Annual Data Summary 2011

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2013/443

National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science
ON THE COVER

Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming.

Photograph by Jessica Ward, Air Resource Specialists, Inc.
Annual Data Summary 2011

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2013/443

John D. Ray, Ph. D.

National Park Service Air Resources Division

Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program

PO BOX 25287

Denver, CO, 80225

January 2013

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science 

Denver, Colorado
ii

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science offices in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest 

and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural 

resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, 

and the public. 

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and 

data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough 

analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial 

analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly 

involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not 

necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the 

Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement 

or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. 

This annual data summary was prepared for the National Park Service under contract 

P11PC00109 by Air Resource Specialists, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado.

This report is available from the NPS Air Resources Division (http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/

monitoring/ads/adsreport.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site 

(http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/).

Please cite this publication as:

Ray, J. D. 2013. Annual data summary 2011: Gaseous pollutant monitoring program. Natural 

Resource Data Series NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRDS—2013/443. National Park Service, Denver, 

Colorado.

NPS 999/119721, January 2013
Contents

Sections

Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Monitoring Results....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Network Configuration....................................................................................................................................... 7

Summary of Results.......................................................................................................................................... 11

Summary of Meteorological Data ..................................................................................................................... 27

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................... 29 

iii
Tables

Table 1. 2011 Site Specifications .................................................................................................................................. 8

Table 2. 2011 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb)...................................................................... 11

Table 3. 2011 Ozone violation summary - primary standard........................................................................................ 16

Table 4. 2011 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).................................................................. 18

Table 5. 2011 Summary of sulfur dioxide data............................................................................................................ 22

Table 6. 2011 Summary of carbon monoxide data...................................................................................................... 23

Table 7. 2011 Summary of nitrogen dioxide data ....................................................................................................... 24

Table 8. 2011 Summary of oxides of nitrogen data..................................................................................................... 25

Table 9. 2011 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods........................................................ 25

Table 10 2011 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods........................................................ 26

Table 11. 2011 PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2009-2011 (μg/m3)..................... 26

Table 12. 2011 Annual summary of selected meteorological data............................................................................... 27

Figures

Figure 1. Designated 8-hour ozone non-attainment counties in the United States ....................................................... 2

Figure 2. 2011 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units....................................................................................... 7

Figure 3. 2011 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ......................... 13

Figure 4. 2011 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥ 76 ppb .......................... 14

Figure 5. 2011 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb) ................................................ 15

Figure 6. 2011 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season 

(0800-2000 hourly concentrations) ............................................................................................................................ 20

Figure 7. 2011 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season.................................................. 21

iv

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Introduction

This report focuses on the gaseous air 

pollutant concentrations measured in 

national parks during 2011 as part of the 

National Park Service, Air Resources 

Division (NPS ARD) monitoring program. 

It is mostly a statistical summary and 

feedback for park staff. The primary air 

pollutants reported, including ozone 

(O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and inhalable 

particulate matter (PM2.5), are known to 

cause human health problems and to injure 

natural resources. The U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards to 

which we can compare the monitored data. 

More information on air quality conditions 

and trends in the parks can be found in 

the Division’s annual performance reports 

(http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/index.cfm ).

In recent years ozone pollution at surface 

monitoring sites in the national parks has 

been decreasing. In 2011, only 8 parks 

with monitors within the park had ozone 

concentrations that exceeded the National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), 

which is currently at 75 ppb for an 8-hour 

average. Parks with high ozone are listed 

below with NAAQS relevant statistics.

Most of these parks are in California and 

have air pollutants transported into them 

from more populated areas to the west. 

A fourth park unit in California, Mojave 

National Preserve, has been found to 

have high ozone based on portable ozone 

monitors, with the 4th highest 8-hour 

concentration of 77 ppb and 6 exceedance 

days. The Mojave station had higher ozone 

concentrations than the nearby Death Valley 

station, which had a 4th highest 8-hour 

average ozone concentration of 75 ppb. 

Several parks are located in areas that 

have been designated in non-attainment 

of the ozone standard. A non-attainment 

designation means that an area does not 

meet the ozone standard, which is a 3-year 

average of the 4th highest 8-hour average 

ozone concentration of 75 ppb. The 

following map presents park units that fall 

within these non-attainment areas. In total, 

73 park units fall within the boundaries of 

counties that are designated as such. Parks 

located in non-attainment areas that are 

presented in this report are:

•	 Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN

•	 Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, IN

•	 Joshua Tree National Park, CA

•	 Kings Mountain National Military Park, SC

•	 Mojave National Preserve, CA

•	 Rocky Mountain National Park, CO

•	 Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks, CA

•	 Yosemite National Park, CA

 A current list of areas classified as nonattainment by the EPA can be found at 

http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/

hnc.html.

Park 2011 4th high 8-hr Exceedances 3-yr avg 4th high 8-hr

Sequoia and Kings Canyon 98 ppb 87 days 96 ppb

Joshua Tree 91 ppb 56 days 93 ppb

Great Smoky Mountains 83 ppb 12 days 77 ppb

Big Bend 80 ppb 7 days 69 ppb

Yosemite 78 ppb 7 days 77 ppb

Rocky Mountain 77 ppb 8 days 74 ppb

Dinosaur (POMS) 90 ppb 8 days ---

Mojave (POMS) 77 ppb 6 days ---

1
•	 The portable ozone monitoring system 

(POMS) station at Dinosaur National 

Monument, CO, is now operated 

year-round. The station observed 

exceedances of the ozone standard in 

2011 that are indicative of emissions 

impact from development activity in the 

Uintah Basin. 

Both current and past data from NPS 

monitoring sites is available on the Web: 

•	 Current air quality (http://www.nature.

nps.gov/air/data/current/index.cfm).

•	 Interactive data and report products 

access to validated archive database 

(http://ard-request.air-resource.com/

data.aspx).

•	 AirNow has current air quality conditions 

and forecasts for national parks and 

urban locations (http://airnow.gov/index.

cfm?action=airnow.national_summary).

Other gaseous pollutants are measured in 

fewer parks. PM2.5 is now being measured 

with continuous monitors in 14 park or 

park-supported units. Unhealthy conditions, 

as defined by the NAAQS for PM2.5, did not 

occur in any park unit during 2011. SO2 is 

measured by the National Park Service in 

Hawaii Volcanoes, Great Smoky Mountains, 

and Mammoth Cave, but only Hawaii 

Volcanoes has extreme SO2 concentrations 

that far exceed the current NAAQS of 75 ppb 

as a daily 1-hour maximum.

Several new stations are being reported this 

year:

•	 Grand Teton National Park operates 

in partnership with the Wyoming 

Department of Environment Quality and 

includes a Webcamera. 

•	 Stations at Rangely and Meeker, CO, 

are operated by NPS for BLM as part of 

the Three State Study on the effects of 

emissions from oil and gas development 

in western Colorado and eastern Utah. 

•	 A station at Escalante, UT, was installed 

in 2011 for the Three State Study but had 

too little data to report for 2011. 

•	 A station at Walden, CO, was also 

installed in 2011 as part of the Three 

State Study. 

Figure 1. Designated 8-hour ozone non-attainment counties in the United States.

NPS Unit

8-Hr Ozone Nonattainment County

(2008 Standard)

2

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Monitoring Results

The NPS ARD issues this annual data 

summary for their Gaseous Pollutant 

Monitoring Program (GPMP), which 

includes the NPS monitors under the 

CASTNet program and those state stations 

that are in or very near national parks. 

These summaries present only O3, SO2, 

NOx, CO, PM, and meteorological data 

from continuous monitors that report 

hourly data. Other gas, particulate, and 

precipitation monitoring is performed 

under the visibility and deposition programs 

and is reported separately. 

Data collected by this monitoring program 

are incorporated into the EPA Air Quality 

System (AQS) database, which is a national 

database of air quality data collected 

throughout the country. These data are 

also stored in the NPS ARD’s Information 

Management Center (IMC), and are 

publicly available through the NPS ARD’s 

Web site at http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/

Monitoring/network.cfm#data.

GPMP Network Monitoring

The locations of monitoring sites that 

operated during 2011 are presented on the 

map in Figure 2. The parameters monitored 

at each park unit are indicated with colored 

flags. The CASTNet flag identifies sites 

where the NPS operates Clean Air Status 

and Trends Network monitoring systems

in cooperation with EPA to measure ozone 

and estimate dry atmospheric deposition. 

The enhanced gaseous and/or particulates 

flag indicates that the NPS sponsors 

additional or high-resolution gaseous 

or particulate monitoring at that park 

unit. Monitoring agencies and park units 

with more than one monitoring site are 

indicated. Site specifications, including site 

names, abbreviations, AQS identification 

numbers, locations, and monitored 

parameters are listed in Table 1.

In addition to monitoring for regulatory 

compliance, the NPS added portable 

ozone monitoring systems to the GPMP in 

2003. The POMS monitors have recently 

been designated by the EPA as a federal 

equivalency method (FEM) to measure 

certifiable ozone data. Although the POMS 

are not currently operated according to 

this protocol, the data are equivalent to 

the certified monitors and can be used for 

survey monitoring to obtain air quality 

baseline information. POMS site names 

in tables and figures have been underlined 

to distinguish them from monitoring sites 

meeting all EPA guidelines.

The NPS cooperates with a number of state 

agencies. At some sites, state air quality 

agencies provide measurement and operations support, and data are generally shared 

directly among cooperating agencies. 

Relevant O3, SO2, PM, and meteorological 

data submitted by states to the EPA AQS are 

retrieved for inclusion in this report. 

Annual Ozone Summaries

In 2008 the primary National Ambient 

Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone 

changed from 0.08 ppm (85 ppb equivalent) 

over an 8-hour period to 0.075 ppm (75 

ppb equivalent) over an 8-hour period 

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/

ozone/s_o3_index.html). According to the 

current standard, an exceedance of the 

standard occurs when an 8-hour average 

ozone concentration is greater than or equal 

to 76 ppb. An exceedance of the standard 

is not the same as a violation. A violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth 

highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentration equals or exceeds 

76 ppb. The secondary ozone standard 

defined by the EPA, which is intended to 

protect the environment, is the same as the 

primary standard. In this report, ozone 

concentrations are compared to the NAAQS 

that was in place during the period reported.

Table 2 summarizes O3 measurements 

with respect to the daily maximum 

8-hour average concentrations at each 

NPS monitoring site. The five highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations are listed, as well as the 

total number of days with exceedances 

of the 8-hour standard. At each site with 

an EPA-certified monitor, the fourth 

highest value column and the number 

of days column are both color-coded to 

identify sites where the fourth highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

value exceeded the standard during 

2011. Note that other sites may have 

experienced fewer than four exceedances 

of the standard, and are not color coded. 

Ozone summary statistics for POMS 

are highlighted bold where exceedances 

occurred. These sites should be compared 

to EPA standards for reference purposes 

only.

3
The map in Figure 3 presents the annual 

fourth highest 8-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites listed 

in Table 2. Ozone values for EPA-certified 

sites are color-coded to represent values 

below (green) and above (orange and 

red) the national standard. Values from 

portable sites (no color) are included for 

reference only.

The map in Figure 4 presents the annual 

number of days which exceeded the 8-hour standard for all network sites listed 

in Table 2. The data points are color-coded 

to distinguish between sites that did not 

exceed NAAQS (green) and those that did 

(orange and red). Data from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference.

The map in Figure 5 presents the annual 

second highest 1-hour average ozone 

concentrations for all network sites. 

Ozone values for EPA-certified sites are 

color-coded to represent four distinct 

levels. Ozone values from portable sites 

(no color) are included for reference only.

Ozone Violation Summaries

Table 3 presents ozone violation summaries 

for NPS-operated and cooperating sites 

for all 3-year periods over the last 10 years. 

Violations of the (old) 85 ppb standard are 

indicated in orange and red. Values that 

violate the new standard of 75 ppb are 

outlined with a black box. 

A violation of the standard occurs when 

the 3-year average of the fourth highest 

daily maximum 8-hour average ozone 

concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

EPA data completeness requirements for 

the 3-year period were not met. However, 

annual fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour ozone concentrations greater 

than or equal to 76 ppb for calendar 

years not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements are included in the NAAQS 

violation computation.

W126 and SUM06 thresholds for ozone effects to vegetation

Growth Reduction W126 SUM06

Tree seedlings - natural forest stands 7-13 ppm-hrs 10-15 ppm-hrs

Tree seedlings/saplings - plantations 9-14 ppm-hrs 12-16 ppm-hrs

Visible Foliar Injury

Plants in natural ecosystems 5-9 ppm-hrs 8-12 ppm-hrs

4

2011 GPMP Data Summary

Resource Injury Indices

To quantify ozone exposure to plants, 

various indices other than the NAAQS 

primary and secondary standards are often 

used. These indices, defined below, take into 

account both peak ozone concentrations 

and cumulative exposure to ozone.

•	 W126 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month 

sum of the 0800-2000 hourly average 

ozone concentrations during the 

EPA-designated ozone season, where 

a weighting function is used to give 

increasing significance (weights between 

0 and 1) to concentrations of ozone 

greater than 0.04 ppm (40 ppb), and no 

weight to concentrations below 0.04 ppm 

(40 ppb). Units of this index are ppm-hr. 

•	 SUM06 – A cumulative index that is 

calculated as the maximum 3-month sum 

of the 0800-2000 hourly average ozone 

concentrations during the ozone season 

that are equal to or greater than 0.06 

ppm (60 ppb). The units of this index are 

ppm -hr. Several thresholds have been 

developed for SUM06

1

.

The W126 is expressed as a 3-month sum of 

all hourly ozone concentrations where each 

concentration is weighted by a sigmoidal 

function that gives greater emphasis to 

the higher hourly concentrations while 

still including the lower ones. In the latest 

use of W126, only the daytime hours 

of 8 am to 8 pm (12 hours) are used in 

the expression. This weighting function 

provides a weighting value that is unique 

for each hourly ozone concentration. The 

weighting function, as described by Lefohn, 

Laurence, and Kohut

2 is:

 w

1

i

 = _______________________

 1 + 4403 exp - ( 126ci )

where wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration 

i

, and c

i

 = hourly 

concentration i in ppb.
The graph of weighting value versus 

ozone concentration, in the figure above, 

illustrates the greater weights given to 

higher hourly ozone concentrations. Each 

hour’s weighting value is multiplied by 

its corresponding hourly concentration. 

This product is summed over all the valid 

daytime hours in each month to calculate 

the monthly W126 exposure. Thus, the 

monthly W126 exposure is: 

 n

W126 =  wi * ci

 i=1

 n

where

W126 = monthly W126 exposure index,

wi

 = weighting value for hourly 

concentration i,

ci = hourly concentration i in ppb, and

n = number of hours in the month with 

valid ozone concentrations.

EPA is considering the maximum daytime 

consecutive 3-month value of the W126 for 

the secondary standard. The exposure units 

are ppb-hr.

Because each hour contributes to this 

exposure index, the number of hours with 

valid observations (n) is an important 

factor in calculating the W126. The EPA 

usually considers air quality statistics to be 

“valid” (i.e., representative of the parameter 

being estimated for the time interval in 

question) only if 75% or more of the total 

possible observations have been measured 

during that time interval. Therefore, one 

should exercise caution when comparing 

these statistics between months and sites, 

particularly those that are not averages 

(e.g., maxima and exposures) whenever the 

number of valid observations is less than 

75% of the total possible. EPA is developing 

fill-in rules for missing hourly data that may 

be issued when the revision to the ozone 

standard is announced in 20133.

Table 4 presents the ozone exposure indices 

summary statistics for 2011. Summaries 

for POMS are included for comparison 

only. Since portable sites are deployed for 

seasonal use, there may be significant biases 

in W126 and SUM06 exposure indices 

calculated from their data. 

Figure 6 presents the 3-month maximum 

W126 exposure index for all network 

sites listed in Table 4. Figure 7 presents 

the annual 3-month maximum SUM06 

exposure index for the same sites. Index 

values are color-coded to represent three 

distinct levels of cumulative exposure. Data 

from portable sites (no color) are included 

for reference only. 

1Heck, W.W. and E.B. Cowling, 1997. The 

Need for a Long-term Cumulative Secondary 

Ozone Standard - An Ecological Perspective. 

Environmental Management. January: 23-33.

2Lefohn, A.S.; Lawrence, J.A.; Kohut, R.J. 

(1988). A comparison of indices that describe 

the relationship between exposure to ozone 

and reduction in the yield of agricultural crops. 

Atmospheric Environment. 22:1229-1240.

3U.S. EPA, 2010, Proposed Rule, National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, 

Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 11/Tuesday, 

January 19, 2010.

Sulfur Dioxide Summaries

During 2011, the primary NAAQS for 

sulfur dioxide was a daily maximum 1-hour 

average of 75 ppb. The secondary NAAQS 

was a 3-hour mean of 0.50 ppm, not to be 

exceeded more than once per year. The EPA 

revised the SO2 standard in June 2010 to add 

the primary 1-hour average standard. Table 5 

summarizes sulfur dioxide measurements 

for comparison to the standards that were 

in place during 2011 and lists the number of 

exceedances for each. 

Kilauea Volcano is the source of sulfur 

dioxide in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. 

Sulfur dioxide data are collected in the park 

using a lower range and an upper range. The 

lower range does not capture values higher 

than 1 ppm (1,000 ppb), but is considered 

to be an EPA equivalency method. The 

upper range captures values above 1 ppm 

accurately, but is not an EPA equivalent 

range. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 

data presented in this report were collected 

using the upper range to give a more accurate 

representation of sulfur dioxide values.

5
arithmetic mean. The four highest and 98th

percentile 24-hour average concentrations 

are listed, as well as the total number of days 

with 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations 

greater than 35mg/m

3. No violation 

summaries for PM2.5 data are presented.

PM10 Data Summaries

The primary NAAQS for PM10 is a daily 

arithmetic mean of 150 mg/m

3. An exceedance 

of the standard occurs when a daily 

arithmetic mean is greater than 150mg/m

3. 

An exceedance of the standard is not the 

same as a violation. A violation occurs when 

a 24-hour average concentration greater than 

150 mg/m3 occurs more than once per year on 

average over three years. 

Table 10 summarizes PM10 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour 

average maximum concentrations and the 

annual arithmetic mean. The four highest 

24-hour average concentrations are listed, 

as well as the total number of days with 

exceedances of the NAAQS 24-hour 

standard. The number of days column 

is color-coded to identify sites where an 

exceedance of the 24-hour standard occurred.

Table 11 presents a PM10 violation 

summary based on the 24-hour average 

standard for one-year periods over the last 

three years, with violations indicated in red. 

Table values in parentheses indicate that 

the EPA data completeness requirement 

was not met. However, calendar quarters 

not meeting EPA data completeness 

requirements were included in the NAAQS 

violation computation if the resulting 

24-hour average exceeds the standard.

Meteorological Data Summaries

Table 12 presents a summary of selected 

meteorological data for all sites. The parameters included are wind speed, ambient 

temperature, relative humidity, and 

precipitation.

Carbon Monoxide Summaries

The primary NAAQS for carbon monoxide 

is a daily maximum 1-hour average of 35 

ppm and an 8-hour average of 9 ppm. An 

exceedance occurs when these limits are 

exceeded and a violation occurs when these 

limits are exceeded more than once a year. 

Table 6 summarizes the carbon monoxide 

measurements for 2011. 

Nitrogen Dioxide Summaries

The primary hourly NAAQS for nitrogen 

dioxide is a daily maximum 1-hour average 

of 100 ppb. An exceedance occurs when 

this value is exceeded and a violation 

occurs when the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour 

average exceeds 100 ppb.

The primary and secondary annual NAAQS 

for nitrogen dioxide is an annual arithmetic 

mean of 53 ppb. An exceedance and 

violation of the standard occurs when an 

annual arithmetic mean of nitrogen dioxide 

concentrations is greater than 53 ppb. Tables 

7 and 8 summarize the nitrogen dioxide 

and oxides of nitrogen measurements, 

respectively, for 2011. 

PM2.5 Data Summaries 

The primary NAAQS for PM2.5 are an 

annual arithmetic mean of 15 mg/m

3 and 

a daily arithmetic mean of 35 mg/m

3. An 

exceedance of the standard occurs when 

either an annual arithmetic mean is greater 

than 15.0mg/m

3 or a daily arithmetic mean 

is greater than 35 mg/m

3. An exceedance of 

the standard is not the same as a violation. 

A violation occurs when either the 3-year 

average of the annual mean is greater than 

15.0mg/m

3 or the 3-year average of the 98th

percentile daily mean concentrations is 

greater than 35mg/m

3

.

Table 9 summarizes PM2.5 measurements 

with respect to both the daily 24-hour average 

maximum concentrations and the annual 

6

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 2. 2011 Air quality monitoring in or nearby park units.

7
Table 1. 2011 Site specifications.

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet Abbr.

AQSID Number

Latitude(degrees north)

Longitude(degrees west)

Elev.(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 CO NOx PM

WS/

WD TMP RH RNF SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road TX BIBE-KB BBE401 48-043-0101 29.3022 103.1772 1052 22 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Canyonlands Island in the Sky UT CANY-IS CAN407 49-037-0101 38.4586 109.8211 1809 20 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area NM CAVE-MA --- 35-015-3001 32.1792 104.4417 1310 6 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Chiricahua Entrance Station AZ CHIR-ES CHA467 04-003-8001 32.0092 109.3892 1570 21 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

City of Rocks Juniper Campground ID CIRO-JC --- 16-031-0001 42.0289 113.7292 1914 2 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---Colorado Maintenance Yard CO COLM-MY --- 08-077-1001 39.1067 108.7411 1740 6 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center ID CRMO-VC --- 16-023-0101 43.4606 113.5622 1815 20 --- --- --- --- X X X --- X ---

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement TN CUGA-HS --- 21-013-1002 36.6719 83.5264 1013 6 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Death Valley Park Village CA DEVA-PV --- 06-027-0101 36.5092 116.8481 125 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X --- ---

Denali Headquarters AK DENA-HQ DEN417 02-068-0003 63.7258 148.9633 661 25 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail WY DETO-JR --- 56-011-1013 44.5969 104.7047 1200 4 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---Dinosaur West Entrance Housing UT DINO-WE --- 49-047-1002 40.2917 108.9417 2072 7 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Everglades Beard Center FL EVER-BC EVE419 12-086-0030 25.3911 80.6806 2 --- --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables MT GLAC-WG GLR468 30-029-8001 48.5103 113.9956 976 20 --- --- --- --- X X X X X XGrand Canyon The Abyss AZ GRCA-AS GRC474 04-005-8001 36.0597 112.1822 2073 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Grand Teton Science School WY GRTE-SS 56-039-0008 43.6708 110.5994 2105 1 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---Great Basin Maintenance Yard NV GRBA-MY GRB411 32-033-0101 39.0053 114.2158 2060 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome TN GRSM-CD --- 47-155-0102 35.5619 83.4981 2021 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain TN GRSM-CM --- 47-155-0101 35.6967 83.6086 1243 24 X --- --- --- X X X X --- ---Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TN GRSM-LR GRS420 47-009-0101 35.6331 83.9422 793 24 --- X X X X X X X X X

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory /Jaggar Museum HI HAVO-OB --- 15-001-0007 19.4203 155.2881 1123 --- X --- --- X X X X X --- ---Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center HI HAVO-VC --- 15-001-0005 19.4308 155.2578 1215 --- X --- --- --- X X X X X ---Joshua Tree Black Rock CA JOTR-BR JOT403 06-071-9002 34.0714 116.3906 1244 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon CA JOTR-CC --- 06-065-0008 33.7411 115.8206 984 7 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells CA JOTR-PW --- 06-065-1004 33.9397 115.4108 326 6 --- --- --- --- X X X X X XKings Mountain Brown’s Mountain SC KIMO-BM --- 45-021-0003 35.1314 81.405 340 1 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station CA LAVO-ML LAV410 06-089-3003 40.5403 121.5764 1756 25 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Little River Canyon Canyon High AL LIRI-CH --- --- 34.3669 85.6642 372 2 --- --- --- --- X X X --- --- ---Lyndon B. Johnson Hay Barn TX LYJO-HB --- 48-171-0001 30.2625 98.6292 470 1 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow KY MACA-HM MAC426 21-061-0501 37.1864 86.0411 258 16 X X X --- X X X X X X

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area CO MEVE-RM MEV405 08-083-0101 37.1983 108.4903 2165 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

8

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 1. 2011 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 CO NOx PM

WS/

WD TMP RH RNF SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Mojave Kelso Mountains CA MOJA-KM --- 06-071-1001 35.1019 115.7767 1212 7 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods WA MORA-TW MOR409 53-053-1010 46.7583 122.1244 415 21 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Olympic Deer Park WA OLYM-DP --- 53-009-0016 47.9492 123.2653 1607 3 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Petrified Forest South Entrance AZ PEFO-SE PET427 04-017-0119 34.8225 109.8919 1723 10 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station CA PINN-ES PIN414 06-069-0003 36.485 121.1556 335 25 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak CO ROMO-LP ROM406 08-069-0007 40.2778 105.5453 2743 27 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Russell Cave Visitor Center AL RUCA-VC --- --- 34.9811 85.81 215 2 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center NE SCBL-VC --- 31-157-0005 41.8294 103.708 1255 2 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain CA SEKI-AS SEK430 06-107-0009 36.4894 118.8292 457 13 --- --- --- X X X X X X X

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah CA SEKI-LK --- 06-107-0006 36.5658 118.7772 1890 28 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Shenandoah Big Meadows VA SHEN-BM SHN418 51-113-0003 38.5231 78.4347 1073 29 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay MN VOYA-SB VOY413 27-137-0034 48.4128 92.8292 429 16 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Yellowstone Old Faithful WY YELL-OF --- 56-039-1012 44.4569 110.8314 2246 --- --- X --- X X X X --- --- ---

Yellowstone Water Tank WY YELL-WT YEL408 56-039-1011 44.5597 110.4006 2400 16 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Yosemite School Yard CA YOSE-SY --- 06-043-1004 37.7478 119.5917 1234 6 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Yosemite Turtleback Dome CA YOSE-TD YOS404 06-043-0003 37.7133 119.7061 1605 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X X

Zion Dalton’s Wash UT ZION-DW --- 49-053-0130 37.1983 113.1506 1213 8 --- --- --- X X X X X X ---

 # active park units: 40 # active park sites: 48

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center CO MEEK-PS --- 08-103-0005 40.0039 107.8475 1994 2 --- --- X X X X X X X ---

Rangely Golf Course CO RANG-GC --- 08-103-0006 40.0869 108.7614 1655 2 --- --- X X X X X X X ---

 # active units: 2 # active sites: 2

Sites operated by the NPS for the U.S. Forest Service

Walden Chandler Ranch CO WALD-CR --- 08-057-0003 40.8822 106.3061 2417 1 --- X X --- X X X --- X ---

 # active units: 1 # active sites: 1

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain ME ACAD-CM --- 23-009-0102 44.4083 68.2461 37 17 --- --- --- --- X X X --- --- ---

Acadia McFarland Hill ME ACAD-MH ACA416 23-009-0103 44.3769 68.2608 158 14 --- --- --- X X X X X X X

Badlands Visitor Center SD BADL-VC --- 46-071-0001 43.7436 101.9414 739 12 --- --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cape Cod Cape Cod MA CACO-XX --- 25-001-0002 41.9758 70.0247 41 25 --- --- --- --- X X X --- X ---

Chamizal Chamizal TX CHAM-XX --- 48-141-0044 31.7656 106.455 1128 20 --- --- --- --- X X X --- X --- 9
Table 1. 2011 Site specifications (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name State

NPS

Abbr. 

CASTNet 

Abbr.

AQS

ID Number

Latitude 

(degrees 

north)

Longitude 

(degrees 

west)

Elev.

(m)

O3

Yearsa SO2 CO NOx PM

WS/

WD TMP RH RNF SOL

Filter

Packb

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Congaree Congaree Bluff SC COSW-BL --- 45-079-0021 33.8147 80.7811 34 12 X --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Cowpens State Monitor SC COWP-SM --- 45-021-0002 35.1303 87.8164 297 24 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Everglades Cutler Road FL EVER-CR --- 12-086-0029 25.5861 80.3269 4 27 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove TN GRSM-CC --- 47-009-0102 35.6042 83.7831 564 19 --- --- --- --- X X X X X ---

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob NC GRSM-PK --- 37-087-0036 35.59 83.0775 1500 15 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker IN INDU-AB --- 18-089-0022 41.7169 86.9075 187 19 --- --- --- X X X X --- X ---

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center WA MORA-JV --- 53-053-0012 46.7853 121.7378 1615 14 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Saguaro East AZ SAGU-EA --- 04-019-0021 32.1744 110.7364 938 20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr ND THRO-VC THR422 38-007-0002 46.8947 103.3778 850 14 X --- --- X X X X X X X

Wind Cave Visitor Center SD WICA-VC WNC429 46-033-0132 43.5578 103.4839 1292 8 --- --- --- X X X X X X X

Yellowstone West Yellowstone MT YELL-WS --- 30-031-0017 44.6569 111.0894 2030 --- --- X X X X X --- --- --- ---

Yosemite Village CA YOSE-VI --- 06-043-1001 37.7458 119.6028 1216 --- --- --- --- X --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # active park units: 15 # active park sites: 17

a The values in this column represent the number of years an ozone analyzer has been operational at the site.

b A filter pack is a part of the CASTNet network and is used to measure dry deposition using the “inferential method.” This method combines air quality concentration data with meteorological measurements and land use functions to 

compute deposition velocities. Ambient air is drawn across the filter at either 3.0 or 1.5 liters per minute. The filter is then analyzed in a lab to yield weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO42-), particulate nitrate (NO3-), 

particulate ammonium (NH4+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are also measured from the filter samples.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service italics = site operated by a state agency underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Parameter key: O3 = ozone (ppb) 

 SO2 = sulfur dioxide (ppb) 

 CO = carbon monoxide (ppm)

 NOx = oxides of nitrogen (ppb)

 PM = particulate matter (μg/m3) 

 WS = wind speed (m/s)

 WD = wind direction (degrees)

 TMP = ambient temperature (degrees C)

 RH = relative humidity (%)

 RNF = precipitation (mm/hr)

 WET= wetness (% on)

 SOL= solar radiation (watts/m2)

Note: Dashed lines indicate parameter not measured at that site. 

10

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 2. 2011 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 342 86 84 84 80 80 7

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 346 73 72 71 69 68 0

Chiricahua Entrance Station 342 76 75 75 75 74 1

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 358 68 64 63 63 62 0

Death Valley Park Village 352 79 77 76 75 75 3

Denali Headquarters 363 58 54 53 53 53 0

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 355 58 57 55 55 55 0

Grand Canyon The Abyss 338 78 77 75 74 74 2

Grand Teton Science School 126 57 56 56 54 52 0

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 357 75 75 73 72 71 0

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 179 86 81 80 79 74 4

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 360 86 80 78 78 77 8

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 352 87 85 85 83 81 12

Joshua Tree Black Rock 359 104 98 96 91 90 56

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 228 78 77 77 76 76 5

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 346 66 65 65 65 64 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 356 73 72 72 71 69 0

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 363 78 72 70 70 70 1

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 362 56 53 52 51 51 0

Petrified Forest South Entrance 358 72 70 70 69 69 0

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 357 73 71 69 69 67 0

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 362 80 78 78 77 77 8

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 364 103 101 100 98 98 87

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 354 84 83 83 81 81 31

Shenandoah Big Meadows 354 76 76 75 72 71 2

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 346 63 60 60 59 58 0

Yellowstone Water Tank 353 67 67 67 66 66 0

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 350 83 79 79 78 78 7

Zion Dalton’s Wash 360 73 72 72 72 71 0

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 358 64 63 62 62 62 0

Rangely Golf Course 358 88 88 81 72 69 3

Sites operated by the NPS for the U.S. Forest Service

Walden Chandler Ranch 81 47 47 45 45 45 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 174 92 78 74 74 67 2

Acadia McFarland Hill 359 74 68 66 66 64 0

Badlands Visitor Center 359 55 53 52 52 52 0

Cape Cod Cape Cod 230 74 73 71 68 66 0

Chamizal Chamizal 361 82 77 76 70 70 3

Congaree Congaree Bluff 272 66 62 62 62 61 0

Cowpens State Monitor 253 89 73 71 70 68 1

Everglades Cutler Road 348 67 66 62 62 61 0

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 240 71 68 68 68 67 0

80

78

4

83

8

79

91

7

12

56

77

98 87

8

76 5

81 31

78 7

11
Table 2. 2011 Summary of 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ppb) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Valid Number

of Days

1st 

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd 

Highest

4th 

Highesta

5th

Highest

# Days with 8-Hour 

Average O3 Values

≥76 ppba

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 208 77 72 67 66 66 1

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 178 83 67 66 66 64 1

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 317 60 56 54 53 53 0

Saguaro East 364 80 78 78 75 74 3

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 298 59 59 58 57 56 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center 362 60 60 60 60 59 0

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS)b 

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 182 75 75 72 70 70 0

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 192 62 60 60 59 58 0

Colorado Maintenance Yard 263 70 69 68 68 67 0

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 148 68 66 66 65 65 0

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 151 63 57 57 57 56 0

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 347 106 106 103 90 88 8

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 326 77 76 76 75 75 3

Kings Mountain Brown’s Mountain 146 88 81 74 74 72 2

Little River Canyon Canyon High 195 81 73 66 66 65 1

Lyndon B. Johnson Hay Barn 182 74 74 70 70 69 0

Mojave Kelso Mountains 187 79 78 78 77 77 6

Olympic Deer Park 63 58 58 55 53 50 0

Russell Cave Visitor Center 208 71 69 67 62 60 0

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 135 66 63 63 63 62 0

Yosemite School Yard 157 66 62 61 58 57 0

a The primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 8-hour 

average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour 

average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) Exceedances of the standard are highlighted here in orange or red.

b The Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program Portable Ozone Monitoring Systems (POMS) do not meet EPA standards for regulatory monitoring. However, ozone summary 

statistics from portable systems can be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov). 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Bold = Ozone summary statistics for POMS are highlighted bold where exceedances occurred. These sites should be compared to EPA standards for reference purposes only.

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average = 76 - 104 ppb ozone concentration # days with 8-hour average ≥76 ppb = 4 - 10 days

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration > 10 days

12

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 3. 2011 Annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

13
Figure 4. 2011 Annual number of days with daily maximum 8-hour average ozone values ≥76 ppb.

14

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 5. 2011 Annual second highest 1-hour average ozone concentrations (in ppb).

15
Table 3. 2011 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b.

National Park Unit Site Name 2009–2011 2008-2010 2007-2009 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 69 64 66 66 66 63 63 62

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 68 68 70 71 70 70 71 72

Chiricahua Entrance Station 70 68 66 69 71 72 71 71

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 61 62 (64) (67) (67) --- --- 67

Death Valley Park Village 71 72 77 81 84 82 81 80

Denali Headquarters 53 58 58 58 52 51 52 53

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 51 51 51 53 55 54 56 55

Grand Canyon The Abyss 69 68 68 70 72 73 74 74

Grand Teton Science School (54) --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 70 69 71 72 73 72 72 72

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome (75) (76) (79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 75 76 79 82 82 77 78 86

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 77 77 79 85 86 84 86 91

Joshua Tree Black Rock 93 98 100 104 103 103 105 106

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon (78) (81) (80) (79) (66) (62) (45) ---

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 64 70 74 77 72 69 68 71

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 70 70 72 74 76 72 73 77

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 68 68 69 71 73 73 70 68

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 54 55 56 58 (56) (58) (61) 63

Petrified Forest South Entrance 66 67 (67) (70) (70) (70) (71) (66)

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 70 76 77 79 74 75 76 81

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 74 73 74 76 76 74 78 82

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 96 (101) (103) (105) (103) (103) (105) (105)

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 79 6 90 96 95 96 97 101

Shenandoah Big Meadows 71 73 73 75 76 77 (80) 82

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 62 (62) (61) (61) (65) 64 66 64

Yellowstone Water Tank 65 64 64 66 64 63 61 63

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 77 83 86 (88) 85 86 88 90

Zion Dalton’s Wash 69 69 69 71 78 79 (82) (74)

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # park units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

4

6

5

9

3

4

4

5

4

5

3

4

4

5

4

7

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center (64) (66) --- --- --- --- --- ---

Rangely Golf Course (62) (58) --- --- --- --- --- ---

 # units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

0

0

--- --- --- --- --- ---

84

105 106

77 81 82 81 80

(76) (79) (84) (83) (80) (79) (87)

76 79 82 82 77 78 86

77 77 79 85 86 84 86 91

93 98 100 104 103 103

(78) (81) (80) (79)

77

76 77

76 77 79 76 81

76 76 78 82

96 (101) (103) (103) (103)

79 86 90 96 95 96 97 101

(105) (105) (105)

76 77 (80) 82

78 79 (82)

77 83 86 (88) 85 86 88 90

16

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 3. 2011 Ozone violation summary - primary standarda,b (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name 2009–2011 2008–2010 2007–2009 2006–2008 2005–2007 2004–2006 2003–2005 2002–2004

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 74 74 78 79 82 80 82 88

Acadia McFarland Hill 69 69 73 72 74 71 74 80

Badlands Visitor Center 54 54 56 62 68 67 (66) (64)

Cape Cod Cape Cod 72 74 76 79 84 84 86 88

Chamizal Chamizal 69 70 71 75 74 73 72 78

Congaree Congaree Bluff 60 64 66 71 73 72 73 74

Cowpens State Monitor 66 69 67 74 73 74 75 80

Everglades Cutler Road 62 67 69 72 69 68 55 (65)

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 68 69 69 72 70 67 (67) 73

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 67 72 74 77 77 75 78 82

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 62 (61) (68) 73 82 75 76 (70)

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 53 (52) (56) (59) 61 (60) (59) ---

Saguaro East 70 69 71 74 76 76 (76) (73)

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 56 57 59 63 63 60 59 60

Wind Cave Visitor Center 59 (59) 62 66 70 (71) (70) ---

 # park units with violations (0.08 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

 # park units with violations (0.075 ppm standard):

 # sites with violations:

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

2

3

a The new primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.075 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 76 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 76 ppb.) For reference, values that would violate the new standard are outlined with a black box. The first 3-year 

period that the new standard will apply to is 2008-2010. 

b The old primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

8-hour average ozone concentration is greater than or equal to 85 ppb. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the fourth highest daily maximum 

8-hour average ozone concentration equals or exceeds 85 ppb.) Violations of the old standard are highlighted here in orange and red. The old standard applies to all 3-year 

periods prior to 2008-2010.

Note: The color coding break points follow the color categories used on the EPA’s AIRNow Web Site (http://www.airnow.gov).

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Color shading key: 4th highest 8-hour average 

 = 85 - 104 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 105 ppb ozone concentration 

 ≥ 76 ppb ozone concentration 

Note: A number in parenthesis ( ) indicates that data completeness was not met. The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 

3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order 

to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if 

the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greater than the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than 

complete data. 

Dashed lines represent no data available at that site. 

78 79 82 80 82 88

80

76 79 84 84 86 88

78

80

77 77 78 82

82 76

76 76 (76)

17
Table 4. 2011 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr) Period

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 95.6 25 18 April-June

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 95.7 15 13 May-July

Chiricahua Entrance Station 94.8 31 10 April-June

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 98.5 6 8 April-June

Death Valley Park Village 98.0 36 23 June-August

Denali Headquarters 99.7 0 3 March-May

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 98.6 0 3 March-May

Grand Canyon The Abyss 94.3 26 18 April-June

Grand Teton Science School 99.5 0 2 September-November

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 98.8 21 15 June-August

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 99.6 20 14 June-August

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 99.6 16 12 June-August

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 98.1 33 22 June-August

Joshua Tree Black Rock 98.6 56 39 June-August

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 73.4 35 22 April-June

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 97.0 10 8 June-August

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 98.6 16 12 June-August

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 99.7 22 15 June-August

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 99.8 1 1 March-May

Petrified Forest South Entrance 99.2 21 14 April-June

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 99.1 10 8 July-September

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 99.4 35 24 June-August

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 99.7 75 61 July-September

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 97.8 48 34 June-August

Shenandoah Big Meadows 97.9 20 14 June-August

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 96.1 2 5 March-May

Yellowstone Water Tank 98.1 13 11 April-June

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 97.4 36 23 July-September

Zion Dalton’s Wash 99.5 24 17 April-June

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 99.6 6 8 April-June

Rangely Golf Course 99.5 9 10 June-August

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 97.4 4 4 June-August

Acadia McFarland Hill 98.8 3 3 June-August

Badlands Visitor Center 98.8 0 2 June-August

Cape Cod Cape Cod 94.3 4 4 May-July

Chamizal Chamizal 99.7 17 13 June-August

Congaree Congaree Bluff 98.3 6 5 April-June

Cowpens State Monitor 96.8 10 9 June-August

Everglades Cutler Road 100.0 2 3 March-May

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 98.6 9 8 April-June

Great Smoky Mountains Purchase Knob 98.4 6 7 April-June

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 99.8 5 4 June-August

18

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 4. 2011 Summary of indices for resource injury (SUM06 and W126) (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

O3%

Valid

SUM06a

(ppm-hr)

W126b

(ppm-hr) Period

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Mount Rainier Jackson Visitor’s Center 86.3 0 3 March-May

Saguaro East 99.6 25 17 May-July

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Center 82.8 1 3 April-June

Wind Cave Visitor Center 99.7 2 4 May-July

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS)

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 99.7 22 15 April-June

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 99.9 2 6 June-August

Colorado Maintenance Yard 97.2 18 13 June-August

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 99.8 4 5 June-August

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 98.7 1 3 June-August

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 97.6 18 15 January-March

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 90.7 38 23 April-June

Kings Mountain Brown’s Mountain 96.4 13 10 June-August

Little River Canyon Canyon High 97.2 7 7 June-August

Lyndon B. Johnson Hay Barn 99.2 8 6 April-June

Mojave Kelso Mountains 93.6 21 15 April-June

Russell Cave Visitor Center 99.9 3 4 June-August

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 86.8 6 7 June-August

Yosemite School Yard 99.8 3 4 July-September

a SUM06 exposure index represents the 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations equaling or exceeding 0.06 ppm. The value reported here represents a three-month 

maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr.

b W126 exposure index represents 0800-2000 hourly ozone concentrations where each concentration is weighted by a function that gives greater emphasis to the higher 

hourly concentrations while still including the lower ones. The value reported here represents a three-month maximum value during the ozone season. Units are ppm-hr. For 

more information on the W126 exposure index go to http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/aqbasics/glossary.cfm.

Note: The SUM06 and W126 are described in further detail on pages 3-4 of this report. For more information see the section titled 

 “Resource Injury Indices.”

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

19
Figure 6. 2011 3-month maximum W126 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

20

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Figure 7. 2011 3-month maximum SUM06 exposure index during the ozone season (0800-2000 hourly concentrations).

21
Table 5. 2011 Summary of sulfur dioxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentrationa (ppb)

Highest Daily Maximum 3-Hour

Average Concentrationb (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

99th 

Percentile 

Value

No. of Days

with 1-Hr Average 

≥ 76 ppb

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days 

with 3-Hr Maximum

≥ 550 ppb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 20 15 14 13 13 0 19 9 9 8 0

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 27 15 13 12 12 0 19 12 9 8 0

Hawaii Volcanoes * Observatory / Jaggar Museum 948 771 703 692 771 75 626 613 548 411 2

Hawaii Volcanoes * Visitor Center 672 601 596 577 710 42 483 453 425 387 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 14 13 12 12 12 0 12 10 9 9 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center 7 6 5 5 5 0 7 5 5 5 0

Congaree Congaree Bluff 29 22 18 17 17 0 18 14 11 11 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 74 70 58 58 58 0 60 42 36 35 0

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr 11 7 6 5 5 0 8 4 4 3 0

a The primary hourly National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is a daily maximum 1-hour average of 75 ppb. (An exceedance of the Standard occurs when a daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 75 ppb. A violation of 

the Standard occurs when the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 75 ppb.)

b The secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 ppm over a 3-hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than 0.5 ppm, 549 ppb, or 1300 μg/m3 exceeds the standard.) 

(40 CFR 50.5.)

* This site collected sulfur dioxide data using an instrument or a range that is not an EPA reference method.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service

italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: >34 ppb annual arithmetic mean, > 75 ppb 99th percentile value, or >549 ppb 3-hour average

626 613 771

710

22

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 6. 2011 Summary of carbon monoxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour

Average Concentrationa (ppm)

Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average Concentrationb (ppm)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days

with 1-Hr Average 

≥ 35 ppm

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days 

with 8-Hr Average

≥ 9 ppm

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Yellowstone West Yellowstone 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.4 0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0

a The primary hourly National Ambient Air Quality Standard for carbon monoxide is a daily maximum 1-hour average of 35 ppm. (An exceedance of the Standard occurs when a daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 35 ppm. A violation 

of the Standard occurs when a daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 35 ppm more than once in a calendar year.)

b The primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for carbon monoxide is 9 ppm over an 8-hour period. (An exceedance of the Standard occurs when an 8-hour average exceeds 9 ppm. A violation of the Standard occurs when a daily 

maximum 8-hour average exceeds 9 ppm more than once in a calendar year.) 

(40 CFR 50.8.)

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service

italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: >35 ppm 1-hour average or >9 ppm 8-hour average

23
Table 7. 2011 Summary of nitrogen dioxide data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Concentrationsab (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of Days with 

1-Hour Average

≥100 ppb

Annual 

Arithmetic 

Mean

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.4 0 0.8

Rangely Golf Course 28.4 27.4 25.9 24.3 22.6 0 3.1

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Yellowstone West Yellowstone 82.0 60.0 59.0 57.0 44.0 0 3.3

a The primary hourly National Ambient Air Quaity Standard for nitrogen dioxide is a daily maximum 1-hour average of 100 ppb. (An exceedance of the Standard occurs 

when a daily maximum 1-hour average exceeds 100 ppb. A violation of the Standard occurs when the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour 

average exceeds 100 ppb. (40 CFR 50.11.)

b The primary and secondary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for nitrogen dioxide is an annual arithmetic mean of 53 ppb. (An exceedance and violation of 

the Standard occurs when an annual arithmetic mean of NO2 concentrations is greater than 53 ppb.) (40 CFR 50.11.)

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: > 53 ppb annual arithmetic mean or >100 ppb 98th percentile value

 

Table 8. 2011 Summary of oxides of nitrogen data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hour Average Concentrations (ppb)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

1-Hour Average

≥100 ppb

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 48.0 13.0 12.6 12.2 0

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 29.1 27.8 27.1 23.1 0

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 9.9 9.1 8.4 7.5 0

Rangely Golf Course 35.6 34.4 31.7 28.7 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Yellowstone West Yellowstone 140.0 90.0 73.0 73.0 1

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 

24

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 9. 2011 Summary of PM2.5 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb (μg/

m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

98th

Percentile

Value

No. of Days 

with 

24-Hour 

Average

>35 μg/m3

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock TEOM 98.5 11.0 31 30 28 27 24 0

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum SHARP 72.7 4.3 28 28 27 22 21 0

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain BAM 97.7 8.3 67 31 30 30 25 1

Yellowstone Old Faithful BAM 99.2 3.3 18 15 14 14 10 0

Zion Dalton’s Wash FRM or 

FEM

93.0 4.0 22 21 14 14 12 0

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center TEOM 61.2 2.8 16 15 11 10 10 0

Rangely Golf Course FRM or 

FEM

95.1 3.5 16 16 14 14 13 0

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia McFarland Hill TEOM 98.7 2.3 32 29 17 17 10 0

Badlands Visitor Center FRM or 

FEM

92.9 3.0 19 12 12 11 10 0

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker FRM or 

FEM

78.7 13.7 57 51 34 30 34 2

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Ctr TEOM 96.3 5.5 17 16 15 13 12 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center FRM or 

FEM

96.7 3.3 13 12 12 12 12 0

Yellowstone W. Yellowstone State Site BAM 94.3 1.5 13 13 13 13 11 0

Yosemite Village BAM 97.6 8.5 39 32 29 29 25 1

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is an annual arithmetic mean of 15.0 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an 

annual arithmetic mean of PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean 

PM2.5 concentrations is greater than 15.0 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.7.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2.5 is a 24-hour average concentration of 35 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM2.5 concentration is greater than 35 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5

concentrations is greater than 35 μg/m3.) (40 CFR 50.7.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

 SHARP = synchronized hybrid ambient real-time particulate monitor 

 FRM = federal reference method monitor

 FEM = federal equivalent method monitor 

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service 

 italics = site operated by a state agency

Color shading key: Annual arithmetic mean > 15 μg/m3

 98th percentile value > 35 μg/m3

 

25
Table 10. 2011 Summary of PM10 data from reference and equivalency methods.

National Park Unit Site Name

Sampler

Type*

%

Valida

Annual 

Arithmetic

Meanb (μg/

m3)

Highest Daily 24-Hour Average Concentrationsc (μg/m3)

1st

Highest

2nd

Highest

3rd

Highest

4th

Highest

No. of Days with 

24-Hour Average

>150 μg/m3

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 97.7 9 50 50 40 30 0

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 98.8 7 40 30 30 30 0

a At sites operated by an agency other than the National Park Service, the primary responsibility for the operation and data reporting of particulate matter belongs to the 

operating agency.

b The primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is an annual arithmetic mean of 50 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when an annual 

arithmetic mean of PM10 concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM10

concentrations is greater than 50 μg/m3 (40 CFR 50.6.)

c The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: >50 μg/m3 annual arithmetic mean, >150 μg/m3 24-hour average

italics = site operated by a state agency 

Table 11. PM10 summary - maximum daily 24-hour average concentration in 2009-2011 (μg/m3)a.

National Park Unit Site Name Sampler Type* 2011 2010 2009

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Badlands Visitor Center BAM 50 30 40

Wind Cave Visitor Center BAM 40 140 340

a The primary daily National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10 is a 24-hour average concentration of 150 μg/m3. (An exceedance of the standard occurs when a 

24-hour average PM10 concentration is greater than 150 μg/m3. A violation of the standard occurs when a 24-hour average concentration greater than 150 μg/m3 occurs 

more than once in a calendar year.) (40 CFR 50.6.)

* TEOM = tapered element oscillating microbalance

 BAM = beta attenuation monitor 

Color shading key: > 1 24-hour average concentration >150 μg/m3

italics = site operated by a state agency

 

340

26

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Table 12. 2011 Annual summary of selected meteorological data.

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by the National Park Service (Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program)

Big Bend K-Bar Ranch Road 3.8 22.0 40.7 -12.6 31 95 2 58

Canyonlands Island in the Sky 2.9 11.3 34.0 -19.3 40 96 5 241

Chiricahua Entrance Station 3.0 15.9 37.2 -16.8 38 100 5 329

Craters of the Moon Visitor Center 3.5 5.4 31.9 -21.4 56 100 7 ---

Denali Headquarters 1.3 -1.7 24.6 -33.5 66 100 16 166

Everglades Beard Center 2.1 23.0 33.5 1.7 81 100 31 1024

Glacier West Glacier Horse Stables 0.9 5.1 31.6 -27.7 73 95 18 914

Grand Canyon The Abyss 2.8 10.3 31.1 -17.3 43 100 6 332

Grand Teton Science School 2.5 0.4 29.0 -25.3 67 97 11 66

Great Basin Maintenance Yard 2.9 8.6 31.5 -21.8 42 95 4 313

Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove 1.3 14.5 34.4 -13.4 78 100 16 1655

Great Smoky Mountains Clingmans Dome 3.5 11.5 21.1 -7.7 85 100 6 995

Great Smoky Mountains Cove Mountain 4.7 11.6 28.4 -16.5 71 100 5 1131

Great Smoky Mountains Look Rock 2.4 13.5 30.5 -13.9 71 100 7 1276

Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory / Jaggar Museum 5.1 15.4 24.6 9.8 89 100 33 844

Hawaii Volcanoes Visitor Center 3.8 14.8 23.3 1.9 93 100 45 1711

Joshua Tree Black Rock 3.6 16.1 36.1 -4.8 32 96 2 143

Joshua Tree Cottonwood Canyon 3.4 21.3 39.2 -4.4 27 100 5 142

Lassen Volcanic Manzanita Lake Fire Station 1.9 6.0 26.5 -14.5 63 95 6 790

Mammoth Cave Houchin Meadow 1.9 14.6 36.3 -13.6 71 100 20 1638

Mesa Verde Resource Management Area 3.1 9.9 31.0 -19.8 43 97 6 341

Mount Rainier Tahoma Woods 0.9 8.5 31.3 -8.6 84 99 12 1572

Petrified Forest South Entrance 4.2 12.1 34.3 -18.6 43 95 4 245

Pinnacles SW of East Entrance Station 2.3 13.5 39.0 -5.8 61 94 5 371

Rocky Mountain Long’s Peak 2.8 4.3 25.3 -33.5 48 100 0 391

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Ash Mountain 2.4 15.9 36.2 -1.1 56 100 13 530

Sequoia and Kings Canyon Lower Kaweah 1.7 8.6 26.4 -10.8 62 100 7 714

Shenandoah Big Meadows 2.1 9.4 28.8 -16.6 72 100 4 1493

Voyageurs Sullivan Bay 2.5 4.3 31.8 -30.4 71 96 16 497

Yellowstone Old Faithful 1.8 1.2 27.2 -35.1 69 100 11 ---

Yellowstone Water Tank 1.7 0.8 25.9 -31.5 67 95 13 591

Yosemite Turtleback Dome 4.0 10.6 28.7 -8.0 51 96 3 ---

Zion Dalton’s Wash 4.0 15.7 39.4 -10.3 38 96 3 215

Sites operated by the NPS for the Bureau of Land Management

Meeker Plant Science Center 3.5 6.2 31.5 -33.8 59 100 9 459

Rangely Golf Course 3.0 7.7 34.7 -28.6 55 100 7 122

Sites operated by the NPS for the U.S. Forest Service

Walden Chandler Ranch 3.7 -4.7 19.5 -29.7 66 100 9 ---

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Acadia Cadillac Mountain 5.3 13.5 31.6 -4.6 85 100 23 ---

Acadia McFarland Hill 2.9 7.9 33.9 -23.4 78 100 2 917

Cape Cod Cape Cod 2.5 11.1 35.9 -15.1 72 90 19 ---

Chamizal Chamizal 3.5 20.0 40.7 -15.7 28 97 2 ---

27
Table 12. 2011 Annual summary of selected meteorological data (continued).

National Park Unit Site Name

Wind Speed 

(m/s)

Ambient Temperature

(degrees C)

Relative Humidity

(%)

Precipitation

(mm)

Average Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum

Annual 

Accumulation

Sites operated by cooperating state agencies

Indiana Dunes Ammunition Bunker 3.6 10.4 39.5 -22.6 75 100 22 ---

Saguaro East --- 21.3 42.5 -9.0 31 96 3 ---

Theodore Roosevelt Painted Canyon Visitor Cntr 5.2 6.0 35.7 -30.9 67 95 8 442

Wind Cave Visitor Center 3.2 8.5 35.6 -27.2 56 95 10 493

Portable ozone monitoring systems (POMS) (seasonal)

Carlsbad Caverns Maintenance Area 4.7 26.1 39.8 3.1 26 100 3 90

City of Rocks Juniper Campground 2.4 12.5 33.9 -7.6 50 100 8 149

Colorado Maintenance Yard 1.6 13.2 35.7 -19.0 42 99 6 217

Cumberland Gap Hensley Settlement 1.9 19.6 29.6 0.7 82 100 43 603

Devil’s Tower Joyner Ridge Trail 1.4 17.0 37.5 -2.8 62 99 12 346

Dinosaur West Entrance Housing 1.3 8.2 36.8 -28.8 57 99 9 208

Joshua Tree Pinto Wells 3.3 23.0 45.9 -2.8 27 95 5 68

Kings Mountain Brown’s Mountain 1.4 24.0 37.0 5.8 70 100 23 347

Little River Canyon Canyon High 0.8 20.2 35.7 -3.3 81 99 24 ---

Lyndon B. Johnson Hay Barn 1.9 27.1 40.5 2.1 53 100 7 66

Mojave Kelso Mountains 3.6 23.4 38.8 4.0 26 97 5 31

Olympic Deer Park 0.9 11.0 27.5 -0.6 66 100 9 27

Russell Cave Visitor Center 0.6 21.1 36.9 -0.5 78 100 24 638

Scotts Bluff Visitor Center 2.5 19.6 38.1 -0.5 55 99 9 113

Yosemite School Yard 0.7 16.3 34.6 0.1 66 99 9 205

Note: Dashed lines represent no data available for that particular parameter at that site.

Operating agency key: plain text = site operated by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, or U.S. Forest Service

 italics = site operated by a state agency

 underline = site operated by the National Park Service, but consisting of non-EPA certified portable instrumentation

Data quality tables associated with the data presented in this report can be found at:

http://ard-request.air-resource.com. Click “Reports.”

28

2011 GPMP Data Summary
Acknowledgements

The National Park Service expresses appreciation and acknowledges the many park 

employees and individuals who serve as site operators and maintain our air quality 

stations, and staff at Air Resource Specialists, Inc. who collect and validate the data, 

provide technical assistance to the site operators, and prepare data summary products.

Pinnacles National Monument, California - Southwest of East 

Entrance Station monitoring site

29