FILED

October 3, 1996

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN SECTION AT JACKSON 

PAMELA LEMOINE FORD, ) 

)

Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Dyer Chancery No. 92-5

)

VS. ) Appeal No. 02A01-9507-CH-00153

)

MICHAEL BURKE FORD, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF DYER COUNTY

AT DYERSBURG, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE

MARTIN B. DANIEL

Memphis, Tennessee

Attorney for Appellant

MARK D. JOHNSTON

Dyersburg, Tennessee

Attorney for Appellee

REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART & REMANDED

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.

CONCUR:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.

In this post-divorce proceeding, Pamela Ford (“wife”) filed a petition to modify child
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support and alimony. Although the trial court declined to increase alimony, the court

increased the amount of child support that Michael Ford (“husband”) was obligated to pay

based upon his increased income. Wife has appealed and argues that the trial court erred

in several respects. First, she asserts that the trial court erred in holding that the

husband’s receipt of principal from an irrevocable trust is not “gross income” as that term

is defined within the child support guidelines. Next, she contends that the trial court

improperly failed to consider the value of the trust in increasing child support. Furthermore,

wife argues that the trial court should have imputed income to husband based upon his

voluntary unemployment. Finally, wife argues that the trial court erred in denying her

request for an increase in alimony. For the reasons stated below, the judgment below is

affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings.

The parties to this action married in 1986, and divorced six years later. The parties

had two minor children. In connection with the divorce proceedings, husband and wife

entered into a marital dissolution agreement. The agreement provided as herein pertinent

that wife was to have sole custody of the children and that husband was to pay child

support in the amount of $173.87 per week, plus 32% of his annual bonus. The agreement

obligated husband to maintain health insurance for wife for a period of three years, and to

maintain car insurance for wife for as long as she owned the car. The agreement did not

make any other provision for rehabilitative or periodic alimony. 

At the time of the divorce, husband served as vice-president of Ford Contracting

Company, one of several companies (“the Ford companies”) in which husband held an

ownership interest. After the divorce in 1993, husband sold his ownership interest in the

Ford companies to his brother and sister for $900,000.00. In addition, husband sold his

interest in another of the Ford companies for $404,539.00. Husband placed the proceeds

from the two sales into an irrevocable living trust at First Tennessee Bank. Husband also

placed various stocks into a custodial account at First Tennessee Bank.

The terms of the trust provide that husband is to receive all income from the trust
3

and is allowed to withdraw up to 3% of the trust principal each year. During 1994, the trust

produced income in the amount of $58,775.05, and husband withdrew $26,973.05 from

the trust principal. Husband received approximately $7,500.00 in income from the

custodial account. Husband has not been employed since he sold his interest in the Ford

companies in 1993. 

Wife filed a petition to modify child support based upon the increase in husband’s

income that resulted from the sale of his interest in the Ford companies. She also filed a

petition to modify the final divorce decree, requesting an increase in alimony. 

Following a trial on the matter, the trial court denied wife’s request for alimony

modification. In addition, the court below held, without explanation, that husband’s

withdrawal of $26,973.05 of trust principal did not constitute “gross income” under the child

support guidelines. In order to assess child support, the court calculated husband’s

income by adding the amount of income that husband received from the custodial account

to the amount that husband received from the trust account. Then, the court deducted

administrative expenses from that figure to yield an annual income of $62,079.00. The trial

court ultimately held that, pursuant to the guidelines, husband should pay child support

in the amount of $1,146.00 per month, or $326.77 per week, adjusted upward by $400.00

per month for ten months for extraordinary educational expenses. The trial court declined

to impute income to husband based upon his potential income because, according to the

court, husband had not willfully rendered himself unemployed in order to avoid paying child

support. 

We review child support decisions in accordance with T.R.A.P. 13(d), affording the

trial court’s factual findings a presumption of correctness. However, no presumption of

correctness applies to the trial court’s interpretation of the child support guidelines.

Wife’s first contention on appeal is that the husband’s withdrawal of $26,973.05 of

trust principal constitutes “gross income” within the meaning of the child support guidelines.
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Neither party has directed us to, nor can we find, any Tennessee authority specifically

addressing this issue.

The child support guidelines define “gross income” as follows:

[A]ll income from any source (before taxes and other

deductions), whether earned or unearned, and includes but is

not limited to, the following: wages, salaries, commissions,

bonuses, overtime payments, dividends, severance pay,

pensions, interest, trust income, annuities, capital gains,

benefits received from the Social Security

Administration...workers compensation benefits whether

temporary or permanent, judgments recovered for personal

injuries, unemployment insurance benefits, gifts, prizes, lottery

winnings, alimony or maintenance, and income from selfemployment....

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.03(3)(a) (1994).

 In our opinion, husband’s withdrawal of trust principal constitutes “gross income”

within the meaning of the guidelines. Our interpretation is consistent with both the broad

definition of “gross income,” which includes all income from any source, and with one of

the primary goals expressed in the guidelines, which is “[t]o ensure that when parents live

separately, the economic impact on the child is minimized and to the extent that either

parent enjoys a higher standard of living, the child share in that higher standard.” Tenn.

Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.02(2)(e) (1994).

Accordingly, if and when any distributions of the trust corpus are made to husband,

husband shall pay 32% of that amount to wife as child support. Since husband has

already exercised his option to withdraw principal from the trust in 1994, he thereby

became subject to his obligations under the guidelines for that calendar year.

Wife next urges this court to hold that the trust principal should be considered as a

valuable resource of the husband meriting an upward deviation from the guidelines. The

provision upon which she relies states: 

(f) Valuable assets and resources (expensive home or

automobile which seems inappropriate for the income claimed

by the obligor) of the obligor should be considered for the

purpose of imputing income and increasing the support award
5

in any case if the court finds that equity requires it.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.04 (1)(f) (1994).

In our opinion, equity does not require the imputation of income to husband based

on the trust account under the facts of this case. 

We agree with wife, however, that the trial court erred in failing to impute income to

husband based upon his voluntary unemployment. The relevant provision states:

[I]f an obligor is willfully and voluntarily unemployed or

underemployed, child support shall be calculated based on a

determinationof potential income, as evidenced by educational

level and/or previous work experience.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.03(3)(d) (1994). 

The trial judge stated in his Memorandum Opinion, “It does not appear that the

father is avoiding employment simply to lessen his child support. This is not an appropriate

case to increase support due to willful unemployment.” The trial judge’s statements in this

regard suggest that he misconstrued “willfully and voluntarily unemployed” to mean that

income may be imputed to an obligor only when he or she becomes unemployed with the

intent to avoid child support obligations. Although we do not deem the trial judge’s

interpretation to be unreasonable in light of the guidelines’ use of the word “willfully,” we

respectfully disagree that there must be such an intent in order to impute income to an

obligor spouse.

On the contrary, there are several cases in which courts of this state have imputed

income based on earning capacity to an unemployed or underemployed obligor without any

showing of an intent to avoid child support obligations. See, e.g., Luna v. Luna, 718

S.W.2d 673 (Tenn. App. 1986); Harwell v. Harwell, 612 S.W.2d 182 (Tenn. App. 1980);

Riley v. Riley, No. 03A01-9408-CH-000268, 1995 WL 311331 (Tenn. App. May 22, 1995);

Keck v. Keck, No. 03A01-9102-CH-00069, 1991 WL 94395 (Tenn. App. June 6, 1991);

Gutknecht v. Gutknecht, No. 01A01-9101-CH-00015, 1991 WL 79560 (Tenn. App. May 17,

1991).
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Examining the language of the subject provision in light of the policies underlying

the guidelines and applicable case law, we hold that there is no requirement that there

exist evidence of an obligor’s intent to avoid support obligations in order to impute income

to the obligor based upon his or her potential income. 

The record reveals that husband was 35 years old at the time of trial. He graduated

from high school and attended college for approximately three years. Husband testified

that he worked as a superintendent on construction jobs, and served as vice-president of

Ford Contracting Corporation for a period of time. At trial, husband testified as follows:

Q. Are you currently employed, Mr. Ford?

A. No, sir.

Q. Why not?

A. I don’t--I don’t see why I have to be. Is there a law that

says I have to be employed?

* * * *

Q. Are there any physical disabilities that would prevent you

from getting a job?

A. No. 

Prior to his decision to discontinue working in 1993, husband’s salary was $650.00

a week. It is thus apparent that although husband is disinclined to work, he possesses the

ability to earn a substantial income. On remand, the trial court shall consider husband’s

previous work experience and educational background in determining his potential income

and calculate child support accordingly.

Finally, wife seeks an increase in alimony based upon her alleged increased needs

and husband’s increased income. Wife argues that the provisions of the original decree

failed to provide her with enough money to enable her to maintain the same standard of

living that she enjoyed when she was married or to rehabilitate herself by going back to

school. 

Initially, we note that contrary to husband’s assertion, his obligation to contribute the

monthly payments for wife’s health and auto insurance is alimony in futuro, and is thus

subject to modification upon a showing of a change in circumstances pursuant to T.C.A.
7

§ 36-5-101. Carter v. Carter, No. 01-A-01-9005-CV-0088, 1990 WL 166596 (Tenn. App.

Nov. 2, 1990).

The party seeking modification of an alimony award bears the burden of proving

that, since the time of the original award, there has been a substantial and material change

of relevant circumstances that was not foreseeable at the time of the entry of the final

decree. McCarty v. McCarty, 863 S.W.2d 716 (Tenn. App. 1992); Elliot v. Elliot, 825

S.W.2d 87 (Tenn. App. 1991). The factors delineated in T.C.A. § 36-5-101 that apply to

the determination of the initial alimony award also apply in determining whether there has

been a change of circumstances justifying a modification of the award. Brewer v. Brewer,

869 S.W.2d 928, 935 (Tenn. App. 1993). The two most important factors in awarding

alimony are need and ability to pay. Elliot, 825 S.W.2d 87.

Our review of the record reveals insufficient proof of a substantial and material

change of circumstances occurring since the entry of the final decree. Although husband’s

income has increased, wife has not demonstrated to this court’s satisfaction that she has

experienced any material change in circumstances that was unforeseeable at the time of

the original decree. We therefore affirm the judgment below with respect to alimony.

The wife also asks this court to award her attorney’s fees incurred in connection with

her appeal. We deem this to be an appropriate case for husband to pay one-half of wife’s

legal expenses for this appeal. Therefore, on remand, the trial court shall determine the

amount of attorney’s fees reasonably incurred in this appeal and enter judgment against

husband for one-half of the amount so ascertained.

In accordance with the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the trial court is reversed

in part, affirmed in part, and remanded for further and necessary proceedings consistent

with this opinion. Costs on appeal are taxed to husband.
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HIGHERS, J.

CONCUR:

 

CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.

 

LILLARD, J.