[ PUBLISH] 

## In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________
No. 20

- 11266

____________________

MIDAMERICA C2L INCORPORATED, a Nevada corporation,
Plaintiff

Counter Defendant

Appellant, SECURE ENERGY, INC., a Nevada Corporation,
Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus
SIEMENS ENERGY INC., a Delaware corporation, USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 1 of 472 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266

Defendant

Counter Claimant

Appellee.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 6:17

- cv

- 00171

- PGB

- LRH

____________________

Before N EWSOM , B RANCH , and L AGOA , Circuit Judges.
L AGOA , Circuit Judge: This case is about a business relationship gone bad. In 2006, Secure Energy, Inc.

— with the intention of opening a coal gasification plant in Illinois

— approached Siemens Energy, Inc., about purchasing some gasifiers and other related equipment. By 2007, the parties had entered into a formal contract, under which Secure would buy the equipment on a payment p lan and Siemens would continue to provide updates and repairs to the gasification reactors. Two problems quickly arose. First, the price of natural gasfell in 2009. As a result, Secure had to change its business plan multiple times and could not keep up with its payments to Siemens. Second, Siemens’s gasification equipment began having problems, USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 2 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 3 as discovered by one of Siemens’s other clients in 2010. By 2012, Siemens began implementing several substantial modifications to its gasifiers in order to g et them working properly, but, becauseSecure had never gotten its plant up and running, Siemens left Secure out of the loop. In 2015, Siemens decided to exit the gasification market entirely, but promised to continue supporting its existing projects, inc luding Secure’s.These problems created the perfect storm for litigation. Secure

— never having opened, let alone used, its gasification equipment

— was commercially failing. Secure still owed Siemens millions of dollars for the equipment and had just becom e aware that the equipment it purchased years earlier had issues. In 2016, after Siemens decided to leave the gasification market, Secure and its subsidiary MidAmerica C2L Incorporated 1 sued Siemens, bringing various fraud

- and contract

- based claims. Si emens

— which was still owed some thirteen million dollars under the contract and which had given Secure multiple payment extensions on that amount

— filed a counterclaim against Secure for breach of contract. Years into the litigation, Secure sought leave t o amend its complaint, which the district court denied due to its untimeliness. Later, the district court excluded Secure’s expert witness, Dr. Herbert Kosstrin, for relying on an unreliable methodology, and granted summary judgment in Siemens’s favor on each of Secure’s

1 For purposes of this opinion, we refer to MidAmerica as Secure unless otherwise expressly noted. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 3 of 474 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266affirmative claims. The case thus proceeded to trial only on Siemens’s counterclaim. Prior to trial, the district court excluded evidence Secure sought to introduce in support of its breach

- of

- contract affirmative defense. The jury retu rned a full verdict in Siemens’s favor on its counterclaim, and Secure timely appealed. On appeal, we are asked to determine four discrete issues: ( 1 ) whether the district court abused its discretion in excluding Secure’s expert witness; ( 2 ) whether the d istrict court erred in entering summary judgment in Siemens’s favor; (3) whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Secure leave to amend its complaint; and (4) whether the district court abused its discretion in excluding certain evidence at trial and afterwards denying Secure’s motion for a new trial

. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Secure was formed in 2006 2 for the purpose of developing and constructing a facility in Decatur, Illinois, to convert coal into synthetic natural gas using a process called coal gasification. 3 To that end, Secure began shopping around for a Basic Engineering

2 Secure’s subsidiary, Secure Energy Decatur, LLC, was formed shortly after this time and was the original entity contracting with Siemens.

3 Gasification converts carbonaceous, fossil

- fuel based material (e.g., coal) into gas (e.g., synthetic natural gas) by feedi ng pulverized coal (called feedstock) into large pieces of equipment called gasifiers. See Ronald W. Breault, Gasification Processes Old and New: A Basic Review of the Major Technologies ; 3 Energies 216, 218 (2010), https://www.mdpi.com/1996

- 1073/3/2/216. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 4 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 5 Design Package (“BEDP”) and Product Design Package (“PDP”) from a coal gasification technology provider, eventually contacting Siemens. Lars Scott and Jack Kenny, the two founders of Secu re, met with Rolf Rüsseler and Harry Morehead of Siemens. During these meetings, Siemens represented to Secure that Secure was purchasing a proven technology from Siemens, as it started the equipment’s design in the mid

- 1970s and it had over twenty years of experience in coal gasification . Additionally, Siemens represented that its current 500

- megawatt gasifiers

— which Secure was interested in

— employed a technologically advanced cooling

screen system that accepted a wide range of feedstock and could achiev e “up to >99%” carbon conversion rates. And Siemens had already sold the 500

- megawatt gasifiers to one customer in China. Impressed with these representations, Secure decided to use Siemens for its equipment and technology needs. O n July 24, 2007, Secure and Siemens entered into a “ Memorandum of Understanding ” memorializing the parties’ intention for Secure to purchase from Siemens two 500

- megawatt gasifiers, associated equipment, engineering services , and a process license

. On December 21, 2007, Secure a nd Siemens entered into aformal contract (the “2007 Contract”) whereby Secure would purchase Siemens’s products and services for €27,715,000 plus $1,717,000

— in total, approximately $40 million. The 2007 Contract and every subsequent contract at issue her e included a merger clause, which stated that neither “party will be bound by any prior obligations, conditions, warranties or representations.” Secure USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 5 of 476 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 promptly paid to Siemens the $40 million called for in the 2007 Contract

. Secure and Siemens also ente red into a licensing agreement (the “2007 LSA”) whereby Secure licensed Siemens’ s technology for a pproximately €11.7 million. Secure was to pay the €11.7 million licensing fee pursuant to an agreed upon fee schedule within the 2007 LSA.
The burners

— a core component of Siemens’s gasifiers

— were delivered to Secure in Decatur, Illinois, in March 2009. Secure alleges that the pins in the cooling screen of the burners were too short and out of specification , although Siemens disputes this characterization

. Ho wever, Secure only became aware of this alleged defect during the litigation

— it never actually opened or put into operation the Siemens gasifiers after it took possession of them. The price of natural gas dropped precipitously in 2009; as a result, Secure abandoned its original plan of converting coal to natural gas and began planning to build a coal

- to

- gasoline gasification plant instead. But because the plot of land Secure had acquired in Decatur could not accommodate this change, Secure decided t o move its plant to West Paducah, Kentucky. Secure’s new plans in Kentucky required no changes to the Siemens gasification equipment, and the parties continued their business relationship. On March 31, 2010, Secure and Siemens entered into a Completion A greement (the “2010 Completion USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 6 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 7
Agreement ”) , which terminated the parties’ previous agreements in the 2007 Contract and 2007 LSA, as well as a new License Agreement (the “2010 LSA”). The 2010 Co mpletion Agreement also stipulated that Siemens had met its pe rformance goals under the 2007 Contract and 2007 LSA and released both parties from any claim related to those contracts. In addition, the 2010 LSA included a warranty extension on the gasifiers (which would have otherwise expired in 2011) upon Secure’s p ayment of a €1 million fee , but Secure never paid the fee

. The 2010 LSA also set forth terms for paying the licensing fee under the agreement, requiring: (1) Secure to pay Siemens €300,000 at the “Contract Date”; (2) €700,000 within five business days of the date of “Closing of New Equity” or July 31, 2010, whichever was later; (3) €10.2 million upon “Financial Close,” but no later than August 30, 2011 (unless otherwise agreedto by the parties); and (4) €1.2 million when “Acceptance” occurred, but no late r than December 31, 2014. At around the same time Siemens was working with Secure, Siemens sold five 500

- megawatt burners to a client which installed the burners at its coal to polypropylene plant in China (“NCPP”). These burners were first used in Octobe r 2010. Immediately, there were problems. The burners that Siemens had used were having trouble converting the Chinese coal into synthetic gas. The pilot burner was also “unreliable” and had to be removed twenty

- five times on two of the gasifiers at NCP P in the first two months. Thecooling screens also had issues, with the flame from the burner hitting them at an awkward angle. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 7 of 478 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 Siemens explains away these problems by referring to the fact that the Chinese client used below

- grade coal in the gasifier s a t NCPP and loaded the incorrect fuel source into the burner s

. AndSiemens admits that some of the parts of the gasifiers required repair but maintains that none of the gasifiers were defective. In any event, it is beyond dispute that
, from 20 10 to 2012 , NCPP experienced numerous problems and the Chinese client went forward and made “optimizations and modifications” at NCPP. At one point, the Chinese client sought payment from Siemens for the issues it corrected related to NCPP, and b y 2014, the Chinese c lient had replaced its Siemens burners with burners from a Chinese engineering firm

. Internal Siemens documents from this time period identified the problems. In October 2012, Rüsseler sent an internal Siemens email in which he explained that the “message” to Secure should be to “scrap the equipment, we’ll start over again.” On November 13, 2012, Siemens circulated an internal memo discussing the needed improvements to the burners
, whi ch estimated that the improvements would take 8,520 engineering hours. At this point, Secure had changed its business plan again, this time planning a coal

to

- methanol plant at its Kentucky location. On July 18, 2012, Secure and Siemens entered into a new Completion Agreement (“2012 Contract”) and License Agreement (“2012 LSA”) (collectively, “2012 Contracts”). The 2012 LSA included a merger clause that terminated all prior agreements. Pursuant to the 2012 LSA, Secure was required to pay Siemens a €12.48 USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 8 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 9 million licensing fee. The 2012 LSA recognized that Secure hadalready paid €300,000 in 2010, meaning that Secure still owed Siemens €12.18 million under the 2012 LSA. Secure was required to pay the remaining €12.18 million as follows: (1) €10.932 mill ion upon “ Financial Close ”

— defined as the moment “construction financing for the [p]roject ha[d] been arranged,” i.e., once Secure had secured financing

— but no later than February 28, 2013 ; and (2) €1.248 million when “Acceptance” occurred

— defined by the p arties as once specified reliability and performance tests were successfully completed and demonstrated

— but no later than December 31, 2015. The 2012 LSA also provided that, in the event Secure fails to make payment when due, and after the 15

- business

- da y cure period, Siemens would have the right to terminate the agreement and Secure would owe Siemens ninety

- two percent of the licensing fee if Financial Close had not yet occurred. The 2012 Contracts substituted MidAmerica, Secure’s subsidiary, for Secure as the contracting party. Not long thereafter, Secure sought to obtain a constructionand financing contract for its plant from a company called SK Engineering & Construction. Siemens agreed to meet with SK and Secure to help Secure acquire that agreeme nt

. D uring the meeting,Siemens communicated with SK that Siemens would be implementing the improvements it learned at NCPP so long as Secure agreed to pay for them. Siemens estimate d that it would take around 8,500 engineering hours to complete. In Dec ember 2012, however, Siemens suggested internally that incorporating these USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 9 of 4710 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 changes would “tie up resources at a time when [Siemens] need[ed] them more urgently elsewhere” and that, when offering these changes to Secure, Siemens should make “the price and s chedule for this change order . . . so unattractive that [Secure] cannot draw th[e] option.”

I n early 2013, Siemens was in the process of pitching to a new client

— the Texas Clean Energy Project (“TCEP”). Because it used a Chinese contractor, TCEP was awa re of the problems the Siemens’s burners had at NCPP and asked for reassurance that there were solutions to the problems that occurred with the equipment there . Siemens responded that there were, detailing twenty

eight changes to the design

— the design tha t Secure still had

— that would be implemented before the TCEP project got underway.
Secure did not make the license fee payment that came due

on February 28, 2013. At the time, the Siemens gasifiers Secure purchased had not been opened. And by now, Secure’s business was crumbling, with internal documents indicating “substantialdoubt about [Secure’s] ability to continue as a going concern.” Indeed, as of December 2012, Secure admitted that
, “[ i ] n order to continue the coal gasification project, [it must ] obtain grants, debt financing or additional equity investment.” In May 2014, Secure emailed Siemens asking when Secure could expect an updated BEDP and asking about the viability of its equipment. Internally, Sieme ns stated that “very little to nothing can be re

- used [sic] and we would have to start from scratch.” USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 10 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 11 By March 2015, Secure stopped making payroll payments to its employees. In July 2015, Secure advised Siemens that there might be “new life for [its] proj ect ,” as SK had introduced Secure to a group in Houston that were interested in partnering with it on the Kentucky plant . But Secure was never able to obtain the necessary financing for a coal

- to

- fertilizer plant at the Kentucky site that it hoped would g ive it that new life. Secure then missed the December 2015 licensing fee payment due to Siemens under the 2012 LSA. By the end of 2015, Secure had not paid any of the licensing fees under the 2012 Contracts, except for the down payment, and it had suspen ded its business operations.At the same time, the market constraints that were squeezing Secure had the same effect on Siemens. By mid

- 2015, Siemens decided to exit the gasification market

. On a February 2, 2016, call between Secure and Siemens, Siemen s told them of its decision. Secure interpreted the call as an anticipatory repudiation of the

contract

— i.e., Secure believed that Siemens was communicating it would not honor the contract. On February 11, 2016, Secure demanded recission of the 2007 Cont ract and the return of all monie s paid by Secure to Siemens pursuant to that contract. On February 17, 2016, Siemens informed Secure that Siemens would not violate any contractual obligation even though Siemens was closing its coal gasification business. In March 2016, Siemens proposed extending the license fee payment deadline and the deadline for completing “performance USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 11 of 4712 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266
tests.” Secure rejected the offer, so Siemens revoked it and demanded payment of the approximately €11.5 million termination fee owed p ursuant to the 2012 LSA. Secure filed suit against Siemens i n July 2016, in Illinois state court. Siemens removed the case to federal court, and the case was transferred to the Middle District of Florida. Secure amended its complaint on April 21, 2017. Secure brought six counts: (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of warranty of fitness; (3) fraudulent misrepresentation by Siemens as to support of the project; (4) fraudulent misrepresentation for failure to disclose defects 4 ; (5) recission for fraud, and (6) recission for lack of consideration. All in all, Secure sought app roximately $8 6 million in damages

— $40 million for the loss of value of the equipment and technology it purchased and $4 6 million for its expenses designing and engineering its plants

— andclaimed that Siemens anticipatorily repudiated by exiting the gasific ation market. Siemens answered and asserted a counterclaim for breach of contract, seeking payment of the termination fee owed under the 2012 LSA plus interest

. Secure filed a reply to Siemens’s counterclaim which asserted various affirmative defenses, i ncluding that Siemens “materially breached the terms and conditions” of the 2012 LSA.Secure voluntarily dismissed its fraudulent misrepresentation claim for support of project. In an order on Siemens’s motion

4 The fraudulent misrepresentation claim for Siemens’s alleged failure to disclose design defects was voluntarily dismissed. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 12 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 13 for partial dismissal, t he district court det ermined that Secure’s rescission for lack of consideration claim was limited to misrepresentations and omissions following March 31, 2010 ( the date the parties entered into the 2010 Contract ) because the 2010 Contract waived and released all previous claim s. The litigation moved into discovery. Over a year and a half after the deadline to amend pleadings had passed

— and just two weeks before the close of fact discovery

— Secure asked the district court for leave to amend its complaint so that it could plead new facts and alternative legal theories of recovery. Secure based itsmotion exclusively on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, concerning leave to amend, but did not address Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16, which concerns modifications to scheduling orde rs. The magistrate judge denied the motion

. The magistrate judge explained that the motion was brought under the wrong rule , noting that Secure failed to address the requirements of Rule 16(b)(4), and concluded that Secure had not demonstrated good cause to support belated amendment of the complaint. On February 5, 2019
, Secure moved to continue the trial date in order to file an amended complaint. That motion was also denied for failure to provide good cause. Aft er summary judgment was entered in Siemens’s favor on Secure’s affirmative claims, Secure renewed its motion to continue the trial and amend its complaint. And again, its motion was denied.Because Secure’s claims were premised in large part on defects in the BEDP and the gasification burners, it retained an expert, USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 13 of 4714 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 Dr. Herbert Kosstrin, to testify as to their defective nature. Dr. Kosstrin was prepared to testify that (1) Siemens ’s BEDP and gasification equipment were defective ; and (2) their defective nature prevented Secure from obtaining financing to complete their plants ; and (3) the gasification equipment was worthless except for scrap value. Siemens moved to exclude Dr. Kosstrin under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 509 U.S. 579 (199 3), arguing that he did not inspect the equipment purchased by Secure, that he utilized an unreliable methodology
, and that his testimony would be unhelpful to the jury. T he district court granted the motion and excluded Dr. Kosstrin ’s expert opinion and testimony . In its order, the district court explained that Dr. Kosstrin’s opinion was not based on any reliable methodology , e.g., by testing or conducting computer modeling on the equipment ; was gleaned exclusively from internal Siemens documents that th e jury could view itself ; did not adequately compare the Secure project to the NCPP project , including because his comparison lacked sufficient analysis and he failed to consider the data regarding the coal used at NCPP ; and that his conclusions consisted entirely of his own ipse dixit.The district court also excluded Dr. Kosstrin’s opinion regarding the value of the equipment because it found he lacked the requisite qualification to testify as an expert on the value of the equipment and he never conducte d an appraisal analysis. Following the exclusion of Dr. Kosstrin, the district court took up the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment. The district court denied Secure’s motion for summary judgment. The district court USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 14 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 15 granted Siemens’s motion for summary judgment in part and dismissed all of Secure’s affirmative claims against Siemens. The district court held that four of the claims

—breach of implied warranty, fraudulent misrepresentation, recission

- fraud, and recission

lack of consideration

— were premised on the “same ‘material design defects’ allegations” and that, because Secure had no expert to testify that the gasification equipment was in fact defective, Secure had no evidence to support these claims. With respect to Secure’s breach of contract claim, the district court held that Secure’s breach of contract claim was limited to the repudiation theory it alleged in its C omplaint and that Securefailed to prove that its damages were the direct and proximate result of Siemens’s a lleged conduct to support that theory of liability. The district court denied Siemens’s motion for summary judgment on Siemens’s counterclaim.Following the summary judgment orders, the case proceeded to trial only on Siemens’s counterclaim for breach of contract, premised on the 2012 LSA. Prior to trial, Siemens filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude: (1) nonpleaded, dismissed, released, or rejected claims including alleged defects, misrepresentations, fraudulent concealments, and any theory that Se cure is excu s ed from nonperformance of the 2012 LSA except for the anticipatory repudiation theory; (2) evidence concerning alleged problems at the NCPP plant; and (3) evidence related to the alleged failure to inform or provide improvements under the 2012 LSA; as well as other evidence that Siemens argued was irrelevant to its USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 15 of 4716 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266counterclaim and Secure’s defenses. The district court granted Siemens’s motion, thereby limiting Secure’s affirmative defense that Siemens breached the 2012 LSA to Secure’s anticip atory repudiation theory.At the conclusion of trial, Secure made a motion for judgment as a matter of law

— arguing that the evidence demonstrate d that Siemens repudiated the 2012 LSA and that Secure did not breach the agreement . The district court denie d the motion

. The jury returned its verdict on March 4, 2020, in which it rejected Secure’s anticipatory repudiation defense and awarded Siemens $13,200,395.50 in damages. After the jury verdict, Secure renewed its motion for judgment as a matter of law a nd, in the alternative moved for a new trial because, among other reasons, thedistrict court excluded evidence that Siemens failed to perform under the 2012 LSA. The district court denied both motions and held, with respect to the exclusion of evidence r elated to Siemens’ alleged breach, that Secure’s new defense of an alleged breach unrelated to anticipatory repudiation was untimely and failed to articulate a material breach. Secure filed this timely appeal.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review for abuse of d iscretion a district court’s decisions regarding the admissibility of expert testimony. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner , 522 U.S. 136, 142

– 43 (1997); accord United States v. Frazier
,387 F.3d 1244, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (“This Court has uniformly appli ed the deferential abuse

- of

- discretion review that USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 16 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 17
Joiner mandates.”). We will find an abuse of discretion only if the district court’s ruling was “manifestly erroneous.” Joiner , 522 U.S. at 142 (quoting Spring Co. v. Edgar , 99 U.S. 645, 658 (1878)); Frazier , 387 F.3d at 1258. A district court of course abuses its discretion when it applies the wrong legal standard. Frazier , 387 F.3d at 1259. We review an order granting summary judgment de novo
, applying the same legal standards as the district court. Amy v. Carnival Corp., 961 F.3d 1303, 1308 (11th Cir. 2020). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non

- movant and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor. Haves v. City of Miami , 52 F.3d 918, 921 (11th Cir. 1995). “Summary judgment is appropriate if ‘the evidence before the court shows that there is no genuine issue asto any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” McCullough v. A ntolini , 559 F.3d 1201, 1204 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting Haves , 52 F.3d at 921); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) )

. We review a district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. McGinnis v. Am. Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc. , 817 F.3d 1241, 1 255 (11th Cir. 2016). “[N]ew trials should notbe granted on evidentiary grounds unless, at a minimum, the verdict is against the great

— not merely the greater

—weight of the evidence.” Lamonica v. Safe Hurricane Shutters, Inc. , 711 F.3d 1299,
1312

– 13 (11t h Cir. 2013) (quoting St. Luke’s Cataract & Laser Inst., P.A. v. Sanderson , 573 F.3d 1186, 1200 n. 16 (11th Cir.2009) ). Relatedly, we review the district court’s grant o f a motion in limine for abuse of discretion. Cabello v. Fernandez

- Larios , 402 F.3d USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 17 of 4718 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 1148, 1161 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). Under the abuse

- of

- discretion standard, we may reverse a decision of the district court only if the court applies an incorrect l egal standard, follows improper procedures in making its determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly erroneous. Luxottica Grp., S.p.A. v. Airport Mini Mall, LLC , 932 F.3d 1303, 1311 (11th Cir. 2019). And
, a “district court has wide discreti on in determining the relevance of evidence produced at trial.” Cabello , 402 F.3d at 1161. Evenrelevant evidence may be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of

. . . unfair prejudice,

. . . undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.
III. ANALYSIS On appeal, Secure contends that the district court erred in:(1) excluding Dr. Kosstrin’s testimony; (2) granting summary judgment; (3) denying its requests to file an amended comp laint; and (4) denying Secure’s motion for a new trial on the grounds that Secure was barred from presenting evidence that Siemens breached the 2012 LSA. We address each argument in turn.
A. Did the d istrict c ourt err in excluding Dr. Kosstrin? Our analysis regarding the admissibility of expert testimony begins with Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which provides: A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may t estify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 18 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 19(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.As explained by the Supreme Court, the purpose of the expert admissibility rules is to enlist the federal courts as “gatekeepers” tasked with screening out “speculative” and “unreliable expert testimony.” Kilpatrick v. Breg, Inc., 613 F.3d 1329, 1335 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. , 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993)) . In this Circuit, we have distilled the expert admissibility inquiry into the following three factors:(1) the expert is qualified to testify competently regarding the matters he intends to address; (2) the methodology by which the expert reaches his

co nclusions is sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated in Daubert; and (3) the testimony assists the trier of fact, through theapplication of scientific, technical, or specialized expertise, to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chems., Inc.
, 158 F.3d 548, 562 (11th Cir. 1998) (footnote omitted). We have also noted that “[w]hile USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 19 of 4720 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 there is inevitably some overlap among the basic requirements

— qualification, reliability, and he lpfulness

— they remain distinct concepts and the courts must take care not to conflate them.” Frazier , 387 F.3d at 1260 (citing Quiet Tech. DC

- 8, Inc. v. Hurel

- Dubois UK Ltd. , 326 F.3d 1333, 1341 (11th Cir. 2003))

. Here, the district court rested its exclu sion of Dr. Kosstrin’s opinions on the qualifications and reliability prongs. Regarding an expert’s qualifications, we have explained that: we observe that experts may be qualified in variousways. While scientific training or education may provide possi ble means to qualify, experience in a field may offer another path to expert status. In fact, the plain language of Rule 702 makes this clear: expert status may be based on “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.” (emphasis added). The Co mmittee Note to the 2000 Amendments of Rule 702 also explains that “[n]othing in this amendment is intended to suggest that experience alone . . . may not provide a sufficient foundation for expert testimony.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note ( 2000 amends.).Of course, the unremarkable observation that an expert may be qualified by experience does not meanthat experience, standing alone, is a sufficient foundation rendering reliable any conceivable opinion the expert may express. As we observe d in Quiet Technology, “while an expert ’ s overwhelming qualifications may bear on the reliability of his proffered USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 20 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 21testimony, they are by no means a guarantor of reliability.

. . . [O]ur caselaw plainly establishes that one may be considered an expert but still offer unreliable testimony.” 326 F.3d at 1341

– 42. Quite simply, under Rule 702, the reliability criterion remains a discrete, independent, and important requirement for admissibility. Id. at 1260

– 61 (alterations in original)

. As to the reliability prong, we have noted that “[r]ulings on admissibility under Daubert inherently require the trial court toconduct an exacting analysis of the proffered expert’s methodology.” McCorvey v. Baxter Healthcare Corp. , 298 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2002). T he Supreme Court has identified a number of factors for courts to consider in conducting that analysis , including: (1) whether the theory or technique can be, and has been, tested;(2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publ ication; (3) the known or potential rate of error; and(4) whether the theory has attained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. See Daubert , 509 U.S. at 593

– 94. Importantly, “nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert,” and the “court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Joiner , 522 U.S.
at 146. In this case, Secure retained Dr. Kosstrin to testify as to three issues: (1) “the defects in the Siemens Equipment and USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 21 of 4722 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 Technology

— as evidenced by Siemens’s first test of its designs at NCPP

—prevented Appellants’ gasifiers from meeting their contractually

- guaranteed performance”; (2) “the defects prevented [Secure] from obtaining financing for their project”; and (3) “in li ght of the defects, the Equipment and T echnology have only scrap value.”Dr. Kosstrin, who holds a Ph.D. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Cornell University, has forty years of experience in the alternative energy field, including alternative f uels.In preparing his testimony and reaching his conclusions, he reviewed a number of documents that Siemens produced in discovery, including documents related to the design of the gasifiers. In his report, D r . Kosstrin makes clear that this is all he r eviewed , stating “the basis for this opinion is a review of exhibits and information concerning the NCPP plant’s operations up to the signing of the 2012 [LSA]

. ”Dr. Kosstrin’s methodology was as follows. Because Siemens had shipped nearly identical burn ers to their Chinese client at NCPP, Dr. Kosstrin hypothesized that, if those burners were experiencing problems, then the Secure burners would as well. His report thus detailed the design of the NCPP burners, explained the problems experienced at NCPP, a nd stated that Secure would have experienced the same problems with its Siemens burners, if Secure had ever opened and used them. The district court excluded Dr. Kosstrin’s expert testimony
, and in its order, identified a number of problems with Dr. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 22 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 23

Kosst rin’s testimony: (1) “Dr. Kosstrin did not perform any testing on the Secure equipment, because it was never installed” ; (2) “Dr. Kosstrin did not conduct any computer modeling or simulations of the Secure equipment’s performance

. . . , and he did not communicate with anyone involved in the NCPP plant to determine why they made changes to the equipment” ; (3) Dr. Kosstrin’s expert report contained “no opinions on how the coal at the NCPP plant compared to the design coal for the Secure project”

— i.e., while acknowledging that the NCPP plant used a grade of coal that

was outside the range specified by Siemens in the contract with NCPP , Dr. Kosstrin did not account for how this might affect the performance of the burners ; (4) Dr. Kosstrin did not conduct an ind ividual cost analysis for the hypothetical corrective measures and could not say whether the modifications were inexpensive ; (5)Dr. Kosstrin knew that the Chinese operators ran the gasifier at below minimum load but “did not perform an analysis to determi ne whether NCPP was complying with the minimum load case, or the impact on operations” ; (6) Dr. Kosstrin “did not consider alternative designs that Siemens should have employed” ; and (7) he failed “to compare the Secure BEDP to any other BEDP for coal gasification

. ” (emphasis added). In short, the district court excluded Dr. Kosstrin’s testimony as to design defects because he did not run any analysis on the equipment at issue and compared the equipment to the NCPP equipment in a manner that failed to acco unt for two variables that Siemens listed in the contract as causing problems with the burners. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 23 of 4724 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266As to the third issue on which Dr. Kosstrin sought to testify

— that the equipment had only “scrap value”

— the district court found that Dr. Kosstrin lacked the r equisite qualifications to testify on the subject, noting that Kosstrin is “not a certified appraiser ” and “has never performed an appraisal analysis

. ”Under our deferential standard of review, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discreti on in excluding Dr. Kosstrin’s testimony. Our caselaw makes clear that, in order for a methodology to be reliable, the expert must be able to adequately explain how the data he relied on led him to his conclusions. In a case such as this one

— where the ex pert notes that many factors could have contributed to the defect at issue

— this means the expert must be able to explain his consideration of the other alternative causes. See, e.g. , Guinn v. AstraZeneca Pharms. LP , 602 F.3d 1245, 1253 (11th Cir. 2010) (p er curiam) (noting that an expert “need not rule out all possible alternative causes,” but “must at least consider other factors that could have been the sole cause of the plaintiff’s injury”). Caselaw on this point is legion.
Frazier is one such case. Th ere, the expert was prepared to testify as to the transfer of hairs and bodily fluids during a sexual assault. 387 F.3d at 1252. But the expert “offered precious little in the way of a reliable foundation or basis for his opinion.” Id. at 1265. While t he expert was eminently qualified to testify and formed his opinion based on his experience in the field, we affirmed the exclusion of his testimony because he never explained how he was able to reach his opinion. I d. Because he did not so explain, USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 24 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 25

we sa id that “it would be very difficult indeed for the district court (or for that matter the jury) to make even an informed assessment, let alone to verify” that the opinion was reliable. Id.We reemphasized that “it remained the burden of the proponent of this testimony to explain how that experience led to the conclusion he reached.” Id. Hughes v. Kia Motor Corp. , 766 F.3d 1317 (11th Cir. 2014), is another such example. In Hughes , the expert sought to testify that the plaintiff would not have sustained a fatal injury had her automobile been equipped with a “ shut

- off switch, ” claiming to have reached this conclusion “based on the scientific method” but “without further explaining h ow he tested his hypothesis to support his conclusions.” Id. at 1329

– 30. Relying on Frazier , w e concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the expert’s testimony. Id. at 1329. And we noted that the expert was unable to account for other factors that contributed to the death, such as the impact of the semi

- truck, admitting that he lacked sufficient information to rule out any other causes. Id. at 1330. Both cases hold obvious relevance to the issue presented. In both Frazier and Hughes, we affirmed the exclusion of expert evidence because the proponent of that testimony was unable to link the expert’s methodology

— or lack thereof

— to his conclusions. The same is true here. The district court concluded that Dr. Kosstrin was unable to adequately explain howhe reached his conclusions other than by pointing to the NCPP plant

— which, as USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 25 of 4726 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 already mentioned, had a slew of additional variables not present in the Secure situation. As we have previously stated, “[s]omething [does not] become ‘ scientific knowledge ’ just because [it is] uttered by a scientist; nor can an expert’s self

- serving assertion that his conclusions were derived by the scientific method be deemed conclusive.” McDowell v. Brown
, 392 F.3d 1283, 1299 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Daubert , 43 F.3d at 1315

– 16 ) . Indeed, the “trial court’sgatekeeping function requires more than simply ‘taking the expert’s word for it.’” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note to 2000 amendment ( citing Daubert , 43 F.3d at 1319). H ere, Dr. Kosstrin provided nothing but his word and own ipse dixit . Hepointed to the NCPP plant and said, without any verifiable methodology or consideration of the factors unique to that plant, that Secure would have experienced the same problems. The district court thus did not abuse its discretion by excluding his testimony.
The same is also true of the district court’s decision to exclude Dr. Kosstrin’s testimony related to the value of the burners. Even setting aside the district court’s ruling as to qualifications on this issue, Dr. Kosstrin’s valuation of the gasifiers was based exclusively on his conclusion that the gasifiers were defective. Becausethat opinion was unreliable, his opinion as to value is also necessarily so.
B. Did the d istrict c o urt err in granting summary judgment?As noted above, the district court entered summary judgment in Siemens’s favor on each of Secure’s claims against it. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 26 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 27 Before analyzing the claims on a count

- by

- count basis, however, two preliminary issues bear mentioning. First, the parties have both waived any arguments regardingwhich state’s law should apply. In the district court, the parties disputed whether the law of Kentucky, Missouri, or Florida law should apply to the non

- contract claims. 5 In the di strict court’s order granting summary judgment, the court applied Florida law to each of the non

- contract claims. And on appeal, neither party argues that the district court erred in doing so. Choice of law is not jurisdictional. See Keeton v. Hustler M ag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 778 (1984) (“The question of the applicability of New Hampshire ’ s statute of limitations to claims for out

of

- state damages presents itself in the course of litigation only after jurisdiction over respondent is established, and we do not think that such choice of law concerns should complicate or distort the jurisdictional inquiry.”). And, as such, it is waivable if the parties abandon the issue on appeal. See Mesa Air Grp. v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 573 F.3d 1124, 1128 (11th Cir. 2009) (finding that where a party had failed to present a choice

- of

- law issue to the trial court, the issue was waived on appeal). Accordingly, we apply Florida law to all of the non

- contract claims.
Second , the district court granted summary judgment aga inst Secure on four of its claims

— breach of implied warranty of

5 There is no dispute that New York law applies to the contract claims. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 27 of 4728 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 fitness, fraudulent misrepresentation, recission

- fraud, and recission

- lack of consideration

—based solely on the theory that, because these claims were premised on a design defect, Secure neede d an expert witness to testify as to the defect. And because Dr. Kosstrin had been excluded

—properly, as we have already concluded

— Secure had no such expert testimony. The district court, however, did not identify a single case holding that a plaintiff i s required to present expert testimony to bring a claim for fraud or breach of implied warranty. Instead, the district court borrowed language from cases discussing the causation element in negligence and strict liability actions and applied it here. For example, the district court cited Small v. Amgen, Inc. , 723 F. App’x 722, 726 (11th Cir. 2018), a n unpublished products liability case from this Court
, for the proposition that “in complex cases where a jury is asked to assess complex medical or scientifi c issues outside the scope of a layperson’s knowledge, an expert’s testimony is required

. ” In doing so, the district court ignored the first clause of the sentence stating “[r]egarding discovery and proof of causation.” Indeed, each of the cases cited by the district court (and Siemens) were focused only on the element of causation in tort suits.

In Lucas v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. , 458 F. 2d 495, 497 (5th Cir. 1972), 6 we were confronted head

- on with the task of

6 See Bonner v. City of Prichard , 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11 th Cir. 1981) (en banc) (adopting as binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit prior to October 1, 1981). USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 28 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 29 “mak[ing] the initial determination as to the state of Florida law governing breach of implied warranty cases as that law applies to the question presented, i.e., whether plaintiff must introduce thetestimony of an expert that the [product] was defective.” We answered that question in the neg ative: “There is no burden on plaintiff to prove a specific defect by an expert witness as distinguished from other proof. The fact of a malfunction and also of a defect may be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence.” Id. We are aware of no case po st

- dating Lucas that stands for the contrary position, and neither party has directed our attention to one. As such, we apply the rule of Lucas and hold that Florida law does not require plaintiffs in contract cases to prove the defective nature of the pr oduct at issue with expert testimony. Although the district court’s reason for granting summaryjudgment was incorrect, we can, of course, affirm on any basis supported by the record. See Lucas v. W.W. Grainger, Inc. , 257 F.3d 1249, 1256 (11th Cir. 2001). We thus will analyze each of Secure’s claims to determine whether the district court correctly granted summary judgment.

1. Count 1: Anticipatory Repudiation
The parties agree that New York law governs the contract claims in this case, including Secure’s anticipatory repudiation claim. Under N ew York law, “[a]nticipatory repudiation occurswhen, before the time for performance has arisen, a party to a contract declares his intention not to fulfill a contractual duty.” Lucente v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. , 310 F.3d 243, 258 (2d Cir. 2002). USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 29 of 4730 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266

An ant icipatory breach of contract

— also known as an anticipatory repudiation

— “can be either a statementby the obligor to the obligee indicating that the obligor will commit a breach that would of itself give the obligee a claim for damages for total breach or a voluntary affirmative act which renders the obligor unable or apparently unable to perform without such a breach.”
Princes Point LLC v. Muss Dev. L

. L

. C

. , 87 N.E.3d 121, 133 (N.Y. 2017) (quoting Norcon Power Partners v. Niagara Mohawk P

ower Corp., 705 N.E.2d 656, 659 (N.Y. 1998)). For an anticipatory repudiation to occur, “the expression of intent not to perform by the repudiator must be ‘positive and unequivocal.’” Id. (quoting Tenavision, Inc. v. Ne uman , 379 N.E.2d 1166, 1168 (N.Y. 1978)); see also Rachmani Corp. v. 9 E. 96th St. Apartment Corp. , 211 A.D. 2d262, 267 (N.Y. App. Div. 1995) (requiring a “definite and final communication of the intention to forego performance before the anticipated brea ch may be the subject of legal action”). “Mere expression of difficulty in tendering the required performance, for example, is not tantamount to a renunciation of the contract.” Rachmani , 211 A.D. at 267.

While an anticipatory breach obviates the need for the nonbreaching party to tender performance, the nonbreaching party must nonetheless demonstrate that it was “ready, willing[,] and able to perform its obligations under the contract” at the time its performance would have been due in order to recover damages. Inter

- Power of N.Y. Inc. v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. , 686 USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 30 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 31 N.Y.S.2d 911, 913 (N.Y. App. Div. 1999); accord Towers Charter & Marine Corp. v. Cadillac Ins. Co. , 894 F.2d 516, 523 (2d. Cir. 1990). This principle is merely an application of the gen eral rule that the complaining party must demonstrate that the breach caused him injury; “[t]o do this he must prove that he intended to and was able to perform when his performance was due.” Scholle v. Cuban

Venezuelan Oil Voting T r.

, 285 F.2d 318, 320 ( 2d Cir. 1960). In addition, causation is an essential element of the claim. See Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Bressler , 977 F.2d 720, 728, 731 (2d Cir. 1992). The plaintiff “must demonstrate that the damages were caused by and are ‘directly traceable to the [def endant’s] breach.’” Id. at 731 (alteration in original) (quoting Kenford Co. v. County of Erie, 493 N.E.2d 234, 235 (N.Y. 1986)). Where the ultimate transaction would have failed, and where the plaintiff’s claimed damages would have resulted even if no b reach occurred, the plaintiff cannot prove that his damages resulted from the defendant’s conduct. See id . (affirming the district court judgment because the plaintiff sought “to recover for a loss on a transaction separate from the transaction that gave rise to the breach”).Secure claims that Siemens anticipatorily breached by leaving the coal gasification market because, in doing so, Siemens demonstrated that it would not honor its obligations under the 2012 LSA. The district court identified two probl ems with the anticipatory repudiation claim: (1) that Secure could not prove causation, and (2) that Secure could not prove it was ready, willing, and able to perform. We agree with the district court. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 31 of 4732 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266

First , Secure is unable to prove causation. The dis trict courtdetermined that there was no evidence of a causal relationship between Siemens’s anticipatory repudiation and the damages Secure sought because Secure, at the time of the alleged repudiation, had not obtained the necessary financing for its pro ject . Furthermore, the district court noted that Secure’s claimed damages from the “useless equipment and technology” would have resulted regardless of whether Siemens exited the gasification market. Secure responds by pointing to the fact that their pro posed EPC financiers were troubled by the performance of the Siemens gasifiers. But there is an obvious problem with Secure’s theory: the discussion with the financiers occurred in 2012 while the alleged repudiation occurred more than three years later, i n February 201 6 . Secure hasnot presented any record evidence tying an inability to secure financing after Siemens’s alleged breach and, as such, has no evidence of causation. We can affirm on this basis alone.
Second , the “ready, willing, and able” requ irement also bars recovery. New York law requires the “plaintiff alleging an anticipatory breach of contract [to] show (1) that the defendant insisted upon terms not contained in the contract; and (2) that the plaintiff was ‘ready, willing, and able to pe rform its own obligations under the contract when performance was due.’” United States v. Hon
, 17 F.3d 21, 26 (2d Cir. 1994) (quoting Towers Charter, 894 F.2d at523). The district court concluded that Secure was not ready, willing, and able to perform b ecause Secure was in financial ruin and had missed multiple payments on the contract before the alleged USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 32 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 33 repudiation. We agree. F or Secure to succeed on its anticipatory repudiation claim under New York law, Secure had to show that
, at the time Siemens ex ited the gasification market (and thus, in Secure’s telling, anticipatorily repudiated the contract), Secure wasable to perform its own obligations. But because Secure had already missed multiple payments under the contract at that time, Secure itself wa s already in breach, and thus un ready and un able to perform. And finally, we note that when Siemens decided to exit the gasification market in 2015 , it promised to continue supporting its existing projects, including Secure’s. Therefore, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment as to Count 1.

2. Count 2: Breach of Implied Warranty Under New York law, a contract may explicitly disclaim any implied warranties. To disclaim a warranty of fitness for purpose,it is sufficient for the contract to state that that “[t]here are no warranties which extend beyond the description on the face hereof.” See N.Y. U.C.C. § 2

– 316(2). If the written discl aimer is agreed

upon, “a party cannot justifiably rely on a representation that is specifically disclaimed in an agreement.” Dallas Aero space , Inc. v. CIS Air Corp ., 352 F.3d 775, 785 (2d Cir. 2003); see also, e.g.
, Maltz v. Union Carbide Chems. & Plastic s Co. , 992 F. Supp. 286, 304 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (relying on New York law and explaining that an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose claims fail as matter of law if purchase agreement specifically disclaims them). USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 33 of 4734 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266
In this case, the 2012 LSA

— as well as the initial 2007 Contract and the 2010 LSA

— contained a disclaimer of any implied warranties, including for a particular purpose. Specifically, the contracts disclaim ed, in all capital letters, “all other warranties and guarantees, whether statuto ry, expressed or implied, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for purpose, and all warranties arising from course of dealing or usage of trade.”
The district court denied Siemen’s motion to dismiss this claim so that Secure coul d pursue a theory that the contract was unconscionable. Secure, however, failed to do so in the districtcourt and does not attempt to do so here. Unable to show unconscionability, Secure’s claim must fail. Because the contract disclaims any warranties of fitness, the breach of implied warranty claim was appropriately dismissed at summary judgment. As discussed earlier, we apply Florida law to the remainder of Secure’s claims. A nd a s previously noted, Secure voluntarily dismissed Count 3, which asserte d fraudulent inducement based on Siemens’s alleged misrepresentations regarding its support for the project after it had already made the strategic decision to exit the gasification business , and is not a subject of this appeal.

3. Count 4 & Count 5: Fraudule nt Misrepresentation

– Failure to Disclose Defects & Recission

- Fraud
Secure’s two fraud claims

— for which it seeks both damages and recission of the contract

— are premised on the same theory: because Siemens was “aware of several material design defects in USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 34 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 35 the” gasifiers that were not discoverable by Secure and “had demonstrably superior knowledge of the material defects,” Siemens had a “duty to disclose to plaintiffs the existence of [the] material design defects.” These fraud claims are thus premised sol ely on the notion that the gasifiers are, in fact, defective.These claims fail because they are, in essence, simply a restatement of Secure’s contract and breach of warranty claims. Florida’s independent

- tort doctrine requires a fraud claim to be “indep endent of a breach of contract claim”

— i.e., for the “fraud allegations” to be “separate and distinct from defendants’ performance under the contract.” Glob. Quest, LLC v. Horizon Yachts, Inc. , 849 F.3d 1022, 1031 (11th Cir. 2017). This is because a “brea ch of contract, alone, cannot constitute a cause of action in tort.

. . . It is onlywhen the breach of contract is attended by some additional conduct which amounts to an independent tort that such a breach can constitute [a separate action in tort].” El ec. Sec. Sys. Corp. v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co. , 482 So.2d 518, 519 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986); accord HTP, Ltd. v. Lineas Aereas Costarricenses, S.A. , 685 So. 2d 1238, 1239 (Fla. 1996) (noting that the independent tort doctrine “requires proof of facts sep arate and distinct from the breach of contract”). Florida courts routinely apply the independent tort doctrine to dismiss tort claims that are in fact founded on a contractual duty. In Electronic Security Systems , for example, a corporation entered into a contract with the Southern Bell telephone company for the placement of an advertisement in the yellow pages. 482 So. 2d at USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 35 of 4736 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 518. That contract had a limited liability provision that limited the corporation’s remedy to liquidated damages. See id. at 51 9. When the advertisement did not appear in the directory, as contemplated by the contract, the corporation sued Southern Bell under both contract and tort theories. See id. The Florida appellate court summarily dismissed each of the corporation’s tort claims under the independent tort doctrine, concluding that the only duty at issue in the case was contractual. See id.
The same is true here. Recall the relevant facts. The fraud claims are not

— and indeed could not

—be premised on any fraudulent misre presentation or omission that pre

- dated the parties ’ contractual relationship. This is because the 2010 Co mpletion Agreement that the parties signed released both parties of any claims that pre

- dated that agreement. In other words, Secure’s claim is that the fraud post

- dated the 2010 Co mpletion Agreement and predated the 2012 Co mpletion Agreement and 2012 LSA . The question th us becomes: before the 2012 Completion Agreement and 2012 LSA were signed, where did Siemens’s duty of disclosure come from

— was it the common law duty to disclose (as required for a fraud claim) or its contractual duty to perform (which would foreclose a f raud claim)? The answer is obviously the latter. Before the 2012 Completion Agreement and 2012 LSA were signed, Siemens’s dutyto share information with Secure, and to deliver conforming products, arose from the parties’ 2010 and 2007 agreements. This w as the preliminary opinion formed by the district court at the motion to dismiss stage, and Secure has not presented evidence or legal USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 36 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 37 authority establishing an independent common

- law duty to disclose since that time. Siemens’s performance guarantees and disclosure guarantees were duties it owed to Secure by contract. And, even if Secure was fraudulently induced into the original 2007 agreement, Secure not only waived all fraud claims in the 2010 Contract, but it voluntarily dismissed its claim for fraudu lent inducement during the course of this litigation. Therefore, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on this claim.

4. Count 6: Recission

- Lack of Consideration Turning to the last count, Florida law does not recognize the claim of rec ission based on lack of consideration. See Webb v. Kirkland
, 899 So. 2d 344, 346 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (noting that
, “[w]ith respect to recission, a court of equity will ordinarily rescind or cancel an instrument only for fraud, accident or mistake a nd not because of the mere want or failure of consideration” (quoting Rennolds v. Rennolds , 312 So. 2d 538, 541 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975)) )

. While the caselaw does hypothesize that a case might exist where lack of consideration should result in equitable , rather than legal, relief, Secure does not identify any case in which a Florida court has granted such relief. And, in any event, Secure does not even attempt to show that legal relief would be insufficient here.
* * *Accordingly, although the district court erred in its conclusion that Florida law requires expert testimony regarding the defective nature of a product in contract

- based actions, we affirm the USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 37 of 4738 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 district court’s grant of summary judgment in Siemens’s favor o n Secure’s claims.
C. Did the d istrict c ourt err in denying leave to amend?

Next , we address the district court’s denials of Secure’s motions for leave to amend. As noted above, we “will only reverse a district court’s denial of a motion to amend in instance s in which the district court has clearly abused its discretion.” Henson, 770 F.2d at 1574. Normally, to acquire permission to amend one’spleading, a litigant need only establish the relatively lenient standard of Rule 15(a), which states that leave sha ll be granted “when justice so requires.” However, when a party moves to amend their complaint after the deadline for doing so set by the district court in its scheduling order, a litigant must also “show good cause why leave to amend the complaint should be granted.” Smith v. Sch. Bd. of Orange Cnty
., 487 F.3d 1361, 1366 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b); Sosa v. Airprint Sys., Inc., 133 F.3d 1417, 1419 (11th Cir.1998) (per curiam) (“If we considered only Rule 15(a) without re gard to Rule 16(b), we would render scheduling orders meaningless and effectively would read Rule 16(b) and its good cause requirement out of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”). We have recognized that Rule 16’s “good cause standard precludes modific ation [of the scheduling order] unlessthe schedule cannot be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the extension.” See Sosa, 133 F.3d at 1418 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 advisory committee’s note); see also Johnson v. Mammoth USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 38 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 39

Recreations, Inc., 9 75 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992) (“If [a] party was not diligent, the [good cause] inquiry should end.”). In this case, Secure filed its first amended complaint on April21, 2017. Following a scheduling conference, the district court entered a scheduling order on May 18, 2017, which set a deadline toamend pleadings for June 1, 2017. Due to joint motions by the parties, the scheduling order was twice amended, but neither amendment changed the deadlines for amending pleadings.
Secure first moved for leav e to amend its complaint on December 28, 2018

— already more than a year after the deadline to amend pleadings had passed. Secure sought leave to amend itscomplaint to add new factual allegations and legal theories of recover y , based largely on having fina lly completed its review of the large amount of documents produced to it by Siemens, as well as the depositions of current and former Siemens employees. The magistrate judge denied that motion, noting that “the breadth of document production was directly related to the breadth of [Secure’s] discovery requests, and Secure could not cry foul over getting what it asked for. Nor did Secure identify any testimony fromthe depositions that related to the proposed amendments. In addition, the magistrate judge n oted that discovery had already been ongoing for two years, and Secure provided no explanation as to why it was unable to uncover the information sooner . Finally, the magist r ate judge noted that Secure had relied on the incorrect legal standard

— Rule 15 in stead of Rule 16. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 39 of 4740 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 Just a few days later, Secure moved to extend the trial date,in what it now admits was nothing but a ruse to amend its complaint. Because this was nothing more than an attempt to circumvent the court’s previous order, it was summarily denied for essentially the same reasons. Eventually, the district court granted Siemens’s motion for summary judgment and denied Secure’s motion for summary judgment. After those rulings

— and more than two years after the deadline to amend pleadings had passed, and just a few weeks before t rial was scheduled to commence

— Secure moved for leave to amend its complaint a third time. The district court denied that request. In its denial, the district court forcefully reminded Secure that its li tigation tactics “in this regard run dangerously close to sanctionable actions under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 11.” We had occasion to apply Rule 16 to similar circumstances to these in Smith v. School Board of Orange County . There, the plaintiff sought leave to amend his complaint (after the deadline fordoing so set by the scheduling order) because, in his view, discovery had “produced new violations of the [l]aw that must be addressed within the counts of the complaint.” 487 F.3d at 1367 (alter ation in original). The district court denied leave to amend because the defendant’s motion for summary judgment had already been pending for a month and because the plaintiff failed to explain why the facts underlying the amendment were undiscoverable pr eviously. See id. We affirmed, noting the “extreme untimeliness of USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 40 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 41 [the plaintiff’s] motion and his lack of a complete showing of good cause.” Id.The district court’s rulings here were not an abuse of discretion for the same reasons articulated in Smi th . To satisfy Rule 16, a litigant must show that it could not meet the scheduling order “despite the diligence of the” litigant. Sosa , 133 F.3d at 1418. Here, Secure was seeking leave to replead already

- dismissed claims and add new facts and theories o f recovery, including a fraudulent inducement claim that Secure says it was able to plead “with greater particularity ,” more than a year after the deadline to amend pleadings had passed

. But, as Secure admitted, the facts that formed the basis of its amen dment were available “at the earliest just prior to the amendment deadline.” (emphasis added)

. What Secure actually complains of, then, is not that the facts were not ascertainable, but that it took Secure too long to conduct discovery. That is not due diligence. And it is thus not good cause. We affirm the district court’s denials of leave to amend.
D. Did the district court err in denying Siemens’s ability to present its affirmative defense?
The final issue for our consideration concerns the district

c ourt’s order denying Secure’s motion for a new trial and the district court’s related ruling on Siemens’s motion in limine

. At issue is the scope of evidence Secure was permitted to present at trial. As noted previously, the only affirmative breach

- of

- co ntract claimthat Secure advanced throughout the trial was an anticipatory repudiation claim. However, defensively (i.e., in response to USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 41 of 4742 Opinion of the Court 20

- 11266 Siemens’s breach of contract counterclaim regarding the 2012 LSA), Secure asserted a broader breach

- of

- contract based affirmative defense. As its eighth affirmative defense, Secure asserted that“[t]o the extent Siemens seeks recovery in contract, Siemens materially breached the terms and conditions of said contract and is entitled to no relief thereon.”

In its motion i n limine, Siemens sought clarification as to whether Secure would present evidence only of anticipatory repudiation or whether Secure would be permitted to present evidence of other alleged breaches of contract, which Secure had not yet raised in the litig ation. Specifically, the other theories that Secure sought to introduce evidence of were: (1) Siemens breached the contracts by delivering defective gasifi cation equipment ; and (2)Siemens breached the contracts by failing to inform Secure of available im provements to the gasifi cation equipment and technology

. The district court granted Siemens’s motion in limine and excluded any evidence Secure sought to present regarding the above

- listed theories of breach of contract. Thereafter, Secure re

raised this issue in its motion for a new trial. In granting Siemens’s motion in limine and denying Secure’s motion for a new trial, thedistrict court gave a number of justifications for its decision to exclude this evidence. First, the district court noted that Secure was attempting to advance a trial

- by

- surprise strategy. This affirmative defense, and the facts related to that defense, were not pled. And Secure’s own affirmative claim for breach of contract was premised exclusively on Siemens’s alleged anticipatory repudiation. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 42 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 43 Therefore, to allow Secure to present both a defense based on both anticipatory repudiation a nd other alleged breaches of contractwas, in the eyes of the district court, fundamentally unfair to Siemens. Second, the district court noted that the failure to provide notice of improvements was not a material breach of the contract at issue. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the district court found that the evidence was not relevant, noting that Secure’s new theories of breach of contract (very much unlike the anticipatory

repudiation theory) could not have excused its performance under Siemens’s counterclaim because that counterclaim was only for the termination fee under the 2012 LSA. On appeal, Secure asks for reversal based only on the second theory it sought to add as part of its affirmative defense, arguing that the district court erred when it excluded evidence related toSiemens’s alleged breach in failing to notify Secure of improvements. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s ruling based on the relevant facts at issue here. On July 3, 2012, the parties entered into the 2012 LSA. That contract terminated and released all claims under the previous agreements between the parties and required Secure to make an approximately €12 million license fee payment. Two provisions of that contract are at issue here. First, under § 5.1, the 2012 LSA required Siemens to inform Secure “ofany Improvements to the Technology which are developed or acquired and released for commercial application by Siemens ,” and Secure had an option to contract for those improvements for an USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 43 of 4744 Opinion of the Court 20

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additional f ee. Second, under § 11.3.1, the 2012 LSA allowed Siemens to terminate the contract if Secure “fails to make any payment when due” provided Siemens provided Secure a fifteen

- daycure period. If Siemens exercised that option, the 2012 LSA provided that Sec ure would owe to Siemens ninety

- two percent of the licensing fee ( more than € 11 million). After Secure missed the deadline on its license fee payment, Siemens , in February 2016, offered Secure an extension on the deadline to pay. After Secure refused tha t extension, Siemens exercised its option to terminate the contract and, after providing Secure a cure period, invoiced Secure for ninety

- two percent of the licensing fee

. The issue is whether Siemens’s alleged breach of § 5.1 might somehow excuse Secure’s performance under § 11.3.1. As an initial matter, we agree with the district court that Secure should not be permitted to raise this theory because Secure had not put Siemens on notice of it. See Proctor v. Fluor Enters ., Inc. , 494 F.3d 1337, 1350 (11th Cir. 2007) (“In deciding waiver issues under [Fed. R. Civ. P.] Rule 8(c), this Court [examines] whether a plaintiff had notice of the unpled defense or was prejudiced by the lack of notice.”). T he Federal Rules of Civil Procedure make clear that a defend ant raising an affirmative defense must “affirmatively state” it. Fed. R.Civ. P. 8(c). And this requires, at the minimum, putting the plaintiff on notice of the nature of the defense. See Blonder

- Tongue Lab ’y s, Inc. v. Univ. of Ill

. Found. , 402 U.S. 31 3, 350 (1971) (“Thepurpose of [Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)] is to give the opposing party notice.”). USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 44 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 45 In this case, Secure asserted a boilerplate affirmative defense, alleging only that Siemens’s breached the contract without any identification of either the leg al theory of breach or the contractualprovision at issue. And when Siemens moved for summary judgment on its breach of contract counterclaim regarding the 2012 LSA, Secure responded to that motion without referencing § 5.1 of the contract. Given that Se cure’s theory of breach of contract, asshown by its affirmative claim and its response to Siemens’s motions, was premised only on anticipatory repudiation, we cannotsay that the district court abused its considerable discretion on evidentiary matters by excluding Secure’s evidence relating to different breach

- of

- contract theories at trial. Moreover, the district court was also correct that the defensewas legally inadequate, and therefore irrelevant. “In diversity actions, we look to state law to inform the determination of whether a certain defense is ‘any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense’ under the federal rule.” Proctor , 494 F.3d at
1350 (quoting Troxler v. Owens

- Illinois, Inc. , 717 F.2d 530, 532 (11th Cir. 1983)

� . Here, New York law, which governs the contract claims , allows breach of contract to be raised as an affirmative defense. See L & L Ex cavating Corp. v. Abcon Assocs., Inc. , 594 N.Y.S.2d 818, 820 ( N.Y. App. Div. 1993 ). However, a “party’s obligation to perform under a contract is only excused where the other party’s breach of the contract is so substantial that it defeats the object of t he parties in making the contract.” Frank Felix Assocs., Ltd. v. Austin Drugs, Inc. , 111 F.3d 284, 289 (2d Cir. 1997) (applying USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 45 of 4746 Opinion of the Court 20

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New York Law). In other words, “a non

- breaching party’s obligation to perform is excused only when there is a material breach by the other party.” AKTIV Assets LLC v. Centerbridge Partners, L.P. , No. 653259/2019, 2019 WL 7165927, at *7 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Dec. 24, 2019) (citing Smoley v. Carole Hochman Design Grp., Inc. , 79 A.D.3d 540, 541 (1st Dep’t 2010) ) . And whether a breach is material can be decided as a matter of law. See id. ; Cont ’ l Ins. Co. v. RLI Ins. Co. , 555 N.Y.S.2d 325, 328 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990); see also Frank Felix Assocs., 111 F.3d at 289. “[I]n determining whether [a] material breach relieves non

- breaching party’s obligation to perform,‘the extent to which the agreement provides for performance without delay’ should be considered.” Frank Felix Assocs. , 111 F.3d at
289 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 242(c)). The district court ruled that, as a matter of law, the breach asserted by Secure was not material, in part because the 2012 LSA did not impose any deadline on Siemens to provide notice of the improvem ent and Secure had to pay for any improvements. Id. (“In determining if [Siemens’s] breach defeated the object of the [2012 LSA], we must consider the special purpose of the contract” and look to “the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefits [it] reasonably expected”(citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241)). Moreover, the record evidence establishes that Siemens did provide Secure notice of design improvements on October 31, 2012, during a call between SK, Siemens, and Se cure, in which Siemens indicated that it would include the design improvements if Secure paid for the re

- engineering. At the time of USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 46 of 4720

- 11266 Opinion of the Court 47Secure’s breach, then, Secure was already aware of the improvements. Secure, however, missed its licensing fee payments d ue in February 2013 and Decembe r 2015 after Siemens provided notice of the improvements. Indeed, Secure stipulated that it was unable to perform under the terms of the 2012 LSA and therefore could not have paid for the improvements, as the district court held, even if Secure had chosen to obtain them. As such, the notice for those improvements could not have been the reason Secure itself breached the contract. The district court was thus right to conclude that Siemens’s alleged breach

— not providing notice of the improvements

sooner

— was not material to the contract. Because the contract did not impose any time limitation on when notice of improvements should be given, and because the record evidence established that Secure had notice of the improvements be fore Secure failed to tender payment, Siemens’s breach was irrelevant to the claim presented.
IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
AFFIRMED. USCA11 Case: 20-11266 Date Filed: 02/15/2022 Page: 47 of 47