Air Resources Division

Annual Data Summary

2003

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Ozone, sulfur dioxide, meteorological observations

National Park Service

Air Resources Division

12795 W. Alameda Parkway

P.O. Box 25287

Denver, CO 80225

(303) 969-2820

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Air Resources Division
 Report No. NPS D1569 

This Annual Data Summary was prepared under NPS Contract C2350010840 by:

Air Resource Specialists, Inc. 

1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E 

Fort Collins, Colorado 80525 

Telephone: (970) 484-7941

Fax: (970) 484-3423

For additional copies of this report contact:

National Park Service Air Resources Division

Information Management Center

c/o Air Resource Specialists, Inc.

1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E 

Fort Collins, Colorado 80525 

Telephone: (970) 484-7941

Fax: (970) 484-3423

E-Mail: AIR-IMC@AIR-RESOURCE.COM

or

National Park Service

Air Resources Division

P.O. Box 25287

Lakewood, Colorado 80225-02587

Telephone: (303) 969-2130

E-Mail: AQ_INFO@AQD.NPS.GOV 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Page

FORWARD iv 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 

2.0 NETWORK DESCRIPTION 2-1 

 2.1 GPMP Network Monitoring 2-1 

 2.2 Cooperating Programs 2-1 

3.0 DATA SUMMARIES 3-1 

 3.1 Data Collection 3-1 

 3.2 Ozone Data Summaries 3-5 

 3.2.1 Annual Ozone Summaries 3-5 

 3.2.2 Ozone Violation Summaries 3-14 

 3.2.3 Long-Term Ozone Trends 3-16 

 3.2.4 Resource Injury Indices 3-22 

 3.3 Sulfur Dioxide Data Summaries 3-27 

 3.4 Meteorological Data Summaries 3-29 

4.0 PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF OZONE MEASUREMENTS 4-1 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 EPA Designated 8-hr Ozone Nonattainment Counties v 

2 Estimated 5-Year Average 4th Highest 8-Hr Ozone v

2-1 2003 Monitoring Sites, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant 

 Monitoring Program 2-3 

3-1 Annual Fourth Highest 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb), 

 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-11 

3-2 Annual Number of Days with 8-Hour Average Ozone Values >= 85ppb, 

 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-12 

3-3 Annual Second Highest 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb), 

 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-13 

3-4 Ozone Violation Summary Ranking, 3-Year Average 4th Highest Daily 

 Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb), 2001 - 2003, 

 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-15 

3-5 Trends in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone 

 Concentrations, 1994 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant 

 Monitoring Program 3-17 

i
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Figure Page

3-6 Trends in Average Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations, 

 1994 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-18 

3-7 Trends at Western Parks in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

 Average Ozone Concentrations, 1994 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous 

 Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-20 

3-8 Trends at Eastern Parks in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

 Average Ozone Concentrations, 1994 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous 

 Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-21 

3-9 Annual 3 Month Maximum Sum06 Exposure Index, 2003, National Park 

 Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-26 

3-10 Annual Wind Rose by Site, 2003 3-32 

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2-1 Site Specifications 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant

 Monitoring Program 2-4 

3-1 Data Collections Statistics by Site, 2003, National Park Service Gaseous

 Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-2 

3-2 Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics, 2003, National Park Service 

 Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-4 

3-3 Summary of Ozone Data by Site, Highest Daily 8-Hour Average Maximum 

 Concentrations (ppb), 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant

 Monitoring Program 3-7 

3-4 Summary of Ozone Measurements from Portable Ozone Stations, Highest 

 Daily 8-Hour Average Maximum Concentrations (ppb), 2003, National Park 

 Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-8 

3-5 Ozone Violation Summary, 3-Year Average 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

 Average Ozone Concentration (ppb), 1996 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous 

 Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-9 

3-6 Trends in Maximum Daily 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations, 

 1994 - 2003, National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-19 

3-7 Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100), 2003, 

 National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-24 

3-8 Summary of Sulfur Dioxide Data by Site, 2003, National Park Service Gaseous 

 Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-28 

ii
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table Page

3-9 Summary of Selected Meteorological Data by Site, 2003, National Park Service

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 3-30

4-1 Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary, 2003, National Park Service

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 4-2

4-2 Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Overall Network Summary, 2003, 

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 4-7

iii
Forward to the National Park Service

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003 Annual Report

Starting this year, we have moved to a combined report that includes data from all

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program (GPMP) stations. Several parks with state operated

stations are also included. Air quality and meteorological data from these sites for 2003 have

been collected, validated, and made available to EPA, the parks, and the public. The data

summarized in this report can now be accessed and viewed graphically on the NPS Air

Resources Division (ARD) Web site (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/data/). This report also

presents several measures of how well the network has functioned (data precision, accuracy, and 

capture rates), and contains summaries related to the pollutant National Ambient Air Quality

Standards and thresholds for resource injury.

The NPS Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program objectives are:

Primary Monitoring Objectives

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

1. Establish baseline concentrations of air pollution in national parks

2. Assess trends in air quality

3. Determine compliance with national ambient air quality standards

4. Provide data for the development and revision of national and regional air pollution control policies that

are protective of park resources

5. Provide data for atmospheric model development and evaluation

6. Identify air pollutants which may injure or damage park natural resources, measure these pollutants, and

correlate observed effects on resources to ambient levels of pollutants

The baseline pollutant concentrations, the trends, and the degree of compliance with the

national air quality standards, along with indicators that may relate to natural resource injury are 

included in this report. This report is also a score card on how well the data was collected and

what the air quality conditions are in each park with gaseous pollutant monitoring. The data

provides a foundation for further analysis by the Air Resources Division, EPA, and researchers

to meet objectives 4 and 5.

Recently, the EPA designated the ozone non-attainment areas under the new 8-hour

ozone standard. These are areas determined by the EPA to be in violation of the standards and to 

have unhealthy air quality. Figure 1 presents a map of the non-attainment areas. There are 106

park units within these non-attainment areas; 9 of these parks have ozone monitoring that was

used in making the non-attainment designations. The magnitude of ozone concentrations and the 

trends are especially important for these park units in non-attainment areas.

We now have hourly ozone monitoring in 42 park units, but monitoring in all the park

units is clearly too expensive. The Air Resources Division and the Inventory and Monitoring

program have therefore produced a series of geographic information system (GIS) maps of

interpolated data from all network monitors that can be used to estimate the air quality in places 

where direct measurements are not being made. Figure 2 presents a sample map for the mean

annual 4th highest daily maximum ozone relative to the national 8-hour ozone standard. More

maps for ozone and other pollutants are available at the Air Atlas Web site

(http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/airatlas/index.htm).

iv
v

Figure 2

Figure 1
People familiar with previous GPMP annual data summary reports will notice several

things missing; no longer will you receive a data disk, site-specific stackplots of data or other

selected graphics, and summaries of deposition data. These items are now, or will soon be,

available on the ARD Web page (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/data/) and from the CASTNet

program Web page (http://www.epa.gov/castnet/). The CASTNet program now includes the dry

deposition data and some ozone comparisons in their annual report. Changes in the GPMP

annual air quality data summary report reduces the amount of paper usage, recognizes the

changing reports of our monitoring network partners, and effectively uses the Internet to make

data and results more broadly available.

Interpretation and outreach of air quality information has become increasingly important.

The data from the GPMP network monitoring stations is being used in new ways and is available 

to the parks and the public on the Internet. Some examples include:

• Several parks now issue ozone advisories using monitoring data and forecasts

(http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/data/).

• Current, near real-time data are being presented on the Internet for most parks with

monitoring through the EPA AirNow program summary maps

(http://www.epa.gov/airnow/index.html), and on the ARD Web page

(http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/data/current/index.htm).

• One of our most popular products is the collection of NPS Web camera pages which 

incorporate live images of scenic views within parks and current air quality and

weather data (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/WebCams/index.htm).

We encourage you to summarize and share the air quality data within your own park,

with the superintendent, with interpreters and rangers, with natural research staff, and with the

public. If you have comments, questions, or need help on air quality issues, e-mail or call us at

the Air Resources Division.

Dr. John D. Ray

GPMP Program Manager

NPS Air Resources Division

Denver, CO

303-969-2820

john_d_ray@nps.gov

vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The primary objective of the National Park Service (NPS) Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring

Program (GPMP) is to establish the status and trends of park unit air quality conditions and to

determine if a park unit is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health and

welfare. This objective is mandated by the Clean Air Act of 1963 (including the 1970, 1977, and 

1990 amendments) and the Organic Act of 1916, which assign the Federal Land Managers the

responsibility of protecting the natural resources in national parks.

Other NPS monitoring objectives call for the collection of data to support the National

Park Service's required involvement in both the development of state air quality control plans,

and the evaluation of permit applications for new or expanding air pollution sources wishing to

locate near park units. The Clean Air Act gives federal land managers an affirmative

responsibility to protect air quality related values in Class I areas and to assess whether new

sources will have an adverse impact on park unit resources and values. Information on air quality 

levels in NPS units can also be used to evaluate the performance of atmospheric models that

simulate how pollutants are transported into park units and predict impacts on the park unit

caused by air pollution sources.

To meet these objectives the NPS Air Resources Division (ARD) has established a

network of stations to monitor ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides

of nitrogen (NOx), and meteorological conditions in the parks. The monitoring methods and

quality assurance procedures adopted by the GPMP network were developed in accordance with 

the EPA regulations of 40 CFR, Part 58, Appendix D, which, although addressing primarily

health-effects based monitoring in areas of high population, are generally pertinent to the GPMP.

These design criteria allow for the direct comparison of NPS collected data with that collected by 

the EPA, and state and local air pollution control agencies.

As a supplement to the basic network, the ARD also conducts shorter-term air quality

monitoring including passive ozone, portable ozone, and special studies monitoring in selected

parks. In addition, ARD cooperates with other national and state programs that monitor ambient

gases, meteorology, deposition chemistry, particulate matter, ultraviolet radiation, and visibility.

Data collected by this network are incorporated in the EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

database which is a national database of air quality data collected throughout the country. These 

data are also stored in the NPS Air Resources Division’s Information Management Center

(IMC), and publicly available through the NPS ARD’s Web sites at

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/data/.

1-1
2.0 NETWORK DESCRIPTION

The National Park Service air quality monitoring strategy has focused primarily on Class 

I Areas defined by the Clean Air Act and its amendments, and the Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring

Program network consists of individual stations located in national park units throughout the

United States. The NPS also participates with other agencies in cooperative monitoring

programs. This section describes the GPMP network and cooperating programs.

2.1 GPMP NETWORK MONITORING

During 2003, fifty three (53) monitoring sites in forty two (42) units of the National Park

System conducted some combination of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and meteorological monitoring.

The locations of the sites that operated during the year are presented on the map in Figure 2-1.

The parameters monitored at each park unit are indicated with colored flags. The enhanced

gaseous category indicates that additional or high resolution gaseous monitoring occurs at the

park. Monitoring agencies and park units with more than one monitoring site are indicated. Site

specifications, including site names, abbreviations, AQS identification numbers, locations, and

monitored parameters are listed in Table 2-1.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory compliance, the NPS added non-certified

monitoring sites to the GPMP in 2003. These sites employ portable non-reference, nonequivalent method ozone and meteorological monitoring stations, generally configured for solar

and battery power. The portable stations are intended for short-term seasonal use at locations

where reference method monitoring has not occurred or is not practical. Throughout this report, 

portable network monitoring site names in tables and figures have been underlined to distinguish 

them from EPA-certified sites.

2.2 COOPERATING PROGRAMS

Data from cooperating programs are reported by those programs and are not included in

this report. The exception to that is ozone and meteorology collected in NPS units by state

agencies which supplement the data collected by the GPMP.

State Programs

The NPS cooperates with a number of state agencies. At some sites, state air quality

agencies provide measurement and operations support, and data are generally shared directly

among cooperating agencies. Relevant ozone and meteorological data submitted by states to the 

EPA AQS are retrieved for inclusion in this report. Throughout this report, state-operated and

reported monitoring site names in tables and figures have are indicated in italics.

CASTNet

Most GPMP stations operate in a cooperative effort with the EPA Clean Air Status and

Trends Network (CASTNet). Weekly integrated particulate samples are collected on filter packs 

at CASTNet sites. The samples are analyzed for ambient atmospheric nitrates, sulfates,

ammonium, sulfur dioxide, and nitric acid, and the results are used to estimate atmospheric dry

deposition. More information is available at the CASTNet Web site:

http://www.epa.gov/castnet/

2-1
Passive Ozone

To expand the spatial sampling of ozone in national parks, the Research and Monitoring

Branch, (RMB) of the NPS ARD adopted the use of low-cost passive ozone samplers. Weekly

integrated ozone concentrations are measured in the parks during the ozone season, typically late 

spring through early fall. Operators change the ozone badges weekly and mail them to a contract 

laboratory for analysis. The results are compiled and reported by RMB.

IMPROVE

The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) is a

consortium of federal and state land managers and agencies which conduct visibility monitoring

in Class I wilderness areas, including National Parks. A number of instruments are used to

monitor visibility, including:

• Aerosol samplers, which collect 24-hr integrated particle samples every 3 days on a

series of filter media. Filters are later analyzed for PM2.5 and PM10 mass, elements,

ions, and carbon compounds.

• Transmissometers, which directly measure the atmospheric light extinction over a

sight path of several kilometers.

• Nephelometers, which perform point optical measurements of the scattering

component of atmospheric light extinction.

• Cameras which document the appearance of a scene as viewed through the

atmosphere. Digital images from many sites are posted to the Internet along with

relevant air quality data and other information in near real-time for public viewing.

More information is available at the IMPROVE Web site: http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/

NADP-NTN and NADP/MDN

The National Atmospheric Deposition Program – National Trends Network (NADPNTN) includes wet and dry deposition monitoring at over 250 sites nationwide. The NADP

network has been collecting data for over 20 years, and is coordinated from the Program Office

at the Illinois State Water Survey in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. Data are presented in terms of 

both the mean concentrations of major ions, along with total chemical loading in annual rainfall

and snowfall, expressed by kilograms/hectare. The National Atmospheric Deposition Program –

Mercury Deposition Network (NADP-MDN) includes wet mercury deposition monitoring at

over 80 sites nationwide. More information about both of these programs is available at the

NADP Web site: http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/

PRIMENet

The Park Research and Intensive Monitoring of Ecosystems Network (PRIMENet), is a

joint EPA-NPS program to assess the effects of environmental stressors on ecological systems

nation wide. A system of monitoring and research sites has been established in National Parks,

and in addition to monitoring air at those parks, ultraviolet radiation (UV-B), is measured using a 

spectrophotometer. More information is available at the PRIMENet Web site:

http://www.forestry.umt.edu/research/MFCES/programs/primenet/

2-2
2003 Monitoring Sites

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

* Park units with more than one site are indicatedwith (x) following the park unit name, where xrepresents the number of sites within the unit.

OzoneMeteorologyCASTNet Filter PackSulfur DioxideEnhanced Gaseous

Parameters

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Serviceitalics = site operated by a state agency

underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but

consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Acadia (2)

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South Fork

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon (2)

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Isle Royale

Joshua Tree

Lake Mead

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (3) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

Hawaii Volcanoes (3)

Yukon Flats

Denali

Virgin Islands

2-3

Figure 2-1
National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Site Specifications

FilterPack2

Relative

Hum.

Wind

Speed

Wind

Dir.

O3

Years1

AQS IDNumber National Park Unit Site Name State Latitude Longitude SO2 Wet- ness Temp. Precip. CASTNet Abbr. NPS Abbr. Delta Temp. Solar Rad. Elevation (m)

9 Acadia ME ACAD-CM 44.3472 68.2278 X X X X Cadillac Mountain 23-009-0102 4666 Acadia ME ACAD-MH ACA416 44.3769 68.2608 X X X X X X McFarland Hill XXX 23-009-0103 1587 Badlands SD BADL-VC 43.7436 101.9414 XXX X X Visitor Center X 46-071-1001 739

14 Big Bend TX BIBE-KB BBE401 29.3022 103.1772 X X X X X X K-Bar Ranch Road XXX 48-043-0101 1052

1 Big South Fork TN BISO-PT 36.4725 84.6806 X X X X X Portable Ozone X 4511 Black Canyon of the Gunnison CO BLCA-PT 38.5803 107.7167 X X X X X Portable Ozone X 2408

17 Cape Cod MA CACO-XX 41.9769 70.0164 X X X Cape Cod X 25-001-0002 4012 Canyonlands UT CANY-IS CAN407 38.4586 109.8211 X X X X X X Island in the Sky XXX 49-037-0101 180912 Chamizal TX CHAM-XX 31.7656 106.455 X X X X Chamizal X 48-141-0044 112813 Chiricahua AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 32.0092 109.3892 X X X X X X Entrance Station XXX 04-003-8001 1570

7 Channel Islands CA CHIS-XX 34.0164 120.05 Santa Rosa Island 06-083-2012 04 Congaree Swamp SC COSW-BL 33.8147 80.7811 X Congaree Bluff 45-079-0021 34

16 Cowpens SC COWP-XX 35.1303 81.8164 Cowpens 45-021-0002 29612 Craters of the Moon ID CRMO-VC 43.4606 113.5622 X X X X Visitor Center X 16-023-0101 181517 Denali AK DENA-HQ DEN417 63.7258 148.9633 X X X X X X Headquarters XXX 02-290-0003 66111 Death Valley CA DEVA-PV DEV412 36.5092 116.8481 X X X X X X Park Village XXX 06-027-0101 12520 Everglades FL EVER-BC EVE419 25.3911 80.6806 X X X X X X Beard Center XXX 12-086-0030 212 Glacier MT GLAC-WG GLR468 48.5103 113.9956 X X X X X X West Glacier Horse Stables XXX 30-029-8001 97611 Great Basin NV GRBA-MY GRB411 39.0053 114.2158 X X X X X X Maintenance Yard XXX 32-033-0101 206011 Grand Canyon AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 36.0597 112.1822 X X X X X X The Abyss XXX 04-005-8001 2073

1 Grand Canyon AZ GRCA-PT 36.2828 113.0958 X X X X X Portable Ozone X 1433

11 Great Smoky Mountains TN GRSM-CC 35.6042 83.7831 X X X X X Cades Cove X 47-009-0102 56411 Great Smoky Mountains TN GRSM-CD 35.5619 83.4981 X X X X X Clingmans Dome X 47-155-0102 202116 Great Smoky Mountains TN GRSM-CM 35.6967 83.6086 X X X X X Cove Mountain X 47-155-0101 124316 Great Smoky Mountains TN GRSM-LR GRS420 35.6331 83.9422 X X X X X X Look Rock XXX 47-009-0101 793

9 Great Smoky Mountains NC GRSM-PK 35.59 83.0775 Purchase Knob 37-087-0036 1500

Hawaii Volcanoes HI HAVO-OB 19.4203 155.2881 X X XX X X Observatory 15-001-0007 1123

5 Hawaii Volcanoes HI HAVO-TH HVT424 19.4197 155.24 X X X X X X Thurston Lava Tubes XXX 15-001-0006 1199

Hawaii Volcanoes HI HAVO-VC 19.4308 155.2578 X X XX X X Visitor Center X 15-001-0005 1215

2 Isle Royale MI ISRO-PT 48.1083 88.6064 X X X X X Portable Ozone X X 347

11 Joshua Tree CA JOTR-YV JOT403 34.0714 116.3906 X X X X X X Yucca Valley XXX 06-071-9002 1244

1 Lake Mead AZ LAME-PT 36.0194 114.0686 X X X X X Portable Ozone X 881

17 Lassen Volcanic CA LAVO-ML LAV410 40.5403 121.5764 XXX X X X Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area XXX 06-089-3003 1756

7 Mammoth Cave KY MACA-HM MAC426 37.1319 86.1478 X X X X X X Houchin Meadow XXX 21-061-0501 243

11 Mesa Verde CO MEVE-MY MEV405 37.1983 108.4903 X X X X X X Maintenance Yard XXX 08-083-0101 216513 Mount Rainier WA MORA-TW MOR409 46.7583 122.1244 X X X X X X Tahoma Woods XXX 53-053-1010 415

2-4

Table 2-1
National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Site Specifications

FilterPack2

Relative

Hum.

Wind

Speed

Wind

Dir.

O3

Years1

AQS IDNumber National Park Unit Site Name State Latitude Longitude SO2 Wet- ness Temp. Precip. CASTNet Abbr. NPS Abbr. Delta Temp. Solar Rad. Elevation (m)

8 North Cascades WA NOCA-MM NCS415 48.5397 121.4472 X X X X X X Marblemount Ranger Station XXX 53-057-0013 109

19 Olympic WA OLYM-VC OLY421 48.0975 123.4256 X X XX X X X Visitor Center XXX 53-009-0012 125

2 Petrified Forest AZ PEFO-HB PET427 34.8225 109.8919 X X X X X X Horse Barn XXX 04-017-0119 1723

17 Pinnacles CA PINN-ES PIN414 36.485 121.1556 X X X X X X East Entrance Station XXX 06-069-0003 33517 Rocky Mountain CO ROMO-LP ROM406 40.2778 105.5453 X X X X X X Longs Peak Ranger Station XXX 08-069-0007 274312 Saguaro AZ SAGU-PC 32.1744 110.7364 XXX X Pima County X 04-019-0021 938

5 Sequoia and Kings Canyon CA SEKI-AS 36.4894 118.8269 X X X X X Ash Mountain X 06-107-0009 457

20 Sequoia and Kings Canyon CA SEKI-LK 36.5658 118.7772 X X X X X Lower Kaweah X 06-107-0006 1890

7 Sequoia and Kings Canyon CA SEKI-LP SEK402 36.4292 118.7625 X X X X X X Lookout Point XXX 06-107-0008 1225

21 Shenendoah VA SHEN-BM SHN418 38.5231 78.4347 X X XX X X X Big Meadows XXX 51-113-0003 1073

6 Theodore Roosevelt ND THRO-VC THR422 46.8947 103.3778 X X XX X X X Visitor Center XXX 38-007-0002 8506 Virgin Islands VI VIIS-LP VII423 18.3364 64.7964 X X X X X X Lind Point XXX 78-003-0001 808 Voyageurs MN VOYA-SB VOY413 48.4128 92.8292 X X X X X X Sullivan Bay XXX 27-137-0034 4298 Yellowstone WY YELL-WT YEL408 44.5597 110.4006 X X X X X X Water Tank XXX 56-039-1011 24002 Yosemite CA YOSE-MR 37.7431 119.5939 X X X X X Merced River X 06-043-0033 1219

11 Yosemite CA YOSE-TD YOS404 37.7133 119.7061 X X X X X X Turtleback Dome XXX 06-043-0003 1605

Yukon Flats AK YUFL-PF POF425 65.1178 147.4333 X X X X X X Poker Flat XXX 02-090-0030 495

1. The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.

2. A filter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the "inferential method". This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements and land use functions to compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the filter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The filter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3 -), particulate ammonium (NH4+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3 ). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured # active 

from the filter samples.

park units: 42 # active park sites: 53

Operating agency key:

plain textitalicsunderline

= site operated by the National Park Service = site operated by a state agency= site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Table 2-1 (cont.)

2-5
3.0 DATA SUMMARIES

Ground-level ozone and sulfur dioxide are regulated under the Clean Air Act, the

comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions in the United States. Among other things, 

the Clean Air Act requires the U.S. EPA to set standards for “criteria pollutants”. These

standards, known as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), define the national

targets for acceptable concentrations of each of the criteria pollutants. For each pollutant, EPA

has developed two NAAQS standards:

• The “primary standard,” which is intended to protect public health, including the

health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. 

• The “secondary standard,” which is intended to prevent damage to the environment

and property, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals,

crops, vegetation, and buildings.

This section presents 2003 data summaries for the NPS Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring

Program. Data collection statistics for all sites are presented first, followed by data summaries

for ozone, sulfur dioxide, and meteorological parameters. In all data summary products, site

names of EPA-certified sites operated by the NPS are indicated with plain text, site names of

EPA-certified sites operated by state agencies are written in italics, and site names of portable

ozone sites operated by the NPS are underlined.

3.1 DATA COLLECTION

Table 3-1 presents data collection statistics for each parameter by site and presents the

overall network average by parameter. The network average valid data collection for ozone was 

94.5%, and for sulfur dioxide was 96.9%.

Table 3-2 presents a network summary of data collection statistics by parameter. Annual 

and quarterly network average statistics are presented, along with the number and percentage of 

sites which met the minimum EPA data collection criteria of 75%. For 2003, 48 of 50 ozone

sites and 6 of 6 sulfur dioxide sites met or exceeded the annual EPA criteria.

3-1
Site Name

Parameter Code

FLOW SOL DTP WET RNF RH TMP SWS VWD SO2 O3

National Park Unit % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Data Collections Statistics by Site

Cadillac Mountain Acadia 99.9 -999.0 99.6 99.6 99.7 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0McFarland Hill Acadia 99.4 -999.0 99.2 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 96.5 99.5 99.8 99.7Visitor Center Badlands 99.5 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 -999.0 -999.0 0.0 -999.0K-Bar Ranch Road Big Bend 98.1 -999.0 99.2 99.2 99.4 99.4 99.0 99.0 99.4 99.5 99.5Portable Ozone Big South Fork 79.3 -999.0 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 -999.0 -999.0 99.2 -999.0Portable Ozone Black Canyon of the Gunnison 99.9 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 100.0 -999.0Cape Cod Cape Cod 95.7 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 99.8 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 -999.0Island in the Sky Canyonlands 89.0 -999.0 99.5 99.5 99.8 99.4 99.1 98.2 99.8 97.4 99.2Chamizal Chamizal 96.0 -999.0 98.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 -999.0Entrance Station Chiricahua 94.2 -999.0 99.7 99.7 99.7 99.8 99.1 94.5 99.7 99.7 95.6Santa Rosa Island Channel Islands 89.2 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0Congaree Bluff Congaree Swamp 97.0 99.6 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0Cowpens Cowpens 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0Visitor Center Craters of the Moon 95.3 -999.0 99.2 99.2 99.2 98.8 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.0 -999.0Headquarters Denali 99.3 -999.0 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.6 82.5 99.7 99.3 99.3 99.7Park Village Death Valley 97.6 -999.0 97.8 97.8 99.1 99.8 99.0 99.1 99.1 97.8 99.6Beard Center Everglades 88.8 -999.0 91.6 91.6 91.7 89.0 89.1 91.9 84.2 92.3 92.1West Glacier Horse Stables Glacier 91.2 -999.0 95.5 95.5 71.0 70.9 99.2 52.1 67.1 99.6 99.9Maintenance Yard Great Basin 98.5 -999.0 96.0 96.0 99.3 99.3 40.3 98.7 62.2 99.3 99.4The Abyss Grand Canyon 99.1 -999.0 59.1 99.2 99.2 99.3 98.6 85.4 91.7 99.4 86.0Portable Ozone Grand Canyon 99.9 -999.0 100.0 100.0 99.4 99.4 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 -999.0Cades Cove Great Smoky Mountains 89.2 -999.0 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 98.3 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 -999.0Clingmans Dome Great Smoky Mountains 93.3 -999.0 73.3 73.3 92.6 92.8 86.9 -999.0 -999.0 79.1 -999.0Cove Mountain Great Smoky Mountains 98.6 -999.0 97.5 97.5 99.2 98.6 98.6 -999.0 -999.0 91.7 -999.0Look Rock Great Smoky Mountains 99.2 -999.0 98.4 98.4 99.3 99.3 98.7 98.7 99.3 99.3 99.4Purchase Knob Great Smoky Mountains 93.5 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0Observatory Hawaii Volcanoes -999.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0Thurston Lava Tubes Hawaii Volcanoes 95.4 -999.0 99.8 99.8 97.9 99.9 99.3 99.3 97.9 98.8 99.9Visitor Center Hawaii Volcanoes -999.0 94.0 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.6 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 -999.0Portable Ozone Isle Royale 43.3 -999.0 99.9 99.8 99.2 99.9 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 99.9 80.9Yucca Valley Joshua Tree 96.3 -999.0 98.8 98.8 99.5 88.1 98.9 98.8 99.2 96.2 99.6Portable Ozone Lake Mead 87.4 -999.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 92.0 -999.0 -999.0 92.0 -999.0Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area Lassen Volcanic 98.8 -999.0 92.2 92.2 93.9 99.3 98.6 98.9 93.9 93.9 99.4Houchin Meadow Mammoth Cave 99.0 -999.0 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.0 99.2 99.6 99.5 98.3Maintenance Yard Mesa Verde 98.6 -999.0 88.5 90.5 88.2 99.8 94.2 96.5 88.2 95.3 60.7Tahoma Woods Mount Rainier 97.6 -999.0 88.4 93.7 99.2 70.0 98.6 77.3 99.2 99.0 99.3

 Table 3-1

3-2
Site Name

Parameter Code

FLOW SOL DTP WET RNF RH TMP SWS VWD SO2 O3

National Park Unit % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1 % valid1

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Data Collections Statistics by Site

Marblemount Ranger Station North Cascades 88.1 -999.0 90.6 93.3 98.9 98.9 98.3 98.4 98.9 98.4 99.0Visitor Center Olympic 97.8 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.1 99.5 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0Horse Barn Petrified Forest 97.8 -999.0 97.8 97.8 94.2 97.8 99.2 81.5 94.2 96.8 99.1East Entrance Station Pinnacles 99.3 -999.0 95.7 99.5 99.6 99.6 99.0 98.9 99.6 96.1 99.6Longs Peak Ranger Station Rocky Mountain 99.4 -999.0 99.5 99.5 98.2 96.3 99.2 87.5 98.2 99.9 100.0Pima County Saguaro 97.4 -999.0 98.9 -999.0 99.8 99.9 -999.0 -999.0 -999.0 99.7 -999.0Ash Mountain Sequoia and Kings Canyon 91.7 -999.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 -999.0 -999.0 99.3 -999.0Lower Kaweah Sequoia and Kings Canyon 91.4 -999.0 94.3 94.3 97.8 97.8 90.9 -999.0 -999.0 90.5 -999.0Lookout Point Sequoia and Kings Canyon 81.7 -999.0 98.1 98.1 97.6 98.2 97.5 97.5 97.6 98.2 85.3Big Meadows Shenendoah 94.0 92.5 83.1 95.4 95.4 95.5 95.2 81.9 95.4 95.5 84.4Visitor Center Theodore Roosevelt 99.9 99.9 98.7 98.8 98.7 98.8 98.2 98.3 98.7 98.8 98.8Lind Point Virgin Islands 88.6 -999.0 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.7 99.4 99.4 99.6 99.6 51.8Sullivan Bay Voyageurs 99.2 -999.0 99.6 99.6 99.8 99.9 99.2 99.4 99.8 99.0 99.8Water Tank Yellowstone 91.0 -999.0 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.2 -999.0 99.6 89.2 99.6Merced River Yosemite 74.3 -999.0 98.3 98.3 98.9 98.9 99.2 -999.0 -999.0 99.8 -999.0Turtleback Dome Yosemite 99.5 -999.0 95.3 95.3 99.7 88.3 99.1 88.9 97.0 99.7 99.8Poker Flat Yukon Flats -999.0 -999.0 96.8 99.0 97.2 83.1 99.8 97.2 97.2 97.3 93.0

Average Network Data Collection

1. The percent is calculated against the number possible. Percent valid can be less than 100% due to routine maintenance, power failures, audits or other circumstances where the instrument was not available to collect data. Percent valid can also be less than 100% due to influencing factors such as instrument error, operator error, timing problems, flow issues, and other factors that affect instrument operation. When 

calculating percent valid for O3 and SO2, calibration events were removed from the number possible.

Operating agency key: Key:

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

plain textitalicsunderline

= site operated by the National Park Service= site operated by a state agency= site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction

94.5 96.9 95.9 97.6 97.7 96.5 96.2 93.5 95.2 97.6 94.4

 Table 3-1 (cont.)

3-3
Parameter Code

Calendar

Quarter

Network Data

Collection Statistic1 Units O3 SO2 VWD SWS TMP RH RNF WET DTP SOL FLOW

Network Summary of Data Collections Statistics

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Annual % Annual Network Average 97.6 97.7 96.5 95.2 93.5 95.2 96.7 94.4 94.5 96.9 95.9

No. Sites (%) No. Sites>=75% Valid (96%) (100%) (96%) (98%) (98%) (96%) (96%) (93%) (98%) (94%) 47 48 47 42 28 28 46 (97%) 29 48 6 46No. Sites (%) No. Sites <75% Valid (4%) (0%) (4%) (2%) (2%) (4%) (5%) (7%) (2%) (6%) 11221 21 (3%) 2 2 02

1 % Quarterly Network Average 96.7 98.1 96.4 95.2 96.4 96.2 97.7 99.1 96.5 98.3 96.1

No. Sites (%) No. Sites >=75% Valid (98%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (98%) (94%) (97%) (100%) (100%) 39 40 39 34 27 29 39 (93%) 30 39 6 39No. Sites (%) No. Sites <75% Valid (2%) (0%) (0%) (0%) (0%) (2%) (6%) (3%) (0%) (0%) 00122 10 (7%) 0 1 00

2 % Quarterly Network Average 97.3 98.4 97.4 93.9 91.1 94.2 97.7 97.0 96.2 96.6 95.4

No. Sites (%) No. Sites >=75% Valid (98%) (100%) (96%) (98%) (100%) (98%) (95%) (97%) (100%) (97%) 46 48 47 41 25 29 46 (86%) 30 48 6 45No. Sites (%) No. Sites <75% Valid (2%) (0%) (4%) (2%) (0%) (2%) (5%) (3%) (0%) (3%) 10124 10 (14%) 1 1 02

3 % Quarterly Network Average 97.8 95.9 95.7 95.3 89.9 92.7 95.7 92.5 91.5 96.6 95.4

No. Sites (%) No. Sites >=75% Valid (94%) (100%) (94%) (98%) (96%) (98%) (96%) (90%) (96%) (90%) 47 47 48 42 26 27 45 (90%) 28 47 6 45No. Sites (%) No. Sites <75% Valid (6%) (0%) (6%) (2%) (4%) (2%) (5%) (10%) (4%) (10%) 12123 32 (10%) 3 3 03

4 % Quarterly Network Average 98.6 98.8 96.8 96.3 96.8 97.5 95.8 89.2 94.5 96.2 97.0

No. Sites (%) No. Sites >=75% Valid (93%) (100%) (98%) (98%) (98%) (98%) (97%) (97%) (95%) (87%) 42 43 42 38 27 29 41 (93%) 26 40 6 41No. Sites (%) No. Sites <75% Valid (7%) (0%) (2%) (2%) (2%) (2%) (3%) (3%) (5%) (13%) 11112 12 (7%) 4 3 01

Key:O3 = Ozone AnalyzerSO2 = Sulfur Dioxide AnalyzerVWD = Vector Wind Direction1. Network data collection statistics include: 1) the percent of valid hourly averages for each parameter across the network; 2) the number and percent of sites which achieved the minimum EPA requirement of 75% valid data capture; and 3) the number and percent of sites which failed to meet 75% valid data capture.

SWS = Scalar Wind SpeedTMP = Ambient TemperatureRH = Relative HumidityRNF = Precipitation

WET = Wetness SensorDTP = Delta TemperatureSOL = Solar RaditionFLOW = Filter Pack Flow Rate

 Table 3-2

3-4
3.2 OZONE DATA SUMMARIES

Ground-level ozone, produced by the reaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight, is one of the most widespread pollutants 

affecting vegetation and public health in the U.S. Although ozone is principally viewed as an

urban problem, ozone and its precursor emissions can travel long distances, resulting in elevated 

ozone levels in national parks. Combustion processes from power plants, automobiles, and

industries are the main anthropogenic emitters of oxides of nitrogen. Vehicles, industries, and

natural vegetation emit VOCs.

Exposure to ozone affects human health, causing acute respiratory problems, aggravation 

of asthma, temporary decreases in lung capacity in some adults, inflammation of lung tissue, and 

impairment of the body’s immune system. Ozone also affects vegetation in national parks.

Research shows that some plants are more sensitive than humans to ozone and that effects on

plants occur well below the EPA air quality standard.

The NAAQS primary standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. An

exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or 

equal to 85 ppb. An exceedance of the standard is not the same thing as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone

concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb. The secondary ozone standard defined by the EPA is

the same as the primary standard.

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, various indices other than the primary and

secondary standards are often used. These indices, the SUM06, W126, and N100, are believed to 

be biologically relevant because they take into account both peak ozone concentrations and

cumulative exposure to ozone. These indices are described further in Section 3.2.4.

3.2.1 Annual Ozone Summaries

Table 3-3 summarizes O3 measurements with respect to the daily 8-hour average

maximum concentrations at each EPA-certified monitoring site. The five highest 8-hour average 

maximum ozone concentrations are listed, as well as the total number of days with 8-hour

average ozone values greater than or equal to 85 ppb. The fourth highest value column and the

number of days column are both color-coded to identify sites that had exceedences during 2003

and the number that occurred.

Table 3-4 presents similar information for the non-EPA certified (portable) sites. Ozone

summary statistics from portable stations should be compared to EPA standards for reference

purposes only.

The map in Figure 3-1 presents the annual fourth highest 8-hour average ozone

concentrations for all network sites listed in Tables 3-3 and 3-4. Ozone values for EPA-certified

sites are color-coded to represent values below (green) and above (orange and red) the national

standard. Data from portable sites (no color) are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3-2 presents the annual number of days with 8-hour average ozone

values greater than or equal to 85ppb for all network sites listed in Tables 3-3 and 3-4. The data

3-5
points are color-coded to distinguish between sites that did not exceed NAAQS (green) and those 

that did (orange and red). Data from portable sites (no color) are included for reference only.

The map in Figure 3-3 presents the annual second highest 1-hour average ozone

concentrations for all network sites. Ozone values for EPA-certified sites are color-coded to

represent 4 distinct levels. Ozone values from portable sites (no color) are included for reference

only.

3-6
National Park Unit

# Days with 8-Hour Average

O3 Values >=85 ppb1

Highest Daily 8-Hour Average Maximum Concentrations (ppb)

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Summary of Ozone Data by Site

Site Name Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest1

5th

Highest

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 271 103 91 86 83 81 3

Acadia McFarland Hill 363 91 88 84 80 78 2

Badlands Visitor Center 149 71 69 69 67 67 0

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 351 67 65 64 63 63 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 170 110 94 94 89 88 8

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 322 77 75 74 74 73 0

Chamizal Chamizal 338 80 79 75 74 73 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 339 77 73 72 71 70 0

Channel Islands Santa Rosa Island 339 68 67 64 64 63 0

Congaree Swamp Congaree Bluff 344 79 76 76 74 71 0

Cowpens Cowpens 362 87 82 79 79 76 1

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 337 79 74 70 70 70 0

Denali Headquarters 361 61 54 54 54 54 0

Death Valley Park Village 338 84 84 80 80 79 0

Everglades Beard Center 310 79 69 68 67 65 0

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 329 65 62 61 61 59 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 356 79 74 73 71 70 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 359 78 76 74 73 71 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 214 88 81 71 71 70 1

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 165 98 91 91 84 83 3

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 357 93 92 85 82 81 3

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 359 96 96 93 90 88 9

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 205 84 83 82 81 80 0

Hawaii Volcanoes Thurston Lava Tubes 342 51 48 48 48 47 0

Joshua Tree Yucca Valley 345 119 115 112 111 107 39

Lassen Volcanic Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area 356 73 72 71 70 69 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 360 90 84 79 76 75 1

Mesa Verde Maintenance Yard 352 78 70 68 67 67 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 341 79 75 74 74 72 0

North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Station 304 63 59 58 58 55 0

Olympic Visitor Center 348 50 48 48 46 44 0

Petrified Forest Horse Barn 343 77 75 74 74 73 0

Pinnacles East Entrance Station 360 88 84 80 79 78 1

Rocky Mountain Longs Peak Ranger Station 360 92 88 87 86 85 7

Saguaro Pima County 355 87 84 78 76 76 1

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 224 115 111 110 110 109 72

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 330 102 101 101 100 100 42

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lookout Point 283 109 108 106 104 104 53

Shenendoah Big Meadows 330 104 100 91 86 86 6

Theodore Roosevelt Visitor Center 364 73 68 68 64 62 0

Virgin Islands Lind Point 281 44 44 44 43 41 0

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 358 69 69 68 68 68 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 301 71 68 66 65 65 0

Yosemite Merced River 272 70 63 62 60 60 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 361 102 96 96 90 90 10

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when 

an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily 

maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here in orange or red.

Operating agency key:

plain text

italics

= site operated by the National Park Service

= site operated by a state agency

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration

>105 ppb ozone concentration

# days with 8-hr. avg. >= 85 ppb

= 4 - 10 days

>10days

3-7

Table 3-3
# Days with 8-Hour Average

O3 Values >=85 ppb2

Highest Daily 8-Hour Average Maximum Concentrations (ppb)

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest2

5th

Highest

2003

Summary of Ozone Measurements from Portable Ozone Stations1

National Park Unit Site Name

Big South Fork Portable Ozone 80 76 65 65 64 64 0

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Portable Ozone 111 72 72 70 67 67 0

Grand Canyon Portable Ozone 134 77 68 68 67 66 0

Isle Royale Portable Ozone 55 65 64 61 60 60 0

Lake Mead Portable Ozone 113 87 78 77 77 76 1

2. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard 

occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of

the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) 

1. The GPMP portable ozone stations do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary statistics from portable 

stations can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

3-8

Table 3-4
National Park Unit Site Name 2001 - 2003 2000 - 2002 1999 - 2001 1998 - 2000 1997 - 1999 1996 - 1998 1995 - 1997 1994 - 1996

Ozone Violation Summary

3-Year Average 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentration1 (ppb)

1996 - 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

94 93 Acadia Cadillac Mountain 89 87 (89) (87) (79) (76)87 84 Acadia McFarland Hill 85 83 (90) (88)

(67) Badlands Visitor Center

62 (62) Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road (63) 66 65 68 (67) (69)95 93 Cape Cod Cape Cod 96 89 (95) (93) (100) 9670 (71) Canyonlands Island in the Sky (71) 73 70 70 68 6879 81 Chamizal Chamizal 75 (79) (76) (79) 77 (79)69 69 Chiricahua Entrance Station 70 70 68 68 (68) (70)64 (65) Channel Islands Santa Rosa Island (66) (66) 66 (64) (63)77 77 Congaree Swamp Congaree Bluff (74) (73)84 87 Cowpens Cowpens 87 92 93 89 85 82

(65) (63) Craters of the Moon Visitor Center (63) 66 (64) (63) (60) 61

54 49 Denali Headquarters 49 48 53 52 52 5181 81 Death Valley Park Village 79 80 79 79 (74) (76)

(60) (60) Everglades Beard Center 64 68 68 67 62 (61)

53 49 Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 48 51 47 50 47 5270 72 Great Basin Maintenance Yard 72 73 72 72 71 7074 73 Grand Canyon The Abyss 72 73 73 72 71 7076 79 Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 81 (85) (83) 79 76 (76)

(92) (98) Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome (98) (102) (98) (94) (88) (84)

92 96 Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 96 101 (100) 97 93 9192 94 Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 96 104 104 98 (95) (93)86 88 Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 87 90 90 (85) (83) (81)42 (40) Hawaii Volcanoes Thurston Lava Tubes (39) (40) (38)99 94 Joshua Tree Yucca Valley 92 102 109 112 109 10872 74 Lassen Volcanic Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area 77 78 76 72 (71) (75)80 84 Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 88 94 (92) (89) (81)67 69 Mesa Verde Maintenance Yard 69 70 (66) (67) (65) 6561 56 Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 60 57 51 52 56 6550 46 North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Station 48 46 43 (43) (44) (50)39 39 Olympic Visitor Center 44 43 43 44 45 43

3-9

Table 3-5
National Park Unit Site Name 2001 - 2003 2000 - 2002 1999 - 2001 1998 - 2000 1997 - 1999 1996 - 1998 1995 - 1997 1994 - 1996

Ozone Violation Summary

3-Year Average 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentration1 (ppb)

1996 - 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

(64) (55) Petrified Forest Horse Barn

81 81 Pinnacles East Entrance Station (79) (82) 82 86 84 8581 78 Rocky Mountain Longs Peak Ranger Station 74 77 74 74 72 7473 72 Saguaro Pima County 69 73 74 77 79 79

(107) (105) Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain (104) (105) (105)

101 98 Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah (94) (93) (96) 98 99 102

(104) (103) Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lookout Point (103) (102) (102) (100) (101)

87 85 Shenendoah Big Meadows 87 93 96 92 85 8361 59 Theodore Roosevelt Visitor Center 58 (57) (56) (54)

(44) (46) Virgin Islands Lind Point 47 (45) (44) (39)

65 (64) Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 67 68 70 (66) (66) (62)65 65 Yellowstone Water Tank 67 67 65 (62) (61) (61)

(66) (72) Yosemite Merced River

90 89 Yosemite Turtleback Dome 86 88 86 88 87 91

# Park Units with Violations:# Sites with Violations:

7

13

8

13

9

15

9

15

9

15

1015

7

10

67

1. The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the standard are highlighted here in orange and red.

Operating agency key:

plain text

italics

= site operated by the National Park Service= site operated by a state agency

Color shading key:

4th highest 8-hr. avg.

= 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration>=105 ppb ozone concentration

( ) Note: A number in parenthesis () indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

3-10

Table 3-5 (cont.)
Annual Fourth Highest 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb)

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Grand Canyon Big South

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Isle Royale

Lake Mead

Acadia (2)

Badlands

Big Bend

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Hawaii Volcanoes

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (3) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Virgin Islands

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

64

67

67

60

77

Legend

0 - 84 ppbozone concentration

85 - 105 ppbozone concentration> 105 ppbozone concentrationPortable site

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics

underline

= site operated by a state agency

 = site operated by the National Park Service, butconsisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

83

67

63

74

89

74

71

64

74

79

70

54

80

67

61

71

73

90

48

111

70

76

67

74

58 46

74

79

86

76

110

86

64

43

68

65

90

3-11

Figure 3-1
Annual Number of Days with 8-Hour Average Ozone Values >= 85 ppb

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Acadia (2)

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon

Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Hawaii Volcanoes

Isle Royale

Joshua Tree

Lake Mead

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave

Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (3) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Virgin Islands

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

0

0

0

0

1

55

Legend

0 - 3 days

4 - 10 days

> 10 daysPortable site

65

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italicsunderline

= site operated by a state agency

 = site operated by the National Park Service, butconsisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

3

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

0

39

0

1

0

0

0 0

0

1

7

1

72

6

0

0

0

0

10

3-12

Figure 3-2
Annual Second Highest 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (in ppb)

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

Big South

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Isle Royale

Lake Mead

Acadia (2)

Badlands

Big Bend

Canyonlands

Cape Cod

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Hawaii Volcanoes

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (3) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Virgin Islands

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

55

Legend

0 - 50 ppbozone concentration

51 - 100 ppbozone concentration101 - 150 ppbozone concentration

Portable site

65

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics

underline

= site operated by a state agency

 = site operated by the National Park Service, butbut consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation >150 ppb

ozone concentration

118

73

68

78

116

107

78

73

89

105

85

64

88

90

70

81

81

110

51

136

82

97

86

95

71 48

83

102

102

96

127

114

77

45

75

74

114

81

77

79

70

92

3-13

Figure 3-3
3.2.2 Ozone Violation Summaries

Table 3-5 presents an ozone violation summary for all 3-year periods over the last ten

years, with violations indicated in orange and red. Table values in parentheses indicate that the

EPA data completeness requirement for the 3-year period was not met. However, annual fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 85 ppb for calendar 

years not meeting the EPA data completeness requirement are included in the NAAQS violation 

computation.

Figure 3-4 presents a ranked list of sites based on the 2001 – 2003 ozone violation

summary data presented in the first column of Table 3-5. Sites which met the EPA data

completeness requirement are indicated with solid black bars, those which did not are indicated

with open bars. Sites displaying an open bar with an ozone concentration greater than or equal to 

85 ppb are in violation of the NAAQS.

3-14
The primary ozone standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 3-year period, with no single year within the

period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to

determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are

included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard.

A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data.

 Data Completeness Met

 Data Completeness Not Met

Ozone Violation Summary Ranking

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2001 - 2003

3-Year Average 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sequoia and Kings Canyon - Ash Mountain

Sequoia and Kings Canyon - Lookout Point

Sequoia and Kings Canyon - Lower Kaweah

Joshua Tree - Yucca Valley

Cape Cod

Acadia - Cadillac Mountain

Great Smoky Mountains - Cove Mountain

Great Smoky Mountains - Look Rock

Great Smoky Mountains - Clingmans Dome

Yosemite - Turtleback Dome

Acadia - McFarland Hill

Shenendoah - Big Meadows

Great Smoky Mountains - Purchase Knob

Cowpens

Death Valley - Park Village

Pinnacles - East Entrance Station

Rocky Mountain - Longs Peak Ranger Station

Mammoth Cave - Houchin Meadow

Chamizal

Congaree Swamp - Congaree Bluff

Great Smoky Mountains - Cades Cove

Grand Canyon - The Abyss

Saguaro - Pima County

Lassen Volcanic - Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area

Canyonlands - Island in the Sky

Great Basin - Maintenance Yard

Chiricahua - Entrance Station

Mesa Verde - Maintenance Yard

Badlands - Visitor Center

Yosemite - Merced River

Voyageurs - Sullivan Bay

Yellowstone - Water Tank

Craters of the Moon - Visitor Center

Channel Islands - Santa Rosa Island

Petrified Forest - Horse Barn

Big Bend - K-Bar Ranch Road

Mount Rainier - Tahoma Woods

Theodore Roosevelt - Visitor Center

Everglades - Beard Center

Denali - Headquarters

Glacier - West Glacier Horse Stables

North Cascades - Marblemount Ranger Station

Ozone Concentration (ppb)

85 ppb or greater 

violates the 8-hr 

ozone National 

Ambient Air 

Quality Standard

3-15

Figure 3-4
3.2.3 Long-Term Ozone Trends

Determination of trends is an important monitoring network objective. It is also difficult

because the definition of a trend is unclear, the pollutant emission rates are constantly changing, 

and annual climate variations can dominate over ozone production and transport factors. Several 

methods for trend determination have been explored, but only two will be presented here. The

Thiel method is a non-parametric statistical technique used by the IMPROVE visibility program

for trend determination. It is not dependant on a normal distribution, is tolerant of missing data, 

and handles outlier points well. A somewhat relaxed statistical significance level of 0.15 is used 

so that early warning of changes in ozone concentrations is possible from the network. Table 3-6

and Figures 3-5 and 3-6 present trend results using this method.

In Figure 3-5 the ozone trend for the 4th highest daily 8-hour maximum concentration

relates most closely to the ozone standard. Over a 10-year period, the intermountain western

parks and Congaree Swamp in South Carolina have shown increasing ozone. In Figure 3-6,

ozone trends for the maximum annual 1-hour concentration also show increases in the

intermountain west over the last 10 years.

A more commonly used trend technique is linear regression. This method has several

problems, including the expectation of a consistent geometric progression. Comparisons of the

linear trend and the time series plots of ozone can be helpful (Figures 3-7 and 3-8). At some

monitoring sites progressions are evident while at other sites fluctuations are large and the trend 

line may have been dominated by a small number of points. Using information from both trend

methods gives a richer understanding of the changes.

Figure 3-7 shows linear regression trends in the annual 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour

average ozone values for selected western parks. Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, Mesa Verde,

and Grand Canyon National Parks have upward trends that are fairly consistent. The other parks 

have variations that make it much harder to be confident in the trend line. Figure 3-8 also

displays linear regression trends for selected eastern parks. The upward trend at Congaree

Swamp has an orderly progression. The upward linear trends at Shenandoah, Great Smoky

Mountains, and Mammoth Cave have a strong downward swing that started in 1999.

3-16
Trends in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-hr Ozone

at U.S. National Parks (1994-2003)

No trend

Increasing Trend, p <= 0.15

Decreasing Trend, p <= 0.15

Acadia

Big Bend

Cape Cod

Canyonlands

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mtns

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades Olympic

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite

Figure 3-5 

Trends in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations 

1994 - 2003 

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 

3-17
Trends in May-September Average Daily Maximum 1-hr Ozone

at U.S. National Parks (1994-2003)

No trend

Increasing Trend, p <= 0.15

Decreasing Trend, p <= 0.15

Acadia

Big Bend

Cape Cod

Canyonlands

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mtns

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades Olympic

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite

Figure 3-6 

Trends in Average Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations 

1994 - 2003 

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program 

3-18
Trends in Maximum Daily 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations

1994 - 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Station 1.13 0.14

Sequoia/Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 0.98 0.30

Mesa Verde Maintenance Yard 0.78 0.01

Chamizal Chamizal 0.75 0.14

Congaree Swamp Bluff 0.74 0.24

Rocky Mountain Longs Peak Ranger Station 0.66 0.19

Sequoia/Kings Canyon Lookout Point 0.61 0.19

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 0.55 0.30

Yellowstone Water Tower 0.54 0.04

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 0.43 0.15

Grand Canyon The Abyss 0.42 0.08

Acadia McFarland Hill 0.38 0.36

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 0.38 0.50

Denali Headquarters 0.36 0.00

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 0.31 0.05

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 0.29 0.11

Chiricahua Entrance Station 0.22 0.24

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 0.21 0.15

Glacier Horse Stables 0.19 0.43

Cape Cod Cape Cod 0.14 0.38

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 0.14 0.36

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 0.13 0.43

Pinnacles East Entrance Station 0.12 0.36

Everglades Beard Center 0.10 0.46

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 0.04 0.55

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock -0.12 0.46

Death Valley Park Village -0.12 0.38

Shenandoah Big Meadows -0.14 0.43

Olympic Visitor Center -0.16 0.43

Big Bend K-Bar -0.27 0.36

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow -0.28 0.50

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake -0.31 0.30

Cowpens Cowpens -0.35 0.43

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods -0.44 0.36

Saguaro Pima County -0.55 0.11

Channel Islands Channel Islands -0.74 0.05

Joshua Tree Yucca Valley -1.41 0.08

1. Any P-value less than or equal to the defined significance level of 0.15 indicates a significant slope.

Operating agency key: Color shading key:

 plain text = site operated by the National Park Service = ozone slope > 0

 italics = site operated by a state agency = ozone slope < 0

= P-value <= 0.15

Ozone Slope (ppb/yr) P-Value1

3-19

Table 3-6
60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

Pinnacles

Sequoia

Joshua Tree

Rocky Mountain 

Grand Canyon

Yosemite

Slope = 0.65 

 R2 = 0.83

Slope = -0.58

 R2 = 0.12

Slope = 0.80

 R2 = 0.75

Slope = -0.45

 R2 = 0.23

Slope = -0.19

 R2 = 0.13

Slope = -0.33

 R2 = 0.21

Yellowstone

Mesa Verde 

Slope = 0.90

 R2 = 0.82

Slope = 0.78

 R2 = 0.61

3-20

Figure 3-7

Trends at Western Parks in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum

1994 - 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

8-Hour Average Ozone Concentration
60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

Shenandoah

Mammoth Cave

Slope = 0.78 

 R2 = 0.33

Slope = 1.17 

 R2 = 0.38

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

Great Smoky

Mountains

Slope = 1.0

 R2 = 0.36

Cowpens

Acadia

Cape Cod 

Congaree Swamp

Slope = -0.45

 R2 = 0.16

Slope = 0.18 

 R2 = 0.04

Slope = 1.24 

 R2 = 0.72

Slope = 0.82 

 R2 = 0.44

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mean(avghi4th)

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

YEAR

Great Smoky

Mountains

Slope = 2.0

 R2 = 0.54

Look Rock

Clingmans Dome

3-21

Figure 3-8

Trends at Eastern Parks in Annual 4th Highest Daily Maximum

8-Hour Average Ozone Concentration

1994 - 2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program
3.2.4 Resource Injury Indices

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, various indices other than the primary and

secondary standards are often used. These indices, defined below, take into account both peak

ozone concentrations and cumulative exposure to ozone.

• SUM06 – A cumulative index that is calculated as the maximum 3-month sum of the

0800-2000 hourly average ozone concentrations equal to or greater than 0.06 ppm (60 

ppb). The units of this index are ppm-hr. Several thresholds have been developed for 

SUM06:

No risk to ozone sensitive vegetation 0 - 7 ppm-hr

Higher risk to ozone sensitive vegetation 8 - 16 ppm-hr

Highest risk to ozone sensitive vegetation > 16 ppm-hr

• W126 – A cumulative index that is calculated as the sum of the 0800-2000 weighted

hourly ozone concentrations during the EPA-designated ozone season, where a

weighting function is used to give increasing significance (weights between 0 and 1)

to concentrations of ozone greater than 0.040 ppm (40 ppb), and no weight to

concentrations below 0.040 ppm (40 ppb). Units of this index are ppm-hr.

• N100 – The number of hours with ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.10 

ppm (100 ppb). This index is reported without units. The N100 index is often

considered along with the W126 in assessing the possible impact of the exposure.

Several thresholds have been developed for W126 and N100:

W126 N100

Highly Sensitive Species 5.9 ppm-hr 6

Moderately Sensitive Species 23.8 ppm-hr 51

Low Sensitivity 66.6 ppm-hr 135

Table 3-7 presents the resource injury summary statistics for 2003. Summaries for

portable ozone sites are included for reference only. Since portable sites are deployed for shortterm seasonal use, there may be significant biases in SUM06, W126, and N100 exposure indices 

calculated from their data.

The map in Figure 3-9 presents the annual 3 month maximum SUM06 exposure index for 

all network sites listed in Table 3-7. Index values are color-coded to represent three distinct

levels of cumulative exposure. Data from portable sites (no color) are included for reference

only.

Ozone sensitive plant species at sites with a cumulative SUM06 of 0-7 ppm-hr are

unlikely to experience foliar injury or growth reduction because of ozone. Sites with a SUM06

of 8-16 ppm-hr have a higher risk to sensitive vegetation; sites with a SUM06 greater than 16

ppm-hr have the highest risk for ozone foliar injury or growth effects. These risks are relative

and the thresholds are not absolute. Ozone effects depend not only on ozone exposure, but on

other factors that may ameliorate or magnify the extent of ozone injury, including soil moisture, 

presence of other air pollutants, insects or diseases, and other environmental stresses. A high

3-22
SUM 06 exposure in a drought year, for example, may not result in vegetation injury because

stomatal closure to prevent moisture loss will also prevent ozone uptake.

In evaluating risk to vegetation from ozone, it is useful to consider not only the SUM06

but also the W126 and N100 exposures. If both exposure indices are above thresholds for

effects, the potential for injury increases.

3-23
Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100) 

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

N1003 O3 %

Valid National Park Unit Site Name SUM061(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 99.9 20.3 29.8 9

Acadia McFarland Hill 99.4 14.8 21.7 0

Badlands Visitor Center 99.5 0.0 8.9 0

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 98.1 9.8 24.2 0

Big South Fork Portable Ozone 79.3 4.6 7.5 0

Black Canyon of the Gunnison Portable Ozone 99.9 19.2 21.7 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 95.7 30.5 36.7 21

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 89.0 58.1 66.7 0

Chamizal Chamizal 96.0 13.9 22.6 5

Chiricahua Entrance Station 94.2 31.2 50.5 0

Channel Islands Santa Rosa Island 89.2 5.3 13.9 0

Congaree Swamp Congaree Bluff 97.0 12.8 14.9 0

Cowpens Cowpens 99.7 15.8 27.7 2

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 95.3 25.9 34.7 0

Denali Headquarters 99.3 0.3 9.0 0

Death Valley Park Village 97.6 80.2 77.7 0

Everglades Beard Center 88.8 3.9 9.3 0

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 0 91.2 2.3 8.6

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 98.5 41.1 46.3 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 99.1 66.1 67.4 0

Grand Canyon Portable Ozone 99.9 17.7 18.0 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 89.2 13.5 20.5 0

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 93.3 61.5 58.2 3

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 98.6 45.3 76.7 1

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 99.2 45.8 77.8 11

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 93.5 45.5 52.5 0

Hawaii Volcanoes Thurston Lava Tubes 0 95.4 0.0 1.9

Isle Royale Portable Ozone 43.3 0.5 5.5 0

Joshua Tree Yucca Valley 96.3 128.6 146.6 110

Lake Mead Portable Ozone 87.4 40.4 34.3 0

Lassen Volcanic Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area 0 98.8 12.9 24.4

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 99.0 22.2 31.7 0

Mesa Verde Maintenance Yard 98.6 27.5 46.4 0

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 97.6 7.9 9.8 0

North Cascades Marblemount Ranger Station 0 88.1 1.1 4.1

Olympic Visitor Center 97.8 0.0 1.8 0

Petrified Forest Horse Barn 97.8 39.7 51.2 0

Pinnacles East Entrance Station 4 99.3 27.3 39.3

Rocky Mountain Longs Peak Ranger Station 4 99.4 53.0 81.3

Saguaro Pima County 97.4 34.4 48.7 0

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 91.7 98.4 126.6 184

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 91.4 105.4 112.4 83

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lookout Point 81.7 63.8 109.4 118

Shenendoah Big Meadows 94.0 45.4 61.1 14

3-24

Table 3-7
Summary of Indices for Resource Injury (SUM06, W126, and N100) 

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

N1003 O3 %

Valid National Park Unit Site Name SUM061(ppm-hr)

W1262

(ppm-hr)

Theodore Roosevelt Visitor Center 99.9 1.2 15.2 0

Virgin Islands Lind Point 88.6 0.0 1.4 0

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 99.2 8.1 19.2 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 91.0 15.5 32.9 0

Yosemite Merced River 74.3 2.9 8.1 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 99.5 84.1 109.5 15

2. W126 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives 

greater emphasis to the higher hourly concntrations while still including the lower ones. Units are ppm-hr. For more information on the W126 

exposure index go to http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/maps/AirAtlas/air_quality_glossary.pdf

3. N100 represents the number of hourly ozone concentrations greater than or equal to 0.100 ppm (100 ppb).

Operating agency key:

plain text

italics

underline

= site operated by the National Park Service

= site operated by a state agency

= site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified protable instrumentation

1. SUM06 exposure index represents the sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here 

represents a three month maximum value for the year. Units are ppm-hr.

3-25

Table 3-7 (cont.)
Acadia (2)

Badlands

Big Bend

Big South

Black Canyon of the Gunnison

Cape Cod

Canyonlands

Chamizal

Chiricahua

Channel Islands

Congaree Swamp

Cowpens

Craters of the Moon

Denali

Death Valley

Everglades

Glacier

Great Basin

Grand Canyon

Grand Canyon Great Smoky Mountains (5)

Hawaii Volcanoes

Isle Royale

Lake Mead

Joshua Tree

Lassen Volcanic

Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde

Mount Rainier

North Cascades

Olympic

Petrified Forest

Pinnacles

Rocky Mountain

Saguaro

Sequoia/Kings Canyon (3) Shenandoah

Theodore Roosevelt

Virgin Islands

Voyageurs

Yellowstone

Yosemite (2)

Legend

0 - 7 ppm-hr

8 - 16 ppm-hr> 16 ppm-hr

Operating agency key:

plain text = site operated by the National Park Service

italics

underline

= site operated by a state agency

 = site operated by the National Park Service, butconsisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Portable site

20

0

10

31

58

14

31

5

13

16

26

0

80

4

2

41

66

62

0

129

13

22

28

8

1 0

40

27

53

34

105

45

1

0

8

16

84

5

19

18

1

40

Annual 3 Month Maximum Sum06 Exposure Index

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

* Park units with more than one site are indicated with (x) following the parkunit name, where x represents the number of sites within the unit. At unitswhere more than one site exists, the highest value from all sites was reported.

3-26

Figure 3-9
3.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE DATA SUMMARIES

Sulfur dioxide is a criteria pollutant that alone, and after chemical transformation into

particulate sulfate, is responsible for health and environmental impacts. Both sulfur dioxide and 

sulfate can cause respiratory problems. Sulfur dioxide can react with other chemicals and water

in the air to form acid rain which is detrimental to plant and watershed resources. Sulfate is one

of the particulate species responsible for visibility degradation and regional haze.

There are several National Ambient Air Quality Standards for sulfur dioxide. The

primary annual NAAQS is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm (34 ppb). The primary daily

NAAQS is a 24-hour mean of 0.14 ppm (144 ppb). The secondary NAAQS is a 3-hour mean of 

0.50 ppm (549 ppb). Table 3-8 summarizes sulfur dioxide measurements for comparison to

these standards and lists the number of exceedances for each. Maximum hourly concentrations

for each site are also presented in the table for reference.

3-27
2003

Summary of Sulfur Dioxide Data by Site

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentration (ppb)

4th

Highest

3rd

Highest

2nd

Highest

1st

Highest Site Name

Annual

Arithmetic

Mean

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days with24-Hour Average

>=145 ppb

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentration3 (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of days with

3-Hour Maximum

>= 550 ppb

1st

Highest

Highest Daily 24-Hour

Average Concentrations2 (ppb)

Congaree Swamp Congaree Bluff 1 0 0 9 8 7 6 32 30 30 24 80 50 48 45Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory 20 3 2 250 212 160 137 591 561 518 513 867 858 804 733Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 14 2 1 173 162 141 129 554 512 477 475 839 732 724 689Olympic Visitor Center 1 0 0 4 4 3 3 12 12 10 10 20 19 16 16Shenendoah Big Meadows 2 0 0 9 9 8 7 15 15 15 15 24 21 20 18Theodore Roosevelt Visitor Center 1 0 0 4 4 3 3 9 7 7 6 20 11 8 8

1. The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm. (A value greater than 0.03 ppm, 34 ppb, or 80 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)

2. The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.14 ppm over a 24-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.14 ppm, 144 ppb, or 365 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.4.)3. The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.5.)

plain text

italics = site operated by a state agency

Operating agency key:

= site operated by the National Park Service

Color shading key:

>34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, >144 ppb 24-hour average, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

3-28

Table 3-8
3.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARIES

Meteorological data collected along with air quality parameters are used to better

understand the causes and impacts of air pollution. In addition, meteorological data are essential 

for air quality modeling efforts.

Table 3-9 presents a summary of selected meteorological data for all sites. The

parameters included are wind speed, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation.

Figure 3-10 presents annual wind roses, a graphical representation of summarized wind

speed and wind direction data for all sites.

3-29
National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Summary of Selected Meteorological Data by Site

Precipitation

(mm)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed

(Scalar)

(m/s)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Accumulated during period

Cadillac Mountain 16 -999.0 5.9 14.4 27.8 -0.8 80 100 AcadiaMcFarland Hill 8 856.8 3.3 6.2 27.6 -25.7 67 100 AcadiaVisitor Center 9 -999.0 3.9 11.2 39.7 -19.4 54 96 BadlandsK-Bar Ranch Road 2 306.1 3.6 20.3 38.3 -4.5 42 100 Big Bend Portable Ozone 34 405.0 0.6 21.4 33.2 1.1 82 99 Big South Fork Portable Ozone 6 95.6 2.3 17.5 32.3 -4.6 38 99 Black Canyon of the Gunnison Cape Cod 10 -999.0 2.8 8.9 29.9 -14.2 78 100 Cape Cod Island in the Sky 3 116.7 2.8 13.0 36.5 -10.9 37 99 CanyonlandsChamizal 4 -999.0 3.4 19.8 39.9 -5.1 33 99 ChamizalEntrance Station 5 118.5 3.2 16.4 37.5 -10.7 38 100 ChiricahuaVisitor Center 5 -999.0 3.6 7.8 35.0 -20.0 49 99 Craters of the Moon Headquarters 13 326.8 1.4 -0.3 26.0 -31.7 67 99 DenaliPark Village 1 72.1 3.6 26.4 49.5 5.0 22 100 Death Valley Beard Center 29 1404.9 2.0 23.3 32.2 2.2 79 100 EvergladesWest Glacier Horse Stables 13 554.5 1.1 1.8 32.5 -24.3 77 100 GlacierMaintenance Yard 4 42.6 2.7 9.9 33.6 -15.6 42 96 Great Basin The Abyss 3 254.0 2.9 11.3 33.2 -10.7 40 100 Grand Canyon Portable Ozone 4 75.1 2.7 25.0 41.4 8.3 29 96 Grand Canyon Cades Cove 10 1436.7 1.3 13.0 33.2 -17.3 78 100 Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 6 960.8 3.7 10.8 20.5 -4.1 90 101 Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 5 1215.7 4.6 9.9 24.9 -21.6 75 100 Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 13 1603.1 2.5 12.6 27.0 -18.7 75 100 Great Smoky Mountains Observatory 9 854.9 4.9 16.6 28.5 8.0 81 100 Hawaii Volcanoes Thurston Lava Tubes 17 2522.3 1.7 15.0 24.0 7.1 89 100 Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 20 1750.3 3.7 15.4 26.0 7.4 90 100 Hawaii Volcanoes Portable Ozone 8 107.5 5.4 15.9 28.3 1.2 71 100 Isle Royale Yucca Valley 4 315.5 3.7 16.6 37.4 -2.3 37 100 Joshua Tree Portable Ozone 4 36.7 3.7 31.2 43.5 16.2 21 94 Lake Mead Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area 6 937.3 2.0 7.8 31.5 -13.6 62 98 Lassen Volcanic Houchin Meadow 16 1239.3 1.8 13.5 32.2 -19.7 71 99 Mammoth Cave Maintenance Yard 1 239.2 2.9 10.1 33.1 -14.5 37 100 Mesa Verde Tahoma Woods 16 1347.7 1.1 9.1 34.3 -6.2 77 100 Mount Rainier 

3-30

Table 3-9
National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

2003

Summary of Selected Meteorological Data by Site

Precipitation

(mm)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed

(Scalar)

(m/s)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Accumulated during period

Marblemount Ranger Station 17 2127.1 1.5 10.1 34.4 -6.0 79 98 North Cascades Visitor Center 19 803.5 1.0 8.9 29.3 -2.8 79 100 OlympicHorse Barn 0 103.1 4.0 14.3 36.9 -11.1 38 99 Petrified Forest East Entrance Station 4 283.2 2.1 14.7 41.1 -5.9 61 98 PinnaclesLongs Peak Ranger Station 5 450.7 2.9 4.5 26.4 -23.8 49 99 Rocky Mountain Ash Mountain 6 238.6 2.6 20.8 40.2 -1.1 47 99 Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 5 711.8 1.5 9.8 28.3 -10.9 60 100 Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lookout Point 8 551.8 4.0 13.2 33.6 -5.8 56 99 Sequoia and Kings Canyon Big Meadows 12 1736.0 2.7 7.5 25.6 -20.1 76 100 ShenendoahVisitor Center 10 379.8 5.1 6.7 37.5 -27.8 63 100 Theodore Roosevelt Lind Point 39 1219.5 3.9 26.7 31.8 20.3 70 96 Virgin Islands Sullivan Bay 14 435.2 2.7 4.0 35.3 -30.5 68 99 VoyageursWater Tank 6 421.3 1.7 2.7 29.7 -31.1 65 100 YellowstoneMerced River 6 665.0 0.5 10.7 36.1 -8.1 69 99 YosemiteTurtleback Dome 0 758.1 3.8 11.5 30.7 -9.0 47 99 YosemitePoker Flat 12 367.8 3.1 -0.7 26.5 -32.6 67 100 Yukon Flats 

Operating agency key:Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

plain text = site operated by the National Park Serviceunderline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentationitalics = site operated by a state agency

3-31

Table 3-9 (cont.)
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.6% Collected 99.6% Valid

3853 Possible /3839 Collected /3839 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Acadia National Park

Cadillac Mountain

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.15%

99.8% Collected 99.2% Valid

8760 Possible /8741 Collected /8689 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Acadia National Park

McFarland Hill

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.05%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

3672 Possible /3671 Collected /3671 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Badlands National Park

Visitor Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.2% Collected 99.2% Valid

8760 Possible /8692 Collected /8692 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Big Bend National Park K-Bar Ranch Road

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-32

Figure 3-10

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

58.02%

99.2% Collected 99.2% Valid

2506 Possible /2487 Collected /2487 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area

Portable Ozone

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.07%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

2673 Possible /2673 Collected /2673 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park

Portable Ozone

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.58%

99.8% Collected 99.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8745 Collected /8745 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Cape Cod National

Seashore

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.03%

99.8% Collected 99.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8743 Collected /8718 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Canyonlands National Park Island in the Sky

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-33

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.14%

98.8% Collected 98.7% Valid

8760 Possible /8659 Collected /8649 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Chamizal National

Memorial

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.11%

99.7% Collected 99.7% Valid

8760 Possible /8738 Collected /8738 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Chiricahua National

Monument

Entrance Station

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.14%

99.2% Collected 99.2% Valid

8760 Possible /8694 Collected /8694 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Craters of the

Moon National Monument

Visitor Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.77%

99.6% Collected 99.3% Valid

8760 Possible /8725 Collected /8699 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Denali National Park

Headquarters

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-34

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.7% Collected 97.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8732 Collected /8564 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Death Valley

National Park

Park Village

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

2.28%

92.0% Collected 91.6% Valid

8760 Possible /8056 Collected /8025 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Everglades National Park Beard Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

9.80%

98.8% Collected 95.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8656 Collected /8364 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Glacier National Park

West Glacier Horse Stables

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.12%

99.2% Collected 96.0% Valid

8760 Possible /8689 Collected /8410 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Great Basin National Park

Maintenance Yard

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-35

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

1.41%

98.9% Collected 59.1% Valid

8760 Possible /8667 Collected /5174 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Grand Canyon

National Park

The Abyss

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.19%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

3223 Possible /3222 Collected /3222 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Grand Canyon

National Park

Portable Ozone

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

23.91%

99.9% Collected 99.9% Valid

8760 Possible /8747 Collected /8747 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Cades Cove

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.06%

74.6% Collected 73.3% Valid

4416 Possible /3295 Collected /3235 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Clingmans Dome

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-36

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.20%

99.6% Collected 97.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8728 Collected /8537 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Cove Mountain

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.01%

98.4% Collected 98.4% Valid

8760 Possible /8621 Collected /8621 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Look Rock

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.11%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

8760 Possible /8759 Collected /8758 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Hawaii Volcanoes

National Park

Observatory

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

8.42%

99.8% Collected 99.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8744 Collected /8744 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Hawaii Volcanoes

National Park

Thurston Lava Tubes

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-37

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.95%

99.8% Collected 99.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8744 Collected /8744 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Hawaii Volcanoes

National Park

Visitor Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.9% Collected 91.2% Valid

3475 Possible /3473 Collected /3170 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Isle Royale National Park Portable Ozone

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.5% Collected 98.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8715 Collected /8657 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Joshua Tree National Park

Yucca Valley

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.21%

92.0% Collected 92.0% Valid

3157 Possible /2904 Collected /2904 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Lake Mead National

Recreation Area

Portable Ozone

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-38

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.53%

97.3% Collected 92.2% Valid

8760 Possible /8520 Collected /8075 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Lassen Volcanic

National Park

Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.95%

99.6% Collected 99.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8723 Collected /8715 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Mammoth Cave

National Park

Houchin Meadow

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.12%

99.4% Collected 88.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8706 Collected /7756 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Mesa Verde National Park

Maintenance Yard

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

3.87%

98.6% Collected 88.4% Valid

8660 Possible /8542 Collected /7654 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Mount Rainier

National Park

Tahoma Woods

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-39

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

7.08%

98.1% Collected 90.6% Valid

8760 Possible /8597 Collected /7933 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

North Cascades

National Park

Marblemount Ranger Station

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

2.34%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

8760 Possible /8757 Collected /8757 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Olympic National Park Visitor Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.06%

97.8% Collected 97.8% Valid

8760 Possible /8563 Collected /8563 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Petrified Forest

National Park

Horse Barn

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.37%

99.5% Collected 95.6% Valid

8760 Possible /8719 Collected /8372 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Pinnacles National

Monument

East Entrance Station

Final Validation

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-40

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.67%

99.5% Collected 99.5% Valid

8760 Possible /8719 Collected /8719 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Rocky Mountain

National Park

Longs Peak Ranger Station

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

3.14%

100.0% Collected 98.9% Valid

8750 Possible /8749 Collected /8656 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Saguaro National Park Pima County

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.65%

100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid

5880 Possible /5878 Collected /5878 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Ash Mountain

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

4.14%

97.2% Collected 94.3% Valid

8760 Possible /8512 Collected /8259 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Lower Kaweah

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-41

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.14%

98.1% Collected 98.1% Valid

8760 Possible /8597 Collected /8597 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Lookout Point

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.45%

90.2% Collected 83.1% Valid

8760 Possible /7901 Collected /7279 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Shenendoah National Park

Big Meadows

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.01%

98.7% Collected 98.7% Valid

8760 Possible /8650 Collected /8650 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Theodore Roosevelt

National Park

Visitor Center

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.00%

99.6% Collected 99.6% Valid

8759 Possible /8726 Collected /8726 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Virgin Islands

National Park

Lind Point

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-42

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.01%

99.6% Collected 99.6% Valid

8760 Possible /8726 Collected /8726 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Voyageurs National Park Sullivan Bay

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.39%

99.6% Collected 99.6% Valid

8760 Possible /8725 Collected /8725 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Yellowstone National Park

Water Tank

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

54.84%

98.3% Collected 98.3% Valid

8760 Possible /8609 Collected /8609 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Yosemite National Park

Merced River

Final Validation

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.06%

99.7% Collected 95.3% Valid

8760 Possible /8735 Collected /8351 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Yosemite National Park

Turtleback Dome

Final Validation

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-43

Figure 3-10 (cont.)
N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

 20%

 40%

CALM

0.65%

96.8% Collected 96.8% Valid

8759 Possible /8483 Collected /8483 Valid

(includes WS and WD)

Yukon Flats National

Wildlife Refuge Poker Flat

Final Validation

Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)

CALM < -5

0.0-0.9

1.0-3.9

4.0-6.9

7.0-9.9

10.0-12.9

13.0-15.9

16.0-18.9

19.0+

3-44

Figure 3-10 (cont.)

Annual Wind Rose by Site

2003
4.0 PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF OZONE MEASUREMENTS

Ozone analyzers are automatically challenged daily with known zero and span

concentrations. Most sites also undergo an automatic daily precision check. At a few sites,

precision checks are performed weekly. All ozone sites operate both an analyzer (with ozone

generator) and calibrator on site. The daily zero, span, and precision values are measured by

both instruments, providing an independent reference to the on-site measurements. The NPS

goal is for precision checks to fall within +/- 10% of the calibration gas concentration.

Routine quality assurance multipoint calibrations of the GPMP ozone analyzers and

calibrators are performed by the site operators monthly, and by the NPS-contracted network field 

specialists upon initial installation and every six months thereafter. Network field specialists

perform their quality assurance checks using an ozone transfer standard (traceable to a NISTcertified primary standard). The NPS goal is for these accuracy checks to fall within +/- 10% of 

the transfer standard gas concentrations.

Table 4-1 presents a summary of ozone analyzer precision results and semi-annual

accuracy results, by quarter, for 2003. Results are color-coded to indicate ideal performance (no 

shading), acceptable performance (yellow), and unacceptable performance (red). Accuracy

results are presented only for NPS-operated sites, and typically include 2 entries for the year.

Table 4-2 presents a network summary of ozone analyzer precision and accuracy, by

quarter, for 2003. Included in the table are the number of sites whose precision and accuracy

checks fell within +/- 5%, +/- 10%, and outside of +/- 10%.

4-1
Maximum Percent

Difference

Average Absolute

Percent

Difference

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Required No.

of Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Precision Accuracy

Lower 95%

Probability Limit

Average Absolute

Percent Difference

Upper 95%

Probability Limit 3,4 5 3,4 6 6

Cadillac Mountain 1 N 0.7 -1.0 2.5 N Acadia

2 Y 0.1 -1.5 1.4 N3 N 0.2 -2.1 1.6 N4

McFarland Hill 1 Y 3.8 1.1 6.6 N Acadia

2 Y 0.5 -4.6 3.5 N3 Y 0.7 -3.4 4.8 N4 N 0.1 -4.8 4.6 N

Visitor Center 1 Badlands

23 Y 1.4 -6.1 3.3 N4 Y 0.9 -3.8 2.0 N

K-Bar Ranch Road 1 Y 0.5 -2.4 3.4 Y 1.3 1.9 Big Bend 

2 Y 0.7 -3.5 2.0 N3 Y 0.7 -4.1 2.6 Y 14.4 15.24 Y 0.5 -4.4 3.4 N

Cape Cod 1 Cape Cod 

2 Y 1.9 -2.6 -1.1 N3 Y 3.0 -3.0 -3.0 N4

Island in the Sky 1 Y 1.5 -3.1 0.2 N Canyonlands

2 Y 0.1 -1.3 1.0 Y 2.5 2.93 Y 0.4 -0.6 1.5 N4 N 0.0 -1.9 2.0 Y 0.4 1.2

Chamizal 1 Y 2.0 -4.8 0.9 N Chamizal

2 Y 5.4 -11.3 0.4 N3 N 1.2 -3.4 5.9 N4 Y 1.6 -8.5 5.3 N

Entrance Station 1 Y 2.4 1.2 3.6 N Chiricahua

2 Y 0.4 -2.5 3.3 Y 1.3 -2.73 Y 0.8 -1.9 0.3 N4 Y 0.0 -1.5 1.4 Y 0.8 1.4

Santa Rosa Island 1 Y 0.7 -1.8 0.3 N Channel Islands 

2 Y 0.5 -1.6 0.7 N3 N 0.4 -1.5 0.7 N4 Y 0.5 -1.6 0.6 N

Congaree Bluff 1 Y 2.0 -8.4 12.5 N Congaree Swamp

2 Y 2.7 -3.8 9.2 N3 Y 3.7 -0.4 7.8 N4 N 3.8 -0.7 8.4 N

4-2

Table 4-1
Maximum Percent

Difference

Average Absolute

Percent

Difference

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Required No.

of Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Precision Accuracy

Lower 95%

Probability Limit

Average Absolute

Percent Difference

Upper 95%

Probability Limit 3,4 5 3,4 6 6

Cowpens 1 Y 2.0 -0.9 4.9 N Cowpens

2 Y 0.8 -3.0 4.6 N3 N 0.2 -4.5 4.8 N4 Y 4.3 -6.0 14.6 N

Visitor Center 1 N 0.4 -7.0 6.2 Y 1.9 -3.0 Craters of the Moon 

2 Y 1.8 -0.5 4.1 N3 Y 2.3 -1.9 6.5 Y 1.1 1.44 Y 2.2 -4.2 -0.3 N

Headquarters 1 N 1.3 -7.6 5.0 Y 1.5 -4.3 Denali

2 Y 0.1 -0.8 0.6 N3 Y 0.5 -1.6 0.6 Y 1.4 4.34 Y 0.2 -1.0 0.6 N

Park Village 1 Y 0.6 -3.3 2.2 N Death Valley

2 Y 1.0 -3.6 1.5 N3 Y 2.1 -6.8 2.6 Y 0.6 -1.44 Y 4.4 -9.6 0.8 N

Beard Center 1 Y 0.9 -0.2 2.0 N Everglades

2 Y 0.6 -3.0 4.3 N3 N 5.0 -11.8 1.9 N4 Y 0.5 -5.6 6.6 N

West Glacier Horse Stables 1 Y 2.9 -5.4 -0.3 Y 2.6 -5.7 Glacier

2 Y 2.5 -6.8 1.7 N3 Y 4.9 -10.3 0.5 N4 Y 1.1 -6.5 4.4 Y 0.3 -1.2

Maintenance Yard 1 Y 4.1 1.6 6.6 N Great Basin 

2 Y 4.9 1.9 8.0 N3 N 5.7 -10.2 -1.2 Y 2.2 3.04 Y 4.4 -7.1 -1.7 N

The Abyss 1 Y 1.5 -3.9 0.9 N Grand Canyon 

2 Y 0.5 -3.4 2.5 Y 1.4 -2.83 Y 0.9 -0.1 1.9 Y 0.6 1.44 Y 0.4 -1.8 1.1 N

Cades Cove 1 Y 4.5 -11.1 2.1 N Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 0.0 -6.9 6.8 Y 1.6 2.23 Y 2.5 -3.0 8.0 N4 Y 1.5 -4.8 1.8 Y 3.3 4.1

Clingmans Dome 1 Great Smoky Mountains 

2 N 0.1 -7.1 7.3 N3 N 1.7 -3.0 6.4 N4 Y 3.6 -13.8 6.5 Y 2.3 2.9

Cove Mountain 1 Y 0.6 -4.5 5.6 N Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 2.4 -3.7 8.6 Y 6.5 -7.13 Y 3.4 -1.0 7.8 N4 Y 1.3 -5.3 2.8 Y 0.2 -0.6

4-3

Table 4-1 (cont.)
Maximum Percent

Difference

Average Absolute

Percent

Difference

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Required No.

of Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Precision Accuracy

Lower 95%

Probability Limit

Average Absolute

Percent Difference

Upper 95%

Probability Limit 3,4 5 3,4 6 6

Look Rock 1 Y 0.6 -2.0 3.1 N Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 1.1 -3.4 1.2 Y 1.7 4.43 Y 0.4 -4.8 4.1 N4 Y 0.2 -2.0 1.6 Y 0.5 -1.3

Purchase Knob 1 Great Smoky Mountains 

2 Y 1.6 0.4 2.8 N3 Y 0.6 -1.1 2.2 N4 Y 0.0 0.0 0.0 N

Thurston Lava Tubes 1 Y 3.2 -2.7 9.1 N Hawaii Volcanoes 

2 Y 1.2 -6.5 8.9 N3 Y 0.7 -4.5 5.9 Y 1.5 2.84 Y 2.2 -4.8 9.2 N

Yucca Valley 1 Y 0.1 -1.9 2.1 Y 2.3 3.5 Joshua Tree 

2 Y 0.8 -3.1 4.8 N3 Y 1.5 0.3 2.7 N4 Y 0.2 -3.8 3.4 Y 1.6 1.8

Monzanita Lake Maintenance Area 1 Y 1.2 -4.4 6.8 N Lassen Volcanic 

2 Y 2.7 -7.0 1.5 Y 1.4 -2.93 Y 5.6 -8.2 -3.1 N4 Y 6.6 -10.5 -2.8 Y 3.1 -7.1

Houchin Meadow 1 Y 0.5 -1.6 2.5 Y 1.0 1.4 Mammoth Cave 

2 Y 1.8 -1.2 4.9 Y 1.6 1.93 Y 1.4 -1.7 4.5 N4 Y 1.0 -1.1 3.1 N

Maintenance Yard 1 Y 4.0 -14.7 6.7 N Mesa Verde 

2 Y 6.0 -9.9 -2.1 Y 1.4 -4.33 N 3.4 -6.6 -0.1 Y 0.8 -2.94 Y 1.7 -5.3 2.0 N

Tahoma Woods 1 Y 3.8 -9.2 1.7 Y 2.1 3.0 Mount Rainier 

2 Y 4.6 -7.3 -1.8 N3 Y 5.3 -9.9 -0.7 N4 Y 2.2 -6.6 2.1 N

Marblemount Ranger Station 1 Y 4.4 -7.9 -0.9 Y 1.5 2.7 North Cascades 

2 Y 3.5 -5.5 -1.5 N3 N 4.6 -8.8 -0.4 Y 1.2 -2.84 N 7.1 -11.1 -3.0 N

Visitor Center 1 Y 0.6 -8.6 7.5 Y 0.8 -2.0 Olympic

2 Y 5.1 0.4 9.8 N3 Y 1.0 -8.0 5.9 N4 Y 2.7 -9.4 4.0 Y 0.9 -1.8

Horse Barn 1 Y 0.6 -2.4 1.3 Y 2.8 3.2 Petrified Forest 

2 Y 0.8 -2.5 0.9 N3 Y 0.6 -1.9 0.7 Y 0.2 -0.44 Y 0.8 -2.4 0.7 N

4-4

Table 4-1 (cont.)
Maximum Percent

Difference

Average Absolute

Percent

Difference

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Required No.

of Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Precision Accuracy

Lower 95%

Probability Limit

Average Absolute

Percent Difference

Upper 95%

Probability Limit 3,4 5 3,4 6 6

East Entrance Station 1 Y 0.3 -0.9 1.5 N Pinnacles

2 Y 1.6 -3.8 0.6 Y 2.4 2.93 Y 0.5 -2.2 1.2 N4 Y 1.0 -3.8 1.8 Y 1.6 4.2

Longs Peak Ranger Station 1 Y 0.2 -1.5 1.2 Y 1.2 1.4 Rocky Mountain 

2 Y 0.1 -1.0 1.3 N3 Y 0.2 -1.1 1.5 Y 2.6 2.94 Y 0.4 -3.4 2.6 N

Pima County 1 Y 0.2 -4.5 4.8 N Saguaro

2 Y 0.4 -2.9 3.6 N3 Y 0.3 -1.7 2.4 N4 N 0.6 -0.6 1.7 N

Ash Mountain 1 Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

2 Y 0.4 -6.4 5.5 Y 5.7 10.13 Y 1.8 -2.9 6.5 N4 Y 0.0 -1.5 1.4 N

Lower Kaweah 1 Y 1.8 -6.8 10.3 N Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

2 Y 2.4 -0.2 4.9 Y 5.5 8.73 Y 2.5 -5.9 1.0 N4 Y 0.0 -6.6 6.6 N

Lookout Point 1 N 2.4 -10.1 5.2 N Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

2 Y 1.5 -8.5 11.5 Y 2.1 3.03 Y 2.6 -14.4 9.2 N4 N 1.0 -6.6 4.7 N

Big Meadows 1 Y 0.8 -2.6 0.9 N Shenendoah

2 Y 0.7 -2.2 0.9 Y 1.2 2.93 Y 0.5 -1.9 1.0 N4 Y 1.3 -5.2 2.6 Y 2.3 2.9

Visitor Center 1 Y 0.0 -2.7 2.7 N Theodore Roosevelt 

2 Y 1.9 -0.7 4.4 N3 N 0.4 -0.8 1.7 N4 Y 1.3 -3.3 0.8 N

Lind Point 1 Y 0.7 -3.1 1.7 Y 3.8 4.2 Virgin Islands 

2 Y 1.5 -5.7 2.6 N3 Y 0.3 -8.2 7.6 Y 1.5 -1.84 Y 0.6 -5.2 4.0 N

Sullivan Bay 1 Y 2.8 -4.1 -1.5 N Voyageurs

2 Y 4.9 -6.7 -3.1 N3 Y 4.7 -6.7 -2.7 N4 Y 2.8 -4.5 -1.1 Y 1.0 -1.8

Water Tank 1 Y 2.0 0.2 3.7 N Yellowstone

2 Y 1.6 -0.4 3.7 Y 2.2 2.83 Y 1.0 -1.6 3.7 Y 0.8 -1.44 Y 1.0 -2.8 0.8 N

4-5

Table 4-1 (cont.)
Maximum Percent

Difference

Average Absolute

Percent

Difference

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Summary

2003

National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

National Park Unit Site Name

Calendar

Quarter

Required No.

of Precision

Checks Met?1

Accuracy Check

Performed During

the Quarter?2

Precision Accuracy

Lower 95%

Probability Limit

Average Absolute

Percent Difference

Upper 95%

Probability Limit 3,4 5 3,4 6 6

Merced River 1 N 0.8 -1.8 3.5 N Yosemite

2 Y 0.0 -2.1 2.0 Y 1.5 1.83 Y 1.8 0.6 3.1 N4 Y 1.9 0.7 3.2 N

Turtleback Dome 1 Y 0.2 -1.8 1.3 N Yosemite

2 Y 0.6 -2.0 0.8 Y 2.1 2.53 Y 0.4 -2.0 1.2 N4 Y 0.4 -2.1 1.2 N

Operating agency key:

plain text

italics

underline

= site operated by the National Park Service

Color shading key:

Ideal: indicates a percent difference within +/-5% or a probability limit within +/-10%Acceptable: indicates a percent difference between +/-5.1-10% or a probability limit between +/-10.1-15%Unacceptable: indicates a percent difference greater than +/-10% or a probability limit greater than +/-15%

= site operated by a state agency= site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation.The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer 2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). An accuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated.3 According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard. All accuracy checks reported here were performed by the reporting organization and not by an outside auditor.3. Percent Difference = ((analyzer - transfer std)/transfer std)x1004. Average Absolute Percent Difference is the mean of the absolute value of all individual precision check percent differences during the quarter, or the mean of the absolute value of all the percent differences from each point challenged during an accuracy check.

5. Maximum Percent Difference is the highest percent difference from the points of a multipoint (or accuracy) calibration. A positive value indicates the anlyzer read high, a negative value indicates the anlyzer read low.

6. Upper/Lower 95% Probability Limits = (Average Percent Difference)+/-(1.96)(Standard Deviation of precision check percent differences in the quarter). The probability limits represent the interval having a 95% chance of containing the true average percent difference. Probability limits must be within +/-15%.

4-6

Table 4-1 (cont.)
National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

# Operational

Sites

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5%

# Sites >

+/- 10%

# Sites within

+/- 5.1 - 10%

Precision1

Average Absolute Percent Difference

Accuracy2

Average Absolute Percent Difference

Calendar

Quarter

Ozone Analyzer Precision and Accuracy Overall Network Summary

2003

40 40 0 0 12 0 0 149 46 3 0 14 0 3 250 46 4 0 12 1 0 343 41 2 0 13 0 0 4

1. Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). A precision check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed at least every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the

2. Accuracy checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all pollutant analyzers collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Air Quality System (AQS). Anaccuracy check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a known concentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard at several different points. The percent difference between the analyzer and the transfer standard is then calculated. According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutant analyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard.

4-7

Table 4-2