Annual Data Summary 2010

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2011/192

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science
ON THE COVER

Dinosaur National Monument (Split Mountain and the Green River), Colorado.

Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service.
Annual Data Summary 2010

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2011/192

John D. Ray, Ph.D.

National Park Service Air Resources Division 

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

PO BOX 25287

Denver, CO, 80225

August 2011

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science

Denver, Colorado
NPS 909/109501, August 2011

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Denver office publishes a range of reports 

that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and 

others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the 

public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has 

been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been 

completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is 

scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and 

published in a professional manner. 

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, 

analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views 

and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial 

products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This annual data summary was prepared for the National Park Service under contract C2350064024 by Air Resource 

Specialists, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado.

This report is available from the NPS Air Resources Division (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/monitoring/ads/

ADSReport.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/

publications/NRPM). 

Please cite this publication as:

Ray, J. D. 2011. Annual data summary 2010: Gaseous pollutant monitoring program. Natural Resource Data Series 

NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2011/192. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. 

ii

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Contents

Sections

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Monitoring Results....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Network Configuration....................................................................................................................................... 6

Summary of Results.......................................................................................................................................... 10

Summary of Meteorological Data ..................................................................................................................... 24

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................... 27 

iii
Tables

Table 1. 2010 Site Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 7

Table 2. 2010 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb)...................................................................... 10

Table 3. 2010 Ozone violation summary - primary standard........................................................................................ 15

Table 4. 2010 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).................................................................. 17

Table 5. 2010 Summary of sulfur dioxide data............................................................................................................ 21

Table 6. 2010 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods........................................................ 22

Table 7. 2010 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods......................................................... 23

Table 8. 2010 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods ....................................................................... 23

Table 9. 2010 PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2008-2010 (μg/m3)....................... 23

Table 10. 2010 Annual summary of selected meteorological data............................................................................... 24

Figures

Figure 1. 2010 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units....................................................................................... 6

Figure 2. 2010 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ......................... 12

Figure 3. 2010 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥ 76 ppb .......................... 13

Figure 4. 2010 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ................................................ 14

Figure 5. 2010 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season 

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) ............................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 6. 2010 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) ............................................................................................................................ 20

iv

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Introduction

This report focuses on the gaseous air 

pollutant concentrations measured in 

national parks during 2010 as part of the 

National Park Service, Air Resources 

Division (NPS ARD) monitoring program. 

It is mostly a statistical summary and 

feedback for park staff. The primary air 

pollutants reported, including ozone 

(O

3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and inhalable 

particulate matter (PM2.5), are known to 

cause human health problems and to injure 

natural resources. The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards to 

which we can compare the monitored data. 

More information on air quality conditions 

and trends in the parks can be found in 

the Division’s annual performance reports (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/index.cfm )

.

In recent years ozone pollution at surface 

monitoring sites in the national parks has 

been decreasing. In 2010, only 7 parks 

with monitors within the park had ozone 

concentrations that exceeded the National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), 

which is currently at 75 ppb for an 8-hour 

average. Parks with high ozone are listed 

below with NAAQS relevant statistics.

Most of these parks are in California and 

have air pollutants transported into them 

from more populated areas to the west. A 

fourth park unit, Mojave National Preserve, 

has been found to have high ozone based 

on portable ozone monitors, with the 4th

highest 8-hour concentration of 77 ppb 

and 4 exceedance days. The Mojave station 

had higher ozone concentrations than 

the nearby Death Valley station, which 

had a 4th highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentration of 69 ppb. 

Other gaseous pollutants are measured in 

fewer parks. PM2.5 is now being measured 

with continuous monitors in 15 park or 

park-supported units. Unhealthy conditions, 

as defined by the NAAQS for PM2.5, occur in 

2 park units: Hawaii Volcanoes and Indiana 

Dunes. SO

2 is measured by the National 

Park Service in Hawaii Volcanoes, Great 

Smoky Mountains, and Mammoth Cave, 

but only Hawaii Volcanoes has extreme 

SO

2 concentrations that far exceed the 

current NAAQS of 75 ppb as a daily 1-hour 

maximum. 

Both current and past data from NPS 

monitoring sites is available on the Web: 

•	 Current air quality (http://www.nature.

nps.gov/air/data/current/index.cfm).

•	 Interactive data and report products 

access to validated archive database (http://ard-request.air-resource.com/

data.aspx).

•	 AirNow has current air quality conditions 

and forecasts for national parks and 

urban locations (http://airnow.gov/index.

cfm?action=airnow.national_summary).

•	 Maps of air quality concentrations and 

monitoring locations can be obtained 

from the interactive Web site “Air Atlas” (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Maps/

AirAtlas/index.cfm).

Park 2010 4th high 8-hr Exceedances 3-yr avg 4th high 8-hr

Joshua Tree 97 ppb 53 days 98 ppb

Sequoia and Kings Canyon 94 ppb 66 days 101 ppb

Great Smoky Mountains 81 ppb 11 days 77 ppb

Cape Cod 78 ppb 4 days 75 ppb

Rocky Mountain 77 ppb 6 days 73 ppb

Yosemite 77 ppb 7 days 83 ppb

Acadia 76 ppb 4 days 74 ppb

1
The NPS cooperates with a number of 

state agencies. At some sites, state air 

quality agencies provide measurement and 

operations support, and data are generally 

shared directly among cooperating agencies. 

Relevant O3, SO2, PM, and meteorological 

data submitted by states to the EPA AQS are 

retrieved for inclusion in this report. 

Annual Ozone Summaries

In 2008 the primary National Ambient 

Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone 

changed from 0.08 ppm (85 ppb equivalent) 

over an 8-hour period to 0.075 ppm (75 

ppb equivalent) over an 8-hour period 

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/

ozone/s_o3_index.html). The ozone standard 

is again under review and a new standard 

between 0.060 and 0.070 ppm is expected 

to be set by 2011. According to the current 

standard, an exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone 

concentration is greater than or equal to 

76 ppb. An exceedance of the standard 

is not the same as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentration equals or exceeds 

76 ppb. The secondary ozone standard 

defined by the EPA, which is intended to 

protect the environment, is the same as the 

primary standard. In this report, ozone 

concentrations are compared to the NAAQS 

that was in place during the period reported.

Table 2 summarizes O3 measurements 

with respect to the daily maximum 

8-hour average concentrations at each 

NPS monitoring site. The five highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations are listed, as well as the total 

number of days with exceedances of the 

8-hour standard. At each site with an EPAcertified monitor, the fourth highest value 

column and the number of days column 

are both color-coded to identify sites where 

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone value exceeded the standard 

during 2010. Note that other sites may have 

experienced fewer than four exceedances 

of the standard, and are not color coded. 

Ozone summary statistics for POMS 

are highlighted bold where exceedances 

occurred. These sites should be compared to 

EPA standards for reference purposes only.

Monitoring Results

The NPS ARD issues this annual data 

summary for their Gaseous Pollutant 

Monitoring Program (GPMP). These 

summaries present only O3, SO2, PM, 

and meteorological data from continuous 

monitors that report hourly data. Other gas, 

particulate, and precipitation monitoring is 

performed under the visibility and deposition 

programs and is reported separately. 

Data collected by this monitoring program 

are incorporated into the EPA Air Quality 

System (AQS) database, which is a national 

database of air quality data collected 

throughout the country. These data are 

also stored in the NPS ARD’s Information 

Management Center (IMC), and are 

publicly available through the NPS ARD’s 

Web site at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/

Monitoring/network.cfm#data.

GPMP Network Monitoring

The locations of monitoring sites that 

operated during 2010 are presented on the 

map in Figure 1. The parameters monitored 

at each park unit are indicated with colored 

flags. The CASTNet flag identifies sites 

where the NPS operates Clean Air Status 

and Trends Network monitoring systems 

in cooperation with EPA to estimate dry 

atmospheric deposition. The enhanced 

gaseous and/or particulates flag indicates 

that the NPS sponsors additional or 

high-resolution gaseous or particulate 

monitoring at that park unit. Monitoring 

agencies and park units with more than 

one monitoring site are indicated. Site 

specifications, including site names, 

abbreviations, AQS identification numbers, 

locations, and monitored parameters are 

listed in Table 1.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory 

compliance, the NPS added portable ozone 

monitoring systems (POMS) to the GPMP 

in 2003. The POMS monitors have recently 

been designated by the EPA as a federal 

equivalency method (FEM) to measure 

certifiable ozone data. Although the POMS 

are not currently operated according to 

this protocol, the data are equivalent to 

the certified monitors and can be used for 

survey monitoring to obtain air quality 

baseline information. POMS site names 

in tables and figures have been underlined 

to distinguish them from monitoring sites 

meeting all EPA guidelines.

2

2010 GPMP Data Summary
W126 and SUM06 thresholds for ozone effects to vegetation

Growth Reduction W126 SUM06

Tree seedlings - natural forest stands 7-13 ppm-hrs 10-15 ppm-hrs

Tree seedlings/saplings - plantations 9-14 ppm-hrs 12-16 ppm-hrs

Visible Foliar Injury

Plants in natural ecosystems 5-9 ppm-hrs 8-12 ppm-hrs

The map in Figure 2 presents the annual 

fourth highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites listed in 

Table 2. Ozone values for EPA-certified sites 

are color-coded to represent values below 

(green) and above (orange and red) the 

national standard. Values from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3 presents the annual 

number of days which exceeded the 8-hour 

standard for all network sites listed in 

Table 2. The data points are color-coded 

to distinguish between sites that did not 

exceed NAAQS (green) and those that did 

(orange and red). Data from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference.

The map in Figure 4 presents the annual 

second highest 1-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites. Ozone 

values for EPA-certified sites are colorcoded to represent four distinct levels. 

Ozone values from portable sites (no color) 

are included for reference only.

Ozone Violation Summaries

Table 3 presents ozone violation summaries 

for NPS-operated and cooperating sites 

for all 3-year periods over the last 10 years. 

Violations of the (old) 85 ppb standard are 

indicated in orange and red. Values that 

violate the new standard of 75 ppb are 

outlined with a black box. 

A violation of the standard occurs when 

the 3-year average of the fourth highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

EPA data completeness requirements for 

the 3-year period were not met. However, 

annual fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour ozone concentrations greater 

than or equal to 76 ppb for calendar 

years not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements are included in the NAAQS 

violation computation.

Resource Injury Indices

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, 

various indices other than the NAAQS 

primary and secondary standards are often 

used. These indices, defined below, take into 

account both peak ozone concentrations 

and cumulative exposure to ozone.

•	 W126 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month 

sum of the 0800-2000 hourly average 

ozone concentrations during the 

EPA-designated ozone season, where 

a weighting function is used to give 

increasing significance (weights between 

0 and 1) to concentrations of ozone 

greater than 0.04 ppm (40 ppb), and no 

weight to concentrations below 0.04 ppm 

(40 ppb). Units of this index are ppm-hr. 

•	 SUM06 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month sum 

of the 0800-2000 hourly average ozone 

concentrations during the ozone season 

that are equal to or greater than 0.06 

ppm (60 ppb). The units of this index are 

ppm -hr. Several thresholds have been 

developed for SUM06

1

.

The W126 is expressed as a 3-month sum of 

all hourly ozone concentrations where each 

concentration is weighted by a sigmoidal 

function that gives greater emphasis to the 

higher hourly concentrations while still 

including the lower ones. In the latest use 

of W126, only the daytime hours of 8 am to 

8 pm (12 hours) are used in the expression. 

This weighting function provides a 

weighting value that is unique for each 

hourly ozone concentration. The weighting 

function, as described by Lefohn, Laurence, 

and Kohut

2 is:

 w

1

i

 = _______________________

 1 + 4403 exp - ( 126ci )

where wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration 

i

, and c

i

 = hourly 

concentration i in ppb.

3
The graph of weighting value versus 

ozone concentration, in the figure above, 

illustrates the greater weights given to 

higher hourly ozone concentrations. Each 

hour’s weighting value is multiplied by 

its corresponding hourly concentration. 

This product is summed over all the valid 

daytime hours in each month to calculate 

the monthly W126 exposure. Thus, the 

monthly W126 exposure is: 

 n

W126 = ∑ wi * ci

 i=1

 n

where

W126 = monthly W126 exposure index,

wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration i,

ci = hourly concentration i in ppb, and

n = number of hours in the month with 

valid ozone concentrations.

EPA is considering the maximum daytime 

consecutive 3-month value of the W126 for 

the secondary standard. The exposure units 

are ppb-hr.

Because each hour contributes to this 

exposure index, the number of hours with 

valid observations (n) is an important 

factor in calculating the W126. The EPA 

usually considers air quality statistics to be 

“valid” (i.e., representative of the parameter 

being estimated for the time interval in 

question) only if 75% or more of the total 

possible observations have been measured 

during that time interval. Therefore, one 

should exercise caution when comparing 

these statistics between months and sites, 

particularly those that are not averages 

(e.g., maxima and exposures) whenever the 

number of valid observations is less than 

75% of the total possible. EPA is developing 

fill-in rules for missing hourly data that may 

be issued when the revision to the ozone 

standard is announced in 20113.

Table 4 presents the ozone exposure indices 

summary statistics for 2010. Summaries 

for POMS are included for comparison 

only. Since portable sites are deployed for 

seasonal use, there may be significant biases 

in W126 and SUM06 exposure indices 

calculated from their data. 

Figure 5 presents the 3-month maximum 

W126 exposure index for all network 

sites listed in Table 4. Figure 6 presents 

the annual 3-month maximum SUM06 

exposure index for the same sites. Index 

values are color-coded to represent three 

distinct levels of cumulative exposure. Data 

from portable sites (no color) are included 

for reference only. 

1Heck, W.W. and E.B. Cowling, 1997. The 

Need for a Long-term Cumulative Secondary 

Ozone Standard - An Ecological Perspective. 

Environmental Management. January: 23-33.

2Lefohn, A.S.; Lawrence, J.A.; Kohut, R.J. 

(1988). A comparison of indices that describe 

the relationship between exposure to ozone 

and reduction in the yield of agricultural crops. 

Atmospheric Environment. 22:1229-1240.

3U.S. EPA, 2010, Proposed Rule, National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, 

Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 11/Tuesday, 

January 19, 2010.

Sulfur Dioxide Summaries

During 2010, the primary NAAQS for 

sulfur dioxide was a 24-hour mean of 0.14 

ppm not to be exceeded more than once 

per year, and a daily maximum 1-hour 

average of 75 ppb. The secondary NAAQS 

was a 3-hour mean of 0.50 ppm, not to 

be exceeded more than once per year. 

The EPA revised the SO2 standard in June 

2010 to add the primary 1-hour average 

standard. Table 5 summarizes sulfur 

dioxide measurements for comparison to 

the standards that were in place during 

2010 and lists the number of exceedances 

for each. 

Kilauea Volcano is the source of sulfur 

dioxide in Hawaii Volcanoes National 

Park. Sulfur dioxide data are collected in 

the park using a lower range and an upper 

range. The lower range does not capture 

values higher than 1 ppm (1,000 ppb), but 

is considered to be an EPA equivalency 

method. The upper range captures values 

above 1 ppm accurately, but is not an EPA 

equivalent range. The Hawaii Volcanoes 

4

2010 GPMP Data Summary
National Park data presented in this report 

were collected using the upper range to give 

a more accurate representation of sulfur 

dioxide values.

PM2.5 Data Summaries 

The primary NAAQS for PM2.5 are an 

annual arithmetic mean of 15 mg/m3 and 

a daily arithmetic mean of 35 mg/m3. An 

exceedance of the standard occurs when 

either an annual arithmetic mean is greater 

than 15.0 mg/m3 or a daily arithmetic mean 

is greater than 35 mg/m3. An exceedance of 

the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when either the 3-year 

average of the annual mean is greater than 

15.0 mg/m3 or the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile daily mean concentrations is 

greater than 35 mg/m3.

Table 6 summarizes PM2.5 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and 

the annual arithmetic mean. The four 

highest and 98th percentile 24-hour average 

concentrations are listed, as well as the 

total number of days with 24-hour average 

PM2.5 concentrations greater than 35mg/m3. 

No violation summaries for PM2.5 data are 

presented.

PM10 Data Summaries

The primary NAAQS for PM10 is a 

daily arithmetic mean of 150 mg/m3. 

An exceedance of the standard occurs 

when a daily arithmetic mean is greater 

than 150 mg/m3. An exceedance of the 

standard is not the same as a violation. A 

violation occurs when a 24-hour average 

concentration greater than 150 mg/m3 

occurs more than once per year on average 

over three years. 

Table 7 summarizes PM10 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and 

the annual arithmetic mean. The four 

highest 24-hour average concentrations are 

listed, as well as the total number of days 

with exceedances of the NAAQS 24-hour 

standard. The number of days column 

is color-coded to identify sites where 

an exceedance of the 24-hour standard 

occurred.

Table 8 presents the same summaries 

for sites that collected PM10 using nonequivalency methods.

Table 9 presents a PM10 violation summary 

based on the 24-hour average standard 

for one-year periods over the last three 

years, with violations indicated in red. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

the EPA data completeness requirement 

was not met. However, calendar quarters 

not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements were included in the NAAQS 

violation computation if the resulting 

24-hour average exceeds the standard.

Meteorological Data Summaries

Table 10 presents a summary of selected 

meteorological data for all sites. The 

parameters included are wind speed, 

ambient temperature, relative humidity, 

and precipitation.

View of the Halema`uma`u vent within the 

Kilauea caldera. (USGS photo)

5
Figure 1. 2010 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units.

6

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 1. 2010 Site specifications.

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude

(degrees 

north)

Longitude

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)Assateague Island Maintenance Area MD ASIS-MA --- 24-047-1001 38.2511 75.1594 3 6 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road TX BIBE-KB BBE401 48-043-0101 29.3022 103.1772 1052 21 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Canyonlands Island in the Sky UT CANY-IS CAN407 49-037-0101 38.4586 109.8211 1809 19 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area NM CAVE-MA --- 35-015-3001 32.1783 104.4406 1349 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XChickamauga/Chatanooga Lookout Mountain TN CHCH-LM --- --- 34.9183 85.27 237 1 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Chiricahua Entrance Station AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 04-003-8001 32.0092 109.3892 1570 20 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

City of Rocks Juniper Campground ID CIRO-JC --- 16-031-001 42.0289 113.7292 1914 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Colorado Maintenance Yard CO COLM-MY --- 08-077-1001 39.1067 108.7411 1740 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center ID CRMO-VC --- 16-023-0101 43.4606 113.5622 1815 19 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement TN CUGA-HS --- 21-013-1002 36.6719 83.5264 1013 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Death Valley Park Village CA DEVA-PV --- 06-027-0101 36.5092 116.8481 125 18 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Denali Headquarters AK DENA-HQ DEN417 02-068-0003 63.7258 148.9633 661 24 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail WY DETO-JR --- 56-011-1013 44.5969 104.7047 1200 3 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XDinosaur West Entrance Housing UT DINO-WE --- 49-047-1002 40.2917 108.9417 2072 6 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X X

Everglades Beard Center FL EVER-BC EVE419 12-086-0030 25.3911 80.6806 2 --- --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District MT GLAC-SM --- 30-035-1001 48.7408 113.4333 1388 2 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables MT GLAC-WG GLR468 30-029-8001 48.5103 113.9956 976 19 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Grand Canyon The Abyss AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 04-005-8001 36.0597 112.1822 2073 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Great Basin Maintenance Yard NV GRBA-MY GRB411 32-033-0101 39.0053 114.2158 2060 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome TN GRSM-CD --- 47-155-0102 35.5619 83.4981 2021 18 --- --- X X --- X X --- --- X ---Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain TN GRSM-CM --- 47-155-0101 35.6967 83.6086 1243 23 X --- X X X X X --- --- --- ---Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TN GRSM-LR GRS420 47-009-0101 35.6331 83.9422 793 23 X X X X X X X X X X X

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory /Jaggar Museum HI HAVO-OB --- 15-001-0007 19.4203 155.2881 1123 --- X X X X X X X --- --- --- ---Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center HI HAVO-VC --- 15-001-0005 19.4308 155.2578 1215 --- X --- X X X X X --- --- X ---Joshua Tree Black Rock CA JOTR-BR JOT403 06-071-9002 34.0714 116.3906 1244 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X XJoshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon CA JOTR-CC --- 06-065-0008 33.7411 115.8206 984 6 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells CA JOTR-PW --- 06-065-1004 33.9397 115.4108 326 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X XLassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station CA LAVO-ML LAV410 06-089-3003 40.5403 121.5764 1756 23 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow KY MACA-HM MAC426 21-061-0501 37.1319 86.1478 243 15 X --- X X X X X X X X X

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area CO MEVE-RM MEV405 08-083-0101 37.1983 108.4903 2165 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Mojave Kelso Mountains CA MOJA-KM --- 06-071-1001 35.1019 115.7767 1212 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X --- 7
Table 1. 2010 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods WA MORA-TW MOR409 53-053-1010 46.7583 122.1244 415 20 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Olympic Deer Park WA OLYM-DP --- 53-009-0016 47.9492 123.2653 1607 2 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Petrified Forest South Entrance AZ PEFO-SE PET427 04-017-0119 34.8225 109.8919 1723 9 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station CA PINN-ES PIN414 06-069-0003 36.485 121.1556 335 24 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak CO ROMO-LP ROM406 08-069-0007 40.2778 105.5453 2743 26 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center NE SCBL-VC --- 31-157-0005 41.8294 103.708 1255 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain CA SEKI-AS SEK430 06-107-0009 36.4894 118.8292 457 12 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah CA SEKI-LK --- 06-107-0006 36.5658 118.7772 1890 27 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Shenandoah Big Meadows VA SHEN-BM SHN418 51-113-0003 38.5231 78.4347 1073 28 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Stones River Beasley Field TN STRI-BF --- --- 35.8814 86.4353 176 1 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay MN VOYA-SB VOY413 27-137-0034 48.4128 92.8292 429 15 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone Old Faithful WY YELL-OF --- 56-039-1012 44.4569 110.8314 2246 --- --- X X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Yellowstone Water Tank WY YELL-WT YEL408 56-039-1011 44.5597 110.4006 2400 15 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Yosemite School Yard CA YOSE-SY --- 06-043-1004 37.7478 119.5917 1234 5 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Yosemite Turtleback Dome CA YOSE-TD YOS404 06-043-0003 37.7133 119.7061 1605 18 --- --- X X X X X X X X X

Zion Dalton’s Wash UT ZION-DW --- 49-053-0130 37.1983 113.1506 1213 7 --- X X X X X X --- --- X ---

 # active park units: 38 # active park sites: 47

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center CO MEEK-PS --- 08-103-0005 40.0039 107.8475 1994 1 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Rangely Golf Course CO RANG-GC --- 08-103-0006 40.0869 108.7614 1655 1 --- X X X --- X X --- --- X ---

 # active units: 2 # active sites: 2

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain ME ACAD-CM --- 23-009-0102 44.3472 68.2278 466 16 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- ---

Acadia McFarland Hill ME ACAD-MH ACA416 23-009-0103 44.3769 68.2608 158 13 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Badlands Visitor Center SD BADL-VC --- 46-071-0001 43.7436 101.9414 739 13 --- X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod MA CACO-XX --- 25-001-0002 41.9758 70.0247 41 24 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Chamizal Chamizal TX CHAM-XX --- 48-141-0044 31.7656 106.455 1128 19 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Congaree Congaree Bluff SC COSW-BL --- 45-079-0021 33.8147 80.7811 34 11 X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cowpens State Monitor SC COWP-SM --- 45-021-0002 35.1303 87.8164 297 23 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Everglades Cutler Road FL EVER-CR --- 12-086-0029 25.5861 80.3269 4 26 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

8

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 1. 2010 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 PM WD WS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove TN GRSM-CC --- 47-009-0102 35.6042 83.7831 564 18 --- --- X X X X X --- --- X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob NC GRSM-PK --- 37-087-0036 35.59 83.0775 1500 14 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker IN INDU-AB --- 18-089-0022 41.5733 87.3047 183 18 --- X X X X X --- --- --- X ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center WA MORA-JV --- 53-053-0012 46.7853 121.7378 1615 13 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Saguaro Pima County AZ SAGU-PC --- 04-019-0021 32.1744 110.7364 938 19 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr ND THRO-VC THR422 38-007-0002 46.8947 103.3778 850 13 X X X X X X X X X X X

Wind Cave Visitor Center SD WICA-VC WNC429 46-033-0132 43.5578 103.4839 1292 7 --- X X X X X X X X X X

Yellowstone West Yellowstone MT YELL-WS --- 30-031-0017 44.6569 111.0894 2030 --- --- X X X X --- --- --- --- --- ---

Yosemite Village CA YOSE-VI --- 06-043-1001 37.7458 119.6028 1216 --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # active park units: 15 # active park sites: 17

a The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.

b A filter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the “inferential method.” This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements and land use functions to 

compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the filter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The filter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3-), 

particulate ammonium (NH4+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured from the filter samples.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service italics = site operated by a state agency underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Parameter key: O3 = ozone analyzer (ppb) 

 SO2 = sulfur dioxide analyzer (ppb) 

 PM = particulate matter (μg/m3) 

 WD = wind direction (degrees)

 WS = wind speed (m/s)

 TMP = ambient temperature (degrees C)

 RH = relative humidity (%)

 RNF = precipitation (mm/hr)

 WET= wetness (% on)

 DTP = delta temperature (degrees C)

 SOL= solar radiation (watts/m2)

Note: Dashed lines indicate parameter not measured at that site. 

9
Table 2. 2010 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 349 69 67 65 64 64 0

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 344 76 71 68 68 68 1

Chiricahua Entrance Station 358 74 72 72 71 67 0

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 311 63 63 63 62 62 0

Death Valley Park Village 324 76 75 70 69 69 1

Denali Headquarters 361 53 53 53 52 52 0

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 355 58 58 57 55 54 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 358 73 72 70 69 68 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 338 77 69 69 69 68 1

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 176 84 80 78 77 76 7

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 361 81 81 80 79 78 11

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 354 84 83 83 81 80 11

Joshua Tree Black Rock 363 105 101 99 97 94 53

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 319 80 78 78 78 77 8

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 358 72 70 65 65 64 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 354 78 77 75 75 75 2

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 352 77 68 68 66 66 1

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 349 69 59 55 54 52 0

Petrified Forest South Entrance 360 74 73 68 68 68 0

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 338 77 74 72 71 71 1

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 349 82 79 78 77 77 6

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 359 99 98 97 94 94 66

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 358 79 78 78 77 77 9

Shenandoah Big Meadows 298 82 77 76 74 72 3

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 344 71 69 67 67 66 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 355 67 67 67 66 65 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 354 85 81 79 77 76 7

Zion Dalton’s Wash 354 73 73 72 72 72 0

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 343 73 72 67 66 64 0

Rangely Golf Course 142 67 64 59 58 58 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 207 89 81 79 76 74 4

Acadia McFarland Hill 346 87 77 72 70 69 2

Badlands Visitor Center 364 62 61 60 58 56 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 216 86 80 79 78 73 4

Chamizal Chamizal 354 76 72 72 72 71 1

Congaree Congaree Bluff 341 73 69 66 65 64 0

Cowpens State Monitor 338 78 75 75 72 70 1

Everglades Cutler Road 354 75 69 67 65 65 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 241 78 75 74 74 73 1

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 209 74 74 72 72 72 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 146 80 67 65 64 64 1

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 346 61 55 54 53 53 0

77

81

11

97

11

79

78

7

53

8

94

77

77 9

6

77

66

7

76 4

78 4

10

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 2. 2010 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st 

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Saguaro Pima County 362 75 73 70 68 68 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 350 67 62 61 61 59 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 329 63 61 60 59 58 0

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS)b 

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 169 100 84 76 75 69 3

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 146 69 68 67 63 62 0

Chickamauga/Chatanooga Lookout Mountain 111 83 83 81 80 78 8

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 166 65 64 64 61 61 0

Colorado Maintenance Yard 257 66 66 66 65 64 0

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 155 74 74 73 72 70 0

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 152 71 60 59 58 58 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 245 71 70 68 68 66 0

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 153 62 60 59 59 58 0

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 221 81 80 77 76 76 6

Mojave Kelso Mountains 168 80 80 78 77 75 4

Olympic Deer Park 113 60 56 55 54 49 0

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 149 64 63 61 59 59 0

Stones River Beasley Field 138 62 60 60 59 59 0

Yosemite School Yard 156 66 65 64 64 64 0

a The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour 

average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here in orange or red.

b The Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov). 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Bold = Ozone summary statistics for POMS are highlighted bold where exceedances occurred. These sites should be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes only.

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average = 76 - 104 ppb ozone concentration # days with 8-hour average ≥76 ppb = 4 - 10 days

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration > 10 days

11
Figure 2. 2010 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

12

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 3. 2010 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥76 ppb.

13
Figure 4. 2010 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

14

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 3. 2010 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b.

National Park Unit Site Name 2008–2010 2007-2009 2006-2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 64 66 66 66 63 63 62 62

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 68 70 71 70 70 71 72 70

Chiricahua Entrance Station 68 66 69 71 72 71 71 70

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 62 (64) (67) (67) --- --- 67 (65)

Death Valley Park Village 72 77 81 84 82 81 80 81

Denali Headquarters 58 58 58 52 51 52 53 54

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 51 51 53 55 54 56 55 53

Grand Canyon The Abyss 68 68 70 72 73 74 74 74

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 69 71 72 73 72 72 72 70

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome (76) (79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 76 79 82 82 77 78 86 92

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 77 79 85 86 84 86 91 92

Joshua Tree Black Rock 98 100 104 103 103 105 106 (98)

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon (81) (80) (79) (66) (62) (45) --- ---

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 70 74 77 72 69 68 71 72

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 70 72 74 76 72 73 77 80

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 68 69 71 73 73 70 68 67

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 55 (56) 58 (56) (58) (61) 63 61

Petrified Forest South Entrance 67 (67) (70) (70) (70) (71) (66) (64)

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 76 77 79 74 75 76 81 81

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 73 74 76 76 74 78 82 81

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain (101) (103) (105) (103) (103) (105) (105) (107)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 86 90 96 95 96 97 101 101

Shenandoah Big Meadows 74 73 76 77 77 (80) 82 87

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay (62) (61) (61) (65) 64 66 64 65

Yellowstone Water Tank 64 64 66 64 63 61 63 65

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 83 87 (89) 86 86 88 90 90

Zion Dalton’s Wash 69 69 71 78 79 (82) (74) ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # park units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

5

9

3

4

4

5

4

5

3

4

4

5

4

7

5

8

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center (66) --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Rangely Golf Course (58) --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

--- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 74 78 79 82 80 82 88 94

Acadia McFarland Hill 69 73 72 74 71 74 80 87

Badlands Visitor Center 54 56 62 68 67 (66) (64) (67)

Cape Cod Cape Cod 75 76 79 84 84 86 88 95

Chamizal Chamizal 70 71 75 74 73 72 78 79

Congaree Congaree Bluff 64 66 71 73 72 73 74 77

Cowpens State Monitor 69 67 74 73 74 75 80 84

Everglades Cutler Road 67 69 72 69 68 66 (65) (64)

105

77

(76)

76

106

81 84 82 81 80 81

(79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87) (92)

79 82 82 77 78 86 92

77 79 85 86 84 86 91 92

98 100 104 103 103 (98)

(81) (80) (79)

77

76 77 80

76 77 79 76 81 81

76 76 78 82 81

(101) (103) (103) (103) (105) (105) (107)

86 90 96 95 96 97 101 101

76 77 77 (80) 82 87

83 87 (89) 86 86 88 90 90

78 79 (82)

78 79 82 80 82 88 94

80 87

76 79 84 84 86 88 95

78 79

77

(105)

80 84

15
Table 3. 2010 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name 2008–2010 2007–2009 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004 2001–2003

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 69 69 72 70 67 (67) 73 76

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 72 74 77 77 75 78 82 86

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker (61) (68) 73 82 75 76 (70) (76)

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center (52) (56) (59) 61 (60) (59) --- ---

Saguaro Pima County 69 71 74 76 76 (76) (76) (73)

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 57 59 63 63 (60) (59) 60 61

Wind Cave Visitor Center (59) (62) 66 70 (71) (70) --- ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # park units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

2

4

3

a The new primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) For reference, values that would violate the new standard are outlined with a black box. The first 3-year 

period that the new standard will apply to is 2008-2010. 

b The old primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the old standard are highlighted here in orange and red. The old standard applies to all 3-year 

periods prior to 2008-2010.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov).

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average 

 = 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 76 ppb ozone concentration 

Note: A number in parenthesis ( ) indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 

3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order 

to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than 

complete data. 

Dashed lines represent no data available at that site. 

76 76 (76) (76)

76

77 77 78 82 86

82 76 (76)

16

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 4. 2010 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr) Period

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 98.3 6 8 March-May

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 96.1 16 13 April-June

Chiricahua Entrance Station 98.7 17 13 April-June

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 83.1 6 7 July-September

Death Valley Park Village 90.6 10 10 April-June

Denali Headquarters 99.7 0 2 March-May

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 98.9 0 2 April-June

Grand Canyon The Abyss 99.3 19 15 April-June

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 94.8 13 11 April-June

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 96.5 13 12 August-October

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 99.6 21 15 March-May

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 99.0 20 14 August-October

Joshua Tree Black Rock 99.9 61 43 June-August

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 87.9 27 18 June-August

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 99.4 10 9 July-September

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 99.3 13 10 April-June

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 98.1 14 12 April-June

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 97.3 1 1 June-August

Petrified Forest South Entrance 99.3 14 12 April-June

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 96.0 13 9 July-September

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 98.6 28 19 April-June

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 99.1 69 54 July-September

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 99.2 39 27 July-September

Shenandoah Big Meadows 83.8 13 10 July-September

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 96.5 8 7 March-May

Yellowstone Water Tank 99.1 15 11 April-June

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 98.1 43 26 July-September

Zion Dalton’s Wash 98.2 32 19 April-June

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 98.6 10 10 April-June

Rangely Golf Course 99.6 2 4 August-October

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 99.9 4 5 March-May

Acadia McFarland Hill 96.5 3 4 March-May

Badlands Visitor Center 99.9 1 3 June-August

Cape Cod Cape Cod 86.8 8 7 May-July

Chamizal Chamizal 98.3 5 6 June-August

Congaree Congaree Bluff 96.4 8 6 March-May

Cowpens State Monitor 94.8 12 8 March-May

Everglades Cutler Road 99.0 5 6 February-April

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 98.2 13 10 March-May

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 95.7 10 7 April-June

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 98.9 4 4 June-August

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 94.9 1 1 March-May

17
Table 4. 2010 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr) Period

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Saguaro Pima County 99.4 21 15 April-June

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Center 96.8 2 4 April-June

Wind Cave Visitor Center 91.2 2 5 July-September

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS)

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 99.1 12 10 June-August

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 86.4 5 6 April-June

Chickamauga/Chatanooga Lookout Mountain 74.8 21 15 August-October

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 100.0 2 5 June-August

Colorado Maintenance Yard 99.3 7 8 May-July

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 99.8 7 6 May-July

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 98.1 3 5 June-August

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 95.3 17 13 May-July

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 99.9 1 3 May-July

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 84.7 27 19 June-August

Mojave Kelso Mountains 99.4 27 18 June-August

Olympic Deer Park 99.8 0 0 July-September

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 97.8 2 5 June-August

Stones River Beasley Field 91.7 3 4 July-September

Yosemite School Yard 99.5 10 8 July-September

a SUM06 exposure index represents the 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here 

represents a three-month maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr.

b W126 exposure index represents 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives 

greater emphasis to the higher hourly concentrations while still including the lower ones. The value reported here represents a three-month 

maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 exposure index go to http://www.nature.nps.

gov/air/aqbasics/glossary.cfm.

Note: The SUM06 and W126 are described in further detail on pages 3-4 of this report. For more information see the section titled 

 “Resource Injury Indices.”

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

18

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 5. 2010 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

19
Figure 6. 2010 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

20

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 5. 2010 Summary of sulfur dioxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrationa (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentrationb (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentrationc (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days

with 24-Hr 

Average 

≥ 145 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

99th 

Percentile 

Value

No. of 

Days

with 1-Hr 

Average 

≥ 76 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days 

with 3-Hr 

Maximum 

≥ 550 ppb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 4 4 3 3 0 17 13 11 10 10 0 9 9 8 8 0

Hawaii Volcanoes * Observatory / Jaggar Museum 1069 990 831 740 28 7131 6755 5679 5392 5392 513 3482 3431 3323 3149 32

Hawaii Volcanoes * Visitor Center 856 798 624 581 20 5476 4331 4135 3410 3410 442 3239 3123 2768 2428 20

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 6 6 6 5 0 18 17 16 15 15 0 14 13 12 11 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center 4 3 3 3 0 17 11 10 7 9 0 12 9 8 8 0

Congaree Congaree Bluff 7 6 6 4 0 65 44 38 34 34 0 36 24 21 18 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 30 24 18 18 0 74 65 59 57 57 0 61 60 56 49 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr 3 2 1 1 0 15 10 8 6 6 0 10 8 6 5 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 3 3 2 1 0 16 10 5 5 5 0 8 7 5 5 0

a The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds that standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.4.)

b The primary hourly National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is a daily maximum 1-hour average of 75 ppb. (An exceedance of the Standard occurs when a daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 75 ppb. A violation of 

the Standard occurs when the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 75 ppb.)

c The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.5.)

* This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: >34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, > 75 ppb 99th percentile value, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

1069 3149 3323 3431 3482 740

581

831

624

990

798 856 2428 2768 3123 3239

53923410

21
Table 6. 2010 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb (μg/

m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of Days 

with 

24-Hour 

Average

>35 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TEOM 98.6 11.0 32 27 25 24 23 0

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum SHARP 97.1 8.0 194 78 65 59 43 13

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain BAM 96.0 9.0 36 27 22 22 21 1

Shenandoah Big Meadows TEOM 96.5 5.8 30 26 22 21 18 0

Yellowstone Old Faithful BAM 95.9 3.8 28 10 9 9 8 0

Zion Dalton’s Wash FRM or 

FEM

97.4 3.5 13 13 12 12 9 0

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center TEOM 92.0 3.5 29 17 16 12 12 0

Rangely Golf Course FRM or 

FEM

88.1 2.0 9 6 6 5 6 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia McFarland Hill TEOM 93.0 3.8 21 19 17 17 15 0

Badlands Visitor Center FRM or 

FEM

97.9 3.3 22 20 18 15 14 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker FRM or 

FEM

92.1 18.0 41 41 41 41 36 10

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr TEOM 93.3 5.8 15 15 15 15 13 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center FRM or 

FEM

96.7 4.0 115 55 27 20 12 2

Yellowstone W. Yellowstone State Site BAM 98.0 0.8 8 8 8 7 5 0

Yosemite Village TEOM 81.5 10.0 61 38 34 27 26 2

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the andard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 35 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM2.5 concentration is greater than 35 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 35 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

 SHARP = synchronized hybrid ambient real-time particulate monitor 

 FRM = federal reference method monitor

 FEM = federal equivalent method monitor 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: Annual arithmetic mean > 15 μg/m3

 98th percentile value > 35 μg/m3

 

43

18.0 36

22

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 7. 2010 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 96.1 8 30 30 30 30 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 96.7 9 140 70 40 30 0

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

italics = site operated by a state agency 

Table 8. 2010 Summary of PM10 data from non-equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb

(μg/m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon E-sampler 32.7 3 10 10 10 10 0

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

Table 9. PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2008-2010 (μg/m3)

a.

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2010 2009 2008

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 30 40 90

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 140 340 50

a The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: > 1 24-hour average concentration >150 μg/m3

italics = site operated by a state agency

 

340

23
Table 10. 2010 Annual summary of selected meteorological data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 3.6 20.4 40.0 -5.6 41 99 2 164

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 2.9 11.5 35.0 -12.9 44 97 5 250

Chiricahua Entrance Station 2.9 15.2 35.5 -6.6 46 100 6 508

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 3.3 5.1 32.5 -22.5 57 98 8 ---

Denali Headquarters 1.2 -1.3 25.4 -33.5 67 95 15 169

Everglades Beard Center 2.3 22.1 33.5 -0.3 82 100 24 949

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 0.8 5.3 30.1 -25.3 76 96 16 793

Grand Canyon The Abyss 2.9 10.4 31.9 -15.8 45 95 3 423

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 2.8 9.1 32.4 -19.0 47 94 5 307

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 3.6 12.4 21.3 -4.7 84 100 2 1068

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 3.9 10.4 28.2 -17.3 73 100 6 837

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 2.3 12.7 31.0 -15.8 72 100 22 837

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum 5.3 15.2 24.1 7.9 84 99 14 533

Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 3.9 15.5 23.6 7.7 89 100 18 934

Joshua Tree Black Rock 3.7 16.0 35.8 -5.4 36 96 2 466

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 3.4 19.2 38.2 1.0 31 100 4 169

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 2.0 6.1 29.1 -15.8 66 98 8 1160

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 1.7 14.1 36.2 -16.2 69 100 16 1239

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 3.0 10.2 32.9 -16.7 45 99 5 425

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 1.0 8.9 33.4 -15.0 84 100 11 1690

Petrified Forest South Entrance 4.2 12.5 35.9 -16.8 45 95 4 141

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 2.2 13.8 42.4 -5.6 61 87 6 546

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 2.6 4.5 25.0 -22.3 49 100 2 553

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 2.4 16.3 40.4 -1.1 57 100 10 1060

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 1.7 8.0 28.4 -11.7 61 98 8 1415

Shenandoah Big Meadows 2.2 8.5 28.0 -16.9 69 100 0 1467

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 2.7 5.9 30.6 -31.3 70 95 13 862

Yellowstone Old Faithful 1.6 1.8 26.7 -34.5 69 100 9 ---

Yellowstone Water Tank 1.6 1.6 25.4 -29.7 66 95 10 549

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 3.9 10.3 31.9 -9.3 55 98 7 954

Zion Dalton’s Wash 4.2 15.6 39.2 -8.8 41 100 4 430

Sites operated by the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 3.4 7.0 32.1 -26.0 59 100 8 370

Rangely Golf Course 2.8 9.6 32.8 -22.3 53 99 6 98

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 5.5 15.5 29.4 -0.3 80 100 21 ---

Acadia McFarland Hill 2.7 8.6 33.0 -21.8 75 100 14 1737

Cape Cod Cape Cod 2.5 11.2 33.9 -12.2 70 91 16 ---

Chamizal Chamizal 3.3 19.4 40.8 -4.1 34 92 4 ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 1.2 12.0 30.6 -16.2 74 100 17 1231

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 3.3 11.0 35.1 -18.7 74 100 16 ---

Saguaro Pima County 2.6 21.3 40.9 -0.7 34 97 5 ---

24

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Table 10. 2010 Annual summary of selected meteorological data (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 4.9 6.2 34.1 -28.3 69 95 15 444

Wind Cave Visitor Center 2.7 8.8 34.9 -24.0 58 98 7 568

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS) (seasonal)

Assateague Island Maintenance Area 1.3 21.4 36.5 3.0 78 100 24 143

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 4.3 23.8 40.6 6.8 50 99 4 445

Chickamauga/Chatanooga Lookout Mountain 1.6 21.9 36.7 2.0 64 100 14 ---

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 2.4 14.3 33.2 -5.6 43 99 7 137

Colorado Maintenance Yard 1.6 15.8 37.6 -16.0 40 99 6 180

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 2.0 20.0 28.8 1.6 80 100 32 775

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 1.4 16.5 38.3 -6.0 64 100 9 297

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 1.2 13.5 38.0 -21.4 50 97 7 160

Glacier Saint Mary’s Ranger District 2.3 11.2 29.5 -6.3 67 100 15 388

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 3.3 26.0 45.0 -2.7 27 97 4 66

Mojave Kelso Mountains 3.7 24.3 38.1 1.3 24 95 4 9

Olympic Deer Park 0.7 10.4 27.5 -1.7 72 100 5 76

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 2.6 19.4 37.1 -2.1 53 100 9 246

Stones River Beasley Field 0.5 22.6 38.6 -1.7 77 100 15 89

Yosemite School Yard 0.8 16.1 36.5 -2.4 61 99 11 83

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Data quality tables associated with the data presented in this report can be found at:

http://ard-request.air-resource.com. Click “Get Reports.”

25
26

2010 GPMP Data Summary
Acknowledgements

The National Park Service expresses appreciation and acknowledges the many park 

employees and individuals who serve as site operators and maintain our air quality 

stations, and staff at Air Resource Specialists, Inc. who collect and validate the data, 

provide technical assistance to the site operators, and prepare data summary products.

Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota

- Visitor Center monitoring site

27