## TO: Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0091

**SUBJECT:** Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pennycress Oil Production and Transport **Description:** Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of pennycress oil.
**Outline of this Spreadsheet: Tab Name**  **Description** Data sources Description of data sources used for each input Input & Emissions Summary of input assumptions and GHG emissions CO2eq Emissions Calculations of pennycress and soybean emissions from agricultural inputs Inputs Summary of inputs for pennycress and soybean Yields Crop and oil yields per acre Conversions Factors to convert between units N2O Summary of N2O emissions for pennycress and soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from pennycress soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from soybeans CRFactors Factors used to calculate N2O emissions from soybeans Returns Economic returns for pennycress Oil Extraction Energy inputs to extract oil from pennycress and soybeans

## Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pennycress Oil Production and Transport Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of pennycress oil.

Calculations of pennycress and soybean emissions from agricultural inputs

## Inputs Data source



## Nitrogen Fertilizer 0
- 50 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA, Rukavina 2011. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs 

## Phosphorus Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs 

## Potassium Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs 

## Herbicide 0
- 0 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs 

## Pesticide 0
- 0 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs 

## Diesel 1
- 1 gal/acre petition 

## Gasoline 0
- 0 gal/acre petition 

## Crop Yield Data source Current 0.75 tons seed/acre Isbell 2010. Range of 1000 - 2000 lbs/acre 2022 projected 0.9 tons seed/acre calculated assuming 2% yield growth 2022 projected (in lbs/acres) 1800 lbs seed/acre calculated 2022 projected 2 tons seed/acre petition Oil Yield Data source

Current 0.28 lb oil/lb pennycress seed petition - amount of oil that can be extracted from the seed. Fan 2013 - gives a similar value of 0.29

N2O Data source Ratio of above ground residue to product yield 2.31 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Canola N content of above ground residue 0.008 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola Ratio of below ground residue to product yield 0.58 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola N content of below ground residue 0.01 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola References Fan, J. et al. (2013) “A life cycle assessment of pennycress (Thlaspi arvenseL.) –derived jet fuel and diesel.” Biomass and Bioenergy, 55:87-100. Isbell, T. and S. Chermak (2010). “Thlaspi arvense(Pennycress) germination, development and yield potential.” Advancement of Industrial Crops Annual Meeting, Fort Collins, CO. September 19-22, 2010. Abstract, p. 29. Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102. Moser, B.R., et al. (2009) “Production and evaluation of biodiesel from field pennycress (Thlaspi arvenseL.) oil.” Energy and Fuels, 23:4149-4155. Rukavina, H. et al. (2011) “The effect of nitrogen rate on field pennycress seed yield and oil content.” Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops 23 Available at: http://www.wiu.edu/pennycress/current-experiments/Nitrogen%202011.pdf.

## petition, Moser 2009, USDA, Rukavina 2011. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

petition - amount of oil that can be extracted from the seed. Fan 2013 - gives a similar value of 0.29

Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Canola

Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola

L.) –derived jet fuel and diesel.” Biomass and Bioenergy, 55:87-100. (Pennycress) germination, development and yield potential.” Advancement of Industrial Crops Annual Meeting, Fort Collins, CO. September 19-22, 2010. Abstract, p. 29. Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102. L.) oil.” Energy and Fuels, 23:4149-4155. Rukavina, H. et al. (2011) “The effect of nitrogen rate on field pennycress seed yield and oil content.” Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops 23rd

## Annual Meeting, Fargo, ND. September 11-14, 2011. Poster.

## (Pennycress) germination, development and yield potential.” Advancement of Industrial Crops Annual Meeting, Fort Collins, CO. September 19-22, 2010. Abstract, p. 29.

Annual Meeting, Fargo, ND. September 11-14, 2011. Poster.

## N2O N/A 468,549
- 1,049,534 g CO2eq

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0
- 50 lbs 0
- 326,529 g CO2eq 3.5
- Phosphorus Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs 0
- 44,570 g CO2eq 5.4
- Potassium Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs 0
- 29,466 g CO2eq 3.1
- Herbicide 0
- 0 lbs 0
- 0 g CO2eq 0.0
- Pesticide 0
- 0 lbs 0
- 0 g CO2eq 0.1
- Diesel 1
- 1 gal 52,299

- 52,299 g CO2eq 3.8
- 

## Gasoline 0


## - 0 gal 0
- 0 g CO2eq 1.6
- Total 520,848
- 1,502,398 g CO2eq

N2O N/A 468.5
- 1049.5 kg CO2eq Nitrogen Fertilizer 0
- 50 lbs 0
- 326.5 kg CO2eq 3.5
- Phosphorus Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs 0
- 44.6 kg CO2eq 5.4
- Potassium Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs 0
- 29.5 kg CO2eq 3.1
- Herbicide 0
- 0 lbs 0
- 0 kg CO2eq 0.0
- Pesticide 0
- 0 lbs 0
- 0 kg CO2eq 0.1
- Diesel 1
- 1 gal 52.3
- 52.3 kg CO2eq 3.8
- 

## Gasoline 0
- 0 gal 0

- 0 kg CO2eq 1.6
- Total 521
- 1502 kg CO2eq **Inputs (per acre)**  **Inputs (per acre)**  **Pennycress, 0.9 tons/acre Emissions**  **(per ton pennycress oil)**

**(per acre) Inputs**  **Inputs (per acre)**  **Emissions (per ton pennycress oil)**  **Pennycress, 0.9 tons/acre**

## N/A 449,008
- 661,146 g CO2eq

8.2 lbs 23,198
- 79,130 g CO2eq 21.4 lbs 13,501
- 64,833 g CO2eq 24.3 lbs 5,317
- 48,487 g CO2eq 1.3 lbs 2,411
- 69,646 g CO2eq 0.8 lbs 12,436
- 50,227 g CO2eq 8.9 gal 227,858
- 622,289 g CO2eq 3.0 gal 93,091
- 151,433 g CO2eq

961,388
- 1,442,928 g CO2eq

N/A 449.0
- 661.1 kg CO2eq 8.2 lbs 23.2
- 79.1 kg CO2eq 21.4 lbs 13.5
- 64.8 kg CO2eq 24.3 lbs 5.3
- 48.5 kg CO2eq 1.3 lbs 2.4
- 69.6 kg CO2eq 0.8 lbs 12.4
- 50.2 kg CO2eq 8.9 gal 227.9
- 622.3 kg CO2eq 3.0 gal 93

- 151.4 kg CO2eq

961
- 1443 kg CO2eq **Soybeans (varies by region) Inputs**  **Emissions (per acre)**  **(per ton soybean oil)**

**(per acre) (per ton soybean oil)** 

**Soybeans (varies by region) Inputs**  **Emissions Pennycress Oil** 

0.9 tons/acre

**Category**

N2O Emissions 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 264,482.62 g CO2eq/ acre 1,049,534gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Nitrogen Fertilizer 50.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3,291,414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 326,529 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil Phosphorus Fertilizer 20.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1,123,158.90g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 44,570gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Potassium Fertilizer 20.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,545.77 g CO2eq/ ton of potash 29,466 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Herbicide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23,450,278.67 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 0 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 0 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Diesel 1.05 gal/acre 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,551.37 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 52,299 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 0.00198413 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,753.76 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 0 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil Total Emissions 1,502,398 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil **Soybean Oil**

Inputs (lbs or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/ton oil)**  Inputs (lbs or

gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/ton oil) Category**  N2O Emissions 2000 lb oil/ ton oil g CO2eq/ acre 542.6184 482,698 434.3531 523,647 **Pennycress Input**

**Conversions Conversions**  **Emissions/ton oil**

**Soybean Input Soybean Input**  GP CBNitrogen Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 7.8114 542.6184 47,382 7.1751 434.3531 54,371 Phosphorus Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1123158.9 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 6.6928 542.6184 13,853 13.7389 434.3531 35,526
Potassium Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potash 20.9214 542.6184 28,630 3.1099 434.3531 5,317
Herbicide 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23450278.7 gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 1.1800 542.6184 50,996 1.2900 434.3531 69,646
Pesticide 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,587 gCO2eq/ tonsof pesticide 0.7000 542.6184 35,111 0.7300 434.3531 45,742
Diesel 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 8.9237 542.6184 412,840 6.6186 434.3531 382,521 Gasoline 0.1150 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96754gCO2eq/ mmBtu 2.9500 542.6184 120,983 1.8170 434.3531 93,091 Total Emissions 1,192,493 1,209,860**Pennycress Oil** 0.9 tons/acre, low inputs

**Category**

N2O Emissions 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 118,074.34 g CO2eq/ acre 468,549 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 3,291,414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil Phosphorus Fertilizer

0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 1,123,158.90g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Potassium Fertilizer

0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 742,545.77 g CO2eq/ ton of potash 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Herbicide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 23,450,278.67 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 27,216,586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Diesel 1.05 gal/acre 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,551.37 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 52,299 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil
Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115 mmBTU/ gal gasoline 0.001984127 acre/lb feedstock oil 2000 lb oil/ ton oil 96,753.76 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 0gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil Total Emissions 520,848 gCO2eq/ton pennycress oil

Inputs (lbs or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/to n oil)**  Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/to n oil)**  Inputs (lbs or

gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/t on oil)**  Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre) Yields (lb

oil/acre) **emissions**

**(gCO2eq/ton oil)**  Inputs (lbs

or gal/acre)Yields (lb oil/acre) **emissions (gCO2eq/to**  **n oil)**

501.6531 449,008 447.3809 525,416 422.6610 498,348 371.5277 580,008 262.6276 661,146 **Emissions/ton oil Pennycress Input**  **Conversions**

**Soybean Input** SW NE SC SE

**Soybean Input Soybean Input**  **Soybean Input Soybean Input**  LS3.5356 501.6531 23,198 7.8434 447.3809 57,704 4.8708 422.6610 37,931 8.1797 371.5277 72,465 6.3139 262.6276 79,130

7.7366 501.6531 17,322 5.3778 447.3809 13,501 16.0656 422.6610 42,692 21.4461 371.5277 64,833 6.9993 262.6276 29,933

22.6240 501.6531 33,488 13.2435 447.3809 21,981 22.1210 422.6610 38,863 24.2600 371.5277 48,487 262.6276

1.0300 501.6531 48,148 0.0460 447.3809 2,411 1.1800 422.6610 65,469 0.7300 371.5277 46,077 0.2700 262.6276 24,109

0.6600 501.6531 35,808 0.2600 447.3809 15,817 0.7800 422.6610 50,227 0.4600 371.5277 33,698 0.1200 262.6276 12,436

8.9231 501.6531 446,523 7.6884 447.3809 431,410 3.8364 422.6610 227,858 7.3784 371.5277 498,543 6.5103 262.6276 622,289 0.0000 501.6531 3.0444 447.3809 151,433 0.0000 422.6610 1.6498 371.5277 98,818 0.0000 262.6276

1,053,494 1,219,675 961,388 1,442,928 1,429,043Min Max

449,008 661,14623,198 79,130

13,501 64,833
5,317 48,487
2,411 69,646
12,436 50,227
227,858 622,289 93,091 151,433 961,388 1,442,928

## Pennycress Soybean CB GP LS 

## Nitrogen Fertilizer 0
- 50 lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 3.5356 

## Phosphorus Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs/acre 6.6928 13.7389 7.7366 

## Potassium Fertilizer 0
- 20 lbs/acre 20.9214 3.1099 22.624 

## Herbicide 0
- 0 lbs/acre 1.18 1.29 1.03 

## Pesticide 0
- 0 lbs/acre 0.7 0.73 0.66 

## Diesel 1.05
- 1.05 gal/acre 8.9237 6.6186 8.9231 

## Gasoline 0
- 0gal/acre 2.95 1.817 

## Nitrogen Fertilizer 0
- 56.05 kg/ha 8.756579 8.043287 3.963408

## NE SC SE SW min max

7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 lbs/acre 3.5356 8.1797 5.3778 16.0656 21.4461 6.9993 lbs/acre 5.3778 21.4461 13.2435 22.121 24.26 lbs/acre 3.1099 24.26 0.046 1.18 0.73 0.27 lbs/acre 0.046 1.29 0.26 0.78 0.46 0.12 lbs/acre 0.12 0.78 7.6884 3.8364 7.3784 6.5103gal/acre 3.8364 8.9237 3.0444 1.6498 gal/acre 1.6498 3.0444

8.792451 5.460167 9.169444 7.077882 kg/ha 3.963408 9.169444

## Category **Pennycress**

Crop Yield 1800 lbs seed/acre Oil Yield 504 lbs oil/acre Crop yields 2.0 MT/ha

## Soybean

CB GP LS NE SC SE SW 50.24 40.22 46.45 

## 41.42 39.14 34.40 24.32 bu/acre 

## 3,015 2,413 2,787 2,485 2,348 2,064 1,459 lbs seed/acre 

## 542.62 434.35 501.65 447.38 422.66 371.53 262.63 lbs oil/acre 3.37981255 2.7054596 3.124651 2.786606 2.632633 2.314138 1.635831

## Conversions:

1 lb/acre = 1.121 kg/ha Source: 1 ha = 2.47105381 acre http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf 1 MT= 2204 lbs http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator 1 kg N2O= 310 kg CO2eq **Assumptions:** Pennycress: Soybeans: 0.28 lb pennycress oil/pound seed 0.18 7.6 lbs oil/gal BD 60.00 9.558613042 lbs oil/gal RD 12.67014848 lbs oil/gal RJ Methyl ester (biodiesel) 118000 Btu/gal 

## Low-sulfur diesel 130000 Btu/gal 

## Conventional gasoline 115000 Btu/gal

## http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator

lb soybean oil/lb soybean pound/bushel

## Soybean Biodiesel CB GP LS NE

kg N2O/ha 1.043903467 0.906508597 0.897735013 0.936853075 kg CO2eq/ha 323.6100747 281.0176651 278.2978541 290.4244532 kg CO2 eq/acre 130.9603512 113.7238145 112.623146 117.5306066 g CO2 eq/acre 130960.3512 113,723.81 112623.146 117530.6066

Fertilizer: 50 0 lb/acre of N Pennycress Yield: 0.9 0.9tons/acre kg N2O/ha 2.10822836 0.941187288 kg CO2eq/ha 653.5507916 291.7680594 kg CO2 eq/acre 264.4826223 118.0743447 g CO2 eq/acre 264,482.62 118,074.34

## SC SE SW

0.839490311 0.858846031 0.69203506 260.2419964 266.2422695 214.530869 105.3161996 107.744424 86.8175627 105316.1996 107744.424 86817.5627**N2O Equations and Factors** Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use. **Assumptions** Pennycress Pennycress, no fertilizer **Yield Yield** 

0.9 tons seed/acre 0.9 tons seed/acre 2017.80 kg/ha 2017.80 kg/ha N fertilizer applied N fertilizer applied

50 lbs/acre 0 lbs/acre 56.05 kg/ha 0.00 kg/ha **Ab ove-ground residue ratio**  **Ab ove-ground residue ratio** 

2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product 2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product **Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product** 

0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product 0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product **N content of above-ground residue N content of above-ground residue**  0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola **N content of below-ground residue N content of below-ground residue**  0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)**  **Equation**

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (56.05+48.89) x 0.01 1.05 kg N2O-N (0+48.89) x 0.01 0.49 kg N2O-N EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added **N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers**

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers = kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected year) 56.05 kg/ha 0.00 kg/ha **N Additions from Crop Residues (based on Janzen 2003 paper)**

N additions to soils from crop residues = Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of below-ground residues) 1 ha × [4656 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1164 × 0.01] 48.89 kg 1 ha × [4656 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1164 × 0.01] 48.89 kg where, Above-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of AG residue to product yield) 2018 kg/ha x 2.31 4656.46 kg/ha 2018 kg/ha x 2.31 4656.46 Mg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of below-ground residue to product yield) 2018 kg/ha*0.58 1164.115 kg/ha 2018 kg/ha*0.58 1164.115 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equations Indirect N2O Emissions**  Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation** 

Emissions = N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 56.05*0.1*0.01 0.05605 kg N2O-N 0*0.1*0.01 0 kg N2O-N N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised) **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation**  Pennycress 0.9 tons/acre Pennycress 0.9 tons/acre no fertilizerEmissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (56.05+48.89)*0.3* 0.0075 0.236121 kg N2O-N (0+48.89)*0.3*0.00 75 0.110009 kg N2O-N N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N2O-N / kg N leaching or runoff 1.342 kg N2O-N 0.599 kg N2O-N 2.108 kg N2O/ha 0.941 kg N2O/ha 653.55 kg CO2eq/ha 291.77 kg CO2eq/ha 264.48 kg CO2eq/acre 118.07 kg CO2eq/acre**N2O Equations and Factors**

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use. **Assumptions Soybean**  Corn belt Great Plains **Yield** MT/ha 3.380 2.705 kg/ha 3,379.8 2,705.5 N fertilizer applied lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 kg/ha 8.76 8.04 **Above-ground residue slope (from CRFactors tab)** Soybean value 0.93 0.93

**Above-ground residue intercept (from CRFactors tab)** Soybean value 1.35 1.35

**Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass** Soybean value 0.19 0.19

**N content of above-ground residues** Soybean value 0.008 0.008

**N content of below-ground residues** Soybean value 0.008 0.008

**Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)** Soybean value 0.91 0.91 **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)**  **Equation**

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (8.76+44.76) x 0.01 0.535139 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39) x 0.01 0.464348 kg N2O-N EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added **N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers**

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers = kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected year) 8.76 kg/ha 8.04 kg/ha **N Additions from Crop Residues (based on "Soybean" values under CRFactors tab)**

N additions to soils from crop residues = Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of below-ground residues) 1 ha × [4210 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1384 × 0.008] 44.75735 kg 1 ha × [3640 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1159 × 0.008] 38.39147 kg where, Above-ground residue dry matter = Fresh weight yield (in Mg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept 3.38 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 4.21 Mg/ha 2.71 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.64 Mg/ha 4210.335 kg/ha 3639.63 kg/ha Below-ground residue dry matter = (Above-ground residue dry matter + Harvested dry matter) x ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass (4210 kg/ha + 3380 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1384.333 kg/ha (3640 kg/ha + 2705 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1159.304 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equations [see CRFactors tab for explanation of letters]** N additions to soils from crop residues = A x [AGdm x F + BGdm x H] Above-ground residue dry matter (AGdm) = 1000 x [(B/A) x (1/1000) x C x D + E] Below-ground residue dry matter (BGdm) = [AGdm + (B/A)] x G **Indirect N2O Emissions** Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation** 

Emissions = N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 8.76*0.1*0.01 0.008757 kg N2O-N 8.04*0.1*0.01 0.008043 kg N2O-N N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised) **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation** 

Emissions = (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (8.76+44.76)*0.3*0. 0075 0.120406 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39)*0.3*0. 0075 0.104478 kg N2O-N Corn belt Great PlainsN lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff 0.664 kg N2O-N 0.577 kg N2O-N 1.044 kg N2O/ha 0.907 kg N2O/ha 323.61 kg CO2eq/ha 281.02 kg CO2eq/ha 130.96 kg CO2eq/acre 113.72 kg CO2eq/acreLake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest 3.125 2.787 2.633 2.314 1.636 3,124.7 2,786.6 2,632.6 2,314.1 1,635.8 3.5356 7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 3.96 8.79 5.46 9.17 7.08 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 **Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)** 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

(3.96+42.35) x 0.01 0.46312 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16) x 0.01 0.479499 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70) x 0.01 0.431642 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70) x 0.01 0.438669 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.01 0.353721 kg N2O-N

3.96 kg/ha 8.79 kg/ha 5.46 kg/ha 9.17 kg/ha 7.08 kg/ha
1 ha × [3994 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1299 × 0.008] 42.34863 kg 1 ha × [3708 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1186 × 0.008] 39.15749 kg 1 ha × [3578 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1135 × 0.008] 37.70399 kg 1 ha × [3308 kg/ha x 0.008 + 1029 × 0.008] 34.69741 kg 1 ha × [2734 kg/ha x 0.008 + 802 × 0.008] 28.29421 kg 3.13 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.99 Mg/ha 2.79 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.71 Mg/ha 2.63 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.58 Mg/ha 2.31 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 3.31 Mg/ha 1.64 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 0.93 + 1.35 2.73 Mg/ha 3994.392 kg/ha 3708.304 kg/ha 3577.997 kg/ha 3308.455 kg/ha 2734.404 kg/ha (3994 kg/ha + 3125 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1299.187 kg/ha (3708 kg/ha + 2787 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1186.382 kg/ha (3578 kg/ha + 2633 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1135.002 kg/ha (3308 kg/ha + 2314 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1028.721 kg/ha (2734 kg/ha + 1636 kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 802.3719 kg/ha

3.96*0.1*0.01 0.003963 kg N2O-N 8.79*0.1*0.01 0.008792 kg N2O-N 5.46*0.1*0.01 0.00546 kg N2O-N 9.17*0.1*0.01 0.009169 kg N2O-N 7.08*0.1*0.01 0.007078 kg N2O-N

(3.96+42.35)*0.3*0. 0075 0.104202 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16)*0.3*0. 0075 0.107887 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70)*0.3*0. 0075 0.097119 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70)*0.3*0. 0075 0.0987 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.3*0. 0075 0.079587 kg N2O-N

Southwest Lake States North East South Central Southeast0.571 kg N2O-N 0.596 kg N2O-N 0.534 kg N2O-N 0.547 kg N2O-N 0.440 kg N2O-N 0.898 kg N2O/ha 0.937 kg N2O/ha 0.839 kg N2O/ha 0.859 kg N2O/ha 0.692 kg N2O/ha kg CO2eq/ha 278.30 kg CO2eq/ha 290.42 kg CO2eq/ha 260.24 kg CO2eq/ha 266.24 kg CO2eq/ha 214.53 kg CO2eq/ha kg CO2eq/acre 112.62 kg CO2eq/acre 117.53 kg CO2eq/acre 105.32 kg CO2eq/acre 107.74 kg CO2eq/acre 86.82 kg CO2eq/acre

### IPCC Table 11.2**DEFA ULT FA** **CTORS FOR ESTIMA TION OF N A** **DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a** A B C D E

**Crop** 

### Crop A**rea Crop**  **Harvested Dry** 

**matter fraction of**  **harvested product**  **(DRY)**
**Slope ± 2 s.d. as**  **% of mean**  **Intercept ± 2 s.d. as**  **% of mean**  

### Units **ha kg**  Major crop types Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% Beans & pulsesb 

### 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% Tubersc 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% Root crops, otherd 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Perennial grasses 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - Individual crops Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% Wheat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% Ryee 

### 0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default Soybeanf 

### 0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% Dry beang 

### 0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% Potatoh 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% Peanut (w/pod)i 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% Alfalfaj 

### 0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - Non-legume hay j 

### 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 -

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1. b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. c Modelled after potatoes. d Modelled after peanuts. **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)**  **= Crop(T)/1000 * slope(T) + intercept(T)**

### e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d.

f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9. g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d. m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d. n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d. p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.

### DEFA**ULT FA CTORS FOR ESTIMA**  **TION OF N A DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a**  F G H

**N content of above**  **ground residues**  **(NAG) Ratio of** 

**below ground**  **residues to above**  **ground biomass**  **(RBG-BIO) N content** 

**of below ground**  **residues (NBG)** 

**R 2** 

### adj.



### 0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009 0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014

- 0.027 0.40 0.022

- 0.015 0.54 0.012

- 0.015 0.80 0.012

- 0.025 0.80 0.016 0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007 0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009 0.47 0.007 0.16 NA 0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014 0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008 0.50 0.007 NA NA 0.36 0.007 NA 0.006

- 0.005 NA 0.011 0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008 0.15 0.010 NA 0.010 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 0.63 0.016 NA NA

- 0.027 0.40 0.019

- 0.150 0.54 0.012

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)** 

### g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

### a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

### l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

## Costs to Farmers 2022 Pennycress

**Inputs Rates**  **Seed $13.00**  **(13 lbs/ac) Fertilizer**  **$50.00 $20.00**  **$20.00**

**Sub-Total $103.00**  **Logistics Planting Trip**  **$10.00 Harvest & Hauling**  **$36.00 Total Cost**  **$149.00 Yields**  **lbs/ac 1800**  **Ma rket Price**  

## $/lb **$0.15 $270**  **$121.00** 

## Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs Pennycress seed calculated based on petitioner's values for yields of 1500 lbs/acre and 2500 lbs/acre **Returns Phosphate Fertilizer**  **$1/lb**
**Potassium Fertilizer $1/lb** 

**Total Revenue Pennycress seed**  **$1.00 lb**
**Nitrogen Fertilizer $1/lb** 

## Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs

## Source Petition

Feedstock Pennycress oil **Material Inputs** Beans/Seeds lb / lb oil 3.57 **Energy Inputs** Purchased Electricity Btu / lb oil 183 Gas & Steam Btu / lb oil

- Diesel Btu / lb oil

- **Outputs** Oil lb / lb oil 1.00 Meal lb / lb oil 2.57 **Emissions Factors (from EPA 2010)** Natural Gas Upstream gCO2e/Btu 0.01 Natural Gas Combustion gCO2e/Btu 0.06 U.S. Average Electricity Production, Year 2022 (available at wall outlets) gCO2e/Btu 0.22 Diesel gCO2e/Btu 0.097 **Oil Extraction Emissions (gCO2e / lb plant oil)** Purchased Electricity gCO2e/ lb oil 40 Gas & Steam gCO2e/ lb oil

- Diesel gCO2e/ lb oil

- Total gCO2e/ lb oil 40

## EPA (2010)

Soybean oil 5.38 g/lb 453.59 lb/kg 2.20 t/lb 0.00 374 Btu/MJ 947.82 1,912 Btu/kWh 3,412.14 gal/litre 0.26 MJ/mmBtu 1,055.06 Steam (50 psig), Btu/lb LHV 1,179.10 1.00 4.08

0.01 0.06 0.22 0.097

82 131

- 213