TO: Air and Radiation Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0091

SUBJECT: Evaluaton of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pennycress Oil Production and Transport

Description: Spreadsheet calculations used to estimate GHG emissions for the production of pennycress o

Outline of this Spreadsheet:

Tab Name Description

Data sources Description of data sources used for each input

Input & Emissions Summary of input assumptions and GHG emissions

CO2eq Emissions Calculations of pennycress and soybean emissions from agricultural inputs

Inputs Summary of inputs for pennycress and soybean

Yields Crop and oil yields per acre

Conversions Factors to convert between units

N2O Summary of N2O emissions for pennycress and soybean

N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from pennycress

soybean N2O calc Calculation of N2O emissions from soybeans

CRFactors Factors used to calculate N2O emissions from soybeans

Returns Economic returns for pennycress

Oil Extraction Energy inputs to extract oil from pennycress and soybeans
oduction and Transport

he production of pennycress oil.

ural inputs
Inputs Data source

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0 - 50 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA, Rukavina 2011. According to M

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycre

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009, USDA. According to Moser, pennycre

Herbicide 0 - 0 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requ

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs/acre petition, Moser 2009. According to Moser, pennycress requ

Diesel 1 - 1 gal/acre petition

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal/acre petition

Crop Yield Data source

Current 0.75 tons seed/acre Isbell 2010. Range of 1000 - 2000 lbs/acre

2022 projected 0.9 tons seed/acre calculated assuming 2% yield growth

2022 projected (in lbs/acres) 1800 lbs seed/acre calculated

2022 projected 2 tons seed/acre petition

Oil Yield Data source

Current 0.28

lb oil/lb 

pennycress seed petition - amount of oil that can be extracted from the seed

N2O Data source

Ratio of above ground 

residue to product yield 2.31 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, AG residue/Product for Canola

N content of above ground 

residue 0.008 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola

Ratio of below ground 

residue to product yield 0.58 Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Roots/Product for Canola

N content of below ground 

residue 0.01 kg N/kg Janzen 2003, Appendix 1, Canola

References

Fan, J. et al. (2013) “A life cycle assessment of pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) –derived jet fuel and diesel.” Biomass and Bioe

Isbell, T. and S. Chermak (2010). “Thlaspi arvense (Pennycress) germination, development and yield potential.” Advancemen

Janzen, H.H. et al (2003) "The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: An illustration using Canadian estimates." Nutrient Cycling 

Moser, B.R., et al. (2009) “Production and evaluation of biodiesel from field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oil.” Energy and F

Rukavina, H. et al. (2011) “The effect of nitrogen rate on field pennycress seed yield and oil content.” Association for the Adv

Available at: http://www.wiu.edu/pennycress/current-experiments/Nitrogen%202011.pdf.
vina 2011. According to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

ording to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

ording to Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

o Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

o Moser, pennycress requires minimal agricultural inputs

e extracted from the seed. Fan 2013 - gives a similar value of 0.29

due/Product for Canola

roduct for Canola

 diesel.” Biomass and Bioenergy, 55:87-100. 

d potential.” Advancement of Industrial Crops Annual Meeting, Fort Collins, CO. September 19-22, 2010. Abstract, p. 29.

timates." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 67: 85-102.

 L.) oil.” Energy and Fuels, 23:4149-4155.

t.” Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops 23rd Annual Meeting, Fargo, ND. September 11-14, 2011. Poster. 
 Abstract, p. 29.

14, 2011. Poster. 
N2O N/A 468,549 - 1,049,534 g CO2eq

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0 - 50 lbs 0 - 326,529 g CO2eq 3.5 -

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs 0 - 44,570 g CO2eq 5.4 -

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs 0 - 29,466 g CO2eq 3.1 -

Herbicide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 g CO2eq 0.0 -

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 g CO2eq 0.1 -

Diesel 1 - 1 gal 52,299 - 52,299 g CO2eq 3.8 -

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal 0 - 0 g CO2eq 1.6 -

Total 520,848 - 1,502,398 g CO2eq

N2O N/A 468.5 - 1049.5 kg CO2eq

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0 - 50 lbs 0 - 326.5 kg CO2eq 3.5 -

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs 0 - 44.6 kg CO2eq 5.4 -

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs 0 - 29.5 kg CO2eq 3.1 -

Herbicide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 kg CO2eq 0.0 -

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs 0 - 0 kg CO2eq 0.1 -

Diesel 1 - 1 gal 52.3 - 52.3 kg CO2eq 3.8 -

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal 0 - 0 kg CO2eq 1.6 -

Total 521 - 1502 kg CO2eq

Inputs

(per acre)

Inputs

(per acre)

Pennycress, 0.9 tons/acre

Emissions

(per ton pennycress oil)

(per acre)

Inputs Inputs

(per acre)

Emissions

(per ton pennycress oil)

Pennycress, 0.9 tons/acre
N/A 449,008 - 661,146 g CO2eq

8.2 lbs 23,198 - 79,130 g CO2eq

21.4 lbs 13,501 - 64,833 g CO2eq

24.3 lbs 5,317 - 48,487 g CO2eq

1.3 lbs 2,411 - 69,646 g CO2eq

0.8 lbs 12,436 - 50,227 g CO2eq

8.9 gal 227,858 - 622,289 g CO2eq

3.0 gal 93,091 - 151,433 g CO2eq

961,388 - 1,442,928 g CO2eq

N/A 449.0 - 661.1 kg CO2eq

8.2 lbs 23.2 - 79.1 kg CO2eq

21.4 lbs 13.5 - 64.8 kg CO2eq

24.3 lbs 5.3 - 48.5 kg CO2eq

1.3 lbs 2.4 - 69.6 kg CO2eq

0.8 lbs 12.4 - 50.2 kg CO2eq

8.9 gal 227.9 - 622.3 kg CO2eq

3.0 gal 93 - 151.4 kg CO2eq

961 - 1443 kg CO2eq

Soybeans (varies by region)

Inputs Emissions

(per acre) (per ton soybean oil)

(per acre) (per ton soybean oil)

Soybeans (varies by region)

Inputs Emissions
Pennycress Oil

0.9 tons/acre

Category

N2O Emissions 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 264,482.62

g CO2eq/

acre 1,049,534

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Nitrogen Fertilizer 50.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

nitrogen/lbs of 

nitrogen 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3,291,414.00

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 326,529

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Phosphorus Fertilizer 20.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1,123,158.90

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 44,570

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Potassium Fertilizer 20.0 lbs/acre 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,545.77

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 29,466

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Herbicide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23,450,278.67

gCO2eq/

tons of 

herbicide 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons pesticide/

lbs pesticide 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,586.75

gCO2eq/

tons of 

pesticide 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Diesel 1.05 gal/acre 0.13

mmBTU diesel/

gal diesel 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,551.37

gCO2eq/

mmBTU 

diesel 52,299

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 0.00198413

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,753.76

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Total 

Emissions 1,502,398

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Soybean Oil

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton 

oil)

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton oil)

Category

N2O Emissions 2000

lb oil/

ton oil

g CO2eq/

acre 542.6184 482,698 434.3531 523,647

Pennycress Input

Conversions

Conversions Emissions/ton oil

Soybean Input Soybean Input

CB GP
Nitrogen Fertilizer 0.0005

tons of nitrogen/lbs of 

nitrogen 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3291414.00

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 7.8114 542.6184 47,382 7.1751 434.3531 54,371

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1123158.9

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 6.6928 542.6184 13,853 13.7389 434.3531 35,526

Potassium Fertilizer 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,546

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 20.9214 542.6184 28,630 3.1099 434.3531 5,317

Herbicide 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23450278.7

gCO2eq/

tonsof 

herbicide 1.1800 542.6184 50,996 1.2900 434.3531 69,646

Pesticide 0.0005

tons herbicide/

lbs herbicide 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,587

gCO2eq/

tonsof 

pesticide 0.7000 542.6184 35,111 0.7300 434.3531 45,742

Diesel 0.13

mmBTU/

gal diesel 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96551.365

gCO2eq/

mmBTU 

diesel 8.9237 542.6184 412,840 6.6186 434.3531 382,521

Gasoline 0.1150

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96754

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 2.9500 542.6184 120,983 1.8170 434.3531 93,091

Total 

Emissions 1,192,493 1,209,860
Pennycress Oil

0.9 tons/acre, low inputs

Category

N2O Emissions 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 118,074.34

g CO2eq/

acre 468,549

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

nitrogen/lbs 

of nitrogen 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 3,291,414.00

g CO2eq/

ton of 

nitrogen 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Phosphorus Fertilizer0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

P/lbs of P 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 1,123,158.90

g CO2eq/

ton of 

phosphate 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Potassium Fertilizer0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons of 

K/lbs of K 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 742,545.77

g CO2eq/

ton of potash 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Herbicide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons 

herbicide/

lbs 

herbicide 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 23,450,278.67

gCO2eq/

tons of 

herbicide 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Pesticide 0.0 lbs/acre 0.0005

tons 

pesticide/

lbs 

pesticide 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 27,216,586.75

gCO2eq/

tons of 

pesticide 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Diesel 1.05 gal/acre 0.13

mmBTU 

diesel/

gal diesel 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,551.37

gCO2eq/

mmBTU diesel 52,299

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Gasoline 0.0 gal/acre 0.115

mmBTU/

gal gasoline 0.001984127

acre/lb 

feedstock oil 2000

lb oil/

ton oil 96,753.76

gCO2eq/

mmBtu 0

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Total 

Emissions 520,848

gCO2eq/ton 

pennycress oil

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/to

n oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/to

n oil)

Inputs (lbs or 

gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/t

on oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or gal/acre)

Yields (lb 

oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/ton 

oil)

Inputs (lbs 

or gal/acre) Yields (lb oil/acre)

emissions 

(gCO2eq/to

n oil)

501.6531 449,008 447.3809 525,416 422.6610 498,348 371.5277 580,008 262.6276 661,146

Emissions/ton oil

Pennycress Input

Conversions

Soybean Input

NE SC SE SW

Soybean Input Soybean Input Soybean Input Soybean Input

LS
3.5356 501.6531 23,198 7.8434 447.3809 57,704 4.8708 422.6610 37,931 8.1797 371.5277 72,465 6.3139 262.6276 79,130

7.7366 501.6531 17,322 5.3778 447.3809 13,501 16.0656 422.6610 42,692 21.4461 371.5277 64,833 6.9993 262.6276 29,933

22.6240 501.6531 33,488 13.2435 447.3809 21,981 22.1210 422.6610 38,863 24.2600 371.5277 48,487 262.6276

1.0300 501.6531 48,148 0.0460 447.3809 2,411 1.1800 422.6610 65,469 0.7300 371.5277 46,077 0.2700 262.6276 24,109

0.6600 501.6531 35,808 0.2600 447.3809 15,817 0.7800 422.6610 50,227 0.4600 371.5277 33,698 0.1200 262.6276 12,436

8.9231 501.6531 446,523 7.6884 447.3809 431,410 3.8364 422.6610 227,858 7.3784 371.5277 498,543 6.5103 262.6276 622,289

0.0000 501.6531 3.0444 447.3809 151,433 0.0000 422.6610 1.6498 371.5277 98,818 0.0000 262.6276

1,053,494 1,219,675 961,388 1,442,928 1,429,043
Min Max

 449,008 661,146
 23,198 79,130

 13,501 64,833

 5,317 48,487

 2,411 69,646

 12,436 50,227

 227,858 622,289

 93,091 151,433

 961,388 1,442,928
Pennycress Soybean

CB GP LS

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0 - 50 lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751 3.5356

Phosphorus Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs/acre 6.6928 13.7389 7.7366

Potassium Fertilizer 0 - 20 lbs/acre 20.9214 3.1099 22.624

Herbicide 0 - 0 lbs/acre 1.18 1.29 1.03

Pesticide 0 - 0 lbs/acre 0.7 0.73 0.66

Diesel 1.05 - 1.05 gal/acre 8.9237 6.6186 8.9231

Gasoline 0 - 0 gal/acre 2.95 1.817 

Nitrogen Fertilizer 0 - 56.05 kg/ha 8.756579 8.043287 3.963408
NE SC SE SW min max

7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139 lbs/acre 3.5356 8.1797

5.3778 16.0656 21.4461 6.9993 lbs/acre 5.3778 21.4461

13.2435 22.121 24.26 lbs/acre 3.1099 24.26

0.046 1.18 0.73 0.27 lbs/acre 0.046 1.29

0.26 0.78 0.46 0.12 lbs/acre 0.12 0.78

7.6884 3.8364 7.3784 6.5103 gal/acre 3.8364 8.9237

3.0444 1.6498 gal/acre 1.6498 3.0444

8.792451 5.460167 9.169444 7.077882 kg/ha 3.963408 9.169444
Category

Pennycress

Crop Yield 1800 lbs seed/acre

Oil Yield 504 lbs oil/acre

Crop yields 2.0 MT/ha
Soybean 

CB GP LS NE SC SE SW

50.24 40.22 46.45 41.42 39.14 34.40 24.32 bu/acre

3,015 2,413 2,787 2,485 2,348 2,064 1,459 lbs seed/acre

542.62 434.35 501.65 447.38 422.66 371.53 262.63 lbs oil/acre

3.37981255 2.7054596 3.124651 2.786606 2.632633 2.314138 1.635831
Conversions:

1 lb/acre = 1.121 kg/ha Source:

1 ha = 2.47105381 acre http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications

1 MT= 2204 lbs http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/featu

1 kg N2O= 310 kg CO2eq

Assumptions:

Pennycress: Soybeans:

0.28 lb pennycress oil/pound seed 0.18

7.6 lbs oil/gal BD 60.00

9.558613042 lbs oil/gal RD

12.67014848 lbs oil/gal RJ

Methyl ester (biodiesel) 118000 Btu/gal

Low-sulfur diesel 130000 Btu/gal

Conventional gasoline 115000 Btu/gal
nsion.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/NR_RM_05.pdf

w.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html#calculator

lb soybean oil/lb soybean

pound/bushel
Soybean Biodiesel CB GP LS NE

kg N2O/ha 1.043903467 0.906508597 0.897735013 0.936853075

kg CO2eq/ha 323.6100747 281.0176651 278.2978541 290.4244532

kg CO2 eq/acre 130.9603512 113.7238145 112.623146 117.5306066

g CO2 eq/acre 130960.3512 113,723.81 112623.146 117530.6066

Fertilizer: 50 0 lb/acre of N

Pennycress Yield: 0.9 0.9 tons/acre

kg N2O/ha 2.10822836 0.941187288

kg CO2eq/ha 653.5507916 291.7680594

kg CO2 eq/acre 264.4826223 118.0743447

g CO2 eq/acre 264,482.62 118,074.34
SC SE SW

0.839490311 0.858846031 0.69203506

260.2419964 266.2422695 214.530869

105.3161996 107.744424 86.8175627

105316.1996 107744.424 86817.5627
N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.

Assumptions 

Pennycress Pennycress, no fertilizer

Yield Yield

0.9 tons seed/acre 0.9 tons seed/acre

2017.80 kg/ha 2017.80 kg/ha 

N fertilizer applied N fertilizer applied

50 lbs/acre 0 lbs/acre

56.05 kg/ha 0.00 kg/ha

Above-ground residue ratio Above-ground residue ratio

2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product 2.31 Janzen 2003, Canola, AG residue/product

Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground product

0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product 0.58 Janzen 2003, Canola, roots/product

N content of above-ground residue N content of above-ground residue

0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.008 Janzen 2003, Canola

N content of below-ground residue N content of below-ground residue

0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola 0.010 Janzen 2003, Canola

Direct N2O Emissions

Direct Emissions (Overall Equation) Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × EF

(56.05+48.89) x 

0.01 1.05 kg N2O-N (0+48.89) x 0.01 0.49 kg N2O-N

EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications 

between current and projected year) 56.05 kg/ha 0.00 kg/ha

N Additions from Crop Residues (based on Janzen 2003 paper)

N additions to soils from crop residues =

Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of 

below-ground residues) 

1 ha × [4656 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1164 × 

0.01] 48.89 kg 

1 ha × [4656 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1164 × 

0.01] 48.89 kg 

where,

Above-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of AG residue to product yield) 2018 kg/ha x 2.31 4656.46 kg/ha 2018 kg/ha x 2.31 4656.46 Mg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter = Product yield x (ratio of below-ground residue to product yield) 2018 kg/ha*0.58 1164.115 kg/ha 2018 kg/ha*0.58 1164.115 kg/ha

Crop residue summary equations 

Indirect N2O Emissions

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions

Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation

Emissions =

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through 

volatilization × EF 56.05*0.1*0.01 0.05605 kg N2O-N 0*0.1*0.01 0 kg N2O-N

N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied

EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)

Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation

Pennycress 0.9 tons/acre Pennycress 0.9 tons/acre no fertilizer
Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF

(56.05+48.89)*0.3*

0.0075 0.236121 kg N2O-N

(0+48.89)*0.3*0.00

75 0.110009 kg N2O-N

N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition

EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N2O-N / kg N leaching or runoff

1.342 kg N2O-N 0.599 kg N2O-N

2.108 kg N2O/ha 0.941 kg N2O/ha

653.55 kg CO2eq/ha 291.77 kg CO2eq/ha

264.48 kg CO2eq/acre 118.07 kg CO2eq/acre
N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.

Assumptions 

Soybean Corn belt Great Plains

Yield

MT/ha 3.380 2.705

kg/ha 3,379.8 2,705.5

N fertilizer applied

lbs/acre 7.8114 7.1751

kg/ha 8.76 8.04

Above-ground residue slope (from CRFactors tab)

Soybean value 0.93 0.93

Above-ground residue intercept (from CRFactors tab)

Soybean value 1.35 1.35

Ratio of below-ground residue to above-ground biomass

Soybean value 0.19 0.19

N content of above-ground residues

Soybean value 0.008 0.008

N content of below-ground residues

Soybean value 0.008 0.008

Dry matter fraction of harvested product (enter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)

Soybean value 0.91 0.91

Direct N2O Emissions

Direct Emissions (Overall Equation) Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × EF (8.76+44.76) x 0.01 0.535139 kg N2O-N (8.04+38.39) x 0.01 0.464348 kg N2O-N

EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues = 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

N Additions from Mineral Fertilizers

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N 

applications between current and projected year) 8.76 kg/ha 8.04 kg/ha

N Additions from Crop Residues (based on "Soybean" values under CRFactors tab)

N additions to soils from crop residues =

Crop area x (Above-ground residue dry matter x N content of aboveground residues + below-ground residue dry matter x N content of 

below-ground residues) 

1 ha × [4210 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1384 × 

0.008] 44.75735 kg 

1 ha × [3640 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1159 × 

0.008] 38.39147 kg 

where,

Above-ground residue dry matter =

Fresh weight yield (in Mg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter 

fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept

3.38 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 4.21 Mg/ha

2.71 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.64 Mg/ha

4210.335 kg/ha 3639.63 kg/ha

Below-ground residue dry matter =

(Above-ground residue dry matter + Harvested dry matter) x ratio of 

below-ground residue to above-ground biomass

(4210 kg/ha + 3380 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1384.333 kg/ha

(3640 kg/ha + 2705 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1159.304 kg/ha

Crop residue summary equations [see CRFactors tab for explanation of letters]

N additions to soils from crop residues = A x [AGdm x F + BGdm x H] 

Above-ground residue dry matter (AGdm) = 1000 x [(B/A) x (1/1000) x C x D + E]

Below-ground residue dry matter (BGdm) = [AGdm + (B/A)] x G

Indirect N2O Emissions

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions

Indirect Emissions from Volatilization Equation

Emissions =

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through 

volatilization × EF 8.76*0.1*0.01 0.008757 kg N2O-N 8.04*0.1*0.01 0.008043 kg N2O-N

N lost (from synthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied

EF for N lost through volatilization = 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)

Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff Equation

Emissions =

(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils 

from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF

(8.76+44.76)*0.3*0.

0075 0.120406 kg N2O-N

(8.04+38.39)*0.3*0.

0075 0.104478 kg N2O-N

Corn belt Great Plains
N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = 0.3 N losses by leaching or runoff / kg N addition

EF for N lost through leaching/runoff = 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff

0.664 kg N2O-N 0.577 kg N2O-N

1.044 kg N2O/ha 0.907 kg N2O/ha

323.61 kg CO2eq/ha 281.02 kg CO2eq/ha

130.96 kg CO2eq/acre 113.72 kg CO2eq/acre
Lake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest

 3.125 2.787 2.633 2.314 1.636

 3,124.7 2,786.6 2,632.6 2,314.1 1,635.8

3.5356 7.8434 4.8708 8.1797 6.3139

3.96 8.79 5.46 9.17 7.08

0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

ter 1 if yield is already in terms of dry matter)

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

(3.96+42.35) x 0.01 0.46312 kg N2O-N (8.79+39.16) x 0.01 0.479499 kg N2O-N (5.46+37.70) x 0.01 0.431642 kg N2O-N (9.17+34.70) x 0.01 0.438669 kg N2O-N (7.08+28.29)*0.01 0.353721 kg N2O-N

3.96 kg/ha 8.79 kg/ha 5.46 kg/ha 9.17 kg/ha 7.08 kg/ha

1 ha × [3994 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1299 × 

0.008] 42.34863 kg 

1 ha × [3708 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1186 × 

0.008] 39.15749 kg 

1 ha × [3578 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1135 × 

0.008] 37.70399 kg 

1 ha × [3308 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 1029 × 

0.008] 34.69741 kg 

1 ha × [2734 kg/ha 

x 0.008 + 802 × 

0.008] 28.29421 kg 

3.13 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.99 Mg/ha

2.79 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.71 Mg/ha

2.63 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.58 Mg/ha

2.31 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 3.31 Mg/ha

1.64 Mg/ha x 0.91 x 

0.93 + 1.35 2.73 Mg/ha

3994.392 kg/ha 3708.304 kg/ha 3577.997 kg/ha 3308.455 kg/ha 2734.404 kg/ha

(3994 kg/ha + 3125 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1299.187 kg/ha

(3708 kg/ha + 2787 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1186.382 kg/ha

(3578 kg/ha + 2633 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1135.002 kg/ha

(3308 kg/ha + 2314 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 1028.721 kg/ha

(2734 kg/ha + 1636 

kg/ha x 0.91)*0.19 802.3719 kg/ha

3.96*0.1*0.01 0.003963 kg N2O-N 8.79*0.1*0.01 0.008792 kg N2O-N 5.46*0.1*0.01 0.00546 kg N2O-N 9.17*0.1*0.01 0.009169 kg N2O-N 7.08*0.1*0.01 0.007078 kg N2O-N

(3.96+42.35)*0.3*0.

0075 0.104202 kg N2O-N

(8.79+39.16)*0.3*0.

0075 0.107887 kg N2O-N

(5.46+37.70)*0.3*0.

0075 0.097119 kg N2O-N

(9.17+34.70)*0.3*0.

0075 0.0987 kg N2O-N

(7.08+28.29)*0.3*0.

0075 0.079587 kg N2O-N

Lake States North East South Central Southeast Southwest
0.571 kg N2O-N 0.596 kg N2O-N 0.534 kg N2O-N 0.547 kg N2O-N 0.440 kg N2O-N

0.898 kg N2O/ha 0.937 kg N2O/ha 0.839 kg N2O/ha 0.859 kg N2O/ha 0.692 kg N2O/ha

kg CO2eq/ha 278.30 kg CO2eq/ha 290.42 kg CO2eq/ha 260.24 kg CO2eq/ha 266.24 kg CO2eq/ha 214.53 kg CO2eq/ha

kg CO2eq/acre 112.62 kg CO2eq/acre 117.53 kg CO2eq/acre 105.32 kg CO2eq/acre 107.74 kg CO2eq/acre 86.82 kg CO2eq/acre
IPCC Table 11.2 DEFAULT FACTORS FOR ESTIMATION OF N ADDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a 

A B C D E

Crop Crop Area

Crop 

Harvested

Dry matter 

fraction of 

harvested 

product 

(DRY) 

Slope 

± 2 s.d. as 

% of mean Intercept 

± 2 s.d. as 

% of mean 

Units ha kg

Major crop types 

Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% 

Beans & pulsesb 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% 

Tubersc 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 

Root crops, otherd 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 

N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Perennial grasses 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Individual crops 

Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% 

Wheat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% 

Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% 

Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% 

Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% 

Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% 

Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% 

Rye

e

0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default 

Soybeanf

0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% 

Dry beang

0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% 

Potatoh

0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 

Peanut (w/pod)i 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 

Alfalfaj

0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - 

Non-legume hayj 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 - 

Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Re

a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. Williams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: st

of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1.

b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, co

c Modelled after potatoes.

d Modelled after peanuts.

Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T) 

= Crop(T)/1000 * slope(T) + intercept(T) 
e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d.

f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9.

g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. f

h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04.

I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10.

j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB.

k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which a

l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground bio

root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d.

m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is retu

(unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might the

n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d.

p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.
P RESIDUES a 

F G H

N content 

of aboveground 

residues 

(NAG) 

Ratio of 

belowground 

residues to 

aboveground 

biomass 

(RBG-BIO) 

N content 

of belowground 

residues 

(NBG) 

R

2

 adj. 

0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009

0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008

0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014

0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014

- 0.027 0.40 0.022

- 0.015 0.54 0.012

- 0.015 0.80 0.012

- 0.025 0.80 0.016

0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007

0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009

0.47 0.007 0.16 NA 

0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014

0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008

0.50 0.007 NA NA 

0.36 0.007 NA 0.006

- 0.005 NA 0.011

0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008

0.15 0.010 NA 0.010

0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014

0.63 0.016 NA NA 

- 0.027 0.40 0.019

- 0.150 0.54 0.012

O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet

 State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

ya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea.

GDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T) 
ource was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB.

d error of 0.04.

error of 0.10.

de reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d.

s systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that

marketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1)

residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.
p://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list
 times) the above-ground biomass and that

sel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1)

 Default s.d.
Costs to Farmers 

2022 Pennycress

Inputs Rates

Seed

$13.00 

(13 lbs/ac)

Fertilizer

$50.00 

$20.00 

$20.00 

Sub-Total $103.00 

Logistics

 Planting Trip $10.00 

 Harvest & Hauling $36.00 

Total Cost $149.00 

Yields lbs/ac 1800

Market Price $/lb $0.15 

$270 

$121.00 

Data provided by petitioner, USDA, or literature. See Data sources tab for details on sources of fertilizer inputs

Pennycress seed calculated based on petitioner's values for yields of 1500 lbs/acre and 2500 lbs/acre

Returns

 Phosphate Fertilizer $1/lb

 Potassium Fertilizer $1/lb

Total Revenue

 Pennycress seed $1.00 lb

 Nitrogen Fertilizer $1/lb
rtilizer inputs
Source Petition

Feedstock Pennycress oil

Material Inputs

Beans/Seeds lb / lb oil 3.57

Energy Inputs

Purchased Electricity Btu / lb oil 183

Gas & Steam Btu / lb oil -

Diesel Btu / lb oil -

Outputs

Oil lb / lb oil 1.00

Meal lb / lb oil 2.57

Emissions Factors (from EPA 2010)

Natural Gas Upstream gCO2e/Btu 0.01

Natural Gas Combustion gCO2e/Btu 0.06

U.S. Average Electricity Production, Year 2022 (available at wall outlets) gCO2e/Btu 0.22

Diesel gCO2e/Btu 0.097

Oil Extraction Emissions (gCO2e / lb plant oil)

Purchased Electricity gCO2e/ lb oil 40

Gas & Steam gCO2e/ lb oil -

Diesel gCO2e/ lb oil -

Total gCO2e/ lb oil 40
EPA (2010)

Soybean oil

 5.38 g/lb 453.59

lb/kg 2.20

t/lb 0.00

 374 Btu/MJ 947.82

 1,912 Btu/kWh 3,412.14

gal/litre 0.26

MJ/mmBtu 1,055.06

Steam (50 psig), Btu/lb LHV 1,179.10

 1.00

 4.08

 0.01

 0.06

 0.22

 0.097

 82

 131

 -

 213