FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT March 12, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

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________________________ D . C . D ocketN o. 06 -002 69 -C R -C A P -1 U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J E U H E R R E R A - C O N T R E R A S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

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_________________________ ( M ar c h 12, 2008) B efo re D U B IN A , C A RN E S an d B A R K E T T , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: A ppe l l a ntJ e u H e rr e r a - C ontr e r a s ( “ H e rr e r a ” ) appe a l s hi s c onvi c t i ons a ndWe would be faced with a different question if therewere no wa rra nt to search the 1 premis e s. 2 2 9 2 - mo n th s e n t e n c e f

o rc o n s p i r a c y t o d i s tr i b u t e c o c a i n e , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 2 1 U . S. C. § 8 4 6 , a n d c o n s p i r a c y t o c o mmi tmo n e y l au n d e r i n g , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U . S. C. § 1 9 5 6 ( h ) . F ir s t, h e a r g u e s o n ap p e a l th a t la w e n f o r c e m e n t o f

f ic e r s v io la te d h is r ig h ts u n d e rth e F o u r th A m e n d m e n t b y te s tin g ak e y , s e iz e d f r o m h im in c id e n t to h is a rr e s t , t o s e e i f

i tf i tthe l oc k on ac l os e ti n w hi c h of f i c e r s f ound e vi de nc e of

drug tr a f f ic k in g a n d m o n e y lau n d e r in g . H e a r g u e s th a t h e p o s s e s s e d ar e a s o n ab le expect at i on of pri vacyi n the i nform at i on thathi s keyfi tthe l ock, and, there fore , th e w a rr a n tle s s te s tin g o f h is k e y d id n o t f

a ll u n d e ra n y e x c e p tio n to th e F o u r th A m endm ent ’ s prohi bi t i on agai nstun re as on abl e s earc hes, even tho ug h the offi ce rs h ad a w arran tt o search th e p rem i ses. 1 “I n r e v ie w in g ad is tr ic t c o u r t’s d e n ia l o f am o tio n to s u p p r e s s , w e r e v ie w its fi n d i n g s o f factfo r cl ear erro r an d i t s ap p l i cat i o n o f l aw t o th o se fact s de no vo . ” U ni ted Stat es v. R am i rez , 4 7 6 F .3 d 1 2 3 1 , 1 2 3 5 - 3 6 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) , ce rt. deni ed , 127 S . C t . 2924 ( 2007) . T he di s tr i c tc our t ’ s f a c tua l f i ndi ngs a r e c ons true d i n the lig h t m o s t f

a v o r ab le to th e p r e v a ilin g p ar ty . U n ite d S ta te s v . Sm ith , 459 F . 3d 1276, 1 2 9 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) , ce rt. deni ed , 1 2 7 S . C t. 9 9 0 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . T he F our th A m e ndm e ntpr ohi bi t s “ unr e a s onabl e ” s e a r c he s a nd s e i z ur e s of3

ar ea s i n w hi ch a pers on enj oys a“ re as on abl e e xp ec t at i on of pri vacy . ” U ni ted State s v . Segur a- B al taz ar , 448 F . 3d 1281, 1285 ( 11th C i r . 2006) ( quot a t i on o m itte d ) . T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s h e ld th a t, w h ile s im p ly lo o k in g a t a n o b je c t in pl ai n v i ew do es no tconst i tut e ase ar ch, “ t aki ng ac t i on , ” s uch as, for e xam pl e, m o v i n g a p i ece o f st ereo eq u i p m en ti n o rd er t o o b serv e i t s seri al n u m b ers, const i tut es a “ se ar ch” because i t“ expo se [s ] t o v i ew ” s om ethi ng thatw as th e r e to f o r e c o n c e a le d . See A ri

zona v. Hi ck

s , 480 U . S . 321, 325, 107 S . C t . 1149, 1 1 5 2 - 5 3 ( 1 9 8 7 ) . T he S up re m e C ou rthas e st abl i shed an except i on for unw arrant ed se ar ches tha ta r e pe r f

orm e d i nc i de ntt o c us t odi a l a rr e s t , w hi c h i s j us t i f i e d by “ the r e a s onabl e ne s s of

s e a r c hi ng f

orw e apons , i ns trum e nt s of e s c ape , a nd e vi de nc e of cr i m e w hen a pers on i s t aken i nt o o ff i ci al cust od y and l aw ful l y det ai ned. ” U ni ted State s v . E dw ards , 415 U . S . 800, 802- 03, 94 S . C t . 1234, 1236- 37 ( 1974) . T he S u p re m e C o u rt fu rth ern o ted th at, i n a s ea rc h in cid en t t o ar re st, a d ef en d an t’ s b el o n g i n g s m ay b e sei zed “ an d l at er su b j ect ed t o l ab o rat o ry an al ysi s[, an d ] th e t est re sul t s are adm i ss i bl e a ttri al . ” I d. a t 8 0 3 - 0 4 , 9 4 S . C t. a t 1 2 3 7 . B ec ause the re cord dem on stra t es thatl aw enforce m entagent s s ei ze d H e rr e r a ’s k e y s p u r s u a n t to ala w f u l s e a r c h in c id e n t to a rr e s t, a n d u s e d th e k e y in e x e c u tin g th e irw a rr a n t to s e a r c h th e p r e m is e s w h ic h d is s ip a te d h is r e a s o n ab le4

e xpe c t a t i on of

pr i va c y r e ga r di ng the ke y s , s e i z e d a s e vi de nc e , w e c onc l ude tha tthe di stri ctcourtdi d n oterr i n d enyi ng hi s m ot i on t o sup pres s e vi dence obt ai ned w hen a g e n ts u s e d h is k e y s to u n lo c kth e c lo s e t, a n d w e a f f irm h is c o n v ic tio n s . N e x t, H e rr e r aa r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t c le a r ly e rr e d b y h o ld in g h im a c c ount abl e , a ts e nt e nc i ng, f or5, 945. 5 ki l ogr a m s of c oc a i ne , w hi c h w a s the a m o u n t d is c e rn e d b y th e p r o b a tio n o f f ic e rin th e P r e s e n te n c e I n v e s tig a tio n R e p o rt. A d is tr ic t c o u r t’s d e te rm in a tio n o f d ru g q u a n tity is r e v ie w e d f o rc le a re rr o r . See U ni te d State s v . Si m

ps on , 228 F . 3d 1294, 1298 ( 11th C i r . 2000) . W he n the de f e nda ntobj e c t s t o the ba s e of f e ns e l e ve l , the gove rnm e ntm us te s t abl i s h the q u a n tity o f

d ru g s b y ap r e p o n d e r a n c e o f th e e v id e n c e . U

n i ted S ta tes v. A g is-Meza , 9 9 F . 3 d 1 0 5 2 , 1 0 5 5 (1 1 th C i r. 1 9 9 6 ). P u rsu an tt o U . S . S . G . § 2 D 1 . 1 (c)(1 ), th e b ase of f e ns e l e ve l f

ora n of f e ns e i nvol vi ng 150 ki l ogr a m s orm or e of c oc a i ne i s 38. I n a m u l t i - p a r t i c i p a n tc o n s p i r a c y , a n i n d i v i d u a l d e f e n d a n ti s r e s p o n s i b l e f

o rh i s o wn a c t s , a s w e l l a s the r e a s onabl y f or e s e e abl e a c t s of

othe r s t a ke n i n f

ur the r a nc e of

the jo in tly u n d e r ta k e n c o n s p ir a c y . U ni te d State s v . I

s m ond , 9 9 3 F .2 d 1 4 9 8 , 1 4 9 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 3 ) . B ec ause l edgers t o w hi ch H erre rahad acce ss , and o n w hi ch autho ri t i es di s c ove r e d hi s f

i nge rpr i nt s , de t a i l e d num e r ous drug tr a ns a c t i ons e xc e e di ng 150 ki l og ra m s e ac h, the re cord supp ort ed the di stri ctcourt ’ s det erm i nat i on thathe w as5

a c c o u n tab le f

o r5 ,9 4 5 .5 k ilo g r a m s o f c o c a in e . N e xt , H e rr e r aa r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc our te rr e d by notc r e di t i ng hi m w i th a re d u ctio n fo r h is alleg ed ly m in o r r o le in th e o ff en se . W e r ev iew a d istrict co u rt’s det erm i nat i on of w hether adefe nd antqu al i fi es for am i no r- rol e r educt i on for c l ear e rr o r . U

ni te d State s v . R odr i

guezD e V

ar on , 1 7 5 F .3 d 9 3 0 , 9 4 5 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ) . T he de f e nda ntbe a r s the bur de n of pr ovi ng hi s m i norr ol e by the pr e ponde r a nc e of th e e v id e n c e . I

d. T he di s tr i c tc our tm us tm e a s ur e the de f e nda nt ' s r ol e a ga i ns tthe r e l e va ntc onduc tf

orw hi c h he ha s be e n he l d a c c ount abl e a ttr i a l , a nd, i f tha ti s not di s pos i t i ve , i tm a y , “ m e a s ur e the de f e nda nt ’ s c ul pabi l i ty i n c om pa r i s on t o tha tof other part i ci pant s i n the re l evantcond uct . ” I d. a t 9 4 1 , 9 4 4 . B ec ause H erre radi d n otpres entany e vi dence thathi s a ctual cond uctw as m i norr e l a t i ve t o the r e l e va ntc onduc tf orw hi c h he w a s i m pl i c a t e d, nordi d he dem on stra t e thathi s r ol e i n the re l evantcond uctw as m i no r r el at i ve t o o ther d is c e rn ab le c o - c o n s p ir a to r s , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrin d e c lin in g to c r e d it h im w i th am i nor - r ol e r e duc t i on. F i na l l y , H e rr e r aa r gue s tha thi s s e nt e nc e w a s unr e a s onabl e be c aus e he p rev i o u sl y w o rk ed t o su p p o rth i s fam i l y, h ad n o p ri o r cri m i n al reco rd , h ad o n l y a s m a l l , non- vi ol e ntr ol e i n the c oc a i ne di s tr i but i on c ons pi r a c y , di d notl i e on the w i tness st and, and w as the on l y one of al l of hi s c o-conspi ra t ors t o rec ei ve a6

c onvi c t i on. W hen revi ew i ng a s ent ence , w e m ustfi rs tdet erm i ne thatthe “ di stri ctcourt c om m i tt e d no s i gni f

i c a ntpr oc e dur a l e rr or , s uc h a s f a i l i ng t o c a l c ul a t e ( or i m p ro p erl y cal cu l at i n g ) th e G u i d el i n es ran g e, treat i n g th e G u i d el i n es as m an d at o ry, [or] fa i l i ng t o con si der the § 3 55 3(a) fa ct ors. ” G al l v. U ni ted Stat es , __ U . S . __, __ 128 S . C t . 586, 597 ( 2007) . I f w e c onc l ude tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tm a de no pr oc e dur a l e rr or s , w e “ s houl d the n c ons i de rthe s ubs t a nt i ve r e a s onabl e ne s s of the se nt ence i m po se d u nd eran abuse- of-di sc re t i on st andard. ” I d. at__ , 12 8 S . C t . at 5 9 7 . I n r e v ie w in g f

o rs u b s ta n tiv e r e a s o n ab le n e s s , w e c o n s id e rth e s e n te n c e , in its ent i re ty, i n l i gh tof the 18 U . S . C . § 3 55 3(a) fa ct ors, w hi ch i ncl ud e: ( 1) the na tur e a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s of the of f e ns e a nd the hi s t ory a nd ch aract eri st i cs o f th e d efen d an t ; (2 ) th e n eed t o refl ectth e seri o u sn ess o f th e o ffen se, t o p ro m o t e resp ectfo r th e l aw , an d t o p ro v i d e j u st p u n is h m e n t f

o rth e o f f e n s e ; ( 3 ) th e n e e d f

o rd e te rr e n c e ; ( 4 ) th e n e e d to prot ec tthe pu bl i c; (5) the need t o p rovi de the defendantw i th n ee ded e duc a t i ona l orvoc a t i ona l tr a i ni ng orm e di c a l c a r e ; ( 6) the ki nds of s e nt e nc e s a va i l abl e ; ( 7) the S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s r a nge ; ( 8) pe r t i ne nt p o lic y s ta te m e n ts o f

th e S e n te n c in g C o m m is s io n ; ( 9 ) th e n e e d to a voi d unw a nt e d s e nt e nc i ng di s pa r i t i e s ; a nd ( 10) the ne e d t o pr ovi de rest i tu t i o n t o v i ct i m s. U ni ted Stat es v. T

al ley , 4 3 1 F .3 d 7 8 4 , 7 8 6 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) ( c itin g 1 8 U .S . C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) ) . B e c au s e H e rr e r a ’s s e n te n c e f e ll a t th e lo w e n d o f

th e g u id e lin e r a n g e f

o rh is of f e ns e , a nd the di s tr i c tc our tm a de s pe c i f i c f i ndi ngs w i th r e ga r d t o the r e a s ons f or7

th e s e n te n c e th a t it im p o s e d , w e c o n c lu d e th a t h is s e n te n c e w a s n o t u n r e a s o n ab le . A cc ordi ng l y, w e a ff

i rm hi s s ent ence . AF F I RME D.