In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth

___________________________

No. 02-19-00412-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 355th District Court

Hood County, Texas

Trial Court No. C2019200

Before Kerr, Womack, and Wallach, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Womack

COMANCHE PEAK RANCH, LLC, LAURA GRISHAM, RONALD HASTY,

DIANNE HASTY, MICHAEL W. THOMAS AS TRUSTEE FOR MICHAEL W.

THOMAS FAMILY TRUST, HARVEY THOMAS AS TRUSTEE FOR HARVEY IKE 

THOMAS FAMILY TRUST, AND SANDRA WILLIAMS, Appellants

V.

CITY OF GRANBURY, TEXAS, Appellee
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. INTRODUCTION

A group of property owners filed suit to challenge appellee City of Granbury’s 

annexation of land. In this accelerated appeal,

1

the property owners complain of the 

granting of the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. Because the property owners’

complaints must be brought in a quo warranto proceeding, we affirm the trial court’s 

dismissal but modify the judgment to reflect that the dismissal is without prejudice.

II. BACKGROUND2

The Property Owners are appellants Comanche Peak Ranch, LLC, Laura 

Grisham, Ronald Hasty, Dianne Hasty, Michael W. Thomas as Trustee for the 

Michael W. Thomas Family Trust, Harvey Thomas as Trustee for the Harvey Ike 

Thomas Family Trust, and Sandra Williams, each of whom own property within the 

extraterritorial jurisdiction of Granbury.3 They, and others not involved in this 

appeal, filed suit against the city seeking declaratory judgment and ancillary injunctive 

1See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 51.014(a)(8), 101.001(3)(B); Tex. R. 

App. P. 28.1.

2Because this case was resolved by the trial court based on the pleadings, the

facts are taken from the pleadings on file at the time of the hearing on the plea to the 

jurisdiction.

3

In their response to the plea to the jurisdiction, the Property Owners state that 

they “own separate parcels of property, some of which is entirely within the City’s 

extraterritorial jurisdiction (‘ETJ’) and some of which is only partially within the City’s 

ETJ.” 
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relief as well as attorneys’ fees based on what they allege is the “City’s ‘hurry up’ effort 

to involuntarily annex property in its extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) to ‘beat the 

clock’ before pending (and now extant) legislation to preclude such involuntary 

annexation took effect.” 

It is undisputed that the City sent the Property Owners proposals for 

“development agreements” that, if signed, would have forestalled annexation. The 

parties’ dispute centers on whether the city’s proposals meet the requirements of the 

applicable statutes and, if not, whether the failure to meet those requirements renders 

the annexation void. In their original petition, the Property Owners allege that the 

City “ignored the requirement for proper legal descriptions of the properties herein

that they attempted to annex in the City’s proposed Development Agreements.” 

They further contend that the City “ignored the clear terms of the Local Government 

Code to protect agriculturally exempt (‘AG Exempt’) property from involuntary 

annexation.” Arguing that the City failed to offer development agreements that 

complied with the Local Government Code, the Property Owners conclude that 

“[t]his led to a void effort to annex . . . .” 

According to the Property Owners, the City adopted Resolution No. 19-12 on

April 2, 2019, declaring its intention to annex land totaling 2,470 acres, including their 

land, all of which are “AG Exempt properties.” The City sent letters dated April 3, 

2019, to the Property Owners informing them of the City’s proposal to annex their 

property. The City sent additional letters two days later which recognized that the 
4

property was “AG Exempt” and “attached a development agreement that is being 

offered to you under Section 43.016 of the Texas Local Government Code.” 

According to the second letter,

If you [Property Owner] do execute the agreement, you will be exempt 

from annexation by the City for the period of time set forth in the 

agreement (10 years); provided, however[,] that under the terms of the 

agreement, any development of your property would allow the City to 

commence annexation. 

The letter further provided that if the Property Owner “decline[s] to make the 

agreement, the City may proceed to annex your property.” 

According to the Property Owners, they “attempted to negotiate modifications 

of the proposed Development Agreements that would be in harmony with the 

statute.” However, no agreement was reached, and at its June 4, 2019 meeting, the 

City approved five annexation ordinances. 

In response to the lawsuit, the City filed an answer, generally denying the

allegations, and a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting that any challenge to the 

annexation must be brought by a quo warranto proceeding. The Property Owners

filed a response to the plea to the jurisdiction. After a hearing, the trial court granted 

the plea to the jurisdiction and entered an order dismissing the case with prejudice. 

This appeal followed. 
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III. DISCUSSION

In their appeal, the Property Owners present ten issues,

4 most of which attack 

the City’s argument that quo warranto is the only avenue to challenge the annexation. 

Because the appropriateness of a quo warranto proceeding to the facts of this case is 

dispositive of all of the issues, we will only address that issue.

4

In their “Issues Presented,” the Property Owners state

1. Did the trial court err in granting City’s Plea to the Jurisdiction?

2. Did the trial court have jurisdiction?

3. Did the complaints of Property Owners that the Annexation Ordinances 

were void have to proceed by a quo warranto proceeding, or were they properly 

brought in this collateral action?

4. Are City’s Annexation Ordinances void?

5. Was City required to propose a Development Agreement that complied 

with Tex. Local Gov’t Code §§ 43.016 and 212.172 to have authority to annex the 

properties owned by Plaintiffs (“Property Owners”) in City’s ETJ?

6. Did City’s proposed Development Agreement comply with Tex. Local 

Gov’t Code §§ 43.016 and 212.172?

7. Did City’s proposed Development Agreement comply with the property 

description requirement of Tex. Local Gov’t Code § 212.172(c)?

8. Was sovereign immunity waived?

9. Did Property Owners have standing to sue?

10. Was unauthorized and unsubstantiated self-serving argument by amici 

curiae [Texas Municipal League, which filed a letter brief with the trial court] about 

supposed legislative history competent or admissible?
6

A. Standard of Review

A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea that seeks dismissal of a case for lack 

of subject matter jurisdiction. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 

2000). The claims asserted may form the context in which a dilatory plea is raised, but

the plea should be decided without delving into the merits of the case. Id. Whether a 

court has subject matter jurisdiction is a legal question. State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 

322, 327 (Tex. 2002). A trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction is reviewed 

de novo. Suarez v. City of Tex. City, 465 S.W.3d 623, 632 (Tex. 2015).

A trial court must grant a plea to the jurisdiction, after providing an appropriate 

opportunity to amend, when the pleadings do not state a cause of action upon which 

the trial court has jurisdiction. Harris Cty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 639 (Tex. 2004). 

If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider 

relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional

issues raised, just as the trial court must do. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 

133 S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. 2004); Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555. If the evidence creates a 

fact question on the jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to 

the jurisdiction, and the factfinder will resolve the question. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 

227–28. But if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on 

the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea as a matter of law. Id. at 228. 

The standard mirrors our review of summary judgments where we take as true all 

evidence favorable to the non-movant, indulging every reasonable inference and 
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resolving any doubts in the non-movant’s favor. City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 

366, 378 (Tex. 2009).

B. Applicable Law

Generally, the only appropriate mechanism for challenging the validity of an 

annexation is a quo warranto proceeding, in which “the State acts to protect itself and 

the good of the public generally, through the duly chosen agents of the State who 

have full control of the proceeding.” Alexander Oil Co. v. Seguin, 825 S.W.2d 434, 437 

(Tex. 1991) (quoting Fuller Springs v. State ex rel. City of Lufkin, 513 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. 

1974)). The purpose of a quo warranto proceeding is to question the right of a 

person or corporation, including a municipality, to exercise a public franchise or 

office. Id. at 436–37. Quo warranto proceedings are brought in the name of the State 

by the attorney general or a district or county attorney. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. §§ 66.001–.003.

Quo warranto proceedings serve the purpose of avoiding the specter of 

numerous successive suits by private parties attacking the validity of annexations. 

Alexander Oil Co., 825 S.W.2d at 437. Because the judgments in suits brought by 

private parties are binding only on those parties, conflicting results might be reached 

in subsequent suits by other individuals. Id. By requiring quo warranto proceedings, 

these conflicting results are avoided because the judgment settles the validity of the 

annexation on behalf of all property holders in the affected area. Id.
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A quo warranto proceeding “is the proper way to challenge procedural faults 

such as the adequacy of a service plan, lack of notice, lack of a quorum for hearing, 

and ‘other deficiencies in the procedure of adopting the annexation ordinance.’” Town 

of Fairview v. Lawler, 252 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (quoting

City of San Antonio v. Hardee, 70 S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no 

pet.)). The State, as opposed to an individual landowner, must also bring an action

“to question irregular use of the delegated annexation authority.” City of Shavano Park 

v. Ard Mor, Inc., No. 04-14-00781-CV, 2015 WL 6510544, at *5 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio Oct. 28, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op. on reh’g).

Even though it is the State’s prerogative to bring a pro warranto proceeding, 

under limited circumstances, a private party may collaterally attack an annexation 

ordinance as void, as opposed to voidable. Sunchase Capital Grp., Inc. v. City of Crandall, 

69 S.W.3d 594, 596 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2001, no pet.). The determination of whether 

an individual landowner, as opposed to the State in a quo warranto proceeding, has 

standing to challenge annexation turns on whether the challenge attacks a city’s 

authority to annex the area or merely complains of a violation of statutory procedure. 

City of Shavano Park, 2015 WL 6510544, at *5 (citation omitted). “Individuals have 

been allowed to bring private causes of action when challenging annexation of 

territory that (i) exceeds statutory size limitations, (ii) is within the corporate limits of 

another municipality, (iii) is not contiguous with current city limits, and (iv) has a 

boundary description that does not close.” Town of Fairview, 252 S.W.3d at 856. But
9

procedural irregularities in the exercise of a city’s annexation power do not render an 

annexation void but may render an annexation voidable. Hardee, 70 S.W.3d at 211;

City of Richmond v. Pecan Grove Mun. Util. Dist., No. 01-14-00932-CV, 2015 WL 

4966879, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 20, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. 

op.).

In deciding whether a private party has standing to challenge an annexation, an 

appellate court must decide whether the challenge attacks the city’s authority to annex 

the area in question or simply complains of some violation of statutory procedure. 

Werthmann v. City of Fort Worth, 121 S.W.3d 803, 806 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, 

no pet.). Merely showing an irregularity in a city’s exercise of its annexation authority 

is not enough. Id.

In Werthmann, this court addressed the issue of “whether the requirements of 

Texas Local Government Code [S]ection 43.052(b)–(c) are merely procedural 

limitations and/or whether they are substantive limitations on a municipality’s 

authority to annex land.” Id. at 806. At that time, Section 43.052 required a

municipality to prepare an annexation plan that specifically identified annexations that 

may occur beginning on the third anniversary of the date the annexation plan is 

adopted. Looking at two prior Texas court decisions, we noted that “[C]hapter 43 of 

the Texas Local Government Code and the legislative history of the 1999 

amendments refer to the plan requirements as procedural.” Id.; see Hardee, 70 S.W.3d 

at 214 (holding that the landowners lacked standing to challenge annexation based on 
10

procedural violations of Section 43.052, the City Charter, and the City Code); City of 

Balch Springs, Tex. v. Lucas, 101 S.W.3d 116, 119, 122 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, no 

pet.) (dismissing the case as procedural based on allegations that the City was not 

acting in accordance with its own annexation plan, was attempting to annex property 

under an exception to the applicable statute, and was attempting to circumvent the

statute by arbitrarily omitting certain parcels from the annexation ordinance). 

Therefore, we agreed that the provisions of Section 43.052 are “procedural 

requirements for annexation rather than limitations on a municipality’s inherent 

authority to annex land.” Werthmann, 121 S.W.3d at 807.

Similarly, property owners’ claims of “violations of the statutory procedure set 

forth in Chapter 43 based on the City’s failure to give proper notice of the [third 

public] hearing and failure to provide more than a draft service plan” have been 

rejected as “purely procedural defects.” City of San Antonio v. Summerglen Prop. Owners 

Ass’n, Inc., 185 S.W.3d 74, 84–85 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, pet. denied); see also 

Alexander Oil Co., 825 S.W.2d at 438 (holding that allegations regarding whether 

service plan was adequate and quorum was required to conduct hearing were matters 

that could be raised in quo warranto proceedings but not in a private challenge).

As noted above, individuals have been allowed to bring private causes of action 

when challenging annexation of territory that (i) exceeds statutory size limitations, 

(ii) is within the corporate limits of another municipality, (iii) is not contiguous with 

current city limits, and (iv) has a boundary description that does not close. See 
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Alexander Oil Co., 825 S.W.2d at 438. “The common trait in these cases is whether the 

municipality exceeded the annexation authority delegated to it by the Legislature.” Id. 

Accordingly, we must determine whether the Property Owners’ claims are based on a 

procedural defect in the annexation process or on the City’s exceeding its annexation 

authority as delegated by the legislature. Summerglen Prop. Owners Ass’n, 185 S.W.3d at 

84.

Chapter 43 of the Texas Local Government Code governs municipal 

annexation, including a municipality’s general authority to annex and the procedures it 

must follow. Town of Fairview v. Stover, No. 05-01-01318-CV, 2002 WL 1981371, *3 

(Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 29, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Section

43.016 sets limits on the ability of a municipality to annex land qualified for 

agricultural or wildlife management use or as timber land. As relevant to this case, it 

provides:

(b) A municipality may not annex an area to which this section applies 

unless:

(1) the municipality offers to make a development agreement with 

the landowner under Section 212.172 that would:

(A) guarantee the continuation of the extraterritorial status 

of the area; and

(B) authorize the enforcement of all regulations and 

planning authority of the municipality that do not interfere

with the use of the area for agriculture, wildlife 

management, or timber; and
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(2) the landowner declines to make the agreement described in 

Subdivision (1).

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 43.016(b).

Texas Local Government Code Section 212.172 sets out the requirements of 

the development agreement. It provides in part:

(b) The governing body of a municipality may make a written contract 

with an owner of land that is located in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of 

the municipality to:

(1) guarantee the continuation of the extraterritorial status of the 

land and its immunity from annexation by the municipality;

(2) extend the municipality’s planning authority over the land by 

providing for a development plan to be prepared by the 

landowner and approved by the municipality under which certain 

general uses and development of the land are authorized;

(3) authorize enforcement by the municipality of certain municipal

land use and development regulations in the same manner the 

regulations are enforced within the municipality’s boundaries;

(4) authorize enforcement by the municipality of land use and

development regulations other than those that apply within the 

municipality’s boundaries, as may be agreed to by the landowner 

and the municipality;

(5) provide for infrastructure for the land, including:

(A) streets and roads;

(B) street and road drainage;

(C) land drainage; and

(D) water, wastewater, and other utility systems;

(6) authorize enforcement of environmental regulations;
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(7) provide for the annexation of the land as a whole or in parts 

and to provide for the terms of annexation, if annexation is 

agreed to by the parties;

(8) specify the uses and development of the land before and after 

annexation, if annexation is agreed to by the parties; or

(9) include other lawful terms and considerations the parties 

consider appropriate.

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 212.172(b). Among other requirements, an agreement 

under this subchapter “must . . . contain an adequate legal description of the land.” 

Id. § 212.172(c)(2). In addition, “[t]he total duration of the contract and any 

successive renewals or extensions may not exceed 45 years.” Id. § 212.172(d).

C. Application of Law to Facts

The Property Owners contend that this case falls under the exception to the 

general rule that their challenges can only be brought in a quo warranto proceeding. 

They contend that “because [the] City was without authority to adopt them,” the 

annexation ordinances are void. According to the Property Owners, to be authorized

to annex ETJ property, it was necessary that a development agreement compliant with

the statutory requirements be proposed to them. Here, although a development 

agreement was proposed, the Property Owners allege that it was not compliant with

either Texas Local Government Code Sections 43.016 or 212.172. Specifically, they 

contend that “the Development Agreement (a) did not guarantee the continuation of 

the ETJ status and exemption from annexation, and (b) did not contain a property 
14

description.” The Property Owners argue that because the proposed Development 

Agreement did not comply with either Section 43.016(b)(1)(A) or any of the 

annexation provisions of Section 212.172(b), it did not comply with Section 43.016(b). 

Particularly, “it was not ‘under’ [Section] 212.172(b).” 

Here, the proposed development agreement consisted of nine pages, including

the following provisions:

SECTION 1.

CONDITIONAL IMMUNITY FROM ANNEXATION

A. The City guarantees the continuation of the extraterritorial status of 

the Property, its immunity from involuntary annexation by the City, and

its immunity from City property taxes, for the term of this Agreement, 

subject to the provisions of this Agreement. Except as provided in this

Agreement, the City agrees not to annex the Property [ ] and agrees not 

to involuntarily institute proceedings to annex the Property.

. . . .

SECTION 3

EVENTS THAT TERMINATE IMMUNITY FROM ANNEXATION

A. The occurrence of any of the following events shall constitute a 

petition for voluntary annexation by the Owner and shall terminate the 

guarantee of immunity from annexation: . . . If any portion of the 

Property is conveyed to a person or entity other than the Owner [with

certain exceptions].

. . . .

SECTION 4

 TERM

Subject to Section 3 of this Agreement, the term of this 

Agreement (the “Term”) is ten (10) years from the date that the City 

Manager’s signature to this Agreement is acknowledged by a public 
15

notary. Unless the Property is annexed pursuant to Section 3, the 

Owner and all of the Owner’s heirs, successors and assigns shall be 

deemed to have filed a petition for voluntary annexation before the end 

of the Term, for annexation of the Property to be completed on or after 

the end of the Term. The annexation of the Property at the end of the 

term shall be deemed a voluntary annexation under any applicable law 

now or then existing. Prior to the end of the Term, the City may 

commence procedures to annex the Property. 

As set out above, in their petition for declaratory relief, the Property Owners 

generally contend that the annexation ordinances are void for failure of the City to 

comply with Sections 43.016 and 212.172 of the Local Government Code. First, they 

complain that the development agreement “did not guarantee the continuation of the 

ETJ status and exemption from annexation.” They emphasize the language “may not 

annex . . . unless” that is found in Section 43.016(b). However, the Property Owners 

confuse the requirement of being “offered” a development agreement with 

acceptance of the agreement. In this case, there was no development agreement 

reached. Adequacy of the proposed development agreement, like adequacy of a 

service plan, is a defect in the procedure of adopting the annexation ordinance and, 

therefore, must be brought in a quo warranto proceeding. See Alexander Oil Co., 

825 S.W.2d at 438 (“Alexander’s allegations directed at whether the service plan was 

adequate and whether a quorum was required to conduct the hearing are matters that 

could be raised in a direct attack by quo warranto, but are insufficient grounds for a 

private challenge.”).
16

Second, the Property Owners complain that the development agreement did 

not contain a property description. But Section 212.172(c)(2) requires only an 

“adequate legal description.” The City notes that “the legal description was requested 

from each landowner through the ‘R’ number with the taxing entity documents[] as a 

means to identify the property within the mapping and to confirm the existence of 

any qualifying exemptions to said property.” Again, the development agreements sent 

to the property owners were not final, but only proposals. Because the Property 

Owners did not accept the proposed development agreements, a final agreement was 

never entered.

5

In addition, to the extent the property description requirement serves 

the purpose of notice, deficient notice is a procedural defect that does not render an 

annexation void. See Jimenez v. City of Aransas Pass, No. 13-17-00514-CV, 2018 WL 

6565090, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that 

the statutory three-year plan requirement exists to give the public better notice of 

proposed city growth and services and that deficient notice is a procedural defect that 

does not render an annexation void).

The Property Owners rely on Laidlaw Waste Sys. (Dallas), Inc. v. City of Wilmer,

904 S.W.2d 656 (Tex. 1995), as having a “comparable issue”—“whether the metes 

and bounds description of the annexed property was proper.” Id. at 660. However, 

5The Property Owners’ reliance on Town of Fairview for the proposition that 

“‘lack of consent’ was not merely a ‘procedural issue’” is misplaced. 2002 WL 

1981371, at *3. In that case, consent was required because the operative statute did 

not permit unilateral annexation. Id. 
17

Laidlaw looked to the metes and bounds description only as it pertained to the issue 

addressed by the court, which was “whether a Type A general-law municipality may 

annex a contiguous area pursuant to [S]ection 43.024 of the Local Government Code, 

when the annexation causes it to exceed the statutory area limitations that were 

applicable when [the municipality] initially incorporated under 6.001 of the Code.” Id.

at 657. 

Here, central to both of the Property Owners’ contentions are procedural

requirements for annexation rather than limitations on a municipality’s inherent 

authority to annex land. See Werthmann, 121 S.W.3d at 807. The Property Owners do 

not dispute the inherent authority of the City to involuntarily annex property in its 

ETJ, subject to compliance with the Local Government Code, under the law in 

existence at the time of this annexation. Rather, they challenge only whether the City 

has followed the proper procedures in doing so. As such, their challenges must be 

brought in a quo warranto proceeding. Therefore, the trial court did not err in 

dismissing their declaratory relief action. But because the claims of the Property 

Owners can still be brought by the State through a quo warranto proceeding, the 

order should be modified to reflect that the dismissal is without prejudice. See 

Sunchase Capital Grp., 69 S.W.3d at 598 (affirming the trial court’s order of dismissal 

but modifying it by striking the language “that Plaintiffs take nothing by this suit”

because “if the trial court did not have jurisdiction to act, then it could not order that 

Appellants take nothing by their suit”); but see Sykes, 136 S.W.3d at 636–37 (holding 
18

that an order granting a governmental unit’s plea to the jurisdiction should be “with 

prejudice” when the claimant has failed to state a claim that is cognizable under the 

Texas Tort Claims Act).

IV. CONCLUSION

Having held that the claims brought by the Property Owners in this case can 

only be brought by the State in a quo warranto proceeding, but holding that the 

judgment should be modified to reflect that the dismissal is without prejudice, we 

affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.

/s/ Dana Womack

Dana Womack

Justice

Delivered: April 23, 2020