locations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. These include two fi sh species, one octocoral species, two algae species, and two invertebrate species. In particular the octocoral and algal species have the potential to alter the character of coral reefs where they become established.Although marine alien species have been found at Midway, they are not believed to currently impact its infrastructure.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISESea level rise is expected to have signifi cant eff ec

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monumenterrestrial habitat loss by 2100 among French FrigAtoll, and Lisianski is expected to be 3 to 65% unrise), and 5 to 75% under the maximum scenario probably periodically inundate all land below 89 cm (maximum scenario) in elevation. Although Min this study, Sand and Eastern Islands are more sis expected to lose about 5% of its land area by 2environmental consequences of island inundatioMidway, with its buried toxic materials.Changes in sea surface temperatures have been bleaching. Mass coral bleaching in the NWHI occsevere in the three northernmost atolls, including Kure, Pearl and Hermes, and Midway. The occurrence of coral bleaching in the cool waters of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands has been interpreted by some as indicative of climate change.The measured increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been linked to ocean acidifi cation, which slows the growth of coral reefs, and in some cases is predicted to dissolve them (Fine and Tchernov 2007). This is of great concern for the Monument.

 3. Site Overview

SITE ANALYSIS

26
Plastics ingested by albatross Peeling lead-based paint Deteriorated 

CHALLENGES AT MIDWAY ATOLLMidway Atoll is a highly unique setting that presents tremendous challenges and issues that must be considered in all planning and design eff orts. This Conceptual Site Plan, along with ongoing work by FWS, NOAA, and other agencies, begins to suggest some creative solutions to address these compelling problems. Some of the key challenges specifi c to Midway include the following points:• Sand Island and Eastern Islands are highly disturbed landscapes greatly 

impacted by human use since the early 1900s. Dredging and fi lling of the land and water environments, non-indigenous plant species introduction, and disruption of native species habitats are some indicators of the tremendous manipulation of the atoll.

• Global impacts adversely aff ect Midway Atoll’s biological health. These 

adverse eff ects include marine debris (several tons of plastic washed up to shore annually), sea level rise, climate change, and oceanic conditions, among others.

• Midway Atoll contains both historically and biologically unique features. 

Preservation and enhancement of the historic and ecological systems must be carefully evaluated from the lens of both perspectives.

• Carrying capacity is very limited on Midway Atoll due its 

sensitive biological and historic resources, and limited incapacity may be slightly increased, but human activities education, recreation, etc., must fi t within this overarchinCreative education and interpretation opportunities suclearning off site, or sustainable tourism onsite, must be delevate public awareness while not creating impacts.

• Toxicity and hazardous materials clean-up at Midway Ato

priority for ecological health, historic preservation, and p

• Remote location of Midway Atoll creates impediments to 

goods, materials, and people on- and off -island. Modes Midway and related logistical supply issues are pivotal isremoval of surpluses or damaged items or materials is althe expense involved in proper disposal is prohibitive.

• High construction costs due to logistics• Limited construction techniques• Harsh climate conditions for materials• Severely deteriorating buildings and infrastructure• Limited staff and funding• Development restrictions based on contaminants, histor

and wildlife
28
Midway Atoll Alternatives Deve
Albatrosses and people B

DESIGN GUIDELINES AND PRINCIP

Design and planning goals developed for Midway Atoll are aligned with the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Management Plan goals.GOAL 1—Protect, maintain, and, where appropriate, restore natural biological 

communities and their associated biodiversity, habitats, populations, native species, and ecological processes.

GOAL 2—Support, promote, and coordinate research, ecosystem 

characterization, and monitoring that increase understanding of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument and improve management decision-making.

GOAL 3—Manage human activities to maintain ecosystem integrity and 

prevent or minimize negative impacts.

GOAL 4—Provide for cooperative conservation including community 

involvement that achieves eff ective Midway Atoll operations and ecosystem-based management.

GOAL 5—Enhance public understanding, appreciation, and support for 

protection of the natural, cultural, and historic resources.

GOAL 6—Support Native Hawaiian practices consistent with long-term 

conservation and protection.

GOAL 7—Identify, interpret, and protect Midway Atoll historic resources.GOAL 8—Off er visitor opportunities at Midway Atoll to discover and 

appreciate the wildlife and beauty of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, enhance conservation, and honor its unique history. Promote sustainable tourism, interpretation, and education from site scale to global scale.

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

The Planning Team developed Design Guidelines appropriate design and planning eff orts at Midwreinforce the key concept that Midway will becomThey provide the framework for preserving and eand historic values in the course of implementing Plan at the Midway site-scale.Many principles achieve multiple goals. For exampaint from historic structures removes a toxic subwildlife and human health and helps preserve thbuildings. Adaptively reusing existing historic strand historic value while also meeting lodging, opservices needs and reducing the need for new coimpact native species and habitat. Generating elsources to reduce carbon emissions and increase cost of wiring the structure to the existing utility on existing concrete pads within the historic coreto meet the “no net habitat loss” principle while aMidway’s historic development patterns. For othGuidelines and Principles on the facing page. 

GOALS

30
J O N E S

J O N E S

FEBRUARY 2008

DESIGN GUIDELINES UIDELINES & P RINCIPLES RINCIPLES

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

PROTECT HISTORIC ISTORIC STRUCTURES TRUCTURES & L ANDSCAPES ANDSCAPES

Protect, maintain, and interpret historic resources.Follow Secretary of the Interior Standards to protect and maintain buildings that maintain integrity and/or identifi ed as historically signifi cant and eligible for or 

listed on the National Historic Register.Follow Secretary of the Interior Standards to protect historic landscape features and characteristics Follow National Historic Preservation Act (36 CFR Part 800) to document historic buildings and structures that do not exhibit integrity and will be secured in place (building envelope is sealed) or demolished. Salvage materials and leave footprints or ruins for interpretation that are safe and compatible with wildlife.Explore adaptive re-use of historic buildings

PROTECT HABITAT & B IOLOGICAL IOLOGICAL RESOURCES ESOURCES

Adhere to Narional Wildlife Refuge system principle “Wildlife comes fi rst”Protect, maintain, enhance habitat and biological resourcesNo net loss of habitatConstruct new structures in footprints, building foundations, or pads of non-historic footprintsRemove invasive speciesProtect nest sitesReduce high structures to minimize bird strikesNew construction will not interfere with wildlifeRemove pollutants (lead based paint, shore debris, toxic substances)Protect shallow water systems and reef sitesRestore native habitat where feasible

9999999999999999

ALTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS & W ASTE REDUCTION EDUCTION

Reduce consumptionUse energy effi cient strategies and alternative energy systemsConsolidate power generators and power sourcesConstruct new structures that are energy effi cient or generate own energyRecycle materials for construction or enhancement projectsEvaluate the use of alternative fuels for transportation and equipment

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

Address current and future maintenance needsCommunicate management plan to staff, e.g., training in historic resource protection, biological resource protectionConsolidate development (utilities, infrastructure, buildings)Appropriate infrastructure matched to current/new development and operations

SUSTAINABLE USTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE RCHITECTURE & L ANDSCAPE ANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE RCHITECTURE

Re-use existing structures that still have integritySustainable design (materials, energy, etc.)Recycle materials, e.g., scrap metal, glass, ropes, etc.)Construct pre-fabricated components off-site Apply Performance Standards for new constructionApply sustainable design standards such as LEEDUse termite-resistant building materials

99999999999999999

DESIGN AESTHETICS

Maintain historic characterBuild new structures in the aesthetvernacularReduce noise pollutionReduce light pollution

VISITOR USE & E XPERIENCE XPERIENCE

Limit human presence to appropriaZones of use (direct visitor uses wwildlife and habitat)Regenerative design, e.g, hydropoDevelop facilities to accommodate Eco-tourism focus: wildlife/historic immersion experience; interpretatioService and volunteer work opportvisitorsMidway Site will be a demonstratiosustainabilityDevelop opportunities for people wlearn about Midway Atoll (e.g., webenvironmental data)

BUILD PARTERSHIPS AND ARTERSHIPS AND MANAGEMEN

ANAGEMEN

RESEARCH

Collaborative management and deNOAA/State of Hawai’i)Develop new partnerships and alliaCorporate sponsorshipsResearch opportunities

9999999999999999
 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

MANAGEMENT ZONES AND SITE ZONES

SAND ISLAND MANAGEMENT ZONESThe Planning Team delineated Management Zones for Midway Atoll, including Sand Island, Eastern Island, and Spit Island. These zones show the physical areas where specifi c management, planning, and development activities occur. The zones are as follows:

Marine Protection Zone

Protected shoreline and marine habitat that supports bird, wildlife, and fi sh species, and their critical life activities such as resting, feeding, nesting, fl edging, 

migrating, etc. No public access is allowed.

Revegetation/Habitat Zone

Midway Atoll is a highly disturbed system that hosts pervasive invasive plant species, toxic materials, and human development remnants that, taken together, 

have created signifi cant adverse impact on indigenous species and their habitat. Most of the islands within Midway Atoll are designated as the Revegetation/Habitat Zone to focus eff orts on restoring atoll habitat and enhancing species populations.

Beach Zone

Shoreline that is open to the public for passive recreation and educational activities such as walking, bird and wildlife watching, and beach viewing. Primarily this zone occurs on the north beach of Sand Island. No beach access is available on Spit Island, and the only access allowed on Eastern Island is via the boat dock.

Inner Harbor Zone

This zone includes the historic Inner Harbor and and facilities. One of two approaches to the islan

harbor zone is critical to visitor arrival, transportaand water-based activities (e.g., ecotourism via cmarine research, rescue operations, security).

Airfield Operations Zone

The Airfield Operations Zone on Sand Island com

Airfi eld and includes the new operations center, t

runway, and inactive runway portions. One of tw(by boat or plane), the airfi eld operations zone is transportation of services and goods, and aviatiotravel, research, emergency operations, security)

Freshwater Protection Zone

The Freshwater Protection Zone is a large triangufrom which surface water is collected in the catchinto the three freshwater storage tanks.

Historic and Primary Development Zone

The Historic and Primary Development Zone descore and redevelopment area. It delineates an ar

in terms of historic development patterns on SanCable Company historic period (early 1900s) and (1940s). Several historic structures and features aConversely, this zone indicates the primary area wfacilities or adaptive reuse of existing or historic sactivity.

32
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND, S PIT & E ASTERN ISLANDS MANAGEMENT ANAGEMENT ZONES

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING JUNE 2007 AERIAL IMAGE FROM FW

MARINE PROTECTION ZONE - Protected shoreline habitat for endangered speciesAIRFIELD OPERATIONS ZONE - Runway and facility buildingFRESHWATER PROTECTION ZONE - Rainwater catchment and natural  ltrationINNER HARBOR ZONE - Visitor arrival, docking, transportHISTORIC AND PRIMARY DEVELOPMENT ZONE - Historic core and re-development areaBEACH ZONE - Recreational shoreline (Open to Public)REVEGETATION/HABITAT ENHANCEMENT ZONE - Invasive species removal and restorationNO DIG AREAS/LANDFILLS - Locations of buried contaminants that have land use restrictionsWELCOME AND ORIENTATION NODES

LEGEND
Cable Station building complex

Ter

No Dig Areas/Landfi ll Zone

The “No Dig” areas are sites that contain contaminated soils or other materials, and cannot be built upon or otherwise disturbed. These sites include Old Bulky 

Waste Landfi ll on the south beach point, and the old fuel farm on the north beach.The “No Dig” areas were designated in the Base Realignment and Closure process (BRAC) as Land Use Controls where digging below 4 feet is prohibited (or FWS assumes all responsibility). These areas, and several landfi lls, were determined to not necessitate further cleanup unless the controls were not eff ective. The Old Bulky Waste Landfi ll, however, is an example where the control is not suffi cient 

and further remediation needs to be addressed through the BRAC process.

Sand Island Building Treatment and Site Zones

The Planning Team assessed site zones and building treatment opportunities within Sand Island’s Core Historic Zone. Evaluation factors included the 

following: 1. FWS historic treatment recommendations; 2. current and historic functions as well as potential future uses; 3. architectural and structural integrity; and 4. spatial organization of roads, operations, buildings, and landscape.

4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

MANAGEMENT ZONES AND SITE ZONES

34
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND ISLAND BUILDING UILDING TREATMENT AND REATMENT AND SITE ZONES

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

FOOD/RESTAURANTS

CABLE STATION

COMPLEX

MIXED HOUSING/LODGING

VISITOR ORIENTATION/PARTNER FACILITIES

EMPLOYEE

OPERATIONS

MILITARY ILITARY HISTORY/DISPLAY

ALL HANDS CLUB

MIDWAY ATOLL VISITOR CENTER/ AGENCY/PARTNER OFFICES

COLD STORAGE

CLIPPER HOUSE

CAPTAIN BROOKS

CABLE BUILD NGS

SATELLITE

DISHES

BOQ BRAVO BARRACKS

BOQ CHARLIEBARRACKS

DUPLEXES

HISTORIC OFFICERS

QUARTERS

RESIDENCE

FUELSTORAGETANK

FUEL

DOUBLE GASOLINESTORAGE TANK FUEL

FARMSTORAGE

FUEL FARM LAB

UNDERGROUND CONCRETE STAR BUNKER

NOAA OFFICE,LAB, STORAGE,GARAGE

DUPLEX RESIDENCE

GYMNASIUM

MEMORIAL 5-INCH GUNS

MIDWAY MEMORIAL PLAQUE

GALLEY

JAPANESE MEMORIALS

INTERNETCAFE

TRANSPORTATION

FWS/NOAA OFFICES

BEQ BARRACKS

LAUNDROMAT

MEDICAL CLINIC/ OFFICES

WATER TOWER

OLD COMMAND CENTER

MAIN

HANGAR

COLD

STORAGE

TORPEDO/PARACHUTE

MACHINE SHOP

CARPENTRYSHOP POWER HOUSE AND

COMMAND POST

OIL CENTRIFUGE

POWERGENERATOR

PAINT & OILSTORAGE

WAREHOUSE

PROPANE

WAREHOUSEELECTRICALSUBSTATION

SEAPLANE

HANGAR

HISTORIC SEAPLANE RAM

BOATHOUSE

M DWAY HOUSE

HYDROPONICGREENHOUSE

SEWER

BEQ BARRACKS

PROPAGATIONGREENHOUSE

NEW FUEL SITE

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

W W

W

W

W

W

W

W

C

C C

C C

W

W

C
Coral reef and shallow water protection is a vital activity

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

ALTERNATIVE A—NO ACTION/LIMITED ACTION

Key activities implemented under Alternative A i• Stabilize and clean-up approximately 7–8 W

buildings (e.g., rehabilitation, lead-based plodging and operations

• Treat 5 Cable Station historic structures tha

otherwise take structures down to ruins sta

• Replace B, C barracks with multi-unit lodgin• $1.2 million funds allocated to address serio

employee and visitor housing and for lead-

• Continue biological enhancement and rese

multi-agency eff ort

PROSo Lower visitation volumes do not exceed Mio Fewer infrastructure improvements and coo Less funding requiredo Baseline improvements are implemented t

cultural resources and upgrade facilities an

CONSo Net loss of biological and historic resources o Full enhancement potential of Midway Ato

historic resources is not achieved

o Educational and interpretive opportunities 

and involvement

o Funding and staffi ng likely to be more limito Limited access capacity for MMB partners

Alternative A is described as maintaining current management activities in place at Midway at the time of the Proclamation. Programs that are currently underway or planned, such as the Interim Visitor Services Plan, fi t within Alternative A. Short-term overnight visitation would not exceed 40 people, while seasonal or long-term contractors and researchers would not exceed 80 people, thus totaling no more than 120 people on any given overnight. Day-trippers would be limited to 3 cruise ships per year at about 800 people per visit. Some baseline changes in management programs, e.g., enhanced biological and cultural resource protection, are anticipated to help fulfi ll the purpose and mission of Midway Atoll NWR and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

36
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND ISLAND BUILDING UILDING PROGRAM - A LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE A

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

ALL HANDS CLUB

MIDWAY MALL COMPLEX

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH EMPLOYEE HOUSING

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH VISITOR

HOUSING

COLD STORAGE

CL PPER HOUSE CAPTAIN BROOKS

CABLE BUILD NGS

SATELLITEDISHES

BOQ BRAVO BARRACKS

BOQ CHARLIEBARRACKS

DUPLEXES

HISTORIC OFFICERSQUARTERS

RESIDENCE

FUELSTORAGETANK

FUEL

DOUBLE GASOLINE FUEL STORAGE TANK FARM

STORAGE

FUEL FARM LAB

UNDERGROUND CONCRETE STAR BUNKER

OLD COMMISSARY

HYDROPONICGREENHOUSE

GYMNASIUM

MEMORIAL 5-INCH GUNS

MIDWAY MEMORIAL PLAQUE

GALLEY

JAPANESE MEMORIALS

INTERNETCAFE

FWS/NOAA TRANSPORTATION OFFICES

BEQ BARRACKS

LAUNDROMAT

MEDICAL CLINIC/ OFFICES

WATER TOWER

OLD COMMAND CENTER

COLDSTORAGE

PAINT & OILSTORAGE

WAREHOUSE

PROPANE

WAREHOUSEELECTRICALSUBSTATION

SEAPLANEHANGAR

HISTORICSEAPLANERAMP

BOATHOUSE

MIDWAY HOUSE (MIDWAY FWS MGR.)

DUPLEX RESIDENCE SEWER

INTERPRET

CABLE STATION

COMPLEX

MAINHANGAR

NEW FUEL SITE

BEQ BARRACKS

PROPAGATIONGREENHOUSE

POWERGENERATOR

TORPEDO/PARACHUTE

MACH NESHOP

CARPENTRYSHOP

OIL CENTRIFUGE

POWER HOUSE ANDCOMMAND POST
Green sea turtle © James Watt

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

ALTERNATIVE B—“MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY:” INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND VAlternative B is the preferred alternative. This alternative proposes an integrated approach for enhancing protection and understanding of biological and historic resources at Midway Atoll/Sand Island while providing a moderate increase in visitor services and interpretive, educational, and research programs and facilities. It also provides an operational hub for agencies within the Monument.Resources would be allocated to elevating the programs and facilities in all three areas: 1. biological protection, understanding, and restoration, 2. historic resource preservation and adaptive reuse, 3. Visitor education and interpretation.Short-term overnight visitation would not exceed 50 people, while seasonal or long-term contractors and researchers would not exceed 100 people, thus totaling no more than 150 people on any given overnight. The increased island population from the current regular capacity of 120 people would require 

enhancements in utility systems infrastructure. Daccess the island via one of the maximum 3 cruis800 cruise travelers per ship).New facilities and systems would utilize green deMidway’s physical structures as well as interpretivwould emphasize the atoll’s sensitive resources aconservation ecology and human history.Key activities implemented under Alternative B in• Treat, stabilize, and clean-up all World War 

(e.g., rehabilitation, lead-based paint removoperations, and visitor services (approxima

• Take four Cable Station historic structures d

salvage recyclable materials. Rehabilitate/rfor interpretation

• Demolish B, C, and BEQ Barracks (4 building

footprint with smaller scale, energy-effi cien

• Construct low-impact-style lodgings (< 200 

or demolished building footprints as tempoovernight facilities

• Reuse one Offi cers Quarters building as a h

overnight visitors

• Rehabilitate historic Midway Mall to serve a

Center;” facility will be a multi-purpose cenmulti-agency offi ces, and classrooms

• Demolish non-historic structures or structu

Secretary of the Interior Standards for histohabitat in vacated areas

• Expand biological enhancement and resea

multi-agency and partnership eff ort

38
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND ISLAND BUILDING UILDING PROGRAM - A LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE B (P REFERRED REFERRED)

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANN NG LANNING

ALL HANDS CLUB

MIDWAY ATOLL VISITOR CENTER

COLD STORAGE

CLIPPER HOUSE CAPTAIN BROOKS

SATELLITEDISHES BOQ BRAVO BARRACKS

BOQ CHARL EBARRACKS

DUPLEXES

HISTORIC OFFICERS

QUARTERS RESIDENCE:

S NGLE-STORY DUPLEXES

BLE GASOLINE

AGE TANK

B

UNDERGROUND CONCRETE STAR BUNKER

DUPLEX RESIDENCE

GYMNASIUM

MEMORIAL 5-INCH GUNS

MIDWAY MEMORIAL PLAQUE

RELOCATECAFE/STORE/GIFT SHOP/INTERNET

JAPANESE MEMORIALS

INTERNET

CAFE

TRANSPORTATION FWS/NOAA OFFICES

BEQ BARRACKS

LAUNDROMAT

MEDICAL CL NIC/ OFFICES

WATER TOWER

OLD COMMAND C

COLD

STORAGE

TORPEDO/PARACHUTE

OIL CENTRIFUGE

PAINT & O LSTORAGE

WAREHOUSE

PROPANE

WAREHOUSEELECTRICALSUBSTATION

SEAPLANE HANGAR:

EQU PMENT STORAGE, RESTORE FACADE

NEW

BOATHOUSE

MIDWAY HOUSE (MIDWAY FWS MGR.)

DEVELOP

VISITOR CENTER/HUB/CLASSROOMS/

AGENCY/PARTNER OFFICES

NOAA OFFICE,LAB, STORAGE,GARAGE

FOOD - RESTAURANTS

REUSE

HISTORIC STRUCTURE

AS HOSTEL

(3BR. 1200SF)

REHABILITATE- LESS DENSE HOUSING- RESIDENTIAL

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH 8-PLEX 1 OR 2-STORYLODGINGS FOR CONTRACTOR/EMPLOYEES(48-96 TOTAL UNITS; < 340 SF PER UNIT)

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH CABLE BUILDING STYLE2-STORY MULTI-PLEX(330 SF PER UNIT; 12-16 UNITS PER BUILDING; 48-56 T

REPAIRCABLE BUILDING

NEW FUEL SITE

SEWER

INTERPRETCABLE STATION

COMPLEX

HYDROPONICGREENHOUSE

BEQ BARRACKS

PROPAGATIONGREENHOUSE

REPLACESEAWALL/BULKHEAD

POWER HOUSE

AND COMMAND

POST

POWERGENERATOR

MACHINESHOP

CARPENTRYSHOP

CONERA

HISTORIC SEA

OLD BOATHOUSE

REPLACEEXISTING BOATBOATHOUSE/D

CONSTRUCTMONK SEAL 

CONSTRUCTINCINERATOR ON EX. PAD
• Plan, design, and build a wet laboratory/quarantine facility

• Construct a Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care facility• Clean up all lead-based paint and other toxic materials related to 

structures, facilities, and soils that are creating exposure hazards to humans and wildlife within 15 years

• Monitor landfi lls and, if necessary, enact further remediation within 

15 years

• Construct a new boathouse, dive center, and storage facility to facilitate 

marine-based activities

• Expand the new fuel farm to meet NOAA and State needs• Construct new ramp/boat dock near location of historic seaplane ramp• Construct two welcome facilities for visitors arriving by vessel and by plane• Construct 3 additional fi nger piers in Inner Harbor• Expand drinking-water capacity to meet needs for 30 additional people• Expand sewage and solid waste disposal capacityPROSo Visitation volumes do not exceed Midway Atoll’s carrying capacityo No further net loss of biological and historic resources occurso Signifi cant improvements are implemented to enhance biological and 

historic resources

o Midway’s exceptional historic resources are preserved and interpretedo Facilities and infrastructure are upgraded to meet projected lodging, 

operations, visitation, and maintenance needs

o Several biological research and habitat initiatives are implemented, 

e.g., Monk Seal Captive Care Facility

o Educational and interpretive program is gre

and stewardship opportunities are actively to global, remote scale

o Partnerships and coalitions encouraged un

more funding dedicated to biological and hon Midway and throughout the Monument

o Sustainable low-impact development at M

sustainability for remote fi eld operations foand reduction of fossel fuel use

o Facilities, whether renovated or new, would 

principles to enable the reduction of fossil f

o Implementation of priority projects will ena

in the atoll, greatly enhancing the fi eld opeMonument overall

CONS

o Moderate increases in visitation may impaco Improvements target several areas at once 

services) and will require longer time perio

o Signifi cant funding will be necessary to imp

15-year period

o Added costs to expand utility infrastructure 

ALTERNATIVE B—“MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY:” INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL, HISTORIC, AND V

40
Midway Atoll provides important 
 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

ALTERNATIVE C—ENHANCED OPERATIONS: HABITAT RESTORATION AND HISTORIC PRESERVAT

Alternative C is focused on accelerated restoration of Midway Atoll habitat and species, as well as on historic preservation eff orts. As much onsite treatment as possible would occur under Alternative C. Resources, staff , facilities, and programs would be primarily dedicated to restoring Midway Atoll’s natural habitat and historic landscape to the highest functioning state over the next 15 years.Toxic materials and debris cleanup, exotic species removal, habitat restoration, species protection, and research studies are examples of management programs that would be emphasized under this alternative. Specialized facilities and equipment would be required to assist habitat and species recovery. Protection and stabilization of historic resources for the purpose of historic preservation and species protection would occur. Historic structures would be stabilized to protect birds and wildlife, and non-historic structures that are beyond repair or abandoned would be removed and restored to native habitat.Public visitation would be limited and focused on volunteerism opportunities. Onsite interpretive and educational facilities would be minimal. The total number of agency staff , researchers, and restoration specialists would be highest of any alternative. Short-term overnight visitation would not exceed 50 volunteer-visitors, while seasonal or long-term contractors, researchers, and habitat specialists would be up to 130 people, thus totaling no more than 180 people on any given overnight.The increased island population from the current regular capacity of 120 people would require enhancements in utility systems infrastructure.Key activities implemented under Alternative C include the following:• Extensive on-site treatment as possible would occur to remove exposure 

to hazardous materials, restore habitat, and protect and increase native species populations

• Restoration processes accelerated• Historic structures stabilized and preserved while non-historic structures 

removed to increase land and marine habitat

• More active management• Limited visitor facilities• Seasonal and permanent lodgings improve• Expand drinking-water capacity to meet ne• Expand electric generation to meet increas• Expand sewage and solid waste disposal caPROS

o Restoration and biological enhancement p

bring Midway Atoll to a “state of health”

o More staff and funding dedicated to speed 

o Visitation limited to restorationists, biologis

and citizen volunteers

o Shared agency and contractor offi ces at MiCONS

o Greater increases in visitor volumes may im

exceed Midway’s carrying capacity

o Signifi cant funding will be necessary in the 

of other refuge programs) to implement an abatement and clean-up and habitat restor

o Less focus on interpretative and educationo Less focus on support for Monument activio Added costs to expand utility infrastructure o Limits opportunities for nonworking visitor

Monument

42
FEBRUARY 2008

SAND ISLAND BUILDING UILDING PROGRAM - A LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE C

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

ALL HANDS CLUB

MIDWAY MALL COMPLEX

COLD STORAGE

CLIPPER HOUSE CAPTAIN BROOKS

SATELLITE

DISHES

BOQ BRAVO BARRACKS

BOQ CHARLIEBARRACKS

DUPLEXES

HISTORIC OFFICERSQUARTERS

RESIDENCE

UBLE GASOLINE

ORAGE TANK

M LAB

UNDERGROUND CONCRETE STAR BUNKER

GYMNASIUM

MEMORIAL 5-INCH GUNS

MIDWAY MEMORIAL PLAQUE

CAFE/GIFT STORE/ INTERNET

JAPANESE MEMORIALS

INTERNETCAFE

TRANSPORTATION FWS/NOAA OFFICE

BEQBARRACKS

LAUNDROMAT

MEDICAL CLINIC/ OFFICES

WATER TOWER

OLD COMMAND

COLD

STORAGE TORPEDO/PARACHUTE

MACH NE SHOP

CARPENTRYSHOP

OIL CENTRIFUGE

PA NT & OILSTORAGE

WAREHOUSE

PROPANE

WAREHOUSEELECTRICALSUBSTATION

SEAPLANEHANGAR

MIDWAY HOUSE (MIDWAY FWS M .)

INTERPRETCABLE STATION

COMPLEX

FWS/NOAA/STATE/CONTRACTOR OFFICES

REUSE

HISTORIC STRUCTURE

AS HOSTEL

(3BR. 1200SF)

1200SF ESTIMATED

PER RESIDENCE

DUPLEX RESIDENCE

SEWER

NEW FUEL SITE

HYDROPONICGREENHOUSE

BEQ BARRACKS

PROPAGATIONGREENHOUSE

CONSTRNEW D

POWER HOUSE

AND COMMAND

POST

POWER

GENERATOR

CONSTRUCTMONK SEAL C

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH CABLE BUILDING STYLE2-STORY MULTI-PLEX(330 SF PER UNIT; 12-16 UNITS PER BUILD NG; 48-56 TOTAL UNITS)

REPLACEBARRACKS WITH 8-PLEX 1 OR 2-STORYLODGINGS FOR CONTRACTOR/EMPLOYEES(48-96 TOTAL UNITS; < 340 SF PER UNIT)

CD

OLD BOATHOUSE

NOAA OFFICE,LAB, STORAGE,GARAGE

REPLACESEAWALL/BULKHEAD

NEW

BOATHOUSE HISTORIC SEAP

REPLACEEXISTING BOAT

BOATHOUSE/D
Black-footed albatross chick 

DEFINITIONS OF USER GROUPS BASED ON LENGTH OF STAY ON SAND ISLANDDay Visitors No overnight stay. People visiting the island for a single day, 

typically cruise ship passengers. Lodging type: none.

Transient Overnight 1–2 nights, e.g., VIPs, agency representatives. 

Lodging type: hostel, barracks converted to 2-story structures.

Short-Term Overnight 3–14 nights or < 2 weeks, e.g., volunteer service 

workers, visitors, agency staff . 

Lodging type: hostel, historic offi cers' quarters, barracks.

Seasonal Overnight 2 weeks to 8 months, e.g., volunteers, seasonal staff . 

Lodging type: historic offi cers' quarters, duplexes, barracks converted to 2-story structures.

Permanent Overnight up to one year, e.g., staff , contractors. 

Lodging type: historic offi cers' quarters, duplexes, barracks converted to 2-story structures.

NOTE: The numbers in this table refl ect a projection of staff /visitors/transients 

who may be on island at varying times over the year; thus the total exceeds the maximum overnight capacity. If the total island population at any one time will exceed the numbers identifi ed as maximum overnight population in the alternatives outlined below, FWS would fi rst need to determine that such use would be compatible with the purposes of the Refuge and the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, as required by the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, as amended.

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

MATRIX OF MIDWAY ATOLL/SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE ALTERNATIVES

44
Alternative A

No Action

Alternative B (Preferred) 

Integrated Biological, Historic, 

and Visitor Programs

Alternat

Enhanced Operations

Historic Pres

Alternative Description/Theme Current Mgmt; FWS-centric with some 

cooperative programs

Coordinated Mgmt program at Midway; 

more conservative (less cost) than Alt C. 

Primary PMNM Operations at Honolulu 

with some operations at Midway

More aggressive Mg

address habitat restoratio

historic preservation (les

volunteer service workers

PMNM operational hu

MAX. OVERNIGHT POPULATION 120 150 180

Average Population Range 60–80 100–120 140–16

Short-Term or TransientVisitors (Ecotourists & VIPS) 40 50 0Volunteer Service Workers 0 0 50

Transients 37 86 16

SHORT-TERM/TRANSIENT SUBTOTAL 77 136 76

Seasonal or Permanent FWS Staff

Permanent 7 14 12

Seasonal (Volunteers) 4 6 10

FWS SUBTOTAL 11 20 22

NOAA Staff

Permanent 0 8 8

Seasonal/Temporary 2 26 26

NOAA SUBTOTALL 2 34 34

State Staff

Permanent 0 0 0

Transient (inc. in transients above) (6) (6) (6)

FWS Contractors

Permanent 50 65 70

Seasonal 15 20 20

CONTRACTOR SUBTOTAL 65 85 90

SEASONAL/PERMANENT SUBTOTAL 78 139 146

DAY VISITORS (CRUISE SHIPS) 3 cruise ships max. annually/

800 peak visitors per day

3 cruise ships max. annually/

800 peak visitors per day

3 cruise ships ma

800 peak visito
Alternative A

No Action

Alternative B (Preferred) 

Integrated Biological, Historic, 

and Visitor Programs

Enhanced 

UTILITY SYSTEMS

Drinking Water Current capacity is adequate Increase capacity for up to 30 added 

people during regular periods

Increas

peop

Electricity Current capacity is adequate Increase capacity for up to 30 added 

people during regular periods

Increas

peop

Sewage Current capacity is adequate Increase capacity for up to 30 added 

people during regular periods

Increas

peop

Solid Waste Disposal Improve recycling to reduce volume 

going to landfi ll

Increase capacity for up to 30 added 

people during regular periods

Increas

peop

LODGING FACILITIESOffi cers' Quarter Residences Reuse 1 offi cers' quarter structure as hostel for short-term visitors 

No Yes 

Reuse 9 offi cers' quarter structures for short-term visitors or seasonal and permanent staff , contractor, or agency housing

8 structures for seasonal or 

permanent staff 

1 structure for short-term visitors

7 structures for seasonal or permanent 

staff 

2 struc

6 structur

Barracks BOQ Bravo Replace barracks structure for 

seasonal/long term staff lodging

Replace B barracks structure with (2) 

cable-style multi-unit 2- story structures for 

short-term visitor lodging

Replace 

cable-sty

for s

BOQ Charlie Replace barracks structure for shortterm visitor lodging Repair C barracks to maximize capacity for interim. Eventually replace barracks 

structure with (3) multiunit 2-story 

structures for short-term visitor lodging

Replace ba

multi-u

p

BEQ Barracks (1) Abandoned/no change Replace B barracks structure with (3) 8-plex 

1 or 2-story structures for employees

Replace b

single or 2

BEQ Barracks (2) Abandoned/no change Replace barracks structure with (3) 8-plex 

1 or 2-story structures for employees

Replace b

single or 2

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

MATRIX OF MIDWAY ATOLL/SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE ALTERNATIVES

46
Alternative A

No Action

Alternative B (Preferred) 

Integrated Biological, Historic, 

and Visitor Programs

Alternat

Enhanced Operations

Historic Pres

Duplexes Maintained as seasonal/permanent 

staff lodging

Maintained as seasonal/permanent staff

lodging

Maintained as seasona

lodgin

Low-Impact Shelters Not constructed Up to 12 new primitive shelters 

constructed

Up to 12 new prim

construc

Midway House Maintained as FWS Midway Mgr 

residence

Maintained as FWS Midway Mgr residence Maintained as FWS Mid

Number of Housing Units (Hostel style 1200 sf)

03 3

Number of Housing Units (Duplex Style <900 sf)

11 11 11

Number of Housing Units (2-story 12 x 24 Units 330 sf )

0 48–56 48–56

Number of Lodging Units (8-plex 1 or 2-story structures <340 sf)

0 48–96 96

Number of Lodging Units (Barracks/Hotel Style)

72–144 0 0

Number of Lodging Units (Offi cers Quarter residences)

6 10 10

<200 sf) 0 3 3Total Number of Housing Units 89–161 123-179 168–17Cable Station Buildings Treat structures that exhibit historic 

and structural integrity; structures 

that cannot be treated are stabilized 

and go to ruins state

Repair one cable station building (#643). 

Remaining cable structures are taken 

down to ruins state and are secured, 

historic landscape is interpreted

Document and remove 

not exhibit structural 

area to habitat and 

compl

FOOD SERVICE AND ENTERTAINMENT

FACILITIES

Clipper House Maintain as is Expand or replace for additional kitchen 

and cold storage facilities

Expand or replace for a

and cold storag

Captain Brooks Maintain as is Maintain as is MaintaineGalley Bldg Demolish Reuse as café/store/entertain. center Reuse as café/store/e

demolish re
Alternative A

No Action

Alternative B (Preferred) 

Integrated Biological, Historic, 

and Visitor Programs

Enhanced 

All Hands Club Maintained as is Demolished or reused for partner facilities; 

functions moved to other buildings 

(e.g., Galley)

Demo

facilitie

AGENCY FACILITIESAdmin/Offi ces/Visitor FWS Offi ce Building FWS and NOAA share offi ce space at 

existing offi ce building

Agency offi ces and visitor services move 

into Midway Mall Visitor Center; maintain 

existing offi ce building

FWS, S

facilities 

used 

Midway Mall Maintained as is Midway Atoll Visitor Center established 

with visitor services, agency offi ces, and 

classrooms

FWS, Sta

share Mid

functio

Contractor Admin Building Maintained as is Maintained as is Contract

Midway M

Medical 

Gymnasium Demolished Repaired and operational; used for 

emergency shelter

Repair

RESEARCH/LAB/STORAGEOld Commissary Building Maintained as is Reused for NOAA offi ces, and shared 

research facilities, e.g., cold storage/lab 

Reused 

research 

Equipment Storage Maintained as is Expanded in existing structures Expa

Seaplane Hangar Repair roof Use for equipment storage; replace roof 

and restore glass façade for interpretation 

and/or exhibitory

Educational Classrooms/lab/library/ workroom 

No Yes—Phase I of Midway Mall Visitor Center Possibly w

Holding Tanks No Yes 

Quarantine Facility No Yes 

Monk Seal Facility No Yes 

MATRIX OF MIDWAY ATOLL/SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE ALTERNATIVES

 4. Midway Atoll Alternatives Development

48
Alternative A

No Action

Alternative B (Preferred) 

Integrated Biological, Historic, 

and Visitor Programs

Alternat

Enhanced Operations

Historic Pres

BOATING FACILITIESLarge Dock for Barges or Ships Cargo pier not maintained; 

fuel pier abandoned

Cargo pier maintained as is; 

fuel pier abandoned—disposition TBD

Cargo pier main

fuel pier dem

Mid-size Dock for medium research vessels

Existing tug pier maintained Existing tug pier rehabilitated Existing tug pier 

Seaplane/boat ramp for small vessels Existing dock and seaplane/boat 

ramp maintained

New dock constructed in NW Inner Harbor; 

new dock/ramp built near seaplane ramp

Existing dock and s

rehabilita

Finger Docks for small vessels Existing fi nger docks maintained 

as is

Existing fi nger docks maintained as is; 

three new fi nger docks are constructed

Existing fi nger docks 

Boat House Maintained as is Replaced with new facility combined with 

dive infrastructure

Replaced with n

AIRPORT FACILITIESRunway Maintained as is North strip removed and restored to 

habitat within 10 years

North strip removed 

habitat withi

Main Hangar Abandoned in place Demolished and restored to habitat within 

10 years

Demolished and res

within 5 y

Airport Terminal Welcome Building and Staging Area 

Constructed Constructed Construc

HABITAT ENHANCEMENTExisting Fuel Tank Area Abandoned; new fuel tank area 

located south of seaplane hangar

Demolished and area restored to habitat; 

new fuel tank area located south of 

seaplane hangar

Demolished and area r

new fuel tank area lo

seaplane h

Abandoned, derelict, or non-historic structures

Maintain as is Reuse, maintain as is, or demolish Demolish and restore 

Vegetative Buff er in Inner Harbor Area No Yes Yes

Upland Habitat Invasive vegetation controlled 

within 15 years

Invasive vegetation removed 

and restored to native habitat 

(controlled within 15 years)

Invasive vegetatio

removed and restored 

(controlled with

Shoreline Edge Maintained as is Additional protection to direct public 

access away from sensitive areas

Restoration and prot

public access away fro

Coral Reef System Maintain as is Investigate coral reef habitat 

improvements; metal wreckage removal

Investigate coral 

improvements; metal w
50
Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual S
 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

The Planning Team recommends Alternative B, “Integrated Biological and Historic Preservation and Visitor Services—A Model for Sustainability,” as the Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan.Alternative B was selected because it best meets all management concerns including a moderate increase in overall capacity for people, the ability to accommodate the new demands of the Monument designation, and the plan’s ability to protect Midway Atoll’s populations of wildlife and its historic resources.This alternative proposes an integrated approach for enhancing protection of biological and historic resources at Midway Atoll/Sand Island while providing a moderate increase in visitor services and interpretive and educational programs and facilities. The alternative meets the Monument-wide vision to protect forever “the health, diversity, and resources of the vast NWHI ecosystems and the wildlife they support—unique in the world” by focusing on species and habitat recovery. The preferred site concept also recognizes Midway’s special role as a hub of the Monument, and as the only atoll open to the public, the touchstone where humans can be immersed in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands’ rich history, wildlife, and Pacifi c marine environment.Resources will be allocated to elevating the programs and facilities in three primary areas: 1. Biological understanding, protection, and restoration, 2. Historic resource preservation and adaptive reuse, and 3. Visitor education and interpretation.Protection, research, and restoration of atoll systems and species, and protection of historic resources are promoted activities within the appropriate level of human interaction. Consideration is given to the atoll’s carrying capacity—how many people, structures, and facilities the island system can support without adverse impact to its health. Visitation will be increased approximately 16% over the recommended capacity targeted in the Interim Visitors Services Plan and the “No Action/Limited Action” Alternative A (from 120 people maximum per overnight to 150 people maximum). Short-term overnight visitation will 

INTRODUCTION

not exceed 50 people, while seasonal or long-terwill not exceed 100 people, thus totaling no morovernight. Day visitors would continue to visit thto 3 cruise ships per year, and about 800 people pThe focus of management and development of Mwill be on sustainability and sustainable tourism; footprint possible on Midway Atoll is a primary gand systems will utilize green design and energy consumption and waste. Midway’s physical strucits interpretive and education programs will empresources and its role in worldwide conservation, human history.Patterns of uses were grouped into Site Zones: • Visitor Orientation and Partner Facilities• Mixed Housing/Lodging• Employee• Cable Station• Food/Restaurants• Military History and Display• OperationsEach primary building within the Historic and Priidentifi ed by color code in the map on the facing historic treatment. The treatment categories arefunctions to another building, or replace existing stabilize structures that do not pose threats to wstructures that pose hazards to wildlife or humanstructures that have suffi cient historic or structurMidway Atoll facility.

52
SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL PLAN

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

AIRFIELD

FEBRUARY 2008

COMFA

COCE

LIMIT NEW CONSTRUCTION

TO CORE HISTORIC ZONE

REMOHAZA

EVALUATE POTENTIAARMORED SHORELINE BEACH CONDITION

REPAIR AND MONITOR OR REMOVE

OLD BULKY WASTE LANDFILL

INSTALL INCINERATOR

TO BURN DEBRIS

(EXACT LOCAT ON TBD)

PUBLIC BEACH

EXPAND CLIPPER HOUSE RESTAURANT

MARINE HABITAT PROTECTION

MARINE HABITAT PROTECTION

DEVELOP INTERPRETIVE PROGRAM

ALONG PATHS TO INTERPRET HISTORIC

AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES

PROTECT WATER COLLECTION

DEMOLISH RUNWAY PORTIONS

AND RESTORE HABITAT

REMOVE INVASIVEPLANTS AND RESTORE

INLAND HABITAT

DEMOLISH HANGAR

STABILIZE CABLE STATION STRUCTURES AS“RUINS” -REHABILITATE BLDG # 643

CONSTRUCT SMALL WELCOME

CENTER AT NEW AIRPORT TERMINAL

DEMOLISH BARRACKS & REPLACE

WITH MODULE UNITS ON PILINGS

DEMOLISH BEQ BARRACKS & REPLACE WITHMODULE UNITS ON PILINGS

CAFÉ/INTERNET/

GIFT

IMPROVE EXISTING TRAILS,

WAYFINDING, & VIEWPOINTS

HOSTEL

REHABILITATEOFFICERS’ QUARTERS

NOAA OFFICE, LAB,

STORAGE, AND GARAGE

BUILD

Proposed Structures Welcome and 

Orientation Nodes

REHABILITATESEAPLANE HANGAR
WW

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

SAND, EASTERN, AND SPIT ISLANDS MANAGEMENT ZONES

As described in Chapter 4, Sand Island is zoned according the following physical areas where specifi c management, planning, and development activities are appropriate: Marine Protection Zone, Revegetation/Habitat Zone, Beach Zone, Inner Harbor Zone, Freshwater Protection Zone, Airfi eld Operations Zone, No Dig/Landfi ll Zone, and Historic and Primary Development Zone.The Historic and Primary Development Zone designates Sand Island’s historic core and redevelopment area; it delineates an area that is highly signifi cant and contains several historic structures and features eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Sites. This zone indicates the primary area where development of new facilities or adaptive reuse of existing or historic structures should occur. This proposal will not only help preserve the integrity of the historic landscape, but will also protect wildlife and their habitat by limiting development to existing structures or impacted areas.Specifi c proposals for Sand Island are described in detail in the following section, Sand Island Conceptual Site Plan.EASTERN ISLANDEastern Island is primarily zoned in Marine Protection Zone and Revegetation/Habitat Zone. No new major development or structures are proposed for this unoccupied island, which provides critical shoreline and island habitat for birds and marine wildlife. Limited human access is provided via a boat dock and trails. Eastern Island’s role during World War II is instrumental in the interpretation of Midway Atoll’s incredible history. Numerous historic features remain, including the World War II runway, artillery, bunkers, and sand dune airplane revetments.Eastern Island has been the focus of successful restoration and wildlife enhancement eff orts. Volunteers and staff have removed large areas of the 

exotic species Verbesina encelioides and have planted native bunchgrass 

Eragrostis species. Biologists successfully created freshwater wetlands and established a Laysan duck population on Eastern Island.

Ongoing activities will continue to focus on habitat protection and restoration, and the interpretation of historic and biological features. No overnight visitation occurs on Eastern Island, and visitors will arrive for day visits only for the purpose of interpretation, volunteerism, or study of the island’s history and ecology.Proposals for Eastern Island include the following• Continued restoration of native habitat and 

plants, enhance bird habitat, reintroduce n

• Participatory restoration and research prog• Build upon Eastern Island historic interpret

guided tours, and protection and rehabilita

• Reconstruct sand dune airplane revetment • Improved trail system linking historic featu• Determine appropriate treatment of histor

interpretation, or partial habitat restoration

SPIT ISLANDSpit Island is primarily zoned in Marine ProtectioHabitat Zone. It is important habitat for monk seother wildlife. No public access is allowed, and nSpit Island to promote thriving wildlife populatiocontinue to support research and biological prog

54
MARINE AND SHORELINE PROTECTION

The Marine Protection zone designates protected shoreline and marine habitat on Sand Island that supports wildlife and their critical life activities such as resting, feeding, nesting, fl edging, migrating, etc. Public access is generally not allowed in these sensitive shoreline areas, and these areas will remain undeveloped. However, biological programs, research, and management activities will continue to occur. Key proposals for this zone are as follows:• Limit human access mainly to the pursuit of biological programs, research, 

and management

• Install permanent moorings at regularly used anchorages to prevent 

coral reef damage

• Conduct reef rehabilitation projects as appropriate• Reinforce, repair, or improve limited trail access, viewpoints, and signage, 

create viewing stations for wildlife watching

• Evaluate the potential for natural beach restoration, particularly along 

hardened or rip-rapped shorelines such as the South beach, and the shoreline near Turtle Beach. Further studies are required to determine feasibility.

Reef habitat recommendations from the Draft Monument Management Plan include the following strategies and activities:Strategy HMC-1: Within 15 years, develop and implement a plan for restoring the health and biological diversity of shallow reefs and shoals where 

anthropogenic disturbances are known to have changed the ecosystem.

Activity HMC-1.1: Identify and prioritize restoration needs in shallow water reef habitats impacted by anthropogenic disturbances within 5 

years.Activity HMC-1.2: Analyze historic and present impacts on reef growth at Midway Atoll and determine factors limiting nearshore patch reef growth 

to facilitate natural reef building.Activity HMC-1.3: Implement appropriate restoration activities.

HABITAT RECOVERYDespite the incredible abundance of terrestrial and aquatic wibeaches, and crystal clear water, Midway Atoll is a highly distucontaining invasive plant species, toxic materials in building mand human developments that have created signifi cant adverindigenous species and their habitat. Most of the Midway Atothe Revegetation/Habitat Zone in this Conceptual Site Plan to restoring atoll habitat and enhancing species populations.The preferred alternative for habitat management and restoraAtoll over the next 15 years is to increase the amount of habitaall species of breeding seabirds, overwintering migratory birdsand future translocated native birds by removing abandoned pavement installed by the U.S. Navy, controlling and eradicatinvegetation, and planting and seeding appropriate native planAs described in the Draft Monument Management Plan’s sectiSpecies Action Plan, FWS will control or eradicate golden crow(Verbesina encelioides), ironwood (Casuarina spp.), haole koa (Lleucocephala), castor bean (Ricinus comunus), Spanish needle ((Lantana camara), pluchea (Pluchea indica), cheeseweed (Malvpoinsettia (Euphorbia cyathophora), Guinea grass (Panicum ma(Verbena litoralus), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), nonna

glory (Convolvulaceae), ivy gourd (Coccina grandis), black mustnigra), buff el grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides), Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa), Sand bur (Cenchrus echinatus), and spiny pigweed (Amaranthus spinosus).

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

Bl
 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

Over the 15-year life of the plan approximately 937 acres of nonnative vegetation (coastal mixed grasses and shrubs) will be restored to a native dominated landscape. Native species used for restoration will be chosen on the basis of historical records at Midway and historical and pollen records from Laysan Island and will include bunchgrass (Eragrostis variabilis), naupaka (Scaevola sericea), morning glory (Ipomoea pes caprae, I. indica), Solanum nelsonii, 

Capparus sandwichiana, Chenopodium oahuense, and Lepidium bidentatum.Approximately 118 acres of abandoned buildings and paved areas will be removed and converted into useable habitat. Demolition costs are estimated at several million dollars, however, so this will likely be a longer-term activity. The refuge will remediate lead-based paint from buildings and the surrounding soil to prevent adverse aff ects to wildlife.Additionally, the Draft Monument Management Plan proposes the following activities related to habitat recovery in Midway Atoll (for detailed information, see section 3.2.3, Habitat Management and Conservation Action Plan):Strategy HMC-4: Within 10 years, restore and maintain coastal mixed grasses and shrubs on all the coralline islands and atolls of the Monument using best 

available historical information about the original indigenous ecosystem.

Activity HMC-4.1: Propagate and outplant native species chosen on the basis of historical records at Midway and historical and pollen records 

from Laysan Island in 937 acres of vegetated area at Midway Atoll, focusing on the original footprint of the island and then moving to the dredge spoils section.

Strategy HMC-8: Maintain no more than 150 acres of ironwood woodlands on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, to provide nesting and roosting habitat for the life of 

the plan.

Activity HMC-8.1: Remove ironwood on Sand Island from 50 acres outside designated woodland and control young ironwood in areas managed for grass and shrubs.

Strategy HMC-2: Within 10 years, investigate and inventory sources of known contamination from historic human use of the NWHI and, where appropriate, coordinate with responsible parties to develop plans and complete cleanup actions.

Activity HMC-2.7: Conduct ecological risk assessment to determine allowable lead levels 

in soils at Midway and remove lead from bulevels.

N

O DIG AREAS/LANDFILLS

The “no dig” areas are sites that contain contaminthat cannot be disturbed. These sites include the south beach point and the old fuel farm on the nThe “No Dig” areas were designated in the Base R(BRAC) as Land Use Controls where digging below assumes all responsibility). These areas, and sevenot necessitate further cleanup unless the controBulky Waste Landfi ll, however, is an example whe

and further remediation needs to be addressed tTo the extent feasible, it is recommended that thcontain contaminated soils and/or facilities be enarea is in the vicinity of the old fuel tanks in the nIt is proposed that the tanks and associated facilivegetation be replaced with native vegetation. Ffor remediation of an area such as the fuel farm acontaminated areas are clean and will not impair 

56
Native bunchgrass successfully restored on 

Eastern Island

Midway Mall interior: ideal space for offi ces, 

classrooms, and visitor services

Midway Atoll off ers important historic Historic WWII Torpedo sh

preservation and intepretation opportunities

Additionally, the Draft Monument Management Plan proposes the following activities related to land fi lls and dumps in Midway Atoll (see section 3.2.3, Habitat Management and Conservation Action Plan):Strategy HMC-2: Within 10 years, investigate and inventory sources of known contamination from historic human use of the NWHI and, where appropriate, 

coordinate with responsible parties to develop plans and complete cleanup actions.

Activity HMC-2.2: Work with partners and responsible parties to verify the integrity of known landfi lls and dumps and to conduct additional 

remediation if necessary.

HISTORIC RESOURCESWithin the Draft Monument Management Plan (see section 3.1.3, Historic Resources Action Plan), fi ve strategies aff ecting historic resources at Midway 

Atoll are identifi ed for achieving the desired outcome of identifying, interpreting, and protecting historic resources in the NWHI.Strategy HR-1: Update the Midway Historic Preservation Plan to meet the present needs of the Refuge and Monument within 1 year.

Strategy HR-2: Implement, supervise, and monitor the historic preservation 

treatments identifi ed in the Midway Historic Preservation Plan at two historic properties each year.

Strategy HR-3: Update and maintain the Battle of Midway NaLandmark within 4 years.

Activity HR-3.4: Implement repair and maintenance tre

National Historic Landmark features within 6 years.

Strategy HR-4: Improve the function and capacity of the Midwwithin 8 years.

Activity HR-4.1: Prepare a Scope of Collections StatemeActivity HR-4.2: Remodel the Midway Museum space wActivity HR-4.3: Organize and curate collections within 

Strategy HR-6: Conduct archaeological and historical researcevents and structures at Midway Atoll NWR within 15 years.

Activity HR-6.2: Conduct archaeological investigation oPacifi c Cable Station site within 10 years.

Additional strategies and activities targeted at understanding Midway Atoll’s submerged historic resources are found in the Management Plan in Section 3.1.4, Maritime Heritage Action Strategy MH-1: Document and inventory maritime heritage rthroughout the life of the plan.

Activity MH-1.2: Plan and carry out coordinated field m

selected sites annually.
 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

COORDINATED FIELD OPERATIONSAs a hub of operations for the Monument, Midway Atoll is the primary focus of the Coordinated Field Operations Action Plan in the Draft Monument Management Plan. The following activities related to an integrated program in Midway Atoll are proposed (see section 3.6.3, Coordinated Field Operations Action Plan, for details):Strategy CFO-1: Conduct necessary site planning and infrastructure development to enhance Monument field operations capacity over the life of 

the plan.

Activity CFO-1.1: Initiate and complete necessary planning to implement the draft Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan.

Activity CFO-1.3: Develop a plan for long-term sustainability for operations throughout the Monument using alternative energy systems 

and waste reduction within 2 years.Activity CFO-1.4: Plan for use of sustainable construction and landscape architecture for facilities and assets throughout the Monument.

Strategy CFO-3: Maintain and enhance housing and field camp capacity using 

short-, medium-, and long-term approaches across the life of the plan.

Activity CFO-3.1: Construct low-impact structure pilot project at Midway Atoll. Activity CFO-3.2: Replace Bravo Barracks at Midway Atoll. Activity CFO-3.3: Replace Charlie Barracks at Midway Atoll. Activity CFO-3.4: Rehabilitate “Offi cers Ro

w” Housing at Midway Atoll. 

Strategy CFO-4: Meet fuel requirements for aircraft, vessel, utility, and equipment needs at Midway Atoll.

Activity CFO-4.1: Maintain recently replaced fuel farm at Midway Atoll.Activity CFO-4.2: Develop biodiesel fuel capacity or other sustainable fuel types at Midway Atoll within 2 years.

Strategy CFO-5: Rehabilitate critical utility systemfacilities at Midway Atoll within 5 to 15 years.

Activity CFO-5.1: Rehabilitate water catchActivity CFO-5.2: Rehabilitate septic and wActivity CFO-5.3: Treat all wooden historic termites. 

Activity CFO-5.4: Evaluate and expand fooActivity CFO-5.5: Rehabilitate seaplane haActivity CFO-5.6: Repair inner harbor sea w

Strategy CFO-6: Within 5 years improve the smato enable quick, reliable access to the region in su

continue to enhance the program throughout th

Activity CFO-6.1: Inventory, maintain, and boats and related fi eld resources.

Activity CFO-6.2: Within 2 years, station aduse during the summer marine research fi e

Activity CFO-6.3: Within 5–10 years station vessel at Midway Atoll.

Activity CFO-6.4: Construct new finger pieMidway’s inner harbor. 

Activity CFO-6.5: Redevelop existing boatmulti-use facility. Activity CFO-6.6: Evaluate needed improvship basin and the Tug Pier at Midway AtollActivity CFO-6.7: Make needed improvemEastern Island.

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

58
Strategy CFO-8: Develop a comprehensive dive operations program for 

Monument management activities within 5 years.

Activity CFO-8.1: Refurbish or replace the dive recompression chamber at 

Midway. Activity CFO-8.3: Incorporate a dive operations center into refurbished boathouse facility at Midway. 

Strategy CFO-9: Develop necessary research, education, visitor and 

administrative facilities across the life of the plan.

Activity CFO-9.1: Design a marine laboratory at Midway and develop 

in phases.Activity CFO-9.2: Complete planning for and construct captive care 

monk seal facility on Sand Island. Activity CFO-9.4: Complete Phase I rehabilitation of Midway Mall and the commissary building.Activity CFO-9.5: Construct airport welcome center on Sand Island within 

2 years.

SAND ISLAND BUILDING PROGRAMThe four guiding principles of architectural design and construction on Midway are defi ned as: Sustainability, Historical Integrity, Biological Integrity, and Tropical Aesthetic. Each construction project at Midway will be considered through the lens of sustainability and a low carbon footprint, taking into account: use of nontoxic, durable materials; recycling building materials; natural solar and ventilation techniques; high energy effi ciency; shared facilities and infrastructure; low massing of smaller buildings in place of cumbersome 3-story structures; on-site renewable power generation, on-site water catchment, and on-site waste treatment at each building; etc.

The Historic and Primary Development Zone designates Sand core and redevelopment area; it delineates an area that is high

in terms of historic development patterns. Several historic strfeatures are contained within this zone. This zone indicates thwhere development of new facilities or adaptive reuse of existstructures is an appropriate activity. Reusing existing historic high priority to protect the cultural landscape and historic struof existing structures or the construction of new structures wicharacter of Sand Island (1900s Cable House style or 1940s Alband will have either no impact or a positive impact on wildlife Design of new or renovated buildings will also take into accoutropical building vernacular, including platform construction, and overhangs.Clustering development to reduce the extent of disturbance aeffi ciencies in infrastructure and operations is a key recommenexisting facilities and keeping the building program within the is another sustainability strategy in that it reduces the requiremutilities, roads, equipment, and resources across the island.With the limited window for construction and the likelihood tconstruction will have to be tightly contained with limited arebecause of albatross habitat, the need for quality pre-manufacconstruction would be desirable. This is not to be confused wtype construction, which is contrary to the building guidelines general acceptance with the client group.
 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

Performance Standards for New Construction should be applied, as follows:1. Energy Effi ciency Measures—Areas for Energy Savings:

• Conservation through Building Design: Reduce Energy Consumption• Insulated building envelope, possibly “green roofs”• Weatherproofi ng

— Airtight seals at windows and doors

• Energy effi cient window glazing (Low-E)

• Optimize daylighting strategies• Optimize natural ventilation strategies• Economize heating/cooling system• Energy-effi cient equipment and appliances

 — Energy Star rated

2. Landscape and Site Design

• Wind protection

— Native landscape plantings clustered around buildings— Earthen berms to provide wind protection

• Solar orientation

3. Alternative Energy Systems

• Solar hot water heater• Full photovoltaic system• Fuel cells

— Powered by hydrogen generated from electrolysis— Only if system does not impact local coral reef ecosystems

STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS SEA LEVEL RISE AND CMidway power currently relies entirely on fossil fushould be explored, such as solar power, hydrogemicro-turbines. Further study is required to meaalternative energy methods and their potential immarine systems. A goal for Sand Island is to have for alternative energy system(s) such as solar to rgeneration. Midway’s islands will be aff ected by sea level rise higher spring tides, therefore restoration activitiehighest elevational areas and the original footprimitigation measure to counter the eff ects of sea be beach nourishment, whereby sand is strategic(Baker et al. 2006). Selective removal of rip-rap and bulkheads to resprocesses and shoreline habitat is one strategy thapplied to marine shorelines. It is recommended stabilization study performed within the next 5 yto assess the current condition of seawalls, and to need to be retained to protect the structures and which shoreline sections may be restored to a naManaging a signifi cant portion of the atoll as nata smaller portion of the atoll as ironwood will not for breeding and resting habitat but will also demcarbon sequestering whenever possible (Conant Acquisition of a new airplane and small research overall trips and increased transportation effi cienfueled by appropriately sourced biodiesel or othe

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

60
Cable House architectural vernacular may be 

applied to new lodging design

Energy effi cient and smaller scale multiplex units 

will replace BOQ barracks

Offi cers’ Quarters re

SAND ISLAND BUILDING PROGRAM WITHIN CORE HISTORIC/DEVELOPMENT ZONE

Lodging 

The Planning Team evaluated visitor capacity, visitor type, and length of stay as indicated in the Preferred Alternative description. The maximum total 

population for any given overnight is set for 150 overnight visitors. Short-term lodging is required for visitors, researchers, agency staff , and others who stay on Sand Island from 1 night to 2 weeks. Longer-term lodging is required for volunteers, staff , researchers, and others who stay on the island on a seasonal or permanent basis from 2 weeks to year-round. Additionally, emergency overnight lodging may be required due to the island’s remoteness and isolation. Given the varying lodging needs, the Planning Team proposes a range in housing facility types to accommodate these diverse visitors while maximizing the existing structures and minimizing development impacts. Refer to Matrix Table for details on housing units and visitor capacity. Under the Preferred Alternative, the lodging types are as follows:Offi cers’ Quarters– Reuse eight historic officers’ quarters as residences 

(approximately 1600 sf each) for visitors, seasonal, or permanent staff . Convert one building into a hostel to accommodate overnight visitors. The offi cers’ quarters and hostel could accommodate about 14 people.Duplexes—Repair and maintain existing duplexes (approximately 900 sf per unit). Duplexes can accommodate about 11 people, generally seasonal or 

permanent staff .

2-Story Cable-Style Units—Construct piling-design module uof Charlie and Bravo Barracks. Make structural repairs to Charl

immediately, and replace within 15 years. Replace Bravo BarraNew module structures will be constructed on existing pads, bsmaller units and on pilings to allow better fl ow of wildlife and higher energy effi ciency. These units would primarily house sresearchers, and staff , but could easily accommodate seasonastaff and volunteers as well. Space and capacity: 12' x 24' unithouse 48–56 people.8-plex 1 or 2-story Units—Construct 1- or 2-story 8-plex units Barracks 1 and 2. New module structures will be constructed obut designed in smaller units and on pilings to allow better fl oand habitat, and higher energy effi ciency. These units would pseasonal or permanent staff . Space and capacity: 12' x 25' unihouse 48–96 people, depending on whether the structure is a story building. Low-Impact Shelters—As an optional shelter type, construct clow-impact shelters on pilings on existing concrete pads or on 

demolished buildings within the residential district. Potential evaluated to rule out confl ict with wildlife. These shelters woudesign principles of Pacifi c Island regional architecture, e.g., sidurable, nonpolluting and/or recycled materials, etc. These shbe air-conditioned spaces. Natural ventilation, cooling, and w
M

offi ces

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

would be designed into the structures. The footprint of each structure would be <200 square feet. These units would provide lodgings for ecotourists, visitors staying less than 1–2 nights, or emergency guests, and would demonstrate sustainable design principles.Emergency Shelter—The existing gymnasium could be used for emergency shelter. Repairs to the gymnasium are required, e.g., roof replacement.OTHER SAND ISLAND BUILDINGSCable Station Buildings—Most of these early 1900s structures are in extremely derelict condition and pose hazards to birds, wildlife, and humans. However, 

they are critical to telling the early Midway story related to the Commercial Pacifi c Cable Company period. FWS Cultural Resources staff has assessed 

these structures and their recommendations are incorporated in the preferred alternative. All but one structure (#643) would be taken down to a “ruins” state. Building materials would be removed and recycled, as well as hazardous paint and materials, yet the structures’ remnants would remain in place for the preservation and interpretation of the historic landscape. Further assessment is required to determine the exact extent and methods for deconstruction. Building #643 would be stabilized and repaired to a level where the structure does not pose safety or toxicity hazards, and could be interpreted. Seaplane Hangar—Repair of the roof is required to maintain the current structure. Under the preferred alternative, the Seaplane Hangar is rehabilitated 

to the extent feasible to achieve functions of storage and potential military display. For example, the glass façade would be replaced.Military Historic Structures—Several World War II-era structures still exist that historically were and still are part of island maintenance and operations. These include, among others, the Paint Shop, the Metal Shop, and the Carpentry Shop. These structures require repair and maintenance to protect the historic integrity of the buildings, and to remove hazardous materials, such as lead-based paint and asbestos, that pose threats to wildlife and humans.

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

VISITOR SERVICES AND FACILITIESMidway Atoll Visitor Center—The preferred alteMall be rehabilitated and reused as the hub of M

a multifunctional building, including visitor centeclassrooms, museum/library, agency offi ces, and 

1940s industrial architect Albert Kahn, Midway Minterest, and has a large amount of space to accoIts strategic location in the core historic/developSand Island visitors are also positive features. Visitor Welcome Centers—Welcome centers are and at Henderson Airfi eld, to greet, orient, and st

airplane. These would be modest, possibly opendisplay some interpretive exhibits.Additionally, the Draft Monument Management Plan recommend the following strategies and acMidway Atoll Visitor Services Action Plan):Strategy VS-1: Implement the Midway Atoll Visitvisitor opportunities for up to 50 overnight guest

Activity VS-1.1: Provide visitors with opporecreation to enhance their knowledge and 

Monument’s natural resources.Activity VS-1.2: Provide visitors with opportunities to learn about and appreciate 

the Monument’s cultural and historic resources.

62
Clipper House

Captain Brooks

Sand Island transporta

FOOD SERVICESClipper House—The Clipper House presently serves as the primary food service facility for Midway. 

Overall food services will need to be expanded to accommodate future population increases and enlargement of the Clipper House, reuse of older existing food service facilities, or construction of a new dining facility will be evaluated.All Hands Club—Structure would be reused for agency operations and management due to its proximity 

to Midway Mall. Alternatively, the existing structure would be demolished and the area restored for habitat. Current functions would be moved to other facilities, e.g., the Galley building or Captain Brooks.

Captain Brooks—Will be maintained as is.Galley Building—Galley Building would be reused as gift shopInternet service for both visitors and staff . The rear half of the 

condition and would be demolished.Hydroponic Greenhouse—Hydroponic greenhouse may be uproduce so that Midway is more self-suffi cient in terms of food 
FEBRUARY 2008

0 10

FEET

ELEVATION

SITE PLAN

ExistingCable Houses

Footprint ofExisting B Barracks

Footprint ofExisting C Barracks

10’ x 20’ 

Premanufactured

Module

PLAN

Laundry

Mechanical

Stair at Back End of BldgSleeping AreaLiving AreaClosetToiletKitchenette

Back to Back Plumbing Cores

ARCHITECTURAL RCHITECTURAL CONCEPT FOR ONCEPT FOR NEW LODGING: C ABLE HOUSE VERNAC

ERNAC

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

CABLE HOUSE STYLE ~ 1900S• CONSTRUCT ON EXISTING CONCRETE PADS OR • INCORPORATE DESIGN AESTHETIC OF HISTORIC 

• SMALLER UNITS ALLOW HIGHER ENERGY EFFIC

• PROVIDE LODGING FOR SHORT-TERM VISITORS

SEASONAL AND PERMANENT STAFF

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

64
FEBRUARY 2008

PLAN

Additional Module

Unit 3

Unit 4

Deck

Stair

Unit 2

Deck

Deck

Deck

Stair

Typical Module3 Modules/Wing4 Units/Module/Floor

Toilet/Shower

KitchenetteLiving/DiningSleeping Area

Additional Module 0 10

FEET

SITE PLAN48 individual units shown on Sites of B & C Barracks

24 (2 

24 Units(2 Levels)

Old B & C Barracks

Midw

0 13

FEET

DIAGRAMMATIC ELEVATION

With “piling” design, this could be built in many locations without major disruption of the Albatross.This plan better re ects the Kahn Builings. No attempt was made to express architectural character.

MechanicalSystem

PlumbingCore

0 10

FEET

ARCHITECTURAL RCHITECTURAL CONCEPT FOR ONCEPT FOR NEW LODGING: K AHN VERNACULAR ERNACULAR

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

KAHN MODULES ~1940S• CONSTRUCT ON EXISTING CONCRETE PADS OR PADS OF DEMO• INCORPORATE DESIGN AESTHETIC OF ARCHITECT ALBERT KAHN• SMALLER UNITS ALLOW HIGHER ENERGY EFFICIENCY• PROVIDE LODGING FOR SEASONAL OR PERMANENT STAFF
FEBRUARY 2008

ARCHITECTURAL RCHITECTURAL CONCEPT FOR ONCEPT FOR NEW LODGING: T ROPICAL ROPICAL VERNACU

ERNACU

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING

LOW IMPACT SHELTERS• CONSTRUCT ON EXISTING CONCRETE PADS OR PADS OF

DEMOLISHED BUILDINGS

• INCORPORATE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF PACIFIC ISLAND

REGIONAL ARCHITECTURE

• NATURAL VENTILATION, COOLING, AND WEATHER PROTECTION• DEMONSTRATE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES• PROVIDE LODGING FOR ECO-TOURISTS, VISITORS STAYING LESS

THAN 1-2 NIGHTS, OR EMERGENCY GUESTS

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

SAND ISLAND CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN

66
Albatross chick
 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

AGENCY RESEARCH AND OPERATIONS FACILITIES CONCEPT

Midway Mall—FWS, NOAA, and State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources offi ces and other partner facilities move into Midway Mall, 

which will also provide visitor services, classrooms, and other functions. Midway Mall is the hub of agency operations on Midway Atoll. The primary hub of operations for NWHI is based in Honolulu FWS, NOAA, and State offi ces.

Fish and Wildlife Services Offi ce—FWS offi ce retained for additional offi ce 

facilities.Marine Laboratory—Wet lab, dry lab, refrigeration, quarantine, and offi ce 

space will be integrated into a Marine Laboratory building. The Old Commissary 

Building’s proximity to Midway Mall suggests reuse of the building for agency research or biological programs. However, several buildings will be evaluated for this purpose.Monk Seal Captive Care Facility—NOAA has expressed interest in creating a new Monk Seal Captive Care Facility on Sand Island. The preferred alternative 

locates this facility near the Inner Harbor on existing asphalt pad. This location is close to water, transportation, and the agency facilities housed in Midway Mall. 

The following facilities needs were outlined by Dveterinarian for the NMFS monk seal research pro

SEAL HOLDINGa. For the fi rst 5 years seal holding would con

hold 10–12 seals and the potential to isolataccomplished with four 20' diameter holdinresting area to a combined foot print of 30' 

b. It would be anticipated that after 3–5 years

used.

c. The total footprint in the fi rst phase would 

addition expandable capacity to approxima

WATERa. Source—there would need to be 1000–120

juvenile seals.

b. Semi-open or closed systems could be con

environmental analysis.

ANCILLARY STRUCTURESa. Fish prep—200 sq ft area would be necessab. Freezer—seal food would depend on the pc. Housing for 6 animal care personnel and 2– scientists/biologists Quarantine Facility—required for biological speprograms administered by FWS and/or NOAA.

Holding Tanks—required for biological species pprograms administered by FWS and/or NOAA.

68
Chugach offi ces and Medical Clinic

Midway Mall reused as Midway Atoll Visitor Center

Nursery pen for Lays

Biological research is a vital Midway Atoll activity
Historic seaplane ramp and existing boathouse Inner Harbor seawall 

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

INNER HARBOR CONCEPT

The Inner Harbor area includes the historic Inner Harbor and its associated shoreline, piers, and facilities. One of two approaches to the island (by vessel or plane), theInner Harbor zone is critical to visitor arrival, transportation of services and goods, and water-based activities (e.g., ecotourism via cruise ships or midsized vessels, marine research, rescue operations, security).The preferred alternative recommends several improvements to the Inner Harbor zone. The current seawall around the perimeter of the basin is extremely degraded and requires assessment and repair. Additionally, concrete rubble and other materials in-water near the west docking area impede vessel travel and anchoring; these materials need to be removed after determination of toxicity issues.A new ramp and pier is proposed at or near the vicinity of the historic seaplane ramp in the west Inner Harbor area. The present ramp is too shallow to launch or load boats onto trailers without “fl oating the trailer out” beyond the launching vehicle. Further historic analysis is needed to determine if the seaplane ramp may be redesigned as a ramp suitable for boat launching, or whether it should remain in place and a new ramp and pier be constructed nearby. Additionally, a series of fi nger piers are needed to accommodate small or mid-sized boats. These could be constructed on the north side of the harbor in the original locations of the historic piers (demolished).

If an additional mid-sized pier is required to sepaversus visitors), a second pier could potentially bof the boat basin.The existing boat shop is periodically fl ooded by asphalt surface. The structure should be demolisdive center should be constructed further upland The Boathouse will include a dive center and storequipment.A small welcome kiosk may be appropriate onshonorthwest corner of the Inner Harbor to greet anwater. Paths and circulation routes to Midway Atclearly delineated along existing or historic route

70
FEBRUARY 2008

INNER HARBOR OPERATIONS ENTRY

MIDWAY ATOLLVISITOR CENTER

• NEW BOATHOUSE/DIVE CENTER 

AND STORAGE FACILITY 

• NEW MONK SEAL FACILITY• NEW DOCK/RAMP

VISITOR SERVICESAGENCY OPERATIONS

OLD ROADWAYS

INNER HARBOR

SEAPLANEHANGAR

FUEL

VEGETATIVEBUFFER

VEGETATIVEBUFFER

NEW DOCKS FORSMALL BOATS

DEMOLISHBUILDINGSFOR HABITAT

HABITAT RESTORATION

ABANDONEDFUEL PIER

MAINTAIN CARGO PIER FOR LARGER BOATS AND SHIPS

INNER HARBOR VISITOR ENTRY

• NEW DOCK • NEW WELCOME CENTER• ISLAND ORIENTATION

• REPLACE BULKHEAD• REMEDIATE SEA FLOOR DEBRIS ACCUMULATION• FUEL SHIP ANCHOR POINT

MAINTAIN TUG PIER AND FINGER PIERS

MONK SEAL CAPTIVE CARE FACILITY

BOATHOUSE/DIVE CENTER

DOCK/RAMP

HISTORIC SEAPLANE RAMP

DEMOLISHED

BOATHOUSE

INNER HARBOR CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL PLAN

MIDWAY ATOLL CONCEPTUAL ONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING LANNING
Pedestrian/

Runway

Potential location #1 for Midway 

Aviation Welcome Center

New FAA Operations Center

Visitor arrival on Sand Island is a big event

Midway Atoll Aviation 

AIRPORT WELCOME CENTER CONCEPT

The Airfi eld Operations Zone on Sand Island includes the runway and the new Henderson Airfi eld operations center. One of two approaches to the island (by boat or plane), the Airfi eld Operations zone is critical to visitor arrival, transportation of services and goods, and aviation activities (ecotourism via air travel, research, emergency operations, security).A new small Welcome Center would be appropriate to greet and orient visitors arriving by airplane. While the new operations center is now in place, there is no shelter to gather or greet visitors. Preliminary concepts for a Welcome Center indicate two potential locations that may be appropriate to build this facility. The proposed alternatives locate the structure on existing concrete or asphalt pads that are in close proximity to existing circulation routes but avoid confl ict with airplane operations. Further analysis and coordination with FAA and Midway operations will be necessary to fi nalize the location of the Welcome Center.

 5. Preferred Midway Atoll Conceptual Site Plan

72

74
Priority Actions and Ne
This Plan provides long-term 

guidance for management decisions at Midway, including best estimates of future needs and project activities. These estimates are substantially above current construction budget allocations, and are included primarily for strategic planning and program prioritization purposes, although they also serve to make the public aware of the costs of possible actions. Neither this draft nor the subsequent fi nal plan constitutes a commitment of funds, or a commitment to request funds, by Federal or State agencies. All funding for actions proposed here is subject to the budgeting and appropriations processes. The following narrative provides a preliminary framework for beginning to organize Preferred Alternative actions in terms of implementation schedule. Agency partners will work together to identify project priorities, roles and responsibilities, and potential funding sources. These projects are important to support Monument operations as a whole, benefi ting all of the agencies involved with its management.ANNUAL MAINTENANCEThrough the Base Operations and Support Services (BOSS) contract for operation of Midway, FWS and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) fund routine cyclical preventive maintenance and minor repairs of equipment and facilities. Larger maintenance projects, such as roofi ng replacement, are also routinely completed as an addition to the contract. Both FWS and FAA add funds for routine maintenance projects that are over and above the scope of the BOSS contract.These two funding sources allow for required maintenance work to be completed over the course of a year to both historic and non-historic buildings 

and facilities. This ongoing program will continuand will ensure that Midway’s infrastructure is macondition within available funding.Larger, more expensive projects are developed adatabase for Deferred Maintenance projects for wannual appropriation from Congress. Midway’s ehave provided justifi cation for those larger Midwfunding. This has allowed the Service to systemathe large maintenance backlog at Midway, and it 

support will continue throughout the life of this p

HISTORIC RESOURCESMaintenance of many of Midway’s signifi cant histis included in the BOSS contract described above However, it does not include all the historic elemHistoric Preservation Plan, which makes maintenthe scope of the contract and a management chaoutlined in the Monument Management Plan (SeAction Plan), the Historic Preservation Plan will byear to be consistent with this Conceptual Site Plcommitment to reuse as many of Midway’s historthe Monument’s and Refuge’s needs at Midway. structures, and facilities, additional funding must be found. The Service will work with other federal agencies, private organizations, veterans’ groups, and others to fi nd the support needed to maintain these important aspects of Midway’s history.

PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

 6. Priority Actions and Next Steps

76
PRIORITY MAINTENANCE/CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AT MIDWAY ATOLL

Design and Construct Airport Welcome Center on Sand Island$500,000 — 2 years

A small passenger terminal/welcome facility will be constructed at the airport to handle passenger arrival and departures from Midway. This simple facility will off er restrooms, baggage handling, information, and a waiting area for staging passengers out of the weather.

Develop Biodiesel or Appropriate Alternative Fuel Capacity$750,000 — 2 years

In an eff ort to advance the use of sustainable technologies at Midway, small boats, vehicles, and heavy equipment will be evaluated and, where feasible, transitioned to the use of biodiesel. This fuel could be stored on the existing concrete pad along the north wall of the inner harbor near the location where new fi nger piers will be constructed. Alternatively tanks would be located near the newly constructed fuel farm on the southwest corner of the inner harbor. 

Design and Construct a Low Impact Shelter$1.3M — 2 years

Construct low impact shelter for short term housing in the housing zone. The housing will be constructed as a sustainable design pilot project intended to showcase the synergistic potential of innovative design on the island. The design will elevate the building off the ground, providing for human habitation while increasing the total amount of available wildlife habitat, and providing environmental security from tsunamis 

and storm surges. This structure will incorporate Pacifi c Idesign principles to consider local wind and sunlight pabe nonpolluting, and will incorporate recycled materialspower, composting toilets, and, if needed, a small rain cawill be explored in an eff ort to sustain the building off thminimize wildlife impacts.

Replace Bravo Barracks$10M — 3 years

Demolition costs for existing building must be included cost. Bravo Barracks replacement is essential in order to 

housing for permanent island residents and transients wmaintenance/construction projects.

Complete Phase I Rehabilitation of the Commissary Building and Midway Mall$2M — 3 years

Collectively the commissary building and the Midway Mcentral locations for Co-Trustee and partner offi ce, classrand basic laboratory space. Phase I rehabilitation of the include cleaning and maintenance, construction of offi cspace, and a feasibility study of how best to incorporate other sustainable design principles. The Midway Mall wsubstantial design and a preservation plan for renovatiooffi ce and storage space along with visitor information.
Metal pillbox, Eastern Island

 6. Priority Actions and Next Steps

Termite Treatment on All Wooden/Hhistoric structures$2M — 5 years

By treating all wooden/historic structures immediately we buy ourselves 5–10 more years to fi nd funding for ultimate rehabilitation/restoration. Without treatment these structures either need to be rehabilitated immediately or abandoned forever.

Rehabilitate Water Catchment/Distribution System$3M — 5 years

Reliable water will be required to support any future build-up.

Rehabilitate Septic/Wastewater System$2M — 5 years

Reliable septic/wastewater systems will be required to support any future 

build-up. To reduce the required capacity and cost of the system, on-site composting and waste reduction will be considered.

Redevelop Existing Boathouse into New Boathouse, Dive Center, and Water-based Storage Facilities$1.5M — 5 years

Redevelop the existing boathouse at Midway into a multipurpose boathouse, dive center, and storage facility to support agency operations 

in the northwestern end of the Monument. The facility will have maintenance bays and equipment for servicing small boats; a dive locker including a compressor, recompression chamber; and appropriate storage and work areas. The dive center may also support the visitor program. The building will be re-sited or reconstructed and potentially raised to address concerns of fl ooding on the seaplane pad.

Construct New Finger Piers along North Wall of $450,000 — 5 years

To meet small boat needs, within 5 years cothe north wall of the inner harbor across froThese piers may be used for fueling, loadinstorage of vessels. These vessels will be useMidway and neighboring atolls in the futur

Design and Construct Marine Laboratory$2 25M — 5 years

A variety of needs will be met by a marine levaluation and planning eff ort will help deeducational needs of potential users will be several small facilities over time, or by a morequirements to be fi lled as they arise. Initibasic amenities to augment research and efi eld schools, seasonal research, and long-tlab infrastructure, quarantine standards, anbe included in the plan. Several locations alaboratory, including the old commissary bMall, as well as several sites on the seaplane building may be ideal for a fi rst phase locatmonk seal captive care program. 

PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

78
Complete Full Rehabilitation of Midway Mall

$8M — 10 years

Midway Mall would be rehabilitated as the “Midway Atoll Visitor Center” 

and would be used as offi ce space for FWS, NOAA, State of Hawai‘i and other potential partner personnel, as well as a hub for visitor services, classrooms, and education. Phase I rehabilitation would allow for agency offi ces and be completed within 3 years.

Rehabilitate Offi cers’ Row Housing

$5M — 10 years

The 10 historic Officers’ row houses serve as examples of historic Albert Kahn architecture and will be restored. This increased housing capacity will accommodate increased agency and partner personnel.

Remodel or Replace Clipper House$1.75M — 10 years

The Clipper House presently serves as the primary food service facility for Midway. Overall food services will need to be expanded to accommodate future population increases and enlargement of the Clipper House, reuse of older existing food service facilities, or construction of a new dining facility will be evaluated.

Rehabilitate Seaplane Hangar$2.5M — 10 years

Due to its size (large enough to hold heavy equipment, boats, workshops, etc.), its location (short distance from inner harbor and boat ramp) and its historic signifi cance (designed by Albert Kahn, still contains scars from the Battle of Midway), this building needs to be utilized and preserved. Rehabilitation work will be guided by a detailed preservation plan. 

Replace Charlie Barracks$10M — 10 years

Charlie Barracks replacement is essential in order to prov

for island visitors and transient personnel. Demolition cexisting building must be included in the construction cThis replacement is expected to take place within 10 yea

Repair Inner Harbor Sea Wall$20M — 15 years

The harbor is critical to operations at Midway. Any futurdocking/pier facilities in the southwest corner of the harpreceded by the repair of the existing sea wall.
REQUIREMENTS PROCESS

Many of the priority projects listed above are the result of a Monument-wide fi eld requirements process that took place in the fall of 2007. The goals of this process were to outline general infrastructure requirements within the Monument by matching projected fi eld requirements with priority management needs. During this process the MMB analyzed current and future management needs and projected personnel, infrastructure, and equipment requirements to meet them. In addition, eff orts were made to identify areas of overlap that could be consolidated to make fi eld operations as effi cient as possible.The results of this process constitute a detailed vision of the long-term fi eld requirements, primarily for Midway and neighboring atolls, but also for the Monument as a whole. These detailed requirements must have the appropriate infrastructure such as buildings, power, and water; as well as associated means of transportation, such as vessels and aircraft. The priority maintenance and construction projects listed above along with the activities in the Monument Management Plan’s section 3.6.3, Coordinated Field Operations Action Plan, will support these requirements over the next 15 years.Specifi c fi eld requirements that were identifi ed during the fi eld requirements 

process include increases in visiting and permanently stationed personnel to oversee regular research, education, cultural, historic, management, and protected species work based out of Midway, but servicing neighboring atolls as well. Activities associated with this work will be phased in over time as the attendant infrastructure and modes of transport are developed in a way that is compatible with resource protection. The small boat and diving assets, supply needs, air transport, laboratory facilities, housing, and visitor outreach needs that were coarsely defi ned during the requirements process have been refi ned in the Midway Conceptual Site Plan and will be thoroughly evaluated and acted upon based on the strategies and activities found in the Monument Management Plan.

 6. Priority Actions and Next Steps

PRIORITIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

SUMMARYSeveral other high-priority projects (habitat, cleaprojects) have been identifi ed for Midway Atoll dthis Conceptual Site Plan and the larger Monumedetailed information on these projects, please rePlans contained in the Monument Management As the Monument Management Board and partnimplementation of the Monument Management parties to fi nd ways to make incremental steps thlarger projects described in this document and thand combining resources to achieve common gorealize the benefi ts and synergy that come from Conceptual Site Plan off ers an achievable view of the resources that already exist and those that hofuture. The vision of Midway as presented in this completed within the next 15 years—it will be a for all involved to be a part of that transformation

80
Laysan 

1991, January. Natural Resources Management Plan for Naval Air Facility, Midway Island.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu, Hawai‘i.1995. Midway Atoll NWR Annual Narrative Report 1994. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.1995. Sand and Eastern Islands, Midway Atoll Infrastructure Evaluation. Prime Engineering, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia.1995–1999 Baseline Surveys for Alien Species in Marine and Terrestrial Habitats on Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Remote Islands Team, Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services.1996, April. Final Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Refuge Logistics and Operations Support and Public Use Program, Midway Atoll NWR. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.1997, August. Operations and Maintenance Plan for Midway Atoll NWR. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service.1998. Interpretive Prospectus for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacifi c Regional Offi ce Visitor Services Branch.

1998, October. Naval Air Facility (NAF) Midway Island Land Use Restrictions (Draft).

Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co, Inc. Honolulu, Hawai‘i.1999. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge Historic Preservation Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacifi c Region.2003, May. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial—A Summary of Midway’s Natural and Historic Resources. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

2003, August 29. Infrastructure Condition Assessment and Modifi cation, National Wildlife Refuge. GeoEngineers, Inc., Honolulu, Hawai‘i.2005, April 12. Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge—Visitor Program Feasibility Study. Pandion Systems, Inc. Gainesville, Florida.2006. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Proposed National Marine SanctuEnvironmental Impact Statement and Management Plan, Vol. II of II. NatAtmospheric Administration. National Ocean Service, National Marine 2006. Henderson Airfi eld Master Plan. PND Engineers, Inc., Anchorage, 2006. Midway NWR Vision, Goals and Objectives Exercise. U.S. Fish and W2006. Draft Interim Visitor Services Plan for Midway Atoll NWR, the Battle Memorial, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National MonSpecial Management Area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacifi c Islands

Aff airs and Visitor Service.2007, March 27. RONS (Refuge Operational Needs System) Project List, MU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 9 pages.2007, March 27. SAMMS (Service Asset Maintenance Management SysteMaintenance & Construction Projects, Midway Atoll NWR list. U.S. Fish an

8 pages.Midway Operations Contract—Statement of Work. U.S. Fish and Wildlife (for “Chugach” contract). 7 pgs.

PLANNING DOCUMENTSResources
Resources

2007, May 23. Interim Visitor Services Plan for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and the Battle of Midway National Memorial and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument’s Midway Atoll Special Management Area. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Pacifi c Islands Division of External Aff airs and 

Visitor Services.2007, June 1. Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Draft NOAA Interim Management Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Honolulu, Hawai‘i.2007, July. Building Foundations for the Future: Historic Preservation on Midway Atoll NWR.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacifi c Region.2007, November 14. Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Preliminary Draft Management Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Hawai‘i. Honolulu, Hawai‘i. 3rd Draft.

PLANNING DOCUMENTS

82
Aeby G.S., J.C. Kenyon, J.E. Maragos, and D.C. Potts. 2003. First record of mass coral 

bleaching in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Coral Reefs 22:256.Aeby, G.S. 2006. Baseline levels of coral disease in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:471-488.Antonelis, G.A., J.D. Baker, T.C. Johanos, R.C. Braun, and A.L. Harting. 2006. Hawaiian monk seal: status and conservation issues. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:75-102.

Baker, J.D., C.L. Littnan, and D.W. Johnston. 2006. Potential eff ects of sea level rise on the terrestrial habitats of endangered and endemic megafauna in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Endangered Species Research 4:1-10.Blackburn, T.M., P. Cassey, R.P.Duncan, K.L. Evans, and K.J. Gaston. 2004. Avian Extinction and Mammalian Introduction on Oceanic Islands. Science 305:1955–1958. Boland and Donohue 2003.BRAC SI 1996 vol 1.Citta, J, M., Reynolds, and N. E. Seavy. 2006. Seabird Monitoring Assessment for Hawai‘i and the Pacifi c Islands. Prepared for Division of Migratory Birds and Habitat Programs Pacifi c Region, Portland, Oregon.DeMartini, E.D., and Friedlander A.M. 2006. Predation, Endemism, and Related Processes Structuring Shallow Water Reef Fish Assemblages of NWHI. NOAA Pacifi c Islands Fisheries Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.Eldredge, L. 2005. Assessment of the Potential Threat of the Introduction of Marine Nonindigenous Species in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.Fine and Tchernov. 2007. Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcifi cation. Science 315: 1811.

Finkelstein, M.E., K.A. Grasman, D.A. Croll, B.R. Tershy, B.S. Keitt, W.M. Jarman, and D.R. Smith. 2007. Contaminant-associated alteration of immune function in Blackfooted 

Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), a North Pacifi c Predator. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 26:1896-1903.

Friedlander, A., G. Aeby, R. Brainad, A. Clark, E. DeMartini, S. GoodwiR. Kosaki, J. Maragos, and P. Vroom. 2005. The State of Coral Reef EcoNorthwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pp. 270—311. In: J. Waddell, Ed. The Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacifi c Freely Associated States: 

Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11. NOAA/NCCOS Center for CoAssessment’s Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, Maryland. 522 pagesHope, B., S. Scantolini, E. Titus, and J. Cotter. 1997. Distribution pattepolychlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, sediment, and biota fro(North Pacifi c Ocean). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 34(7):548-563.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate ChPhysical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S, D. Qin, MM. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller, Eds. Cambridge UCambridge, United Kingdom; and New York, NY, USA. 996 pages.Kenyon, J.C., G.S. Aeby, R.E. Brainard, J.D. Chojnacki, M.J. Dunlap, and Mass coral bleaching on high-latitude reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelag10th International Coral Reef Symposium Okinawa 2:631-643.Kenyon, J.C. and R.E. Brainard. 2006. Second recorded episode of mathe Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 543:505-52Ludwig, J.P, C.L. Summer, H.J. Auman, V. Gauger, D.Bromley, J.P. GiesyColborn. 1997. The roles organochlorine contaminants and fi sheries b

population changes of Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses in the NoIn G. Robinson and R. Gales, Eds. Albatross Biology and Conservation. Sons, Chipping Norton. Pp. 225-238.Michener, W.K., E.R. Blood, K.L. Bildstein, M.M. Brinson, and L.R. GardClimate change, hurricanes and tropical storms and rising sea level in Ecological Applications 7:770-801.

Mooney, H.A. and E.E. Cleland. 2001. The evolutionary impact of invaProceedings of the National Academy of Science 98:5446—5451.

SELECTED REFERENCES OF THE DRAFT MANAGEMENT PLAN
Nishida, Gordon. 1998. Midway Terrestrial Arthropod Survey, Final Report. Nishida, 

Gordon, 2001. Terrestrial Arthropods of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands (excluding Midway).Prepared for the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Hawai‘i Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.NOAA 2003. Shallow water benthic habitats of the NWHI. (1.1)Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. 1996. Naval Air Facility (NAF) Midway Island Site Inspection (SI) Report. January. As cited in U.S. Navy 2001.Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. 1997. Remedial Investigation (RI) Report for Naval Air Facility (NAF) Midway Island, Volume I: Technical Report. July.Parrish, F.A., K. Abernathy, G.J. Marshall, and B.M. Buhleier. 2002, Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging deepwater coral beds. Marine Mammal Science

18:244-258.Rehkemper, C. and E. Flint. 2002. Control and Eradication of the introduced grass, Cenchrus echinatus, at Laysan Island. In Veitch, C.R. and M.N. Clout, Eds. Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 414 pages.Shea, E. L, G. Dolcemascolo, C. L. Anderson, A. Barnston, C. P. Guard, M. P. Hamnett, S. T. Kubota, N. Lewis, J. Loschnigg, and G. Meehl. 2001. Preparing for a Changing Climate: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Published Report. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. 100 pages.Smith, S.V and R. M. Buddemeier. 1992. Global Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:89-118.Stambler, N. 1999. Coral reefs and eutrophication. Marine Pollution (July):360-361.State of Hawai‘i, U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2006). Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for Promoting Coordinated Management of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument (MOA) was signed by the Hon. Linda Lingle, Governor, State of Hawai‘i, the Secretary Dirk Kempthorne, Department of the Interior, and Secretary Carlos. Gutierrez, Department of Commerce, on December 8, 2006, in Honolulu, Hawai‘i.

USCG. 2003. Tern Island Ecological Risk Assessment AdMemorandum. CH2MHill for U.S. Coast Guard Civil EngU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). 2004. Draft Revised (Anas laysanensis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, PortlaU.S. Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. 1947. Building thTwo vols. Washington Government Printing Offi ce.U.S. Navy. 2001. Action Memorandum for Time-Critical Rand Barge, LCM, Boiler, and PCB-Contaminated Marine SeAtoll. October.U.S. Navy. 1995. Technical Memorandum for Evaluation Air Force (NAF) Midway Island. Ogden Environmental anComprehensive Long-Term Environmental Action Navy N62742-90-D-0019 Cto No. 0136.Vitousek, P. M. 1994. Beyond global warming: ecology Ecology 75:1861-1876.Woodbury, D.O. 1946. Builders for Battle. How the Pacifi 

E.P. Dutton and Company, NY. 415 pages.

Resources2. SELECTED REFERENCES OF THE DRAFT MANAGEMENT PLAN

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