In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 18-860C

(Filed under seal June 30, 2021)

(Reissued July 22, 2021)†

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ACI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., *

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Plaintiff, *

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v. *

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THE UNITED STATES, *

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Defendant, *

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and *

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ANDREA SYSTEMS, LLC, *

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Defendant-Intervenor. *

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H. Todd Whay, Baker, Cronogue, Tolle & Werfel, LLP, of McLean, Va., for 

plaintiff.

Elizabeth Anne Speck, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, 

Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., for defendant. Jennifer Janulewicz, 

DLA Counsel–Land and Maritime, of counsel.

Patrick D. Bonner, Jr., Menz Bonner & Komar, LLP, of New York, N.Y., for 

defendant-intervenor.

ORDER

† Because of the protective order in this case, this order was initially filed under 

seal, and the parties were given the opportunity to request redactions. None has

done so. Accordingly, this order is reissued for publication with a few minor, nonsubstantive corrections.
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WOLSKI, Senior Judge. 

For the reasons stated on the record during the May 4, 2020 status 

conference, and as briefly elaborated upon below, the cross-motions for judgment on 

the administrative record of the government, ECF No. 29, and of intervenor Andrea 

Systems, LLC (Andrea), ECF No. 30, are GRANTED, and the motion for judgment 

on the administrative record of plaintiff ACI Technologies, Inc. (ACI), ECF No. 26, 

is DENIED. This post-award bid protest challenged the award of a contract to 

Andrea by the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA or agency), to supply the Army with 

certain intercom units (called Control, Intercommunication Sets or “CIS”) to be 

installed on the airframes of UH-60A/L Black Hawk helicopters. Plaintiff 

maintained that the award violated the terms of the solicitation, which specified 

that a proposal “will not be considered unless” its CIS received an Airworthiness 

Release (AWR) for use in Black Hawk “helicopter airframes.” Admin. R. (AR) 78 

(emphasis added). The AWR issued for a CIS attached to the Black Hawk airframe 

identified Andrea’s product as the “A301-1A,” AR at 614, but the version that was 

the object of the awarded contract was the “A301-1A-BG,” AR 78---the difference 

being a blue-green light filter used in place of the standard red one, to accommodate 

night vision, see AR 632.

This award did not violate the terms of the solicitation, however, as the 

Request for Proposals stated that the “approved part numbers” of the items that 

were being procured included Andrea’s “A301-1A-BG.” AR 78. Thus, in addition to 

requiring an AWR, the agency also identified the Andrea unit with the blue-green 

filter as one of the two intercoms it had already approved for purchase. Under the 

canon of construction concerning inconsistent general and specific contractual 

provisions, the specific provision, identifying an “approved” part by serial number, 

would control. See, e.g., Jennie-O Foods, Inc. v. United States, 217 Ct. Cl. 314, 337 

n.3 (1978); United Pac. Ins. Co. v. United States, 204 Ct. Cl. 686, 694 (1974); Dravo 

Corp. v. United States, 202 Ct. Cl. 500, 504 (1973); Morrison-Knudsen Co. v. United 

States, 184 Ct. Cl. 661, 696–97 (1968).1 Moreover, no law or regulation has been 

identified requiring the issuance of an AWR before a contract may be awarded. The 

Army’s airworthiness regulation, Army Regulation 70-62, requires an AWR “prior to 

operation” of an aircraft component, see Ex. 2 to Compl., ECF No. 1-3 at 16 (Army 

Reg. 70-62, § 3-1(a)(2)), not prior to acquisition.

The mistake made by the agency was not its determination that Andrea’s 

product complied with the solicitation, but rather its assumption that the Army had 

1 This canon is known as “generalia specialibus non derogant.” See Nitro-Lift 

Techs., L.L.C. v. Howard, 568 U.S. 17, 21 (2012); Anchor Sav. Bank, FSB v. United 

States, 121 Fed. Cl. 296, 327 (2015); ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN A. GARNER, READING 

LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 183–84 (2012).
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confirmed the airworthiness of the right version of the intercom. The only reason 

that the AWR for intercoms mounted on the airframe did not specify the Andrea 

model with the blue-green light filter was a miscommunication with the employee of 

the Army’s Aviation Engineering Directorate (AED) who was tasked with updating 

that particular AWR. He apparently was not informed that the blue-green light 

filter was dictated by the Army’s current specifications, see AR 52–53, and only 

considered the airworthiness of Andrea’s base part, number A301-1A, see AR A3–

A4. A different office of the AED had approved the airworthiness of Andrea’s base 

part, when used in the Black Hawk console, after testing. See AR 68, 630, A3, A8–

A1286. This approval for use in the console was subsequently extended to cover the 

version with blue-green light filter, part number A301-1A-BG, through the 

“Qualification by Similarity” process, on April 13, 2016. AR 632; see also AR 630. 

As “the function of the A301-1A-BG is the same whether installed in the Black 

Hawk’s AN/ASC-15E console or the airframe,” the employee who revised the AWR 

for the airframe would have included the A301-1A-BG in that AWR prior to the 

solicitation being issued for the contract awarded to Andrea, had he realized that 

was the version the Army was considering buying. See AR A3–A4.2

This clerical error was particularly confounding, as it appears the only reason 

the AWR for the airframe was being revised was to allow the Andrea intercoms 

which had previously been approved for use in the Black Hawk console to be eligible 

for this procurement. When Andrea submitted an offer for the predecessor contract, 

the offer was rejected because its CIS had been issued an AWR as a component of

the Black Hawk console, but not as a unit mounted separately on the airframe. AR 

at 68. Andrea threatened to protest this exclusion. Id. Shortly thereafter, more 

than one year before the then-current AWR for the airframe intercom was to expire, 

see AR 666, it was revised to include Andrea’s A301-1A, see AR 614. As a 

consequence, the Army updated the database of approved supply items, adding to 

the National Stock Number (NSN) of intercoms to be used in the Black Hawk the 

Andrea part number which corresponded with the intercom matching its current 

specifications, the A301-1A-BG. AR 51–53. This entry was then the basis for the 

listing of that version as an approved part number in the Request for Proposals. AR 

612. 

The administrative record thus shows clearly that, had the Army realized 

that the AWR for the airframe did not cover Andrea’s intercom with the blue-green 

light filter, the AWR would have been revised to include that model---as there was 

no rational basis to limit approval to the base model, in light of the Qualification by 

Similarity determination. Indeed, once the correct instruction was received by the 

2 A report submitted by Andrea had demonstrated, to the AED’s satisfaction, that 

the swapping of lens colors for the panel lighting would have no bearing on the test 

results previously considered. See Ex. 1 to Gloisten Decl., ECF No. 30 at 52–87. 
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AED employee, it took him but two business days to confirm that the A301-1A-BG 

had proven to be airworthy and to update the relevant AWR. AR A4 (¶ 14). Thus, 

any mistake made by the agency did not prejudice ACI. And since the erroneous 

omission of the Andrea intercom from the AWR was not known by offerors at the 

time offers were submitted, this mistake could not have induced ACI to alter its 

offer---it made its proposal on the assumption that the A301-1A-BG was an 

approved alternative to its own product. See AR 78. Under these circumstances, 

the award to Andrea was not arbitrary or improper.

Plaintiff also challenged the process by which Andrea’s intercom was found 

airworthy, contending that its own product underwent more rigorous testing. See 

Pl.’s Mot. for J. at 14–15. But the administrative record contains the lengthy, 

detailed testing of the Andrea intercom, AR A11–A1286, and the AED’s approvals, 

AR A6–A7. Plaintiff has not identified any solicitation provision, law or regulation 

that was violated in the approval process. In light of the great discretion possessed 

by the military concerning technical safety testing, see TAT Techs., Ltd. v. United 

States, 128 Fed. Cl. 109, 114 (2016), the Court could not find the Army’s 

determination of the airworthiness of the Andrea products to have been arbitrary or 

unlawful.3

For the reasons discussed above, and as stated on the record during the May 

4, 2020 status conference, plaintiff ’s motion for judgment on the administrative 

record is DENIED, and the cross-motions of defendant and intervenor are 

GRANTED. The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Victor J. Wolski

VICTOR J. WOLSKI

Senior Judge

3 As the issuance of an AWR is a part of “the process for determining a need for 

property or services,” 41 U.S.C. § 111, it can properly be challenged in a bid protest. 

See Distributed Sols., Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2008).