Annual Data Summary 2009

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2010/086

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center
ON THE COVER

Acadia National Park (Eagle Lake), Maine.

Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service/Sheridan Steele.
Annual Data Summary 2009

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2010/086

John D. Ray, Ph.D.

National Park Service Air Resources Division 

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

PO BOX 25287

Denver, CO, 80225

October 2010

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Program Center

Denver, Colorado
NPS 999/105575, October 2010

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural 

resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural 

resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. 

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has 

been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been 

completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is 

scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and 

published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were 

not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of the author(s) and 

do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention 

of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. 

Government.

This annual data summary was prepared for the National Park Service under contract C2350064024 by Air Resource 

Specialists, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado.

This report is available from the NPS Air Resources Division (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/ads/

ADSReport.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/

publications/NRPM) on the Internet. 

Please cite this publication as:

Ray, J. D. 2010. Annual data summary 2009: Gaseous pollutant monitoring program. Natural Resource Data Series 

NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2010/086. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. 

ii

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Contents

Sections

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Monitoring Results....................................................................................................................................................... 2

GPMP Monitoring Network ................................................................................................................................ 2

Annual Ozone Summaries............................................................................................................................................... 2

Ozone Violation Summaries............................................................................................................................................ 3

Resource Injury Indices.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Sulfur Dioxide Summaries............................................................................................................................................... 4

PM2.5 Data Summaries ................................................................................................................................................... 5

PM10 Data Summaries.................................................................................................................................................... 5

Meteorological Summaries.............................................................................................................................................. 5

Highlighted Park (Why is Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Violating the National Standard for SO2?) ............................ 6

Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications Using NPS Data.................................................................................................. 28

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................... 29 

iii
Tables

Table 1. 2009 Site Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 9

Table 2. 2009 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb)...................................................................... 12

Table 3. 2009 Ozone violation summary - primary standard........................................................................................ 17

Table 4. 2009 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).................................................................. 19

Table 5. 2009 Summary of sulfur dioxide data............................................................................................................ 23

Table 6. 2009 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods........................................................ 24

Table 7. 2009 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods......................................................... 25

Table 8. 2009 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods ....................................................................... 25

Table 9. 2009 PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2007-2009 (μg/m3)....................... 25

Table 10. 2009 Annual summary of selected meteorological data............................................................................... 26

Figures

Figure 1. 2009 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units....................................................................................... 8

Figure 2. 2009 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ......................... 14

Figure 3. 2009 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥ 76 ppb .......................... 15

Figure 4. 2009 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ................................................ 16

Figure 5. 2009 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season 

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) ............................................................................................................................ 21

Figure 6. 2009 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) ............................................................................................................................ 22

iv

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Introduction

This report focuses on the gaseous air 

pollutant concentrations measured in 

national parks during 2009 as part of the 

National Park Service, Air Resources 

Division (NPS ARD) monitoring program. 

It is mostly a statistical summary and 

feedback for park staff. The primary air 

pollutants reported, including ozone 

(O

3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and inhalable 

particulate matter (PM2.5), are known to 

cause human health problems and to injure 

natural resources. The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards to 

which we can compare the monitored data. 

More information on air quality conditions 

and trends in the parks can be found in 

the Division’s annual performance reports (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/index.cfm )

.

In recent years ozone pollution at surface 

monitoring sites in the national parks has 

been decreasing. In 2009, only 3 parks 

where NPS performs monitoring had ozone 

concentrations that exceeded the National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), 

which is currently at 75 ppb for an 8-hour 

average. Parks with high ozone are listed 

below with NAAQS relevant statistics.

All three of these parks are in California 

and have air pollutants transported into 

them from more populated areas to the 

west. A fourth park unit, Mojave National 

Preserve, has been found to have high 

ozone based on portable ozone monitors, 

with the 4th highest 8-hour concentration 

of 80 ppb and 12 exceedance days. 

The Mojave station had higher ozone 

concentrations than the nearby Death 

Valley station that in recent years exceeded 

the NAAQS of 75 ppb, but in 2009 had 

lower ozone.

Other gaseous pollutants are measured in 

fewer parks. PM2.5 is now being measured 

with continuous monitors in 13 park units. 

Unhealthy conditions, as defined by the 

NAAQS for PM2.5, occur in 2 parks: Hawaii 

Volcanoes and Yosemite. SO

2 is measured 

by the National Park Service in Hawaii 

Volcanoes, Great Smoky Mountains, and 

Mammoth Cave, but only Hawaii Volcanoes 

has extreme SO

2 concentrations that far 

exceed the current NAAQS of 75 ppb as a 

daily 1-hour maximum. More information 

on the volcanic emitted SO

2 and PM2.5 can 

be found in the Highlighted Park section.

Both current and past data from NPS 

monitoring sites is available on the Web: 

•	 Current air quality (http://www.nature.

nps.gov/air/data/current/index.cfm).

•	 Interactive data and report products 

access to validated archive database (http://ard-request.air-resource.com/

data.aspx).

•	 AirNow has current air quality conditions 

and forecasts for national parks and 

urban locations (http://airnow.gov/index.

cfm?action=airnow.national_summary).

•	 Maps of air quality concentrations and 

monitoring locations can be obtained 

from the interactive Web site “Air Atlas” (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Maps/

AirAtlas/index.cfm).

Park 2009 4th high 8-hr Exceedances 3-yr avg 4th high 8-hr

Sequoia and Kings Canyon 98 ppb 72 days 103 ppb

Joshua Tree 93 ppb 59 days 100 ppb

Yosemite 79 ppb 9 days 87 ppb

1
The NPS cooperates with a number of 

state agencies. At some sites, state air 

quality agencies provide measurement and 

operations support, and data are generally 

shared directly among cooperating agencies. 

Relevant O3, SO2, PM, and meteorological 

data submitted by states to the EPA AQS are 

retrieved for inclusion in this report. 

Annual Ozone Summaries

In 2008 the primary National Ambient 

Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone 

changed from 0.08 ppm (85 ppb equivalent) 

over an 8-hour period to 0.075 ppm (75 

ppb equivalent) over an 8-hour period 

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/

ozone/s_o3_index.html). The ozone standard 

is again under review and a new standard 

between 0.060 and 0.070 ppm is expected 

to be set by 2011. According to the current 

standard, an exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is greater than or equal to 

76 ppb. An exceedance of the standard 

is not the same as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentration equals or exceeds 

76 ppb. The secondary ozone standard 

defined by the EPA, which is intended to 

protect the environment, is the same as the 

primary standard. In this report, ozone 

concentrations are compared to the NAAQS 

that was in place during the period reported.

Table 2 summarizes O3 measurements 

with respect to the daily maximum 

8-hour average concentrations at each 

NPS monitoring site. The five highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations are listed, as well as the total 

number of days with exceedances of the 

8-hour standard. At each site with an EPAcertified monitor, the fourth highest value 

column and the number of days column 

are both color-coded to identify sites where 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone value exceeded the standard 

during 2009. Note that other sites may have 

experienced fewer than four exceedances 

of the standard, and are not color coded. 

Ozone summary statistics for POMS 

are highlighted bold where exceedances 

occurred. These sites should be compared to 

EPA standards for reference purposes only.

Monitoring Results

The NPS ARD issues this annual data 

summary for their Gaseous Pollutant 

Monitoring Program (GPMP). These 

summaries present only O3, SO2, PM, 

and meteorological data from continuous 

monitors that report hourly data. Other gas, 

particulate, and precipitation monitoring is 

performed under the visibility and deposition 

programs and is reported separately. 

Data collected by this monitoring program 

are incorporated into the EPA Air Quality 

System (AQS) database, which is a national 

database of air quality data collected 

throughout the country. These data are 

also stored in the NPS ARD’s Information 

Management Center (IMC), and are 

publicly available through the NPS ARD’s 

Web site at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/

Monitoring/network.cfm#data.

GPMP Network Monitoring

The locations of monitoring sites that 

operated during 2009 are presented on the 

map in Figure 1. The parameters monitored 

at each park unit are indicated with colored 

flags. The CASTNet flag identifies sites 

where the NPS operates Clean Air Status 

and Trends Network monitoring systems 

in cooperation with EPA to estimate dry 

atmospheric deposition. The enhanced 

gaseous and/or particulates flag indicates 

that the NPS sponsors additional or 

high-resolution gaseous or particulate 

monitoring at that park unit. Monitoring 

agencies and park units with more than 

one monitoring site are indicated. Site 

specifications, including site names, 

abbreviations, AQS identification numbers, 

locations, and monitored parameters are 

listed in Table 1.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory 

compliance, the NPS added portable ozone 

monitoring systems (POMS) to the GPMP 

in 2003. The POMS monitors have recently 

been designated by the EPA as a federal 

equivalency method (FEM) to measure 

certifiable ozone data. Although the POMS 

are not currently operated according to 

this protocol, the data are equivalent to 

the certified monitors and can be used for 

survey monitoring to obtain air quality 

baseline information. POMS site names 

in tables and figures have been underlined 

to distinguish them from monitoring sites 

meeting all EPA guidelines.

2

2009 GPMP Data Summary
W126 and SUM06 thresholds for ozone effects to vegetation

Growth Reduction W126 SUM06

Tree seedlings - natural forest stands 7-13 ppm-hrs 10-15 ppm-hrs

Tree seedlings/saplings - plantations 9-14 ppm-hrs 12-16 ppm-hrs

Visible Foliar Injury

Plants in natural ecosystems 5-9 ppm-hrs 8-12 ppm-hrs

The map in Figure 2 presents the annual 

fourth highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites listed in 

Table 2. Ozone values for EPA-certified sites 

are color-coded to represent values below 

(green) and above (orange and red) the 

national standard. Values from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3 presents the annual 

number of days which exceeded the 8-hour 

standard for all network sites listed in 

Table 2. The data points are color-coded 

to distinguish between sites that did not 

exceed NAAQS (green) and those that did 

(orange and red). Data from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference.

The map in Figure 4 presents the annual 

second highest 1-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites. Ozone 

values for EPA-certified sites are colorcoded to represent four distinct levels. 

Ozone values from portable sites (no color) 

are included for reference only.

Ozone Violation Summaries

Table 3 presents ozone violation summaries 

for NPS-operated and cooperating sites 

for all 3-year periods over the last 10 years. 

Violations of the (old) 85 ppb standard are 

indicated in orange and red. Those values 

that would violate the new standard of 75 

ppb are outlined with a black box. 

A violation of the standard occurs when 

the 3-year average of the fourth highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

EPA data completeness requirements for 

the 3-year period were not met. However, 

annual fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour ozone concentrations greater 

than or equal to 76 ppb for calendar 

years not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements are included in the NAAQS 

violation computation.

Resource Injury Indices

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, 

various indices other than the NAAQS 

primary and secondary standards are often 

used. These indices, defined below, take into 

account both peak ozone concentrations 

and cumulative exposure to ozone.

•	 W126 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month 

sum of the 0800-2000 hourly average 

ozone concentrations during the 

EPA-designated ozone season, where 

a weighting function is used to give 

increasing significance (weights between 

0 and 1) to concentrations of ozone 

greater than 0.04 ppm (40 ppb), and no 

weight to concentrations below 0.04 ppm 

(40 ppb). Units of this index are ppm-hr. 

•	 SUM06 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month sum 

of the 0800-2000 hourly average ozone 

concentrations during the ozone season 

that are equal to or greater than 0.06 

ppm (60 ppb). The units of this index are 

ppm -hr. Several thresholds have been 

developed for SUM06

1

.

The W126 is expressed as a 3-month sum of 

all hourly ozone concentrations where each 

concentration is weighted by a sigmoidal 

function that gives greater emphasis to the 

higher hourly concentrations while still 

including the lower ones. In the latest use 

of W126, only the daytime hours of 8 am to 

8 pm (12 hours) are used in the expression. 

This weighting function provides a 

weighting value that is unique for each 

hourly ozone concentration. The weighting 

function, as described by Lefohn, Laurence, 

and Kohut

2 is:

 w

1

i

 = _______________________

 1 + 4403 exp - ( 126ci )

where wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration 

i

, and c

i

 = hourly 

concentration i in ppb.

3
The graph of weighting value versus 

ozone concentration, in the figure above, 

illustrates the greater weights given to 

higher hourly ozone concentrations. Each 

hour’s weighting value is multiplied by 

its corresponding hourly concentration. 

This product is summed over all the valid 

daytime hours in each month to calculate 

the monthly W126 exposure. Thus, the 

monthly W126 exposure is: 

 n

W126 = ∑ wi * ci

 i=1

 n

where

W126 = monthly W126 exposure index,

wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration i,

ci = hourly concentration i in ppb, and

n = number of hours in the month with 

valid ozone concentrations.

EPA is considering the maximum daytime 

consecutive 3-month value of the W126 for 

the secondary standard. The exposure units 

are ppb-hr.

Because each hour contributes to this 

exposure index, the number of hours with 

valid observations (n) is an important 

factor in calculating the W126. The EPA 

usually considers air quality statistics to be 

“valid” (i.e., representative of the parameter 

being estimated for the time interval in 

question) only if 75% or more of the total 

possible observations have been measured 

during that time interval. Therefore, one 

should exercise caution when comparing 

these statistics between months and sites, 

particularly those that are not averages 

(e.g., maxima and exposures) whenever the 

number of valid observations is less than 

75% of the total possible. EPA is developing 

fill-in rules for missing hourly data that may 

be issued when the revision to the ozone 

standard is announced in 20103.

Table 4 presents the ozone exposure indices 

summary statistics for 2009. Summaries 

for POMS are included for comparison 

only. Since portable sites are deployed for 

seasonal use, there may be significant biases 

in W126 and SUM06 exposure indices 

calculated from their data. 

Figure 5 presents the 3-month maximum 

W126 exposure index for all network 

sites listed in Table 4. Figure 6 presents 

the annual 3-month maximum SUM06 

exposure index for the same sites. Index 

values are color-coded to represent three 

distinct levels of cumulative exposure. Data 

from portable sites (no color) are included 

for reference only. 

1Heck, W.W. and E.B. Cowling, 1997. The 

Need for a Long-term Cumulative Secondary 

Ozone Standard - An Ecological Perspective. 

Environmental Management. January: 23-33.

2Lefohn, A.S.; Lawrence, J.A.; Kohut, R.J. 

(1988). A comparison of indices that describe 

the relationship between exposure to ozone 

and reduction in the yield of agricultural crops. 

Atmospheric Environment. 22:1229-1240.

3U.S. EPA, 2010, Proposed Rule, National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, 

Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 11/Tuesday, 

January 19, 2010.

Sulfur Dioxide Summaries

During 2009, the primary NAAQS for sulfur 

dioxide was an annual arithmetic mean of 

0.03 ppm and a 24-hour mean of 0.14 ppm, 

not to be exceeded more than once per 

year. The secondary NAAQS was a 3-hour 

mean of 0.50 ppm, not to be exceeded 

more than once per year. The EPA revised 

the SO2 standard in June 2010. Table 5 

summarizes sulfur dioxide measurements 

for comparison to the standards that were 

in place during 2009 and lists the number 

of exceedances for each. Maximum hourly 

concentrations for each site are also 

presented in the table for reference. 

Kilauea Volcano is the source of sulfur 

dioxide in Hawaii Volcanoes National 

Park. Sulfur dioxide data are collected in 

the park using a lower range and an upper 

range. The lower range does not capture 

values higher than 1 ppm (1,000 ppb), but 

is considered to be an EPA equivalency 

method. The upper range captures values 

above 1 ppm accurately, but is not an EPA 

equivalent range. The Hawaii Volcanoes 

4

2009 GPMP Data Summary
National Park data presented in this report 

were collected using the upper range to give 

a more accurate representation of sulfur 

dioxide values.

PM2.5 Data Summaries 

The primary NAAQS for PM2.5 are an 

annual arithmetic mean of 15 mg/m3 and 

a daily arithmetic mean of 35 mg/m3. An 

exceedance of the standard occurs when 

either an annual arithmetic mean is greater 

than 15.0 mg/m3 or a daily arithmetic mean 

is greater than 35 mg/m3. An exceedance of 

the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when either the 3-year 

average of the annual mean is greater than 

15.0 mg/m3 or the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile daily mean concentrations is 

greater than 35 mg/m3.

Table 6 summarizes PM2.5 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and 

the annual arithmetic mean. The four 

highest and 98th percentile 24-hour average 

concentrations are listed, as well as the 

total number of days with 24-hour average 

PM2.5 concentrations greater than 35mg/m3. 

No violation summaries for PM2.5 data are 

presented.

PM10 Data Summaries

The primary NAAQS for PM10 is a 

daily arithmetic mean of 150 mg/m3. 

An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when a daily arithmetic mean is greater 

than 150 mg/m3. An exceedance of the 

standard is not the same as a violation. A 

violation occurs when a 24-hour average 

concentration greater than 150 mg/m3 

occurs more than once per year on average 

over three years. 

Table 7 summarizes PM10 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and 

the annual arithmetic mean. The four 

highest 24-hour average concentrations are 

listed, as well as the total number of days 

with exceedances of the NAAQS 24-hour 

standard. The number of days column 

is color-coded to identify sites where 

an exceedance of the 24-hour standard 

occurred.

Table 8 presents the same summaries 

for sites that collected PM10 using nonequivalency methods.

Table 9 presents a PM10 violation summary 

based on the 24-hour average standard 

for one-year periods over the last three 

years, with violations indicated in red. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

the EPA data completeness requirement 

was not met. However, calendar quarters 

not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements were included in the NAAQS 

violation computation if the resulting 

24-hour average exceeds the standard.

Meteorological Data Summaries

Table 10 presents a summary of selected 

meteorological data for all sites. The 

parameters included are wind speed, 

ambient temperature, relative humidity, 

and precipitation.

5
Highlighted Park

Why is Hawaii Volcanoes National 

Park Violating the National 

Standard for SO2?

The extremely high concentrations of 

sulfur dioxide (SO2) and violations of the 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS) reported in Table 5 for Hawaii 

Volcanoes National Park needs some 

explanation. Since monitoring for sulfur 

dioxide began in the park in 1986, the SO2

National Ambient Air Quality Standard 

has been violated routinely. Because the 

volcanic source is natural, exceedances 

of the standard are considered to be 

“exceptional events” by EPA, although 

EPA has not specifically provided for such 

events in their rules. EPA states that for 

exceptional events, protection of public 

health is the highest priority and that the 

public should get timely information and 

measures be taken to safeguard their health.

In 2008 the Kilauea Volcano began 

to emit more SO2, specifically at the 

Halema`uma`u crater vent (Figures A and 

B), going from about 150 tonnes/day SO2

to over 2,000 tonnes/day. Additional days 

with high SO2 concentrations and higher 

Figure A. View of the Halema`uma`u vent 

within the Kilauea caldera. (USGS photo)

Figure B. Map of Kilauea Volcano summit area. The active vent at Halema`uma`u and monitoring 

sites are indicated. Active lava flows at Puu`O`oo are several miles east (to the right) of this map.

6

2009 GPMP Data Summary

concentrations than previously observed 

were the result. The SO2 concentrations 

have been measured at levels that affect 

even healthy individuals. The local Civil 

Defense and the park responded with 

additional measuring equipment and 

procedures to protect the public. Emissions 

rates continue to be higher than previously 

at the Halema’uma’u vent (Figure C). This 

is especially important because the source 

is very close to visitor activities and park 

facilities. USGS raw emissions data are 

available on http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/

activity/kilaueastatus.php.

Hawaii Volcanoes is unique in the National 

Park System because of the extremely high 

SO2 concentrations – far higher than any 

other national park or even urban areas. 

The EPA sets human health standards (the 

NAAQS) for SO2. Actually, SO2 is a toxic gas 

that irritates the skin and mucous membranes 

of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Children, 

asthmatics, people with heart or lung disease, 

and people engaged in vigorous physical 

activity are those most susceptible to SO2

health problems. In June 2010, EPA revised 

the standard from a 24-hour average of 

0.144 ppm to a 1-hour average of 0.075 ppm. 

Figure D shows how there were frequent 

exceedances of the old standard over the 

years and even more since 2008. Table A 

shows the conditions relative to the new 

1-hour standard. The relevant metric for the 

3-year average SO2 at Hawaii Volcanoes is 

2.388 ppm compared to the standard of 0.075 

ppm; this represents an extremely severe 

violation of the standard. Based on the new 

standard, the measured 99th percentile for the 

last three years is 30 times the new standard. 

The number of SO2 exceedances based 

on the new standard at Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park (HAVO) is projected at over 

100 exceedance days per year.
Figure C. Combined emission rates of SO2 from the Halema`uma`u and Puu`O`oo vents in tonnes/

day. (Data from USGS).

Figure D. The SO2 concentrations at Hawaii Volcanoes have exceeded the older national standard for 

many years. With the new, lower SO2 standard, the number of exceedances is higher (see Table A).

Table A. Calculated concentrations of SO2 in pm for comparison to the new standard of 0.075 ppm at Hawaii 

Volcanoes NP.

Observatory / Jaggar Museum Visitor Center

Year Annual 99th

Percentile

3-year Average 

99th Percentile

# Days 

Exceedances

Annual 99th

Percentile

3-year Average 

99th Percentile

# Days 

Exceedances

2007 1.142 1.079 93 0.923 1.069 87

2008 2.447 1.520 123 1.342 1.164 102

2009 3.575 2.388 138 2.487 1.584 113

* Start of Halema`uma`u additional SO2 emissions

7

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

65 155 245 335 425 515 605 695 785 875

SO2 emission rate (tonnes/day)

Julian Day

Hawaii Volcanoes NP

Total SO2 Emission Rate (both vents)

Hawaii Volcanoes NP

Total SO2 Emission Rate (both vents)

SO2 Emission Rate (tonnes/day)

Julian Day

March 6, 2008 through March 5, 2010
Figure 1. 2009 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units.

8

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 1. 2009 Site specifications.

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude

(degrees 

north)

Longitude

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park ServiceAgate Fossil Beds Residence Area NE AGFO-RA --- 31-165-1001 42.4283 103.7294 1344 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Assateague Island Maintenance Area MD ASIS-MA --- 24-047-1001 38.2511 75.1594 3 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road TX BIBE-KB BBE401 48-043-0101 29.3022 103.1772 1052 20 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Canyonlands Island in the Sky UT CANY-IS CAN407 49-037-0101 38.4586 109.8211 1809 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area NM CAVE-MA --- 35-015-3001 32.1783 104.4406 1349 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X X

Chiricahua Entrance Station AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 04-003-8001 32.0092 109.3892 1570 19 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Colorado Maintenance Yard CO COLM-MY --- 08-077-1001 39.1067 108.7411 1740 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center ID CRMO-VC --- 16-023-0101 43.4606 113.5622 1815 18 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement TN CUGA-HS --- 21-013-1002 36.6719 83.5264 1013 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Death Valley Park Village CA DEVA-PV --- 06-027-0101 36.5092 116.8481 125 17 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Denali Headquarters AK DENA-HQ DEN417 02-068-0003 63.7258 148.9633 661 23 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail WY DETO-JR --- 56-011-1013 44.5969 104.7047 1200 2 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XDinosaur West Entrance Housing UT DINO-WE --- 49-047-1002 40.2917 108.9417 2072 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X X

Everglades Beard Center FL EVER-BC EVE419 12-086-0030 25.3911 80.6806 2 --- --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Fort Donelson Visitor Center TN FODO-VC --- --- 36.4825 87.8622 172 2 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District MT GLAC-SM --- 30-035-1001 --- --- --- 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables MT GLAC-WG GLR468 30-029-8001 48.5103 113.9956 976 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Grand Canyon The Abyss AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 04-005-8001 36.0597 112.1822 2073 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Great Basin Maintenance Yard NV GRBA-MY GRB411 32-033-0101 39.0053 114.2158 2060 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome TN GRSM-CD --- 47-155-0102 35.5619 83.4981 2021 17 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain TN GRSM-CM --- 47-155-0101 35.6967 83.6086 1243 22 X --- X X X X X --- --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TN GRSM-LR GRS420 47-009-0101 35.6331 83.9422 793 22 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory /Jaggar Museum HI HAVO-OB --- 15-001-0007 19.4203 155.2881 1123 --- X X X X X X X --- --- --- ---

Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center HI HAVO-VC --- 15-001-0005 19.4308 155.2578 1215 --- X --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Joshua Tree Black Rock CA JOTR-BR JOT403 06-071-9002 34.0714 116.3906 1244 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon CA JOTR-CC --- 06-065-0008 33.7411 115.8206 984 5 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells CA JOTR-PW --- 06-065-1004 33.9397 115.4108 326 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X X

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station CA LAVO-ML LAV410 06-089-3003 40.5403 121.5764 1756 23 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow KY MACA-HM MAC426 21-061-0501 37.1319 86.1478 243 15 X --- X X X X X X X X X

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area CO MEVE-RM MEV405 08-083-0101 37.1983 108.4903 2165 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Mojave Kelso Mountains CA MOJA-KM --- 06-071-1001 35.1019 115.7767 1212 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X --- 9
Table 1. 2009 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods WA MORA-TW MOR409 53-053-1010 46.7583 122.1244 415 19 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Natchez Trace Parkway Buzzard Roost Springs MS NATR-BR --- 01-033-1003 34.7589 88.0139 148 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Olympic Deer Park WA OLYM-DP --- 53-009-0016 47.9492 123.2653 1607 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Petrified Forest South Entrance AZ PEFO-SE PET427 04-017-0119 34.8225 109.8919 1723 8 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station CA PINN-ES PIN414 06-069-0003 36.485 121.1556 335 23 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak CO ROMO-LP ROM406 08-069-0007 40.2778 105.5453 2743 25 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain CA SEKI-AS SEK430 06-107-0009 36.4894 118.8292 457 11 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah CA SEKI-LK --- 06-107-0006 36.5658 118.7772 1890 26 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Shenandoah Big Meadows VA SHEN-BM SHN418 51-113-0003 38.5231 78.4347 1073 27 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Shiloh Russian Tenant Field TN SHIL-RT --- --- 35.1572 88.3394 --- 2 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay MN VOYA-SB VOY413 27-137-0034 48.4128 92.8292 429 14 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone Old Faithful WY YELL-OF --- 56-039-1012 44.4569 110.8314 2246 --- --- X X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Yellowstone Water Tank WY YELL-WT YEL408 56-039-1011 44.5597 110.4006 2400 14 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yosemite School Yard CA YOSE-SY --- 06-043-1004 37.7478 119.5917 1234 4 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Yosemite Turtleback Dome CA YOSE-TD YOS404 06-043-0003 37.7133 119.7061 1605 17 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Zion Dalton’s Wash UT ZION-DW --- 49-053-0130 37.1983 113.1506 1213 6 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---

 # active park units: 38 # active park sites: 47

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain ME ACAD-CM --- 23-009-0102 44.3472 68.2278 466 15 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Acadia McFarland Hill ME ACAD-MH ACA416 23-009-0103 44.3769 68.2608 158 12 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Badlands Visitor Center SD BADL-VC --- 46-071-0001 43.7436 101.9414 739 12 X X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod MA CACO-XX --- 25-001-0002 41.9758 70.0247 41 23 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Chamizal Chamizal TX CHAM-XX --- 48-141-0044 31.7656 106.455 1128 18 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Congaree Congaree Bluff SC COSW-BL --- 45-079-0021 33.8147 80.7811 34 10 X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cowpens State Monitor SC COWP-SM --- 45-021-0002 35.1303 87.8164 297 22 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Everglades Cutler Road FL EVER-CR --- 12-086-0029 25.5861 80.3269 4 25 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove TN GRSM-CC --- 47-009-0102 35.6042 83.7831 564 17 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob NC GRSM-PK --- 37-087-0036 35.59 83.0775 1500 15 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker IN INDU-AB --- 18-089-0022 41.5733 87.3047 183 17 X X X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center WA MORA-JV --- 53-053-0012 46.7853 121.7378 1615 12 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Saguaro Pima County AZ SAGU-PC --- 04-019-0021 32.1744 110.7364 938 18 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

10

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 1. 2009 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr ND THRO-VC THR422 38-007-0002 46.8947 103.3778 850 12 X X X X X X X X X X X

Wind Cave Visitor Center SD WICA-VC WNC429 46-033-0132 43.5578 103.4839 1292 6 X X X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone West Yellowstone MT YELL-WS --- 30-031-0017 44.6569 111.0894 2030 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- --- ---

Yosemite Village CA YOSE-VI --- 06-043-1001 37.7458 119.6028 1216 --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # active park units: 15 # active park sites: 17

a The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.

b A filter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the “inferential method.” This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements and land use functions to 

compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the filter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The filter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3-), 

particulate ammonium (NH4+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured from the filter samples.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service italics = site operated by a state agency underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Parameter key: O3 = ozone analyzer (ppb) 

 SO2 = sulfur dioxide analyzer (ppb) 

 PM = particulate matter (μg/m3) 

 WD = wind direction (degrees)

 WS = wind speed (m/s)

 TMP = ambient temperature (degrees C)

 RH = relative humidity (%)

 RNF = precipitation (mm/hr)

 WET= wetness (% on)

 DTP = delta temperature (degrees C)

 SOL= solar radiation (watts/m2)

Note: Dashed lines indicate parameter not measured at that site. 

11
79 5

Table 2. 2009 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 350 73 70 67 65 63 0

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 327 74 72 70 68 68 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 361 79 67 66 65 65 1

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 360 59 58 58 58 58 0

Death Valley Park Village 344 86 77 72 70 69 2

Denali Headquarters 351 56 55 54 54 54 0

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 354 61 58 56 55 54 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 349 67 67 66 66 65 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 330 74 73 70 69 69 0

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 178 72 71 71 71 68 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 361 74 72 70 70 69 0

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 360 84 71 70 69 68 1

Joshua Tree Black Rock 331 104 102 95 93 93 59

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 333 85 84 84 81 80 11

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 356 66 65 64 64 63 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 345 69 67 66 65 65 0

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 358 73 71 70 69 69 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 328 59 59 58 58 58 0

Petrified Forest South Entrance 358 69 64 63 62 62 0

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 347 73 72 71 71 71 0

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 345 75 70 68 68 68 0

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 355 100 99 98 98 96 72

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 360 85 83 81 80 80 18

Shenandoah Big Meadows 357 72 71 70 70 69 0

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 349 63 63 63 62 61 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 358 93 67 64 63 63 1

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 353 86 83 79 79 78 9

Zion Dalton’s Wash 335 78 72 71 68 68 1

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 208 85 77 75 74 68 2

Acadia McFarland Hill 360 86 77 73 73 64 2

Badlands Visitor Center 364 57 55 55 54 53 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 177 82 78 73 72 69 2

Chamizal Chamizal 349 72 69 68 66 65 0

Congaree Congaree Bluff 359 65 61 60 59 58 0

Cowpens State Monitor 348 60 59 58 57 57 0

Everglades Cutler Road 352 76 71 68 62 61 1

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 253 67 65 63 62 61 0

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 208 67 66 66 65 65 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 176 62 60 59 59 59 0

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 330 59 57 56 54 54 0

Saguaro Pima County 363 69 67 67 67 64 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 356 61 58 56 56 55 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 246 65 65 62 61 61 0

93

81 11

80 18

98 72

79 9

59

12

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 2. 2009 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st 

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Portable ozone monitoring systemsb

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 104 62 62 60 59 58 0

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 154 62 62 62 61 61 0

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 75 68 66 65 63 63 0

Colorado Maintenance Yard 161 62 61 60 58 57 0

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 150 68 64 63 63 62 0

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 163 66 63 62 61 61 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 159 66 64 64 63 63 0

Fort Donelson Visitor Center 39 61 59 58 58 56 0

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 138 66 62 60 58 57 0

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 86 81 75 74 73 72 1

Mojave Kelso Mountains 174 85 83 81 80 80 12

Natchez Trace Parkway Buzzard Roost Springs 137 59 56 56 53 53 0

Olympic Deer Park --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Shiloh Russian Tenant Field 49 49 47 47 46 46 0

Yosemite School Yard 176 66 66 64 63 63 0

a The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour 

average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here in orange or red.

b The Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov). 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Bold = Ozone summary statistics for POMS are highlighted bold where exceedances occurred. These sites should be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes only.

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average = 76 - 104 ppb ozone concentration # days with 8-hour average ≥76 ppb = 4 - 10 days

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration > 10 days

13
Figure 2. 2009 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

14

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 3. 2009 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥76 ppb.

15
Figure 4. 2009 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

16

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 3. 2009 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b.

National Park Unit Site Name 2007–2009 2006-2008 2005-2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003 2000–2002

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 66 66 66 63 63 62 62 (62)

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 70 71 70 70 71 72 70 (71)

Chiricahua Entrance Station 66 69 71 72 71 71 70 70

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center (64) (67) (67) --- --- 67 (65) (63)

Death Valley Park Village 77 81 84 82 81 80 81 81

Denali Headquarters 58 58 52 51 52 53 54 49

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 51 53 55 54 56 55 53 49

Grand Canyon The Abyss 68 70 72 73 74 74 74 73

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 71 72 73 72 72 72 70 (72)

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome (79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92) (98)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 79 82 82 77 78 86 92 96

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 79 85 86 84 86 91 92 94

Joshua Tree Black Rock 100 104 103 103 105 106 99 94

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon (80) (79) (66) (62) (45) --- --- ---

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 74 77 72 69 68 71 72 74

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 72 74 76 72 73 77 80 84

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 69 71 73 73 70 68 67 69

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods (56) 58 (56) (58) (61) 63 61 56

Petrified Forest South Entrance (67) (70) (70) (70) (71) (66) (64) (55)

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 77 79 74 75 76 81 81 81

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 74 76 76 74 78 82 81 78

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain (103) (105) (103) (105) (105) (107) (105)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 90 96 95 96 97 101 101 98

Shenandoah Big Meadows 73 76 77 77 (80) 82 87 85

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay (61) (61) (65) 64 66 64 65 (64)

Yellowstone Water Tank 64 66 64 63 61 63 65 65

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 87 (89) 86 86 88 90 90 89

Zion Dalton’s Wash 69 71 78 79 (82) (74) --- ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

3

4

4

5

4

5

3

4

4

5

4

7

5

8

5

8

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 78 79 82 80 82 88 94 93

Acadia McFarland Hill 73 72 74 71 74 80 87 84

Badlands Visitor Center 56 62 68 67 (66) (64) (67) ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod 76 79 84 84 86 88 95 93

Chamizal Chamizal 71 75 74 73 72 78 79 81

Congaree Congaree Bluff 66 71 73 72 73 74 77 77

Cowpens State Monitor 67 74 73 74 75 80 84 87

Everglades Cutler Road 69 72 69 68 66 --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 69 72 70 67 (67) 73 76 79

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 74 77 77 75 78 832 86 88

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker (68) 73 82 75 76 --- --- ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center (56) (59) 61 (60) (59) --- --- ---

Saguaro Pima County 71 74 76 76 (76) (76) (73) 72

106 99 94

(80)

100 104 103 103 105

(105) (103) (105)

77 81 84 82 81 80 81 81

(79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92) (98)

79 82 82 77 78 86 92 96

79 85 86 84 86 91 92 94

77

76 77 80 84

77 76 81 81 81

76 78 82 81

(103) (103) (105) (105) (107)

90 96 95 96 97 101 101 98

76 77 77 (80) 82 87 85

87 (89) 86 86 88 90 90 89

78 79

78 79 82 80 82 88 94 93

80 87 84

76 79 84 84 86 88 95 93

78 79

77

80 84 87

76 79

77 78 82 86 88

82 76

76 76

(79)

79

76 78

(82)

81

77

77

(76) (76)

17
Table 3. 2009 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name 2007–2009 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003 2000–2002

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 59 63 63 (60) (59) 60 61 59

Wind Cave Visitor Center (62) 66 70 (71) (70) --- --- ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

2

3

4

4

4

a The new primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) For reference, values that would violate the new standard are outlined with a black box. The first 3-year 

period that the new standard will apply to is 2008-2010. 

b The old primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the old standard are highlighted here in orange and red. The old standard applies to all 3-year 

periods prior to 2008-2010.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov).

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average 

 = 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 76 ppb ozone concentration 

Note: A number in parenthesis ( ) indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 

3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order 

to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than 

complete data. 

Dashed lines represent no data available at that site. 

18

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 4. 2009 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr)

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 98.5 6 8

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 93.0 7 11

Chiricahua Entrance Station 99.1 12 12

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 99.5 1 5

Death Valley Park Village 96.3 21 15

Denali Headquarters 98.9 0 3

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 98.5 0 1

Grand Canyon The Abyss 96.7 9 10

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 93.4 9 10

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 98.3 5 7

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 99.8 10 9

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 99.5 9 7

Joshua Tree Black Rock 95.3 55 40

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 92.1 22 18

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 98.8 8 7

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 95.9 7 6

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 99.5 19 15

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 95.8 2 2

Petrified Forest South Entrance 99.1 6 9

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 97.4 16 11

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 96.9 13 11

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 98.0 69 55

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 99.3 41 29

Shenandoah Big Meadows 99.4 8 7

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 98.2 4 4

Yellowstone Water Tank 99.3 5 7

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 98.2 38 25

Zion Dalton’s Wash 94.2 15 12

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 99.3 5 5

Acadia McFarland Hill 99.5 3 4

Badlands Visitor Center 99.9 0 2

Cape Cod Cape Cod 97.2 5 5

Chamizal Chamizal 99.2 7 6

Congaree Congaree Bluff 99.4 2 3

Cowpens State Monitor 97.9 1 2

Everglades Cutler Road 99.2 2 3

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 99.3 4 5

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 95.1 3 4

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 98.5 1 2

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 89.5 1 1

Saguaro Pima County 99.8 12 11

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Center 99.3 0 3

Wind Cave Visitor Center 67.4 4 5

19
Table 4. 2009 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr)

Portable ozone monitoring systems

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 70.8 2 4

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 99.8 2 3

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 61.2 7 7

Colorado Maintenance Yard 99.9 1 3

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 99.3 0 3

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 94.9 3 5

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 99.1 5 8

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 93.0 1 3

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 58.9 17 12

Mojave Kelso Mountains 99.8 26 19

Natchez Trace Buzzard Roost Springs 94.0 0 1

Olympic Deer Park 0.0 ---c ---c

Yosemite School Yard 99.3 5 6

a SUM06 exposure index represents the 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a three-month 

maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr.

b W126 exposure index represents 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater emphasis to the higher 

hourly concentrations while still including the lower ones. The value reported here represents a three-month maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr. For 

more information on the W126 exposure index go to http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/docs/air_quality_glossary.pdf.

c In 2009, data capture at this station was not high enough to present values in this table.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

20

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 5. 2009 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

21
Figure 6. 2009 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

22

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 5. 2009 Summary of sulfur dioxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Annual

Arithmetic

Mean (ppb)a

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrationb (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentrationc (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentration (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days

with 24-Hour 

Average

≥ 145 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days 

with 3-Hour 

Maximum 

≥ 550 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 1 3 3 2 2 0 5 5 5 5 0 9 7 7 7

Hawaii Volcanoes * Observatory / Jaggar Museum 47 907 538 528 528 37 3901 2446 2155 1884 39 4311 3825 3598 3564

Hawaii Volcanoes * Visitor Center 35 628 521 507 474 28 2667 2094 1497 1340 27 4555 2562 2543 2459

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 1 4 4 3 3 0 16 7 7 7 0 23 10 9 9

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center 1 3 3 3 3 0 6 5 5 4 0 7 6 5 5

Congaree Congaree Bluff 1 9 9 8 7 0 36 32 32 29 0 75 63 54 49

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 2 20 16 12 11 0 57 53 50 45 0 75 72 68 59

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr 1 7 6 4 3 0 16 15 13 11 0 18 15 11 9

Wind Cave Visitor Center 1 6 3 3 2 0 14 12 11 7 0 32 20 9 9

a The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)

b The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds that standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.4.)

c The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.5.)

* This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 

Color shading key: >34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

907 1884

2094

2155 2446 3901

2667

528

474

528

507

538

521 628 1340 1497

47

35

23
Table 6. 2009 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb (μg/

m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of Days 

with 

24-Hour 

Average

>35 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TEOM 99.0 10.0 26 26 26 24 21 0

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum SHARP 98.1 11.0 75 75 66 63 60 32

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain BAM 86.3 10.8 47 33 32 29 21 1

Shenandoah Big Meadows TEOM 98.8 5.0 18 17 17 15 14 0

Yellowstone Old Faithful BAM 61.5 3.5 8 7 7 7 6 0

Zion Dalton’s Wash FRM or 

FEM

91.1 3.8 15 14 14 12 12 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia McFarland Hill TEOM 97.9 2.0 21 21 18 17 11 0

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 94.6 3.8 17 16 16 14 10 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker TEOM 99.1 11.8 29 28 27 26 25 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr TEOM 98.1 5.3 16 16 15 13 11 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 94.1 6.0 268 122 113 38 15 4

Yellowstone W. Yellowstone State Site BAM 96.3 3.5 12 12 11 10 9 0

Yosemite Village BAM 90.1 11.5 47 43 39 38 36 7

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

annual arithmetic mean of PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean 

PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 35 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM2.5 concentration is greater than 35 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 35 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

 SHARP = synchronized hybrid ambient real-time particulate monitor 

 FRM = federal reference method monitor

 FEM = federal equivalent method monitor 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: Annual arithmetic mean > 15 μg/m3

 98th percentile value > 35 μg/m3 

60

36

24

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 7. 2009 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 99.8 7 40 30 30 30 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 99.5 9 340 140 130 70 1

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

italics = site operated by a state agency 

Table 8. 2009 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon E-sampler 61.0 3 20 20 20 20 0

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

Table 9. PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2007-2009 (μg/m3)

a.

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2009 2008 2007

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 40 90 50

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 340 50 40

a The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: > 1 24-hour average concentration >150 μg/m3

italics = site operated by a state agency

 

25
Table 10. 2009 Annual summary of selected meteorological data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by the National Park Service

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 3.6 20.8 38.6 -3.3 38 99 3 138

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 2.9 12.0 35.2 -13.3 38 96 5 135

Chiricahua Entrance Station 2.9 15.9 35.0 -5.5 43 100 4 323

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 3.2 4.3 32.9 -25.3 55 99 8 ---

Death Valley Park Village 3.7 26.2 48.5 3.5 18 92 2 42

Denali Headquarters 1.4 -1.3 29.4 -37.0 65 100 14 173

Everglades Beard Center 2.2 22.6 35.0 1.9 79 100 19 644

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 0.9 4.8 31.1 -27.0 72 96 13 673

Grand Canyon The Abyss 2.9 6.0 25.3 -8.8 39 98 4 232

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 2.8 10.4 32.3 -17.9 42 96 5 310

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 3.6 10.8 19.3 -8.3 89 100 3 1658

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 4.8 10.6 25.2 -19.1 75 100 3 1175

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 2.4 12.5 27.7 -17.5 75 100 17 1649

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum 4.8 15.4 26.2 7.6 87 100 10 1191

Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 3.6 15.2 27.3 6.2 91 100 14 1914

Joshua Tree Black Rock 3.7 17.0 36.7 -3.7 31 95 2 104

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 3.6 19.2 39.2 -0.7 27 100 5 58

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 1.9 7.1 29.5 -17.9 60 95 6 838

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 1.9 13.7 32.3 -18.2 72 95 22 1495

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 3.1 10.3 31.7 -12.4 40 97 6 272

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 1.0 8.3 37.2 -14.6 82 99 14 1380

Petrified Forest South Entrance 4.0 12.7 35.6 -12.0 40 99 4 94

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 2.3 14.5 42.2 -6.8 53 91 2 303

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 2.9 4.3 25.4 -23.6 50 100 4 486

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 2.5 17.0 40.4 -3.7 50 97 8 309

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 1.7 9.3 28.8 -13.2 56 95 8 933

Shenandoah Big Meadows 2.1 8.4 27.1 -20.7 72 98 8 1396

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 2.7 3.2 31.4 -32.8 76 98 15 772

Yellowstone Old Faithful 1.6 1.3 27.7 -31.7 69 100 7 ---

Yellowstone Water Tank 1.6 0.6 26.6 -27.2 69 96 7 359

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 4.1 11.3 30.9 -11.3 48 98 8 842

Zion Dalton’s Wash 3.8 16.2 40.2 -8.9 34 96 5 64

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 6.0 12.7 28.9 -3.5 81 100 20 ---

Acadia McFarland Hill 2.9 6.7 30.7 -22.5 76 100 16 1427

Cape Cod Cape Cod 2.4 9.6 32.9 -13.2 71 90 14 ---

Chamizal Chamizal 3.3 19.6 39.4 -3.6 32 98 5 ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 1.3 12.9 30.5 -15.3 75 100 13 1663

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 3.4 9.4 33.5 -27.3 74 100 20 ---

Saguaro Pima County 5.8 22.0 40.7 0.4 30 97 5 ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 5.0 5.1 33.9 -28.7 66 96 13 316

Wind Cave Visitor Center 2.8 7.9 33.3 -22.8 55 96 8 370

26

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Table 10. 2009 Annual summary of selected meteorological data (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Portable ozone monitoring systems (seasonal)

Agate Fossil Beds Residence Area 3.1 15.7 36.0 -3.0 65 100 11 341

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 1.3 21.2 33.4 5.0 83 99 36 299

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 4.1 24.8 38.0 9.3 44 100 5 258

Colorado Maintenance Yard 1.7 21.6 35.9 1.6 29 96 5 108

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 2.1 18.1 27.0 4.8 85 100 28 705

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 1.4 15.6 35.1 -4.2 63 100 10 263

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 1.4 20.2 37.3 0.3 41 99 6 105

Fort Donelson Visitor Center 0.8 24.6 35.4 10.1 78 98 33 ---

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 2.4 12.9 28.6 -2.4 60 100 13 236

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 3.2 31.3 46.3 7.4 20 76 5 2

Mojave Kelso Mountains 3.6 24.9 39.2 -0.4 24 94 7 28

Natchez Trace Parkway Buzzard Roost Springs 0.3 23.7 35.2 5.3 83 100 28 671

Olympic Deer Park 0.7 12.0 30.5 -3.4 64 100 7 108

Shiloh Russian Tenant Field 0.8 24.4 34.0 12.7 84 99 40 ---

Yosemite School Yard 0.8 16.6 35.5 -2.7 58 98 10 179

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Data quality tables associated with the data presented in this report can be found at:

http://ard-request.air-resource.com. Click “Get Reports.”

27
Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications Using NPS Data

Bryan, J. Bloomer, Konstantin, Y. Vinnikov, Russell R. Dickerson, Changes in seasonal and 

diurnal cycles of ozone and temperature in the eastern U.S., Atmos. Environ. 44, 2543-2551 

(2010).

Brodin, M., Helmig, D., Oltmans, S. Seasonal Ozone Behavior on an Elevation Gradient in 

the Colorado Front Range Mountains, Atmospheric Environment (2010), doi: 10.1016/

j.atmosenv.2010.06.033.

S.J. Oltmans, A.S. Lefohn, J.M. Harris, D.W. Tarasick, A.M. Thompson, H. Wernli, B.J. 

Johnson, P.C. Novelli, S.A. Montzka, J.D. Ray, L.C. Patrick, C. Sweeney, A. Jefferson, 

T. Dann, J. Davies, M. Shapiro, B.N. Holben, Enhanced ozone over western North 

America from biomass burning in Eurasia during April 2008 as seen in surface and profile 

observations, Atmos. Environ. 44, In Press (2010).

Daniel Q. Tong, Rohit Mathur, Daiwen Kang, Shaocai Yu, Kenneth L. Schere, George 

Pouliot, Vegetation exposure to ozone over the continental United States: Assessment of 

exposure indices by the Eta-CMAQ air quality forecast model, Atmos. Environ. 43, 724–

733 (2009).

Huiqun Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Philippe Le Sager, David G. Streets, Rokjin J. Park, Alice B. 

Gilliland, and A. van Donkelaar, Surface ozone background in the United States: Canadian 

and Mexican pollution influences, Atmos. Environ. 43, 1310 (2009).

Reports Containing NPS Monitoring Data

Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET); 2008 Annual Report, MACTEC 

Engineering and Consulting, Inc., February 2010.

National Park Service, Air Resources Division. 2009. Air quality in national parks: 2008 

annual performance and progress report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/ARD/

NRR—2009/151. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.

Ray, J. D. 2009. Annual data summary 2008: Gaseous pollutant monitoring program. 

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRPC/ARD/NRDS—2009/011. National Park Service, 

Denver, Colorado.

28

2009 GPMP Data Summary
Joshua Tree National Park, California

 - Black Rock monitoring site

Acknowledgements

The National Park Service expresses appreciation and acknowledges the many park 

employees and individuals who serve as site operators and maintain our air quality 

stations, and staff at Air Resource Specialists, Inc. who collect and validate the data, 

provide technical assistance to the site operators, and prepare data summary products.

29