10-3467-cv

Barney Greengrass, Inc. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO

A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS

GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S

LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH

THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING

A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY

COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the

Daniel Patrick Moynihan Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on the 4th day

of November, two thousand eleven.

Present:

JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,

ROBERT A. KATZMANN,

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

Circuit Judges.

________________________________________________

BARNEY GREENGRASS, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. No. 10-3467-cv

LUMBERMENS MUTUAL CASUALTY COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellant,

KEMPER INSURANCE COMPANIES, BROADSPIRE SERVICES, INC.,

Defendants. 

________________________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellee: NATASCIA AYERS (David Tolchin, on the brief),

Jaroslawicz & Jaros LLC, New York, N.Y.

For Defendant-Appellant: DAVID M. POLLACK (Antoinette L. Banks, on the brief),

Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP, New York,

N.Y.
2

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Buchwald, J.). 

ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

DECREED that the judgment of the district court be and hereby is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff-Appellee Barney Greengrass, Inc. (“BG”), an Upper West Side delicatessen,

brought this action against Defendant-Appellant Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Company

(“Lumbermens”), its insurer, for a declaration that Lumbermens must defend and indemnify it in

connection with an underlying state-court action seeking to recover for damages allegedly

caused by smoke, exhaust, and odors emitted by BG’s exhaust vent. Lumbermens appeals from

the judgment of the district court granting so much of BG’s motion for summary judgment as

seeks (1) a declaration that Lumbermens must defend BG in the underlying action and (2) all

costs and fees that BG had incurred in that action, and denying Lumbermens’s cross-motion for

summary judgment. On appeal, Lumbermens argues that it is not required to defend BG in the

underlying action on the ground that a pollution exclusion clause set forth in BG’s insurance

policy excludes coverage for all damages caused by any waste, including odors, emitted into the

atmosphere from a commercial exhaust vent. In that regard, it contends that (1) the district court

erred in construing the clause according to the “common speech” and “reasonable expectations”

doctrines and (2) the odors constitute “pollution” under the New York City Administrative Code. 

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of this case.

“We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, examining the evidence in the light

most favorable to, and drawing all inferences in favor of, the non-movant.” Sheppard v.

Beerman, 317 F.3d 351, 354 (2d Cir. 2003).

The duties to defend and indemnify are “separate and distinct”; the former is “a form of

‘litigation insurance’ for the insured.” City of Johnstown v. Bankers Standard Ins. Co., 877 F.2d
3

1146, 1148 (2d Cir. 1989). The duty to defend is “exceedingly broad.” BP A.C. Corp. v. One

Beacon Ins. Grp., 8 N.Y.3d 708, 714 (2007) (quoting Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Cook, 7

N.Y.3d 131, 137 (2006)). “If the complaint contains any facts or allegations which bring the

claim even potentially within the protection purchased, the insurer is obligated to defend.” 

Technicon Elecs. Corp. v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 74 N.Y.2d 66, 73 (1989); see also City of

Johnstown, 877 F.2d at 1148 (“The duty to defend is triggered whenever the allegations in the

[underlying] complaint fall within the risk covered by the policy; thus, if liberally construed, the

claim is within the embrace of the policy, the insurer must come forward to defend its insured.”

(internal alteration and quotation marks omitted)).

The insurer bears the burden of establishing that an exclusion under the insurance policy

applies. See, e.g., Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 98 N.Y.2d 208, 220

(2002). We have observed:

New York courts have consistently held that . . . an insurer seeking to

avoid its duty to defend bears a heavy burden. That burden, in practice, is seldom

met. Indeed, before an insurance company is permitted to avoid policy coverage,

it must . . . establish that the exclusions or exemptions claimed apply in the

particular case, and that they are subject to no other reasonable interpretation. To

avoid the duty to defend, the insurer must show that the allegations in the

underlying complaint are solely and entirely within the policy’s exclusions from

coverage. A court applying New York law, then, should only excuse an insurer

from its duty to defend if it can be concluded as a matter of law that there is no

possible factual or legal basis on which the insurer might eventually be held to

indemnify the insured.

City of Johnstown, 877 F.2d at 1149 (emphasis added) (internal alterations, quotation marks, and

citations omitted). “To the extent that there is any ambiguity in an exclusionary clause, we

construe the provision in favor of the insured. Moreover, exclusions or exceptions from policy

coverage are not to be extended by interpretation or implication, but are to be accorded a strict

and narrow construction.” Cragg v. Allstate Indem. Corp., 17 N.Y.3d 118, 122 (2011) (internal
4

alteration and quotation marks omitted). Under New York law, insurance policies are read “in

light of ‘common speech’ and the reasonable expectations of a businessperson.” Belt Painting

Corp. v. TIG Ins. Co., 100 N.Y.2d 377, 383 (2003). 

As an initial matter, the complaint in the underlying action does not allege that the

plaintiff, Theodore Bohn, was damaged by a “pollutant” or that the odors emitted from BG’s

exhaust vent constituted “pollution.” Instead, it alleges that Bohn “stopped using [his] living

room because the odors permeating that room had become so overpowering as to make the room

entirely unusable,” J.A. 135, and that he was damaged by the co-op board’s failure to address his

complaints. Lumbermens maintains that it is not required to defend BG in the underlying action

on the ground that Bohn’s allegations fall within the pollution exclusion clause of BG’s

insurance policy, which excludes coverage for “‘property damage’ . . . arising out of the actual,

alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of pollutants at

any time . . . [a]t or from any premises, site or location which is or was at any time owned or

occupied by, or rented or loaned to, any insured.” Id. at 94. The policy in turn defines

“Pollutants” as “any solid, liquid, gaseous or thermal irritant or contaminant, including smoke,

vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals and waste,” with “[w]aste includ[ing] materials to

be recycled, reconditioned or reclaimed.” Id. at 95. 

The district court reasoned that “[t]o read ‘pollution’ as encompassing ‘restaurant odors,’

as defendant urges here, would contradict ‘common speech’ and the ‘reasonable expectations of

a businessperson,’ who has come to understand standard pollution exclusions as addressing

environmental-type harms.” Barney Greengrass, Inc. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., No. 09 Civ.

7697 (NRB), 2010 WL 3069560, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 27, 2010). On appeal, Lumbermens

contends that district court misapplied the “common speech” and “reasonable expectations”
5

doctrines on the ground that “the term ‘fumes’ contained in the Policy’s definition of ‘Pollutant’

is commonly defined as odorous.” Def. Br. 21. There is no dispute, however, that the term

“odors” is not included in the policy’s definitions of “pollutants,” and the term “fumes” is

undefined. Moreover, the definitional list of “pollutants” set forth in the policy particularizes

“irritant or contaminant” by reference to “smoke, vapors, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals

and waste,” App. 95, terms that connote traditional forms of environmental or industrial

pollutants or contaminants. Cf. W. Alliance Ins. Co. v. Gill, 426 Mass. 115, 118 (1997) (“The

exclusion should not reflexively be applied to accidents arising during the course of normal

business activities simply because they involve a ‘discharge, dispersal, release or escape’ of an

‘irritant or contaminant.’”). 

The cases upon which Lumbermens relies are easily distinguishable because the “odors”

there constitute traditional environmental pollution to which exclusion clauses typically apply. 

See, e.g., Town of Harrison v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 89 N.Y.2d 308, 314, 316

(1996) (pollution exclusion applied to odors from “dumping of waste materials, contaminants or

pollutants”); Tri-Mun. Sewer Comm’n v. Cont’l Ins. Co., 636 N.Y.S.2d 856, 857 (2d Dep’t 1996)

(pollution exclusion applied to odors from “sewage treatment plant”). In these circumstances,

we conclude that Lumbermens cannot meet its burden of showing that the restaurant odors

constitute “pollution” within the meaning of the exclusion, as any ambiguities must be construed

against the insurer. See, e.g., Stoney Run Co. v. Prudential-LMI Commercial Ins. Co., 47 F.3d

34, 37 (2d Cir. 1995). 

Lumbermens rejoins that under the New York City Administrative Code, restaurant odors

in sufficiently detectable quantities may constitute “air contaminants” subject to regulation. It

points to New York City Administrative Code § 24-141, which prohibits “the emission of air
6

contaminant,” including “odorous air contaminant” that “causes or may cause detriment to the

health, safety, welfare or comfort of any person, or injury to plant and animal life, or causes or

may cause damage to property or business.” The administrative regulations upon which

Lumbermens relies, however, do not pertain in any way to insurance coverage disputes, much

less pollution exclusion clauses. Nor does the parties’ dispute here concern administrative

liability under the Code. Therefore, Lumbermens’s attempt to apply the principles underlying a

New York administrative regulation to the insurance clause here at issue is unavailing.

We have considered Lumbermens’s remaining arguments and find them to be without

merit. For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

FOR THE COURT:

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK