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15P

- 0215 EO12866_Rin2070

- AJ20_PesticideCertApp_NPRM_FRdo c_ FinalRedline_AllRevisions_2015

- 08

- 04.docx Revised to address Interagency Comments received under EO 12866 Review.
BILLING CODE 6560

- 50

- P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 171 [ EPA
- HQ
- OPP
- 2 0 11
- 0183 ; FRL
- XXXX
- X X 9931
- 83 ] RIN 2070
- AJ20 Pesticides; Certification of Pesticide Applicators AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: EPA is proposing changes to the existing regulation concerning the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides (RUPs) in response to extensive stakeholder review of the regulation and its implementation since 1974 . EPA’s propo sed change changes would ensure the Federal certification program standards adequately protect applicators, the public , and the environment from risks associated with use of
RUPs

. T he proposed changes are intended to improve the competency of certified applicators of RUPs , increase protection for noncertified applicators of RUPs operating under the direct supervision of a certified applicator through enhanced pesticide safety training and standards for supervision of noncertified applicators, and establish a minimum age requirement for certified and noncertified applicators. In keeping with EPA’s commitment to work more closely with Tribal governments to strengthen envi ronmental p rotection in Indian c ountry, certain ch anges are intended to provide more practical options for establishing certification programs in Indian c ountry. DATES: Comments must be received on or before [ insert date 90 days after date of*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 2 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] publication in the Federal Register ]. ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by docket identification (ID) number
EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 20 11

- 0183 , by one of the following methods:

• Federal eRulemaking Portal : http://www.regulations.gov . Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.

• Mail : OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC) (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., W ashington, DC 20460

- 0001. In addition, please mail a copy of your comments on the information collection provisions to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, ATTN: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17 th St ., NW., Washington, DC 20503.

• Hand Delivery : To make special arrangements for hand delivery or delivery of boxed information, please follow the instructions at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.htm l

. Additional instructions on commenting or visiting the doc ket, along with more information about dockets generally, is available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets

. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michelle Arling , Field and External Affairs Division (7506P) , Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Ag ency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460 ; telephone number: (703) 308

- 5891 ; e mail address: arling.michelle @epa.gov

. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Executive Summary*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] A. Does this Action Apply to Me? You may be potentially affected by this action if you apply RUPs

. You may also be potentially affected by this action if you are: C ertified by a State, Tribe, or F ederal agency to apply pesticides; a S tate, T ribal, or F ederal agency who administers a certification program for pesticide applicators or a pesticide safety educator ; or other person who provides pesticide safety training for pesticide applicator certification or recertification. The following list of North Americ an Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this rulemaking applies to them. Potentially affected entities may include: • Agricultural Establishments (Cr op Production) (NAICS code 111)

. • Nursery and Tree Production (NAICS code 111421)

.

• Agricultural Pest Control and Pesticide Handling on Farms (NAICS code 115112)

. • Crop Advisors (NAICS codes 115112, 541690, 541712)

.

• Agricultural (Animal) Pest Control (Livestock Spraying) (NAICS code 115210)

. • Forestry Pest Control (NAICS code 115310)

. • Wood Preservation Pest Control (NAICS code 321114)

.

• Pesticide Registrants (NAICS code 325320)

.

• Pesticide Dealers (NAICS codes 424690 , 424910, 444220 )

.

• Research & Demonstration Pest Control, Crop Advisor (NAICS code 541710)

.

• Industrial, Institutional, Structural & Health Related Pest Control (NAICS code*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 561710)

.

• Ornamental & Turf, Rights

- of

- Way Pest Control (NAICS code 561730)

.

• Environmental Protection Program Administrators (NAICS code 924110)

.

• Governmental Pest Control Programs (NAICS code 926140)

. B

. What is the Agency’s Authority for Taking this Action ? This action is issued under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) , 7 U.S.C. 136

- 136y, particularly sections 136a(d), 136i, and
136w. C. What Action is the Agency Taking? The proposed rule would revise the existing Certification of Pesticide Applicators (certification) rule at 40 CFR part 171 to enhance the following : P rivate applicator competency standards, exam and training security standards, standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, Tribal applicator certification, and State , Tribal , and Federal agency certification plans. The proposed rule would revise the existing certification rule at 40 CFR part 171 to add: Application method

- specific categories of certification for commercial and priva te applicators, predator control categories for commercial and private applicators, recertification standards and interval, and minimum age for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under direct supervision.
1. Private applicator comp etency standards. The proposed rule would clarify the standards of competency a private applicator must meet in order to be certified. The proposed rule would expand the private applicator competency standards to include the general standards of competency for commercial applicators (also known as “core”*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 5 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] competency), standards generally applicable to pesticide use in agriculture, and specific related regulations relevant to private applicators, such as the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) (40 CFR part 170)

. The proposed rule also would amend the options for determining private applicator competency by requiring the applicator to complete a training program or to pass a written exam that covers the specific competency standards.
2. Application method

- specif ic categories of certification for commercial and private applicators . The proposed rule would require that commercial and private applicators who apply pesticides aerially or by fumigation demonstrate competency to make these types of applications. The proposal would add categories for aerial application, soil fumigation, and non

- soil fumigation.
3. Recertification standards and interval. The proposed rule would require that commercial and private applicators demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs
every 3 years by either passing written exams for each certification they hold or completing specific training in a continuing education program administered by the certifying authority. Commercial applicators would be required to demonstrate continued

co mpetency in the core standards and each category in which they intend to maintain their c ertification. Private applicators would be required to demonstrate continued general competency and competency in each relevant application method

- specific category in which they intend to maintain their certification.
4. Standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision

. The proposed rule would include several new requirements to ensure that noncertified applicators are competent to use RUPs under the supervision of a certified applicator

. In order for n oncertified applicators to work under the direct supervision of a certified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 6 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] applicator they would have to complete specific training as outlined in the proposed rule, complet e training required for handlers under the WPS, or pass the exam covering general standards of competency for commercial pesticide applicators (“core exam”). Either of these two Noncertified applicators who qualify by satisfying the training requirements requirement under the proposed rule or the training required for handlers under the WPS would be required to be renewed annually and renew their qualification after a year; noncertified applicators who qualify by passing the core exam qualification would need to be renewed every renew their qualification after 3 years. Commercial Noncertified applicators can renew their qualifications using any of these same options. All applicators would be required to ensure noncertified applicator s have met these qualifications and commerci al applicators would be required to m aintain records of the noncertified applicators’ qualifications

. The proposal would require a certified applicator supervising noncertified applicators to be certified in each category in which he or she supervises appl ications, to provide to the noncertified applicators a copy of the labeling for the RUPs used, and to ensure that a means for immediate communication between the supervising applicator and noncertified applicators under his or her direct supervision is available

. 5. Minimum age. The proposed rule wou ld require commercial and private applicators to be at least 18 years old and noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators to be at least 18 years old.
6. In dian Country country certification

. The proposed rule would offer three options for certification for applicators in Indian country. A Tribe may choose to allow persons holding currently valid certifications issu ed under one or more specified State or*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 7 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Feder al agency certification plans to apply RUPs within the Tribe ’s Indian country, develop its own certification plan for certifying private and commercial applicators, or take no action, in which case EPA may, in consultation with the Tribe (s) affected, imple ment an EPA

- administered certification plan

. EPA currently administers a Federal certification program covering Indian country not otherwise covered by a certification plan ( 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014 Ref. 1 ) as well as a certification program specifically for Navajo Indian country ( 72 FR 32648; June 13, 2007 Ref. 2 ).
7. State, Tribal , and Federal agency certification plans. The proposed rule would update the requirements for submission, approval, and maintenance of State , Tribal , and Federal ag ency certification plans

. The proposed rule wo uld delete the section on Government Agency Plans (GAP) and would codify existing policy on review and approval of Federal agency certification plans. D. Why is the Agency Taking this Action? The Agency is pro posing revisions to the existing certification regulation at 40 CFR part 171 in order to reduce occupational pesticide exposure and the incidence of related illness among certified applicators, noncertified applicators working under their direct supervisio n, and agricultural workers, and to ensure that when used according to their labeling, RUPs do not cause unreasonable adverse effects to applicators, workers, the public, or the environment. Discussions with State regulatory partners and key stakeholders o ver many years, together with EPA’s review of incident data, have led EPA to identify several shortcomings in the current regulation that should be addressed, including: • Absence of a minimum age for certified pesticide applicators and noncertified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] appli cators working under their direct supervision

. • Absence of standards or a time period for ensuring that certified pesticide applicator s maintain continued competency. • Lack of certification standards for specific types of pesticide application (aerial and fumigation) that may pose risks to applicators, bystanders, and the environment if not performed correctly. • Vague standards for evaluating the competency of privat e applicators to use
RUPs. • Incomplete protections for persons applying pesticides under the direct supervision of a certifi ed applicator. • Inconsistent national program for applicator certification that hinders applicators’ ability to work in differen t states without duplicative burden and inhibits EPA’s ability to develop certification and training materials that can be use d nationally.

• Limited options for establishing applicator certification programs in Indian

c ountry. • Incomplete information i ncorporated into the regulation about certification of applicators by Federal agencies. A detailed discussion about the rationale for the proposed rule and EPA’s regulatory objectives are provided in Units III

. and VI

. through XX

. The proposed changes wou ld offer targeted improvements that are reasonably expected to reduce risk to applicators, workers, the public, and the environment and improve applicator certification programs’ operational efficiencies. EPA expects the proposed changes would : • Improve competency of private and commercial applicators and noncertified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 9 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision

.

• Provide more uniform competency among certified applicators across the nation, thereby assuring the effectiveness of restricted use registration as a risk management tool. • Protect applicators, workers, the public, and the environment from unreasonable advers e effects from the use of RUPs. • Ensure that applicators are competent to us e high

- risk application methods.
• Ensure applicators’ ongoing competency to use RUPs. • Protect children by establishing a minimum age for commercial, private , and noncertified applicators. • Improve human health and environmental p rotection in Indian c ountry. • Clarify and streamline requirem ents for State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies to administer their own certification programs. E. What are the Estimated Impacts of this Action? EPA has prepared an economic analysis (EA) of the potential costs and impacts associated with this rulemaking

. (Ref. 3)

. This analysis , which is summarized available in greater the docket, is discussed in more detail in Unit I II

. ., and is briefly summarized here

. The following chart provides a brief outline of the costs and impacts of this proposed rule.
Private Applicators Commercial Applicators States and Other Jurisdictions Number Impacted 490,000 414,000 63 Annualized Cost $19.5 million $27.4 million $359,000 Per

- Applicator Average: $40 Range: $0

- $201 Average: $66 Range: $1

- $212 N/A*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 10 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Small Business Impacts No significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

• The rule may affect over 80 0,000 small farms that use

pesticides , although about half are unlikely to apply RUPs.

• Impact less than 0.1% of the annual revenues for the average

small entity

. Impact on Jobs The rule will have a negligible effect on jobs and employment.

• Most private and commercial applicators are self

- employed.

• Incremental cost per applicator represents from 0.3% to 0.5%

of the cost of a part

- time employee.
Category Description Source Monetized Benefits Avoided acute pesticide incidents $80.5 million/year after adjustment for underreporting of pesticide incidents EA Chapter 6.5 Qualitative Benefits Willingness to pay to avoid acute effects of pesticide exposure beyond cost of treatment and loss of productivity • Reduced latent effect of avoided acute pesticide exposure • Reduced chronic effects from lower chronic pesticide exposure to workers, handlers, and farmworker families, including a range of illnesses such as Non

- Hodgkins lymphoma, prostate cancer, Parkinson's disease, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and asthma EA Chapter 6.4 & 6.6

Total Costs $47.2 million/year EA Chapter 5 Costs to Private Applicators 490,000 impacted; $19.5 million/year; average $40 p er applicator EA Chapter 5 & 5.6 Costs to Commercial Applicators 414,000 impacted; $27.4 million/year; average $66 per applicator EA Chapter 5 & 5.6
Costs to States and Other Jurisdictions 63 impacted; $359,000 /year EA Chapter 5
Small Business Impacts No significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. • The rule may affect over 800,000 small farms that use pesticides, although about half are unlikely to apply restricted use pesticides. • Impact less than 0.1% of the annual revenues for the average small entity. EA Chapter 5.7

Impact on Jobs The rule will have a negligible effect on jobs and employment. • Most private and commercial applicators are self

employed. • Incremental cost per applicator represents from EA Chapter 5.6*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 11 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] 0.3 to 0.5 percent of the cost of a part

- time employee.
II. Background A. Regulatory Framework This unit discusses the legal framework within which EPA regulates the safety of those who apply RUPs as certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of certified applicators, as well as of the general public and the environment.
1. FIFRA

. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) FIFRA , 7. U.S.C. 136 et seq. , was signed into law in 1947 and established a framework for the regulation of pesticide products, requiring them to be registered by the Federal government before sale or distribution in commerce. Amended in 1972 by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et. seq .), , FIFRA broadened Federal pesticide regulatory authority in several respects, notably by making it unlawful for anyone to use any registered product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling , 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2)(G) , and limiting the sale and use of RUPs t o certified applicators and those under their direct supervision

. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2)(F). The amendments provided civil and criminal penalties for violations of FIFRA

. 7 U.S.C. 136l. The new and revised provisions augmented EPA’s authority to protect humans and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides. As a general matter, in order to obtain a registration for a pesticide under FIFRA, an applicant must demonstrate that the pesticide satisfies the statutory standard for registrat ion, section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA. 7 U.S.C. 136a(c)(5). That standard requires,*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 12 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] among other things, that the pesticide performs its intended function without causing “unreasonable adver se effects on the environment.” The term “unreasonable adverse effects on t he environment” takes into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide and includes any unreasonable risk to man or the environment

. 7 U.S.C. 136(bb). This standard requires a finding that the risks associ ated with the use of a pesticide are justified by the benefits of such use, when the pesticide is used in compliance with the terms and conditions of registration or in accordance with commonly recognized practices. See Defenders of Wildlife v. Administrat or, EPA , 882 F.2d 1294, 1298

– 99 (8th Cir. 1989) (describing FIFRA’s required balancing of risks and benefits). A pesticide product may be unclassified, or it may be classified for restricted or for general use. Unclassified and general use pesticides gener ally have a lower toxicity than RUPs and so pose less potential to harm humans or the environment. The general public can buy and use unclassified and general use pesticides without special permits or restrictions. Where EPA determines that a pesticide pr oduct would not meet these registration criteria if unclassified or available for general use, but could meet the registration criteria if applied by experienced, competent applicators, EPA will classify classif ies the pesticide, or particular uses of the p esticide, for restricted use only by certified applicators. 7 U.S.C. 136a(d)(1). Generally, EPA classifies a pesticide as restricted use if its toxicity exceeds one or more human health toxicity criteria or based on other standards established in regulation. EPA may also classify a pesticide as restricted use if it meets certain criteria for hazards to non

- target organisms or ecosystems, or if EPA determines*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 13 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] that a product (or class of products) may cause unreasonable adverse effect on human health and/or the environment without such restriction. The restricted use classification designation must be prominently placed on the top of the front panel of the pesticide product labeling. The risks associated with products classified as RUP require additio nal controls to ensure that when used they do not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment. However, RUPs can be used safely when labeling instructions are followed. These products may only be applied by certified applicators o r persons working under their direct supervision who have demonstrated competency in the safe application of pesticides, including the ability to read and understand the complex labeling requirements

. FIFRA requires EPA to develop standards for certificati on of applicators ( 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1) ) and allows State s to certify applicators under a certification plan submitted to and approved by EPA

. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2). Provisions limiting EPA’s authority with respect to applicator certification include 7 U.S.C

. 136i(a)(1), (c), and (d); 7 U.S.C. 136w

- 5; and 7 U.S.C. 136(2)(e)(4). Section 136i(a)(1) of FIFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to take an exam to establish competency in the use of pesticides under an EPA certification program, or fro m requiring State s to impose an exam requirement as part of a State plan for certification of applicators

. Section 136i(c) of FIFRA instructs EPA to make instructional materials on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) available to individuals, but it prohibi ts EPA from establishing requirements for instruction or competency determination on IPM. EPA makes IPM instructional materials available to individual users through the National*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 14 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual, which is used directly or as a model by
many State s. Additionally, EPA has developed and implemented a variety of programs in other areas of the pesticide program to inform pesticide applicators about the principles and benefits of IPM. These include the EPA’s IPM in Schools P rogram, the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP), and the Strategic Agricultural Initiative (SAI) Grant Program , as well as several other efforts. The Agency will continue to place a high priority on initiatives and programs that promote IPM practice s. For additional information about the range of programs and activities, visit the Office of Pesticide Programs PestWise webpage on the EPA website at: http://www.epa.gov/pesp/about/index.html

. Section 136i(d) of FIFRA prohibits EPA from requiring priv ate applicators to keep records or file reports in connection with certification requirements. However, USDA requires private applicators to must keep records of RUP applications containing information substantially similar to that which EPA requires commer cial applicators to maintain pursuant to USDA regulations at 7 CFR 110.3

. Section 136w

- 5 of FIFRA prohibits EPA from establi shing training requirements for maintenance applicators (certain applicators of non

- agricultural, non

- RUPs) or service technicians

. FIFRA section 2(e)(4)’s definition of “under the direct supervision of a certified applicator” allows noncertified applicators to apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator even though the certified applicator may not be physicall y present at the time and place the pesticide is applied. EPA can, on a product

- by

- product basis and through the pesticide’s labeling, require application of an RUP only by a certified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 15 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] applicator. 2. Pesticide r egistration

. In order to protect human healt h and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects that might be caused by pesticides, EPA has developed and implemented a rigorous process for registering and re

- evaluating pesticides. The registration process begins when a manufacturer submits an ap plication to register a pesticide. The application must contain required test data, including information on the pesticide’s chemistry, environmental fate, toxicity to humans and wildlife, and potential for human exposure. The Agency also requires a copy o f the proposed labeling, including directions for use, and appropriate warnings. Once an application for a new pesticide product is received, EPA conducts an evaluation, which includes a detailed review of scientific data to determine the potential impact on human health and the environment. The Agency considers the risk assessments and results of any peer review , and evaluates potential risk management measures that could mitigate risks above EPA’s level of concern. Risk management measures could include, among other things, classifying the pesticide as restricted use , limitations on the use of the pesticide or requiring the use of engineering controls

. In the decision

- making process, EPA evaluates the proposed use(s) of the pesticide to determine whethe r it would cause adverse effects on human health, non

target species, and the environment. FIFRA requires that EPA balance the benefits of using a pesticide against the risks from that use. If the application for registration does not contain evidence su fficient for EPA to determine that the pesticide meets the FIFRA registration criteria, EPA communicates to the applicant the need for more or better refined data, labeling modifications, or*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 16 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] additional use restrictions. Once the applicant has demonstrated that a proposed product meets the FIFRA registration criteria and

– if the use would result in residues of the pesticide on food or feed

– a tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA ; ) , 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq
. )

. , is available, EPA approves the registration subject to any risk mitigation measures necessary to achieve that approval. EPA devotes significant resources to the regulation of pesticides to ensure that each pesticide product meets the FIFRA requirement that pesticides not cause unreasonable adverse effects to the public and the environment. Part of EPA’s pesticide regulation and evaluation process is determining whether a pesticide should be classified as for restricted use. As di scussed in Unit II.A. , EPA classifies products as RUP s when they would cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, the applicator, or the public when used according to the labeling directions

. 7 U

. S

. C 136a (d)(1)(C). and without additional restrictions

. 7 U

. S

. C 136a (d)(1)(C). EPA maintains a list of active ingredients with uses that have been classified as restricted use at 40 CFR 152.175. In addition, EPA periodically publishes an “RUP Report” that lists RUP products ’ registration number, product name, status, registration status, company name, and active ingredients ( http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/ )

. EPA has classified about 900 pesticide products as RUPs, which is about 5% of all reg istered pesticide products. EPA does not have data on the relative usage of RUPs versus general use or unclassified pesticides. When EPA approves a pesticide, the labeling reflects the risk mitigation measures required by EPA. The potential risk mitigation measures include requir ing cer tain engineering controls, such as use of closed systems for mixing pesticides and loading*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 17 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] them into application equipment to reduce potential exposure to those who handle pesticides; establish ing conditions on the use of the pesticide by specifying certai n use sites, maximum application rate or maximum number of applications ; or limit ing the use of the product to certified applicators (i.e., prohibit application of an RUP by a noncertified applicator working under the direct supervision of a certified appl icator) to protect users, the public, and the environment against risks associated with misapplication by unqualified or incompetent applicators. Since users must comply with the directions for use and use restrictions on a product’s labeling, EPA uses the labeling to establish and convey mandatory requirements for how the pesticide must be used to protect the applicator, the public, and the environment from pesticide exposure. 3. Pesticide Reregistration and Registration Review. Under FIFRA, EPA is requir ed to review periodically the registration of pesticides currently registered in the
U nited States

. The 1988 FIFRA amendments required EPA to establish a pesticide reregistration program. Reregistration was a one

- time comprehensive review of the human heal th and environmental effects of pesticides first registered before November 1, 1984 to make decisions about these pesticides' future use. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) required amendments to FIFRA require that EPA establish, through rule making, an ongoing “registration review” process of all pesticides at least every 15
years. The final rule establishing the registration review program was signed in August
2006. The purpose of both re

- evaluation programs is to review all pesticides registered in the United States to ensure that they continue to meet current safety standards based on
up - to

- date scientific approaches and relevant data. Pesticides reviewed under the reregistration program that met current s cientific*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 18 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] and safety standards were declared “ eligible ” for reregistration. The results of EPA ’ s reviews are summarized in Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) documents. The last RED was completed in 2008. Often before a pesticide could be determine d “eligible,” certain risk reduction measures had to be put in place. For a number of pesticides, measures intended to reduce exposure to certified applicators and pesticide handlers were needed and are reflected on pesticide labeling. To address occupation al risk concerns, REDs include mitigation measures such as: V oluntary cancellation of the product or specific use(s); limiting the amount, frequency or timing of applications; imposing other application restrictions; classifying a product or specific use(s ) a s for restricted use ; requiring the use of specific personal protective equipment (PPE); and establishing specific restricted entry intervals; and improving use directions. Under the registration review program, EPA will review each registered pesticid e at least every 15 years to determine whether it continues to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. Pesticides registered before 1984 were reevaluated initially under the reregistration program. These pesticides also are subject to registration review

. Rigorous ongoing education and enforcement are needed to ensure that these mitigation measures are appropriately implemented in the field. The framework provided by the pesticide applicator certification regulation and associated training programs are critical for ensuring that the improvements brought about by reregistration and registration review are realized in the field. For example, the requirement for applicators to demonstrate continued competency, or to renew their certifications periodically, is one way to educate applicators about changes in product labeling to ensure they continue to use RUPs in a manner that will not harm themselves, the public, or the environment. The*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] changes being proposed are designed to enhance the effectiveness of the existing
structure. In summary, EPA’s pesticide reregistration and registration reviews assess the specific risks associated with particular chemicals and ensure that the public and environment do not suffer unreasonable adverse effects from the risks. EP A implements the risk reduction and mitigation measures that result from the pesticide reregistration and registration review programs through individual pesticide product labeling. 4. Related r ulemaking. EPA also issued proposed amendments to the WPS ( 79 FR 15444; March 19, 2014). Ref. 4 ). Since 40 CFR parts 170 and 171, along with other components of the pesticide program, work together to reduce and prevent unreasonable adverse effects from pesticides, EPA ’s experience with the proposed amendments to 40
CFR part 170 significantly informs its effort to amend the current certification rule at 40
CFR part 171. B. Overview of Certified Applicator Information 1. Existing Certification of Pesticide Applicators Rule

. The certification regulation is intended to ensure that persons using or supervising the use of RUPs are competent to use these products without causing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment and to provide a mechanism by which State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies can admin ister their own programs to certify applicators of RUPs as competent. FIFRA distinguishes three categories of persons who might apply RUPs:

• Commercial applicators . “Commercial applicator ” is defined at 7 U

. S

. C

. 136(e)(3). This group consists primarily of those who apply RUPs for hire, including applicators who perform agricultural pest control, structural pest control, lawn and turf*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 20 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] care, and public health pest control.

• Private applicator s . “Private applicator” is defin ed at 7 U

. S

. C

. 136(e)(2). This group consists primarily of farmers or agricultural growers who apply RUPs to their own land to produce an agricultural commodity.

• Noncertified applicator s . A noncertified applicator is a person who uses RUPs under the dir ect supervision of a certified applicator. The phrase “under the direct supervision of a certified applicator” is defined at 7 U

. S

. C

. 136(e)(4). The current certification regulation establishes requirements for submission and approval of State plans for the certification of applicators. Consistent with the provisions of FIFRA section 11(a)(2) and the State plan requirements in the current rule, programs for the certification of applicators of RUPs are currently implemented by each of the fifty
State s. The c ertification programs are conducted by the State s and Tribes in accordance with their State or Tribal certification plans, which are approved by the EPA Administrator and filed with EPA after approval

. (Ref. 1 5 ) In some cases, certification
programs are also carried out by other Federal agencies under approved Federal agency plans or by EPA under EPA

- administered plans. In addition to the 50 State

- implemented plans, EPA has approved plans for 3 territories, 4 Federal agencies, and 4 Tribes

. EPA also direc tly administers a national certification plan for Indian c ountry ( 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014 Ref. 1 ) and has implemented a specific certification plan for the Navajo Nation ( 72 FR 32648; June 13, 2007 Ref. 2 ). A s used in FIFRA, the term State means a State , the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Guam, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa; the term State will have the same meaning in this rulemaking

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- AJ20] The current certification regulation establishes competency standards for persons seeking to become certified as private or commercial applicators. For a person to become certified as a private applicator, he or she must either pass an exam covering a general set of information related to pes ticide application and safety or qualify through a non

- exam option administered by the certifying authority. For a person to become certified as a commercial applicator, he or she must pass at least two exams

– one covering the general or “core” competenci es related to general pesticide application and environmental safety and an exam related to each specific category in which he or she intends to apply pesticides. The cur rent certification rule lists 10 categories of certification for commercial applicator s: A gricultural pest control

– plant; agricultural pest control

– animal; forest pest control; ornamental and turf pest control; seed treatment; aquatic pest control; right

of

- way pest control; industrial, institutional, structural and health related pest control; public health pest control; regulatory pest control; and demonstration and research pest control. 40 CFR 171.3(b). (Note: EPA and other certifying authorities may sometimes refer to 11 categories of certification if the two subcategories under agr icultural pest control are counted as individual categories.) Although EPA only requires certification of applicators who use RUPs, most State s require all commercial “for hire” applicators to be certified, regardless of whether they plan to use RUPs. Once the applicator completes the necessary requirements, the certifying authority issues to the applicator a certification valid for a set period of time, ranging from 1

- 6 years depending on the State , Tribe , or Federal agency that provides the certification. The current regulation requires State s to implement a recertification process to ensure that applicators maintain ongoing competency to use pesticides safely and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] properly. 40 CFR 171.8(a)(2). However, the current rule does not have a requirement for the frequency, content, or standards for applicator recertification. States, Tribes and Federal agencies have established varying requirements for applicators to be recert ified, such as attending a full

- day workshop, earning a specific number of “continuing

e ducation units,” or passing written exams. Applicators who do not complete the recertification requirements in the established period no longer hold a valid certification and cannot use RUPs after their certification expires. Under the current certificat ion regulation, n oncertified applicators, i.e., persons using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators, must receive general instructions and be able to contact their supervisor in the event of an emergency. The rule does not have specifi c training requirements, a limit on the distance between the supervisor and noncertified applicator, or a restriction on the number of noncertified applicators that one certified applicator can supervise. An overview of the development of the certificatio n rule and the process leading to this proposal appear in Unit IV. 2. Applicator d emographics

. The profile of certified applicators of RUPs has shifted over time. The U.S. is moving away from small agricultural production and more individuals seek professional pest control to address issues in their home or workplace. In 198 7 , around 1.2 million applicators held a certification, almost 80 % of which were private applicators, and 20 % of which were commercial applicators ( Ref. 2 6 )

. In 201 3 , the total n umber of certified applicators decreased to just over 900,000 ( Ref. 1 5 )

. The respective proportions of private and commercial applicators changed more significantly

– private applicators account only for 53 % of the total certified applicator population and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] commercial applicators now make up about 47 %

. Applicators work in a diverse array of situations including agricultural production, residential pest control, mosquito spraying for public health protection, treating weeds along roadside and railroad rights of way, fumigating rail cars and buildings, maintaining lawns and other ornamental plantings, and controlling weeds and algae in waterways through pesticide application. Specific information on applicators across all industries or in each certification ca tegory is difficult to find and summarize. However, the broad trends indicate a decrease in agricultur al applicators and an increase
in urban and public health pest control

. Since publication of the original rule, pesticide usage and reliance on hired pest control applicators have increased. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that “employment of pest control workers [will] grow by 15 percent between 2008 and 2018, ... [because] more people are expected to use pest control services as environmenta l and health concerns and improvements in the standard of living convince more people to hire professionals, rather than attempt pest control work themselves” ( Ref. 3 7 )

. 3. Incident data and g eneral i nformation. a. Incident Databases. Incident monitoring programs have informed EPA’s understanding of common types of pesticide exposures and their outcomes. In 2007, EPA released a report detailing the coverage of all pesticide incident reporting databases considered by EPA ( Ref. 4 8 )

. When developing the propo sed changes to the certification rule, EPA consult ed three major databases for information on pesticide incidents involving applicator errors while using RUPs

. To identify deaths and high severity incidents associated with use of RUPs, EPA consulted its Incident Data System (IDS). IDS is maintained by EPA’s Office of Pesticide*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Programs (OPP) and incorporates data submitted by registrants under FIFRA section 6(a)(2 ) ) , as well as other incidents reported directly to EPA. FIFRA allows the aggregation of individual events in some circumstances , meaning an incident with negative impacts to a number of individuals (persons, livestock, birds, pollinators) and/or the environment could be reported as a single incident

. In addition to incidents involving human h ealth, IDS also collects information on claims of adverse effects from pesticides involving plants and animals (wild and domestic), as well as detect ion s of pesticide in
water. EPA uses this information to identify incidents involving the use of RUPs that have ecologic al effects. While IDS reports may be broad in scope, the system does not consistently capture detailed information about incident events, such as occupational exposure circumstances or medical outcome, and the reports are not necessarily verif ied or investigated. The second database, the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk (SENSOR), is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). SENSOR covers all occupational injuries and has a specific component for pesticides (SENSOR

- Pesticides).
EPA uses SENSOR

- Pesticides to monitor trends in occupational health related to acute exposures to pesticides, to identify emerging pesticide problems, and to build and maintain State surveillance capacity. SENSOR

- Pesticides is a State

- based surveillance system with 12 State participants. The program collects most poisoning incident cases from:

• U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) workers’ compensation clai ms when repor ted by physicians.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • State Departments of Agriculture.

• Poison control centers.
A State SENSOR

- Pesticides contact specialist follows up with workers and obtains medical records to verify symptoms, circumstances surrounding the exposure, severity, and outcome. SENSOR

- Pesticides captures incidents only when the affected person has two or more symptoms. Using a standardized protocol and case definitions,
SENSOR

- Pesticides coordinators enter the incident interview description provided by the worker, medical report, and physician into the SENSOR data system. SENSOR

Pesticides has a severity index , based partly on poison control center criteria, to assign illness severity in a standardized fashion. SENSOR

- Pesticides provides the most comprehensive information on occupational pesticide exposure, but its coverage is not nationwide and a majority of th e data come from California and Washington State. Since 2009, SENSOR has been including information about how the incidents may have been prevented. The third database , th e American Association of Poison Control Centers maintains the National Poison Data System (NPDS), formerly the Toxic Effects Surveillance System (TESS). NPDS is a computerized information system with geographically

- specific and near real

- time reporting. While the main mission of Poison Control Centers (PCC) is helping callers respond to emergencies, not collecting specific information about incidents, NPDS data help identify emerging problems in chemical product safety. Hotlines at 61 PCCs nationwide are open 24 hours every day of the year. There are many bilingual PCCs in predominantly S panish speaking areas. Hotlines are staffed by toxicology specialists to provide poisoning information and clinical care*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] recommendations to callers with a focus on triage to give patients appropriate care. Using computer assisted data entry, standardized p rotocols, and strict data entry criteria, local callers report incidents that are retained locally and updated in summary form to the national database. Since 2000, nearly all calls in the system are submitted in a computer

assisted interview format by the 61 certified PCCs, adhering to clinical criteria designed to provide a consistent approach to evaluating and managing pesticide and drug related adverse incidents. Information calls are tallied separately and not counted as incidents. The NPDS system cove rs nearly the entire United States and its territories, but the system is clinically oriented and not designed to collect detailed occupational incident data. Additionally, NPDS does not capture EPA pesticide registration numbers, a critical element for id entifying the specific product and whether it was an RUP. Three studies showing undercounting of poison control data indicate the magnitude of the problem. The studies each focus on a specific region and compare cases reported to poison control with tho se poisonings for which there are hospital records. In all three cases, the studies indicate a substantial underreporting of poisoning incidents to poison control, especially related to pesticides ( Ref s . 5, 6, 7 9, 10 and 11 )

. Underreporting of pesticide in cidents is a challenge for all available data sources for a number of reasons

. Symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning are often vague and mimic symptoms with other causes, leading to incorrect diagnoses, and chronic effects are difficult to identify and tr ack. The demographics of the populations that typically work with or around pesticides also contribute to underreporting of incidents. There may not be enough information to determine if the adverse effects noted were in fact the result of pesticide expos ure and not another contributing factor because many incident reports lack*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] useful information such as the exact product that was the source of the exposure, the amount of pesticide involved, or the circumstances of the exposure. There may not be enough inf ormation to determine if the adverse effects noted were in fact the result of pesticide exposure and not another contributing factor. A more complete discussion of the underreporting and its effect on pesticide incident reporting is located in the Economic Analysis for this proposal ( Ref. 8 3 )

. The data available do provide a snapshot of the illnesses faced by those applying RUPs and others impacted by the application and the likely avenues of exposure. Review of these data sources shows that certified appl icators continue to face avoidable occupational pesticide exposure and in some instances cause exposures to others. EPA notes that RUPs can be used safely when labeling directions for use are carefully followed. Deaths and illnesses from applicator errors involving RUPs occur for a variety of reasons, including misuse of pesticides in or around homes, faulty application and/or personal protective equipment, failure to confirm a living space is empty before fumigating, or unknowing persons accidentally inges ting an RUP that was improperly put in a beverage container. Common reasons for ecological incidents include failure to follow labeling directions, inattention to weather patterns at the time of application, and faulty application equipment ( Ref. 9 12 )

. Gen erally, reports on the data note that many of the incidents could be prevented with strengthened requirements for initial and ongoing applicator competency (certification and recertification), improved training for noncertified applicators working under th e direction of a certified applicator, and knowledge of proper techniques for using specific methods to apply pesticides ( Ref. 9 12 )

. b. Agricultural Health Study. The National Institutes of Health (National Cancer*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Institute and National Institute of Envir onmental Health Sciences) and EPA have sponsored the Agricultural Health Study since 1994. This long

- term, prospective epidemiological study collects information from farmers who are certified applicators in Iowa and North Carolina to learn about the effects of environmental, occupational, dietary, and genetic factors on the health of the farmers, pesticide applicators, and their families. The study design involves gathering information over many years about the pesticide applicator and his or her family’s health, occupational practices, lifestyle, and diet through mailed questionnaires and individual interviews ( Ref. 10 1 )

. The Agricultural Health Study includes approximately 52,000 private applicators, 32,000 spouses of private app licators, and 5,000 commercial applicators. All applicators participating in the study are certified (or licensed) in every State in which they work and in each category in which they make applications. All participants were healthy before enrolling in the study, allowing the researchers to consider a number of variables such as pesticide use, lifestyle, and diet. The Agricultural Health Study is observational and considers a variety of factors including, but not limited to, pesticide use and exposure. The refore, establishing a link between a specific health outcome and pesticide exposure can be difficult. However, it is possible to demonstrate statistical associations between a certain activity and an outcome. Using the information collected, the investiga tors working on the Agricultural Health Study have produced a number of articles relevant to the health and safety of pesticide applicators. See http://aghealth.nih.gov/news/publications.html

. For instance, publications include information on characteristi cs of farmers who experience high pesticide exposure events and potential links between pesticide use and chronic health*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] effects. EPA considers the information from the Agricultural Health Study when appropriate, such as during a chemical reassessment. T he data also provide information on applicator practices that lead to exposures, some of which EPA plans to address through the changes proposed in this rulemaking

. III. Rationale and Objectives for this Action
A. Reasons for the Proposed Action Broadly defined, a pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms. Chemical pest control plays a m ajor role in modern agriculture and has contributed to dramatic increases in crop yields for

mo st field, fruit and vegetable crops. Additionally, pesticides ensure that the public is protected from health risks, such as West Nile Virus , Lyme disease , and the plague , and help manage invasive plants and organisms that pose significant harm to the envi ronment. Pesticides are also used to ensure that housing and workplaces are free of pests, and to control microbial agents in health care settings. EPA’s obligation under
FIFRA is to register only those pesticides that do not cause unreasonable adverse eff ects to human health or the environment. EPA is committed to protect ing against these potential harms and to ensure access to a safe and adequate food supply in the United
States. FIFRA requires EPA to consider the benefits of pesticides as well as the potential risks. This consideration does not override EPA’s responsibility to protect human health and the environment; rather, where a pesticide’s use provides benefits, EPA must ensure that the product can be used without posing unreasonable adverse effe cts to human health*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] or the environment. Some pesticides may pose unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment without strict adherence to precise and often complex mitigation measures specified on the pesticide labeling

– EPA classifies these products as restricted use . To ensure that the necessary measures are followed, EPA requires an additional level of precaution

- these pesticides may be applied only by applicators who are certified or by noncertified applicators working under the di rect supervision of a certified applicator. Certification serves to ensure competency of applicators to use these restricted products, and therefore to protect the applicator, persons working under the direct supervision of the applicator, the general publ ic, and the environment through judicious and appropriate use of RUPs. Applicator certification enables the registration of pesticides that otherwise could not be registered, allowing the use of RUPs for pest management in agricultural production, buildin g and other structural pest management, turf and landscape management, forestry, public health, aquatic systems, food processing, stored grain, and other areas

. The certification regulation , which sets standards for applicators using RUPs , is 40 years old and has not been updated significantly since it was finalized. In conjunction with various non

- regulatory programs, the certification regulation requirements are intended to reduce unreasonable adverse effects from application of RUPs to applicators, byst anders, the public, and the environment. T he certification regulation provisions are
meant to :

• E nsure that certified applicators are and remain competent to use RUPs without unreasonable adverse effects

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- AJ20] • E nsure that noncertified applicators receive adequate information and supervision to protect themselves and to ensure they use RUPs without posing unreasonable adverse effects

. • S et standards for State s, Tribes , territories, and Federal agencies to administer their own certification programs

. • P r otect human health and the environment from ri sks associated with use of
RUPs.

• E nsure the continued availability of RUPs used for public health and pest control purposes. Within these five areas , EPA evaluated the costs and benefits of alternative requirements and is proposing a set of requirements that, in combination, is expected to achieve substantial benefits at minimum cost. The certification regulation must be updated to ensure that the certification process adequately prepares and ensures th e continued competency of applicators to use
RUPs. Several factors prompted EPA to propos e changes to the current rule: T he changing nature of pesticide labeling, risks associated with specific methods for applying pesticides, adverse human health and ecol ogical incidents, inadequate protections for noncertified applicators of RUPs, an uneven regulatory landscape, and outdated and obsolete provisions in the rule related to the administration of certification programs by Tribes and Federal agencies.
1. The changing n ature of p esticide l abeling

. As discussed above, EPA uses a rigorous process to register pesticides. EPA has also implemented the pesticide reregistration program and the registration review program to review registered pesticides*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] periodically to ensure they continue to meet the necessary standard. As a result of these ongoing evaluations, labeling for pesticides changes with some frequency to incorporate risk mitigation measures that allow the pesticide to continue to be used safely. Changes addr ess , among other topics, pesticide product formulation and packaging , application methods, types of personal protective equipment, and environmental concerns, such as the need to protect pollinators. In addition, EPA conducts risk assessments that result in more detailed risk mitigation measures, which can make the pesticide labeling more complex. For pesticides classified as RUPs, it is essential that applicators stay abreast of the changes to the lab eling and understand the risk mitigation measures, because if the products are not used according to their labeling, they may cause harm to the applicator, the public or the environment. EPA’s registration decisions assume that the applicator follows all l abeling instructions; when the labeling is followed, RUPs can be used safely. The current regulation requires that applicators demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs, but does not specify the length of the certification period or standards for
recert ification. The more frequently applicators receive training, the more likely they are retain the substance of the training and apply it on the job. Studies show that information retained from training sessions declines significantly within a year ( Ref s . 11 , 12 1 4 and
1 5 )

. EPA must ensure that certified applicators demonstrate and maintain an understanding of how to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects so that EPA can continue to register RUPs. Therefore , EPA is proposing cha nges to the regulation that would establish a certification period and standards for applicator recertification.
2. Risks a ssociated with s pecific a pplication m ethods . RUPs are applied using a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] variety of application methods. Some methods of application may pose a higher risk to the applicator, bystander, and the environment if not performed correctly. Spray applications, particularly spraying pesticides from an aircraft , may result in off

- target drift of the pesticide. For exa mple, a recent study estimates that 37% to 68% of acute pesticide

- related illnesses in agricultural workers ar e caused by spray drift , including both ground

- based and aerial spray application s ( Ref. 13 1 6 )

. EPA also recognized risks associated with perform ing soil fumigation in the 2008 Reregistration Eligibility Decision RED s for soil fumigants

. (Ref. 17)

. As a result of these risks, EPA required additional training for soil fumigant applicators through labeling amendments on top of the existing requirement for the applicator to be certified

. The decision also acknowledged that a specific certification category requiring demonstration of competency by passing a written exam related to applying fumigants to soil would be an acceptable alternative risk mitigat ion measure

. EPA must ensure that applicators are competent to perform specific types of applications that may pose higher risks if not performed correctly. Therefore, EPA is proposing changes to the regulation to require applicators to demonstrate compete ncy to apply RUPs using specific application methods.
3. Adverse h uman h ealth and e cological i ncidents

. M uch has changed over the last 40 years related to use of RUPs

– pesticide product formulation and labeling, application methods, types of personal protective equipment, and environmental

concerns , such as the need to protect pollinators

. The regulation has not been needs to be updated to addres s these and other changes affecting applicators of RUPs

. In addition to the hundreds of potentially avoidable acute health incidents related to RUP exposure*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] reported each year (Ref. 5 ), several major incidents have occurred that demonstrate that a single o r limited misapplication of an RUP can have widespread and serious effects

. In recent decades, several cases of misuse involving RUPs have indicated that standards are not adequate in some areas. I n one of the most significant cases from the mid

- 1990s, t here was widespread misuse of the RUP methyl parathion, an insecticide used primarily on cotton and other outdoor agricultura l crops , to control pests indoors

. The improper use of this product by a limited number of applicators across several State s led to the widespread contamination of hundreds of homes, significant pesticide exposures and human health effects for hundreds of homeowners and children, and a clean

- up cost of millions of dollars ( Ref s . 14, 15 18 and 19 )

. The incident resulted in one of the mo st significant and widespread pesticide exposure cases in EPA’s history

. In another incident, a n oncertified an applicator using the RUP aluminum phosphide under the supervision of a certified applicator caused the death of 2 young girls and made the
rest o f the family ill

. (1) (see, e.g., http://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/ut/news/2011/bugman%20plea.pdf and http://cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/criminal_prosecution/index.cfm?action=3&prosecution _summary_id=2249 )

. Finally, several severe health incidents have resulted from the public getting access to RUPs that have been put into different containers, e.g., transferred to a soda bottle or a sandwich bag, that do not have the necessary labeling (Ref. 8 3 ). In additi on to human health incidents from RUP exposure, there are instances where use of RUPs has had negative impact s on the environment. Although data on the damage associated ecological incidents are difficult to capture, EPA has identified a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] number of incident s of harm to fish and aquatic animals, birds, mammals, bees, and crops that could be prevented by the proposed changes to the certification rule ( Ref. 8 3 )

. See the e conomic a ssessment for this rule for more information on human health and ecological incid ents stemming from RUP use ( Ref. 8 3 )

. In light of the incidents discussed above, EPA must has determined to update the certification rule to ensure that RUPs can continue to be used without posing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environ ment. EPA’s decision to register products as restricted use rests in part on an assumption that applicators will follow all labeling instructions. When labeling instructions are followed, RUPs can be used safely. EPA expects the proposed rule to reduce human health and environmental incidents related to RUP use by strengthening the standards of competency for certified applicators, improving training for noncertified applicators, and establishing a maximum certification period and standards for recertifi cation training

. These changes would ensure that applicators and those under their supervision more carefully follow pesticide label instructions, take proper care to prevent harm, and generally have a higher level of competency. 4. Inadequate p rotecti o n for n oncertified a pplicators of RUPs

. Noncertified applicators using RUPs receive little instruction on how to protect themselves, their families, other persons and the environment from pesticide exposure. Although little demographic data exists on this group, in industries including but not limited to agriculture and ornamental plant production, the profile of the population appears to be similar to that of agricultural pesticide handlers under the WPS . B oth groups are permitted to mix, load, and apply p esticides with proper guidance from their employer or*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] supervisor. Agricultural handlers under the WPS only use pesticides in the production of agricultural commodities; noncertified applicators may use pesticides in any setting not prohibited by the labeli ng. In order to mix, load or apply RUPs, however, all noncertified persons, including agricultural handlers, must be working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator and are protected under the certification rule

. These n oncertified applicato rs must be competent to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to themselves, the public, or the environment. The existing certification rule does not have specific standards on which noncertified applicators must receive instruction in order to prepare them to use RUPs. EPA identified six incidents from 2006 to 2010 where noncertified applicators experienced high severity he alth impacts from working with RUPs ( Ref. 8 3 )

. These adverse health effects were largely due to the noncertified applicators’ lack of understanding about the risks posed by the RUPs they were applying, proper application procedures and techniques , and labe ling instructions. Under the WPS, a gricultural handlers must receive training that covers , among other topics, hazards associated with pesticide use; format and meaning of pesticide labeling; and proper pesticide use, transportation, storage, and disposa l. 40 CFR 170.230(c)(4). Agricultural handlers also must be provided a copy of the labeling and any other information necessary to make the application without causing unreasonable adverse effects. EPA is proposing additional content under the WPS for agri cultural handler training that covers proper use and removal of PPE and specific information on fitting and wearing respirators to ensure agricultural handlers are protected adequately and understand how to follow all relevant labeling provisions

. 79 FR 15 443; March 19,
2014. (Ref. 4)

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- AJ20] Like agricultural handlers, some noncertified applicators may face challenges, such as not speaking or reading English and havin g a low income.

. They may bear risk s from occupational pesticide exposure because they work with and around pesticides on a daily basis, and language and literacy barriers may make effective training and hazard communication challenging. Under the principles of environmental justice, EPA

rec ognizes the need to reduce the disproportionate burden or risk carried by this population. Noncertified applicators must receive adequate instruction on understanding and following pesticide labeling to ensure that RUPs are used in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. Additionally, noncertified applicators must have sufficient information in order to protect themselves, others, and the environment before, during, and after pesticide applications. Bec ause of the similar risks faced by agricultural handlers under the WPS and noncertified applicators under the certification rule, EPA proposes to strengthen the standards for noncertified applicators to include relevant provisions from the proposed agricul tural handler training under the WPS and to ensure that the training is provided in a manner that the noncertified applicators understand, including through audiovisual materials or a translator if necessary

. 5. Uneven r egulatory l andscape

. EPA assumes a minimum standard level of competency of RUP applicators as part of the pesticide registration and ongoing review
p rocesses, and registers RUPs based on the minimum standard of competency. States, however, may adopt additio nal requirements as long as they meet the minimum standards established by EPA. Two areas of the rule related to assessing applicator competency*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] lack specificity sufficient to ensure the minimum level of competency : S tandards for exams and private applicator competency standards. The lack of specificity in the rule has resulted in State s adopting differing standards, some of which do not match EPA’s expectation regarding the minimum level of competency of a certified applicator. In 2007, EPA issued guidance on its interpretation of exams in the rule. The guidance notes that EPA interprets any exam administered to gauge applicator competency as being a proctored, closed

- book, written exam. EPA has become aware, however, that not all State certification programs reflect this interpretation ; several State s have certification process es that allow open

- book , written exams for determining applicator competency. EPA is concerned that open

- book exams allow a lower standard for the process of determining and assuring competency than intended when EP A established the requirement for exams in the regulation. EPA proposes to codify the 2007 guidance and to clarify its expectations regarding administration of certification exams and training programs to ensure that the process for determining competence meets a standard national baseline. The certification rule lists five points on which a person much demonstrate competency to become a private applicator. While these points cover the main topics that EPA expects an applicator to master before being certi fied to use RUPs, they do not cover in detail the necessary competencies for a person to use RUPs without causing unreasonable adverse effects. EPA must ensure that private applicators use RUPs competently. Commercial applicators must demonstrate competenc y in core pesticide use, such as reading and understanding the labeling, calculating application rates, wearing and caring for PPE, how to handle spills and other emergencies, and avoiding*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] environmental contamination from pesticide use, as well as in speci fic categories of application. Private and commercial applicators have access to the same RUPs and EPA expects that they have the same level of competency. Over Almost 90% of State s have adopted specific standards of competency for private applicators that are comparable to the core standards for commercial applicators. Those State s that have not adopted such standards for private applicators may be certifying applicators who do not meet the level of competency that EPA believes is necessary to use RUPs. To address this problem, EPA proposes to make the standards of competency for private applicators more specific

– the proposed standards include many concepts from the commercial core standards as well as competencies necessary to use RUPs in agricultural pro duction.
6. Outdated and o bsolete r ule p rovisions

. The certification rule has one section regarding Tribal programs that is outdated and one section on government agency certification programs that is not necessary. The current rule provides three options for applicator certification programs in Indian country

. Consultation with Tribes raised an issue with one of the current options because it calls for Tribes that chooses to utilize a
State certification program and rely on State certifica tions to obtain concurrence from the relevant State s and to enter into a documented State

- Tribal cooperative agreement. This option has led to questions about jurisdiction and the appropriate exercise of enforcement authority for such programs in Indian c ountry. EP A proposes to revise this option to allow Tribes to administer programs based on certifications issued by a State , a separate Tribe , or a Federal agency by entering into an agreement with the appropriate EPA Regional office. This would allow Tribes to ente r into agreements with EPA to recognize the certification of applicators who hold a certificate issued under an EPA

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- AJ20] certification plan without the need for State

- Tribal cooperative agreements

. The agreement between the Tribe and the EPA Regional office would address appropriate implementation and enforcement issues. The current rule includes a provision for a GAP , a certification program that would cover all Federal government employees using RUPs. No such plan was developed or implemented by EPA or any other Federal agency. Subsequently, EPA issued a policy that allows each Federal agency to submit its own plan to certify RUP applicators. Four Federal agencies have EPA

- approved certification plans. To streamline the rule and codify the existing policy, EPA proposes to delete the current section on GAP and replace it with requirements from the existing policy on Federal agency certification plans. B. Regulatory Objectives Through this proposal EPA seeks to have those responsi ble for making pesticide use decisions and applying RUPs and those who benefit from the availability of these products to internalize the effects of their decisions. By strengthening certification standards, adding categories for application methods that p resent high risk of exposure, establishing recertification standards, and requiring specific training for noncertified applicators, EPA proposes to put th e responsibility to ensure that RUPs are used in a manner to avoid unreasonable adverse effects on the parties who are most able to control the situation. This would minimize the externalities, undesirable or unintended consequences of decisions that result in negative consequences for other parties, in this case bystanders, the public, and the environment

. EPA estimates the total annualized cost of the rule at $4 7.2 million

. (Ref. 3)

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- AJ20] States and other jurisdictions that administer certification programs would bear annualized costs of about $ 359 ,000, but State s would incur most of the se cost s i mmediately after the rule is finalized to modify their programs to correspond with the proposed changes to the Federal regulation

. The annual cost to private applicators would be about $ 19.5 million, or about $ 40 per year per private applicator. The estimated annual cost to commercial applicators would be $ 27.4 million, or about $ 66 per commercial applicator per year. Many of the firms in the affected sectors are small businesses, particularly in the agricultural sector. EPA concludes that there w ould not be a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. The impact to the average small farm is anticipated to be less than 1% of annual sales while the impacts to small commercial pest control services are expected to be around 0.1 % of annual gross revenue. Given the modest increases in per

- applicator costs, EPA also concludes that the proposed rule would not have a substantial effect on employment. The rule changes proposed by EPA would improve the pesticide applicator certification and training program substantially. Trained and competent applicators are more likely to apply pesticide products without causing unreasonable adverse effects and
to use RUPs properly to achieve the intended results than applicators who are not adequately trained or properly certified. In addition to core pesticide safety and practical use concepts, certification and training assures that certified applicators possess critical information on a wide range of environmental issues such as endangered species, w ater quality, worker protection , and protecting non

- target organisms , such as pollinators. Pesticide safety education helps applicators improve their abilities to avoid pesticide misuse, spills and harm to non

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- AJ20] The benefits of the proposed rule accrue to certified and noncertified applicators, the public, and the environment. EPA estimates the quantified value of the 638 to 762 acute illnesses from RUP exposure per year that could be prevented by the rule to be between $ 20.1 million and $ 2 0 .5 million per year ( Ref. 8 3 )

. However, EPA recognizes that the estimate is biased downward by an unknown degree. First, pesticide incidents, like many illnesses and accidents, are underreported because sufferers may not seek medical care, cases ma y not be correctly diagnosed, and correctly diagnosed cases may not be filed to the central reporting database. Also, many symptoms of pesticide poisoning, such as fatigue, nausea, rash, dizziness, and diarrhea, may be confused with other illnesses and may not be reported as related to pesticide exposure. Studies estimate that underreporting of pesticide exposure ranges from 20 % to 75 % ( Ref s . 5, 6, 7 9, 10 and
11 )

. If only 25% of pesticide poisonings are reported, the quantified estimated benefits of the rule would be about $ 80. 5 million annually ( Ref. 8 3 )

. EPA’s approach to estimat ing the quantitative benefits of the proposal only measures avoided medical costs and lost wages, not the willingness to pay to avoid possible symptoms due to pesticide exposur e, which could be substantially higher. Many of the negative health impacts associated with agricultural pesticide application are borne by agricultural workers and handlers, a population that more acutely feels the impact of lost work time on their income s and family health. An increase in the overall level of competency for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision would also be beneficial to people who work, play, or live in areas treated with RUPs, such as agricultural workers , neighbors of agricultural fields , and consumers whose homes are treated

. Under

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- AJ20] p esticide applicators may not be aware immediately of the potential impacts to their own health or the health of those who live or work around areas where RUPs are applied, and therefore may not independently adopt measures to increase the safety of themselves or others, necessitating intervention by the government to ensure these populations are adequately protected

. It is reasonable to expect that the qualitative benefits of the rule are more substantial. Although EPA is not able to measure the full benefits that accrue from reducing chronic exposure to pesticides, well

- documented associations between pesticide

ex posure and certain cancer and non

- cancer chronic health effects exist in peer

- reviewed literature. See the economic assessment for this proposal for a discussion of the peer reviewed literature ( Ref. 8 3 )

. The proposals for strengthened competency standards for private applicators, expanded training for noncertified applicators, additional application method

- specific certification categories, a minimum age for all persons using RUPs, and appropriate c ertification options in Indian c ountry would lead to an ov erall reduction in the number of human health incidents related to chronic pesticide exposure and environmental contamination from improper or misapplication of pesticides. Overall, the weight of evidence suggests that the proposed requirements would resul t in long

- term health benefits to certified and noncertified applicators, as well as to bystanders and the public. It is reasonable to expect that that the proposed rule would benefit the environment and the food supply. The proposed changes enhance priv ate applicator competency standards to include information on protecting the environment during and after application, such as protecting pollinators and avoiding contamination of water*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] supplies. The proposal to ensure that all applicators continue to demo nstrate their competency to use RUPs without unreasonable adverse effect should better protect the public from RUP exposure when occupying treated buildings or outdoor spaces, consuming treated food products, and when near areas where RUPs have been applie d. The economic assessment for this proposal includes a qualitative discussion of 68 incidents from 2009 through 2013 where applicator errors while applying RUPs damaged crops or killed fish, bird, bees , or other animals ( Ref. 8 3 )

. The environment should also be better protected from misapplication, which can result in cleaner water and less impact

on non - target plants and animals. In addition, the proposed changes to the certification regulation specifically mitigate risks to children. The proposal would implement a minimum age of 18 for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision. Since children’s bodies are still developing, they may be more susceptible to risks associated with RUP application and therefore would benefit from strengthened protections. In addition, research has shown that children may not have developed fully the capacity to make decisions and to weigh risks ( Ref s . 16, 17, 18 20, 21 and 22 )

. Proper application of RUPs is essential to protect th e safety of people who work, visit, or live in or near areas treated with RUPs, people who eat food that has been treated with RUPs, people and animals who depend on an uncontaminated water supply, as well as the safety of the applicator him or herself. Th erefore, it is reasonable to expect that that restricting certification to persons over 18 years old would better protect both the applicators and those who may be affected negatively by improper or misapplication. Children also suffer the effects of RUP exposure from residential applications and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] accidental ingestion. Accidental ingestion occurs when children get access to an RUP that has been improperly stored, e.g., transferred to an unmarked container or left accessible to the public ( Ref. 9 12 )

. The proposed changes improve training for noncertified applicators, strengthen competency standards for private applicators, and require all applicators to demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs . These changes would remind applicators about core principl es of safe pesticide use and storage, reducing the likelihood that children would experience these types of RUP exposures. Thus, the proposed changes may reduce children’s exposure to RUPs and contamination caused by improper application of pesticides. In the almost 4 decades since implementing the certification regulation, EPA has learned from the Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee, C ertification and Training Assessment Group (C TAG ) , National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program, meetings with State regulators, and other stakeholder interaction, that the national applicator certification program needs improvements, some of which can only be accomplished through rulemaking. T his proposal reflects EPA’s commitment to pay particular attention to the health of children and environmental justice concerns. C. Considerations for Improving the Certification of Applicators Rule
1. Regulatory h istory

. The Agency proposed the existing certification rule in 1974. EPA finalized sections covering applicator competency standards and noncertified applicator requirements (40 CFR 171.1

- 171.6) in 1974 ( 39 FR 36447; October 9, 1974 Ref. 23 ), followed by sections outlining State plan submission and revi ew and certification in Indian c ountry (40 CFR 171.7 t hrough 171.10) in 1975 ( 40 FR 11698; March 12, 1975 Ref. 24 ), and the requirements for EPA

- administered plans (40 CFR*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 171.11) in 1978 ( 43 FR 24834; June 8, 1978 Ref. 25 ). Since 1978, EPA has made minor amendments to the rule, such as requiring dealer recordk eeping and reporting under EPA

implemented plans and establishing standards for EPA

- administered plans . 48 FR 29854; June 29, 1983; 48 FR 53972; November 29, 1983. (Refs. 26 and 27)

. In 1990, EPA proposed amendments to the certification regulation that in cluded provisions for establishing private applicator categories, adding categories for commercial applicators, revising applicator competency standards, establishing criteria and levels of supervision for the use of a RUP by a noncertified applicator, cri teria for approving State noncertified applicator training programs, establishing recertification requirements for private and commercial applicators, and eliminating the exemption for

non - reader certification

. 55 FR 46890; November 7, 1990. (Ref. 28)

. EPA took comments on the proposal but did not finalize it due to constraints on EPA’s resources. Because no major revision has been made to this Federal regulation in almost 40
years, State programs have taken the lead in revising and updating standards for certification and recertification. Many State s updated their certification programs based on EPA’s 1990 proposal. Others have amended their programs to address changes in technology or other aspects of pesticide application. As a result, the State requirements for certification of applicators are highly varied and most State s go beyond the existing Federal requirements for applicator certification. This situation has created an uneven regulatory landscape and problems in program consistency that co mplicate registration decisions, inhibit State

- to

- State reciprocity (i.e., recognition of other State certifications as valid), and hinder EPA’s ability to develop national program materials that meet the needs of all State s.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 2. Stakeholder Engagement. In 1985, a taskforce was formed by EPA and the
State

- FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG) to review existing certification programs and policies to determine what, if any, actions should be taken to improve the certification program. The taskf orce included representatives from EPA, USDA, State cooperative extension services, and State lead agencies for pesticide regulation. The taskforce issued the Report of the EPA/SFIREG Certification and Training Task Force in August 1985 , (Ref. 29) , which i dentified areas in need of improvement and made specific recommendations for improvement ( Ref. 19 )

. . The taskforce noted the growing complexity and technological advancements in pesticides and pesticide use practices, especially in the agricultural community. Further, the taskforce recognized proper pesticide use as a growing issue under broader environmental concerns, such as groundwater protection, endangered species protection, worker protection, chronic toxicity, pesticide disposal, and pesticide residues in the food supply ( Ref. 19 2 9 )

. The agricultural and commercial applicator communities were becoming aware of these issues and as a consequence sought increased and specialized training. Based on the identified issues and action in the applicato r community, the taskforce suggested that EPA upgrade the competency requirements for private and commercial agricultural applicators. The taskforce’s recommendations included adding additional categories “for certain use and application methods which re quire more stringent attention [such as] Compound 1080, certain fumigants, or aerial application” ( Ref. 19 2 9 )

. In addition, the taskforce recommended strengthening the training for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certifie d applicator and requiring commercial applicators*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] to retain records of the training ( Ref. 19 2 9 )

. It suggested that EPA add dealer requirements for recordkeeping about sales of RUPs and make private applicator competency standards closer to the general comm ercial applicator competency standards. Lastly, the report discussed the need for a standard recertification period and “sufficient standardization of training and the process of certification renewal to facilitate interstate
commerce” ( Ref. 19 2 9 )

. EPA pr oposed amendments to the certification regulation in 1990 , (Ref. 28) , based in part on the taskforce’s report ( 55 FR 46890; November 7, 1990 Ref. 29 ). However, the proposed rule was not finalized and the taskforce’s recommendations were not implemented at t he Federal level. While many State s adopted new regulations meeting or exceeding the proposed standards contained in the 1990 proposal, other State s chose to retain their standards until EPA revised the Federal certification regulation.
Some State s sought to avoid potential conflicts with Federal regulations that had not been finalized, while other State s were bound by laws or regulations that prohibited the State ’s standards from being more restrictive than Federal standards. In 1996, stakeholde rs from the Federal and State governments and cooperative extension programs formed CTAG to assess the current status of and provide direction for Federal and State pesticide applicator certification programs. CTAG’s mission is to develop and implement pro posals to strengthen Federal , State and Tribal pesticide certification and training programs, with the goal of enhancing the knowledge and skills of pesticide users. Pesticide certification and training programs are run primarily by State government progra ms and cooperative extension service programs from State land grant universities, so these stakeholders provide valuable insight into the needs of the program.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] In 1999, CTAG issued a comprehensive report, Pesticide Safety in the 21 st Century , (Ref. 30) , which recommended improvements for State and Federal pesticide applicator certification programs, including how to strengthen the certification regulation ( Ref. 20 )

. . The report suggests that EPA update the core training requirements for private and commer cial applicators, establish a minimum age for applicator certification, set standards for a recertification or continuing education program, facilitate the ability of applicators certified in one State to work in another State without going through the whole certification process again, and strengthen protections for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator ( Ref. 20 30 )

. Around the same time as CTAG issued its report, EPA initiated the National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program (the National Assessment), an evaluation of its pesticide worker safety program (pesticide applicator certification and agricultural worker protection) ( Ref. 21 31 )

. The National Assessment eng aged a wide array of stakeholder groups in public forums to discuss among other things, the CTAG recommendations and other necessary improvements to EPA’s pesticide applicator certification program. In 2003 200 5 , EPA issued the Report on the National Assess ment of EPA’s Pesticide Worker Safety Program , (Ref. 32) , which included many recommendations for rule revisions to improve the applicator certification program ( Ref.
22 )

. . The various individual opinions and suggestions made during the course of the

asse ssment centered on a few broad improvement areas: T he expansion and upgrade of applicator and worker competency and promotion of safer work practices, improved training of and communication with all pesticide workers, increased enforcement efforts and impr oved training of inspectors, training of health care providers and monitoring of*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] pesticide incidents, and finally, program operation, efficiency and funding ( Ref. 22 32 )

. Suggestions specific to certification of applicators included improving standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of certified applicators, establishing a minimum age for applicator certification, requiring all applicators to pass an exam to become certified, and facilitating reciprocity between State s for certification of applicators ( Ref. 22 32 )

. While EPA addressed some of the recommendations through grants, program guidance, and other outreach, others could only be accom plished by rulemaking. During the initial stages of the framing of this proposal, EPA’s Federal advisory committee, the Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC), formed a workgroup in 2006 to provide feedback to EPA on different areas for change to the certification regulation and the WPS. The workgroup had over 70 members representing a wide range of stakeholders. EPA shared with the workgroup suggestions for regulatory change identified through the National Assessment and solicited comments. The workg roup convened for a series of meetings and conference calls to get more information on specific parts of the regulation and areas where EPA was considering change, and provided feedback to EPA. The workgroup never reached consensus; it focused on evaluatin g possible changes under consideration by EPA by providing feedback from each member’s or organization’s perspective. Comments from the PPDC workgroup members have been compiled into a single document and posted in the docket ( Ref.
23 33 )

. EPA convened a S mall Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel on potential revisions to the certification rule and the WPS in 2008. The SBAR Panel was convened*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] under section 609(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement and Fairness Act (SBREFA). (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 609(b)

. As part of the SBAR Panel’s activities, EPA consulted with a group of Small Entity Representatives (SERs) from small businesses and organizations that could be affected by the potential revisions. EPA provided the SERs with information on potential revisions to both rules and requested feedback on the proposals under consideration. EPA asked the SERs to offer alternate solutions to the potential proposals presented to provide flexibility or to decrease economic impact for small entities while still accomplishing the goal of improved safety ( Ref. 24 3 4 )

. Specific to the certification rule, the SERs provided feedback on requirements for the minimum age of pesticide applicators and protections for noncertified appli cators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. The SERs’ responses were compiled in an Appendix to the final Panel Report and posted in the docket ( Ref. 24 3 4 )

. EPA considered input from the SERs as part of the evaluation of availabl e options for this rulemaking and SER feedback is discussed where relevant in this preamble. Consistent with EPA’s Indian P olicy and Tribal Consultation Policy , EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs conducted a consultation with Tribes

. The consultation was carried out via a series of scheduled conference calls with Tribal representatives to inform them about potential regulatory change s , especially areas that could affect Tribes

. EPA also informed the Tribal Pesticide Program Council (TP PC) about the potential changes to the regulation. In addition to formal stakeholder outreach, EPA held numerous individual stakeholder meetings as requested to discuss concerns and suggestions in detail.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Stakeholders requesting meetings included the Nat ional Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA), the American Association of Pesticide Safety Educators (AAPSE), the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO), the Association of Structural Pest Control Regulatory Officials (ASPCRO), Crop Life America, and others.
3. Children’s h ealth p rotection

. Executive Order 13045 issued in 1997 (62 FR 19885 ; , April 23, 1997) and modified by Executive Order 13296 in 2003 (68 FR 19931 ; , April 18 , 2003) requires Federal agencies to identify and assess environmental health risks that may disproportionately affect children. Children who apply pesticides face risks of exposure. A 2003 study identified 531 children under 18 years old with acute occupational pesticide

- related illnesses over a 10

- year period ( Ref. 25 35 )

. The same study raised concerns for chronic impacts: “because [the] acute illnesses affect young people at a time before they have reached full developmental maturation, there is also concern about unique and pe rsistent chronic effects” ( Ref. 25 35 )

. Although the study is not limited to RUPs, its findings indicate the potential risk to children from working with and around pesticides. The Fair Labor Standard Act’s (FLSA) child labor provisions, which are administ ered by DOL , permit children to work at younger ages in agricultural employment than in non

- agricultural employment. Children under 16 years old are prohibited from doing hazardous tasks in agriculture, including handling or applying acutely toxic pesticid es . 29 CFR 570.71(a)(9)

. DOL has established a general rule, applicable to most industries other than agriculture, that workers must be at least 18 years old to perform hazardous jobs. 29 CFR 570.120.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Research has shown differences in the decision making of adolescents and adults that leads to the conclusion that applicators that are children may take more risks than those who are adults. Behavioral scientists note that responsible decision making is more common in young adults than adolescents: “socially responsible decision making is significantly more common among young adults than among adolescents, but does not increase appreciably after age 19. Adolescents, on average, scored significantly worse than adults did, but individual differences in judgment within each adolescent age group were considerable. These findings call into question recent assertions, derived from studies of logical reasoning, that adolescents and adults are equally competent and that laws and social pol icies should treat them as suc h ” ( Ref. 18 22 )

. Decision

- making skills and competence differ between adolescents and adults. While research has focused on decision making of juveniles in terms of legal culpability, the research suggests similar logic can be applied to decision making for pesticide application. In sum, children applying RUPs

– products that require additional care when used to ensure they do not cause unreasonable adverse effects on people or the environment

– may be at a potentially higher risk of pesticide exposure and illness. The elevated risk to the adolescent applicators, in addition to adolescents’ not fully developed decision

making abilities, warrant careful consideration of the best ways to protect them

. It is reasonable to expect that that the proposed changes would mitigate or eliminate many of the risks faced by adolescents covered by this rule.
4. Retrospective r egulatory r eview

. On January 18, 2011, President Obama issued Executive Order 13563 , “Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review” ( 76 FR 3821 ; , January 21, 2011 ) , to direct each F ederal agency to develop a plan, consistent with law*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] and its resources and regulatory priorities, under which the agency would periodically review its existing significant regulations to determine whether any such regula tions should be modified, streamlined, expanded, or repealed so as to make the agency’s regulatory program more effective or less burdensome in achieving the regulatory objectives. The Executive Order also enumerates a number of principles and directives t o guide agencies as they work to improve the Nation’s regulatory system

. In developing its plan, EPA s ought public input on the design of EPA ’s plan for the periodic retrospective review of its regulations , and stakeholder suggestions for regulations tha t should be the first to undergo a retrospective review (76 FR 9988 , February 23, 2011) , and issued the final EPA plan, titled “ Improving Our Regulations: Final Plan for Periodic Retrospective Reviews of Existing Regulations ,” in August 2011 ( http://www.epa.gov/regdarrt/retrospective/documents/eparetroreviewplan

- aug2011.pdf )

. The existing certification rule was nominated for retrospective review as part of th e public involvement process in 2011 . In EPA’s final plan, EPA committed to review th e existing certification rule to determine how to clarify requirements and modify potentially redundant or restrictive requirements, in keeping with Executive Order 13563’s directive to reduce regulatory burden. 13563. The results of EPA ’s review , which included identified opportunities for improving the existing regulation, were incorporated into this rulemaking effort. Based on extensive interactions with stakeholders during review of the certification regulation, EPA has identified the potentia l for streamlining activities harmonized minimum requirements to enhance State

- to

- State reciprocity of applicator certifications, which could reduce the burden on the regulated community by promoting better coordination*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] among the State, Federal, and Tribal partnerships; clarifying requirements; and modifying potentially redundant or restrictive regulation. EPA expects the proposed rule, if finalized, to achieve the benefits outlined throughout the preamble. For a summary of the benefits, see the table in Uni t I.E. and the discussion of regulatory objectives in Unit
III.B

. IV . Overview Summary of the Proposed Rationale and Introduction to Specific Revisions to Part 171 Units II. and III. described describe the stakeholder engagement and reports highlighting the need to update the certification regulation. In addition to stakeholder recommendations, EPA believes the rule needs to be updated to address State variability and to support EPA registration decisio ns. Each of these reasons for updating the rule are discussed in this u nit. As noted in Unit III. , EPA has not updated the certification regulation substantially in almost 40 years. However, many State s have adopted updated standards for certification and recertification. As a result, State requirements for certification of applicators are highly varied; most State s go beyond the existing Federal requirements for applicator certification. This has created an uneven regulatory landscape between State s and i nhibits recognition of an applicator certification issued in one State by another State

. If certification does not represent a uniform degree of competence, this diversity also compromises EPA ’s ability to determine confidently that use of a pesticide product by certified applicators will not cause unreasonable adverse effects. In order to retain or expand the number and types of pesticides available to benefit agriculture, public health, and other pest control needs, EPA plans to raise the Federal standards for applicator*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] competency. By adopting the proposed strengthened and additional competency standards, EPA could rely on a higher level of applicator competence generally, and may be able to register pesticides under terms mor e beneficial the rule would provide assurance that certified applicators and noncertified applicators under their direct supervision are competent to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects. In the absence of such assurance, EP A may have to seek label amendments imposing other use limitations that could be more burdensome to users. Units VI

. to XX

. describe the most significant of the proposed changes and alternative options considered by EPA. Each discussion is generally structured to provide, where appropriate:

• A concise s tatement of the proposed change.

• The current requirements of the certification regulation.

• Stakeholder feedback and research supporting the proposed change.

• A detailed descripti on of the proposed change a nd the rationale for the change.

• An es timated cost.

• A description of primary alternatives considered by EPA and the re ason for not proposing them.

• Specific questi ons on which EPA seeks feedback.
V. Public Comments
1. Submitting CBI

. Do not submit this information to EPA through regulations.gov or email. Clearly mark the part or all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or CD

- ROM that you mail to EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD

- ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] CD

- ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not conta in the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.
2. Tips for preparing your comments

. When preparing and s u bmitting comments, see the commenting tips at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/comments.html

. VI. Revise Private Applicator Certification Standards A. Enhance Private Applicator Competency Standards
1. EPA’s proposal. Because private applicators have access to and can apply the same RUPs as commercial applicators and therefore need to have similar knowledge and skills to apply pesticides safely and effectively, EPA proposes to amend the private applicator competency standards to include more specific information on pesticide application and safe use.
2. Existing r egulation

. The current rule has 5 topics under the competency standards for private applicators:

• R ecognize common pests to be controlled and damage caused by them

. • R ead and understand the label and labeling information

. • A pply pesticides in accordance with label instructions and warnings

. • R ecognize local environmental situations that must be considered during application to avoid contamination

. • R ecognize poisoning symptoms and procedures to follow in case of a pesticide accident. 40 CFR 171.5(a)(1) through (5).*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] These topics are listed without specific detail or clarification of the areas to be covered under each point. In contrast, the core standards of competency for commercial certification have nine major areas of focus with more specific sub

- points listed under each. 40 CFR 171.4(b)(1).
3. Stakeholder information. Starting in 1985, EPA received requests from stakeholders to increase the level of detail and subject matter outl ined in the competency standards for private applicators. SFIREG’s taskforce report calls for EPA to make private applicator competency standards parallel to those of commercial applicators ( Ref. 19 29 )

. CTAG recommended that all applicators with access to RUPs meet a similar competency standard ( Ref. 20 30 )

. Members of the PPDC workgroup also noted that since commercial and private applicators have access to the same products, they should meet similar competency standards ( Ref. 23 )

. Over 33 )

. Almost 90% of St ate s noted that their private applicator certification standards are comparable to the core standards for commercial applicators ( Ref. 1 5 )

. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale. Based on the importance of understanding and following the pesticide’s labeling in managing risks to the applicator, the public, and the environment, EPA is proposing to enhance the competency standards for private applicators to more specifically define the necessary knowledge and skills to be demonstrated by private applica tors to become certified. More specific competency standards would better outline the knowledge and skills EPA expects private applicators to have in order to apply RUPs effectively and without unreasonable adverse effects. The enhanced private applicat or competency standards would cover : L abel and labeling comprehension ; safety ; environment ; pests ; pesticides ; equipment ; application*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] techniques methods ; laws and regulations ; responsibilities for supervisors of noncertified applicators ; professionalism stew ardship ; and agricultural pest control. EPA is proposing a set of competency standards substantially parallel to the core standards for commercial applicators in the current rule at 40 CFR 171.4(a) and proposed a s 40 CFR 171.105(a), with the addition of so me points from the agricultural plant category and information particularly relevant to private applicators, such as the WPS. The proposed competency standards specifically cover protecting pollinators under the “environment” heading. In addition to the di fferences in the proposed general competency standards for private and commercial applicators, EPA proposes to maintain the distinction between private and commercial applicator competency standards required by FIFRA ( , 7 U.S.C. 136i(e )) ) , by not requiring private applicators to obtain a specific category certification in addition to the proposed general certification. For commercial applicators to become certified, they
must pass the core and at least one category exam. It is reasonable to expect that tha t the more detailed competency standards would contribute to improving the overall competency of private applicators. The proposed regulatory text would be located at 40 CFR 171.105(a). 5. Costs/ b enefits. EPA estimated the cost of the proposed enhancements to private applicator competency standards in conjunction with the requirement to strengthen private applicator certification requirements. The cost for these combined proposals is presented in Unit VI.B.5.
6. Alternative o ptions. EPA consid ered adopting the core standards for commercial applicators in the current rule at 40 CFR 171.4(a) for private applicator competency standards. Private and commercial applicators have the same access to RUPs*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] and need knowledge of basic safety and applicati on techniques related to the use of these products. However, FIFRA requires that EPA establish separate standards for commercial and private applicators, thereby prohibiting EPA from using the same core competency standards for commercial and private appli cators. 7 U.S.C. 136i(e). In addition, because private applicators are engaged only in the production of agricultural commodities, it is necessary for them to demonstrate specific competency related to this type of RUP use rather than the broader range of commercial applicator competencies

. 7. Request for comment. EPA seeks comment on the following:

• Should EPA consider adding points to or deleting points from the proposed private applicator competency standards? If so, what points and why?

• Are the co mpetencies necessary to protect pollinators adequately covered in the proposed competency standards for private applicators? If not, please explain why and provide alternatives to ensure that private applicators are competent to use RUPs in a manner that p rotects pollinators. B. Strengthen Private Applicator Certification Requirements
1. EPA’s proposal. In order to address the need for private applicators to be competent to use RUPs, EPA proposes to require that persons seeking certification as private app licator s complete a training program approved by the certifying authority that covers the standards of competency for private applicators or pass a written exam administered by the certifying authority.
2. Existing regulation. The certification regulation requires State s to ensure that private applicators are competent and the certification process use a written or oral exam, or other method approved as part of the State certification plan. 40 CFR 171.5(b). The*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] rule does not have a description of a certifi cation system that is not a written or oral testing procedure.
3. Stakeholder information. SFIREG, the PPDC workgroup, and CTAG have recommended that private applicators be required to take and pass a written exam to become certified to use RUPs ( Ref s . 19, 23, 26 29, 33 and 36 )

. Based on data from State certification plans, 42 State s require private applicators to pass a written exam to become certified, and another 3 State s offer the option to certify by passing a written exam ( Ref.
1 5 )

. Stakeholders r ecognize the provision in FIFRA that prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to take an exam to establish competency, 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1), and have suggested that EPA set a minimum training requirement for those State s that do not require private applicators to take an exam.
4. Details of the proposal/rationale. To implement the enhanced competency standards for private applicators, EPA proposes to require that private applicators complete a training program approved by the certifying authority, or in the alternative, by passing a written exam. In either case, the certification process must cover the private applicator core standards described in Unit VI.A., and meet the procedural standards described in Unit I X. By allowing private applicators to be certified by either attending a training program or taking an exam, EPA’s action does not conflict with the FIFRA’s prohibition against EPA requiring private applicators of RUPs take an exam to establish competency. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1). Forty

- two St ate s already require private applicators to pass a written exam for certification, so EPA is proposing standard procedures for such examinations. Those*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] State s without a written exam requirement generally require some form of training, though the length, qu ality, and content of the training vary considerably between State s, so EPA is proposing specific content requirements. It is reasonable to expect that that the risks associated with private applicators’ use of RUPs can be reduced through setting
more spec ific minimum requirements for the content of and mechanisms to assess private applicator competency. This proposal acknowledges the need for more specific requirements for the alternate mechanism for private applicator certification and balances it with th e recognition that certifying authorities are well

- suited to develop training programs that cover the content EPA has deemed necessary to avoid unreasonable adverse effects from the use of RUPs by private applicators and meet the needs of the private applicators in their jurisdiction s . The proposed regulatory t ext would be located at 40 CFR 171.105(e). 5. Costs. EPA estimates this proposal would cost about $3.7 million annually for private applicators

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA also estimates that those State s that do not currently require an exam or training that last app roximately 12 hours for private applicator certification would incur costs of about $ 16 ,000 per year for the first two years after implementation to develop the programs, as well as $61,000 per year thereafter for ongoing program administration

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA plans to support the development of exams and manuals for private applicator certification, which should reduce the costs to
State s. 6. Alternative options considered but not proposed. While maintaining the same enhanced competency standards discussed in Unit VI.A. , EPA considered alternative options of allowing private applicator certification by completing a training program of a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] specific length

– either 4, 8, or 16 hours

– that covers the content outlined in Unit VI.A. In developing the EPA

- administ ered certification plan for Indian c ountry, EPA developed

a non - exam certification option for private applicators. Because of the difficulty of reaching candidates in various parts of the country and the need to make the training available throughou t the y ear, the Federal Indian c ountry training program is a pre

recorded, narrated PowerPoint presented through the Internet that runs 12 hours ( Ref.
27 37 )

. The training covers much of the content proposed in Unit VI.A., as well as specific requirements for p esticide applicators in Indian c ountry. However, EPA decided not to propose a specific length for private applicator certification by training. EPA believes that specifying that private applicator non

- exam certification must be accomplished through trainin g and outlining the content that must be covered in the training would allow State s and private applicator educators

- who understand the content, the audience, and how to convey the content to the audience

- to develop training programs that cover the con tent EPA deems necessary and meet the needs of their audiences. For example, narrated PowerPoint presentations and webinars may take a longer amount of time to cover the specified topics than an in

- person training. Additionally, a mandatory training length could encourage some training providers to either rush through or draw out coverage of the content, thereby diminishing the effectiveness of the training. It is not clear that specifying the length of the training would better protect human health or the environment.
7. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following:

• Please provide any relevant information on the efficacy of private applicator certification training programs or comparisons between training and testing programs.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • Please comment on the proposed structure of the non

- exam option for private applicator certification.

• Would a different training requirement adequately convey the necessary information to private applicators? If so, please describe the alternate r equirement. • Is it necessary for EPA to specify a minimum length of time for the training program for private applicator certification? If so, please provide the minimum length of the training program and explain its basis. C. Eliminate Non

- Reader Certif ication for Private Applicators
1. EPA’s proposal. Due to the importance of an applicator’s ability to read, understand, and follow the labeling in order to apply pesticides in a manner that would not cause unreasonable adverse effects to people or the en vironment, EPA proposes to delete the provision of the rule that allows a non

- reader to become a certified private applicator.
2. Existing regulation. The existing rule contains a provision for limited certification of private applicators who cannot read by offering the option to obtain a product

- specific certification. 40 CFR 171.5(b)(1). This provision allows State s to use a testing procedure approved by the Administrator to assess the competence of the non

reader candidate related to the use and handli ng of each individual pesticide for which certification is sought. This generally means that someone has explained the labeling to the non

- reader and the non

- reader answers questions on the same labeling asked by the
State regulator. The person seeking cer tification is not required to demonstrate the ability to read and understand pesticide labeling. As discussed earlier, FIFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] pass an exam to establish competency. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1).
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. CTAG recommended that EPA establish a requirement for persons seeking certification to be able to read and understand English language pesticide labeling. Most PPDC workgroup members did not oppose elimination o f the non

- reader certification provision ( Ref. 23 33 )

. One State noted that there are small populations who either cannot read English

- language labeling or who could not pass an exam, but who could use a single product without causing unreasonable adverse e ffects. EPA It is only aware of two EPA’s understanding that 22 states have rules in place that make accommodations for persons who have difficulty reading and who want to become certified as a private applicator. These states are Alaska, Arizona, California , Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Of these states, 6 have rules in place that make accommodations unde r the Americans with Disabilities Act for persons who have documented disabilities. States that employ are not required to track private applicators certified under the limited certification provision separately from other private applicator certification methods. However, EPA requested anecdotal information from the states on the use of this limited certification provision and most states responding said that the
pro vision was never or rarely used

. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to eli minate the current provision that allows State s to offer limited certification to persons who cannot read the pesticide labeling. A key element of applicator competency is the ability to read the labeling because understanding the labeling is critical to p reventing unreasonable adverse*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] effects from the use of RUPs. Labeling is increasingly relied upon to transmit product

specific information relative to subjects such as worker protection, groundwater, endangered species, and human exposure. In addition, lab eling may change frequently. Approved uses, application rates, and application methods may be deleted or added by a registrant voluntarily or as part of an EPA risk mitigation strategy. The potential for misuse of RUPs presents an unreasonable risk unless the applicator is able to read and correctly interpret the labeling that accompanies each product he or she uses. While the current system is intended to ensure the applicator has knowledge of a specific product’s labeling, there is no way to ensure the ap plicator would be aware of subsequent changes. It is reasonable to expect that that by eliminating the specific certification method for applicators who cannot read, RUPs are more likely to be applied as required by their labeling, and therefore will be less likely to cause unreasonable adverse effects to people or the environment. EPA recognizes that persons can be certified as private applicators by attending a training course. In this case, EPA expects that the certifying body would ensure that the applicator demonstrated all of the necessary competencies to apply RUPs, including the ability to read. The proposed change does not affect non - certified noncertified persons applying RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. It is conceivable that persons who cannot read labeling could use RUPs properly while workin g under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. EPA is proposing to strengthen the training and other requirements related to noncertified applicators to ensure that they understand the labeling requirements for each application, are supervised b y a qualified applicator*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] familiar with the specific product labeling for each application, and have equipment available to contact the supervising applicator immediately in the event of an emergency or with any questions. These strengthened standards shoul d provide sufficient training that a non

- reader or a person who cannot read English could apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator without causing unreasonable adverse effects to the applicator, the public, or the environment. 5. Costs. EPA estimates the cost of this proposal would be negligible. EPA expects the cost of this proposal would be negligible , but has not quantified the cost (Ref. 3)

. Based on EPA’s understanding, the limited certification option is only offered in 22
Sta tes, and in those states it is very rarely, if ever, used. EPA did not quantify the baseline cost to States for maintaining the existing provision or the potential reduction in administrative burden to States from eliminating it. EPA anticipates that the m inimal costs would be borne by persons who could not qualify as private applicators absent a limited certification provision. These persons would have several options. First they could hire a person on the farm who can be certified as a private applicator to conduct RUP applications. Second, they could contract with a commercial applicator to conduct RUP applications. Third, they could substitute non

- RUPs for the RUPs

. EPA is sensitive to the fact that elimination of this provision may increase costs for a very small number of private applicators, but it is reasonable to expect that this adverse impact would be small in comparison to the potential reduction in risks to the applicator, the public, and the environment. EPA does not expect any impact on the e mployability of private applicators because by definition, a private applicator cannot receive compensation for applying RUPs on the property of another.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] If the proposal is finalized, EPA would allow existing non

- reader certifications to remain valid until expiration or recertification is required under the implementation of the final rule. Because most non

- reader certifications are issued for a specific application in a single growing season, EPA anticipates that non

- reader certification would not con tinue for any significant period of time if this proposal is finalized.
6. Alternative options considered but not proposed. EPA also considered retaining the limited certification option for private applicator certification and strengthening the requireme nts. For this alternative scenario, the limited certification would be valid for a single product and for a single season. The State would have to evaluate each request for a limited certification separately. This option would codify what EPA understands t o be the current practice in State s that allow non

- reader certification. Under this option, a person could be certified to use a single product based on a specific product’s labeling, but might not be aware of subsequent changes to the labeling of the same product purchased later in the season. Given the importance of avoiding unreasonable adverse effects from the use of RUPs and the limited use of this certification option, EPA decided not to propose this option.
7. Request for comment. EPA requests comm ent on the following questions:

• Would the elimination of the non

- reader provision cause hardship to specific groups of private applicators? If so, please describe the group and the hardship.

• Should EPA allow private applicators currently certified un der this provision to retain their certification if the non

- reader provision is eliminated? Please explain why. If so, how would “grandfathering in” private applicators certified under this provision impact other proposed changes, such as requirements for maintaining certification and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] supervising noncertified applicators?

• Do alternatives to the non

- reader certification option exist that would offer an adequate level of protection while maintaining a narrow exception to certification requirements? If so, please describe.
VI I. Establish Application Method
- Specific Certification Categories for Private and Commercial Applicators
1. Overview. In order to address the elevated risks associated with certain specific methods of application used by certified priv ate and commercial applicators to apply RUPs, EPA proposes to add application method

- specific certification categories for private and commercial applicators that use RUPs to conduct soil fumigation, non

- soil fumigation, and aerial applications. These appl ication method

- specific categories would be independent of the pest control categories in the existing rule, for example, a person certified in the aerial method category would also need certification in one or more pest control categories, such as crop pe st control, forest pest control, or public health pest control.
2. Existing regulation. The existing rule has no categories for private applicators. For commercial applicators, the existing rule does not have any application method

specific categories, al though it does ha ve 11 pest control categories: A gricultural pest control

– plant; agricultural pest control

– animal; forest pest control; ornamental and turf pest control; seed treatment; aquatic pest control; right

- of

- way pest control; industrial, institutional, structural and health related pest control; public health pest control; regulatory pest control; and demonstration and research pest control. 40 CFR 171.3.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. Stakeholders, including SFIREG,*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] CTAG, AAPCO, and members of the PPDC workgroup, recommended that EPA consider adding application method

- specific certification categories for high

- risk uses ( Ref s . 19, 20 29 and 30 )

. States have noted that certain application methods, specifically fumigation and aerial application, pose elevated risks of exposure or harm to the applicator, bystanders, or the environment.
Some State s have addressed these elevated risks related to these application methods by adding specific categories for both private and commerci al applicators seeking to use certain application methods

. States that have chosen to add categories have done so independently, resulting in different standards and levels of protection across the country. EPA reviewed the categories related to applicatio n methods adopted by the
State s and other stakeholders. According to data from 2013, 3 2 State s (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mi ssissippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) require commercial applicators to be certified for aerial application and 1 State (Wisc onsin) requires the same for private applicators. For soil fumigation, 1 6 State s (California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin) requi re commercial applicators to obtain a specific certification and 10 State s (Hawaii, Idaho, Minnesota, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin, Virginia) have a similar requirement for private applicators. Finally, for non

- soil fum igation, 41 State s (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington State, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) mandate that commercial applicators be certified in this specific category to conduct non

- soil fumigation applications and 8 State s (Arizona, Iowa, Minnesota, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah) have a similar requirement for private applicators. The 2008 Reregistration Eligibility Decision RED s for soil fumigants acknowledged the elevated risks

. (Ref. 17)

. As a result of these risks, EPA required additional training for soil fumigant applicators through labeling amendments. The decision also acknowledged that a specific certification categor y requiring demonstration of competency by passing a written exam related to applying fumigants to soil would be an acceptable alternative risk mitigation measure. S everal State s have opted to require applicators to be certified in a specific soil fumigati on category. As chemicals are reviewed as part of the ongoing registration review program, risks associated with individual pesticides may be addressed through labeling requirements for additional training or competency.
4. Details of the proposal/rationa le. The Agency proposes to establish three application method

- specific certification categories for private and commercial applicators: S oil fumigation, non

- soil fumigation, and aerial. Based on the discussions with State s and review of existing State

- adop ted categories, EPA proposes these categories because EPA has concluded that these categories of use for RUPs may cause*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] unreasonable adverse effects without additional regulation. These types of RUP application require specialized skills and present unique risks, such that it is reasonable and appropriate for private and commercial applicators to acquire or demonstrate the pertinent knowledge and skills before being certified to apply RUPs in any of these three categories. For commercial applicators, certif ication in any of the application method

specific categories would only be available to persons certified in a relevant pest control category as described in pro posed 40 CFR 171.101( a ). Private applicators would need to satisfy the general competency stand ards described in Unit VI in order to qualify for additional certification in an application method

- specific category. Pesticide application and agriculture both are becoming increasingly specialized. Improper use of application equipment may lead to increased risks to the health of the applicator, workers, the environment, and the public. Additionally, certain categories of pesticides, including fumigants, pose an inherently higher risk of acute injury or death if the applicator does not understand an d follow the labeling. These increased risks can be mitigated by requiring applicators to demonstrate a more specific set of competencies relative to certain application methods. Soil fumigation is a complicated process, and involves highly toxic pesticid e products that can cause acute, severe injury to the applicator, handler, bystanders, or the environment if not used properly. Given the increased potential for harm to human health and the environment, EPA proposes to establish soil fumigation categories for private and commercial applicators. Under the re

- registration decision decision s for the soil fumigants , 72 FR 24295

- 24297 , May 2, 2007 ( Ref s . 28, 29, 30 38, 39, 40 and 41 ) , additional soil fumigation

- specific training is required for applicators certif ied to use*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] RUPs registered for use as soil fumigants due to their increased potential for harm. Because there was no generally applicable requirement or standard of competence for soil fumigation, EPA required each registrant to develop and implement a soi l fumigant training program. In discussing this approach with State s, EPA recognized that an applicator certification category specific to soil fumigation with a single, uniform set of criteria would be less burdensome than requiring separate, registrant

- s ponsored trainings for each soil fumigation product. States have requested that EPA consider requiring all applicators using soil fumigants to be certified in a single, soil fumigation category in lieu of each product’s labeling requirement for registrant

- sponsored training ( Ref. 31 42 )

. The labeling for soil fumigants provides the option for applicators to qualify to purchase and use these products either by attending the registrant training specified on the labeling for each specific chemical or by being c ertified in a soil fumigation category that covers all active ingredients and meets the competency standards approved by EPA. Recognizing the potential risks from soil fumigants and the importance of applicator competency, EPA worked with State regulators, cooperative extension personnel, soil fumigant applicators, and industry to develop a training manual and exam item bank (database of questions related to soil fumigation that can be used on a certification exam) that State s can use for certification of a pplicators performing soil fumigation ( R ef s . 32, 33 43 and 44 )

. Under the proposal, commercial applicator certification in the soil fumigation category would require the applicator to demonstrate competency in soil fumigation by passing a written exam and to hold concurrent certification in each of the pest control categories in which he or she intends to conduct this type of application, e.g., agricultural pest control

– plant; ornamental and turf pest control; forest pest control; right

- of

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- AJ20] pest contr ol; regulatory pest control; or demonstration and research. Private applicator certification in soil fumigation would require the applicator to demonstrate competency by passing a written exam or completing a training program covering the proposed competen cy standards for soil fumigation (proposed at 40 CFR 171.105(c)(1)) in addition to holding a valid general private applicator certification. Other (non

- soil) types of fumigation require different techniques and training than soil fumigation, but have simi lar potential to harm the applicator, the environment, and the public. For example, although fumigation of a shipping container requires different application equipment, monitoring strategy, and mitigation of environmental concerns than soil fumigation, bo th types of fumigation can cause acute, severe injury to the applicator, handler, bystanders, or the environment if not conducted properly. Given the high potential for harm to human health and the environment, EPA proposes to add non

soil fumigation appli cation method

- specific certification categories for private and commercial applicators. Commercial applicator certification in the non

- soil fumigation category would require the applicator to demonstrate competency in non

- soil fumigation by passing a writt en exam and to hold concurrent certification in each of the pest control categories in which he or she intends to conduct this type of application, e.g., agricultural pest control

– plant; forest pest control; ornamental and turf pest control; seed treatme nt; aquatic pest control; industrial, institutional, structural, and health

- related pest control; public health pest control; regulatory pest control; or demonstration and research. Private applicator certification in non

- soil fumigation would require the applicator to demonstrate competency by passing a written exam or completing a training program covering the proposed competency standards for non

- soil fumigation (proposed at 40 CFR*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 171.105(c)(2)) in addition to holding a valid general private applicator certification. Applying pesticides with a plane or helicopter poses a unique set of risks and challenges to the applicator, bystanders, and the environment. There is heightened concern for spray drift, elevated potential for off

- target applications and by stander exposure, and an increased need for application equipment to be calibrated accurately. Aerial applicators are required to comply not only with EPA regulations for the application of pesticides, but also Federal Aviation Administration requirements for pilots making applications using an aircraft

. at 14 CFR part 137

. Recognizing the potential risks and the importance of applicator competency when performing aerial applications, EPA worked with State regulators, cooperative extension personnel, aerial applicators, and industry to develop a training manual and exam item bank that State s can use for certification of aerial applicators ( Ref. 34 45 )

. The unique challenges posed by this application method warrant establishing aerial application categories fo r private and commercial applicators. Accordingly, in order for a commercial applicator to make aerial applications of RUPs, the commercial applicator would be required to demonstrate competency in aerial application by passing a written exam and to hold c oncurrent certification in each of the pest control categories in which he or she intends to conduct aerial application, e.g., agricultural pest control

– plant; ornamental and turf pest control; forest pest control; aquatic pest control; right

- of

- way pest control; public health pest control; demonstration and research; or regulatory pest control. Private applicator certification in aerial application would require the applicator to demonstrate competency by passing a written exam or completing a training p rogram covering the proposed competency standards for aerial application (proposed at 40 CFR 171.105(c)(3)) in*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] addition to holding a valid general private applicator certification. Requirements for general private applicator certification in each of the aforementioned application method

- specific categories would parallel the certification requirements proposed in Unit VI.B. Private applicators would be required to either pass a written exam or complete a training program for each application method

- specif ic category that covers the proposed competency standards and is approved by the certifying authority. A person who does not have a general private applicator certification would not be eligible for certification in any of the application method

- specific c ategories. These additional categories of certification would provide a measure of assurance that the private applicator has the specialized knowledge of application methods, equipment, and the characteristics of the pesticides pertinent to a specific cate gory to use the pesticide without generally causing unreasonable adverse effects. The regulatory text for the proposed commercial applicator application method

specific categorie s would be located at 40 CFR 171.101(b ). The regulatory text for the proposed private applicator application method

- specific categories would be located at 40
CFR 171.105(c). 5. Costs. The cost estimates are broken out by each category for private and commercial applicators

. (Ref. 3)

. As discussed in Unit VI.B., EPA plans to suppo rt the development of exams and manuals for the proposed application

- method specific categories, which should reduce the overall burden to State s associated with this proposal. EPA has already developed and made available to State certification agencies
fr ee of charge training manuals and exam item banks for the aerial and soil fumigation categories. States that elect to use the EPA

- developed materials would incur minimal*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] development costs ; however, t he costs below reflect the full estimated cost to State s and do not include EPA assistance in developing exams and manuals. EPA expects the actual
costs to State s would be lower

. (Ref. 3)

. i. Private applicators

. EPA estimates the cost to private applicators of adding a private aerial category to be about $2,000 annually

. , which reflects the aggregate cost to all affected private aerial applicators (Ref. 3)

. The low cost to applicators reflects the number of existing private applicators certified in aerial application and the low estimated number of new private applicators seeking aerial certification. The costs to State s to develop and administer exams or tra ining for certification would be about $ 108,000 annually for the first 2 years of implementation

. (Ref. 3)

. Most of this cost would be borne within the first two years to develop the exams and recognizes that nationally developed materials will be availabl e for State s to adapt for their own programs. EPA estimates that adding a soil fumigation category for private applicators would not result in any additional cost to private applicators. The labeling for soil fumigation products already requires applicat ors to either participate in registrant training for each product or to be certified in a State soil fumigation category. EPA estimates that the cost to private applicators of adding a non

- soil fumigation category for private applicators to be about $78, 000

. annually, which reflects the aggregate cost to all affected private applicators conducting non

- soil fumigation (Ref. 3)

. The estimate represents the private applicators’ opportunity cost of time spent in training or preparing for and taking the certi fication exam. EPA estimates that the costs to State s to develop and administer exams or training for certification in the soil and non

- soil fumigation categories would be $ 197 ,000*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] annually for the first 2 years of implementation

. ii. Commercial applicators

. EPA estimates the cost to commercial applicators of adding an aerial category for commercial applicators to be about $98,000 annually

. , which reflects the aggregate cost to all affected commercial aerial applicators (Ref. 3)

. The low cost to a pplicators reflects the number of State s that already require commercial applicators to obtain a specific certification to perform aerial application and the relatively low number of applicators that seek certification in an aerial category each
year. The cost to State s to develop a certification exam for this category would be about $ 39 ,000 annually for the first 2 years after implementation

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA estimates that adding a soil fumigation category for commercial applicators would not result in any additional cost to commercial applicators

. (Ref. 3)

. The labeling for soil fumigation products already requires applicators to either participate in registrant training for each product or to be certified in a State soil fumigation category. EPA estimat es the cost of adding requirements a non - soil fumigation category for commercial applicators would to be about $ 131 ,000 per year for annually, which reflects the cost to all affected commercial applicators

. conducting non

- soil fumigation (Ref. 3)

. Many State s already require commercial applicators to be certified in either general fumigation, soil fumigation, or another type of fumigation. However, the cost to add this category is higher than for other commercial applicator categories proposed because most
St ate s do not already have categories for both soil and non

- soil fumigation. The costs to State s to develop non

- soil fumigation certification exams would be about $ 30 ,000 per year for the first 2 years following implementation

. (Ref. 3)

. 6. Alternative op tions considered by EPA but not proposed. The Agency*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] considered six alternatives to the proposed requirement. i. Specify a certain number of training hours for private applicator certification in these categories. EPA considered requiring private applicat ors to complete a specific number of hours of training (either 4 or 8 hours) or to pass an exam in order to become certified in an application method

- specific category. As discussed above in Unit VI.B., it is not clear that a mandatory minimum length for private applicator certification training programs would not ensure specific competency. ii. Continue to rely on label

- specific risk mitigation to address elevated risks associated with certain application methods. EPA considered relying on imposing risk mitigation measures through labeling, limiting the use of high risk products or higher risk application methods. This approach would be implemented on a case

- by

- case basis and not directly linked to pesticide applicator certification programs. The Agency learned that applicators, State s, and cooperative extension service programs did not support this approach and faced significant burdens when this approach was used to regulate soil fumigants ( Ref s . 35, 36, 37, 38 46, 47, 48 and 49 )

. Based on the adverse reaction and impact to State s, as well as the need to promote applicator competency and national consistency, EPA decided not to propose this option. It is reasonable to expect that adding categories at the Federal level to cover many types of pesticides applied by specific mechanisms would be more efficient than imposing similar but not identical requirements on each pesticide label. iii. Consolidate soil fumigation and non

- soil fumigation into a single fumigation category. To reduce the burden on State certification authorities and applicators who perform both types of fumigation applications, EPA considered proposing a single*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] general fumigation concurrent category instead of separate soil and non

- soil fumigation concurrent categories

. The knowledge and skills necessary to perform soil fumigation and

non - soil fumigation differ substantially. In addition, there are significant differences in risks to the applicator and environmental concerns between the two methods for applying fumigant s. The reregistration decisions on the soil fumigants highlighted the specific use conditions and risk mitigation measures necessary to apply soil fumigants without unreasonable adverse effects , not necessary restrictions for applications of all fumigants

. Combining these related categories may reduce the burden on certifying agencies and on some applicators; however, applicators who perform only soil fumigation or only non

soil fumigation would receive less instruction specific to their particular applicat ion method and more instruction than they wish on a method for which they may have no

use. In order to ensure that applicators have a level of competency in the applicable application method proportional to the potential risk, EPA decided not to propose a general fumigation category. iv. Add application method

- specific standards as subcategories under the existing commercial applicator categories. EPA considered adding the categories discussed in this Unit as subcategories under the applicable existing com mercial applicator pest control categories. For example, a person seeking to perform aerial application to agricultural fields and forests, and for mosquito control would have to take an aerial exam specific to each of these categories. This would require creating subcategories under almost every pest control category. An applicator would have to be certified not only in each relevant pest control category, but also in a subcategory under each in order to use a specific application method. Application metho d

- specific certification*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] requirements as proposed are expected to impose a lower burden on applicators seeking certification, e.g. , one aerial method

- specific certification exam rather than separate aerial subcategory exams under agricultural plant, forest , and aquatic pest control. The competency necessary to employ a specific application method, i.e., soil fumigation, non

soil fumigation, or aerial pest control, does not appear to vary substantially based on where the application occurs. For example, an applicator performing soil fumigation needs to know the same techniques and safety measures whether doing it in for a field
crop or for ornamental pest control. Therefore, EPA decided not to propose the application method

- specific certification as subcateg ories under the commercial applicator pest control categories.

v. Add an application method

- specific category for chemigation. Chemigation , i.e., application of pesticides through irrigation systems, has a higher potential for environmental contamination if not conducted properly and poses additional risks to the applicator or those working under the applicator’s direct supervision due to th e nature of the equipment. Chemigation can contaminate ground and drinking water that flow directly into a water supply, if uncalibrated equipment causes application over the rate specified on the labeling, or improperly maintained equipment leaks treated water from the chemigation system. Applicators need to be knowledgeable about the equipment specific to chemigation necessary to prevent contamination of groundwater, including but not limited to anti

- backflow devices, injection pumps, storage tanks, safet y valves, anti

pollution devices, and calibration devices. In addition, applicators should be knowledgeable about the risks, benefits, and necessary precautions associated with chemigation in order to protect themselves before, during, and after the applic ation. EPA*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] considered adding an application method

- specific category to perform chemigation; however, very few State s have added a specific category for this application method and very few incidents involving this application method have been reported to EPA. Absent more persuasive evidence that chemigation is causing adverse effects that could be mitigated through a demonstration of competency by applicators who use this application method, EPA is not proposing this as an application method

- specific categ ory at this time. vi. Add a “limited use” category. EPA considered adding a category for commercial applicators who would be certified for limited uses of specific RUP pesticides or in niche application scenarios. For example, some State s require applicat ors to be certified to perform sewer line root control, wood treatment, biocide use in hydraulic fracturing (commonly called “ fracking , ”) , or use of horse sterilization products. These types of applications require use of a single product or very limited s et of products and specific application techniques. Frequently, the industry in which these applications are made (e.g., fracking) provides training to applicators on proper use of the product(s) and other specific information related to use in the specifi c situation. However, applicators often have to be certified by taking the core exam, a category exam (e.g., industrial, institutional, structural, and health

- related pest control), and an additional exam for the limited use subcategory (e.g., sewer line r oot control), although they will only be performing specific applications and using a few products. This places a substantial burden on applicators to demonstrate competency related to types of applications they will not perform. It also places a burden on State s to maintain an infrastructure to address the needs of niche applicator populations.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Some State s have developed and updated exams and training programs in these limited use categories that have fewer than 10 certified applicators. Other State s han dle limited use applicators differently. They require commercial applicators to pass the core exam, demonstrating competency in basic environmental safety; reading, understanding, and following pesticide labeling; calculating application rates; and other g eneral application techniques. The State relies on the industry to provide the necessary training related to the limited use. The State clearly marks on the applicator ’ s certification credential that the applicator is only certified for the purchase and use of a limited subset of products, not all RUPs. States that follow the second approach described above note they are confident that applicators are prepared to conduct applications in a manner that will protect themselves, the public, and the environmen t. EPA considered adding a “limited use” category for commercial applicators that would allow State s and applicators to reduce the burden associated with maintaining certification categories for few applicators performing specific applications. Commercial applicators must demonstrate competency in core and for the specific category in which they intend to use RUPs. To address the need for category

- specific certification for applicators performing “limited use” applications of RUPs, EPA considered three opt ions, other than a category

- specific exam. First, the applicator could be required to comply with industry

- provided training or certification requirements as specified on the product labeling. This is similar to the requirements for people who treat water using chlorine gas

– the labeling requires the applicator to use the product in accordance with a manual from The Chlorine Institute that details proper use of the product and safety procedures. Second, the applicator could be required to hold applicable S tate or Federal*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] professional credential s in addition to passing the core exam

. For example, a plumber performing sewer line root control who uses a specific RUP as part of his services could be required to pass the core exam and to hold a State

- issued plum bing license to demonstrate his competency to use the specific RUP safely in the limited circumstance. Third, the applicator could demonstrate competency as required by a specific product’s labeling. For example, the labeling for sodium fluoroacetate (Comp ound 1080 used in livestock protection collars) details specific competency standards that the applicator must meet to use the product ; certifying authorities that allow use of this product must develop a specific certification category that covers the lab eling

- based requirements

. A commercial applicator seeking certification in a limited use category would be required to demonstrate competency by passing the core exam and satisfying one of the category

- specific methods described in this Unit

. The applica tor’s certification would be limited only to the specific uses related to his certification. EPA would require that the certifying authority ensure that any certification documentation, e.g., a license, clearly note the limited set of RUPs available for pu rchase and use by an applicator certified in a limited use category. EPA is actively seeking additional information from State s, applicators, and industry on the value of a limited use category and will consider any public comments received in deciding w hether to include this type of category in the final rule.
7. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Would the proposed categories adequately establish competency for the specified application methods?*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • Sho uld EPA consider adding or deleting any of the proposed private applicator application method

- specific certification categories? If so, which category(ies) and why? • Please provide feedback on the proposed competency standards for private applicators in each of the application method

- specific categories. Do the proposed standards contain sufficient detail? Are there any elements of these types of application that are not covered adequately?

• Should EPA consider adding or deleting any of the proposed com mercial applicator application method

- specific certification categories? If so, which category(ies) and why?

• Should EPA require that commercial applicators be certified in one or more pest control categories in order to be certified in one of the applic ation method

- specific certification categories? If so, please specify which other categories should be considered prerequisites for each application method

- specific certification (in addition to those proposed) and explain why.

• Should EPA add an applica tion method

- specific certification category for chemigation? If so, why? Please provide any data about chemigation that would support the addition of a chemigation certification category.

• Should EPA consider adding any categories (not application method

- specific) for commercial applicators? If so, which category(ies) and why?

• Please provide feedback on adding a “limited use” category for commercial applicators. Would the proposed options for category

- specific demonstrations of competency for limited u se certification minimize burden on applicators and State certification authorities while ensuring that RUPs are applied in a manner that would not*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment? Are there other options for offering a limited use certification for certain RUPs that EPA has not considered? If so, please describe.

• Please provide any relevant information on how the regulation could best balance flexibility and uniformity of the certification categories used in differe nt jurisdictions.

• Are the competencies necessary to treat bee hives adequately covered in the agricultural pest control

- animal category? If not, please explain why this category does not ensure that applicators are competent to use RUPs to treat bee h ives and provide alternatives to ensure that applicators are competent to use RUPs in this manner.

• What were the impacts of EPA’s decision to make soil fumigants restricted use on state certification programs and on the number of certified applicators? Would states expect a similar impact if the proposed application method

- specific categories are included in the final rule?

• For entities that have already developed certification requirements for persons using soil fumigants, please provide a descripti on of the costs incurred.
VIII . Establish Predator Control Categories for Commercial and Private Applicator Certification 1. Overview. In order to address the specific risks and competency requirements associated with the use of predator control products and to formalize the existing labeling

- based requirements for specific certification to use these products, EPA proposes to add categor ies for both private and commercial applicators to use two mammalian predator control methods : S odium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080 used in livestock*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 87 of 28 2 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] protection collars) and sodium cyanide in an M

- 44 device. 2. Existing regulation. The existing regulation does not have categories for the use of sodium fluoroacetate in livestock protection collars or sodium cyanide in an M

- 44 device. Registration decisions for these products have established specific competency standards and require applicators to be compete nt in how to use the products properly ( Ref s . 39, 40 50 and 51 )

. 3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. Sodium fluoroacetate is a highly acutely toxic predacide used to control coyotes that prey on sheep and goats. Currently registered end

- use produ cts are injected into the rubber reservoirs of livestock protection collars (LPC). These collars are strapped to the throats of sheep or goats. Coyotes attempting to attack livestock wearing LPCs are likely to puncture the LPCs and be fatally poisoned by s odium fluoroacetate as a result. Sodium fluoroacetate is highly toxic to humans and to non

- target mammals. No antidote exists for sodium fluoroacetate. Sodium cyanide dispensed through an M

- 44 device is another highly toxic predacide that poses extreme r isks to humans and non

- target mammals. M

- 44 is an ejector device used to dispense sodium cyanide as a single dose poison to control predators of livestock, poultry, or Federal ly

- designated threatened or endangered species, or those that are vectors of comm unicable diseases. EPA has registered this product for use in pastures, range land, and forests, only by trained and certified applicators under the direct supervision of a government agency. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to establis h predator control categories for commercial applicators and private applicators, codifying the current standards of competency outlined in the specific registration decisions for each of these*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] pesticides. Based on the extreme risks posed by the use of sod ium fluoroacetate in livestock protection collars and sodium cyanide dispensed through M

- 44 devices, EPA only grants registrations to State , Tribal , and Federal agencies

. EPA’s existing registrations of these products prohibit their use except by applicators who meet certain criteria. Each registration decision outlines specific competencies the applicator must demonstrate and the process that must be used to certify applicators of these products. EPA is adding specific categories to the rule to co dify the competency standards established by the products’ labeling and to facilitate the adoption of a certification category in areas where these products are used. The predator control categories for commercial applicators will be located at 40
CFR 1 71.101(a )(10) and the categories for private applicators will be located at 40 CFR 171.105(b).
5. Costs. EPA estimates that this proposal will not impose any additional costs because the labeling requirements of sodium fluoroacetate and sodium cyanide pre dator control products already establish competency standards and require specific certification to use these products

. (Ref. 3)

. It is reasonable to expect that the costs associated with this proposal are de minimus because it merely codifies in the regul ation the requirement already imposed through the products’ labeling.
6. Request for comment. EPA requests comment on the proposed addition of pest control categories for certification to use sodium fluoroacetate in livestock protection collars and sodiu m cyanide dispensed through an M

- 44 device.
I X. Establish Requirements to Ensure Security and Effectiveness of Exam and Training Administration*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 1. Overview . In order to address concerns that administration of pesticide applicator exams and trainings curre ntly affords opportunity for cheating or fraud, and to maintain the integrity of exams, EPA proposes to add requirements for those seeking certification or recertification to present identification at the time of the exam or training session. EPA also prop oses to codify the existing policy that all certification exams be closed book and proctored ( Ref. 41 52 )

. 2. Existing regulation

. The rule establishes that commercial applicators must demonstrate competence by passing written exams, and as appropriate, through performance testing. 40 CFR 171.4(a). Private applicators may demonstrate competency through a written or oral exam, or other method established by the State and approved by EPA. 171.5(b). The rule does not have requirements for verification of the identity of persons seeking certification or recertification or for exams to be proctored.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA

. St ates have varying requirements for exams because there are no minimum standards for exam development and administration. Some State s place a priority on developing content

- relevant exams and administering them in a secure manner, while other State s allow c andidates to bring notes and manuals into the exam which may undermine the competency determination process. EPA is aware of at least one situation in which a State offered a practice test in the study materials and administered exactly the same exam for c ertification. In cases where exam security is not implemented, the integrity of the entire certification process can be compromised. CTAG recognized the gap in security in the applicator certification program and developed the Exam Administration and Sec urity Procedures Manual ( Ref. 42 53 )

. This*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] document recommends practical ways for State s to ensure the integrity of their applicator certification exams, including establishing chain of custody requirements, treating exam booklets and answer sheets as contr olled documents, proctoring exams, implementing security requirements such as checking all booklets for missing pages before releasing exam candidates, and not allowing candidates to bring in or remove scratch paper from the exam room. States invest signif icant resources in developing and administering exams for applicator certification. A breach in security, such as a person taking an exam booklet from the test site or copying questions and answers on scratch paper and sharing them with others, compromises the exam’s integrity and could require the State to invest substantial resources to develop another exam. Many State s have consulted CTAG’s document to incorporate elements of exam security into their certification programs. States have recognized the ne ed to ensure that the candidate pursuing certification by exam or training or attending a recertification session is the person seeking or currently holding a certification. CTAG recommended that EPA require positive identification of candidates for pestic ide certification exams before the exam is issued and before any credentials are issued, noting that the lack of such a requirement “calls into question the integrity of the entire certification system and provides opportunity for abuse ” ( Ref. 43 54 )

. CTAG suggests that State s that do not currently ask for any form of identification before administering exams review their policies, regulations, and laws and consider adopting a mechanism to verify the identification of all individuals taking their

exams. CTAG also recommended that State s verify the identity of certified applicators attending recertification training sessions ( Ref. 44 55 )

. Based on an EPA review of State program data, 36 State s require persons seeking*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] commercial certification to present identification prior to taking the exam and 27 State s have a similar requirement for private applicators seeking certification through an exam or training. Similarly, 22 State s require commercia l applicators to present identification at recertification training sessions or exams, and 29 State s require the same for private applicators ( Ref. 8 3 )

. Many State s seem to recognize the importance of maintaining the integrity of the pesticide applicator c ertification and recertification programs, evidenced by the number of State s that have adopted a requirement to verify the identity of candidates. States have raised the need for a standard definition of closed

- book exams to ensure that certifying authori ties using EPA

- developed exams or sharing a State

developed exam with another State have confidence that the exam administration would meet a consistent security standard. CTAG recommended that EPA require State s using the EPA

- developed exams to agree to a dminister them as closed

- book exams, meaning the candidate cannot bring in any materials, e.g., study manuals, notebooks, or scrap
paper. Any materials necessary, apart from non

- memory calculators and writing utensils, e.g., scratch paper or reference pest icide labeling, would be provided by the proctor and collected at the end of the exam. CTAG believes this would help preserve the integrity of the exam process and give confidence that the security of EPA

- developed exams is not compromised by varying admin istration standards across State s. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale

. The Agency proposes to require that applicator certification exams for initial certification and recertification be closed book, proctored, and that the identity of each test taker b e verified. The identity of the applicant must also be verified where the State or other agency certifies or recertifies applicators*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] based on training rather than an exam. EPA considers these requirements essential elements of the certification process bec ause exams and training programs are the means used to assure that those who are seeking to become certified have adequate training and experience to use RUPs without causing unreasonable adverse effects

. It is also reasonable to expect that that these sec urity requirements would give State s confidence that exams are administered consistently across the country in such a way to ensure their integrity. The Agency proposes to require that exams be “closed book,” that is, the test taker would not be allowed to use any materials, for example notes or study guides, other than the materials provided by the test administrator during the exam. EPA is proposing this requirement for two reasons. First, a closed

- book exam provides a more reliable gauge of the individual test taker’s competency because the outcome depends more directly on the test taker’s personal knowledge and understanding than does an exam where the test

- taker may refer to his or her own notes or other study aids. Second, limitations on outsi de materials reduce the likelihood of test takers copying questions and removing them from the exam room to share with subsequent test takers. Implementing closed

- book exams is one step towards improving exam security and the competency of certified appli cators. EPA proposes to require that proctors:

• Verify the identity and age of persons taking the exam by checking identification as required under the proposed rule and have examinees sign an exam
roster.

• Monitor exami nees throughout the exam period

.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • Instruct examinees in exam proce dures before beginning the exam.

• Keep exams secure before, du ring, and after the exam period.

• Allow only examinees to access the exam and allow such access only in the presence of the proctor.

• Ensure that exami nees have no verbal or non

- verbal communication with anyone other than the proctor during the exam period.

• Ensure that no copies of the exam or any associated reference materials are

ma de and/or retained by examinees.

• Ensure that examinees do not hav e access to reference materials other than those that are approved by the certifying author ity and provided by the proctor.

• Review reference materials provided to examinees when the exam is complete, to ensure that no portion of the reference material h as been removed or destroyed.

• Report to the certifying authority any exam administration inconsistencies or irregularities, including but not limited to cheating, use of unauthorized materials, and attempts to copy or retain the exam , .

• Comply with any other instructions required by the certifying authority related to exam administration. EPA proposes to prohibit a proctor from seeking certification at any exam session that he or she is proctoring. Where applicator exams require use of resource mate rials (for example, requiring the candidate to identify pests based on depictions of plant damage, interpret specific labels, or demonstrate other skills or abilities beyond the core requirements), the proctor would provide the necessary materials (e.g., s ample labeling, reference books) and collect them after the exam is completed.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Finally, EPA proposes a requirement for State s to ensure that test or training administrators verify the identity of persons seeking initial applicator certification and
recert ification. Many organizations and institutions require a person taking a test for possible employment to present valid, government

- issued photo identification. It is important that pesticide applicator candidates are required to present valid photo identif ication when they sit for the exam, receive their credentials, and purchase RUPs. This requirement would help to ensure that the person who takes the exam is the same person who receives the certification, which could help prevent a candidate from sending a more qualified or prepared person to take the exam under his name, and to verify that the candidate meets the minimum age requirement. See Unit s XII

. and XIII. Preventing abuse of the exam process is necessary to ensure the integrity of the exams and tha t certified applicator credentials are issued only to those who are qualified and certified as competent. Without such assurance, classification for restricted use offers an uncertain level of protection. If finalized, the requirements for initial certif ication administration security would be located at 40 CFR 171.103(a) for commercial applicators and at 40 CFR 171.105(e) for private applicators. The requirement for recertification administration security would be located at 40 CFR 171.107(b). 5. Costs

. Not all State s or applicators would be expected to incur costs to implement the aforementioned proposals

. For those that do, EPA expects the incremental costs to come into compliance w ould be minimal

. (Ref. 3)

. Many State s already check identification at initial certification events and already have proctors for some sessions. The aspects of a secure exam

– written, closed

- book, proctored, and requiring positive*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] identification of the candidate

– would provide the benefit of maintaining the credibility of t he certification program, as well as to filter out unqualified candidates.
6. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA considered imposing only a requirement to verify the identity of the initial certification and recertification candi dates and not codifying the existing policy that requires exams to be proctored and closed book. A requirement to verify a certification or recertification candidate’s identity implemented independently of other exam security requirements could lead to a p otential improvement because by verifying that the candidates are the same person seeking the certification, false attendance at training and exam sessions should decrease. It is also more likely that credentials would be issued to the same candidate that demonstrated competency. However, it is reasonable to expect that that the additional burden of implementing closed

- book, proctored exams would have substantial additional benefits by ensuring the security of the exams, reducing burden on certifying author ities to update exams after security breaches, and limiting instances where candidates taking an exam can cheat. It is reasonable to expect that the potential benefits of requiring proctored, closed

- book exams are sufficient to justify the burden.
7. Req uest for comment. EPA requests comments on the following:

• Should EPA consider allowing an exception to the requirement for candidates to present a government

- issued photo identification? If so, under what circumstances? Please provide examples of how an exception could be implemented. • Should EPA consider any other requirements to improve the security and integrity of applicator certification and recertification exams? If so, please describe.
X. Strengthen Standards for Noncertified Applicators Working Under the Direct*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Supervision of Certified Applicators A. Enhance Competence of Noncertified Applicators Working Under the Direct Supervision of a Certified Applicator
1. Overview

. To improve the protection of noncertified applicators and to reduce the ch ance for RUP applications to cause unreasonable adverse effects, EPA proposes to require that noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator receive annual training that covers pesticide labeling, safety precautions , application equipment and techniques, environmental concerns, health effects of pesticide exposure, decontamination, emergency response, and protection of the applicator and the applicator’s family. The Agency also proposes exemptions to this training re quirement for persons qualified as a trained handler under the WPS or who have passed the core exam covering general standards of competency for commercial applicators, and to require periodic retraining or retesting.
2. Existing regulation

. FIFRA section 2(e)(4) provides that a noncertified applicator using an RUP must be competent and working under the direction of a certified applicator. The certified applicator must be available when needed but does not need to be present physically at the application. 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(4). The regulation establishes : G eneral requirements for the certified applicator to demonstrate a practical knowledge of Federal and State supervisory requirements ; that when the certified applicator will not be present during application, he or she must provide instruction to the noncertified applicator, including instructions for proper pesticide applications and how to contact the certified applicator if necessary; and t hat certain labeling

- specific restrictions require the certified app licator to be physically present for the application. 40*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] CFR 171.2(a)(28) and 171.6.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA

. The need to upgrade the requirements for the supervision of a noncertified applicator by the certified applicator was a majo r recommendation of the SFIREG 1985 Taskforce report

. (Ref. 29)

. The Taskforce concluded that the existing requirements at 40 CFR 171.6 are general in nature and have resulted in some instances where supervision of the noncertified applicator is conducted from locations far removed from the application site. The issue has also been raised to EPA by the PPDC Worker Safety Workgroup and by State s at the Pesticide Regulatory Education Program (PREP), which provide s an avenue for information sharing between Sta te s and EPA about pesticide regulatory issues and programs ( Ref.
23 33 )

. While some State s have imposed more stringent supervision requirements or eliminated the option for application of RUPs by noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of a c ertified applicator, other State s’ standards are similar to the existing requirement at 40 CFR 171.6.
4. Details of the proposal/rationale . EPA proposes to enhance protections for noncertified applicators, i.e., those who use RUPs under the direct supervi sion of a certified applicator, and to ensure that RUPs are use d in a manner that does not pose unreasonable adverse effects to the applicator, bystanders, or the environment by : E xpanding the training content, offering alternatives to the training require ment, and requiring periodic retraining. i. Expanding t raining c ontent
. Noncertified applicators have a similar work profile to agricultural handlers under the WPS (40 CFR part 170); both are permitted to mix, load, and apply pesticides with proper guidan ce from their employer or supervisor.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] In order to mix, load or apply RUPs, however, all noncertified persons, including agricultural handlers, must be working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Agricultural handlers must receive traini ng that covers self

- protection; hazards associated with pesticide use; format and meaning of pesticide labeling; protection from take home exposure to family members; proper pesticide use, transportation, storage, and disposal; and protections required und er the WPS. 40 CFR 170.230(c)(4). In addition, agricultural handlers must be provided a copy of the labeling and any other information necessary to make the application without causing unreasonable adverse effects. The existing part 171 regulation does not require that noncertified applicators receive similar training before applying RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. To foster a level of competency appropriate to the responsibilities of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs und er the direct supervision of a certified applicator and comparable to the competency currently required of agricultural pesticide handlers, EPA proposes to add the following training requirements for noncertified applicators:

a. Training on information, techniques, and equipment that noncertified applicators need to protect themselves, other people, and the environment before, during, and after making a pesticide application, including all of the following:

• Format and meaning of information contained on pesticide labels and in labeling, including safety information, such as precautionary statements about human health hazards, and hazards of pesticides resulting from toxicity and exposure, including acute and chronic effects, de layed effects, and sensitization.

• Routes by which pesticides can enter the body.

• Signs and symptoms of common types of pesticide poisoning.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • Emergency first aid for pesticide injuries or poisonings.

• How to obtain emergency medical care.

• Routine and emergency decontamination procedures.

• Need for, and appropriate use of, personal protective equipment.

• Prevention , recognition, and first aid treatment of heat

- related illness associated with the use of personal protective equipment.

• Safety requirements for handling, transporting, storing, and disposing of pesticides, including general procedures for spill cleanup.

• Environmental concerns such as drift, runoff, and wildlife hazards. b. Training on all of the following elements, which noncertified applicators need
to protect their families from pesticides:

• Warnings against taking pesticides or pesticide containers home.

• Washing and changing work clothes before physical contact with family.

• Washing work clothes separately from the family’s clothes before wearing them again.

• Heightened precautions required to protect children and pregnant women.

c. Training on how to report suspected pesticide illness to the appropriate State
agency. The proposed training requirements would promote the competence of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator by improving their understanding of pesticide labeling, application methods, self

- pr otection, risk mitigation, and general pesticide safety principles. It is reasonable to expect that an understanding of this information, together with the specific instructions for each application from a certified applicator, would provide noncertified applicators*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] with an adequate level of competency to use RUPs without causing unreasonable adverse effects, consistent with the FIFRA requirement that noncertified applicators be competent. ii. Offering alternatives to the training requirement

. In addition to the training proposed in Unit X.A.4.i., EPA proposes to offer two alternative mechanisms for establishing the competency of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator: D emonstrating that th e noncertified applicator has met the handler training requirements of the WPS (40 CFR 170.230 of the current WPS

or proposed 40 CFR 170.201(c) of the proposed revisions to the WPS ) or passing the exam on core standards of competency for certified commerci al applicators (currently 40 CFR 171.4(b)). As mentioned in this unit , noncertified applicators working on agricultural establishments and agricultural pesticide handlers have similar job responsibilities. The proposed training for noncertified applicator s mirrors the proposed training for agricultural pesticide handlers, except it does not include specific requirements of the
WPS. Including a provision in the rule to allow noncertified applicators to meet the training requirement by following the training outlined in this rule or that outlined in the WPS could reduce the burden on noncertified applicators, certified applicators, agricultural pesticide handlers, and agricultural employers by allowing them to provide substantially similar training to the sam e audience once, rather than twice, to comply with both regulations. EPA estimates that almost two

- thirds of the noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of private applicators will receive WPS training but very few noncertified applicators un der the direct supervision of commercial applicators would be*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] covered by WPS training provisions. The second alternative mechanism, requiring noncertified applicators to pass a written exam covering the core standards of competency for commercial applicat ors, would also establish an adequate level of competency for noncertified applicators. The commercial applicator core competency standards outlined at 40 CFR 171.4(b) of the existing regulation cover label and labeling comprehension, proper application, p otential environmental risks, characteristics of pesticides, application equipment and techniques, and laws and regulations. The content of these core competency standards encompasses the proposed noncertified applicator training content. In some situation s, it may be easier or more convenient to allow a noncertified applicator to qualify by taking the core exam than to complete the noncertified applicator training. For example, a person who has taken and passed the core exam and failed the category exam, w hich generally has a lower pass rate, would not be certified as a commercial applicator but would have demonstrated sufficient competency to apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Allowing such a person to qualify as a noncertif ied applicator based on passing the core exam rather than requiring that he or she undergo another training program would reduce the potential burden on noncertified applicators and their employers without sacrificing protection of the noncertified applica tors, the public, or the environment. iii. Requiring periodic retraining

. EPA proposes to implement a requirement to refresh the qualifications of non - certified noncertified applicators. Noncertified applicators who qualified through a training program, ei ther as proposed under 171.201(d) or as a handler under the WPS, would be required to undergo retraining*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] annually. Noncertified applicators who recertify by passing the commercial applicator core exam would be required to requalify every 3 years. The proposed training requirement for noncertified applicators who would apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator is comparable to the training required for agricultural pesticide handlers. EPA has proposed a requirement under the WPS for handlers to receive pesticide safety training annually. EPA will ensure that the final requirements for noncertified applicator training under the certification rule are consistent with the final requirements for WPS handler training where applicable. It is reasonable to expect that noncertified applicators must maintain an ongoing level of competency similar to that required of certified applicators. However, neither of the options to qualify by attending a training program requires passing a written e xam or attending a training course covering the proposed enhanced competency standards for private applicators. Therefore, the proposed noncertified applicator training programs would not provide the same assurance of competency as the certification proces s for commercial and private applicators. For these reasons, it is reasonable to expect that noncertified applicators who qualify through training should receive training every year rather than every 3 years as proposed for the recertification of certified private and commercial applicators. States require certified applicators to demonstrate continued competency through recertification programs; noncertified applicators who establish competency must also demonstrate that they maintain a level of competen cy to apply pesticides without unreasonable adverse effects. An annual training requirement would be consistent with the proposed training interval for agricultural handlers ( 79 FR 15444; March 19,
2014 Ref. 4 ), thereby decreasing the burden on agricultural employers to track two*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] training timeframes. Additionally, studies have shown that training participants begin to forget the content of the training almost immediately, and that often 90% or less of the training is remembered at 1 year after training, and that knowledge from training on skills and decision making deteriorates more quickly than information from training on repetitive physical tasks ( Ref. 11 14 )

. Further, studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of periodic retraining on retention of the knowledge necessary to implement self

protective measures ( Ref. 12 15 )

. Noncertified applicators who qualify through passing the core exam for commercial appl icators would be required to requalify every 3 years. Passing the core exam provides an assurance of competency similar to that required of certified applicators. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that noncertified applicators who pass the core exam wo uld maintain their competency on the topics covered for a similar length of time as commercial applicators. EPA is proposing a requirement for all certified applicators to renew their credentials every 3 years. The regulatory text related to these propos als would be located at 40 CFR 171.201(c) and (d). 5. Costs

. Because noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators and private applicators have different wage rates, the costs are presented separately for noncerti fied applicators working under the direct supervision of a commercial applicator and for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a private applicator

. (Ref. 3)

. i. Noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a commercial applicator

. EPA estimates the cost of the proposed requirement to require noncertified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] applicators to either complete the proposed training, be handlers under the WPS, or pass the core exam would be about $6.6 million per year for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a commercial applicator

. (Ref. 3)

. ii. Noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a private applicator

. EPA estimates the cost of the proposed requirement to require noncertified
app licators to either complete the proposed training, be handlers under the WPS, or pass the core exam would be about $ 639 ,000 per year for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a private applicator

. (Ref. 3)

. 6. Alternative option s considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA considered four alternatives to this proposal

. i. Allow States to determine n oncertified a pplicator t raining c ontent
. EPA considered allowing each State to determine what training or qualifications are appropriat e for noncertified applicators, rather than adhering to the standard established in this proposal. For example, some State s have specific requirements for noncertified applicators to be qualified, such as through an apprenticeship program, or completing a
State

- developed training program or minimum number of hours of privately

- provided training. Although the State programs with various requirements may adequately ensure the competency of noncertified applicators, allowing State s to adopt varying standards

w ould result in classification for restricted use providing differing levels of protection from State to State

. In order to ensure that RUPs are used by competent persons in a way that would not cause unreasonable adverse effects, it is necessary for noncer tified applicators to receive instruction that covers a specific set of basic competency information. The consistent minimum standard would not be met if State s adopted their*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] own programs that did not meet or exceed the standards proposed by EPA. EPA recognizes that State programs may adequately prepare a noncertified applicator to use pesticides effectively and without unreasonable adverse effect on human health or the environment. However, under the proposed option, State s can modify existing pro grams to ensure they cover the content and requirements of the proposed standard and do not need a specific exception. If the State training program provides instruction on the training requirements listed above, the supervising certified applicator would still be required to verify that the noncertified applicators working under his or her direct supervision have received the training. The proposed option balances flexibility for
State s to adopt more stringent standards with the need to ensure that noncert ified applicators meet a consistent standard of competency. ii. Require all n oncertified a pplicators to pass the c ore e xam . EPA considered requiring all noncertified applicators to pass the core exam for commercial applicator certification. The current re quirements concerning the core exam for commercial applicators covers all the topics that would help ensure general knowledge of pesticide application by noncertified applicators. The Agency decided against proposing a requirement that noncertified appli cators demonstrate competence only by taking the core exam for commercial applicators because in some instances, that requirement may impose additional burden on the certified applicators and the noncertified applicators. Some noncertified applicators may have a more difficult time preparing for and passing a written exam than meeting training requirements. Although noncertified applicators may be able to demonstrate their competency to make applications without unreasonable adverse effects with proper*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] supe rvision, some noncertified applicators may have literacy and language issues that would stand in the way of passing a written exam. By limiting a noncertified applicator’s options for demonstrating competence to passing a written exam, the number of

noncer tified applicators available could decrease because fewer people would qualify. A decrease in the number of noncertified applicators available would increase costs because certified applicators would be required to perform the applications themselves. In

a ddition, State s would have to administer approximately five times the current number of exams, increasing their administrative burden. EPA decided not to propose this option because it would impose a significant burden on noncertified applicators, the sup ervising certified applicators, and the State s, and the benefits associated with the alternate options do not appear to justify the burden.
iii

. Establish d ifferent standards for n oncertified applicators w orking u nder the d irect s upervision of commercial and private a pplicators

. EPA considered establishing separate standards for noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of commercial and private applicators. Under this alternative, noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a private applicator would be required to complete the proposed training or the training for handlers under the proposed revisions to the WPS . 79 FR 15444; March 19, 2014. (Ref. 4)

. EPA considers this to be the minimum level of training that could reasonably be expected to prevent unreasonable adverse effects associated with the use of RUPs. EPA considered requiring a higher level of training for noncertified applicators working unde r the direct supervision of a commercial applicator; specifically, EPA considered requiring them to pass the core exam for certified applicators as described in the alternate option discussed in this unit

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- AJ20] EPA decided not to propose this alternative for two reasons. First, EPA does not believe there is a significant difference in the risks faced by, or posed by, a noncertified applicator under the direct supervision of a private applicator and a noncertified applicator under the direct supervision of a co mmercial applicator. As the risks appear to be the same, the same level of training seems appropriate. Second, having a single standard would allow noncertified applicators to work for both commercial and private applicators without having to meet differen t standards. iv. Implement l onger r etraining i nterval

. Lastly, EPA considered requiring all noncertified applicators to be retrained using the same timeframes as certified applicator recertification (currently proposed as every 3 years, see Unit X IV

. ). H owever, commercial applicators are required to demonstrate their competency through a written exam; the more rigorous standard establishes a higher level of confidence in commercial applicators’ knowledge and ability to protect themselves, the public, and the environment. Training is a less reliable indicator of competency than passing an exam and knowledge from training deteriorates rapidly ( Ref s . 11, 12 14 and 15 )

. EPA recognizes a distinction between the noncertified applicators that qualify through train ing and those that qualify through an exam. That distinction and EPA’s confidence in the exam process prompted EPA to reject the option to establish the same requalification timeframe for all noncertified applicators parallel to the recertification period for certified applicators.
7. Request for comment

. EPA requests specific feedback on the following:

• Should EPA allow State s to adopt noncertified applicator training programs different than what EPA proposes? If so, please explain why, and how portability of the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] varied programs might be addressed.

• Should EPA require State s to adopt the proposed noncertified applicator training program and allow State s to add other qualifications or requirements?

• Should EPA require noncertified applicators to receive training specifically on avoiding harm to pollinators? If so, please explain what additional information should be included in the training and why. • Are there other points that EPA should include in the noncertified applicator training outlin ed in the proposal? If so, what points should be added and why? • Should EPA consider a single requalification interval for all noncertified applicators, regardless of their method of qualification, i.e., should EPA consider requiring noncertified applica tors who qualify by passing the core exam to requalify annually, or for those who qualify by training to requalify every 3 years? Please explain why.

• Please provide any available data on or sources of information for the number of noncertified applicato rs who apply RUPs under the direct supervision of commercial and private applicators

. B. Establish Qualifications for Training Providers
1. Overview. In order to ensure that noncertified applicators receive training that communicates the nature of their w ork and the potential risks of pesticide exposure in a manner they understand, EPA proposes to require that noncertified applicator training be provided by a currently certified applicator, a State

- designated trainer of certified applicators, or a person who has completed a train

- the

- trainer course under the WPS.
2. Existing regulation. The rule has no requirement for training and therefore, no*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] restrictions on who may provide training to noncertified applicators.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. Stakeholders, including the PPDC, State associations, and CTAG, have noted the similar work profiles between WPS handlers and noncertified applicators working on agricultural establishments. They recommended that noncertified applicator trainers have similar qualifications to WPS handler trainers because of the importance of conveying information related to safe pesticide use, understanding labeling requirements, and how to contact the employer in the event of an emergency.
4. Details of the proposal/ rationale. EPA proposes to allow noncertified applicators to receive training from an applicator with a valid certification issued under
40 CFR part 171, a State

- designated trainer of certified applicators, or a person who has completed a pesticide safety train

- the

- trainer program under the WPS, 40 CFR part 170. Given the elevated risks associated with applying RUPs, it is critical to have a high level of confidence in the competence of those who will make applications. Commercial applicators have to pass a written exam to demonstrate their competency. The qualifications of the trainer become more important where the competency of noncertified applicators is established through training rather than through passing a written exam. It is important to have the information presented by trainers who are knowledgeable about pesticide safety requirements. Certified applicators supervising noncertified applicators have knowledge of the information necessary to ensure that applications are made effectively and witho ut unreasonable adverse effects and commercial applicators have passed an exam demonstrating their competency. The core standards of competency for both private and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] commercial applicators would cover supervising noncertified applicators using RUPs, includi ng how to convey information about proper application techniques, understanding the labeling, and contacting the supervisor if necessary. In addition, the competency standards would cover communicating with noncertified applicators in a manner they unders tand. State designated trainers, mainly cooperative extension service pesticide safety educators and county agents, have expertise in educating adult populations about how to conduct pesticide applications and the risks associated with pesticide exposure. Lastly, trainers who have undergone a train

- the

- trainer program have learned techniques to effectively transfer information on application techniques, risks of exposure, and other necessary information required to protect agricultural handlers before, duri ng, and after application. EPA anticipates that most people likely to be training noncertified applicators would already be within one of the aforementioned categories of qualified trainers. The regulatory text related to this proposal would be located at 40 CFR 171.201(d)(2). 5. Costs. EPA expects this proposal to have negligible cost. Certified applicators are qualified as trainers by virtue of their certification and would not incur any additional costs to be qualified under this proposal

. (Ref. 3)

. EP A assumes most training would be provided by certified applicators to noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision. Therefore, EPA does not believe many people who are not already certified applicators would seek to be qualified trainers under this proposal

. Allowing State

designated trainers of applicators and those who have completed a WPS pesticide safety train

- the

- trainer program would provide flexibility to the certified applicators and offer a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] variety of options to ensure noncertifi ed applicators are trained. C. Establish Qualifications for Certified Applicators Supervising Noncertified Applicators
1. Overview. In order to ensure that noncertified applicators do not apply RUPs in a manner that would cause unreasonable adverse effect s, EPA proposes to establish specific requirements for the supervising applicator.
2. Existing regulation. T he current regulation requires supervising certified applicators to demonstrate a practical knowledge of Federal and State supervisory requirements related to the application of RU Ps by noncertified applicators. 40 CFR 171.6(a). In addition, the current rule requires the availability of the certified applicator and the hazard of the situation to be directly related. 40 CFR 171.6(a). For certain produ cts, the labeling requires the applicator to be on

- site for the application or prohibits application by noncertified applicators even under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Wherever noncertified applicators are applying RUPs under the dire ct supervision of a certified applicator, the existing regulation requires the certified applicator provide verifiable instruction to the noncertified applicator , which includes detailed guidance for applying the pesticide properly, and provisions for cont acting the certified applicator in the event that he or she is needed. 40 CFR 171.6.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. States indicated overall support for establishing qualifications for certified applicators supervising noncertified applicat ors; however they noted that some limitations would be impractical or difficult to enforce ( Ref. 23 33 )

. For example, State s noted that they would not be able to verify whether the supervising applicator was within a certain distance or time of the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] noncerti fied applicator conducting the application, and it would be impossible to note how many noncertified applicators were working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator at one time (Ref. 45 33 ). The SBAR panel recommended that EPA require “commu nication capability between certified applicators and those under their
supe rvision during RUP applications ” ( Ref. 24 34 )

. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to require that certified applicators who supervise noncertified applicators to b e certified in the category of the supervised application in order to protect the noncertified applicator and the environment from risks associated with insufficient supervision or qualification. EPA proposes to require that certified applicators ensure th at noncertified applicators under their direct supervision have satisfied one of the qualification methods discussed in Unit X.B

. For specific applications, EPA proposes to require the certified applicator to provide a copy of all applicable labeling to ea ch noncertified applicator for each supervised application; ensure that means are available for immediate communication between the certified applicator and the noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision; provide specific instructions related to each application, including the site

- specific precautions and how to use the equipment; and explain and comply with all labeling restrictions. It is critical that the supervising applicator be competent in the specific types of application that he or she is supervising, know the requirements related to application of RUPs by noncertified applicators, and ensure that noncertified applicators are competent. It is reasonable to expect that many supervising applicators currently provide instruction to the noncertified applicators under their supervision and are certified in the appropriate*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] category. The proposed change would codify more precise requirements to ensure that supervising certified applicators are prepared adequately to supervise specific types of applications and to provide the appropriate protections to noncertified applicators. EPA proposes to add a requirement for the certified applicator to provide a copy of the labeling to noncertified applicators applying RUPs under his or her supe rvision. Providing the product labeling to noncertified applicators is important for several reasons. First, product labeling communicates critical information to the pesticide user on how to use and apply the product. The labeling contains use directions, health and safety information, and instructions for proper storage and disposal. By law, users must follow the use instructions on the labeling for registered products. Second, in the event that the noncertified applicator cannot contact the supervising a pplicator, the labeling contains critical information that the noncertified applicator or a literate person nearby could consult in order to understand special use restrictions, make a proper application, or respond in the event of a spill or accident, inc luding providing proper medical treatment. Third, the WPS requires employers to provide handlers access to the product labeling during handling activities in order to provide protections parallel to those provided under the Occupational Safety and Health A ct (OSHA). OSHA requires that persons working with or around hazardous chemicals in their work area receive information (generally in the form of the product label or label s, training, and access to safety data sheet (SDS)) prior to working with sheet s (SDS s )

. Label and SDSs must always be available; training must take place at the time of the employee’s initial assignment and when new hazardous chemicals are introduced into the work area . Fourth, noncertified applicators have similar job responsibilities to agricultural pesticide handlers under the WPS and have an equal*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] need for labeling information. For these reasons, it is important to make the labeling available to all noncertified applicators working with RUPs, even if some may not be able to read or und erstand the labeling. Communication between the supervising applicator and the noncertified applicator is critical if the noncertified applicator has a question before application or encounters an emergency situation related to the misapplication. The cu rrent rule requires provisions for contacting the certified applicator, but it is very general and provides no assurance of timely contact. The intent of the existing provision was to enable communication between the supervising applicator and the noncerti fied applicator throughout the application process. Telecommunications options have improved dramatically over the last 35 years, and the proposed requirement to ensure means are available for immediate communication would take advantage of those changes t o more fully accomplish the intent of the original provision. Requiring means to be available for immediate communication would allow flexibility for the supervising applicator; if the certified and noncertified applicator are working at the same location, means for immediate communication could be speaking to one another directly. In the event the noncertified applicator is using RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator when the certified applicator is not present, means of immediate com munication could include cellular phones or two

- way radios, among other mechanisms. The regulatory text related to this proposal would be located at 40 CFR 171.201(b). 5. Costs. EPA assumes that the current requirement to provide detailed guidance for ap plying the pesticide properly and the proposed requirement to provide application

-*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] specific instructions are substantially similar and will not result in a significant increase in the cost of compliance

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA estimates the cost for ensuring means for immediate communication are available would be negligible because according to CTIA

– The Wireless Association, as of December 2012, wireless penetration in the United States was 102% (the number of wireless subscriptions divided by the U.S. populatio n) ( Ref. 46 56 ).
6. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed. EPA considered different application

- specific requirements for supervising applicators, including a requirement for the supervising applicator to keep noncertified applicators wit hin their line of sight or to be on site during applications, a limit on the number of noncertified applicators that could be supervised at one time, or a limit on the distance between the certified applicator and the noncertified applicators. EPA may lim it who may apply RUPs and the type of supervision required on a product

- by

- product basis. Some RUP labeling requires certified applicators to keep noncertified applicators within their line of sight during applications. EPA considered requiring line of sig ht supervision wherever noncertified applicators are applying RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. For example, labeling for fumigant products requires the supervising applicator to be on site because of the significant danger to th e applicator if not used properly. However, a universal requirement that certified applicators keep noncertified applicators in their line of sight or to be on site during application would be inconsistent with 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(4), which allows use of
RUPs even if the certified applicator providing direct supervision is not on site at the time of application.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] EPA considered establishing a limit on the number of noncertified applicators that a certified applicator could supervise for each application of RU Ps, e.g., 10 noncertified applicators could use RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator at any specific time. Limiting the number of noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator could better ensure that the applications are conducted in a manner that would not cause unreasonable adverse effects to the applicator, the public, or the environment. EPA does not have information on the maximum number of noncertified applicators that a certified ap plicator could supervise without causing unreasonable adverse effects. There may be limits on the capability of a certified applicator to supervise noncertified applicators using RUPs, but the limits seem circumstantial. For example, a certified applicator supervising the application of RUPs through backpack sprayers on a single agricultural establishment may be able to supervise many noncertified applicators without causing unreasonable adverse effects. However, a certified applicator supervising noncertif ied applicators fumigating a warehouse with RUPs may not be able to supervise other applications of RUPs at the same time in a safe manner. EPA chose not to propose a limit on the number of noncertified applicators that can use RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. EPA regulates specific risks related to the use of RUPs on a product by product basis, including limiting or restricting the use of RUPs by noncertified applicators. The certified applicator is liable for all applicat ions conducted under his or her supervision. To become certified, applicators must demonstrate competency in conducting and supervising applications in a manner that will not result in adverse effects to human health or the environment. It is*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] reasonable to expect that the certified applicator will generally recognize the limits of his or her capacity to appropriately supervise multiple noncertified applicators. It is reasonable to expect that the combination of certified applicators’ competency in making

an d supervising applications of RUPs, product

- specific limitations on the use of RUPs by noncertified applicators, combined with the propos ed requirement that the supervising applicator ensure that a mechanism for communication between certified applicators and noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision , would adequately protect the noncertified applicator, the public, and the environment. Recognizing that EPA has insufficient data to support a limit on the number of noncertified appli cators that can be supervised by a certified applicator or data to establish the number if a limit is required, EPA is soliciting additional information related to this option. EPA also considered proposing a maximum physical distance or travel time betwe en the certified applicator and noncertified applicator using RUPs under his or her direct supervision. For instance, the certified applicator would have to be within X yards or Y minutes of the noncertified applicator. This option would make it more likel y that the certified applicator could physically reach the noncertified applicator within a reasonable timeframe in the event assistance was needed. Time

- based and distance

- based limitations would have different impacts in urban and rural areas

– in a city , the certified applicator might take an hour to get to an application site within 5 miles, whereas in a rural area, the applicator could cover the same distance in a few minutes. EPA does require the supervising certified applicator to be on site when ce rtain RUPs are used by noncertified applicators. These restrictions are imposed on a product by product basis. EPA does not have sufficient information on a specific time or distance between certified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] applicators and noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision that would make meaningful reductions in the overall risk of adverse effects from RUP use by noncertified applicators. Rather than set an arbitrary time or distance, EPA chose to propose a requirement for the certified applic ator to ensure a mechanism for the supervisor and noncertified applicator using RUPs under his or her direct supervision to be in immediate communication. It is reasonable to expect that ensuring that noncertified applicators are able to immediately contac t their supervisors in the event of a spill, emergency, or question about the application would reduce the potential for unreasonable adverse effects from RUP application by noncertified applicators.
7. Request for c omment. EPA requests specific comment on the following:

• Would supervising certified applicators and noncertified applicators rely on cell phones rather than two

- way radios as a means to ensure immediate communication?

• Please provide any additional information that would assist EPA in mo re accurately estimating the cost associated with this proposal. • Should EPA consider other qualifications for supervising applicators? If so, what qualifications and why? • Should EPA require certified applicators to be within a certain distance or ti me of the noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision? Please explain why. If so, what distance or time should EPA require? • Should EPA limit the number of noncertified applicators that a certified applicator can supervise? Please explain why. If so, how should EPA select the maximum number?
X I. Expand Commercial Applicator Recordkeeping to Include Noncertified*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Applicator Training
1. Overview

. In order to facilitate inspectors’ ability to verify that noncertified applicators have been trained in accordance with the rule, EPA proposes to require commercial applicators to maintain records of noncertified applicator training for two
years. 2. Existing regulation

. The current rule does not require any person to keep records of the inf ormation or training provided to noncertified applicators.
3. Details of the proposal/rationale . EPA proposes to require commercial applicators to maintain records of noncertified applicators’ training. The proposed recordkeeping requirement includes : T he trained noncertified applicator’s printed name, and signature; the date of the training; the name of the person who provided the training; and the supervising commercial applicator’s name. It is reasonable to expect that that requiring commercial applicat ors to maintain records of noncertified applicators’ training would increase the likelihood that the noncertified applicators will be trained in accordance with the proposed requirements. In addition, records can help ensure that noncertified applicators m eet the proposed minimum age requirement. Records are a key component of an effective enforcement program. EPA is not proposing to require commercial applicators to document the qualifications of noncertified applicators who satisfy the requirement of 40 CFR 171.201(c) as agricultural handlers or by having passed the core exam. The WPS already requires agricultural employers to maintain records of pesticide safety training provided to handlers. It is reasonable to expect that certifying authorities woul d be able to verify whether a noncertified applicator has passed the core exam.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] FIFRA prohibits EPA from issuing regulations that require private applicators to maintain records. Therefore, EPA is not proposing to make the recordkeeping requirements out lined in this Unit apply to private applicators. Nevertheless, private applicators still would be subject to the proposed requirements for ensuring that noncertified applicators under their direct supervision have met the proposed training requirements. In the absence of training records maintained by private applicators, EPA would gauge compliance with the training requirement during routine compliance inspections. The inspector could question noncertified applicators regarding the content of the training and the labeling of any products being applied. If the noncertified applicators’ answers are not consistent with the content of the required training and the labeling of any products being applied, it may support a presumption that the private applicator h as failed to adequately comply with the noncertified applicator training requirement. Where private applicators keep records, either on their own initiative or in response to State , Tribal , or local requirements, that are sufficient to verify compliance wi th the requirements for training and supervising noncertified applicators, EPA expects that it would ordinarily rely on such records to assess compliance, rather than evaluating individual noncertified applicators. The regulatory text related to this pro posal would be located at 40 CFR 171.201(e).
4. Costs

. EPA estimates the cost of the proposal to require commercial applicators to maintain records of the training provided to noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision for 2 years wou ld be $324,000 annually

. (Ref. 3)

. 5. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed. EPA considered*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] requiring the training record to include the noncertified applicator’s date of birth. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requires every employer to have a completed I

9 form for every employee. The I

- 9 form already requires employers t o obtain and keep records on a number of pieces of information about the employee to verify employability, including the employee’s date of birth. The employer must retain the I

- 9 form for inspection by DHS or other federal agencies. Rather than impose a duplicative requirement for recordkeeping on employers, EPA chose not to propose a requirement for the training record to include the noncertified applicators date of birth.
6

. Request for c omment. EPA requests specific comment on the following: • Shou ld EPA consider requiring the commercial applicator to provide a copy of the training record to the noncertified applicator? What would be the value of this record to the noncertified applicator and subsequent employers? Should EPA require the record to b e provided to all noncertified applicators as a matter of course or only to those noncertified applicators who request such documentation from the certified applicator? • Should EPA consider requiring commercial applicators to maintain records of noncerti fied applicator training for a different length of time? If so, for how long should training records be maintained and why? • Should EPA consider requiring commercial applicators to document the noncertified applicator’s qualification regardless of the me thod used to qualify? Should EPA require commercial applicators to document the WPS training or core exam? If so, why?
XI I . Establish a Minimum Age for Certified Applicators
1. Overview

. In order to reduce the risks of exposure to applicators, bystanders,*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] the public, and the environment, EPA proposes to establish a minimum age of 18 for any person to become certified as a private or commercial applicator.
2. Existing regulation

. The rule has no age restrictions for certified applicators.
3. Stakeholder i nformation considered by EPA

. Stakeholders including Farmworker Justice, Migrant Clinicians Network, EPA’s Children’s Health Protection Advisory Committee, members of the PPDC workgroup, and State regulatory agencies recommended establishing a minimum age for pesticide applicators. In 2002, CTAG surveyed State lead agencies for pesticide applicator certification. Responses were provided from 49 State s, with 30 State s implementing a minimum age for commercial applicators and 27 State s establishing a minimu m age for private applicators. The commercial applicator minimum ages were 16 (6 State s) and 18 (24
State s); the private applicator minimum ages ranged from 15 to 18 (15 years, 1 State ; 16 years, 10 State s; 17 years, 1 State ; 18 years, 15 States) ( Ref. 47 57 ). CTAG also evaluated
State support of a minimum age requirement for applicator certification. Ninety

- eight percent of the respondents supported such a requirement. Twenty

- six State s supported a minimum age of 18, 12 State s supported a minimum age of 16 , and the remainder did not respond with a specific age or provided different required minimum ages, depending on type of certification ( Ref. 47 57 ). As of 2013, 35 State s had implemented a minimum age of 18 for commercial applicators and 8 State s had impl emented a minimum age of 16 for commercial applicators. For private applicators, 16 State s established a minimum age of 18, 1 State established a minimum age of 17, and 17 State s established a minimum age of 16 ( Ref.
8 3 )

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- AJ20] The SBAR panel recommended that EPA consider a minimum age of 18 for commercial and private applicator certification, with an exception allowing private applicators working on a farm owned by an immediate family member (as defined in the
WPS at 40 CFR part 170) to be certified at 16 years old (Ref. 3 4 ). The SERs (including pesticide applicators, farmers, and other business owners) consulted by the panel had varying recommendations regarding minimum age. For commercial applicators, SERs mainly suggested a minimum age of 18 , noting that the minimum age for a pilot license is 18 so it would not impact aerial applicators and that “one cannot understand the concept of safe and accurate application until age 1 8.” Other SERs suggested that the minimum age should be 16 for children of farmers, that the minimum age should not exceed 14, and that there should be no minimum age

– only a requirement to pass a written test (Ref. 3 4 ). For private applicators, recommend ations ranged from no minimum age to a minimum age of 18. Two SERs suggested that there should be no minimum age, with one suggesting that children be certified as private applicators when they pass a test. Three representatives suggested a minimum age of 16. One SER suggested a minimum age of 18 (Ref. 3 4 ). Two SERs noted that establishing a minimum age would require farm owners to hire certified applicators, increasing the cost of RUP applications (Ref. 3 4).
DOL has established a general rule, applicable t o non - agricultural employment, that workers must be at least 18 years old to perform hazardous jobs. 29 CFR 570.120. For example, those under the age of 18 may not perform most tasks in manufacturing or mining industries; communications or public utilitie s; construction or repair; in transporting people or property; and in warehousing and storage. The FLSA establishes a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] minimum age of 16 for youth in agriculture engaged in occupations deemed hazardous by the Secretary of Labor. 29 U.S.C. 213(c)(2). This in cludes persons handling toxicity category I and II pesticides in agriculture. 29 C FR 570.71(a)(9). By regulation , DOL prohibits youth under the age of 16 engaged in nonagricultural employment from any work involving pesticides unless employed by a parent o r someone standi ng in place of the parent. 29 CFR 570.32.
4. Details of the proposal/rationale

. EPA proposes to establish a minimum age of 18 for persons to become certified as commercial and private applicators. Aside from any increased risks that adol escents may suffer from pesticide
exposures, adolescents generally lack the experience and judgment to avoid or prevent unnecessary exposure. A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) also demonstrates that because their brains are still developing, adolescents may have trouble balancing risk

- reward decision

- making and goal

- oriented decision

- making ( Ref. 17 21 )

. Although adolescents may understand the possible consequences of their actions, they are more likely to make decisions based upon their initial emotional responses, which will often lead them to make suboptimal choices ( Ref. 16 20 )

. Additionally, adolescents are less likely to be aware of their rights and how to recognize hazards in the workplace ( Ref.
16 20 )

. Pesticide applicators m ust exercise good judgment and responsible behavior to best protect themselves and others as they work with these potentially toxic materials. Research has shown differences in the decision making of adolescents and adults that reasonably supports the conc lusion that applicators who are children may take more risks than those who are adults. Behavioral scientists note that responsible decision making is*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] more common in young adults than adolescents: “socially responsible decision making is significantly more common among young adults than among adolescents, but does not increase appreciably after age 19. Adolescents, on average, scored significantly worse than adults did, but individual differences in judgment within each adolescent age group were considerabl e. These findings call into question recent assertions, derived from studies of logical reasoning, that adolescents and adults are equally competent and that laws and social policies should treat them as such” ( Ref. 18 22 )

. Decision

- making skills and compe tence differ between adolescents and adults. A NIOSH compil ation of studies demonstrate s “[y]outh are at increased risk of injury from lack of experience. Inexperienced workers are unfamiliar with the requirements of work, are less likely to be trained to recognize hazards, and are commonly unaware of their legal rights on the job. Developmental factors

– physical, cognitive, and psychological

– may also place them at increased risk” ( Ref. 17 21 )

. While some research has focused on decision

- making of adolescents in terms of legal culpability, the findings on decision

- making skills and competence can be applied reasonably to pesticide application. Society has established 18 as the age of majority in many circumstances, and research has shown that by 1 8 years old , most people have developed a level of competence that makes responsible decision making more likely. For example, persons must wait until they are 18 to vote, join the military, use tobacco, and give medical
consent. For the one major exceptio n to 18 as the age of majority, issuance of driver’s licenses, State s have recognized the increased risks associated with new, immature drivers. Forty

- nine State s have established a graduated driver’s license program, under which the young driver s do not g et full rights and independence upon passing the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] necessary tests; rather they get limited privileges that expand over time to result in full rights and independence when the y reach 17 or 18 years old. Overall, this approach has resulted in fewer accidents by teenage drivers between 16 and 18 years old ( Refs. 48, 49 58 and 59 ). Society does not entrust individuals with the right to conduct some high risk activities until they have met a certain age because the risk of harm to the underage person and others is too great. Pesticide application presents comparable risks, with the potential for significant harm to the applicator, the public, and the environment. In addition to differences between adolescents and adults in terms of decision

making ability, c hildr en may be more susceptible to pesticides because their physiological systems are developing , and that development may be altered by pesticide
exposure . Most pesticides classified as RUPs are so classified based on an increased potential for acute harm to h uman health. A level of exposure to RUPs considered safe for an adult may not be safe for a child. EPA expects that restricting certification to persons 18 years of age or older would prevent children from being exposed while performing and supervising application activities and protect other persons and the environment from misapplication due to childr en’s poor judgment or inadequate decision

- making skills. EPA’s proposal would harmonize the age requirements for pesticide applicators with the minimum age requirements for workers performing hazardous jobs in other industries. The regulatory text for th ese provisions would be located at 40 CFR 171.103(a)(1) for commercial applicators and at 40 CFR 171.105(d) for private applicators. 5. Costs . EPA separates the cost of establishing a minimum age for commercial*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] and private applicators in this unit

. i. C ommercial applicators. E PA estimates the cost of requiring establishing a minimum age of 18 for commercial applicators to be 18 would be $ 294 ,000 per year

. (Ref. 3)

. The costs would reflect the difference in the wage rates between commercial applicators who are 18 years or older and those who are younger in State s that do not currently have a minimum age of 18

. (Ref. 3)

. As discussed in this unit , many State s already have a requirement that certified applicators must be at least 18 years old. ii. Private ap plicators. E PA estimates the cost of requiring establishing a minimum age of 18 for private applicators to be 18 would be $1 74 ,000 per year

. (Ref. 3)

. The costs would reflect the difference in the wage rates between private applicators who are 18 years or o lder and those who are younger in State s that do not currently have a minimum age of 18.
6. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed

. EP A considered two alternatives: A llowing flexibility in the minimum age of 18 for applicators on a family farm, and establishing a minimum age of 16 for commercial and private applicators. The SBAR panel, comprised of pesticide applicators and business owners convened to evaluate EPA took into account the impact recommendation of the proposed changes on small business, recommended SBAR panel that EPA establish consider a minimum age of 18 for commercial and private applicator certification, with an exception allowing private applicators working on a farm owned by an immediate family member (as defined in the WPS at 40 CFR part 170) to be certified at 16 years old ( Ref. 24 34 )

. This option would allow flexibility for earlier certification for private applicators working on farms owned by immediate family members; however, it provides a different level of*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] protection for private and commercial applicators and to those who would be impacted by the ir application s of RUPs

. EPA’s primary concern is the protection of human health and the environment from pesticide hazards; the SBAR panel alternative does not adequately prot ect a vulnerable segment of the population, youths 16 and 17 years old. It also puts at risk neighbors, bystanders, the food supply (from misapplication), and the environment.
RUPs pose greater potential for unreasonable adverse effects if they are misused than do other pesticides . Persons younger than 18 may possess less maturity and good judgement than adults, and they may be careless in making applications. It is reasonable to expect that there would be additional risk to the applicator, the public, and the environment from RUP applications by persons younger than 18, and despite the benefit of flexibility offered by a reduced minimum age on family owned enterprises, EPA does not consider that flexibility justified in light of the associated risks. The second alternative considered by EPA was to set a minimum age of 16 for persons to become certified as commercial or private applicators. This option would require fewer State s to incorporate the new requirement because most State s have a minimum age of at least 16. Under this alternative, State s could adopt or retain a requirement for a higher minimum age. In addition, a minimum age of 16 would match the requirements of the FLSA for handling or applying products in toxicity category I and II in agricultura l employment and the minimum age for handlers under the proposed changes to the WPS . 79 FR 15444; March 19, 2014. (Ref. 4)

. However, this option would provide significantly less protection to the applicator, the public, and the environment. Moreover, this option could create a scenario in which a minor could be directing the actions of an adult by supervising the application of RUPs. States have noted that it can*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] be difficult to take enforcement actions against minors. Under this scenario, State s may have n o recourse if the pesticide was misapplied by the noncertified applicator because responsibility ultimately rests with the certified applicator, in this case, a minor. Certified applicators use RUPs, pesticides with a higher potential for harming human hea lth and the environment, and must possess an appropriate level of competence, maturity and decision

- making skills to ensure these products are used safely. Therefore, EPA does not believe that the difference in cost between the proposed option and this alt ernative justifies the associated risk to youth applicators, the public, and the environment.
7. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Are there alternatives that have not been considered that would improve protections for adolescent certified applicators using RUPs, either those under 16 or 18 years old, while allowing flexibility for pesticide use for agriculture? • What would be the impact on State programs of establishing a minimu m age of either 16 or 18 for certified applicators? What would be the impact on pesticide application businesses?

• Are there additional benefits or burdens associated with establishing a minimum age of 16 or 18 for certified applicators ? If so, please provide data to support either
p osition.

• Would this proposal have an impact on training programs for adolescents? If so, please describe the impact.

• Is there a need for an exemption from the minimum age requirement for persons working on a farm owned by their immediate f amily members? If so, how widespread is*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] this need and what are its economic impacts? What criteria should EPA consider if it creates such an exemption, e.g., size of the farm, specific familial relationship, whether a family member/owner is also a certifi ed applicator? Should EPA use the same criteria established for the exemption for owners and their immediate family members under the
WPS (see 40 CFR 170.104(a) and 170.204(a))?
XIII . Establish a Minimum Age for Noncertified Applicators Working Under the
D irect Supervision of Certified Applicators
1. Overview. EPA proposes to require that noncertified applicators who use RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator be at least 18 years old. EPA expects this change would result in reduced ri sks to children and improved competency in the use of RUPs, resulting in reduced exposure to noncertified applicators, bystanders, and the environment.
2. Existing WPS regulations. T he current rule does not establish a minimum age for noncertified applicators.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. As of 2013, 16 State s had implemented a minimum age of 18 for noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of commercial applicators and 4 State s had implemented a minimum age of 16 for noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of commercial applicators. For private applicators, 5 State s established a minimum age of 18 and 2 State s established a minimum age of 1 6. Two State s prohibit use of RUPs by noncertified applicators, eliminating the option for use of RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator ( Ref. 8 3 )

. The SBAR panel recommended that EPA consider a minimum age of 18 for*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] noncertified appl icators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators and a minimum age of 16 for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of private applicators (Ref. 3 4 ). The SERs consulted by the panel provided varied recommendatio ns. One SER recommended that EPA adopt a minimum age of 16 for persons working in an apprentice program, but prohibit these noncertified applicators from working alone (i.e., supervising applicator not present at the site of application). Another SER sugge sted a minimum age of 18 because “one cannot understand the concept of safe and accurate application until age 18.” A third SER suggested that EPA not establish a minimum age because establishments applying RUPs need to use family members. Finally, one SE R supported EPA’s adoption of either a requirement for training for noncertified applicators or a requirement for certified applicators to be present for applications made under their direct supervision (Ref. 3 4 ). EPA also considered the information discus sed in Unit XII.3.
4. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to establish a minimum age of 18 for noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators. The proposed age restriction would include a requirement for commercial applicators supervising the noncertified applicator to record the training and the birth date of any noncertified applicator using RUPs under their direct supervision. EPA considered the rationale discussed in Unit XII.4

. in developing this proposal. As discussed in the previous section, research shows the differences in the decision

making of adolescents and adults leads to the conclusion that noncertified applicators who are adolescents may take more risks than those who are adults. The use of RUPs presents demonstrable risks of significant harm to the applicator, the public, and the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] envir onment, and these risks are significantly influenced by the user’s judgment and decision

- making skills. Requiring noncertified applicators to be 18 years of age or older would prevent youth under 18 from being exposed while using RUPs under the supervision of a certified applicator and would reduce risks to other persons and the environment from misapplication owing to users’ poor judgment or decision

- making skills. This proposal would also align with society’s general trend toward increasing the ages at wh ich persons are eligible to do certain things that present recognized risks, such as purchasing alcohol or becoming a licensed driver. Because noncertified applicators use RUPs, their activities entail a heightened level of risk that requires maturity an d good decision

- making skills if unreasonable adverse effects are to be avoided. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that establishing a minimum age of 18 for noncertified applicators would improve protections from misapplication of RUPs to applicators, the public, the food supply, and the environment. The regulatory text establishing a minimum age for noncertified applicators would be located at 40 CFR 171.201(b)(5).
5. Costs . EPA separated the cost for establishing a minimum age of 18 for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators and for those under the direct supervision of private applicators in this unit

. i. Noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators. EPA est imates the cost of requiring noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators to be 18 would be $12.8 million per
year . (Ref. 3)

. The costs reflect the difference in the wage rates between these noncertified applicato rs who are 18 years or older and those who are younger.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] ii. Noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial private applicators. EPA estimates the cost of requiring noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of private applicators to be 18 would be $1.1 million per year

. (Ref. 3)

. The costs reflect the difference in the wage rates between these noncertified applicators who are 18 years or older and those who are younger. For a complete discussion of the esti mated costs of the proposals and alternatives, see the economic analysis for this proposal ( Ref. 8 3 )

. EPA cannot quantify the benefits associated with this proposal

. (Ref. 3)

. However, it is reasonable to expect that this proposal would improve the health of adolescent noncertified applicators, as well as other bystanders and the environment. As discussed in Units XII. and XIII. , adolescents’ judgment is not fully developed. It is reasonable to expect that restricting adolescents’ ability to handle pestici des would lead to less exposure potential for the noncertified applicators themselves, and less potential for misapplication that could cause negative impacts on other persons nearby, the food supply, and the environment.
6. Alternative options considered but not proposed

. EPA considered two alternatives: P roposing a minimum age of 16 for all noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of commercial and private applicators, and proposing a minimum age of 18 for all noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator with an exception for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a private applicator on a farm owned by an immediate family member. Establishing a minimum age of 16 for noncertified applicators would roughly*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] align with the DOL’s age restrictions related to pesticide handling. It would also correspond with the proposed minimum age of 16 for pesticide handlers under the WPS that EPA i s considering. Finally, this alternative would give noncertified applicators the opportunity to gain knowledge and experience about the proper use of RUPs at a younger age while working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. EPA recognizes similarities between noncertified applicators and handlers under the WPS. However, noncertified applicators use RUPs, products that pose a higher risk of harm to human health and the environment if not used properly. For this reason, it is critical that t hose who use RUPs, even with proper supervision, have developed the necessary maturity and decision

- making skills to use the products in a manner that avoids unreasonable adverse effects to themselves, other persons, and the environment. EPA does not belie ve that harmonizing the minimum age for noncertified applicators with the proposed minimum age for handlers under the WPS and the Department of Labor’s requirements would offer benefits sufficient to justify the increased potential risk from improper use o f an RUP by a noncertified applicator who is not at least 18 years old.
T he SERs on the SBAR panel recommended that EPA establish consider a minimum age of 18 for commercial and private applicator certification, with an exception allowing private applicato rs working on a farm owned by an immediate family member (as defined at 40 CFR 170.2) to be certified at 16 years old (R ef. 24 34 )

. EPA considered adopting a similar requirement for noncertified applicators or establishing a minimum age of 18 for those work ing under the direct supervision of commercial applicators and
16 years old for those working under the direct supervision of private applicators. These options would allow flexibility for earlier certification on family

- owned farms or for*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] private applicators; however, they would provide a different level of protection to noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of private and commercial applicators. A noncertified applicator is likely to have less experience and knowledge than a certified applicator. A person younger than 18 may also have less maturity and good judgement. It is reasonable to expect that that it is more likely that there would be additional risk to the applicator, the public, and the environment from RUP applicat ions by noncertified persons younger than 18, and despite the benefit of flexibility offered by a reduced minimum age on family owned enterprises, EPA does not consider that flexibility justified in light of the associated risks.
7. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Are there alternatives that have not been considered that would improve protections for adolescent noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, either those under 16 or 18 years old, while allowing flexibility for pesticide use for agriculture? • What would be the impact on State programs of establishing a minimum age of either 16 or 18 for noncertified applicators? What would be the impact on pe sticide application businesses?

• Are there additional benefits or burdens with establishing a minimum age of 16 or 18 for non certified applicators ? If so, please provide data to support either p osition

.

• Would this proposal have an impact on training p rograms for adolescents? If so, please describe the impact.

• Would it be possible for EPA to include in the final rule include exceptions to*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] the proposed minimum age requirement for persons participating in adolescent vocational training programs and high school educational programs, where persons who do not meet the minimum age work under the direct super vision of certified applicato rs, while ensuring that adolescents, others, and the environment are protected adequately? If so, explain how EPA could ensure adequate protections. Please suggest a framework for such an exemption.
X I V. Establish a National Certification Period and Standards for Recertification A. National Recertification Period
1. Overview

. To ensure certified applicators maintai n core competencies and keep pace with the changing technology of pesticide application, and to ensure that the public, environment and applicators are protected from misapplication and misuse, EPA proposes to establish a m aximum certification period of 3 years. This would require all applicators to renew their certification, i.e., recertify, at least every 3 years. 2. Existing regulation

. The current rule requires State s to ensure applicators maintain a continuing level of competency and ability to appl y pesticides safely and properly as part of their State plans. 40 CFR 171.8(a)(2). The rule requires that under plans administered by EPA, commercial applicators must be recertified every 3 years and private applicators must be recertified every four years. 40 CFR 171.11. A policy published in the Federal Register applicable to Federal agency plans (42 FR 41907; August 19, 1977) directs Federal agencies to include in their certification plan s a requirement for applicators to recertify every 3 years . (Ref. 60)

. There are no corresponding regulatory requirements or policies establishing a maximum certification period under State and Tribal certification plans.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 3. Stakeholder information consi dered by EPA

. CTAG, SFIREG, State regulatory agencies and members of the PPDC workgroup all requested that EPA establish a standard maximum certification period. State and Tribal participants at the 2006 Worker Safety PREP generally supported the proposed 3

- year maximum certification period, though State s with 5

- year periods expressed concerns for the potential impacts to their
programs ( Ref. 23 33 )

. States’ requirements for frequency of applicator certification range from 1 year to 6 years. In a survey of State requirements, EPA determined that 3 1 State s already have a certification period of 3 years or fewer for commercial applicators

. Twenty

- five State s already require recertification every 3 years or fewer for private applicators ( Ref. 1 5 )

. 4. Details of the proposal/rationale

. EPA proposes that all pesticide applicator certifications be valid for no more than 3 years. This proposal corresponds with the existing requirements for commercial applicators under EPA

- administered plans and Federal agency pla ns. Ensuring the ongoing competency of applicators of RUPs is crucial in preventing unreasonable adverse effects when RUPs are used

. A pplicators must be knowledgeable about changing technology, product reformulations, new labeling and regulatory requireme nts, and other essential labeling information. Applicators also must be reminded about personal safety and basic application principles. To ensure ongoing competency, it is necessary to require renewal of an applicator’s certification within a specific per iod. The more frequently applicators receive training, the more likely they are retain the substance of the training and apply it on the job. Studies show that information retained from training sessions declines significantly within a year ( Ref s . 11, 12 14 and*** EO12866 Review Draft

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. However, preparing for and demonstrating competency by passing an exam requires a higher level of preparation and a more reliable demonstration of the competencies needed. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that allowing certified applicators to renew their certifications over a slightly longer period would not adversely impact human health and the environment. EPA already requires applicators under an EPA

- administered plan to recertify every 3 years and it is reasonable to extend this require ment to all applicators certified under any plan approved by EPA. It is reasonable to expect that requiring all applicators certified by State s, Tribes and Federal agencies to be recertified at least every 3 years would set an acceptable minimum standard for continued competency in the applicator certification program. The regulatory text for this proposal would be located at 40 CFR 171.107(a). 5. Costs

. EPA estimated the cost of this proposal in conjunction with the proposal to establish requirements for recertification programs. See Unit X I V.B. The cost of this proposal is provided in combination with the cost of the proposal for recertification requirements in Unit X I V.B.5.
6. Alternative opti ons considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA considered proposing a maximum certification period of 5 years for private and commercial applicators. As discussed in this unit , learned knowledge diminishes over time ( Ref s . 11,
12 14 and 15 )

. EPA must ensure th at applicators maintain ongoing competency to protect themselves, other persons, and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects from
RUP exposure. It is reasonable to expect that applicators retain less knowledge over a 5 year recertification period than they would over a 3 year recertification period, thereby increasing the potential risk posed by applicators who do not maintain an ongoing level*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] of competency. EPA estimates that the difference in cost between a 3 year and 5 year recertification woul d be negligible. For these reasons, it is reasonable to expect that the potential small cost savings associated with a 5 year recertification period instead of a 3 year recertification period are not significant enough to warrant the increased risks associ ated with applicators who do not maintain an ongoing level of competency in the use of RUPs.
7. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Should EPA consider a different maximum recertification period? If so, what period and why? B. Recertification Requirements
1. Overview

. To ensure certified applicators maintain core competencies and keep pace with the changing technology of pesticide application, and to ensure that the public, environment and applic ators are protected from misapplication and misuse, EPA proposes to require State , Tribal , and Federal agencies to require applicators to complete a continuing education program that meets or exceeds specific standards or to pass exams related to their cer tification(s) in order to be recertified.
2. Existing regulation

. The current rule requires State s to require applicators to demonstrate ongoing competency as part of their State plans. 40 CFR 171.8(a)(2). The rule has no requirements for the recertificat ion standards such as content or manner in which ongoing competency is evaluated.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA

. In a survey of State certification program personnel, CTAG found most State s agreed that the credibility of training*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] presenters , programs, and recertification exams should be subject to review and approval by the agency that assigns the recertification program credits or oversees exams. Participants at the 2006 Worker Safety PREP noted that most State s offer applicators the option to take an exam for recertification if recertification is not accomplished through accruing continuing education units by the required deadline. Additionally, State s noted that some applicator categories have so few applicators or the substance of the cat egories changes so infrequently that developing and updating training materials may be cost

prohibitive for State s or cooperative extension services; therefore, State s requested the option to offer or require retesting for recertification ( Ref. 23 33 )

. State and Tribal participants at the 2006 Worker Safety PREP generally supported having a requirement for the minimum number of credits that must be earned by an applicator in a continuing education program during the recertification period. Some
State s ex pressed concern that minimum requirements established at the Federal level could cause State s with more stringent requirements to lower their requirements. For example, if EPA required an applicator to earn 6 credits per category every 3 years, those
State s with higher requirements (e.g., 12 credits per category) might face resistance from their applicators. Conversely, they appreciated that a Federal standard would make issuing and monitoring reciprocal certificates to applicators less burdensome, because all
State s would meet a minimum standard for recertification programs.
4. Details of the proposal/rationale

. The Agency proposes to establish minimum standards for continuing education programs, including : T he minimum number of continuing education unit s ( CEUs ) that must be earned by an applicator in order to be recertified in core and each category; the standard length of a CEU ; and a requirement for*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] applicators to earn at least half of the required CEUs in the 18 months preceding expiration of the appl icator’s certification. States, Tribes , and Federal agencies would be required to include a continuing education program that meets or exceeds these standards as part of their certification plan. EPA also proposes to allow State s to require recertification only by exam. The exam and its administration would have to meet the standards outlined in Unit I X. EPA proposes to require that private applicator continuing education programs require instruction in the general competency standards as well as each rele vant application method

- specific category. The more training applicators receive, the more likely they are retain the substance of the training and apply it on the job. Under EPA ’s proposal, a private applicator would need to earn a minimum of 6 CEUs of in struction that covers the content proposed as 40 CFR 171.105(a) every 3 years to maintain core certification. The CEUs must be part of a continuing education program approved by the appropriate State , Tribal , or Federal agency for recertification. To qualify for recertification in the proposed application

- method specific categories of soil fumigation,

non - soil fumigation, or aerial application, or in the predator control category, a private applicator would need to earn a minimum of an additional 3 CEUs specific to each relevant application method that covers the content proposed a s 40 CFR 171.105( b) and ( c) every 3 years. A commercial applicator would need to earn a minimum of 6 CEUs related to his or her core certification every 3 years to maintain his or her core certification. For each category (pest control and application method

- specific) in which the applicator is certified, he or she would need to obtain at least 6 CEUs specific to each category every 3 years. For example, a commercial applica tor certified in agricultural*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] pest control and aerial application would be required to obtain 6 CEUs of core material to satisfy recertification requirements for commercial core, as well as an additional 6 CEUs in agricultural pest control and 6 CEUs in ae rial application in order to satisfy recertification requirements for maintaining his or her overall certification in the appropriate categories. EPA proposes to allow applicators to earn CEUs in a program administered by or approved by the certifying Sta te , Tribal , or Federal agency. The certifying authority’s certification plan would need to detail how it would review and approve content for the continuing education program and how it would ensure that applicators satisfy the necessary requirements. The certifying authority could either conduct the continuing education program directly (some State s refer to this type of program as a workshop), or could approve continuing education programs administered by cooperative extension services at State universiti es, other State s, or private training providers. To approve the program, the State would have to ensure that the continuing education program meets the competency requirements established for commercial core certification, general private applicator certif ication, or the specific category or application method

- specific category covered by the continuing education program. EPA also proposes to set 50 minutes of active training time as the standard for a
CEU. There is a wide range of time across States and p rofessions for what constitutes a
CEU. A minimum standard of 50 minutes of education per CEU would be consistent with
most State standards. Setting a minimum standard for acceptable CEUs across all State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies will ensure a baselin e level for recertification programs that employ training and may facilitate applicators earning credits for recertification in more*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] than one State

. With a more standardized baseline for a CEU, State s may be more likely to approve or accept continuing education programs presented in other State s. Interstate collaboration for recertification would reduce the burden on State lead agencies and educators to develop and present new materials for each categ ory. In addition, applicators certified in the same category in more than one State could be able to earn CEUs in one
State and apply them to recertification in their other State of certification, reducing the overall burden associated with recertification in multiple State s. EPA also proposes to require that the applicator earn a minimum of one

- half of the required CEUs during the 18 month period preceding the expiration date of his or her certification. A more recently trained a pplicator is more likely t han less frequently trained applicators to apply what he or she learned from the training on the job. This should ensure that the applicator maintains an ongoing level of competence throughout the period that the certification is valid. The proposal would support applicators staying abreast of current information and technology related to their category of pesticide application. EPA is also proposing to allow certifying authorities to require applicators to pass exams relevant to their categories of certi fication in order to be recertified. E xams are a reliable gauge of competency and can be used to ensure that applicators continue to demonstrate an appropriate level of competency. For a discussion of the requirement for verification of the recertificatio n candidate’s identity, see Unit I X. The regulatory text for the proposed addition of recertification standards would be located at 40 CFR 171.107(b).*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 5. Costs

. The estimated costs for this proposal and the proposal in Unit X I V.A. are presented by impact to commercial applicators and private applicators. The costs to the State s are incorporated in each section. i. Commercial applicators. EPA estimates that the proposed requirement for commercial applicators to recertify would cost a total of $ 6.5 million per year . (Ref. 3)

. EPA estimated this cost based on an applicator being required to complete 6 hours of training in core competency standards and 6 hours of training for each category of certification. The recertification costs include applicators recertifying in the proposed application

- method specific categories and the new predator control categor ies

. EPA estimates that State costs to administer the proposed recertification program for commercial applicators would be $ 39 ,000 be cause most State s a lready have recertification program s in place and would only need to adjust it to match the proposed regulatory requirement

. (Ref. 3)

. ii. Private applicators. EPA estimates the cost of the proposed requirement for private applicators to recertify at $1 6. 8 million annually

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA estimated this cost based on an applicator being required to complete 6 hours of training in general private applicator competency standards and 3 hours of training for each application method

- specific category of certific ation. The recertification costs include applicators recertifying in the proposed application

- method specific categories and the new predator control categories

. EPA estimates that State costs to administer the proposed recertification program for private applicators would be $ 11 ,000 because most State s already have a recertification program in place and would only need to adjust it to match the proposed regulatory requirement

. (Ref. 3)

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- AJ20] 6. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA considered a range of continuing education requirements but does not have a specific alternative proposal. EPA reviewed recertification and continuing education requirements for several other types of professional occupations and found wide variability in continuing education requirements across State s or organizations within a single profession (e.g., nursing), and found little information to explain the variation in requirements. Similarly, EPA reviewed the existing State continuing education requirements for pesticide applicator recertification and found that the requirements ranged from two up to 40 continuing education units per c ycle, and cycles ranged from 1 to 5 years, but there was little or no information available to support why a particular numbe r of continuing education units was selected.
7. Request for comment

. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Is the proposed number of recertification CEUs is too low or too high? If so, please provide specific information on th e number of continuing education units that you believe should be required for professional recertification and the rationale behind the number.

• Is EPA’s proposal to require that the applicator earn a minimum of one

- half of the required CEUs during the 18 month period preceding the expiration date of his or her certification clear? Is there a way EPA could make the requirement clearer or easier to understand? If so, please provide suggestions for how EPA could structure the requirement without altering the substance.

• Should EPA reconsider the proposal to require that the applicator earn a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] minimum of one

- half of the required CEU s during the 18 month period preceding the expiration date of his or her certification? If so, why?

• Should EPA consider a different time period for applicator recertification? If so, please explain what period EPA should consider and why.

• Should EPA require commercial and private applicators to have the same recertification requirements for category recertification? If so , why?

• Should EPA do more to harmonize requirements for recertification to further facilitate reciprocity? Please describe what actions EPA should take and how they would further facilitate reciprocity. XV. Revise State Certification Plan Requirements
1. Overview. In order to clarify requirements for content, submission and approval of State plans, raise the minimum standards for State pesticide applicator certification programs, and update the requirements for State plans, EPA proposes to revise the
p rovisions of the rule related to submission, approval, and maintenance of State plans. Since the requirements for Tribal and Federal agency plans reference the standards for
State plans, the proposed changes would also impact the requirements for Tribal an d Federal agency plans.
2. Existing regulation. The current provisions at 40 CFR 171.7 and 171.8 establish the requirements for the submission, approval and maintenance of State plans. These sections of the rule set the content of State plans and outline the specific regulatory provisions, legal authorities, and components that State s must have in order for EPA to
approve a State plan. An EPA

- approved State plan allows the State to certify and recertify RUP applicators.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] 3. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to revise the provisions covering the submission, approval, and maintenance of State plans. The revisions will

cover: R evision of State plans to conform with proposed changes ; additional reporting and accountability inf ormation ; State s’ need to have both civil and criminal penalty authority to enforce their State plans ; recordkeeping requirements for commercial applicators ; recordkeeping requirements for RUP dealers ; standards for certification credentials ; requirements for State s’ recognition of certifications issued by other State s (known as reciprocal certification) ; a nd maintenance, modification, and withdrawals of
State plans. i. State plan m odification to implement p roposed c hanges

. EPA ’s proposal would add appropr iate provisions to ensure that State plans conform to new standards and requirements being proposed in other parts of the rule. This includes proposed standards for the certification of private and commercial applicators, recertification, and direct
superv ision of noncertified applicators

. States would continue to be permitted to adopt, as they considered appropriate, the Federal categories appropriate for their State s, add subcategories under the Federal categories, delete Federal categories not needed, and add
State

- specific categories not reflected by the Federal categories

. EPA considered several alternatives. First, EPA considered requiring State s to adopt all applicable Federal categories proposed a s 40 CFR 171.101 and 171.10 5. At the present time, few State s have defined their certification categories to align exactly with the Federal categories

– many have either split existing Federal categories into multiple categories or added a number of subcategories under categories si milar to the Federal categories. Some stakeholders believe that requiring all certifying authorities to use the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Federal ly

- established categories could benefit applicator mobility, stating that if the standards for certification were consistent across State s, State s would be able to more easily evaluate requests for reciprocal certification. However, requiring State s to adopt the Federal categories would burden State s and applicators, and would not necessarily result in improved protection for applicators, t he public, or the environment. Because the Federal categories may be broad, applicators may be required to learn material in areas not relevant to their actual applications, potentially reducing protections. Consequently, EPA expects that many State s would still require applicators to certify in their State

specific subcategories to ensure specific competency. If a significant number of State s continue to require applicators to certify in State

- specific subcategories, it would defeat the goal of facilitatin g reciprocal certification. In this scenario, requiring State s to adopt the Federal categories would increase the burden to the State s to revise their certification systems to accommodate the changes, and to applicators required to pass another exam, witho ut any clear benefit in either efficiency or protection. Because there is little, if any, gain in protection from this option, and because it would be a burden to State s and applicators, it is not proposed. EPA also considered subdividing the national pe st category 7 (industrial, institutional, structural and health

- related pest control) into component parts. This category covers a range of specific application types

– for example, applications in food handling areas to control insects and rodents, termit e control in infested buildings, and treatments to nursing homes and schools. Safe and effective applications to these different sites require different skills and knowledge. Subdividing the category at the Federal level would allow the certification to fo cus on the competencies most relevant to*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] applicators in the subdivided categories. However, 47 State s have already created appropriate categories for their needs and their applicators learn information relevant to their specific applications and are being tested on that specific information. Because of the State

- specific divisions, there is little consistency in how the State s have subdivided the category. R etaining the category in its current form and allowing State s to adjust it as needed would avoid imposing an increased burden on State s to adjust their categories to a newly developed Federal standard with little or no improvement in protection. For a discussion on EPA’s proposal for applicator reciprocity, please refer to Unit XV.3.vii. For standards for direct supervision of noncertified applicators, EPA proposes to require State s to adopt the proposed standards at 40 CFR 171.201 for commercial and/or private applicators that supervise noncertified applicators. This would not require State s to allow the use of RUPs by noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of certified applicators; State s that choose to restrict use of RUPs to certified applicators would be exempted from the requirement to adopt th e proposed standards as 40 CFR
171.201. These options would continue to allow the State s the flexibility to decide whether or not to allow use of RUPs by noncertified applicators. EPA’s criteria for approving the registrations of RUPs are based, in part, o n presumptions that any uncertified applicators have at least the level of training mandated in 40 CFR 171.201. Therefore, EPA only proposes that State s adopt EPA’s standards for noncertified applicators exactly, with the flexibility to adopt additional st andards at the State ’s discretion to address State

- specific issues. The proposed regulatory text would be located at 40 CFR 171.303( a ) and ( b ).*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] ii. Program r eporting and a ccountability

. To reflect the proposed changes to applicator certification categori es and to ensure EPA receives adequate information to monitor the State ’s implementation of its certification plan, EPA proposes to require
State s to report the information below to EPA annually. EPA is also proposing to require Tribes and Federal agencies with their own certification plans to submit similar relevant information to EPA.

• The number s of new, recertified, and total applicators holding a valid general private certification at the end of the last 12

- month reporting period.

• For each application method

- specific category specified in 40 CFR 171.105(c), the number s of new, recertified, and total private applicators holding valid certifications for the last 12

- month reporting period.

• The number s of new, recertified, and total commercial applicators holding a valid core and at least one category certification at the end of the last 12

- month reporting period.

• For each commercial applicator certification category specified in 40 CFR 171.101(a ), the number s of new, recertified, and total commercial applicators holding a valid certification in each of those categories at the end of the last 12

- month reporting period.

• For each application method

- specific category specified in 40 CFR 171.101(b ), the number s of new, recertified, a nd total valid certifications for the last 12 month reporting period.

• If a State has established subcategories within any of the commercial categories, the report must include the number s of new, recertified, and total commercial applicators*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] holding val id certifications in each of the subcategories.

• A description of any modifications made to the approved certification plan during the last 12

- month reporting period that have not been previously evaluated by
EPA.

• A description of any proposed changes to the certification plan that the State anticipates making during the next reporting period that may affect the certification plan.

• The number and descripti on of enforcement actions taken for any violations of Federal or State laws and regulations inv olving use of RUPs during the last 12

- month reporting period.

• A narrative summary describing the misuse incidents or enforcement activities related to use of RUPs during the last 12

- month reporting per iod , including specific information on the pesticid e(s) used, circumstances of the incident, nature of the violation, and information on the applicator’s certification . This section should include a discussion of potential changes in policy or procedure to prevent future incidents or violations. EPA consi ders these additional reporting elements necessary to improve performance measurement and accountability for the applicator certification program. Standardized data reporting requirements assist in uniform program measurement, an important element of the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA ). ) , P ublic L aw 103

– 62, August 3, 1993, 107 Stat 285

. The limited requirements for, and the wide variation in, the current State program reporting present impediments to national program monitoring and mana gement. F air and equitable assessment of State programs and the national program should be based on the review of standardized reports. Uniform*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] data collection and submission would assist EPA in accurately measuring the success of the program and would fac ilitate the development and use of program measures to gauge
program success. Areas requiring improvement and targeted outreach to address problems could be identified during data analysis. The proposed regulatory language for the program reporting would be located at
40 CFR 171.303( c ). iii. Civil and Criminal Penalty Authority c riminal p enalty a uthority

. The current rule is not clear on whether State s must have authority to impose both criminal and civil penalty provisions for commercial and private applicators. EPA has concerns that in the absence of either civil or criminal penalty provisions, a State would not have an adequate range of enforcement options and capabilities to respond appropriately to the wide range of pesticide misuse situations tha t could arise. EPA proposes to revise the regulation to expressly require that State s have both civil and criminal penalty provisions. The proposed regulatory language for civil and criminal penalty authority would be located at 40 CFR 171.303(b )( 6 ) (iii)

. iv. Commercial Applicator Recordkeeping a pplicator r ecordkeeping

. EPA proposes to clarify what records commercial applicators must maintain. The current rule mandates that State plans include requirements for certified commercial applicators maintain for at least two years routine operational records containing information on kinds, amounts, uses, dates, and places of application of RUPs

. 40 CFR 171.7(b)(1)(iii)(E). Under this proposal, commercial applicators would be required to keep and maintain all of the following records for the RUPs they apply:

• The name and address of the person for whom the pesticide was applied.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] • The location of the pesticide application.

• The size of the area treated.

• The crop, commodity, stored product, or site to which the pesticide was applied.

• The time and date of the pesticide application.

• The brand or product name of the pesticide applied.

• The EPA registration number of the pesticide applied.

• The total amount of the pesticide applied.

• The name and ce rtification number of the certified applicator that made or supervised the application, and if applicable, the name of any noncertified applicator(s) that made the application under the direct supervision of the certified applicator.

• Records related to the supervision of noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator described in Unit XI. This proposed recordkeeping parallels is substantially similar to the recordkeeping requirements established for private applicators under the USDA Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990 and agreed to , Public Law 101

– 624, November 28, 1990, 104 Stat 3359 , which is administered by USDA and EPA in a 1995 Me morandum of Understanding ( Ref. 50 )

. . This proposal would ensure consistency between State recordkeeping requirements for commercial applicators and existing Federal recordkeeping requirements, which govern recordkeeping by commercial applicators certifie d under EPA

- administered certification programs. The proposed regulatory language for commercial applicator recordkeepin g would be located at 40 CFR 171.303(b )(6) (vi)

. v. RUP Dealer Recordkeeping d ealer r ecordkeeping

. EPA proposes to require*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] State s to have provisions requiring RUP retail dealers to keep and maintain at each individual dealership, for a period of at least two years, records of each transaction where a RUP is distributed or sold by that dealership to any person. Records of each such
trans action must include all of the following information:

• Name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each person to whom the RUP was distributed or sold, or if applicable, the name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each noncertified applicator to whom the RUP was distributed or sold for use by a certified applicator.

• The applicator’s unique certification number on the certification document presented to the dealer evidencing the valid certification of the certified applicator authorized to purchase the RUP; the State , Tribe or Federal agency that issued the certification document; the expiration date of the certified applicator's certification; and the categories in which the certified applicator is cer tified.

• The product name and EPA registration number of the RUP (s) distributed or sold in the transaction, and the State special local need registration number on the label of the RUP if applicable.

• The quantity of the pesticide(s) distributed or sol d in the transaction.

• The date of the transaction. All 50 State s currently have RUP dealer recordkeeping requirements; EPA proposes this Federal standard to ensure consistency across the State s and to ensure all necessary information is collected. This proposal would also ensure consistency between
State recordkeeping requirements for RUP dealers and existing Federal recordkeeping requirements, which govern recordkeeping by RUP dealers that operate in areas covered*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] by EPA

- administered certification prog rams. The proposed regulatory language for the proposed RUP dealer recordkeeping requiremen t would be located at 40 CFR 171.303(b )( 6 ) (vii)

. vi. Certified Applicator Credentials a pplicator c redentials

. T he certification regulation does not currently have requirements for what information State s must include on applicator certification documents. EPA proposes to require State s to issue appropriate credentials or documents verifying certification of applica tors, containing all of the following information:

• The full name of the certified applicator.

• The certification, license, or credential number of the certified applicator.

• The type of certification (private or commercial).

• The category(ies), in cluding any application method

- specific category(ies) and subcategories of certification, in which the applicator is certified, as applicable.

• The expiration date of the certification.

• A State ment state ment that the certification is based on a certifi cation issued by another State , Tribe or Federal agency, if applicable, and the identity of that State , Tribe

or Federal agency. It is reasonable to expect that requiring consistent information on applicator certification across all certifying agencies wo uld assist State s in evaluating certification documents presented by applicators certified in another State , would assist dealers in reviewing certification information, and would assist enforcement agents in evaluating the applicator’s certification docum ent during an inspection. The proposed regulatory text for applicator certification credentials would be*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] located at 40 CFR 171.303( a ) (6)

. vii. Reciprocal Applicator Certification a pplicator c ertification

. The current provisions do not require State s to provide specific information about State requirements and procedures for reciprocity. States have requested that EPA take action to establish standards to allow reciprocal certification between State s and to standardize the process. Based on the reque st by State s and to facilitate the certification of applicators working in more than one State , EPA proposes to require State certification plans to specify whether (and if so, under what circumstances) the State would certify applicators based, in whole

o r in part, on the applicator having been certified by another State , Tribe , or Federal
agency. Under the proposed rule, such certifications would be subject to all of the following conditions:

• A State may only rely on current, valid certifications issued under an approved
State , Tribal or Federal agency certification plan, and may only rely on a certification issued by a State , Tribe or Federal agency that issued its certification based on an independe nt determination of competency without reliance on any other existing certification or authority. For each category of certification that will be accepted, the standards of competency in the State , Tribe or Federal agency that originally certified the appl icator must be comparable to the standards of the accepting State

.

• Any certification that is based, in whole or in part, on the applicator having been certified by another State , Tribe or Federal agency must terminate immediately if the applicator’s original certification terminates for any reason.

• Any State which chooses to certify applicators based, in whole or in part, on the applicator having been certified by another State , Tribe , or Fede ral agency, must*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] implement a mechanism to ensure the State will immediately terminate an applicator's certification if the applicator’s original certification terminates for any reason.

• The State issuing a certification based, in whole or in part, on th e applicator having been certified by another State , Tribe or Federal agency must issue an appropriate credential or document in accordance with the requirements of this section.
T he proposed regulatory text related to States issuing certifications based on applicator certification credentials obtained in other jurisdictions would be located at 40
CFR 171.303( a)(7 ).
viii. State plan m aintenance, m odification, and w ithdrawal

. EPA proposes to replace the existing provisions related to maintenance, modificat ion, and withdrawals of
State certification plans. The proposed revisions would clarify the types of plan changes that constitute substantial modifications and therefore require additional review and approval by EPA. The proposed revisions would codify exi sting interim program policy and guidance issued by EPA in 2006 ( Ref. 41 52 )

. The regulatory text for modification and withdrawal of State plans will be located at 40 CFR 171.309.
4. Costs. EPA estimates the proposed revisions to the State certification plan requirements will include 3 costs: R evising State requirements to meet EPA’s proposed standards, updating State plans for submission to and approval by EPA, and adding a requirement for dealers to maintain records of RUP sales

. (Ref. 3)

. The current rule requires State s to require commercial applicators to keep records; the proposal merely clarifies the content of the records and therefore is not expected to result in costs to the applicator or State s.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] EPA estimates that State s would in cur a one - time cost of about $ 119,000 annually for the first two years to revise and finalize pesticide applicator laws and regulations that meet or exceed EPA’s proposed requirement

. (Ref. 3)

. Once State s have revised their laws and regulations, they will need to draft and submit a revised plan for applicator certification to EPA for approval. Since EPA already requires State s to update plans as appropriate and to report necessary information to EPA annually, EPA estimates the cost of this process would be about $4,000 annually for the first two years after implementation across all State s . (Ref. 3)

. Finally, it is reasonable to expect that the requirement for RUP dealers to maintain records of RUP sales will not impose any burden on the regulated communit y. All State s already require RUP applicators to maintain such records. However, a few State s may have to do additional revisions to their laws and regulations to ensure the State recordkeeping requirement mirrors the proposed Federal requirement. The re is no estimated cost associated with this proposal because all State s already require RUP dealer s to maintain records of sales

. (Ref. 3)

. 5. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA considered requiring State s to make available publically a list of all applicators certified by the State

. Under this alternative, such a list could be made available electronically, e.g., via the internet. Such a list could be used by the public to verify whether the pest control operator hired to perform the application was certified. S tates already maintain information on the persons who hold valid certifications. States maintain the information in varying formats

– some keep paper files, while others maintain an electronic database that is updated in real ti me as certifications are earned and expired. Some State s have*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] chosen to publish the information on the internet. Some State s may have restrictions on publishing information online, but would make it available upon request. Because the
State s do not have a uniform manner to track and make available electronically the names of all certified applicators, and the public may already have access to this information in varying forms in each State , it is not necessary impose a requirement at the Federal level.
6

. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• EPA is not proposing to require State s to adopt all applicable Federal categories to address reciprocity between jurisdictions, because it would burden State s and applic ators, and protections may not be improved. Are there approaches to facilitate reciprocity that would minimize burdens and disruption at the lead agency level and improve protections? Please describe these approaches and how they may be implemented.

• Sh ould EPA require all States, Tribes, and Federal agencies to adopt the same certification standards and to mandate reciprocity between jurisdictions? Please describe benefits and drawbacks to such a requirement.

• Are there benefits, that EPA has not cons idered, to requiring State s to adopt Federal certification categories? If so, please explain the benefits and how they would impact competency standards for national certification categories.

• Would the proposed reporting and recordkeeping requirements i mpose unnecessary burden on State s, farmers, small businesses, or other entities? If so, who would bear unnecessary burden and why?

• Should EPA consider requiring records to be retained for a different period? If*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] so, what how long should records be reta ined and why?

• Are there other types of information that EPA should consider collecting from
State s, RUP dealers, or commercial applicators?

• Is there any other information related to reciprocal certification that EPA should consider incorporating int o the regulation? If so, please indicate which information should be added or deleted and why.

• Should EPA consider adding to or deleting from the require d ele ments of the applicator certification document? If so, please indicate which information should be added or deleted and why.

• Should EPA consider requiring State s to make available publically a list of all applicators holding a valid certification? If so, should the list be available electronically? Should the list be updated in real time, or woul d periodic updates be acceptable? If periodic updates are chosen, what period would be reasonable?

• Should EPA consider requiring certifying authorities to require their commercial applicators to report incidents that would meet the reporting criteria of 40 CFR 159.184 of this chapter if known to the pesticide registrant ? XVI. Establish Provision for Review and Approval of Federal Agency Plans
1. Overview. In order to codify Agency policy on Federal agency certification plans, EPA proposes to delete fro m the current regulation the section on GAP ( 40 CFR 171.9) and to codify EPA ’s 1977 policy on review and approval of Federal agency plans.
2. Existing regulation. The certification rule covers GAP certifications, outlining a process for certifying employees of Federal agencies to use RUPs in the course of their duties under a government

- wide GAP. 40 CFR 171.9. The 1974 proposal ( 39 FR 6730;*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] February 22, 1974 Ref. 61 ) included a special process for certifying employees of Federal agencies, but the process was not included in the final rule. A subsequent Federal Register N otice (40 FR 2528; January 13, 1975) EP A subsequent ly outlined a proposed process for certifying emp loyees of Federal agencies under a government

- wide GAP

. (Ref. 62)

. The GAP certification process was included in the final revised rule ( 40 FR 11699; March 12, 1975 Ref. 24 ), but a GAP was never developed or implemented by EPA or the Federal government. In 1977, EPA announced a policy that provided an alternative approach for Federal employee certification ( 42 FR 41907; August 19, 1977). Ref. 60 ). Under this th e 1977 policy, EPA allows Federal agencies to submit their own plans for the certification of RUP applicators; EPA approves the Federal plans provided they meet or exceed EPA’s standards. In the 1977 policy, EPA noted that the standards for Federal agency plans were to be essentially equa l to or more stringent than requirements for State plans. Four Federal agencies currently have EPA

- approved Federal agency plans. The Departments Department of Agriculture and Defense (DOD) and USDA have certification plans that were revised and approved in 2009. The Departments of Energy (DOE) and the Interior (DOI) have plans that were approved prior to 1990.
3. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to delete the current text at 40 CFR 171.9. EPA proposes to codify the August 19, 1977 , policy c overing Federal agency plans , (Ref. 60) , and to clarify the standards that Federal agencies must meet. The proposed revisions include the following requirements: Federal agencies must comply with all applicable standards for certification, recordkeeping, a nd other similar requirements for State / Tribal plans; Federal agencies must ensure compliance with applicable State pesticide use laws and regulations, including those pertaining to special*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] certification requirements and use reporting, when applying pesticides on State lands; Federal agencies must comply with all applicable Executive Orders; and Federal agencies
must c onform to standards established for State s related to maintenance of plans and annual reporting. The proposed regulatory language concerning Federal agency plans will be located at 40 CFR 171.305.
4

. Costs. EPA estimates negligible burden associated with this requirement

. (Ref. 3)

. Although Federal agencies with existing plans would be required to revise and resubmit their certification plans to be in compliance with the revised proposed rule resulting in some administrative burden for these Federal agenc ies, EPA believes that the administrative burden associated with plan revisions would not be significant for two

reasons. First, the four Federal agencies currently administering certification plans appear to be the only Federal agencies interested in cert ifying applicators and so this proposal will not have a substantial impact on most Federal agencies. Second, Federal agencies with existing certification plans have revised their plans to address changing needs within their certification programs, so revis ions required by this proposal would not significantly increase the burden above that which they already incur. 5

. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Is there any reason for EPA to retain the GAP provisio ns in the current rule? If so, why?
XVII. Clarify Options for Establishing a Certification Program in Indian Country
1. Overview. In order to provide more workable applicator c ertification options in*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] Indian c ountry, EPA proposes to revise the mechanisms available to Tribes for certifying pesticide applicators.
2. Existing regulation. The current rule provides three options for applicator certification programs in Indian c ountry: Tribes may utilize State certi fication to certify applicators (requires concurrence by the State (s) and an appropriate State

- Tribal cooperative agreement); Tribes may develop and implement a Tribal certification plan (requires Tribes to develop and submit an appropriate Tribal certific ation plan to EPA for approval); or EPA may administer a Federal certification plan for applicators in Indian

c ountry, such as EPA’s national plan for Indian c ountry ( 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014). Ref. 1 ). Currently, only a few Tribes have been approved by EPA to administer certification plans. In those areas of Indian c ountry without an EPA

- approved State or Tribal certification plan in effect, EPA administer s a certification plan to ensure that RUPs are used only by certified applica tors or noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision.
3. Stakeholder information considered by EPA. Consistent with EPA’s Indian Policy and Tribal Consultation Policy , EPA engaged in a formal consultation process with Tribes summarized in Unit XX II

. (Ref. 63).
4. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to revise the mechanisms for establishing applicator certification programs in Indian country. EPA would revise the option where a Tribe relies on State certification and the opti on for EPA

- administered certification plans in Indian c ountry. EPA would also amend the requirements for Tribal

implemented certification plans to require Tribal plans to incorporate the proposed*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] revisions to applicator certification standards. First, the proposal would revise the current option for Tribes to rely on State certification by eliminating the requirement for Tribes to enter into cooperative agreements with State s. This option would be replaced by an option to enter into agreements with EPA Reg ional offices to establish certification programs in Indian

c ountry. The proposed revisions would allow Tribes to enter into agreements with EPA to recognize the certification of applicators who hold a certificate issued under one or more specific EPA

- appr oved State , Tribal or Federal agency certification plan s, without the need for State

- Tribal cooperative agreements and with little burden on State s or Tribes

. EPA would retain relevant enforcement responsibilities in areas of Indian country covered by a certification plan implemented in this manner. Second, EPA proposes to clarify that EPA can include multiple Tribes and/or multiple geographic areas of Indian country under one single EPA

- administered plan. This o ption makes explicit EPA’s authority to implement facilitates the implementation of a nation

- wide certification plan that would cover applicators using RUPs in any part different, non

- contiguous parts of Indian c ountry unless a Tribe specifically requests
to be excluded from the plan prior to the conclusion of the public comment period or elects to use one of the other mechanisms available to certify applicators

. This proposal is merely a clarification of the existing rule, and EPA has already established a national plan for certific ation of applicators in Indian c ountry. EPA implemented the EPA Plan for the Federal Certification of Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) within Indian Country in 2014. 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014. its national plan fo r Indian

c ountry in 2014 (Ref. 1)

. The EPA

- administered plan serves those areas of Indian*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] country throughout the United States where no other EPA

- approved certification mechanism exists. Third, the proposal would update the requirements for Tribal plans by requiring those Tribes that choose to manage their own certification plan to adopt the new standards being proposed for State and Federal agency certification plans in regard to initial certification and recertification of private and commercial applicators and the training and supervision of noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. The proposal would also eliminate current requirements for State s to include in their State certification plans references to any agreements with Tribes for recognizing the State s’ certificates. The proposed revisions would ensure that Tribes are generally subject to the same certification program standards applicable to State s, Federal agencies, and EPA

administer ed programs. However, certain separate requirements would be included in the Indian country provision relating to the exercise of criminal enforcement authority. EPA recognizes that certain limitations exist regarding Tribes ’ ability to exercise criminal enforcement authority. In such circumstances, it is appropriate to retain primary criminal enforcement authority with the Federal g overnment and EPA has proposed requirements for Tribes and EPA to enter into relevant agreements regarding the exchange of po tential investigative leads. These requirements are similar to EPA’s approach to criminal enforcement authority in the context of other EPA rules addressing Tribal programs under Federal environmental laws. See, e.g., 40 CFR 49.8. The proposed revisions wo uld enhance the ability of Tribal programs to develop and implement certification plans and programs for those Tribes that choose to manage their own certification plans, and would*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] provide practicable alternatives for those Tribes that do not. The proposed revisions may require some Tribes with a current, EPA

- approved certification plan to make changes to Tribal laws, regulations, or code. EPA intends to consider the potential impacts of Tribal legislative changes and Tribal plan revision when establishing effective dates for the final rule. Once final, the T he regulatory language for the proposed options for applicator certification in Indian c ountry would be located at 40 CFR 171.307. 5. Costs. The costs associated with these changes should be negligible because they primarily result in clarification of requirements and policy, not in the imposition of substantial new requirements or obligations on the part of Tribes

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA does not beli eve the proposed revisions would place any unreasonable burden on Tribes because they do not require Tribes to implement certification programs. These proposed revisions would require existing Tribal certification plans to be revised and resubmitted to EPA for review and approval. EPA estimates the costs to these Tribes would be similar to the
costs to State s for updating and submitting to EPA for approval a revised certification plan. Because there are currently only four Tribes with an EPA

- approved certif ication plan the proposed changes to certification mechanisms in Indian c ountry should not result in a significant impact on Tribal entities or programs as a whole.
6. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Are there other mechanisms EPA should consider for certificatio n of RUP applicators in Indian c ountry? If so, please describe the additional mechanism(s), how they would be implemented, and the benefit to Tribes , applicators, human health, and the*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] environment.
X VIII . Revise Provisions for EPA
- Administered Plans
1. Overview. To update requirements for EPA

- administered plans to conform with the proposed changes to the regulation, EPA proposes to amend the sectio n of the rule dealing with EPA

- administered plans.
2. Existing regulation. The current rule establishes requirements for EPA

administered certification in State s or areas of Indian country without EPA

- approved certification plans in place, including speci fic standards for certification and recertification of pesticide applicators. 40 CFR 171.11.
3. Details of the proposal/rationale. EPA proposes to revise the current section outlining the requirements for an EPA

- administered Federal certification plan to incorporate the proposed changes to State certification plans related to RUP applicator certification, recertification, and noncertified applicator qualifications, as well as plan reporting and maintenance requirements. T he rules governing EPA

- administered certification programs should be constructed in a way that minimizes administrative burden on EPA and the regulated community and reduces costs to taxpayers, while still providing EPA with the tools necessary to protect human health and the environment.
T he proposed revisions would make requirements for the certification and recertification of RUP applicators and supervision of noncertified applicators parallel to the requirements proposed for State s, Tribes , and other Federal agencies. The proposed regu latory language covering EPA

- administered plans would be located at 40 CFR 171.311.
4. Costs. EPA estimates the costs associated with this proposal would be*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] negligible

. (Ref. 3)

. EPA currently administers two certification plans

– one for the Navajo Tribe ( 72 FR 32648; June 13, 2007 Ref. 2 ) and one for certific ation in Indian

c ountry ( 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014 Ref. 1 ). It is reasonable to expect that the c osts of updating these plans to conform to the proposed changes would be relatively low. 5. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Should EPA consider other revisions to the provisions for EPA

- administered plans? If so, please describe the additional revision(s), how they would be implemented, and the benef it(s) to applicators, human health, and the environment.
X I X: Revise Definitions and Restructure 40 CFR Part 171 A. Improved Definitions EPA proposes to revise the definitions in the certification regulation to add several new definitions and to elimina te several unnecessary definitions. EPA expects that improved definitions would reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation and thereby improve compliance and enforceability.
T hese proposed revisions to the definitions adopt more widely used and commonly accepted “plain English” language, and add clarity and consistency to the rule. The proposed revisions to the definitions also help address issues raised by State regulatory partners and other program stakeholders. EPA does not believe the proposed revisio ns to the definitions will add new regulatory requirements on the regulated community or substantially increase regulatory burden. The revised and new definitions would be located at 40 CFR 171.3. 1. Revised definitions. The Agency proposes to revise th e following existing*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] definitions: “ act compatibility ,” “dealership ,” “compatibility ,” “non

- target organism,” “ornamental,” “principal place of business,” and “toxicity.”
2. New definitions. The Agency also proposes to add the following new definitions: “ application,” “application method,” “fumigant,” “fumigation, “Indian

c ountry,” “Indian Tribe,” “noncertified applicator,” “personal protective equipment,” “use,” and “use site

- specific guidance instructions .”
3. Definitions to be deleted. The Agency prop oses to delete the following existing definitions from 40 CFR part 171 because they are no longer necessary as a result of other proposed revisions to the existing rule or are already defined in FIFRA: “Act,” “Agency,” “forest,” “uncertified person,” and “ hazard.”
4. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Are there other terms that EPA should consider adding, clarifying, redefining, or eliminating from the rule? If so, please provide detail about the term(s) and rationale for change. B. Restructuring of 40 CFR Part 171 In order to improve clarity and implement the principles of using plain language in regulations, EPA proposes to reorganize the structure of 40 CFR part 171

. EPA expects the revised 40 CFR part 171 will be easier to read and understand, improving compliance by applicators and other program stakeholders.
1. Existing 40 CFR part 171

. At this time 40 CFR part 171 is a single part with no subparts. The first sections (40 CFR 171.1

- 6) describe the s tandards for commercial and private applicators, requirements for persons working under the direct supervision of a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] certified applicator, definitions, and a state ment of purpose. The second half of the rule (40 CFR 171.7

- 11) describes the procedures for St ate s, Tribes , Federal agencies, and EPA to administer a certification program. The rule has a section titled “Government Agency Plan” describing a plan covering the entire Federal government that was not implemented. EPA has received feedback that this section is difficult to understand and seems irrelevant.
2. This proposal. The proposal would reorganize the rule into four subparts: “General Provisions,” “Certification Requirements for Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides,” “Supervision of Noncer tified Applicators,” and “Certification Plans.” The General Provisions section would include the sections on scope, definitions, and effective date. The Certification Requirements for Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides section would include all stand ards for the certification and recertification of commercial and private applicators. The Supervision of Noncertified Applicators section would include all relevant standards for the certified applicator and the noncertified applicator using RUPs under his or her direct supervision. The Certification Plans section would include requirements for State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies to submit and modify their certification plans, as well as a description of an EPA

- administered applicator certification plan. EPA expects that the restructured rule will facilitate understanding of the rule by applicators and authorized agencies because it deletes obsolete provisions and uses clearer language.
3. Alternative options considered by EPA but not proposed

. EPA cons idered two additional changes to the organization of the regulation. First, EPA considered moving*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] the paragraph titled “Determination of Competency” proposed a s 40 CFR 171.103(a) to the beginning of s ubpart B as an independent, introductory section. Second , EPA considered moving the paragraph titled “Examination Standards” proposed a s 40 CFR 171.103(b) to s ubpart D related to certification plans. K eeping the standards related to determining competency and administering competency exams in the same section a s the specific competency standards that applicators must meet is a more reasonable organization of the regulation because these two sections are related to how commercial applicator competency is determined. Therefore, EPA does not propose the two changes discussed in this unit

. 4

. Request for comment. EPA specifically requests comment on the following questions:

• Is the restructuring clearer? Is it easier to read and understand?

• Are there other ways that EPA could simplify or clarify 40 CFR part 171 ? If so, please describe.

• Should EPA consider alternate organizations of the regulation? If so, please provide a proposal and rationale for reorganization.
XX . Implementation EPA proposes to make the final rule effective 60 days after the promulgate d rule is published in the Federal Register

. Compliance with certain provisions of the rule would be delayed. Existing certification plans could remain in effect for up to four years after the effective date of the final rule. Beginning four years after th e effective date of the final rule, a State , Tribe , Federal agency, and EPA would only be permitted to certify applicators of RUPs in accordance with a certification plan that meets or exceeds all of*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] the applicable requirements of the final regulation and that has been approved by EPA after the effective date of the rule. States, Tribes , and Federal agencies administering EPA

- approved certification plans would be required to submit amended certification plans to EPA for approval within two years of the ef fective date of the final rule. EPA intends to review and respond to all certification plans submitted within 2 years of the effective date. This would allow ample time for EPA, Tribes , Federal agencies, and State regulators time to make the necessary changes to certification plans, and for these and other stakeholders to implement the new certification procedures. EPA expects that applicators may need to be certified in new categories and noncertified applicators could need training to meet the new standard. States, Tribes , and Federal agencies administering EPA

- approved certification plans would need to become familiar with the new regulation and conduct outreach to the regulated community. Certified applicators a nd trainers of noncertified applicators would have to become familiar with the noncertified applicator training content, ensure that they meet any eligibility requirements, and obtain training materials if necessary. As resources permit and if the final ru le includes the relevant provisions from the proposal, EPA intends to develop training materials for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator and for certification in a

non - soil fumigation category. Materials currently exist that can be modified to support general certification for private applicators, and EPA has developed and distributed to
State s training materials for aerial applicators and soil fumigation categories. To facilitate implementation, EPA pla ns to issue a guidance document at the time the final rule is published, to provide assistance to State s, and to conduct outreach to*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] potentially affected parties. EPA requests comment on the proposed implementation of the rule. Specifically, EPA requests feedback on the following:

• Would State s and Tribes be able to amend and submit revised certification plans for EPA approval within 2 years of the effective date of the final rule?

• If the proposed implementation schedule does not seem reasonable, ple ase provide specific comments on why the proposal is not reasonable and provide specific suggestions of an alternate schedule and why it would be reasonable.

• Would State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies need additional time after EPA approves the revised certification plan that meets or exceeds the requirements of the final rule in order to bring certified applicators into compliance with the new requirements? If so, how much time would be needed? What activities would be conducted?

• Would the implementa tion schedule be reasonable if EPA provided exams and training materials for the proposed additional categories?

• What support would State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies require from EPA during the implementation of the provisions of the final rule?

• I f EPA evaluates the effectiveness and/or the impacts and benefits of the rule, what timeframe should be used to conduct the evaluation, e.g., should EPA begin a review after the rule is fully implemented or a specific time period after full implementation? For how long should EPA conduct the evaluation? Please provide additional information on methodology that could be used to conduct any evaluation.
XXI . Reference s The following is a listing of the documents that are specifically referenced in this*** EO12866 Review Draft

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- AJ20] rulemaking

. The docket includes these documents and other information considered by
EPA. For assistance in locating these other documents, please consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

.

1. EPA. Final EPA Plan for the Federal Certification of Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides Within Indian Country; Notice of Implementation. Notice. Federal Register (79 FR 7185, February 6, 2014) ( FRL

– 9904

– 18 ). 2. EPA. Federal Plan for Certification of Restricted Use Pesticide Applicators in Navajo Indian Country; Notice of Implementation; and Announcement of Availability of Form to Request Pesticide Applicator Certification in Navajo Indian Country. Notice. Federal Register (72 FR 32648, June 13, 20 07) (FRL

- 8078

- 9).
3

. EPA. Economic Analysis of Proposed Revisions to the Applicator Certification Regulation. 1. July 29, 2015

. 4. EPA. Pesticides; Agricultural Worker Protection Standard Revision. Proposed Rule. Federal Register (79 FR 15444, March 19, 201 4) (FRL

- 9395

– 8 ). 5. EPA. Certification Plan and Reporting Database. http://cpard.wsu.edu/reports/menu.aspx

. http://cpard.wsu.edu/reports/menu.aspx

. 2 6

. EPA. 1987

- 2004 Annual Certified Applicator Data. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/applicators/data.htm

. 3 7

. DOL. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook , . 2010

- 11 Library Edition. Bulletin 2800. Washington, DC.
4 8

. EPA. OPP Report on Incidence Information: The Baseline. 2007. 5. Harchselroad 9. Harchelroad , F., et al. Treated vs reported toxic exposures: discrepancies between Reported Toxic Exposures: Discrepancies Between a*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 175 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] poison control center Poison Control Center and a member hospital. Vetinary Member Hospital. Veterinary and Human Toxicology , April 1990, Vol. 32, pp. 156

- 159.
6. 10. Chafee

- Bahamon, C., Chafee, et al. Patterns in Hospitals' Use of a Regional Poison Information Center. American Journal of Public Health . April 4, 1983. Vol. 73, pp. 396

- 400.
7 11 . Veltri, et al. Interpretation and uses Uses of data collected Data Collected in poison control centres Poison Control Centres in the United States. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience , November

- December 1987. Vol. 6, pp. 389

- 97.
8 12

. EPA. Economic Analysis of Proposed Revisions to the Applicator Certification Regulation. 2014.
9 . NIOSH. Data from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk

– Pesticides Program. 2014. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/niosh

survapps/sensor/

. 10. Na tional Institutes of Health. 13. NIH. Agricultural Health Study. http://aghealth.nih.gov

. http://aghealth.nih.gov

. 11 14 . Arthur, W., Bennett Jr., W., Stanush, P., and McNelly , T. Factors That Influence Skill Decay and Retention: A Quantitative Review and Analysis. Human Performance. 1998, Vol. 11, pp. 57

- 101.
12 15 . Calabro, K, Bright, K and Kouzekanani, K. Long

- Term Effectiveness of Infection Control Training among Fourth Yea r Medical Students. Medical Education Online , Vol. 5, pp. 1

- 7. 13 16

. Lee, S

- J., Mehler, L., Beckman, J., Diebolt

- Brown, B., Prado, J.,*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 176 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Lackovic, M., et al. Acute Pesticide Illnesses Associated with Off

- Target Pesticide Drift from Agricultural Applications

. Environmental Health Perspectives . 2011, Vol. 119, pp.
1162

- 1169.
14 17. EPA. EPA. Chloropicrin, Dazomet, Metam Sodium/Potassium, and Methyl Bromide Reregistration Eligibility Decisions; Notice of Availability. Notice. Federal Register (73 FR 408 71, July 16, 2008) (FRL

– 8372

- 3)

. 18 . EPA. Review of Methyl Parathion Incident Reports. February 5, 1998. 15 19 . EPA. Office of the Inspector General. Result of Assessment of Controls Over Emergency Removal Actions at Methyl Parathion Sites. Sept. 23, 1997. Report No. E1SFB7

- 06

- 0020

- 7400069 . September 23, 1997

. 1 6 20 . Casey, B.J., Jones, R.M. and Hare, T.A. The Adolescent Brain

. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . March 2008, pp. 111

- 126.
1 7 21 . HHS, PHS, CDC, NIOSH. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommendations to the U.S. Department of Labor for Changes to Hazardous Orders. May 3, 2002.
18

. 22. Cauffman, E., and Steinberg, L. (Im)maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Why Adolescents May Be Less Culpable Than Adults. Behavioral Sciences and the Law . 2000, Vol. 18, pp. 741

- 760. 19

. 23. EPA. Certification of Pesticide Applicators. 40 CFR Part 171. Federal Register ( 39 FR 36446, October 9, 1974 ) (FRL

- 269.1).
24. EPA. Submission and Approval of State FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group. Plans for Certification of Commercial and Private Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides

. Federal Register ( 40 FR 11698, March 12, 1975 ) (FRL

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- AJ20] 340.6). 25. EPA. Federal Certification of Pesticide Applicators in States or Indian
Reserv ations Where There is No Approved State or Tribal Certification Plan in Effect. Final Rule. Federal Register ( 43 FR 24834, June 8, 1978 ) (FRL

- 881

- 7).
26. EPA. Certification of Pesticide Applicators; Expansion of Recertification Time Period. Final Rule. Federal Register ( 48 FR 29854, June 29, 1983 ) (FRL

- 2338

- 8).
27. EPA. Certification of Pesticide Applicators; Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements. Final Rule. Federal Register ( 48 FR 53972, November 29, 1983 ) (FRL

2402

- 7).
28. EPA. Certification of Pes ticide Applicator. Proposed Rule. Federal Register (55 FR 46890, November 7, 1990) (FRL

- 2402

- 7). 29. SFIREG. Report of the EPA/SFIREG Certification and Training Task Force. August 1985. 20 . Certification and Training Assessment Group. 30. CTAG

. Pesticide Safety for the 21st Century. 1999.
21 31

. EPA. National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program. [Dates?]. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workshops.htm

. 22 32

. EPA , OPP . Report on the National Assessment of EPA's Pesticide Worker S afety Program. 2005.
23. 33. EPA , OPP

. Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee Worker Safety Regulation Change Subgroup, Summary of PREP and PPDC Comments

. Washington,
DC

. 2007.
24

. 34. EPA, OMB, SBA. Small Business Advocacy Review Panel on EPA*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 178 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Planned Revisions to Two Related Rules: Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides (RIN 2070

- AJ22); and Certification of Pesticide Applicators (RIN 2070

- AJ20). Final Report. November 3, 2008. 25 35

. Calvert, G M, et al. Acute Pesticide

- related Illnesse s Among Working Youths, 1988

- 1999. American Journal of Public Health. April 2003, Vol. 93, pp. 605

- 610.
2 6 36

. CTAG. Requiring Written Examinations for Approval of State Certification Programs. 2003.
27 37

. EPA. Pesticide Applicator Certification in Indian Country. http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide

- applicator

- certification

- indian

- country/training

- private

applicators

- indian

- country. http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide

- applicator

- certification

- indian

country/training

- private

- applicators

- indian

- country
. 28 38 . EPA , OPP . Chloropicrin Revised Risk Assessments; Notice of Availability and Solicitation of Risk Reduction Options. Notic e. Federa l Register ( 72 FR 24295, May 2, 2007) (FRL

- 8125

- 9). 39. EPA . Amended Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Dazomat Dazomet

. 2009. 29 40 . EPA , OPP . Amended Reregistration Eligibility Decision for the Methyldithiocarbamate Salts (Metam

- sodium, Metam

- potassium) and Methyl Isothiocyanate (MITC). 2009.
30 41 . EPA , OPP . Amended Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Methyl Bromide. 2009.
31 42

. AAPCO. Letter to EPA Re: Registration Eligibility Decision (RED)*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 179 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] for Soil Fumigant Dockets. October 30, 2008.
32 43 . EPA. Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training for Soil Fumigation Category/Subcategory. Last updated: November 2012. http://www2.epa.gov/soil

- fumigants/soil

- fumigant

- training

- certified

- applicators.
33 44 . NASDARF. Soil Fumigation Manual . 2012.
34 45 . NASDARF. Aerial Applicator's Manual. 2009. 35 46

. AAPCO. Letter to EPA. January 26, 2010. http://www.aapco.org/documents/FumigantLtr_Owens012610.pdf

. 36 47 . Dwinell, Steven on behalf of SFIREG. Letter to EPA. December 23, 2010. http://www. aapco.org/documents/SFIREGtoBradburyKeigwin122310.pdf

. 37 48 . AAPSE. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Soil Fumigant Dockets. Letter to EPA. October 29, 2008. http://aapse.ext.vt.edu/aapse/sites/default/files/AAPSE%20comments%20on%20fumigant s%20RED.pdf

. 38 49 . AAPSE. Letter to EPA. July 28, 2009. http://aapse.ext.vt.edu/aapse/sites/default/files/FINAL%20EPA_LabelMandatedTraining 2008.pdf

. 39 50 . EPA , OPP

. Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Sodium Fluoroacetate. EPA 738

- R

- 95

- 025. September 1995.
4 0 51

. EPA , OPP . Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Sodium Cyanide.
EPA 738

- R

- 94

- 020. September 1994.
41 52 . EPA. Interim National Program Guidance for EPA Regio nal Offices on EPA's Pesticide Applicator Certification Program (40 CFR Part part 171). July 2006.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 180 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] 42 53 . CTAG. Exam Administration and Security Procedures Manual. National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation, 2006.
43 54 . CT AG. Positive Identification Requirement for Pesticide Applicator Certification Exams. 2006.
44 55 . CTAG. Pesticide Applicator Recertification: Verifying Attendance at Recertification Events. 2009. 45

. EPA

. PREP Discussion Report. 2007.
46 56

. CTIA, The Wireless Association. Wireless Quick Facts. Last updated: November 2013. http://www.ctia.org/your

- wireless

- life/how

- wireless

works/wireless

- quick

- facts

. 4 7 57

. CTAG. Minimum

- Age Requirement for Certification to Use Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP). 2004.
48 58

. Masten , S ., Foss , R ., Marshall , S. Graduated driver licensing program component calibrations D river L icensing P rogram C omponent C alibrations and their association T heir A ssociation with fatal crash involvement

. F atal C rash I nvolvement

. Accident Analysis and Prevention. August 2013, Vol. 57, pp. 105

- 113. 49 59 . Williams , A. and Shults , R. Graduated Driver Licensing Research,
2007

– Present: A Review a nd Commentary

. Journal of Safety Research. April 2010, Vol. 41, 2, pp. 77

- 84. 5 0

. EPA and USDA

. Memorandum of Understanding: Restricted Use Pesticide Applicator Recordkeeping

. 1995. 51

. EPA . Amended ICR for Certification Rule, 2499.01 . 2014. 5 2 . EPA, OPP. 60. EPA. Federal Agency Certification of Federal*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 181 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Employees to Apply Restricted Use Pesticides; Intent to Recognize Under Section 4 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Notice. Federal Register ( 42 FR 41907, August 19, 1977 ) (FRL

- 779

- 7 ).
61. EPA. Certification of Pesticide Applicators. Proposed Rule. Federal Register ( 39 FR 6730, February 22, 1974 ) (FR Doc. 74

- 4266 ).
62. EPA. Pesticide Programs; Submission and Approval of State Plans for Certification of Commercial and Private Applicators. Propose d Rule. Federal Register ( 40 FR 2528; January 13, 1975 ) (FRL

- 320

- 4 ).
63. EPA. Su mmary of Consultation with Tribes on the Certification of Pesticide Applicators Regulation. 2010.
64. EPA

. Information Collection Request (ICR) for the Certification of Pestic ide Applicators (Proposed Rule). EPA ICR No. 2499.01 and OMB Control No. 2070

- [NEW]

. 201 5

. XXII. FIFRA Review Requirements Under FIFRA section 25(a), EPA has submitted a draft of the proposed rule to the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture , the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP), and the appropriate Congressional Committees. Their USDA provided comments on this proposed rule and , copies of which, along with EPA’s responses , are located in the docket for this rulemaking. The Scientific Advisory Panel SAP waived its review of this
prop osal on September 4, 2014

. XXII I . Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review; and, Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 182 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] This action is a significant regulatory action because it may raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President’s priorities, or the principles set forth in Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). Accordingly, EPA submitted the action to the Office of Managem ent and Budget (OMB) for review under Executive Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011), and

a ny changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the docket. E PA prepared an economic analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated with this action , which is available in the docket and summarized in Unit III.B

. This economic analysis is available in the docket ( Ref. 8 3 )

. B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) The information collection activities in this proposed rule have been submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA , 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq
. The Information Collection Request (ICR) document that the EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 249 9 .01 (OMB Control No. 2070

- NEW)

. You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this proposed rule , and it is briefly summarized here (Ref. 51 64 )

. The information collection activities related to the existing certification regulation are already approved by OMB in an ICR titled “ Certification of Pesticide Applicators ” (EPA ICR No. 0155.10; OMB Control No. 2070

- 0029). Therefore , EPA ICR number 2499.01 (OMB Control No. 2070

- NEW) only addresses the proposed chang es to the certification regulation. These include:

• Updating the information State s, Tribes , and Federal agencies report to EPA

.

• Updating the process and requirements for modifying a certification plan

.

• Adding a provision for State s to require rec ordkeeping by RUP dealers

.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 183 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] • Adding specific requirements for noncertified applicator qualification through training

.

• Adding a provision for commercial applicators to maintain records of noncertified applicator training

. 1. Respondents/affected entities : . i. Certified applicators; private and commercial

. The number of applicators is b ased on the Certification Plan and Reporting Database for the years 2008 to 2013 (CPARD, 2014), there are 364,579 commercial applicators and 455,278 private applicat ors. ii. Noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of certified applicators

. It is estimated that there are 947,275 noncertified applicators who apply RUPs under the direct supervision of commercial certified applicators, and there are 81,6 78 noncertified applicators under the direct supervision of private certified applicators. iii. RUP dealers

. EPA estimates that there are approximately 10,000 retail dealers. According to the Agricultural Retailers Association, there are approximately 9,000 agricultural retailers in the United States. Not all are licensed to sell RUPs. EPA estimates that there are far fewer nonagricultural pesticide retailers licensed to sell RUPs, given that RUPs are generally not labeled for use in residential and o ther public areas, even by a certified applicator. iv. Authorized agencies . Authorized agencies are the entities that are federally authorized to administer applicator certification plans under 40 CFR part 171. Authorized agencies includes State s, terr itories, federally recognized Tribes and Federal agencies authorized to operate certification programs. In addition to the 50 State s, t here are 4 plans for the US territories (Puerto Rico, DC, US Virgin Islands, and Pacific*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 184 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Islands), 4 Tribal plans, and 5 approved Federal agency certification plans. Federal agencies include DOD, DOE, USDA APHISPPQ, USDA Forest Service (the 2 USDA plans are separate plans), and DOI (the DOI plan covers 3 agencies within DOI BLM, BIA and NPS, but no others). Wage rates vary according to the entity
2. Respondent’s obligation to respond : . Mandatory ( 7 U.S.C. 136

– 136y, particularly sections 136a(d), 136i, and 136w )

. 3. Estimated number of respondents : . 1,749,265
4. Frequency of response : . Rule familiarization will occur annually for the first 3 years. Revising and submitting certification plans will occur one time. Training of noncertified applicators will occur annually. Recordkeeping of training of noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of commercial applicators will occur annually. Recordkeeping of RUP sales will occur each time an RUP is sold, which EPA estimates will be 39 times per year. 5. Total estimated burden : . 1, 853 ,000 hours (per year)

. Burden is define d at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
6. Total estimated cost : . $ 57,363,250 a nnualized capital or operation and maintenance costs. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number

. The OMB control numbers for the EPA ’ s regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9 , and on applicable collect instruments

. Submit your comment s on EPA ’ s need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burd en estimates and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 185 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] to the EPA using the docket identified at the beginning of this rule. You may also send your ICR

- related comments to OMB ’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs via email to ori a_submissions@omb.eop.gov , Attention: Desk Office r for the EPA

. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must receive comment s no later than [ insert date 30 days after date of publication in the Federal Register ]

. The EPA will respond to any ICR

- related comments in th e final rule

. C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under RFA , 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq . The small entities subject to the requirements of this action are private applicators, commercial applicators, and noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision. The Agency has determined that f or private applicators, aver age impacts of the rule represent less than 1% of annual sales revenue for the average small farm and even to small

- small farms with sales of less than $10,000. Impacts to the smallest farms, especially in high

- impact State s, could exceed 2% of annual sales revenue but the number of farms facing such impacts is small relative to the number of small farms affected by the rule. For commercial applicators, average impacts of the rule represent less than 0.1 % of annual revenue for the
average sma ll firm. The impacts are expected to be around 0.1 % of annual revenue even for the high cost scenarios . Details of this analysis are presented in the Economic Analysis for this action ( Ref. 8 3 )

. Although EPA is not required by the RFA to convene a Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel because this proposal would not have a significant economic*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 186 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] impact on a substantial number of small entities, EPA has nevertheless convened a panel to obtain advice and recommendations from small entity representatives potentially subject to this rule’s requirements. A copy of the SBAR Panel Report is included in the docket for this rulemaking ( Ref. 24 34 )

. D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million or more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531

– 1538, and does not significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The proposed rule requirements would primarily affect certified applicators of RUPs . The total estimated annualized cost of the proposed rule is $ 47.2 million

. (Ref. 3)

. E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism This action does not have federalism implications , as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999)

. It will not have substantial direct effects on the
State s, on the relationship between the national government and the State s, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government

. H owever, this action may be of sign ificant interest to State governments. Consistent with the EPA’s policy to promote communications between the EPA and State and local governments, EPA consulted with State officials early in the process of developing this rulemaking to permit them to have meaningful and timely input into its development. EPA worked extensively with State partners when considering revisions to the existing regulation and so licited feedback from State s in a number of ways , as discussed in Unit
III

. EPA carefully considered t he input of State partners during the development of this rulemaking in meetings with State pesticide regulatory officials and with groups*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 187 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] representing State pesticide regulatory agencies. In the spirit of Executive Order 13132 , EPA specifically solicits comment on this rulemaking from State and local officials.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal
Governments This action does not have Tribal implications, as specified in Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). This action would require Tribes that certify applicators to perform RUP applications in Indian country to comply with the revised regulation. EPA currently directly admi nisters a national certification plan for Indian

c ountry ( 79 FR 7185; February 6, 2014 Ref. 1 ) and has implemented a specific certification plan for the Navajo Nation ( 72 FR 32648; June 13, 2007 Ref. 2 ). As proposed, this rule provides Tribes with the option to develop and administer their own applicator certification programs, to participate in the EPA

- administered applicator certification program for Indian c ountry, or to enter into an agreement with EPA regarding administration of an applicator certificati on program. As explained in Unit XVII., EPA does not believe the proposed revisions would place any unreasonable burden on Tribes because the proposed rule does not require Tribes to implement certification programs. There are currently only four Tribes wi th an EPA

- approved certification plan. The proposed rule would require existing Tribal certification plans to be revised and resubmitted to EPA for review and approval. The costs associated with the proposed changes should be negligible because they primar ily result in clarification of requirements and policy, not the imposition of substantial new obligations on the part of Tribes

. EPA estimates the costs to these Tribes would be similar to the costs to State s for updating and submitting to EPA for approval a revised certification plan, and that they*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 188 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] would not result in a significant impact on Tribal entities or programs. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.
C onsistent with EPA’s Policy on Consultation and Coordination with Indian Trib es, EPA consulted with Tribal officials during the development of this action. A summary of that consultation is provided in the docket for this action ( Ref. 52 63 )

. EPA specifically solicits additional comment on this proposed action from Tribal officials.
G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks This proposed rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) because it is not an economically significant regulatory action as defined by Executive Order 12866. However, it is reasonable to expect that the environmental health or safety risks addressed in this proposed rule may have a disproportionate effect on children. The primary risk to children that is within the scope of this rulemaking is exposure to RUPs during their work as applicators of RUPs. The proposed rule is intended to minimize these exposures and risks. By establishing a minimum age for persons to become a certified applicator or to use RUPs as a nonc ertified applicator under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, children would receive less exposure to pesticides that may lead to chronic or acute pesticide

- related illness. In addition, the proposal expands training for noncertified applicat ors to include topics that should also assist in reducing potential risks to children from incidental pesticide exposure, such as avoiding bringing pesticide residues home on clothing.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 189 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] Like DOL’s regulations that implement the FLSA, the proposed rule seek s to regulate the ages at which children can apply pesticides. The proposed rule would establish a minimum age of 18 for persons to become certified to apply RUPs and to apply RUPs as noncertified persons under the direct supervision of certified applicato rs. Since many RUPs present heightened risks to harm human health relative to other pesticides, EPA feels that they warrant special consideration. EPA expects that the proposals to establish minimum ages would mitigate or eliminate many risks faced by
youn g applicators. Additional information on EPA’s consideration of the risks to children in development of this action can be found in Unit III.C.3. and in the economic analysis for this action ( Ref. 8 3 )

. The public is invited to submit comments or identif y peer - reviewed studies and data that assess effects of early life exposure to pesticides.
H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use This proposed rule is not a “significant ene rgy action” as defined in Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001), because it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. Further, this rule is not likely to have any adverse energy effects be cause it does not require any action related to the supply, distribution, or use of energy.
I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) This rulemaking does not involve technical standards that would require Agency consideration under NTTAA section 12(d), 15 U.S.C. 272 note

.*** EO12866 Review Draft

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Page 190 of 282 [RIN 2070

- AJ20] J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low

- Income Populations
EPA believes that this proposed rule wou ld not have disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority , low

- income , or indigenous populations , as specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994), because it increases the level of environmenta l protection for all affected populations without having any disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on any population, including any minority or low

- income population.
EPA engaged with stakeholders from impacted communi ties extensively in the development of this rulemaking in order to seek meaningful involvement of all parties. The Agency’s efforts to address environmental justice through this rulemaking were reviewed repeatedly during the development of the rule and its supporting documents. The proposed changes demonstrate EPA’s commitment to improving the health and safety of certified applicators and noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision by changes such as adding application method

- specifi c categories, strengthening competency standards for private applicators, adding training for noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, and establishing a minimum age for all persons using RUPs.NPRM; Certification of Pesticide Applicators (RIN 2070

- AJ20) Administrator signature on page 166 of 247

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 171 Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, C ertified applicator, C ommercial applicator, Indian Country, Indian Tribes, N oncertified applicator , P esticides and pests , P rivate applicator, Restricted use pesticides, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

.

Dated: ________

____________

_______________________________________

Administrator.Page 192 of 282 Therefore, it is proposed that 40 CFR part 171 be revised to read a s follows:
PART 171
- CERTIFICATION OF PESTICIDE APPLICATORS Subpart A
- General Provisions Sec. 171.1 Scope. 171.3 Definitions. 171.5 Effective d ates Subpart B
- Certification Requirements for Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides
171.101 Commercial applicator certific ation categories.
171.103 Standards for certification of commercial applicators. 171.105 Standards for certification of private applicators. 171.107 Standards for recertification of certified applicators. Subpart C
- Supervision of Noncertified Applicators
171.201 Requirements for direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified applicators. Subpart D
- Certification Plans 171.301 General. 171.303 Requirements for State certification plans. 171.305 Requirements for Federal agency certification plans

. 171.307 Certification of applicators in Indian country. 171.309 Modification and withdrawal of certification plans.
171.311 EPA

- administered applicator certification programs.Page 193 of 282

A UTHORITY : 7 U.S.C. 136 I AND 136 W
. Subpart A
- General Provisions § 171.1 Sco pe. (a) This part establishes Federal standards for the certification and recertification of applicators of restricted use pesticides. The standards address the requirements for certification and recertification of applicators using restricted use pestici des, requirements for certified applicators supervising the use of restricted use pesticides by noncertified applicators, requirements for noncertified persons using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, and requ irements for pesticide applicator certification plans administered by States, Tribes and Federal agencies. (b) A person is a certified applicator for purposes of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq ., only if the person holds a certification issued pursuant to a plan approved in accordance with this part and currently valid in the pertinent jurisdiction. As provided in FIFRA section 12(a)(2)(F ) of the Act, ), it is unlawful for any person to make available for use or to use any pesticide classified for restricted use other than in accordance with the requirements of this part. § 171.3 Definitions. Terms used in this part have the same meanings they have in FIFRA and 40 CFR part 152. In addition, the following terms, when used in this part, shall mean: Agricultural commodity means any plant, or part thereof, or animal, or animal product, produced by a person (including, but not limited to, farmers, ranchers , vineyardists, plant propagators, Christmas tree growers, aquaculturists, floriculturists, orchardists, foresters, or other comparable persons) primarily for sale, consumption,Page 194 of 282 propagation, or other use by man or animals. Application means the dispersal of a pesticide on, in, at, or around a target site. Application method means the application of a pesticide using a particular type of equipment, mechanism, or device used in the application of a pesticide , including, but not limited to, ground boom, air

- blast sprayer, wand, and backpack sprayer, as well as methods such as aerial, chemigation, and fumigation. Application method

- specific certification category means a defined set of competencies related to the use of a specific application method to ap ply restricted use pesticides

. Applicator means any individual using a restricted use pesticide. An applicator may be certified as a commercial or private applicator as defined in FIFRA or FIFRA or may be a noncertified applicator as defined in this part. Calibration means measurement of dispersal or output of application equipment and adjustment of such equipment to establish a specific rate of dispersal and, if applicable, droplet or particle size of a pesticide dispersed by the equipment. Certification means a certifying authority’s issuance, pursuant to this part, of authorization to a person to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides. Certifying authority means the Agency, or a State, Tribal, or Federal agency that issues restricted use pesticide applicator certifications pursuant to a certification plan approved by the Agency under this part. Compatibility means the extent to which a pesticide can be combined with other chemicals without causing undesirable results. Competent means h aving the practical knowledge, skills, experience, andPage 195 of 282 judgment necessary to perform functions associated with restricted use pesticide application without causing unreasonable adverse effects, where the nature and degree of competency required relate dire ctly to the nature of the activity and the degree of independent responsibility. Dealership means any establishment owned or operated by a restricted use pesticide retail dealer where restricted use pesticides are distributed or sold. Fumigant means any pesticide product that is a vapor or gas, or forms a vapor or gas upon application, and whose pesticidal action is achieved through the gaseous or vapor state. Fumigation means the application of a fumigant.
Host means any plant or animal on or in which another species of plant or animal lives for nourishment, development, or protection. Indian country means : (1) A ll land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States Government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent, and, including rights

- of

- way running through the reservation

. (2) A ll dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States whether within the original or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether within or without t he limits of a State

. (3) A ll Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished, including rights

- of

- way running through the same. Indian Tribe or Tribe means any Indian or Alaska Native Tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or com munity included in the list of Tribes published by the Secretary ofPage 196 of 282 the Interior pursuant to the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act. Mishap means an event that may adversely affect man or the environment and that is related to the use or presence of a pesticide, whether the event was unexpected or intentional.
Non

- target organism means any plant, animal or other organism other than the target pests which a pesticide is intended to affect. Noncertified applicator means any person who is not certif ied in accordance with this part to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in the pertinent jurisdiction, but who is using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of a person certified as a commercial or private applicator cer tified in accordance with this part. Ornamental means trees, shrubs, flowers, and other plantings intended primarily for aesthetic purposes in and around habitations, buildings and surrounding grounds, including , but not limited to, residences, parks, str eets, and commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. Personal protective equipment means devices and apparel that are worn to protect the body from contact with pesticides or pesticide residues, including, but not limited to, coveralls, chemica l

- resistant suits, chemical

- resistant gloves, chemical

- resistant footwear, respirators, chemical

- resistant aprons, chemical

- resistant headgear, and protective
eyewear. Practical knowledge means the possession of pertinent facts and comprehension sufficien t to properly perform functions associated with application of restricted use pesticides, including properly responding to reasonably foreseeable problems andPage 197 of 282

situations. Principal place of business means the principal location, either residence or office , where a person conducts a business of applying restricted use pesticides. A person who applies restricted use pesticides in more than one State or area of Indian country may designate a location within a State or area of Indian country as its principal place of business for that State or area of Indian country. Regulated pest means a particular species of pest specifically subject to Tribal, State or Federal regulatory restrictions, regulations, or control procedures intended to protect the hosts, man and/or the environment. Restricted use pesticide means a pesticide that is classified for restricted use under the provisions of FIFRA section 3(d ) of FIFRA

. ). Restricted use pesticide retail dealer means any person who distributes or sells restricted use pesticides to any person, excluding transactions solely between persons wh o are pesticide producers, registrants, wholesalers, or retail sellers, acting only in those capacities. Toxicity means the property of a pesticide that refers to the degree to which the pesticide and its related derivative compounds are able to cause an adverse physiological effect on an organism as a result of exposure.
Use , as in “to use a pesticide” means any of the following : (1) Pre

- application activities, including, but not limited to: (i) Arranging for t he application of the pesticide. ( ii) M ixing and loading the pesticide. (iii) Making necessary preparations for the application of the pesticide, including ,Page 198 of 282
but not limited to, responsibilities related to providing training, a copy of a label and use

specific instructions to noncertified appl icators , and complying with any applicable requirements under 40 CFR part 170 of this chapter

. (2) Applying the pesticide, including , but not limited to, supervising the use of a pesticide by a noncertified applicator. (3) Post

- application activities, including, but not limited to, transporting or storing pesticide containers that have been opened, cleaning equipment, and disposing of excess pesticides, spray mix, equipment wash waters, pesticide containers, and other materials contaminated with or cont aining pesticides

. Use

- specific instructions means the information and requirements specific to a particular pesticide product or work site that are necessary in order for an applicator to use the pesticide in accordance with applicable requirements and w ithout causing unreasonable adverse effects. § 171.5 Effective date.
Th is part is effective [ insert date 60 days after the date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ]. Certification plans approved by EPA before the effective date remain approved except as provided in § § 171.301(b) and 171.309. Subpart B
- Certification Requirements for Applicators of Restricted Use Pesticides § 171.101 Commercial applicator certification categories. (a) Pest control certification categories

. Certificatio n in any of the pest control certification categories listed in this paragraph (a) alone is not sufficient to lawfully use or supervise the use of products intended to be applied using a method specified in paragraph ( b ) of this section.Page 199 of 282
(1) Agricultural pest control. (i) Crop pest control. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in production of agricultural crops, including but not limited to grains, vegetables, small fruits, tree fruits, peanuts, tree nuts, tobacco, cotton, feed and forage crops including , but not limited to, grasslands, and non

- crop agricultural lands. (ii) Livestock pest control. This category applies to commercial applic ators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides on animals or to places on or in which animals are confined. Certification in this category alone is not sufficient to authorize the purchase, use, or supervision of use of products for predat or control listed in paragraph ( b a )(10) of this section. (2) Forest pest control. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in forests, forest nurseries and forest seed production. (3) Orn amental and turf pest control. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides to control pests in the maintenance and production of ornamental plants and turf. (4) Seed treatment. This category applies to commercial applicators using or supervising the use of restricted use pesticides on seeds in seed treatment facilities. (5) Aquatic pest control. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of any restricted us e pesticide purposefully applied to standing or running water, excluding applicators engaged in public health related activities included in as specified in paragraph (b)(8) of this section.Page 200 of 282
(6) Right

- of

- way pest control. This category applies to commerc ial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in the maintenance of roadsides,
power - line, pipeline, and railway rights

- of

- way, and similar areas. (7) Industrial, institutional, and structural pest control. This category appl ies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in, on, or around the following: F ood handling establishments, packing houses, and food

processing facilities; human dwellings; institutions, such as schools, hospitals and prisons; and industrial establishments, including , but not limited to, manufacturing facilities, warehouses, grain elevators, and any other structures and adjacent areas, public or private, for the protection of stored, processed, or manufactured pro ducts. (8) Public health pest control. This category applies to State, Tribal, Federal or other governmental employees who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in public health programs for the management and control of pests having medi cal and public health importance. This category includes contractors as well as individuals directly employed by a State, Tribal, Federal, or other government agency for government

- sponsored public health programs. (9) Regulatory pest control. This category applies to State, Tribal, Federal, or other governmental employees who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in the control of regulated pests but does not include individuals that use or supervise the use of sodium cyanide in mech anical ejection devices or sodium fluoroacetate in a protective collar for predator pest control. This regulatory pest control category includes contractors and other individuals directly employed by a State, Tribal, Federal, or other government agency for government

- sponsored regulatory pest control programs.Page 201 of 282 Certification in this category does not authorize the purchase, use, or supervision of use of products for predator control listed in paragraph ( b a )(10) of this section. (10) Predator pest control. (i ) Sodium cyanide predator control . This pest control category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of sodium cyanide in a mechanical ejection device to control regulated predators. (ii) Sodium fluoroacetate. This pest control category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of sodium fluoroacetate in a protective collar to control regulated predators. (11) Demonstration and research. This category applies to individuals who demonstrate to the public the proper use and techniques of application of restricted use pesticides or supervise such demonstration and to persons conducting field research with pesticides, and in doing so, use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides. This includes such indiv iduals as extension specialists and county agents, commercial representatives demonstrating restricted use pesticide products, individuals demonstrating application or pest control methods used in public or private programs, and State, Tribal, Federal, com mercial, and other persons conducting field research on or involving restricted use pesticides. Certification in this category requires concurrent certification in each pest control category identified in paragraphs ( b a )(1) through ( b a )(10) of this section for which a person does demonstration or research involving the use or supervision of the use of restricted use pesticides for the type of pest control described in those categories, and in each application method

- specific category identified in paragraph ( c b ) of this section for which a person does demonstration or research involving the use orPage 202 of 282 supervision of the use of restricted use pesticides using an application method described in those categories. (b) Application method

- specific certification cate gories. (1) Soil fumigation applications

. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of a restricted use pesticide to fumigate soil. Certification in this application method

- specific category requires concurrent certification in each pest control category identified in paragraphs ( b a )(1) through ( b a )(10) of this section for which a person intends to perform soil fumigation. (2) Non

– - soil fumigation applications

. This category applies to commercial applicators w ho use or supervise the use of a restricted use pesticide to fumigate anything other than soil. Certification in this application method

- specific category requires concurrent certification in each pest control category identified in paragraphs ( b a )(1) thro ugh ( b a )(10) of this section for which a person intends to perform non - soil fumigation. (3) Aerial applications

. This category applies to commercial applicators who use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides applied by fixed or rotary wing airc raft. Certification in this application method

- specific category requires concurrent certification in each pest control category identified in paragraphs ( b a )(1) through ( b a )(10) of this section for which a person intends to perform soil fumigation aerial application

. § 171.103 Standards for certification of commercial applicators. (a) Determination of competency. To be determined competent in the use and handling of restricted use pesticides by a State, Tribe, or Federal agency, a commercial applicator mu st meet the minimum age requirement specified in paragraph (a)(1) of thisPage 2 03 of 282 section and receive a passing score on a written examination that meets the standards specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section and any related performance testing that is requir ed by the State, Tribe, or Federal agency. Examinations and any alternate methods employed by the certifying authority to determine applicator competency must include the core standards applicable to all categories (paragraph (c) of this section), the
stan dards applicable to each pest control category in which an applicator seeks certification (paragraph (d) of this section), and the standards for each application method

- specific category in which an applicator seeks certification (paragraph (e) of this

sec tion), as provided in this section. Certification processes must meet all of the following criteria: (1) Commercial applicator minimum age . A commercial applicator must be at least 18 years old. (2) Examination standards

. Examinations must conform to al l of the following standards: (i) The examination must be presented and answered in writing. (ii) The examination must be proctored by an individual designated by the certifying authority and who is not seeking certification at any examination session th at he or she is proctoring. The proctor must do all of the following: (A) Verify the identity and age of persons taking the examination by checking identification and having examinees sign an examination roster. (B) Monitor examinees throughout the exami nation period. (C) Instruct examinees in examination procedures before beginning the examination.Page 204 of 282 (D) Keep examinations secure before, during, and after the examination period. (E) Allow only the examinees to access the examination, and allow such access only in the presence of the proctor. (F) Ensure that examinees have no verbal or non

- verbal communication with anyone other than the proctor during the examination period. (G) Ensure that no portion of the examination or any associated reference

m aterials described in paragraph (a)( 3 2 )(ii)(H) of this section is copied or retained by any person other than a person authorized by the certifying authority to copy or retain the examination. (H) Ensure that examinees do not have access to reference mate rials other than those that are approved by the certifying authority and provided and collected by the proctor. (I) Review reference materials provided to examinees after the exam is complete to ensure that no portion of the reference material has been re moved or destroyed. (J) Report to the certifying authority any examination administration inconsistencies or irregularities, including but not limited to cheating, use of unauthorized materials, and attempts to copy or retain the examination. (K) Comply with any other requirements of the certifying authority related to examination administration. (iii) The examination must be closed

- book. No reference materials may be used during the examination, except those that are approved by the certifying authorit y and provided by the proctor. (iv) Each person seeking certification must present at the time of examinationPage 205 of 282 valid, government

- issued photo identification to the certifying authority as proof of identity and age to be eligible for certification. (v) The certifying authority must notify e ach examinee of the results of his or her examination. (b) Additional methods of determining competency

. In addition to written examination requirements for determining competency, a certifying authority may employ addit ional methods for determining applicator competency, such as performance testing. Such additional methods must be part of the certifying authority’s Agency

approved certification plan and must comply with the applicable standards in paragraph (a ) of this s ection

. (c) Core standards for all categories of certified commercial applicators. Persons seeking certification as c ommercial applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of the principles and practices of pest control and proper and effective use of restricted use pesticides by passing a written examination. Written examinations for all commercial applicators must address all of the following areas of competency: (1) Label and labeling comprehension. Familiarity with pesticide labels and labeling an d their functions, including all of the following: ( i ) The general format and terminology of pesticide labels and labeling. (ii) Understanding instructions, warnings, terms, symbols, and other information commonly appearing on pesticide labels and labeling. (iii) Understanding that it is a violation of Federal law to use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. (iv) Understanding when a certified applicator must be physically present at thePage 206 of 282 site of the application based on labeling requirements. (v) Understanding labeling requirements for supervising noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (vi) Understanding that applicators must comply with all use restrictions and dir ections for use contained in pesticide labels and labeling, including being certified in the certification category and application method

- specific category appropriate to the type and site of the application. (vii) Understanding the meaning of product cl assification as either general or restricted use and that a product may be unclassified. (viii) Understanding and complying with product

- specific notification requirements. (2) Safety. Measures to avoid or minimize adverse health effects, including all o f the following: (i) Understanding the terms “acute toxicity” and “chronic toxicity,” as well as the long

- term effects of pesticides. (ii) Understanding that a pesticide’s risk is a function of exposure and the pesticide’s toxicity. (iii) Recognition of likely ways in which dermal, inhalation and oral exposure
may occur . (iv) Common types and causes of pesticide mishaps. ( v ) Precautions to prevent injury to applicators and other individuals in or near treated areas. ( vi ) Need for, and proper use of, p rotective clothing and personal protectivePage 207 of 282 equipment. ( vii ) Symptoms of pesticide poisoning. ( viii ) First aid and other procedures to be followed in case of a pesticide mishap. (ix) Proper identification, storage, transport, handling, mixing procedures , and disposal methods for pesticides and used pesticide containers, including precautions to be taken to prevent children from having access to pesticides and pesticide containers. (3) Environment. The potential environmental consequences of the use and misuse of pesticides, including the influence of all of the following: ( i ) Weather and other indoor and outdoor climatic conditions. ( ii ) Types of terrain, soil, or other substrate. ( iii ) Presence of fish, wildlife, and other non

- target organisms. (iv ) Presence of pollinators. ( v ) Drainage patterns. (4) Pests. The proper identification and effective control of pests, including all of the following: ( i ) Common features of pest organisms and characteristics of damage needed for pest recognition. ( ii ) Recognition of relevant pests. (iii) Pest development, biology, and behavior as it may be relevant to problem identification and control. (5) Pesticides. Characteristics of pesticides, including all of the following: ( i ) Types of pesticides. ( ii ) Types of formulations.Page 208 of 282
( iii ) Compatibility, synergism, persistence, and animal and plant toxicity of the formulations. ( iv ) Hazards and residues associated with use. ( v ) Factors that influence effectiveness or lead to problems such as pesticide resistan ce. ( vi ) Dilution procedures. (6) Equipment. Application equipment, including all of the following: ( i ) Types of equipment and advantages and limitations of each type. ( ii ) Use, maintenance, and calibration procedures. (7) Application methods. Sele cting appropriate application methods, including all of the following: ( i ) Methods used to apply various formulations of pesticides, solutions, and gases. (ii) Knowledge of which application method to use in a given situation and when certification in an application method

- specific category is required in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. ( iii ) Relationship of application and placement of pesticides to proper use, unnecessary or ineffective use, and misuse. (iv) Prevention of drift and pes ticide loss into the environment. (8) Laws and regulations. Knowledge of all applicable State, Tribal, and Federal laws and regulations. (9) Responsibilities of supervisors of noncertified applicators. Knowledge of the responsibilities of certified appli cators supervising noncertified applicators, including all of the following:Page 209 of 282 (i) Understanding and complying with requirements in § 171.201 for certified commercial applicators who supervise noncertified applicators using restricted use pesticides. (ii) Requirements to keep records of pesticide safety training for noncertified applicators using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (iii) Providing use

- specific instructions to noncertified applicators using rest ricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (iv) Explaining appropriate State, Tribal, and Federal laws and regulations to noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (10) Pro fessionalism. Understanding the importance of all of the following: (i) Maintaining chemical security for restricted use pesticides. (ii) How to communicate information about pesticide exposures and risks with the public and their c lientele. (iii) Appropriate product stewardship for certified applicators. (d) Specific standards of competency for each pest control category of commercial applicators. C ommercial applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of the principles and practices of pest c ontrol and proper and effective use of restricted use pesticides for each pest control category for which they intend to apply restricted use pesticides through written examinations. The minimum competency standards for each category of pest control are li sted i n paragraphs (d)(1) through ( 10) of this section. Examinations for each pest control category certification listed in § 171.101(a) must be based on the standards of competency specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (11) of thisPage 210 of 282 section and examples o f problems and situations appropriate to the particular category in which the applicator is seeking certification. (1) Agricultural pest control

. (i) Plant. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of crops, grasslands, and non

- crop agricultural lands and the specific pests of those areas on which they may be using restricted use pesticides. The importance of such competency is amplified by the extensive areas involved, the quantities of pesticides needed, and the ultimate use of many commodities as food and feed. The required knowledge includes pre

- harvest intervals, restricted entry intervals, phytotoxicity, potential for environmental contamination such as soil and water problems, non

- target injury, and other problems resulting from the use of restricted use pesticides in agricultural areas. The required knowledge also includes the potential for phytotoxicity due to a wide variety of plants to be protected, for drift, for persistence beyond the intended period of pest control, and for

non - target exposures. (ii) Animal. Applicators applying pesticides directly to animals must demonstrate practical knowledge of such animals and their associated pests. The required knowledge includes specific pesticide toxicity and residue potential, and the hazard s associated with such factors as formulation, application techniques, age of animals, stress , and extent of
treatment. (2) Forest pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of types of forests, forest nurseries, and seed production wi thin the jurisdiction of the certifying authority and the pests involved. The required knowledge includes the cyclic occurrence of certain pests and specific population dynamics as a basis for programmingPage 211 of 282 pesticide applications, the relevant organisms caus ing harm and their vulnerability to the pesticides to be applied, how to determine when pesticide use is proper, selection of application method and proper use of application equipment to minimize non

- target exposures, and appropriate responses to meteorol ogical factors and adjacent land use. The required knowledge also includes the potential for phytotoxicity due to a wide variety of plants to be protected, for drift, for persistence beyond the intended period of pest control, and for non

- target exposures. (3) Ornamental and turf pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of pesticide problems associated with the production and maintenance of ornamental plants and turf. The required knowledge includes the potential for phytotoxicity due to a wide variety of plants to be protected, for drift, for persistence beyond the intended period of pest control, and for non

- target exposures. Because of the frequent proximity of human habitations to application activities, applicators in this categor y must demonstrate practical knowledge of application methods which will minimize or prevent hazards to humans, pets, and other domestic animals. (4) Seed

- treatment. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge including recognizing types of seeds to be treated, the effects of carriers and surface active agents on pesticide binding and germination, the hazards associated with handling, sorting and mixing, and misuse of treated seed, the importance of proper application techniques to avoid harm to non

- t arget organisms such as pollinators, and the proper disposal of unused treated seeds. (5) Aquatic pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of the characteristics of various water use situations, the potential for adverse effects on n on -Page 212 of 282
target plants, fish, birds, beneficial insects and other organisms in the immediate aquatic environment and downstream, and the principles of limited area application. (6) Right

- of

- way pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of t he types of environments (terrestrial and aquatic) traversed by rights

- of

- way, techniques to minimize non

- target exposure runoff, drift, and excessive foliage destruction, and recognition of target pests. The required knowledge also includes the potential for phytotoxicity due to a wide variety of plants and pests to be controlled, for drift, for persistence beyond the intended period of pest control, and for non

- target
exposures. (7) Industrial, institutional, and structural pest control. Applicators must demonstrate a practical knowledge of industrial, institutional and structural pests, including recognizing those pests and signs of their presence, their habitats, their life cycles, biology, and behavior as it may be relevant to problem identification an d control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of types of formulations appropriate for control of industrial, institutional and structural pests , and methods of application that avoid contamination of food, minimize damage to and contamination of areas treated, minimize acute and chronic exposure of people and pets, and minimize environmental impacts of outdoor applications. (8) Public health pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of pests that are importan t vectors of disease, including recognizing the pests and signs of their presence, their habitats , their life cycles, biology and behavior as it may be relevant to problem identification and control

. The required knowledge also includes how to minimize dam age to and contamination of areas treated, acute and chronic exposure ofPage 213 of 282 people and pets, and non

- target exposures. (9) Regulatory pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of regulated pests, applicable laws relating to quarantine an d other regulation of pests, and the potential impact on the environment of restricted use pesticides used in suppression and eradication programs. They must demonstrate knowledge of factors influencing introduction, spread, and population dynamics of regu lated pests. (10) Predator pest control. Applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of mammalian predator pests, including recognizing those pests and signs of their presence, their habitats, their life cycles, biology, and behavior as it may be re levant to problem identification and control. (i ) Sodium cyanide . Applicators must demonstrate comprehension of all relevant laws and regulations applicable to the use of mechanical ejection devices for sodium cyanide, including the restrictions on the u se of sodium cyanide products ordered by the
EPA Administrator and published in the Federal Register of ( 40 FR 44726, September 29, 1975 ( 40 FR 44726, pp. 44733

- 447 34 ) (FRL 436

– 3 )

. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and understanding of all of the specific use restrictions for sodium cyanide devices, including safe handling and proper placement of the capsules and device, proper use of the antidote kit, notification to medical personnel before use of the device, conditions of and restrict ions on when and where devices can be used, requirements to consult U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service maps before use to avoid affecting endangered species, maximum density of devices, provisions for supervising and monitoring applicators, required informatio n exchange in locations where more than one agency is authorized to place devices, and specific requirements for recordkeeping,Page 214 of 282 monitoring, field posting, proper storage, and disposal of damaged or used sodium cyanide capsules. ( ii ) Sodium fluoroacetate

. Applicators must demonstrate comprehension of all relevant laws and regulations applicable to the use of sodium fluoroacetate products, including the restrictions on the use of sodium fluoroacetate products ordered by the EPA Administrator and published in the Federal Register of ( 49 FR 4830, February 8, 1984 ( 49 FR 4830 ) (FRL 2520

– 6 )

. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and understanding of the specific use restrictions for sodium fluoroacetate in the livestock protection collar, includ ing where and when sodium fluoroacetate products can be used, safe handling and placement of collars, and practical treatment of sodium fluoroacetate poisoning in humans and domestic animals. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and unders tanding of specific requirements for field posting, monitoring, recordkeeping, proper storage of collars, disposal of punctured or leaking collars, disposal of contaminated animal remains, vegetation, soil, and clothing, and reporting of suspected and actu al poisoning, mishap, or injury to threatened or endangered species, human, domestic animals, o r non - target wild animals. (11) Demonstration pest control. Applicators demonstrating the safe and effective use of restricted use pesticides to other applicato rs and the public must demonstrate practical knowledge of the potential problems, pests, and population levels reasonably expected to occur in a demonstration situation and the effects of restricted use pesticides on target and non

- targ et organisms. In addition, they must demonstrate competency in each pest control category applicable to their demonstrations. (e) Specific standards of competency for each application method

- specificPage 215 of 282
certification category of commercial applicators. In order to apply a restricted use pesticide using any of the application methods identified in this paragraph, a commercial applicator must first obtain the appropriate application method

- specific certification as provided in this paragraph

. This requirement is in addition to the requirements of paragraphs (c), (d) , and (e) of this section. The competency standards for each application method

- specific certification category are specified in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3) of this section

. (1) Soil fumigation application

. Co mmercial applicators performing soil fumigation applications of restricted use pesticides must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest problems and pest control practices associated with performing soil fumigation applications, including all the follow ing: (i) Label and labeling comprehension. Familiarity with the pesticide labels and labeling for products used to perform soil fumigation, including all of the following: (A) Labeling requirements specific to soil fumigants. (B) Fumigant applicators, f umigant applicator tasks, and the safety information that certified applicators must provide to noncertified applicators using fumigants under their direct supervision. (C) Entry

- restricted period s for different tarped and untarped field application

scena rios. (D) Recordkeeping requirements. (E) Special label provisions of fumigant products containing certain active ingredients. (ii) Safety. Measures to minimize adverse health effects, including all of thePage 216 of 282 following: (A) Understanding how certified app licators, noncertified applicators using fumigants under direct supervision of certified applicators, field workers, and bystanders can become exposed to fumigants

. (B) Common problems and mistakes that can result in direct exposure to fumigants. (C) Signs and symptoms of human exposure to fumigants. (D) Air concentrations of a fumigant require that applicators wear respirators or exit the work area entirely. (E) Steps to take if a fumigant applicator experiences sensory irritation. (F) Understandin g air monitoring, when it is required, and where to take samples. (G) Buffer zones, including procedures for buffer zone monitoring. (H) First aid measures to take in the event of exposure to a soil fumigant. (I) Labeling requirements for transportatio n, storage, spill clean

- up , and emergency response for soil fumigants, including safe disposal of containers and contaminated soil, and management of empty containers. (iii) Soil fumigant chemical characteristics. Characteristics of soil fumigants, including all of the following: (A) Chemical characteristics of soil fumigants. (B) Specific human exposure concerns for soil fumigants. (C) How soil fumigants change from a liquid or solid to a gas. (D) How soil fum igants disperse in the application zone. (E) Incompatibility concerns for tanks, hoses, tubing, and other equipment.Page 217 of 282
(iv) Application . Selecting appropriate application methods and timing, including all of the following: (A) Application methods and equi pment commonly used for each soil fumigant. (B) Water

- run and non

- water

- run application methods. (C) Site characteristics that can be used to prevent fumigant exposure. (D) Understanding temperature inversions and their impact on soil fumigation applica tion. (E) Weather conditions that could impact timing of soil fumigation application, such as air stability, air temperature, humidity, and wind currents, and labeling statements limiting applications during specific weather conditions. (F) Conducting pr e - application inspection of application equipment. (G) Understanding the purpose and methods of soil sealing, including the factors that determine which soil sealing method to use. (H) Understanding the use of tarps, including the range of tarps availabl e, how to seal tarps, and labeling requirements for tarp removal and perforation. (I) Calculating the amount of product required for a specific treatment area. (J) Understanding the basic techniques for calibrating soil fumigation application equipment. (v) Soil and pest factors. Soil and pest factors that influence fumigant activity, including all of the following: (A) Influence of soil factors on fumigant volatility and movement within the soil profile. (B) Factors that influence gaseous movement th rough the soil profile and into thePage 218 of 282

air. (C) Soil characteristics, including how soil characteristics affect the success of a soil fumigation application, assessing soil moisture, and correcting for soil characteristics that could hinder a successful soil fumigation application. (D) Identifying pests causing the damage to be treated by the soil fumigation. (E) Understanding the relationship between pest density and application rate. (F) The importance of proper application depth and timing. (vi) Person al protective equipment. Understanding what personal protective equipment is necessary and how to use it properly, including all of the following: (A) Following labeling directions for required personal protective equipment. (B) Selecting, inspecting, us ing, caring for, replacing, and disposing of personal protective equipment. (C) Understanding the types of respirators required when using specific soil fumigants and how to use them properly, including medical evaluation, fit testing, and required replac ement of cartridges and cannisters. (D) Labeling requirements and other laws applicable to medical evaluation for respirator use, fit tests, training, and recordkeeping. (vii) Fumigant management plans and post

- application summaries . Information about fu migant management plans, including all of the following: (A) When a fumigant management plan must be in effect , how long it must be kept on file, where it must be kept during the application, and who must have access to it. (B) The elements of a fumigati on management plan and resources available to assist the applicator in preparing a fumigation management plan.Page 219 of 282 (C) The party responsible for verifying that a fumigant management plan is
accurate. (D) The elements, purpose and content of a post

- applicatio n summary, who must prepare it, and when it must be completed. (viii) Buffer zones and posting requirements. Understanding buffer zones and posting requirements, including all of the following: (A) Buffer zones and the buffer zone period. (B) Identifying who is allowed in a buffer zone during the buffer zone period and who is prohibited from being in a buffer zone during the buffer zone period. (C) Using the buffer zone table from the labeling to determine the size of the buffer zone. (D) Fac tors that determine the buffer zone credits for application scenarios and calculating buffer zones using credits. (E) Distinguishing buffer zone posting and treated area posting, including the pre

application and post

- application posting timeframes for ea ch. (F) Proper choice and placement of warning signs. (2) Non

- soil fumigation applications

. Commercial applicators performing fumigation applications of restricted use pesticides to sites other than soil must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest p roblems and pest control practices associated with performing fumigation applications to sites other than soil, including all the following: (i) Label & labeling comprehension. Familiarity with the pesticide labels and labeling for products used to perfor m non - soil fumigation, including all of the following:Page 220 of 282 (A) Labeling requirements specific to non

- soil fumigants. (ii) Safety. Measures to minimize adverse health effects, including all of the following: (A) Understanding how certified applicators, nonce rtified applicators using fumigants under direct supervision of certified applicators, and bystanders can become exposed to fumigants

. (B) Common problems and mistakes that can result in direct exposure to fumigants. (C) Signs and symptoms of human expos ure to fumigants. (D) Air concentrations of a fumigant that require applicators to wear respirators or to exit the work area entirely. (E) Steps to take if a fumigant applicator experiences sensory irritation. (F) Understanding air monitoring, when it is required, and where to take samples. (G) First aid measures to take in the event of exposure to a fumigant. (H) Labeling requirements for transportation, storage, spill clean

- up, and emergency response for non

- soil fumigants, including safe disposal of containers and contaminated materials, and management of empty containers. (iii) Non

- soil fumigant chemical characteristics. Characteristics of non

- soil fumigants, including all of the following: (A) Chemical characteristics of non

- soil fumigants. (B ) Specific human exposure concerns for non

- soil fumigants. (C) How fumigants change from a liquid or solid to a gas. (D) How fumigants disperse in the application zone.Page 221 of 282 (E) Incompatibility concerns for tanks, hoses, tubing, and other equipment. (iv) Ap plication . Selecting appropriate application methods and timing, including all of the following: (A) Application methods and equipment commonly used for non

- soil fumigation. (B) Site characteristics that can be used to prevent fumigant exposure. (C) Conditions that could impact timing of non

- soil fumigation application, such as air stability, air temperature, humidity, and wind currents, and labeling statements limiting applications when specific conditions are present. (D) Conducting pre

- application inspection of application equipment and the site to be fumigated. (E) Understanding the purpose and methods of sealing the area to be fumigated, including the factors that determine which sealing method to use. (F) Calculating the amount of product requ ired for a specific treatment area. (G) Understanding the basic techniques for calibrating non

- soil fumigation application equipment. (H) Understanding when and how to conduct air monitoring and when it is required. (v) Pest factors. Pest factors that influence fumigant activity, including all of the following: (A) Influence of pest factors on fumigant volatility. (B) Factors that influence gaseous movement through the area being fumigated and into the air. (C) Identifying pests causing the damage to be treated by the fumigation.Page 222 of 282 (D) Understanding the relationship between pest density and application rate. (E) The importance of proper application rate and timing. (vi) Personal protective equipment. Understanding what personal protective equipment i s necessary and how to use it properly, including all of the following: (A) Following labeling directions for required personal protective equipment. (B) Selecting, inspecting, using, caring for, replacing, and disposing of personal protective equipment. (C) Understanding the types of respirators required when using specific non - soil fumigants and how to use them properly, including medical evaluation, fit testing, and required replacement of cartridges and cannisters canisters

. (D) Labeling requirements and other laws applicable to medical evaluation for respirator use, fit tests, training, and recordkeeping. (vii) Fumigant management plans and post

- application summaries . Information about fumigant management plans and when they are required, including all of the following: (A) When a fumigant management plan must be in effect , how long it must be kept on file, where it must be kept during the application, and who must have access to it. (B) The elements of a fumigation management plan and resources av ailable to assist the applicator in preparing a fumigation management plan. (C) The party responsible for verifying that a fumigant management plan is
accurate. (D) The elements, purpose and content of a post

- application summary, who must prepare it, and when it must be completed.Page 223 of 282
(viii) Posting requirements. Understanding posting requirements, including all of the following: (A) Identifying who is allowed in an area being fumigated or after fumigation and who is prohibited from being in such areas. (B ) Distinguishing fumigant labeling

- required posting and treated area posting, including the pre

- application and post

- application posting timeframes for each. (C) Proper choice and placement of warning signs. (3) Aerial applications

. Commercial applicators performing aerial application of restricted use pesticides must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest problems and pest control practices associated with performing aerial application, including all the following: (i) Labeling

. Labeling requirements and restrictions specific to aerial application of pesticides including: (A) Spray volumes. (B) Buffers and no

- spray zones. (C) Weather conditions specific to wind and inversions. (ii) Application equipment . Understand how to choose and ma intain aerial application equipment, including all of the following: (A) The importance of inspecting application equipment to ensure it is proper operating condition prior to beginning an application. (B) Selecting proper nozzles to ensure appropriate p esticide dispersal and to minimize drift. (C) Knowledge of the components of an aerial application pesticide applicationPage 224 of 282 system, including pesticide hoppers, tanks, pumps, and types of nozzles. (D) Interpreting a nozzle flow rate chart. (E) Determining the number of nozzles for intended pesticide output using nozzle flow rate chart, aircraft speed, and swath width. (F) How to ensure nozzles are placed to compensate for uneven dispersal due to uneven airflow from wingtip vortices, helicopter rotor turbul ence , and aircraft propeller turbulence. (G) Where to place nozzles to produce the appropriate droplet size. (H) How to maintain the application system in good repair, including pressure gauge accuracy, filter cleaning according to schedule, checking noz zles for excessive

wear. (I) How to calculate required and actual flow rates. (J) How to verify flow rate using fixed timing, open timing, known distance, or a flow meter. ( K ) When to adjust and calibrate application equipment. (iii) Application considerations . The applicator must demonstrate knowledge of factors to consider before and during application, including all of the following: (A) Weather conditions that could impact application by affecting aircraft engine power, take

- off distance, an d climb rate, or by promoting spray droplet evaporation. (B) How to determine wind velocity, direction, and air density at the application site. (C) The potential impact of thermals and temperature inversions on aerial pesticide application.Page 225 of 282
(vi) Minimi zing drift. The applicator must demonstrate knowledge of methods to minimize off

- target pesticide movement, including all of the following: (A) How to determine drift potential of a product using a smoke generator. (B) How to evaluate vertical and horizo ntal smoke plumes to assess wind direction, speed, and concentration. (C) Selecting techniques that minimize pesticide movement out of the area to be treated. (D) Documenting special equipment configurations or flight patterns used to reduce off

- target p esticide drift. (v) Performing aerial application . The applicator must demonstrate competency in performing an aerial pesticide application, including all of the following: (A) Selecting a flight altitude that minimizes streaking and off

- target pesticide drift. (B) Choosing a flight pattern that ensures applicator and bystander safety and proper application. (C) The importance of engaging and disengaging spray precisely when entering and exiting a predetermined swath pattern. (D) Tools available to mar k swaths, such as global positioning systems and flags. (E) Recordkeeping requirements for aerial pesticide applications including application conditions if applicable. (f

) Exceptions

. The requirements in § 171.103(a)

- (f) of this chapter do not apply to the following persons: (1) Persons conducting laboratory research involving restricted use pesticides.Page 226 of 282 (2) Doctors of Medicine and Doctors of Veterinary Medicine applying restricted use pesticides to patients during the course of the ordinary practice of those professions. 171.105 Standards for certification of private applicators. (a) General private applicator certification. Before using or supervising the use of a restricted use pesticide, a private applicator must be certified by an appropriate certifying authority as being competent to use restricted use pesticides for pest control in the production of agricultural commodities, which includes the ability to read and understand pesticide labeling. Certification in this general private applicator certification category alone is not sufficient to authorize the purchase, use, or supervision of use of the restricted use pesticide products for predator pest control listed in paragraph (b) of this section, or the use or s upervision of use of the restricted use pesticides using application methods specified in paragraph (c) of this section. Persons seeking certification as private applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge of the principles and practices of pest
contr ol associated with the production of agricultural commodities and effective use of restricted use pesticides, including all of the following: (1) Label and labeling comprehension. Familiarity with pesticide labels and labeling and their functions, includ ing all of the following: ( i ) The general format and terminology of pesticide labels and labeling. (ii) Understanding instructions, warnings, terms, symbols, and other information commonly appearing on pesticide labels and labeling. (iii) Understanding that it is a violation of Federal law to use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. (iv) Understanding when a certified applicator must be physically present at thePage 227 of 282 site of the application based on labeling requirements. (v ) Understanding labeling requirements for supervising noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (vi) Understanding that applicators must comply with all use restrictions and directions for use contained in pe sticide labels and labeling, including being certified in the application method

- specific category appropriate to the type and site of the application and in the predator pest control category for private applicators if applicable. (vii) Understanding the meaning of product classification as either general or restricted use, and that a product may be unclassified. (viii) Understanding and complying with product

- specific notification requirements. (2) Safety. Measures to avoid or minimize adverse health e ffects, including all of the following: (i) Understanding the terms “acute toxicity” and “chronic toxicity,” as well as the long

- term effects of pesticides. (ii) Understanding that a pesticide’s risk is a function of exposure and the pesticide’s toxicity

. (iii) Recognition of likely ways in which dermal, inhalation and oral exposure
may occur . (iv) Common types and causes of pesticide mishaps. ( v ) Precautions to prevent injury to applicators and other individuals in or near treated areas. ( vi ) Need for, and proper use of, protective clothing and personal protectivePage 228 of 282 equipment. ( vii ) Symptoms of pesticide poisoning. (vii i ) First aid and other procedures to be followed in case of a pesticide mishap. (ix) Proper identification, storage, transport, ha ndling, mixing procedures, and disposal methods for pesticides and used pesticide containers, including precautions to be taken to prevent children from having access to pesticides and pesticide containers. (3) Environment. The potential environmental con sequences of the use and misuse of pesticides, including the influence of the following: ( i ) Weather and other climatic conditions. ( ii ) Types of terrain, soil, or other substrate. ( iii ) Presence of fish, wildlife, and other non

- target organisms. (iv) Presence of pollinators. ( v ) Drainage patterns. (4) Pests. The proper identification and effective control of pests, including all of the following: ( i ) Common features of pest organisms and characteristics of damage needed for pest recognition. ( ii ) Recognition of relevant pests. ( iii ) Pest development, biology, and behavior as it may be relevant to problem identification and control. (5) Pesticides. Characteristics of pesticides, including all of the following: ( i ) Types of pesticides. ( ii ) Types of formulations.Page 229 of 282
( iii ) Compatibility, synergism, persistence, and animal and plant toxicity of the formulations. ( iv ) Hazards and residues associated with use. ( v ) Factors that influence effectiveness or lead to problems such as pesticide resistance. ( vi ) Dilution procedures. (6) Equipment. Application equipment, including all of the following: ( i ) Types of equipment and advantages and limitations of each type. ( ii ) Uses, maintenance, and calibration procedures. (7) Application methods. Selecting appropriate application methods, including all of the following: ( i ) Methods used to apply various formulations of pesticides, solutions, and gases. (ii) Knowledge of which application method to use in a given situation and when certification in an appl ication method

- specific category is required in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. ( iii ) Relationship of application and placement of pesticides to proper use, unnecessary or ineffective use, and misuse. (iv) Prevention of drift and pesticid e loss into the environment. (8) Laws and regulations. Knowledge of all applicable State, Tribal, and Federal laws and regulations, including understanding and complying with the Worker Protection Standard in 40 CFR p art 170. (9) Responsibilities for sup ervisors of noncertified applicators. Certified applicator responsibilities related to supervision of noncertified applicators, including allPage 230 of 282 of the following: (i) Understanding and complying with requirements in § 171.201 of this chapter for certified pr ivate applicators who supervise noncertified applicators using restricted use pesticides. (ii) Providing use

- specific instructions to noncertified applicators using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (iii) E xplaining appropriate State, Tribal, and Federal laws and regulations to noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. (10) Stewardship. Understanding the importance of all of the following: (i) Maintaining chem ical security for restricted

- use pesticides. (ii) How to communicate information about pesticide exposures and risks with agricultural workers and handlers and other relevant persons. (11) Agricultural pest control

. Practical knowledge of pest control a pplications to agricultural commodities including all of the following: (i) Specific pests of agricultural commodities. (ii) How to avoid contamination of ground and surface waters. (iii) Understanding pre

- harvest and restricted

- entry intervals and entr y - restricted periods and areas. (iv) Understanding specific pesticide toxicity and residue potential when pesticides are applied to animal or animal product agricultural commodities. (v) Relative hazards associated with using pesticides on animals or ani mal products based on formulation, application technique, age of animal, stress, and extent of
treatment.Page 231 of 282
(b) Predator pest control category for private applicators. This category applies to private applicators that use or supervise the use of sodium cya nide in a mechanical ejection device to control regulated predators and private applicators that use or supervise the use of sodium fluoroacetate in a protective collar to control regulated predators. All private applicators that use or supervise the use o f these restricted use pesticides for predator pest control must be specifically certified as competent by a certifying authority in accordance with the following competency standards : (1) Sodium cyanide

. A pplicators must demonstrate comprehension of all relevant laws and regulations applicable to the use of mechanical ejection devices for sodium cyanide, including the restrictions on the use of sodium cyanide products ordered by the
EPA Administrator and published in the Federal Register of (40 FR 44726, pp. 44733

- 447 34 ).

. September 29, 1975) (FRL 436

– 3)

. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and understanding of all of the specific use restrictions for sodium cyanide devices, including safe handling and proper placement of the capsules and device, proper use of the antidote kit, notification to medical personnel before use of the device, conditions of and restrictions on where devices can be used, requirements to consult FWS maps before use to avoid affecting endangered species, maximum den sity of devices, provisions for supervising and monitoring applicators, required information exchange in locations where more than one agency is authorized to place devices, and specific requirements for recordkeeping, monitoring, field posting, proper sto rage, and disposal of damaged or used sodium cyanide capsules. (2) Sodium fluoroacetate . Applicators must demonstrate comprehension of all relevant laws and regulations applicable to the use of sodium fluoroacetate products,Page 232 of 282 including the restrictions on the use of sodium fluoroacetate products ordered by the EPA Administrator and published in the Federal Register of (49 FR 4830, February 8, 1984 ( 49 F R 4830 ). ) (FRL 2520

– 6)

. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and understanding of the specific use restrictions for sodium fluoroacetate in the livestock protection collar, including where and when sodium fluoroacetate products can be us ed, safe handling and placement of collars, and practical treatment of sodium fluoroacetate poisoning in humans and domestic animals. Applicators must also demonstrate practical knowledge and understanding of specific requirements for field posting, monito ring, recordkeeping, proper storage of collars, disposal of punctured or leaking collars, disposal of contaminated animal remains, vegetation, soil, and clothing, and reporting of suspected and actual poisoning, mishap, or injury to threatened or endangere d species, human, domestic animals, or non

- target wild animals. (c) Application method

- specific certification categories for private applicators

. In order to apply or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides using an application method described in this paragraph (c) , private applicators must demonstrate practical knowledge related to the appropriate application method as provided in this paragraph (c)

. This requirement is in addition to certification in the general private applicator certification category specified in paragraph (a) of this section. (1) Soil fumigation application

. Private applicators that use or supervise the use of a restricted use pesticide to fumigate soil must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest problems and pest cont rol practices associated with performing soil fumigation applications, including all the following: (i) Label and labeling comprehension. Familiarity with the pesticide labels andPage 233 of 282 labeling for products used to perform soil fumigation, including all of the following: (A) Labeling requirements specific to soil fumigants. (B) Fumigant applicators, fumigant applicator tasks, and the safety in formation that certified applicators must provide to noncertified applicators using fumigants under the direct supervision of certified applicators. (C) Entry

- restricted period for different tarped and untarped field application scenarios. (D) Recordkeep ing requirements imposed by product labels and labeling. (E) Special label provisions of products containing certain active ingredients. (F) Labeling requirements for fumigant management plans, such as when a fumigant management plan must be in effect , h ow long it must be kept on file, where it must be kept during the application, and who must have access to it; the elements of a fumigation managemen t plan and resources available to assist the applicator in preparing a fumigation management plan; the part y responsible for verifying that a fumigant management plan is accurate; and the elements, purpose and content of a post

- application summary, who must prepare it, and when it must be completed. (ii) Safety. Measures to minimize adverse health effects, inc luding all of the following: (A) Understanding how certified applicators, noncertified applicators using fumigants under the direct supervision of certified applicators, field workers, and bystanders can become exposed to fumigants

. (B) Common problems a nd mistakes that can result in direct exposure to fumigants.Page 234 of 282 (C) Signs and symptoms of human exposure to fumigants. (D) Air concentrations of a fumigant that require applicators to wear respirators or to exit the work area entirely. (E) Steps to take if a fumigant applicator experiences sensory irritation. (F) Understanding air monitoring, when it is required, and where to take samples. (G) Buffer zones, including procedures for buffer zone monitoring. (H) First aid measures to take in the event of ex posure to a soil fumigant. (I) Labeling requirements for transportation, storage, spill clean up, and emergency response for soil fumigants, including safe disposal of containers and contaminated soil, and management of empty containers. (iii) Soil fumi gant chemical characteristics. Characteristics of soil fumigants, including all of the following: (A) Chemical characteristics of soil fumigants. (B) Specific human exposure concerns for soil fumigants. (C) How soil fumigants change from a liquid or sol id to a gas. (D) How soil fumigants disperse in the application zone. (E) Incompatibility concerns for tanks, hoses, tubing, and other equipment. (iv) Application . Selecting appropriate application methods and timing, including all of the following: (A ) Application methods and equipment commonly used for each soil fumigant. (B) Water

- run and non

- water

- run application methods. (C) Site characteristics that can be used to prevent fumigant exposure. (D) Understanding temperature inversions and their imp act on soil fumigationPage 235 of 282 application. (E) Weather conditions that could impact timing of soil fumigation application, such as air stability, air temperature, humidity, and wind currents, and labeling statements limiting applications during specific weather conditions. (F) Conducting pre

- application inspection of application equipment. (G) Understanding the purpose and methods of soil sealing, including the factors that determine which soil sealing method to use. (H) Understanding the use of tarps, includi ng the range of tarps available, how to seal tarps, and labeling requirements for tarp removal and perforation. (I) Calculating the amount of product required for a specific treatment area. (J) Understanding the basic techniques for calibrating soil fumi gation application equipment. (v) Soil and pest factors. Soil and pest factors that influence fumigant activity, including all of the following: (A) Influence of soil factors on fumigant volatility and movement within the soil profile. (B) Factors that influence gaseous movement through the soil profile and into the air. (C) Soil characteristics, including how soil characteristics affect the success of a soil fumigation application, assessing soil moisture, and correcting for soil characteristics that could hinder a successful soil fumigation application. (D) Identifying pests causing the damage to be treated by the soil fumigation. (E) Understanding the relationship between pest density and application rate.Page 236 of 282 (F) The importance of proper application depth and timing. (vi) Personal protective equipment. Understanding what personal protective equipment is necessary and how to use it properly, including all of the following: (A) Following labeling directions for required personal protective equipment. (B) Selecting, inspecting, using, caring for, replacing, and disposing personal protective equipment. (C) Understanding the types of respirators required when using specific soil fumigants and how to use them properly, including medical evaluation, fit t esting, and required replacement of cartridges and cannisters. (D) Labeling requirements and other laws applicable to medical evaluation for respirator use, fit tests, training, and recordkeeping. (vii) Buffer zones and posting requirements. Understandin g buffer zones and posting requirements, including all of the following: (A) Buffer zones and the buffer zone period. (B) Identifying who may be in a buffer zone during the buffer zone period and who is prohibited from being in a buffer zone during the b uffer zone period. (C) Using the buffer zone table from the labeling to determine the size of the buffer zone. (D) Factors that determine the buffer zone credits for application scenarios and calculating buffer zones using credits. (E) Distinguishing bu ffer zone posting and treated area posting, including the pre

application and post

- application posting timeframes for each. (F) Proper choice and placement of warning signs.Page 237 of 282
(2) Non

- soil fumigation applications

. Private applicators that use or supervise the use of a restricted use pesticide to fumigate anything other than soil must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest problems and pest control practices associated with performing fumigation applications to sites other than soil, including all the f ollowing: (i) Label and labeling comprehension. Familiarity with the pesticide labels and labeling for products used to perform non

- soil fumigation, including all of the following: (A) Labeling requirements specific to non

- soil fumigants. (B) Labeling requirements for fumigant management plans such as when a fumigant management plan must be in effect , how long it must be kept on file, where it must be kept during the application, and who must have access to it; the elements of a fumigation management pl an and resources available to assist the applicator in preparing a fumigation management plan; the party responsible for verifying that a fumigant management plan is accurate; and the elements, purpose and content of a post

- application summary, who must pr epare it, and when it must be completed. (ii) Safety. Measures to minimize adverse health effects, including all of the following: (A) Understanding how certified applicators, handlers, and bystanders can become exposed to fumigants

. (B) Common problems and mistakes that can result in direct exposure to fumigants. (C) Signs and symptoms of human exposure to fumigants. (D) When air concentrations of a fumigant triggers handlers to wear respirators or to exit the work area entirely.Page 238 of 282 (E) Steps to take if a person using a fumigant experiences sensory irritation. (F) Understanding air monitoring, when it is required, and where to take samples. (G) First aid measures to take in the event of exposure to a fumigant. (H) Labeling requirements for transporta tion, storage, spill clean

- up , and emergency response for non

- soil fumigants, including safe disposal of containers and contaminated materials, and management of empty containers. (iii) Non

- soil fumigant chemical characteristics. Characteristics of non

- soil fumigants, including all of the following: (A) Chemical characteristics of non

- soil fumigants. (B) Specific human exposure concerns for non

- soil fumigants. (C) How fumigants change from a liquid or solid to a gas. (D) How f umigants disperse in the application zone. (E) Incompatibility concerns for tanks, hoses, tubing, and other equipment. (iv) Application . Selecting appropriate application methods and timing, including all of the following: (A) Application methods and eq uipment commonly used for non

- soil fumigation. (B) Site characteristics that can be used to prevent fumigant exposure. (C) Conditions that could impact timing of non

- soil fumigation application, such as air stability, air temperature, humidity, and wind currents, and labeling statements limiting applications when specific conditions are present. (D) Conducting pre

- application inspection of application equipment and the site to be fumigated. (E) Understanding the purpose and methods of sealing the area t o be fumigated,Page 239 of 282 including the factors that determine which sealing method to use. (F) Calculating the amount of product required for a specific treatment area. (G) Understanding the basic techniques for calibrating non

- soil fumigation application equipme nt. (H) Understanding when and how to conduct air monitoring and when it is required. (v) Pest factors. Pest factors that influence fumigant activity, including all of the following: (A) Influence of pest factors on fumigant volatility. (B) Factors th at influence gaseous movement through the area being fumigated and into the air. (C) Identifying pests causing the damage to be treated by the fumigation. (D) Understanding the relationship between pest density and application rate. (E) The importance of proper application rate and timing. (vi) Personal protective equipment. Understanding what personal protective equipment is necessary and how to use it properly, including all of the following: (A) Following labeling directions for required personal p rotective equipment. (B) Selecting, inspecting, using, caring for, replacing, and disposing of personal protective equipment. (C) Understanding the types of respirators required when using specific soil fumigants and how to use them properly, including m edical evaluation, fit testing, and required replacement of cartridges and cannisters. (D) Labeling requirements and other laws applicable to medical evaluation forPage 240 of 282 respirator use, fit tests, training, and recordkeeping. (viii) Posting requirements. Und erstanding posting requirements, including all of the following: (A) Identifying who is allowed in an area being fumigated or after fumigation and who is prohibited from being in such areas. (B) Distinguishing fumigant labeling

- required posting and treat ed area posting, including the pre

- application and post

- application posting timeframes for each. (C) Proper choice and placement of warning signs. (3) Aerial applications

. Private applicators that use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides app lied by fixed or rotary wing aircraft must demonstrate practical knowledge of the pest problems and pest control practices associated with performing aerial application, including all the following: (i) Labeling

. Labeling requirements and restrictions specific to aerial application of pesticides including: (A) Spray volumes. (B) Buffers and no

- spray zones. (C) Weather conditions specific to wind and inversions. (D) Labeling

- mandated recordkeeping requirements for aerial pesticide applications inclu ding application conditions if applicable. (ii) Application equipment . Understand how to choose and maintain aerial application equipment, including all of the following: (A) The importance of inspecting application equipment to ensure it is proper
opera ting condition prior to beginning an application.Page 241 of 282 (B) Selecting proper nozzles to ensure appropriate pesticide dispersal and to minimize drift. (C) Knowledge of the components of an aerial application pesticide application system, including pesticide hop pers, tanks, pumps, and types of nozzles. (D) Interpreting a nozzle flow rate chart. (E) Determining the number of nozzles for intended pesticide output using nozzle flow rate chart, aircraft speed, and swath width. (F) How to ensure nozzles are placed to compensate for uneven dispersal due to uneven airflow from wingtip vortices, helicopter rotor turbulence , and aircraft propeller turbulence. (G) Where to place nozzles to produce the appropriate droplet size. (H) How to maintain the application system in good repair, including pressure gauge accuracy, filter cleaning according to schedule, checking nozzles for excessive

wear. (I) How to calculate required and actual flow rates. (J) How to verify flow rate using fixed timing, open timing, known distance, or a flow meter. ( K ) When to adjust and calibrate application equipment. (iii) Application considerations . The applicator must demonstrate knowledge of factors to consider before and during application, including all of the following: (A) Wea ther conditions that could impact application by affecting aircraft engine power, take

- off distance, and climb rate, or by promoting spray droplet evaporation. (B) How to determine wind velocity, direction, and air density at the applicationPage 242 of 282

site. (C) Th e potential impact of thermals and temperature inversions on aerial pesticide application. (vi) Minimizing drift. The applicator must demonstrate knowledge of methods to minimize off

- target pesticide movement, including all of the following: (A) How to d etermine drift potential of a product using a smoke generator. (B) How to evaluate vertical and horizontal smoke plumes to assess wind direction, speed, and concentration. (C) Selecting techniques that minimize pesticide movement out of the area to be
tr eated. (D) Documenting special equipment configurations or flight patterns used to reduce off

- target pesticide drift. (v) Performing aerial application . The applicator must demonstrate competency in performing an aerial pesticide application, including a ll of the following: (A) Selecting a flight altitude that minimizes streaking and off

- target pesticide drift. (B) Choosing a flight pattern that ensures applicator and bystander safety and proper application. (C) The importance of engaging and disengagi ng spray precisely when entering and exiting a predetermined swath pattern. (D) Tools available to mark swaths, such as global positioning systems and flags. (d) Private applicator minimum age. A private applicator must be at least 18 years old.Page 243 of 282
(e) Pr ivate applicator competence

. The competence of each applicant for private applicator certification must be determined by the certifying authority based upon the certification standards set forth in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section in order to

ass ure that private applicators are competent to use and supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in accordance with applicable State, Tribal, and Federal laws and regulations. The certifying authority must use either a written examination process as de scribed in paragraph (e)(1) of this section or a non

- examination training process as described in paragraph (e)(2) of this section to assure the competence of private applicators in regard to the general certification standards applicable to all private ap plicators, and, if applicable, the specific standards for the predator pest control category and/or the standards for each application method

- specific category in which an applicator is to be certified, as provided for in this section. The certifying authority must follow the labeling requirements for sodium fluoroacetate and sodium cyanide dispensed through an M

- 44 device to determine the competence of applicators in the predator control categories. (1) Determination of competence by examination

. If the certifying authority uses a written examination process to determine the competence of private applicators, the examination process must meet all of the requirements of §171.103(a) (2). (2) Becoming competent through training without examination

. An y applicant for certification as a private applicator may become competent by completing a training program approved by the certifying authority. A training program to establish private applicator competence must conform to all of the following criteria: (i) Positive photo i dentification. Each person seeking certification must present a valid, government

- issued photo identification to the certifying authority or designatedPage 244 of 282 representative as proof of identity and age at the time of the training program to b e eligible for certification. (ii) Training programs for private applicator general certification and certification in application method

- specific categories. The training program for general private applicator certification must cover the competency sta ndards outlined in paragraph (a) of this section. The training program for each application method

- specific category for private applicator certification must cover the competency standards outlined in paragraph (c) of this section and must be in addition to the training program required for general private applicator certification. § 171.107 Standards for recertification of certified applicators. (a) Determination of continued competency. Each commercial and private applicator certification shall expire 3 years after issuance, unless the applicator is recertified in accordance with this section. A certifying authority may establish a shorter certification period. In order for a certified applicator’s certification to continue without interruption, the cert ified applicator must be recertified under this section before the expiration of his or her current certification. (b) Process for recertification. Minimum standards for recertification by written examination, or through continuing education programs, ar e as follows: (1) Written examination. A certified applicator may be found eligible for recertification upon passing a written examination approved by the certifying authority and that is designed to evaluate whether the certified applicator demonstrates the level of competency required by § 171.103 for commercial applicators or § 171.105 for private applicators. The examination shall conform to the applicable standards for e xams setPage 245 of 28 2
forth in § 171.103(a)(2 ) of this chapter and be designed to test the certified applicator’s knowledge of current technologies and practices. (2) Continuing education programs. A certified applicator may be found eligible for recertification upon successfully completing a continuing education program approved by the certif ying authority and designed to ensure the applicator continues to demonstrate the level of competency required by § 171.103 for commercial applicators or § 171.105 for private applicators. A recertification process that relies on a continuing education pro gram to maintain applicator certification must meet all of the following criteria: (i) The continuing education program designed for applicator recertification must be approved by the certifying authority as being capable of ensuring continued competency. (ii) A private applicator continuing education program must require the privat e applicator to complete six continuing education units specifically related to the standards of competency outlined in § 171.105(a) before the expiration of the applicator’s certification to qualify for recertification. To qualify for recertification for application method

- specific categories, a private applicator continuing education program must require the private applicator to complete three continuing education units spec ifically related to the standards of competency outlined in § 171.105(c) for each relevant application method

- specific category certification held by the applicator before the expiration of the applicator’s certification. (iii) A commercial applicator co ntinuing education program must require the commercial applicator to complete six continuing education units specifically related toPage 246 of 282 the core standards of competency for commercial applicators outlined in § 171.103(c) before the expiration of the applicato r’s certification. In addition, a commercial applicator continuing education program must require the commercial applicator to complete six continuing education units specifically related to the stand ards of competency outlined in § 171.103(d), (e), and (f ) for each relevant pest control category and application method

specific category of certification held by the applicator before the expiration of the applicator’s certification in order to qualify for recertification. (iv) Any education program, includ ing an online or other distance education program, that grants continuing education units must have a process to verify the applicator ’ s successful completion of the educational objectives of the program and positively identify the applicator taking the co ntinuing education units consistent with the requirements of §§ 171.103(a)(2)(iv) and 171.105(e)(2)(i). Subpart C
- Supervision of Noncertified Applicators § 171.201 Requirements for direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified applicators . (a) Applicability

. This section applies to any certified applicator who allows or relies on a noncertified applicator to use a restricted use pesticide under the certified applicator’s direct supervision. (b ) General requirements. (1) The certified applicator must have a practical knowledge of applicable Federal, State and Tribal supervisory requirements, including any requirements on the product label and labeling, regarding the use of restricted use pesticides by noncertified appl icators.Page 247 of 282 (2) The certified applicator must be certified in each category as set forth in §§ 171.101(a) and (b) and 171.105(b) and (c) applicable to the supervised pesticide use . (3) The certified applicator must ensure that any noncertified applicators w orking under his or her direct supervision have met the training requirements under paragraph (c) of this section. (4) If the certified applicator is a commercial applicator, the certified applicator must prepare and maintain the records required by parag raph (e) of this section. (5) The certified applicator must ensure that all noncertified applicators working under his or her direct supervision are at least 18 years of age. (6) The certified applicator must ensure that a method for immediate communicat ion between the certified applicator and each noncertified applicator working under his or her direct supervision is available. (7) The certified applicator must ensure that the full labeling for the product(s) used during a supervised use is in the posse ssion of each noncertified applicator during the use . (8) The certified applicator must be physically present at the site of the use being supervised when required by the product labeling. (9) The certified applicator must provide use

- specific instructio ns for each application to each noncertified applicator, including labeling directions, precautions, and restrictions mandated by the specific site; the interrelationship between the characteristics of the use site (e.g., surface and ground water, endanger ed species, local population, and risks) and the conditions of application (e.g., equipment, method of application, formulation, and risks); and how to use the application equipment.Page 248 of 282 (10) The certified applicator must ensure that before any noncertified a pplicator uses any equipment for mixing, loading, transferring, or applying pesticides, the noncertified applicator has been instructed in the safe operation of such equipment within the last 12 months. (11) The certified applicator must ensure that befo re each day of use equipment used for mixing, loading, transferring, or applying pesticides is inspected for leaks, clogging, and worn or damaged parts. If worn or damaged parts or equipment are found, the certified applicator must ensure that any damaged equipment is repaired or replaced prior to use. (12) Where the labeling of a pesticide product requires that personal protective equipment be worn for mixing, loading, application, or any other use activities, the certified applicator must ensure that an y noncertified applicator using restricted use pesticides under his or her direct supervision has the label

- required personal protective equipment, that the personal protective equipment is worn and used correctly for its intended purpose, and that the per sonal protective equipment is clean and in proper operating condition. (c) Training r equirement . Before any noncertified applicator uses a restricted use pesticide under the direct supervision of the certified applicator, the supervising certified applica tor must ensure that the noncertified applicator has met at least one of the following qualifications: (1) The noncertified applicator has been trained in accordance with paragraph (d) of this sect ion within the last 12 months. (2) The noncertified applicator has met the training requirements for anPage 249 of 282 agricultural handler under § 170.201(c) within the last 12 months. (3) The noncertified applicator has passed an examination covering the core standards of competency for commercial applicators outlined in § 171.103(c) within the last 3 years. (d) Noncertified applicator tr aining programs

. (1) General noncertified applicator training must be presented to applicators either orally from written materials or audio visually. The informa tion must be presented in a manner that the noncertified applicators can understand, such as through a translator. The person conducting the training must be present during the entire training program and must respond to the noncertified applicators’ quest ions. (2) The person who conducts the training must meet at least one of the following criteria: (i) Be currently certified as an applicator of restricted use pesticides under this part. (ii) Be currently designated as a trainer of certified applicators or pesticide handlers by a State, Tribal, or Federal agency having jurisdiction. (iii) Have completed a pesticide safety train

- the

- trainer program under 40 CFR part 170. (3) The noncertified applicator training materials must include the inf ormation that noncertified applicators need to protect themselves, other people, and the environment before, during, and after making a restricted use pesticide application. The noncertified applicator training materials must include, at a minimum, the fol lowing: (i) Format and meaning of information contained in pesticide labels and labeling,Page 250 of 282 including safety information, such as precautionary statements about human health hazards. (ii) Hazards of pesticides resulting from toxicity and exposure, includi ng acute and chronic effects, delayed effects, and sensitization. (iii) Routes by which pesticides can enter the body. (iv) Signs and symptoms of common types of pesticide poisoning. (v) Emergency first aid for pesticide injuries or poisonings. (vi) How to obtain emergency medical care. (vii) Routine and emergency decontamination procedures. (viii) Need for and proper use of personal protective equipment. (ix) Prevention, recognition, and first aid treatment of heat

- related illness associat ed with the use of personal protective equipment. (x) Safety requirements for handling, transporting, storing, and disposing of pesticides, including general procedures for spill cleanup. (xi) Environmental concerns such as drift, runoff, and wildlife hazards. (xii) Warnings against taking pesticides or pesticide containers home. (xiii) Washing and changing work clothes before physical contact with family. (xiv) Washing work clothes separately from the family’s clothes before wearing them again. (x v) Precautions required to protect children and pregnant women. (xvi) H ow to report suspected pesticide illness to the appropriate State agency. (xvii) Instructions that the certified applicator must provide use

- specific instructions for each application to the noncertified applicator(s), including labelingPage 251 of 282 directions, precautions, and restrictions mandated by the specific site; the interrelationship between the characteristics of the use site (e.g., surface and ground water, endangered species, local pop ulation, and risks) and the conditions of application (e.g., equipment, method of application, formulation, and risks); and how to use the application equipment. (e) Recordkeeping

. F or each noncertified applicator w ho uses a restricted use pesticide under a commercial applicator’s direct supervision , the commercial applicator supervising any noncertified applicator must collect and maintain at the commercial applicator’s principal place of business fo r 2 years from the date of meeting the training requirem ents of paragraph ( d ) of this section , the following information : (1) The noncertified applicator’s printed name and signature. (2) The date the training requirement in paragraph ( d ) of this section was met. (3) The name of the person who provided the training or the certifying agency, as applicable. (4) The supervising certified applicator’s name. (f) Compliance date. After [date 2 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ], any certified applicator who su pervises a noncertified applicator using a restricted use pesticide under his or her direct supervision must comply with the requirements of this section. Subpart D
- Certification Plans § 171.301 General. (a) Jurisdiction

. A certification issued under a particular certifying authority’s certification plan is only valid within the geographical area covered by the certificationPage 252 of 282 plan approved by the Agency

. (b) Status of certification plans approved before effective date . A certification plan approved by EP A before the effective date of this part remain s approved until [ date 4 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ], except as provided in § 171.30 1(c) ( 4 ) and ( 5 )

. (c) Compliance dates. (1) After [ date 4 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ], a State , Tribe or Federal agency may only certify applicators of restricted use pesticides in accordance with a certification plan that meets or exceeds all of the applicable requirements of this part and has been approved by the Agency

. ( 2 ) A State, Tribe or Federal agency that currently has an EPA

- approved plan for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides and that chooses to certify applicators of rest ricted use pesticides under this part must submit to EPA for review and approval a revised certification plan that meets or exceeds all of the applicable requirements of this part no later than [ date 2 years and 60 days after date of publication of the fin al rule in the Federal Register ]. ( 3 ) If the Agency approves a certification plan submitted no later than [ date 2 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ], a State, Tribe, or Federal agency may only certif y ap plicators of restricted use pesticides in accordance with the approved revised plan. ( 4 ) If after [ date 2 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ] EPA has received but not yet approved the State, Tribal, or F ederal agency certification plan revision submitted no later than [ date 2 years and 60 days afterPage 253 of 282
date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ] , the State, Tribe, or Federal Agency may continue to certify applicators under the certification plan approved before the rule’s effective date until such time as EPA approves a revised certification plan that meets or exceeds all applicable requirements of this part. ( 5 ) States, Tribes, or Federal agencies that do not have an EPA

- approv ed certification plan before the effective date of this rule may submit to EPA for review and approval a certification plan that meets or exceeds all of the applicable requirements of this part any time after the effective date of this rule. § 171.303 Req uirements for State certification plans. (a) Conformance with Federal standards for certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides

. A State may certify applicators of restricted use pesticides only in accordance with a State certification plan submitted to and approved by the Agency. (1) The State certification plan must include a full description of the proposed process the State will use to assess applicator competency to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides in the State. (2) The State plan must list and describe the categories of certification from the certification categories listed in §§ 171.101(a) and (b) and 171.105(b) and (c), that will be included in the plan except that: (i) A State may omit any unneeded certificat ion categories. (ii) A State may designate subcategories within the categories described in §§ 171.101(a) and (b) and 171.105(c) as it deems necessary, with the exception of the predator pest control categories outlined in §§ 171.101(a)(10) and 171.105(b ). (iii) A State may adopt additional certification categories for specific types of pestPage 254 of 282 control or application methods not covered by the existing Federal categories described in §§ 171.101(a) and (b) and 171.105(b) and (c). (3) For each of the categ ories adopted pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the State plan must include standards for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides that meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.10 5. (4) The State standards for the recertification of applicators of restricted use pesticides must meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under §
171.107. (5) The State standards for the direct supervision of noncertified applicators b y certified private and commercial applicators of restricted use pesticides must meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under § 171.201. (6) The State certification plan must contain provisions for issuance of appropriate credentials or d ocuments by the certifying authority verifying certification of applicators. The credential or document must contain all of the following information: (i) The full name of the certified applicator. (ii) The certification, license, or credential number of the certified applicator. (iii) The type of certification (private or commercial). (iv) The category(ies), including any pest control categories, application method

specific category(ies), and subcategory(ies) in which the applicator is certified. (v) The expiration date of the certification(s). (vi) If the certification is based on a certification issued by another State, Tribe or Federal agency, a statement identifying the State, Tribe or Federal agency certificationPage 255 of 282 upon which this certification is based. (7) The State certification plan must explain whether, and if so, under what circumstances, the State will certify applicators based in whole or in part on their holding a valid current certification issued by another State, Tribe or Federal agency . Such certifications are subject to all of the following conditions: (i) A State may rely only on valid current certifications that are issued directly under an approved State, Tribal or Federal agency certification plan and are not based on another cert ifying authority’s certification. (ii) The State certification regulations must provide that any certification that is based in whole or in part on the applicator holding a valid current certification issued by another State, Tribe or Federal agency term inates automatically if the certification on which it is based terminates for any reason. (iii) The State issuing a certification based in whole or in part on the applicator holding a valid current certification issued by another State, Tribe or Federal agency must issue an appropriate State credential or document to the applicator in accordance with paragraph (a)(6) of this section. (b) Contents of a request for EPA approval of a State plan for certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides

. (1) The application for Agency approval of a State certification plan must list and describe the categories of certification from the certification categories

. (2) The application for Agency approval of a State certification plan must contain satisfact ory documentation that the State standards for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency underPage 256 of 282 §§ 171.101 through 171.105. Such documentation must include one of the following: (i ) A statement that the State has adopted the same standards for certification prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.105 and a citation of the specific State laws and/or regulations demonstrating that the State has adopted such standards. (ii) A statement that the State has adopted its own standards that meet or exceed the standards for certification prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.105. If the State selects this option, the certification plan must include both: (A) A list and detailed description of all the categories, application method

specific categories, and subcategories to be used for certification of private and commercial applicators in the State and a citation to the specific State laws and/or regulations demo nstrating that the State has adopted such categories, application method

specific categories, and subcategories

. (B) A list and detailed description of all of the standards for certification of private and commercial applicators adopted by the State and a citation to the specific State laws and/or regulations demonstrating that the State has adopted such standards. Any additional pest control categories, application

- method specific categories, or subcategories established by a State must be included in th e application for Agency approval of a State plan and must clearly delineate the standards the S tate will use to determine if the applicator is competent. ( 3 ) The application for Agency approval of a State certification plan must contain satisfactory docu mentation that the State standards for the recertification of applicators of restricted use pesticides meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under § 171.107. Such documentation must include a statement that the State has adopted its ownPage 257 of 282

s tandards that meet or exceed the standards for recertification prescribed by the Agency under § 171.107. The application for Agency approval of a certification plan must include a list and detailed description of all of the State standards for recertificat ion of private and commercial applicators and a citation of the specific State laws and/or regulations demonstrating that the State has adopted such standards. ( 4 ) The application for Agency approval of a State certification plan must contain satisfactor y documentation that the State standards for the direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified private and commercial applicators of restricted use pesticides meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under § 171.201. Such docum entation must include one or both of the following as applicable: ( i ) A statement that the State has met or exceeded the standards for direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified private and/or commercial applicators prescribed by the Agen cy under § 171.201 and a citation of the specific State laws and/or regulations demonstrating that the State has adopted such standards. ( ii ) A statement that the State prohibits noncertified applicators from using restricted use pesticides under the dire ct supervision of certified private and/or commercial applicators, and a citation of the specific State laws and/or regulations demonstrating that the State has adopted such a prohibition. (5) The application for Agency approval of a State certification plan must include all of the following: (i) A written designation of the State agency by the Governor of that State as the lead agency responsible for being the primary certifying authority and administering the certification plan in the State. The lead a gency will serve as the central contact point forPage 258 of 282 the Agency. The certification plan must identify the primary point of contact at the lead agency responsible for administering the certification plan and serving as the central contact for the Agency on any issues related to the State certification plan. In the event that more than one agency or organization will be responsible for performing functions under the certification plan, the plan must identify all cooperators and list the functions to be performed by each agency or organization, including compliance monitoring and enforcement responsibilities. The plan must indicate how the plan will be coordinated by the lead agency to ensure consistency of the administration of the certification plan throughout t he state. (ii) A written opinion from the State attorney general or from the legal counsel of the State lead agency that states the lead agency and other cooperating agencies have the legal authority necessary to carry out the plan. (iii) A listing of t he qualified personnel that the lead agency and any cooperating agencies or organizations have to carry out the plan. The list must include the number of staff, job titles, and job functions of such personnel of the lead agency and any cooperating units. (iv) A commitment by the State that the lead agency and any cooperators will ensure sufficient resources are available to carry out the applicator certification program as detailed in the plan. (6) The application for Agency approval of a State certifica tion plan must include a complete copy of all State laws and regulations relevant to the certification plan. In addition, the plan must include citations to the specific State laws and regulations that demonstrate specific legal authority for each of the f ollowing:Page 259 of 282 (i) Provisions for and listing of the acts which would constitute grounds for denying, suspending and revoking certification of applicators. Such grounds must include, at a minimum, misuse of a pesticide and falsification of any records required to be maintained by the certified applicator. (ii) Provisions for reviewing, and where appropriate, suspending or revoking an applicator's certification based on the applicator’s conduct or a criminal conviction under section 14(b) of FIFRA, a final orde r imposing civil penalty under section 14(a) of FIFRA, or conclusion of a State enforcement action for violations of State laws or regulations relevant to the certification plan. (iii) Provisions for assessing criminal and civil penalties for violations o f State laws or regulations relevant to the certification plan. (iv) Provisions for right of entry by consent or warrant by State officials at reasonable times for sampling, inspection, and observation purposes. (v) Provisions making it unlawful for pers ons other than certified applicators or noncertified applicators working under a certified applicator’s direct supervision to use restricted use pesticides. (vi) Provisions requiring certified commercial applicators to record and maintain for the period o f at least two years routine operational records containing information on types, amounts, uses, dates, and places of application of restricted use pesticides and for ensuring that such records will be available to appropriate State officials. Such provisi ons must require commercial applicators to record and maintain, at a minimum, all of the following: (A) The name and address of the person for whom the restricted use pesticide wasPage 260 of 282 applied. (B) The location of the restricted use pesticide application. ( C) The size of the area treated. (D) The crop, commodity, stored product, or site to which the restricted use pesticide was applied. (E) The time and date of the restricted use pesticide application. (F) The brand or product name of the restricted use pesticide applied. (G) The EPA registration number of the restricted use pesticide applied. (H) The total amount of the restricted use pesticide applied per location per application. (I) The name and certification number of the certified applicator that made or supervised the application, and, if applicable, the name of any noncertified applicator(s) that made the application under the direct supervision of the certified applicator. (J) Records requi red under § 171.201(c). (v i i) Provisions requiring persons who distribute or sell restricted use pesticides to record and maintain at each individual dealership, for the period of at least 2 years, records of each transaction where a restricted use pestic ide is distributed or sold to any person, excluding transactions solely between persons who are pesticide producers, registrants, wholesalers, or retail sellers, acting only in those capacities. Records of each such transaction must include all of the foll owing information: (A) Name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each certified applicator to whom the restricted use pesticide was distributed or sold, or if applicable, the name and address of the residence or principal place o f business of eachPage 261 of 282 noncertified person to whom the restricted use pesticide was distributed or sold for application by a certified applicator. (B) The certification number on the certification document presented to the seller evidencing the valid certific ation of the certified applicator authorized to purchase the restricted use pesticide, the State, Tribe or Federal agency that issued the certification document, the expiration date of the certified applicator's certification, and the categories in which t he applicator is certified. (C) The product name and EPA registration number of the restricted use pesticide(s) distributed or sold in the transaction, including any applicable emergency exemption or State special local need registration number. (D) The quantity of the restricted use pesticide(s) distributed or sold in the transaction. (E) The date of the transaction. ( c ) Requirement to submit reports to the Agency. The State must submit reports to the Agency in a manner and containing the information t hat the Agency requires, including all of the following: (1) An annual report to be submitted by the State lead agency to the Agency by the date established by the Agency that includes all of the following information: (i) The number of new, recertified, and total applicators holding a valid general private applicator certification at t he end of the last 12 month reporting period. (ii) For each application method

- specific category specified in § 171.105(c), the number s of new, recertifi ed and total existing private applicators holding valid current certifications at the end of the last 12 month reporting period.Page 262 of 282
(iii) The number s of new, recertified, and total commercial applicators certified in at least one certification category at th e end of the last 12 month reporting period. (iv) For each commercial applicator pest control certification category specified in § 171.101(a), the number s of new, recertified and total commercial applicators holding a valid certification in each of those categories at the end of the last 12 month reporting period. (v) For each application method

- specific category specified in § 171.101(b), the number s of new, recertified and total existing commercial applicators holding valid current certifications at th e end of the l ast 12 month reporting period. (vi) If a State has established subcategories within any of the commercial categories, the report must include the number s of new, recertified and total commercial applicators holding valid certifications in ea ch of the subcategories at the end of the last
12 month reporting period. (vii) A description of any modifications made to the approved certification p lan during the last 12 month reporting period that have not been previously evaluated by the Agency unde r § 171.309(a)(3). (viii) A description of any proposed changes to the certification plan that the State anticipates making during the next reporting period that may affect the certification
program. (ix) The number and description of enforcement actions taken for any violations of Federal or State laws and regulations involving use of restricted use pesticides during the last 12

- month reporting period. (x) A narrative summary and causal analysis of any misuse incidents orPage 263 of 282

enforcement actions related to use of restricted use pestic ides during the last 12 month reporting period. The summary should include the pesticide name and registration number, use or site involved, nature of violation, an y adverse effects, most recent date of the certified applicator’s certification or recertification and , if applicable, the date of qualification of any noncertified applicator using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of the certified ap plicator. This summary should include a discussion of potential changes in policy or procedure to prevent future incidents or violations. (2) Any other reports that may be required by the Agency to meet specific needs. § 171.305 Requirements for Federal a gency certification plans. (a) A Federal agency may certify applicators of restricted use pesticides only in accordance with a Federal agency certification plan submitted to and approved by the Agency. Certification must be limited to the employees of the Federal agency covered by the certification plan and will be valid only for those uses of restricted use pesticides conducted in the performance of the employees’ official duties. (1) The Federal agency certification plan must include a full description of the proposed process the Federal agency will use to assess applicator competency to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides. ( 2 ) Employees certified by the Federal agency must meet the standards for commercial applicators. ( 3 ) The Federal agency plan must list and describe the categories of certification from the certification categories listed in §§ 171.101(a) and (b) that will be included in the plan except that: (i) A Federal agency may omit any unneeded certification categories

.Page 264 of 282 (ii) A Federal agency may designate subcategories within the categories described in §§ 17 1.101(a) and (b) as it deems necessary, with the exception of the predator pest control categories outlined in §§ 171.101(a)(10). (iii) A Federal agency may adop t additional certification categories for specific types of pest control or application methods not covered by the existing Federal categories described in §§ 171.101(a) and (b). (4 ) For each of the categories adopted pursuant to paragraph (b)( 2 ) of thi s section, the Federal agency plan must include standards for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides that meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.10 3

. (5 ) The Federal agency standards fo r the recertification of applicators of restricted use pesticides must meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under §
171.107. (6 ) The Federal agency standards for the direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified private an d commercial applicators of restricted use pesticides meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under § 171.201. ( 7 ) The Federal agency certification plan must contain provisions for issuance of appropriate credentials or documents by the ce rtifying authority verifying certification of applicators. The credential or document must contain all information listed in §
171.303 (a) (6), except for the requirement to list the type of certification at §
171.303 (a) (6)(iii). ( 8 ) The Federal agency certification plan must explain whether, and if so, under what circumstances, the Federal Agency will certify applicators based in whole or in partPage 265 of 282 on their holding a valid current certification issued by another State, Tribe or Federal agency. Such certi fications are subject to all of the conditions listed at § 171.303 (a) (7). (b) Contents of a request for EPA approval of a Federal agency plan for certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides

. (1 ) The application for Agency approval of a Fed eral agency certification plan must list and describe the categories of certification from the certification categories. (2) The application for Agency approval of a Federal Agency certification plan must contain a statement that the Federal agency standa rds for certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides meet or exceed those standards prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 and 171.103. Such a statement must include one of the following: (i) A statement that the Federal agency has adopted the same standards for certification prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.103

. (ii) A statement that the Federal agency has adopted its own standards that meet or exceed the standards for certification prescribed by the Agency under §§ 171.101 through 171.103 . If the Federal agency selects this option, the certification plan must include both: (A) A list and detailed description of all the categories, application method

specific categories, and subcategories to be used for certificatio n of private and commercial applicators. (B) A list and detailed description of all of the standards for certification of commercial applicators adopted by the Federal agency. Any additional pest control categories, application

- method specific categories, or subcategories established by a Federal agency must be included in the application for Agency approval of a FederalPage 266 of 282 agency plan and must clearly delineate the standards the Federal agency will use to determine if the applicator is competent. (3) The a pplication for Agency approval of a Federal agency plan must include a statement that the Federal agency has adopted standards for recertification that meet or exceed the standards for certification prescribed by the Agency under § 171.107

. If the Federal agency adopts its own standards for recertification, the application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must include a list and detailed description of all the standards for recertification adopted by the Federal agency. ( 4 ) The application for Agency approval of a Federal Agency certification plan must contain a statement that the Federal agency standards for direct supervision of noncertified applicators by certified commercial applicators meet or exceed those standards prescri bed by the Agency under § 171.201, or a statement that the Federal agency prohibits noncertified applicators from using restricted use pesticides under the direct supervision of certified commercial applicators. ( 5 ) The application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must meet or exceed all of the applicable requirements in § 171.303. However, in place of the legal authorities required in § 171.303( b ) (6) , the Federal agency may use administrative controls inherent in the employer

- emp loyee relationship to accomplish the objectives of § 171.303( b)(6 ). The application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must include a detailed description of how the Federal agency will exercise its administrative authority, where a ppropriate to deny, suspend or revoke certificates of employees who misuse pesticides, falsify records or violate relevant provisions of FIFRA. Similarly, the application for Agency approval of a Federal agencyPage 267 of 282

certification plan must include a commitment that the Federal agency will record and maintain for the period of at least two years routine operational records containing information on types, amounts, uses, dates, and places of application of restricted use pesticides and that such records will be av ailable to State and Federal officials. Such recordkeeping requirements must require Federal agency employees certified as commercial applicators to record and maintain, at a minimum, all of the records specified in § 171.303( b) (6) (vi)

. (c ) (c ) Commitment to do annual reports. The application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must include a commitment by the Federal agency to submit an annual report to the Agency in a manner that the Agency requires that includes all of the following information: (1) The number s of new, recertified, and total commercial applicators certified in at least one certification category at the end of the last 12 month reporting period. (2) For each commercial applicator certification category spec ified in § 171.101(a), the number s of new, recertified and total commercial applicators holding a valid certification in each of those categories at the end of the last 12 month reporting period. (3) For each application method

- specific category specified in § 171.101(b ) chapter, ), the number s of new, recertified and total existing commercial applicators holding valid current certifications at the end of the last 12 month reporting period. (4) If the Federal agency has established subcategories within any of the commercial categories, the report must include the number s of new, recertified and total commercial applicators holding valid certifications in each of those subcategories at thePage 268 of 282

end of the last 12 month reporting period. (5) A description of any modifications made to the approved certificat ion plan during the last 12 month reporting period that have not been previously evaluated under § 171.309(a)(3). (6) A description of any proposed changes to the certification plan that may affect the certific ation program that the Federal agency anticipates making during the next reporting period. (7) The number and description of enforcement actions taken for any violations of Federal or State laws and regulations involving use of restricted use pesticides during the last 12

- month reporting period. (8) A narrative summary of misuse incidents or enforcement activities related to use of restri cted use pesticides during the last twelve

- month reporting period. This section should include a discussion of potential changes in policy or procedure to prevent future incidents or violations. ( d ) ( d ) Commitment to do other reports. The application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must include a commitment by the Federal agency to submit any other reports that may be required by the Agency to meet specific needs. (e ) (e ) Additional requirements for certain appli cation. If applicators certified under the Federal agency plan will make any applications of restricted use pesticides in States or Indian c ountry, the application for Agency approval of a Federal agency certification plan must meet the following additiona l requirements: (1) The Federal agency plan must have a provision that affirms Federal agency certified applicators will comply with all applicable State and Tribal pesticide laws andPage 269 of 282 regulations of the jurisdiction in which the restricted pesticide is b eing used when using restricted use pesticides in States or Indian c ountry, including any substantive State or Tribal standards in regard to qualifications for commercial applicator certification that exceed the Federal agency’s standards. (2) The Federa l agency plan must have a provision for the Federal agency to notify the appropriate EPA regional office and State or Tribal pesticide authority in the event of misuse or suspected misuse of a restricted use pesticide by a Federal agency employee and any p esticide exposure incident involving human or environmental harm that may have been caused by an application of a restricted use pesticide made by a Federal agency employee. (3) The Federal agency plan must have a provision for the Federal agency to
coope rate with the Agency and the State or Tribal pesticide authority in any investigation or enforcement action undertaken in connection with an application of a restricted use pesticide made by a Federal agency employee. § 171.307 Certification of applicators in Indian country. All applicators of restricted use pesticides in Indian country must hold a certification valid in that area of Indian country , or be working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator whose certification is va lid in that area of Indian country . An Indian Tribe may certify applicators of restricted use pesticides in Indian country only pursuant to a certification plan approved by the Agency that meets the requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section. The Agency may implement a Federal certification plan, pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section and § 171.311, for an area of Indian country not covered by an approved plan.Page 270 of 282 (a) An Indian Tribe may choose to allow persons holding currently valid certificati ons issued under one or more specified State, Tribal, or Federal agency certification plans to use restricted use pesticides within the Tribe’s Indian country. (1) A certification plan under paragraph (a) must consist of a written agreement between the Tr ibe and the relevant EPA Region(s) that contains the following information: (i) A detailed map or legal description of the area(s) of Indian country covered by the plan. (ii) A listing of the State(s), Tribe(s) or Federal agency(ies) upon whose certifica tions the Tribe will rely. (iii) A description of any Tribal law, regulation, or code relating to application of restricted use pesticides in the covered area of Indian country, including a citation to each applicable Tribal law, regulation, or code. (iv ) A description of the procedures and relevant authorities for carrying out compliance monitoring under and enforcement of the plan, including: (A) A description of the Agency and Tribal roles and procedures for conducting inspections. (B) A description of the Agency and Tribal roles and procedures for handling case development and enforcement actions and actions on certifications, including procedures for exchange of information. (C) A description of the Agency and Tribal roles and procedures for handli ng complaint referrals. (v) A description and copy of any separate agreements relevant to administeringPage 271 of 282 the certification plan and carrying out related compliance monitoring and enforcement activities. The description shall include a listing of all partie s involved in the separate agreement and the respective roles, responsibilities, and relevant authorities of those parties. (2) To the extent that an Indian Tribe is precluded from asserting criminal enforcement authority, the Federal government will exer cise primary criminal enforcement authority for certification plans under paragraph (a) of this section. The Tribe and the relevant EPA region(s) shall develop a procedure whereby the Tribe will provide potential investigative leads to EPA and/or other app ropriate Federal agencies in an appropriate and timely manner. This procedure shall encompass, at a minimum, all circumstances in which the Tribe is incapable of exercising relevant criminal enforcement requirements. This procedure shall be included as par t of the agreement between the Tribe and relevant EPA Region(s) described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (3) A plan for the certification of applicators under paragraph (a) of this section shall not be effective until the agreement between the Tribe and the relevant EPA Region(s) has been signed by the Tribe and the appropriate EPA Regional Administrator(s). (b) An Indian Tribe may choose to develop its own certification plan for certifying private and commercial applicators to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides. (1) A certification plan under paragraph (b) of this section shall consist of a written plan submitted by the Tribe to the Agency for approval that includes all of thePage 272 of 282 following information: (i) A detailed map or legal d escription of the area(s) of Indian country covered by the plan. (ii) A demonstration that the plan meets all requirements of § 171.303 applicable to State plans, except that the Tribe’s plan will not be required to meet the requirements of § 171.303(i)(3 ) with respect to provisions for criminal penalties, or any other requirement for assessing criminal penalties. (2) To the extent that an Indian Tribe is precluded from asserting criminal enforcement authority, the Federal government will exercise primary criminal enforcement authority for certification plans under paragraph (b) of this section. The Tribe and the relevant EPA Region(s) shall develop a procedure whereby the Tribe will provide potential investigative leads to EPA and/or other appropriate Fed eral agencies in an appropriate and timely manner. This procedure shall encompass, at a minimum, all circumstances in which the Tribe is incapable of exercising relevant criminal enforcement requirements and shall be described in a memorandum of agreement signed by the Tribe and the relevant EPA Regional Administrator(s). (3) A plan for the certification of applicators under paragraph (b) of this section shall not be effective until the memorandum of agreement required under paragraph (b)(2) of this sectio n has been signed by the Tribe and the relevant EPA Region(s) and the plan has been approved by the Agency. (c) In any area of Indian country not covered by an approved certification plan, the Agency may, in consultation with the Tribe(s) affected, implem ent an EPA

administered certification plan under § 171.311 for certifying private and commercialPage 273 of 282 applicators to use or supervise the use of restricted use pesticides. (1) Prior to publishing a notice of a proposed EPA

- administered certification plan for an area of Indian country in the Federal Register for review an d comment under § 171.311(d)(3) , the Agency shall notify the relevant Indian Tribe(s) of EPA’s intent to propose the plan. (2) The Agency will not implement an EPA

- administered certification p lan for any area of Indian country where, prior to the expiration of the notice and comment period provided under § 171.311(d)(3), the chairperson or equivalent elected leader of the relevant Tribe provides the Agency with a written statement of the Tribe’ s position that the plan should not be implemented. § 171.309 Modification and withdrawal of certification plans. (a) Modifications to approved certification plans. A State, Tribe, or Federal agency may make modifications to its approved certification pla n, provided that all of the following conditions are met: (1) Determination of plan compliance. Before modifying an approved certification plan, the State, Tribe, or Federal agency must determine that the proposed modifications will not impair the certification plan’s compliance with the requirements of this part or any other Federal laws or regulations. (2) Requirement for Agency notification. The State, Tribe, or Federal agency must notify the Agency of any plan modifications within 90 days after the final State, Tribal, or Federal agency modifications become effective or when it submits its required annual report to the Agency, whichever occurs first. (3) Additional requirements for substantial modifications to approvedPage 274 of 282
certification plans. Befo re making any substantial modifications to an approved certification plan, the State, Tribe or Federal agency must consult with the Agency and obtain Agency approval of the proposed modifications. The Agency shall make a written determination regarding the modified certification plan’s compliance with the requirements of this part. Substantial modifications include the following: (i) Deletion of a mechanism for certification and/or recertification. (ii) Establishment of a new private applicator subcatego ry, commercial applicator category, or commercial applicator subcategory. (iii) Any other changes that the Agency has notified the State, Tribal or Federal agency that the Agency considers to be are substantial modifications. (b) Withdrawal of approval. If at any time the Agency determines that a State, Tribal, or Federal agency certification plan does not comply with the requirements of this part or any other Federal laws or regulations, or that a State, Tribal, or Federal agency is not administering the certification plan as approved under this part, or that a State is not carrying out a program adequate to ensure compliance with FIFRA section 19(f), the Agency may withdraw approval of the certification plan. Before withdrawing approval of a certificatio n plan, the Agency will notify the State, Tribal, or Federal agency and provide the opportunity for an informal hearing. If appropriate, the Agency may allow the State, Tribe, or Federal agency a reason able time, not to exceed 90 days, to take corrective a ction. § 171.311 EPA
- administered applicator certification programs. (a) Applicability. This section applies in any State o r area of Indian country where there is no approved State or Tribal certification plan in effect.Page 275 of 282
(b) Certification requirement. I n any State or area of Indian country where EPA administers a certification plan, any person who uses or supervises the use of any restricted use pesticide must meet one of the following criteria: (1) A commercial applicator must be certified in each cate gory and subcategory, if any, and each application method, if any, as described in the EPA

- administered plan, for which the applicator is applying or supervising the application of restricted use pesticides. (2) A private applicator must be certified, in cluding in each application method, if any, as described in the EPA

- administered plan, for which the applicator is applying or supervising the application of restricted use pesticides. (3) A noncertified applicator may only use a restricted use pesticide under the direct supervision of an applicator certified under the EPA

- administered plan, in accordance with the requirements in § 171.201, and only for uses authorized by that certified applicator's certification. (c) Implementation of EPA

- administered p lans in State s . (1) In any State where this section is applicable, the Agency, in consultation with the Governor, may implement an EPA

- administered plan for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides. (2) Such a plan will meet the applicable requirements of § 171.303. Prior to the implementation of the plan, the Agency will publish in the Federal Register for review and comment a summary of the proposed EPA

- administered plan for the certification of applicators and will generally ma ke available copies of the proposed plan within the
State . The summary will include all of the following:Page 276 of 282 (i) An outline of the proposed procedures and requirements for private and commercial applicator certification and recertification. (ii) A descripti on of the proposed categories and subcategories for certification. (iii) A description of any proposed conditions for the recognition of State , Tribal ,

or Federal agency certifications. (iv) An outline of the proposed arrangements for coordination and co mmunication between the Agency and the State regarding applicator certifications and pesticide compliance monitoring and enforcement. (d) Implementation of EPA

- administered plans in Indian country

. (1) In any area of Indian country where this section is applicable, and consistent with the provisions of § 171.309(c), the Agency, in consultation with the appropriate Indian Tribe(s), may implement a plan for the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides. (2) An EPA

- administered plan may b e implemented in the Indian country of an individual Tribe or multiple Tribes located within a specified geographic area. (3) Such a plan will meet the applicable requirements of § 171.309(c). Prior to the implementation of the plan, the Agency will publ ish in the Federal Register for review and comment a summary of the proposed EPA

- administered plan for the certification of applicators and will generally make available copies of the proposed plan within the area(s) of Indian country to be covered by the proposed plan. The summary will include all of the following: (i) A description of the area(s) of Indian country to be covered by the proposed plan.Page 277 of 282 (ii) An outline of the proposed procedures and requirements for private and commercial applicator certification and recertification. (iii) A description of the proposed categories and subcategories for certification. (iv) A description of any proposed conditions for the recognition of State , Tribal ,

or Federal agency certifications. (v) An outline o f the proposed arrangements for coordination and communication between the Agency and the relevant Tribe (s) regarding applicator certifications and pesticide compliance monitoring and enforcement. (e) Denial, suspension, modification, or revocation of a c ertification. (1) The Agency may suspend all or part of a certified applicator’s certification issued under an EPA

- administered plan or, after opportunity for a hearing, may deny issuance of, or revoke or modify, a certified applicator’s certification is sued under an
EPA

- administered plan, if the Agency finds that the certified applicator has been convicted under section 14(b) of the Act, has been subject to a final order imposing a civil penalty under section 14(a) of the Act, or has committed any of the following acts: (i) Used any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. (ii) Made available for use, or used, any registered pesticide classified for restricted use other than in accordance with section 3(d) of the Act and any reg ulations promulgated thereunder. (iii) Refused to keep and maintain any records required pursuant to this section. (iv) Made false or fraudulent records, invoices or reports. (v) Failed to comply with any limitations or restrictions on a valid current

c ertificate.Page 278 of 282 (vi) Violated any other provision of the Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. (vii) Allowed a noncertified applicator to use a restricted use pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the requirements in § 171.201. (viii) Violated any provision of a State, Tribal or Federal agency certification plan or its associated laws or regulations. (2) If the Agency intends to deny, revoke, or modify a certified applicator’s certification, the Agency will: (i) Notify the certified applicator of all of the following: (A) The ground(s) upon which the denial, revocation, or modification is based. (B) The time period during which the denial, revocation or modification is effective, whether permanent or otherwise. (C) The conditions, if any, un der which the certified applicator may become certified or recertified. (D) Any additional conditions the Agency may impose. (ii) Provide the certified applicator an opportunity to request a n informal hearing prior to final Agency action to deny, revoke or modify the certification. (3) If a hearing is requested by a certified applicator pursuant to paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section, the Agency will do all of the following: (i) Notify the certified applicator of the legal and factual grounds upon whic h the action to deny, revoke or modify the certification is based. (ii) Provide the certified applicator an opportunity to offer written statements of facts, explanations, comments and arguments relevant to the proposed action.Page 279 of 282
(iii) Provide the certifie d applicator such other procedural opportunities as the Agency may deem appropriate to ensure a fair and impartial hearing. (iv) Appoint an attorney in the Agency as Presiding Officer to conduct the hearing. No person shall serve as Presiding Officer if h e or she has had any prior connection with the specific case. (4) The Presiding Officer appointed pursuant to paragraph (e)(3)(iv) of this section shall do all of the following: (i) Conduct a fair, orderly and impartial hearing, without unnecessary delay. (ii) Consider all relevant evidence, explanation, comment and argument submitted to the Agency pursuant to paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (iii) of this section. (iii) Promptly notify the parties of the final decision and order. Such an order is a final Agency action subject to judicial review in accordance with Section 16 of the Act. (5) If the Agency determines that the public health, interest or welfare warrants immediate action to suspend the certified applicator’s certification, the Agency will do all of the following: (i) Notify the certified applicator of the ground(s) upon which the suspension action is based. (ii) Notify the certified applicator of the time period during which the suspension is effective. (iii) Notify the certified applicator of the Agency’s intent to revoke or modify the certification, as appropriate, in accord with paragraph (e)(2) of this section. If such revocation or modification notice has not previously been issued, it will be issued at the same time the suspension noti ce is issued.Page 280 of 282 (iv) In cases where the act constituting grounds for suspension of a certification is neither willful nor contrary to the public interest, health, or safety, the certified applicator may have additional procedural rights under 5 U.S.C. 558(c ). (6) Any notice, decision or order issued by the Agency under paragraph (e) of this section, and any documents filed by a certified applicator in a hearing under paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section, shall be available to the public except as otherwise provided by section 10 of the Act or by part 2 of this chapter . Any such hearing at which oral testimony is presented shall be open to the public, except that the Presiding Officer may exclude the public to the extent necessary to allow presentation of inf ormation that may be entitled to confidentiality under section 10 of the Act or under part 2 of this chapter

. (f) Restricted use pesticide dealer reporting and recordkeeping requirements, availability of records, and failure to comply

. (1) Reporting req uirements. Each restricted use pesticide retail dealer in a State or area of Indian country where the Agency implements an EPA

- administered plan must do both of the following: (i) Report to the Agency the business name by which the restricted use pesticid e retail dealer operates and the name and business address of each of his or her dealerships. This report must be submitted to the appropriate EPA Regional office no later than sixty
60 days after the EPA

- administered plan becomes effective or 60 days afte r the date the person becomes a restricted use pesticide retail dealer in an area where an EPA

administered plan is in effect, whichever occurs la ter

. (ii) Submit revisions to the initial report to the appropriate EPA Regional office reflecting any name changes, additions or deletions of dealerships. Revisions must bePage 281 of 282 submitted to the appropriate EPA Regional office within 10 days of the occurrence of such change, addition or deletion. (2) Recordkeeping requirement. A restricted use pesticide retail dealer is required
to created create and maintain records of each sa le of restricted use pesticides to any person, excluding transactions solely between persons who are pesticide producers, registrants, wholesalers, or reta il sellers, acting only in those capacities. Each restricted use pesticide retail dealer must maintain at each individual dealership records of each transaction where a restricted use pesticide is distributed or sold by that dealership to any person. Recor ds of each such transaction must be maintained for a period of 2 years after the date of the transaction and must include all of the following information: (i) Name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each certified applicator t o whom the restricted use pesticide was distributed or sold, or if applicable, the name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each noncertified person to whom the restricted use pesticide was distributed or sold, for application by a certified applicator. (ii) The certification number on the certification document presented to the seller evidencing the valid certification of the certified applicator authorized to purchase the restricted use pesticide, the State, Tribe or Federal ag ency that issued the certification document, the expiration date of the certified applicator's certification, and the categories in which the certified applicator is certified. (iii) The product name and EPA registration number of the restricted use pesti cide(s) distributed or sold in the transaction, including any applicable emergency exemption or State special local need registration number, if applicable.Page 282 of 282 (iv) The quantity of the restricted use pesticide(s) distributed or sold in the transaction. (v) The date of the transaction. (3) Availability of required records. Each restricted use pesticide retail dealer must, upon request of any authorized officer or employee of the Agency, or other authorized agent or person duly designated by the Agency, furni sh or permit such person at all reasonable times to have access to and copy all records required to be maintained under this section. (4) Failure to comply. Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of this section may be subject to civil or crim inal sanctions, under section 14 of the Act, or 18
U.S.C. 1001. (g) Compliance date. The o nly EPA

- administered certification plans that will be effective after [ date 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ] are those a pproved by the Administrator after [ date 4 years and 60 days after date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register ].