Working Women and

Childbearing:

United States

Statistics are presented on age at first

marriage, number of children ever born, length

of interval between births, and expected

completed family size according to women’s

labor force participation, income, and

occupation. These statistics are shown for all

currently married women 15-44 years of age

and for subgroups classified by age, race, and

education.

Data From the National Survey of

Family Growth, Series 23, No. 9

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 82-1985

U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services

Public Health Service

Office of Health Research, Statistics,

and Technology

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Md.

February 1982
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Working women and childbearing: United States

(Vital and health statistics. Series 23, Data from the national surve~ of family growth ; no. 9} (DHHS publication ; no. (PHS) 82-19851

1. Fertility, Human–United States–Statistics. 2. Family size–

United States--Statistics. 3, Wives–Employment–United States–

Statistics. 1. Groat, H. Theodore. 11. Series. I I 1. Series: DHHS publication no, (PHS) 82-1985. [DNLM: 1. Employment. 2. Family characteristics. 3. Women. W2 A N148vw no. 9]

HB915. L25 305.4’3 81-14015

IS8N 0-8406 -0233-2 AAcFt2
National Center for Health Statistics

DOROTHY P. RICE, Director

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director

JACOB J. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis

and Epidemiology

GAIL F. FISHER, Ph. D., Associate Director for the

Cooperative Health Statistics System

GARRIE J. LOSEE, Associate Director for Data Processing

and Services

ALVAN O. ZARATE, Ph.D., Assistant Director for

International Statistics

E. EARL BRYANT, Associate Director for Interview and

Examination Statistics

ROBERT C. FKJBER, Associate Director for Management

MONROE G. SIRKEN, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director for Vital and Health

CareStatistics

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

Vital and Health Care Statistics Program

PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director

GLORIA KAPANTAIS, Assistant to the Director for Data

Policy, Planning, and Ana@sis

Division of Vital Statistics

JOHN E. PATTERSON, Director

ALICE M. HETZEL, Deputy Director

WILLIAM F. PRATT, Ph. D., Chie~ Family Growth Survey

Branch

MABEL G. SMITH, Chie~ Statistical Resources Branch

JOSEPH D. FARRELL, Chief, Computer Applications Staff
.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary of principal findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sources and limitations ofthedata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Labor force participation andfamily formation variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ageatfirst marriage andpremarital employmentstatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number ofchildren everborn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Length of birth intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Expected family size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Listofdetailed tables ...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendixes

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1, Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Il. Definitions ofterms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111. Selected sections of the Currently-Married Women Questionnaire ofthe National Survey of Family Grovvth . . . . . . . . .

List of text figures

1. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 30-44 years of age, by employment status since first

marriage andeducation: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 15-44 years of age in the labor force, by percent of

family income from wife’semployment and race: UnitedStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Mean total expected family size of currently married women 15-44 years of aga, by current labor force status and race:

United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of text tables

A. Percent of currently married women 15-44 years of age first married before age 19,by premarital employment status,

race, age, and education: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 15-44 years of age, by employment status since first

marriage, race, age,andeducation: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C. Mean number of children ever bornto currently married women 15-44 years of age, by current Iaborforce status, race,

age, andeducation: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 15-44 years ofage in the Iaborforce, by percentof

family income from wife’semployment, race, age, and education: UnitedStaJes, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

2

13

15

17

17

17

20

21

23

24

41

42

48

50

!3

10

10

3

4

6

7

...

Ill
E. Percent of currently married, fertile women 15-44 years of age whose first birth was lessthan 12 months after marriage,

by employment status in the first birth interval, race, age, and education: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

F. Mean total expected family size of currently married women 15-44 years of age, by current labor force status, race, age,

andeducation: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

G. Mean total expected fami Iy size of currently married women 15-44 years of age in the labor force, by occupation, race,

age, andeducation: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

H. Mean total expected family size of currently married women 15-44 years of age in the labor force, by percent of family

income from wife’s employment, race, age, and education: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but lessthan

0.05

z Quantity more than zero but lessthan

500 where numbers are rounded to

thousands

*

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision

iv
Working Women and Childbearing

by H. Theodore Groat, Ph. D., Jerry W. Wicks, Ph. D., and

Arthur G. Neal, Ph. D., Bowling Green State University, and

Gerry E. Hendershot, Ph. D., Division of Vital Statistics

Introduction

The National Survey of Family Growth, a periodic survey conducted by the National Center for

Health Statistics, is designed to provide information

on fertility, family planning, and closely related

aspects of maternal and child health. This report

presents statistics on age at marriage, number of

children ever born, length of interval between births,

and expected completed family size according to

indicators of women’s participation in the labor force

such as employment, occupation, and earnings. The

statistics are presented in detailed tables 1-16 and

discussed in the text with text tables A-H and figures

1-3. They are based on personal interviews with a

nationally representative sample of currently married

women 15-44 years of age, conducted in 1976. For a

related report on an earlier cycle of the National

Survey of Family Growth see Vital and Health

Statistics, Series 23, No. 4.1
Summary of principal findings

The data in this report show that the employment

experiences of women who were currently married in

1976 were associated with their patterns of family

formation. Generally, labor force participation was

associated with a later age at first marriage, a smaller

number of children ever born, longer birth intervals,

and a lower expected family size. These associations

between employment and family formation were not

equally strong, however, or even consistent across all

combinations of age, race, education, and other

demographic and socioeconomic variables. Thus the

nature of the relationships between work outside the

home and family formation and growth was found to

vary by selected characteristics of the wives as well as

by the measures of employment and fertility that

were used.

The relationships between work and fertility

discussed in this report may have arisen because

employment causes women to change their fertility,

or because women’s previous fertility experiences

cause them either to enter or leave the labor force.

Both of these factors may be involved.

Approximately 73 percent of all currently married women had been employed for 6 months or

more prior to their first marriage, and this premarital

employment was strongly associated with a later age

at first marriage. For all races, ages, and educational

levels combined, nearly three-fourths of premaritally

employed women married after reaching 19 years of

age compared with less than two-fifths of nonpremaritally employed women (table A). The most

striking differences in age at marriage occurred

between wives with low educational levels and no

premarital employment and wives with a college

education who were employed prior to marriage.

An overwhelming majority of wives (about 84

percent) had been employed at. some time since their

first marriage. In the aggregate, these women had

borne an average of 2.0 children compared with an

average of 2.3 children ever born to wives with no

work experience outside the home (table B). The

sharpest fertility differentials by this employment

measure, however, were found among women 30-44

years of age (figure 1).

Table C shows that the overall difference in the

average number of children ever born to women

currently in the labor force (1.8) versus those not in

the labor force (2.3) was 0.5. Variations in cumulative fertility by labor force participation were greatest

among younger women (15-29 years of age) with a

college education. Among white women under 30

years of age who had completed college, those in the

labor force had borne an average of 0.8 fewer

children than their counterparts who were not in the

labor force (0.4 and 1.2 children, respectively). For

black wives in this age group who had completed

college, employment stat us was associated with a

mean difference of 0.6 children ever born between

those women who were in the labor force (0.7) and

those who were not (1.3). Within most educational

levels greater fertility differentials by labor force

participation were found among the older than

among the younger black wives.

Fertility also was associated with the ratio of

wives’ earnings to their total family incomes. For

white wives, those who earned less than 25 percent of

their family incomes had borne one more child on the

average than those who earned 50 percent or more

(table D and figure 2). This pattern was particularly

pervasive among the wives who were 30-44 years of

age or more.

Labor force participation in the intervals between

births was also related to lower levels of childbearing.

For instance, among women with at least one child,

those who worked before their first birth were less

likely than those who did not work to have second and

higher order births. Also, among women who had a

second birth, those who worked between the first and

second births were less likely than those who did not to

have third and higher order births. Generally,, women

who worked during any particular birth interval had

lower subsequent fertility than women who did not.

2
Table A. Percent of currently married women 15-44 years of age first married before age 19,1 by premarital employment status, race, age, and

education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Premarital employment status

Race, age, and education married

women Ever employed Never employed

All races2

1544years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. c.....-

15-29 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yeamor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

1544years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschoolr 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschoo],8yearsor lass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m....o.....

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CoIlege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 yea rs

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lExcludes women wh~~e first birth occurred bafore first marria9e.

21nc[ude~~hite, bkiCk,avj!Xherrac es.

Percent first married before age 19

36.2 26.6 62.6

71.6 45.6 87.4

77.2 65.7 88.2

38.8 29.2 70.5

16.2 12.2 31.8

4.4 3.0 8.9

58.5 48.5 67.7

63.7 52.6 79.5

34.7 28.1 65.8

18.1 14.2 39.8

6.7 5.3 11.2

36.6 27.1 64.7

72.7 44.5 89.3

77.5 65.5 89.8

39.3 29.7 73.0

15.6 12.1 30.9

3.9 3.1 6.7

61.1 50.7 70.9

67.1 64.9 86.5

35.5 28.8 68.7

17.7 14.2 38.3

6.6 5.4 10.4

34.6 22.2 52.6

*63.2 *7 I .6 ‘60.1

68.5 60.6 73.7

38.5 29.0 55.4

19.6 B.5 36.6

9.9 1.7 32.8

49.6 35.2 58.1

40.7 29.1 48.2

24.9 15.7 45.2

29.9 18.2 64.0

8.1 7.8 “9.9

The association of work with lower fertility was short birth interval than their counterparts who had

also reflected in the length of birth intervals by not been employed. The interval between marriage

employment status. For example, for all races, ages, and f~st birth was 12 months orlessfor 26.6 percent

and educational levels combined, women who had ofwomen who worked dunngthatintenral compared

been employed between the time they married and with 56.1 percent ofwomen who did network (table

the birth of their fwst child were less likely tohavea E). Among white and black wives within most

3
Tabla B. Mean number of children ever born tocurrently married women 15-44 years of age, 1 byemployment status since first marriage, race, a9e, and

education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based onasample of thehousehold population of theconterminous United States, Seeappendixes fordiscussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and dafinitionsof terms]

All currently Employment status since first marriage

Race, age, and education married

women Ever employed Never employed

All races2

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yeareorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4......<.

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary schoolr 8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll year n...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schoolr12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maan number of children ever born

2.05 2.01 2.28

1.94 2.01 1.86

1.54 1.56 1.50

1,17 1.13 1.33

0.95 0.91 1,24

0.69 0.69 0.67

3.63 3.53 3.84

3.30 3.21 3.77

2.79 2.75 3.15

2.49 2.43 2.92

2.05 2.02 2.58

2.01 1.96 2.28

1.92 1.99 1.B5

1.49 1.50 1.47

1.14 1.10 1.35

0.90 0.86 1.24

0.67 0.67 0.58

3.42 3.29 3.72

3.25 3.14 3.86

2.78 2.74 3.12

2.43 2.37 2.38

2.04 2.00 2.65

2.57 2.55 2.73

*2.47 *2.30 *2.84

1.94 2.14 1.50

1.55 1.60 1.31

1.36 1.40 *1 .07

‘0.86 “0.84 *1 .25

5.31 4.96 6,47

3.85 3.79 4.25

2.99 2.95 3.67

3.11 3.05 4.08

*2.1 8 2.17 *2.92

1Excludes women whose first birth occurred before first marriage.

21”clud~ white, black, and other races.

educational categories, those who were employed expected completed family size. Wives who werein

between marriage and the birth of their first child the labor force and those who were not expected

were significantly less likely than women who were average completed families of 2.5 and 2.8 children,

not employed tohave ashort first birth interval. respectively (table F and figure 3). The difference in

Current labor force participation, the nature of expected family size between black wives who were

the work, and the relative contributionsof employed in the labor force (3.0 children) and those who were

wives to their total family incomes were related to not (3.5 children) exceeded the difference between

4
Employment status

since first marriage

~~~ Everemployecl

Elementary High school, High school, Collage, College, 16 years

school, O-8 years 9-11 years 12 years 13-15 years or more

Figure 1. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 304$4 years of age, by employment status since first marriage and

education: United States, 1976

their white counterparts (2.5 versus 2.8 children, For all races, ages, and education levels combined,

respectively). significant differences in expected family size were

For currently employed women, the data in table reported by wives who contributed varying proporG show that professionally employed wives expected tions to their total family incomes. For instance,

to have 0.4 fewer children than wives currently wives who contributed less than 25 percent of their

employed in blue collar occupations (2.4 versus 2.8, total family incomes expected an average family size

respectively). Within age and education categories, of 2.7 children, in contrast with an expected family

however, these data fail to yield a consistent pattern. size of only 2.3 children among those who conIn several instances wives employed in sales and tributed 50 percent or more to their family incomes

clerical occupations, for example, reported lower (table H). These differentials were more pronounced

levels of expected family size than wives in either among wives 30 years of age and over than among

professional or blue collar occupational categories. those who were younger.

5
Table C. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 1544 years of age, by current labor force status, race, age, and education:

United Statesr 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Current labor force status

Race, age, and education married

women In labor force Not in labor force

All races’

1544 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 yea rs

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15=44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elemen~ary school, 8yeareorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 yea rs

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean number of children ever born

2.05 1.81 2.28

1.94 1.94 1.94

1.54 1.24 1.65

1.17 0.87 1.45

0.95 0.69 1.29

0.69 0.40 1.20

3.63 3.39 3.72

3.30 3.13 3.47

2.79 2.69 2.90

2.49 2.40 2.58

2.05 1.91 2.24

2.01 1.74 2.26

1.92 1.88 1.95

1.49 1.13 1.62

1.14 0.80 ‘1.416

0.90 0.61 1.29

0.67 0.35 1.23

3.42 3.07 3.56

3.25 3.08 3.41

2.78 2.68 2.87

2.43 2.33 2.53

2.04 1.85 2.29

2.57 2.42 2,83

*2.47 *2.54 *2.41

1.94 1.97 1.92

1.55 1.61 1.48

1.36 1.39 1.30

‘0.86 ‘0.72 1.29

5.31 4.83 5.70

3.85 3.49 4.40

2.99 2.75 3.61

3.11 2.92 3.57

*2.18 *2.25 1.81

Ilncludes white, bk?k, and other races.

6
Table D. Mean number of children ever born to currently married women 15-44 years of age in the Iabor force, bypercent of family income from

wife’s employment, race, aga, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample of thehousehold population of theconterminous United States. seeappendixee fordiscussion of the~amplede~ign,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Percent of family income from wifek employment

Race, age, and education

married

bwmen in Less than 25 25-49 percent 50 percent of

labor force percent of total of total total or more

All racesq

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementary school, 8yearsoriess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schoolr 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 yeara

Elementary schoolr 8yaars or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean number of children evar born

1.81 2.22 1.68 1.38

1.84

1.24

0.87

0.69

0.40

1.96 1.89

1.00 1.34

1.02 0.78

0.94 0.61

0.74 0.41

*2.68

1.44

0.81

0,48

0.31

3.39

3.13

2.69

2.40

1.91

2.93 3.90

3.69 2.77

3.05 2.56

2.60 2.32

2.34 1.87

3.99

2.84

2.12

2.39

1.65

1.74 2.19 1.60 1.22

*1 .88

1.13

0.80

0.61

0.35

“2.00

0.99

0.97

0.89

0.71

*2.68

1.34

0.74

0.42

0.22

*1.73

1.13

0.69

0.47

0.38

3.07

3.OB

2.68

2.33

1.85

2.74

3.61

3.03

2.55

2.30

$.91

2.74

2.51

2.27

1.81

3.29

2.62

2.07

2.22

1.43

2.42 2.79 2.44 2.28

*2.54

+1.97

*1.61

*1.39

*0.72

*1 .89 “4.00

*1.44 *2.56

*1.53 1.83

“1.54 *1.58

● 1.57 *0.90

●1 .92

1.47

‘1.20

‘0.67

*4.83

3.49

2.75

2.92

*2.25

“7.03 ●3.81

5.12 3.07

3.43 3.03

*3.57 2.70

+3.05 *2.72

*5.93

4.12

2.24

2.71

‘1.90

llnclude~ white, btack, and other races.

7
Table E. Percent of currently married, fertile’ women 15-44 years of age whose first birth was Iess than 12 months after marriage,z by employment

stetusin the first birth interval, race, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample of thehousehold population ofthaconterminous United States. Seeappendixes fordiscussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Employment status bet ween marriage

Race, age, and education

married women and first birth

with at least 1

child ever born Ever employed Never amployed

All races3

15-44 yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elamantary school,8yaarsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C,ollage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

1544years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-llyaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 13-15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colle9e,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) . . . . . . . . . .

38.8

60.1

50.7

43.1

34.4

23.3

38.7

48.1

37.4

33.1

26.1

37.7

59.7

49.8

41.9

32.3

17.8

38.8

46.8

3k3.7

31.8

25.3

53.7

“86.0

59.9

60.7

51.0

59.7

46.9

60.5

52.1

48.6

34.6

Parcent

26.6

46.5

25.7

30.8

18.5

14.6

37.3

32.5

28.7

23.2

18.8

25.4

48.1

25.5

29.7

17,1

10.0

36.1

31.1

28.1

21.3

17.2

41.8

*78.3

42.3

49.0

33.2

49.2

56.1

62.3

58.8

64.5

67.7

6’1.1

38.9

56,6

52.2

56.1

49.3

5!5.6

61.8

57.0

64.2

65.5

63.6

39.3

56.2

51.6

56.9

50.7

68.5

44.2

49.4

39.3

44.9

29.9

58.3

6!j.1

68.6

48.4

College, 7!5.1 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

‘Women who have borneat least 1 child.

2Excludes ~omen ~ho~e first birth occurred before first marria9e.

alncj”d~~hite, black, andmher races.

8
Table F. Mean totaI expected family size of currently married women 15-44 years of age, by current Iaborforcestatusr race, age, and education:

United States, 1976

[Statistics are basad on a sample of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sampla dasign,

astimatas of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Current labor force status

Race, age, and education married

women In labor force Not in fabor force

All races’

15-44 years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool, 8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementaryschool, 8year-sor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool, 8years orlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

1544years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-llyaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.63

2.88

2.46

2.23

2.09

2.04

3.81

3.54

2.94

2.68

2.35

2.63

2.86

2.43

2.20

2.07

2.06

3.63

3.48

2.92

2.65

2.33

3.10

●3.26

2.61

2.64

2.25

*1.76

5.15

4.18

3.31

3.18

*2.47

Mean total expected family size

2.53 2.81

2.79 2.95

2.18 2.57

2.16 2.31

2.06 2.14

1.95 2.22

3.65 4.03

3.42 3.72

2.85 3.04

2.62 2.75

2.21 2.56

2.48 2.77

2.77 2.94

2.15 2.53

2.10 2.29

2.03 2.13

1.97 2.24

3.27 3.79

3.36 3.61

2.83 3.01

2.57 2.73

2.12 2.62

3.01 3.47

●2.94 *3.56

2.49 2.69

2.76 2.47

2.24 2.27

1.61 ●2.18

5.39 6.22

3.88 5.19

3.13 3.80

3.01 3.54

2.60 *1 .88

I Includes white, black, and other races.

9
3

2

1

~1 Black

2.79

2.44

2.28

r

o

Lessthan25 percent 25-49 percent 50percent of total

of total of total or more

Percent of family income from wife’s employment

Figure 2. Mean number of children ever born to currently married

women 15-44 years of age in the labor force, by percent of family

income from wife’s employment and race: United States, 1976

4

3

2

1

0

2.81

All racesl

Current labor force status

mNot in labor force

2.77

2.48 m

White

1, “cl~de~ white, black, and other races,

3.47

I

81ack

Figure 3. Mean total expected family size of currently married women

15-44 years of age, by current labor force status and race: United

States, 1976

10
.

Table G. Mean total expected family size of currently married women 1544 years of age in the labor force, by occupation, race, age, and education:

United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

All currently Occupation

Race, age, and education married women

in labor force Professional Salesand clerical Blue collar

All racesl

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29’jears

Elementa~y school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i+ighschool,9-l l years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary school,8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

1544years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school,8years or[ess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschool,8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colleger13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean total expected family size

2.53 2.36 2.44

2.79 *3.21

2.18 “2.00 1.93

2.16 2.24 2.18

2.06 1.93 2.11

1.95 1.89 2.01

3.65 *3.40 3.02

3.42 3.49 3.08

2.85 2.95 2.78

2.62 2.68 2.46

2.21 2.23 1.95

2.48 2.33 2.44

2.77 *3.42

2.15 ‘2.00 2.01

2.10 2.17 2.14

2.03 1.88 2.09

1.97 1.90 2.05

3.27 ‘3.40 3.09

3.36 3.59 3.11

2.83 2.93 2.77

2.57 2.66 2.40

2.12 2.15 1.87

3.01 2.57 2.59

*2.84 *2.1 ‘1

2.49 *2.36

2.76 *3.23 2.77

*2.24 ●2.41 2.20

*1 .61 *1.54 *1 .77

5.39 “2.00

*3.88 *2.91 *2.51

3.13 3.46 2.87

*3.01 *2.93 2.82

‘2.60 *2.54 *3.25

2.79

2.69

2.28

2.10

2.03

2.45

3.75

3.56

2.93

2.96

2.20

2.67

2.62

2.23

2.02

2.02

2.45

3.31

3.47

2.88

2.87

“2.02

3.44

‘3.24

2.48

2.67

*2.28

5.40

4.10

3.22

●3.43

‘3.19

llncludes~hite, black, and other races.

11
Table H. Mean total expected family size ofcurrently married women 154years ofagein thelabor force, bypercent of family income from wife's

employ merit, race, aga, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on asample of thehousehold population of theconterminous United States. Seeappendlxes fordiscussion of thesemple design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitionaof terms]

All currently Pemen t of family income from wife% employ~dent

Race, age, and education

married

women in Less than 25 25-49 percent 50 percent of

labor force percent of total of total total or more

All racesl

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CoHege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yeara or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

15-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 year3

Elementary schoolr 8yearaorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

.

15-44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t-lighschool, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll yearn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean total expected family size

2.53 2.73 2.46 2.32

2.79 3.00 2.54 *3.11

2.18 2.08 2.25 2.19

2.16 2.28 2.21 2,05

2.06 2.07 2.04 2.06 ‘

1.95 2.10 1.83 1.94

3.65 3.15 3.97 4.46

3.42 3.88 3.04 3.21

2.B5 3.04 2.84 2.42

2.62 2.64 2.55 2.50

2.21 2.36 2.15 2.13

2.48 2.69 2.41 2,20

2.77 3.04 2.42 *3.11

2.15 2.26 2.12 2.12

2.10 2.19 2.17 2.00

2.03 2.02 1.98 2,02

1.97 2.12 1.87 1,94

3.27 2.95 3.94 3.80

3.36 3.79 3.00 3.04

2.83 3.02 2.78 2.36

2.57 2.63 2.50 2.39

2.12 2.32 2.09 1.79

3.01 3.45 2.96 2.92

●2.94 *2.70 ‘4.00

*2.49 *I .75 *2.98 *2.53

2.76 3.28 2.61 2.59

*2.24 *2. 57 2.46 *2.36

*I .61 *I .57 *1 .43 *1 .53

●5.39 ●7.03 *4.09 *6.1 7

3.88 5.65 3.35 4.16

3.13 3.62 3.49 2.69

3.01 *2.56 2.97 “2.72

2.60 +3.05 *2.91 2.51

1, “Cludes white, black, and other ‘aces12
Sources and limitations

of the data

The data used in this report are from Cycle II of

the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),

conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics in 1976. NSFG is a periodic multipurpose

statistical survey designed to provide information

about various facets of fertility, family planning, and

other aspects of socioeconomic and health behavior

that are closely related to childbearing. On the basis

of a nationwide, multistage, area probability sample

* of households in the conterminous United .States,

personal interviews were conducted with 8,611

women 15-44 years of age who were, or had ever

been, married or who had never been married but had

offspring living with them in their households.

Statistics based on the sample were weighted to

produce the estimates of national population statistics in this report. The sample design and estimating

procedures are discussed in appendix I. The analytically important statistics estimated for this report are

means and percents. The bases of these statistics (the

population to which they apply) are only shown in

the detailed tables.

Because the statistics in this report are based on a

sample and not a complete count, they are subject to

sampling variability, which are chance differences

between the sample estimate and the true population

value. The magnitude of sampling variability (the

standard error) for statistics in this report has been

estimated, and where it is large, the statistic is marked

with an asterisk. Also, differences between statistics

that are discussed in the text have been tested (by

using the normal deviate test) for the probability of

their having occurred by chance. Unless otherwise

noted, differences discussed in the text are significant

at the 0.05 level; that is, differences of that size or

larger would occur by chance in only 5 percent or

fewer of repeated samples.

Some women selected for the sample were not

interviewed either because they were not at home

despite repeated calls, or they would not agree to be

interviewed. Responses were imputed to the missing

women by multiplying respondent cases by a nonresponse adjustment factor. For a portion of the

women who were interviewed some items of information were not obtained; for most items the amount of

such missing information was very small (less than 2

percent), and in the statistics reported here it is

assumed that the nonresponse cases were distributed

identically to known responses.

In addition to sampling variability and missing

data, there are other sources of potential error such as

respondents giving biased information and errors in

data processing. The amount of error resulting from

these sources is not known but is believed to be small

because of the rigorous quality controls applied in the

fieldwork and data processing. All of these potential

sources of error are discussed more fully in appendix

I.

The present report is limited to women who were

married at the time of the interview, which includes

wives who had been married more than once as well

as those who had been continuously married. In

addition, the report includes data for wives (and

husbands) with varying fecundity, including both

voluntary and involuntary sterility. For these reasons

the findings are likely to be different from those that

would have been obtained in a population with

identical marital histories and fecundity status.

Many of the tables in this report are based on

information collected by a series of questions, reproduced in appendix HI, concerning a woman’s employment before her first marriage, bet ween her first

marriage’ and first birth, between first and second

births, and between second and third births. Whether

a woman worked in these intervals is related to such

measures of family formation as age at first marriage,

the spacing of births, and the number of children ever

born. If a woman’s first birth occurred before her

f~st marriage, then there was no interval between

marriage and first birth in which she could have

worked or about which she could be questioned;

neither was she asked about her employment before

13
her first marriage, because that interval would have

overlapped with the interval between first and second

births, and she was asked about that separately. Thus

for women whose first birth occurred before marriage, no information was obtained about premarital

employment or employment in the interval between

marriage and first birth (the first birth interval).

These women were excluded from tables and figures

in which premarital employment, employment in the

f~st birth interval, or employment since first marriage

were variables-text tables A, B, and E; figure 1; and

detailed tables 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 11. In other tables,

however, in which intervals before or after marriage

were not at issue, being married at the time of the

first birth was not a criterion for inclusion in the

table.

To be considered as “employed” in an interval, a

woman must have worked continuously for pay for 6

months or more. Thus women whose first birth

occurred within 6 months of marriage could not have

been “employed” between marriage and first birth (if

the questions were asked and responded to exactly as

intended). In tables E, 7, and 11, employment in the

first birth interval was used as a variable; the “not

employed” category tends to include most, if not all,

of these women, whose first birth was conceived

before marriage (although born after marriage). Because women who first conceived premaritally may

differ in ways related to subsequent fertility from

those who first conceived after marriage, their concentration in one employment status group could

affect interpretations of the relationship between first

interval employment and family growth. Where this

factor may have an important bearing on an interpretation, it is mentioned in the text.

Other terms used in the report are defined in

appendix II. The reader is advised to consult these

definitions because they frequently have implications

for interpreting the data presented here.

The text tables show statistics for all races

combined and for white women and black women

separately. In the detailed tables, however, statistics

are shown only for all races combined because of the

production cost and statistical unreliability of the

estimates for separate racial groups.

14
Background

Many studies report a strong relationship between

female labor force participation and fmnily formation. These studies show that employed women have

borne, or have expected to bear, fewer children than

nonemplo yed women. Moreover, the relationship is

found to persist when other factors known to affect

fertility, such as education, income, marital duration,

and fecundity, are controlled. This association between employment and fertility is of interest because

of its implications for future fertility trends and

differentials.

An unquestionable association exists between

female employment and lower fertility. However, the

relationship is not equally strong among all segments

of the population, and the precise explanation of the

relationship has not yet been determined. Four

possible explanations have been su,ggested:z

1.

2.

3.

4.

Women with fewer children are more likely to

seek work–low fertility “causes” employment.

Women who work are more likely to limit their

childbearing-employment “causes” low fertility.

Both (1) and (2) are true for different women or

at different times–low fertility and employment

“cause” each other.

Finally, neither (1) nor (2) is true–neither low

fertility nor employment is a cause of the other,

but each condition is caused by the same factors,

so they tend to occur together.

The explanation is expected to vary according to

the social and economic circumstances of the woman,

her family, and society. For many women, however,

considerable evidence suggests that working influences them to limit their fertility.s The rationale

for this interpretation of the work-fertility relationship-that work tends to cause 10wer fertilit y–is a

basis for the organization of this report, and for this

reason a discussion follows.

Childbearing decisions may be viewed partly as

the result of competing factors that affect women’s

search for some combination of familial and extrafamilial gratifications. In the past, most women were

expected to seek their personal identification and

fulfdlment as wives and mothers. However, based on

a steady increase in their educational attainment and

increasing participation in the labor force, women’s

traditional roles have been undergoing significant

changes. With new options, alternatives to childbearing have become more realistic possibilities for

many women. In this regard, improvements in contraceptive technology, as well as the general availabilityy

of abortion services, have become especially important in recent years.

Some incompatibilities exist between the roles of

mother and worker because of the present structure

of both family and economic life. Therefore, fertility

levels should reflect choices by increasing numbers of

women between the perceived advantages of working

and childbearing. For example, women who highly

value the social interactions, stimulations, and other

psychic benefits of employment or prospective employment might be expected to limit their childbearing either to enter or to remain in the labor force.

It seems likely that the experience of employment,

especially of certain kinds, may alter the relative

value to women of familial versus nonfamilial activities so that fewer children are desired. In addition,

the variety of communications to which employed

women are exposed may be associated with a greater

awareness and acceptance of methods of fertility

control as well as an increased motivation to use these

methods conscientiously.

From this perspective, the timing of employment

relative to the birth of the first child would be

especially important because preferences for childbearing over other activities are more readily altered

before the birth of the fust child. After the first child

has been born, child care responsibilities may make

certain options unacceptable or not feasible for many

women.d

Related to this line of reasoning is an economic

15

.
perspective that emphasizes the costs and benefits of

children relative to other resources such as consumer

goods and services. With total income constraining

couples from realizing all their desires and choices,

decisions presumably are made on the basis of

perceived costs and benefits to make the maximum

use of family resources, Stated simply, this position

argues that when the perceived costs involved in

bearing a child, including the earnings lost by the

wife’s not working, outweigh the perceived benefits,

women are more likely to emphasize their roles as

workers and consequently to postpone or limit their

roles as parents. An important factor from this

perspective is the extent to which the wife’s actual or

potential income may contribute to the total income

of her family. The higher the ratio of the wife’s

income contribution to that of her husband, the more

likely she should be (theoretically) to choose the role

of worker over that of parent. When the wife’s actual

or potential earnings are high relative to her husband’s, the wife’s employment would appear valuable

from the perspective of household decisionmaking.

The preference for work or childbearing has also

been associated with women’s attitudes toward their

role in society.s By dividing these orientations into

two major types–traditional and modern– the direction of change is believed to be from the former to

the latter. Experiences such as a college education

and premarital employment are viewed as achievements associated with a greater emphasis on a modern

sex-role orientation. Presumably women with this

orientation are more likely than their more traditionally oriented counterparts to view large families

as too costly (beyond solely monetary concerns)

relative to their benefits.

Because of the previously mentioned rationale for

expecting negative associations between employment

and fertility, this report is organized to facilitate an

examination of these associations among currently

married women 15-44 years of age in 1976.

Because educational attainment continues to be

one of the most significant variables related to

differences in fertility, most of the tables in this

report include detailed cross-classifications by level of

education. In addition, the report is organized so that

an examination of employment and fertility relationships by reference to several different measures of

both employment and fertility at different stages in

the process of family development are permitted.

Although this organization is according to certain

theoretical explanations of the relationship between

work and fertility, other explanations may, and

should, be considered by the reader. Patterns of

family growth are often complex and result from

many interacting factors. Even when a particular

variable, such as employment, is related to family

growth in a theoretically predictable manner, inferences about causality must be made cautiously.

16
Labor force participation and

family formation variables

Age at first marriageand premarital

employment status

The possible associations bet ween labor force

participation and family formation begin with premarital employment status and age at first marriage.

Conditions associated with age at marriage are potentially important for shaping the sequence by which

women become involved in the labor force relative to

childbearing. Women who marry at an early age have

less time for premarital employment, while women

who delay marriage until later have greater opportunities for developing occupational interests and

achieving financial independence. Thus it seems likely

that the opportunities for premarital employment

and its corresponding lifestyle afforded by delayed

marriage are implicated in the associations between

premarital employment and age at first marriage

shown in table A.

Employment prior to marriage was associated

clearly with a later age at first marriage. For all races,

ages, and educational levels combined, women who

worked before marriage were much less likely to

marry before 19 years of age than women who had

not (26.6 versus 62.6 percent, respectively). This

same pattern appears in the data for white and black

women separately.

Having been employed prior to marriage was also

associated with later age at marriage within virtually

all of the educational categories. The size of the

differences in age at marriage by premarital employment status was affected, however, by the level of

educational attainment. The maximum differences in

age at marriage were obtained from the combined

effects of education and premarital employment.

Early first marriages occurred most often among

women with less than a complete high school

education who had never been premaritally employed. In contrast, the subgroup characterized by

the smallest percent married before 19 years of age

consisted of women with 4 years or more of college

who had been employed prior to marriage.

The previously mentioned patterns are revealed in

greater detail in table 1, which lists percent distributions of currently married women by specific ages at

first marriage, according to age and education. To

illustrate, among young women with a high school

education, the proportion married by 17 years of age

was approximately one-fourth as great for those who

had been premantally employed as for those who had

not been so employed. Another example from the

same table shows that younger college graduates

(15-29 years of age) who were employed prior to

marriage, in contrast with their counterparts who

were not, exhibited significantly greater proportions

of women who were tirst married at 22 years of age

and over.

Number of children ever born

premarital emp[oj’meni status. -Associations between premarital employment status and age at

marriage may also be reilected in relationships between premarital employment status and the number

of children ever born. This association exists because

women who marry in their earlier years are generally

characterized by longer marital durations, higher

fecundity. and an increased probability of having

experienced a premarital pregnancy.G Because of

these and other complexities, the reader is cautioned

about drawing conclusions regarding the causal ordering of relationships between labor force participation

and the family formation variables.

Table 2 shows the association between premarital

employment status and the number of children ever

born. Within most age and educational categories,

childlessness was more prevalent among wives with

premarital employment than among those without

such employment. For each of the educational

categories except elementary school, for example,

more wives 15-29 years of age who had been

prematitally employed, compared with their counterparts who had not been so employed, were at zero

parity. The difference among women with 4 years or

17
more of college, however, was not statistically significant. Among wives 30-44 years of age, who had had a

longer time in which to have children, more premaritally employed than not employed women were

either childless or the parents of only one child. For

example, 15.6 percent of the premaritally employed

women in this age group with at least 4 years of

college were childless, in contrast with only 3.8

percent of those not employed. Larger percents of

women 30-44 years of age without premarital employment, compared with their counterparts who had

been employed, had borne five or more children.

Employment status since first marriage. –Most

studies of employment and fertility emphasize marital employment, which is very salient to cumulative

fertility among samples of married women. Marital

employment, however, has several different aspects

potentially related to different levels of childbearing.

One of these aspects is employment status since first

marriage. To be classified as employed since first

marriage wives must have been continuously employed, either part-time or full-time, for at least 6

months subsequent to their first marriage. All others

are classified as “never employed since first marriage.” Table B shows the average number of children

ever born to women in these two marital employment

categories.

Because the criterion of marital employment used

is not very restrictive, the majority of wives fell into

the “employed” category. Never having been employed since first marriage was nonetheless characteristic of approximately 15.6 percent of all currently

married wives 15-44 years of age (computed from

table 3). Among women 30-44 years of age (as table

B shows), never having been employed since first

marriage was associated with a larger average number

of children ever born. This pattern held for this age

group across each of the five separate educational

categories (although it was not statistically significant

for some of them). For instance, women 30-44 years

of age with 4 years or more of college who had been

employed since first marriage had given birth to an

average of 0.56 fewer children than their counterparts

who had never been employed since first marriage.

For women under 30 years of age, however, whose

childbearing was less likely to have been completed,

the relationships between employment status and

number of children were less consistent.

Cumulative fertility is also shown by employment

status since first marriage and age at first marriage in

table 3. These data show that within both the

younger and the older age categories, among women

who married at 19 years of age and over, higher

proportions of women with employment since first

marriage than women without such employment were

still at zero parity, although not all of those differences were statistically significant. Among wives 30

years of age and over, having fewer than two children

was more common among women who married late

(19 years of age and over) and were employed after

marriage than among women in other combinations

of marital employment and marriage-age categories.

Conversely, in the same age g-oup having five or more

children was associated with early marriage (18 years

of age and under) and never having been employed

subsequently.

Cwren t labor force status. –Of the various measures of female employment used in the study of

fertility and work relationships, current labor force

participation probably has been the most prevalent.

The U.S. Bureau of the Census, for example, has long

provided statistical data to document that currently

employed women have had consistently lower fertility than women who were not currently employed.T Furthermore, evidence suggests that the

inverse relationship between work and fertility is

strongest during the earlier rather than the later stages

of family formation.g Table C, which lists the mean

number of children ever born to married women by

current labor force status, supports this contention.

Approximately 49.2 percent of all currently

married women 15-44 years of age were in the labor

force in 1976 (computed from table 4). For all races

and educational levels within this population, wives

who were currently in the labor force had given birth

to an average of 1.8 children compared with an

average of 2,3 children ever born to wives who were

not currently in the labor force (table C). Among

white wives the fertility differences by employment

status were especially noteworthy for the most highly

educated women in the earlier stages of the family

life cycle (15-29 years of age). For example, young

wives with 4 years or more of college who were in the

labor force had an average of 0.8 fewer children than

their counterparts who were not in the labor force

(0.4 and 1.2 children, respectively). This same pattern

persists in a greatly attenuated form among wives

30-44 years of age.

Table 4, which shows the percent distributions of

currently married women by number of children ever

born and current employment status, permits a more

detailed examination of differences in childbearing by

labor force participation. The average cumulative

fertility differences by employment status among

wives reflected in table C are shown in table 4 as

resulting from the higher proportions of employed

women who were childless and lower proportions at

every other parity when compared with women who

were not employed. Differences in the prevalence of

childlessness between wornen employed and not

employed were very large in some age-education

groups. To illustrate, 72.2 percent of the currently

employed wives in the youngest age category (15-29

years) with 4 years or more of college had not yet

given birth to a child. Within the same age and

educational category, however, only 26.6 percent of

18
the wives who were not in the labor force were

childless. Generally similar findings are also shown for

women 30-44 years of age.

The age at which women marry is related to their

subsequent patterns of fertility by marriage duration:

earlier marriage means longer durations of marriage,

and longer marital durations are associated with

longer durations at risk of marital fertility. Thus

the association between not being employed and

having high fertility may be explained by early

marriage among women who are not employed. The

question, then, is whether associations between employment status and cumulative fertility can be found

among categories of wives who married within the

same age range. Table 5 addresses this question.

Regardless of current labor force status, the age at

which women first marry is related to their cumulative fertility. For wives under 30 years of age, the

relationship of marriage after reaching age 23 to the

likelihood of being childless, for example, is strong.

The combinations of age at first marriage and current

employment status are especially interesting, however, because of the large differentials in fertility

revealed by these cross-classifications. Thus 71.9

percent of the younger wives who married at 23 years

of age or more and who were currently in the labor

force had borne no children. In sharp contrast, only

16,3 percent of wives the same age who married

before 19 years of age and were not currently

employed were childless. Moreover, large differences

persist among wives 30-44 years of age in the labor

force who married at 23 years of age or over and

among those not in the labor force who married at 18

years of age or under (28.7 and 3.3 percent,

respectively).

Wives’ contributions to family incomes. -The

concept of “opportunity costs” has been used frequently to explain the lower fertility found among

employed wives, especially among career or professional women. Opportunity costs are composed of

the wages or salaries that women would presumably

forego by having children instead of working. The

basic hypothesis, therefore, is that the greater the

opportunity costs, the more likely women would be

to enter the labor force and to have relatively low

fertility. A related concept is “relative income,” or

the proportion of total family income that is contributed or might be contributed by an employed

wife. Again, presumably, the greater the wife’s

contribution to total family income relative to that of

the husband, the greater the opportunity costs of the

wife’s staying out of the labor force in order to bear

and rear children. Several studies of relative income

contributions have provided support for this presumption.g Table D, which is limited to wives

currently in the labor force, is directed toward this

reasoning.

These data clearly show that cumulative fertility

for all educational levels combined was related to the

ratio of wives’ employment income to their total

family income: the higher the relative income, the

lower the fertility. Among white wives, for instance,

an average difference of 1.0 children ever born was

found between those contributing less than 25

percent to their total family income and those

contributing 50 percent or more (figure 2). For the

younger white wives (15-29 years of age) this

association between higher relative income contributions and lower fertility was significant only among

those with at least some college education. Among

the white wives 30-44 years of age, however, where

the duration of time had been sufficient to allow for

the greatest variability in both childbearing and

income, the average number of children was smaller

among wives whose earnings provided at least half

the family income in all education categories beyond

elementary school.

The percent distributions of currently married

women in the labor force by number of children ever

born and relative income contributions are shown in

table 6. The lower parity wives (O-1) are shown to

have been disproportionately prevalent among families in which the wives contributed the highest

proportions to their total family income. Generally,

this same pattern was maintained among wives

regardless of educational attainment levels. Collectively, then, these data show an inverse relationship

between the ratio of wives’ incomes to their total

family incomes and their cumulative fertility as of

1976: the greater the relative contribution of a wife’s

income to her family’s income, the lower her cumulative fertility.

Emplo.t7ment status within birth integrals. -

Family formation may be viewed as a process in

which fertility behavior at any particular time is the

result of previous events and circumstances and of

new events and reevaluations as the process unfolds.

Observed associations between measures of current

employment and fertility such as current labor force

participation and the number of children ever born

do not reveal employment and fertility relationships

that might have existed at earlier junctures. The

successive intervals between births may be viewed as

examples of such junctures. More specifically, labor

force participation within each successive birth interval may be related to the likelihood of reaching a

given level of cumulative childbearing.

Tables 7-9 deal with associations between labor

force participation and cumulative fertility among

wives who were either employed or not employed in

their first, second, or third birth intervals. Wives who

were employed between marriage and first birth,

compared with wives who were not, were more likely

to have borne only one child (table 7). The likelihood

of having five children or more was also associated

with labor force experience in the fiist birth interval.

19
For example, 13.0 percent of wives without employment in the first birth interval, in contrast with 6.2

percent of those who were employed, had reached a

fertility level of five children or more ever born.

Comparable associations between labor force participation and fertility were found in the second and

third birth intervals (tables 8 and 9). At each level of

childbearing through the third child, then, women

who had been in the labor force prior to the birth of

their first, second, or third child had a smaller

number of children ever born at the time of the

interview compared with women who had not been in

the labor force during these birth intervals. Generally,

these findings applied to women 30-44 years of age

within most levels of educational attainment, although some of the differences were not statistically

significant. Among younger women, the employment

differentials in fertility within education groups were

smaller, less consistent, and less reliable.

Length of birth intervals

Premarital employment status. –Having been continuously employed either part-time or full-time for

at least 6 months prior to first marriage was shown

previously to be associated with both age at marriage

and the number of children ever born. These relationships, however, may be explained by other variables

such as fecundity, educational attainment, and premarital pregnancy. For example, becoming pregnant

while still in school and prior to marriage and then

carrying the pregnancy through gestation to a successful parturition after marriage obviously lessens the

time during which premarital employment might

occur. In addition, women who enter the labor force

prior to marriage, in comparison with women who do

not, tend to have completed more years of schooling

(see table 1) and, presumably, to have experienced

greater opportunities to develop occupational and

other extrafamilial interests. Thus the opportunities

for premarital employment afforded by not becoming

pregnant (or by terminating an unwanted pregnancy),

as well as the orientations in lifestyle implied by

higher levels of education and employment prior to

marriage, are implicated in the associations between

premarital employment and the length of the first

birth interval shown in table 10.

Among currently married women with at least

one child ever born, those who were employed before

marriage, in contrast with those who were not, were

more likely to have a long interval (24 months or

more) between marriage and first birth. (Note that

women whose first birth was before marriage were

not included in this table. ) The shortest first birth

interval, less than 8 months after the first marriage,

may be considered an imperfect index of pregnancies

premaritally conceived. On the basis of this index,

wives who had been employed prior to marriage were

less likely than those who had not been employed to

have borne first children who were conceived prior to

marriage. The same difference was found for most

age-education categories, although some of the differences in these more detailed categories were not

statistically significant.

Marital employment status prior to the first

birth. –Approximately 60.5 percent of the currently

married women 15-44 years of age with at least one

child ever born had been employed continuously for

6 months or more during the interval between

marriage and the birth of the first child. Table E

shows the percent of fertile women with an interval

of less than 12 months between marriage and birth.

For all races, ages, and educational levels, women

who were employed between their marriage and the

birth of their first child, compared with women who

were not so employed, were more likely to have a

first birth interval of 12 months or more. Having been

employed between marriage and the birth of the first

child was more strongly associated than educational

attainment with the length of the first birth interval.

To illustrate, for the younger white wives (15-29

years of age) with 4 years or more of college, the

percents with short first birth intervals for women

who had been employed and for women who had not

been employed were 10.0 and 63.6, respectively. This

differential is greater than those obtained between

the lowest and the highest levels of education within

either category of employed or not employed. Comparisons by other race, age, and educational groupings

show similar results. Women whose first birth was

within 6 months after marriage could not be employed in that interval; because they also had short

birth intervals, this biased the relationship.

The previously mentioned findings are also reflected in the percent distributions of first births by

the length of the first birth interval, according to

employment status between marriage and first birth

(table 11). Approximately 44.7 percent of the first

births among all women who were employed between

marriage and the birth of their first child occurred 24

months or more after marriage. By contrast, only

14.2 percent of the first births among women who

were not employed during the first birth interval

occurred after the first 2 years of marriage. The most

striking pattern of delayed childbearing is revealed

among college graduates under 30 years of age who

had been employed in the first birth interval: 69.8

percent of them had given birth to their first child

after a marital duration of 2 years or more.

Employment status in the second birth interval. –

Among all currently married women 15-44 years of

age with at least two children ever born, 29.9 percent

had been employed for 6 months or more during the

interval between the first and the second birth

(computed from table 12). For those wives who had

been employed during that time, 26.8 percent had

20
their second child less than 2 years after the birth of

their first child. In comparison, 48.6 percent of the

wives who were not employed during the second

birth interval had their second child within 23

months following their first birth. The data in table

12 reveal comparable employment differentials in the

frequency of short intervals among wives within all

age-education categories, although some of those

differences are not statistically significant.

In summary, employment before marriage as well

as marital employment in both the first and second

birth intervals was strongly associated with a pattern

of delayed childbearing. This pattern was generally

found among currently married women of all races

and ages, within all levels of educational attainment.

Expected family size

The previous sections of this report have dealt

with associations between various measures of labor

force participation and fertility as measured by the

number of- children ever born and the length of

intervals between births. The observed relationships

between employment and fertility variables necessarily included wives who were in varying stages of

the family-forming process. Collectively, the respective analyses of children ever born and birth intervals

by employment variables indicated that female labor

force participation was strongly associated with patterns of lower cumulative fertility and delayed

childbearing.

A remaining question is the extent to which labor

force participation variables may be related to eventual completed family size. A definitive answer would

require a sample of women who were no longer at

risk of additional childbearing. The use of total

expected family size, however, may serve as a proxy

measure of completed family size. Beyond the obvious use of tapping fertility differentials by a

measure likely to be close to actual completed family

size, the use of prospective fertility also permits the

examination of an idea frequently put forward in

studies of work and fertility. That is, women who

become most involved in their occupational roles, and

who, because of their work commitments, skills, and

incomes, have the highest opportunity costs if they

forego employment for childbearing, should also

expect the smallest completed family size.lo This

idea is examined in the following discussions of

expected family size by current labor force participation, the nature of the employment, and the contributions that employed wives make to their total

family incomes.

In interpreting differences in total expected

family size, it should be noted that the measure has

two components: children ever born at time of

interview and additional expected births. Children

ever born is a fixed, well-known quantity, with little

measurement-,error; additional expected births, on the

other hand, IS often uncertainly known and changeable, and therefore subject to considerably more

measurement error. As women progress through the

life cycle, total expected family size is constituted

more by children ever born and less by additional

expected births. Therefore, more measurement error

exists in total expected family size among younger

women than among older women, and findings about

total expected family size can be presented with

greater confidence among older women than among

younger women.

Current labor force participation. –In 1976 currently married women 15-44 years of age expected to

have an average completed family size of 2.6 children

(table F). Wives who were in the labor force and

those who were not expected average completed

families of 2,5 and 2.8 children, respectively (figure

3). The difference in average expected family size

between black wives in the labor force (3.0) and

those not in the labor force (3.5)’ was about 0.5

children, and the difference between these respective

averages for white wives (2.5 and 2.8) was about 0.3

children. By most combinations of race, age, and

education, the data in table F show a pattern of lower

expected family size for wives who were in the labor

force compared with wives who were not, although

some of the differences are not statistically significant.

Fertility had been declining in the years before

the survey among virtually all segments of the

population,ll and this trend toward lower fertility is

clearly reflected in the differences in expected family

size by age shown in table F. Within most categories

of educational attainment, and among wives who

were in as well as out of the labor force, younger

women ( 15-29 years of age) expected to have a

considerably smaller completed family size than their

older counterparts (30-44 years of age). The greater

fertility among women 30 years of age and over

might be expected to reveal more substantial differentials by labor force participation, which the

data show. Large fertility differences by labor force

participation among women in this age group are

found within the two extremes of educational attainment. White working wives 30-44 years of age with

the lowest (elementary school) level of education had

an average expectation of 0.5 fewer children than

their counterparts not in the labor force: also, white

working wives 30-44 years of age with the highest

level of education (4 years or more of college)

expected 0.5 fewer children than their nonemployed

counterparts. Large differences in expected family

size by labor force participation were also found

among black wives.

Being in the labor force was associated with very

low expected family size among the most highly

educated, younger wives. The distributions of total

21
expected family size (table 13) among wives less than

30 years of age, for example, show that 18.2 percent

of those who had 4 years or more of college and who

were in the labor force expected to have fewer than

two children. In contrast, only 8.9 percent of the

wives who were in the same age and education

category, but who were not in the labor force,

expected to have a comparably small completed

family size.

Additional data on the distributions of expected

family size indicate that current labor force status

also is associated with sharp fertility differentials

among wives who were first married at 23 years of

age or over (table 14). Among women 30-44 years of

age who first married after reaching age 23, wives

who were in the labor force, as compared with those

who were not, expected to have fewer children.

However, labor force status was not associated with

any difference in expected family size among wives

30-44 years of age who married at under 19 years of

age.

Occupational category. –Previous studies of employment and fertility have provided some support

for the idea that more gratifying work is associated

with lower fertility. Generally this support has come

from findings that women who worked because they

wanted to work expected to have fewer children than

women who worked because of perceived economic

necessity.lz The implication, therefore, is that not

s only being employed but also the nature of that

employment might be associated with differential

fertility. Table G permits a partial exploration of this

question.

Grouping occupational categories into professional (including managerial and technical), sales and

clerical, and blue collar (including craftsmen, operatives, and all others), and limiting the population to

women currently in the labor force, professionally

employed and sales women, compared with wives in

blue collar jobs, expected to have smaller average

completed family size. For all races and educational

levels combined, professionally employed wives expected to have 0.4 fewer children than their counterparts employed in blue collar occupations. Overall

differences in expected family size by occupational

category were striking among black wives, where

those in blue collar and professional occupations

expected an average completed family size of 3.4 and

2.6 children, respectively.

When examined within age and education categories, however, the data do not show the fertility of

blue collar workers to be consistently higher. In some

categories wives employed in blue collar occupations

reported lower levels of expected fertility than wives

in either of the other two occupational classifications.

Wives’ con tributions to family incomes. –Approximately one-fourth of all currently married

women 15-44 years of age who were in the labor

force in 1976 contributed as much or more than their

husbands to their total family incomes. As noted

earlier, the greater the wife’s contribution to family

income relative to the contribution of her husband,

the lower the average number of children ever born.

Thus the relative incomes of wives and husbands have

been associated with the opportunity costs that

couples would presumably incur by the wife’s staying

out of the labor force to bear a child or additional

children. Table H and table 16 examine this premise

in relation to total expected family size.

For all races, ages, and educational levels combined, the expected family size reported by wives

who contributed less than 25 percent, between 25

and 49 percent, and 50 percent or more to their

family incomes averaged 2.7, 2.5, and 2.3 children,

respectively (table H). An average difference of 0.4

expected children separated women in the lowest

from those in the highest relative income categories.

This difference compared with an average difference

for the same income categories of 0,8 children ever

born (table D).

Among the younger white wives (15-29 years of

age), most differences in expected family size by

relative income contributions were small and inconsistent. Regardless of the magnitude of their income

contributions to their families, most younger white “

wives in the labor force expected to have relatively

small families. The sharp differences in children ever

born between relative income groups which. were

noted previously (table D) among white wives with

the highest levels of education indicate differences in

the timing and spacing of births, not in the total

expected family size.

The older white wives, in contrast with those

under 30 years of age, reported significant differences

by relative income contributions in both the number

of children ever born and expected family size. For

example, white wives who completed high school and

whose employment contributed less than 25 percent

to their family incomes, expected 3.0 children, in

contrast with 2.4 children expected by their ccmnterparts who contributed 50 percent or more (table H)

to their family income. The data for black wives were

less consistent, although the sample size withir~ some

combinations of income and education does not

permit reliable estimates. Nonetheless, a very low

average expected family size (2.5) among older black

wives was reported by those with both the highest

educational attainment and the highest percent of

total family income from the wife’s earnings.

22
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Printing Office, Jan. 1978.

15National Center for Health Statistics: National Survey of

Family Growth, Cycle H: Sample design, estimation procedures, and variance estimation, by W. R. Grady. Vifal and

Health Stafisfics. Series 2-No. 87. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)

81-1361. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government

Printing Office, Feb. 1981.

16National Center for Health Statistics: Statistics needed for

national policies related to fertility: A report of the United

States National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics.

Vital and Healfh Sfafisfics. Series 4-No. 18. DHEW Pub. No.

(PHS) 78-1455. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S.

Government Printing Office, Jan. 1978. pp. 100-149.

17National Center for Health Statistics: Selected demographic

characteristics of teenage wives and mothers, by S. Millman

and W. D. Mosher. Advance Data From Vifal and Health

Statistics, No. 61. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 80-1250, Public

Health Service. Hyattsville, Md., Sept. 26, 1980.

23
List of detailed tables

1. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by age at first marriage, according

to premarital employment status, age, and education: United

States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born,

according to premarital employment status, age, and education:United States, 1976.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born,

according to employ mentstatus since first marriage, age, and

ageatfirst marriage: United States, 1976 . . ., . . . . . . . . .

4. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born,

according to current labor force status, age, and education:

UnitedStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Number and percent distribution of currently married

womeo 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born,

according to current labor force status, age, and age at first

marriage: UnitedStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age in the labor force by number of

children ever born, according to percent of family Income

from wife’semployment, age, and education: United States,

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. Number andpercent distribution of currently married, fertile

women 1544 years of age by number of children ever born,

according to employment status in the first birth interval,

age,andeducation: UnitedStatas,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age with at least 2 children by total

number of children ever born, according to employment

status in the second birth interval, age, and education:

United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Number and parcent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age with at least 3 children by total

25

10.

26 11.

27

12.

28

13.

29

14.

30

15.

31

16.

32

number of children ever born, according to employment

status in the third birth interval, age, and education: United

States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married, fertile

women 15-44 years of age by length of the first birth

interval, according to premarital employ mentstatus, age, and

education: UnitedStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age with at least 1 child ever born by

length of the first birth interval, according to employment

status in the first birth interval, age, and education: United

States,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age with at least 2 children ever born

by length of the second birth interval, according to employment status in the second birth interval, age, and education:

UnitedStates, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by total expected family size,

according to current labor force status, age, and education:

UnitedStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age by total expected family size,

according to current labor force status, age, and age at first

marriage: UnitadStates,1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age in the labor force by total

expected family size, according to occupation, age, and

education: United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number and percent distribution of currently married

women 15-44 years of age in the labor force by total

expected family size, according to percent of family income from wife’s employment, age, and education:

United States, 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

24
Tablel. Number and percent distribution of currently married women 15-44 years ofageby ageatfimt marria~,laccording to premarital employ mentstatus, age,

and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based ana sample of the household population of theconterminous Unitad Statas. Seeappendixes for discussion of thesample design, estimates of

sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number Age at first marriage

of

Employment sfatus, age, and education women 17 26

in All years 78 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 years

thou- wvmen yeafa years years years yeara yeacs yeera

sands 1:s

years or

more

EVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

15-44 years

Alleducational levels2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school, 8years orless . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

1544 years

All educational levels2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Elementary school, 8yeamorless . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12yeacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15yeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsor more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school, 8yeamorless . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collega,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044years

Elementary school, 8years orless . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011egs,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yeareormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution

18,471

767

2,184

9,600

3,212

2,678

198

847

4,292

1,529

1,239

569

1,336

5,308

1,683

1,439

6,759

946

1,824

2,447

701

842

318

888

1,305

385

392

628

936

1,142

316

45iJ

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

10.8

29.9

36.1

8.9

●3.1

*1.3

*28.6

40.6

8.1

●1.3

‘0.4

30.4

33.1

9.6

‘4.7

+2.1

43.1

63.1

68.9

36.2

20.9

●4.2

77.1

75.5

32.6

‘ 17.3

●4.5

55.9

62.6

40.3

●25.5

“4.0

15.8

‘17.8

21.7

19.7

10.2

*2.9

● 16.9

25.1

21.1

●10.9

2.5

●18.1

19.5

18.5

●9.5

‘3.2

19.5

‘11.2

14.8

32.1

‘ 14.4

“5.9

● 10.2

“12.7

37.9

‘14.5

●4.4

“11.7

16.9

25.5

●14.2

●7.1

16.4 14.7

● 14.4 ●6.6

11.6 10.9

21.0 16.2

17.0 18.4

●3.7 10.4

●19.3 ●1O.O

*1 2.5 ●11.8

25.3 18.5

20.5 21.2

‘4.7 +14.3

●12.7 ● 5.4

●11.1 ● 10.4

17.4 14.4

●13.8 15.8

‘2.8 +7.1

.

12.3 6.4

● 3.9 ●4.1

6.4 3.1

17.4 ●5.1

28.2 ● 16.4

*5.7 ●11.4

‘0.5 ● 5.3

●5.2 ●1.7

18.8 ●4.3

32.4 ●19.2

“4.0 ●13.3

●5.5 +3.4

●7.5 *4.3

15.8 “6.0

“22.9 ● 12.8

●7.2 ● 9.8

13.1

●7.9

●8.3

12.7

17.5

14.8

●3.7

‘4.9

11.2

19.5

21.5

‘9.4

‘1O.6

13.9

15.7

‘8.9

7.6

●3 .8

●2.0

●3.7

8.1

35.2

*3.8

●2.5

●3.2

●7.6

40.0

●3.7

●1.6

+4.1

●8.7

31.0

9.8

●4.4

*2.5

6.9

14.1

22.0

●10.7

“2.0

7.0

*12.7

23.6

●2.3

●2.9

6.9

15.4

20.6

4.4

●3.4

*1.1

‘1.8

●5.3

19.7

0.9

1.3

5.5

17.2

●5.2

●1.2

“2.3

● 5.0

●21 .8

6.3

●1.3

*2.3

4.7

●6.6

16.2

*1.5

‘4.4

“5.0

16.5

*1.8

*2.8

●4.9

●8.2

● 16.9

2.4

●2.5

“0.9

●1.3

●4.9

“6.7

●2.5

+0.3

+0.1

●2.7

“7.0

●2.5

+1.5

●2.8

+7.7

●6.4

3.6

‘3.1

●1.8

●2.9

‘3.5

●8.O

●3.7

‘0.9

●2.4

“4.1

‘8.0

“2.9

●2.5

*3.2

“3.0

“8.0

*0.9

‘0.5

‘0.5

‘0.3

‘0.3

●4.7

● 0.2

“0.1

‘0.1

“0.2

“5.4

●0.7

●0.9

“0.5

“0.5

●4.2

2.6

‘3.8

“0.8

*2.2

‘3.7

●4.1

●7.O

‘0.2

‘1.3

*2.2

“3.0

●2.7

“1.2

*2.8

●5.1

*5.2

+1.0

‘1.6

‘0.6

‘0.1

●1.O

*3.4

●0.2

“0.8

‘0.3

‘2.0

‘2.4

‘0.4

●2.3

●4.6

6.9

*10.7

*3.8

5.0

●5.9

16.6

●0.6

●0.7

●2.7

●5.5

* 14.3

●5.9

8.5

*8.8

26.2

2.4

* 5.9

‘1.7

‘2.0

‘0.5

‘3.1

●0.3

*1.5

●0.6

‘2.3

●8.9

●3.1

●2.7

‘0.3

●3.9

?Excl”de~ women ~hosefirst bimh occurred before first marria9e.

21ncl”d= ~omewome” whose educational level was nOt ascertained.

25
Table2. Number and percent distribution ofcurrently married women 15-44 years ofageby number ofchildren ever born,1 according to premarital

employ mentstatus, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a $amPleof thehousehold population ofthaconterminous tinitad States. Saeappandixes fordiscussion of the sample design,

estimates of Sampling variability, and definitions of tarms]

Number of Children ever born

Employment status, age, and education

women

in All o 1 2 3 4

5 or

thousands women more

EVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsoriess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Ek?mentaryschool, 8yeareorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementaryschool,8yearaorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

16-44 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29yeara

Elementaryschool, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 yeare

Elementaryschool,8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearaormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

767

2,184

9,600

3,212

2,678

198

847

4,292

1,529

1,239

569

1,336

5,308

1,683

1,439

946

1,824

2,447

701

642

318

888

1,305

385

392

628

936

1,142

316

450

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

*9.O

12.9

16.7

24.4

33.8

‘13.1

*23.2

30.2

40.5

54.8

‘7.5

*6.4

*5.7

*9.7

15.6

*7.O

* 7.9

12.6

‘14.2

23.6

*15.1

●1 3.2

19.3

‘23.1

46.5

*2.9

*2.9

* 5.0

*3.4

*3.8

*16.3

23.6

21.5

22.6

21.3

“36.6

35.4

34.8

33.7

27.1

*9.2

16.1

10.7

12.5

16.3

*1 2.4

22.1

25.6

20.6

17.5

*19.6

36.0

36.1

32.1

26.0

‘8.8

‘8.8

13.5

●6.7

*10. I

20.3

26.2

29.1

26.3

26.9

‘24.0

29.6

26.9

22.2

*14.O

*I 9.0

24.0

30.9

30.1

38.0

23.5

20.0

30.2

36.3

37.8

*28.6

23.5

32.9

35.8

‘24.1

20.8

16.7

27.1

37.0

49.7

22.9 ‘13.5

16.3 *8.O

18.6 7.6

16.9 *7.O

12.8 *3.3

*21 .7 *3.9

*9.7 *1.5

*6.9 *1.1

*3.2 ‘0.4

*3.2 “0.4

23.4 *I 6.9

20.5 12.1

28.1 12.9

29.4 13.1

21.1 *5.7

21,9 *11.8

20.2 *1 2.0

15.2 10.0

*14.5 ‘9.4

*1 4.2 *3.1

* 24.8 *5.5

18.8 *6.1

*8.8 *2.3

●8.9 +0.2

*3.4 -

20.5 *15.O

21.6 17.6

22.4 18.8

*21.3 ‘20.5

23.6 *5.8

18.0

13.1

6.5

*2.7

*2.O

*0.7

*0.6

*0. I

*O .4

24.0

20.9

11.8

+5.1

*3.3

23.4

17.7

*6.4

“5.0

*3.7

*6.3

*2.3

*0.5

32.0

32.4

13.1

‘11.1

*7.O

!Excl”d= Wme”whO~e first bi~h occurred bafOrefirst marria9a.

26
Table3. Number and percent distribution of currently married women 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born,l according to

employ mentstatus since first marria~, a@, andageat fimtmarria~: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based cm asample of thehwseholdp opulationof thecOnterminws United Statas. Saaappendixes fwdiscussionof the sample design,

estimatas of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number of Children ever born

Employment status since first marriage, wvmen

aw, and age at first marriage in All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

thousands wnmen more

EVER EMPLOYED SINCE FIRST MARRIAGE

1544 years

Married atage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 yeara

Marriedatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Marriedatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED SINCE FIRST MARRIAGE

15-44 years

Marriedatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044years

Marriedatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,805

11,307

3,765

3,328

5,508

1,174

4,478

5,799

2,591

1,922

1,694

612

1,216

965

141

705

728

471

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

11.1 19.2 26.6

21.7 20.6 29.6

32.8 21.0 25.5

21.8 32.9 29.9

38.3 30.8 25.0

61.2 22.5 +13.3

●3.2 9.0 24.2

* 5.9 10.8 33.9

19.9 20.3 31.0

13.0 22.2 24.4

15.1 21.4 30.0

●16.1 ●15.8 33.3

20.0 33.3 28.0

25.1 36.4 27.4

‘27.6 46.5 ●20.9

●1.1 ●2.9 18.3

●1.9 *1.5 33.5

* 12.7 ● 6.6 37.1

19.3

16.6

13.8

11.5

●5.5

●2.9

25.1

27.3

18.7

17.4

16.7

22.6

‘12.5

●8.3

*4.5

25.8

27.9

28.0

11.6

5.9

*3.2

●3.O

●0.3

17.9

11.3

‘4.6

11.0

9.4

●6.8

“4.8

*2.2

●0.5

21.8

18.9

●8.6

12.2

5.6

●3.8

“1.0

‘0.1

‘0.1

20.5

10.9

*5.4

11.9

●7.3

●5.3

*1.3

‘0.6

30.2

‘16.2

‘6.9

1Exclud= ~Ome” ~hcj~e fir=t birth occurred befcma first marria9e.

27
Table4. Number and percent distribution of currently married women 1544 years of age by number of children ever born, according to current

labor force status, a~, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are basad on asample of theho”sehold pop”laticjnof theco”terminous United States. Seeappandixes fordisc”ssion of thesampledesig”,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Current labor force status, age, and education

Number of Children ever born

women

in All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

thousands women more

CURRENTLY IN LABOR FORCE

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yeara or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H)ghschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l&29years

Elementaryschool,8years orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

H(ghschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementary school, 8 years or less . .

Highschool,9-11 years . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . .

CURRENTLY NOT IN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ABOR FORCE

15J14yeam

Elementaryschool,8yeareorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lega, 13-15year5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collega,16yeam ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool,8yeam orless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 yeara

Elementaryschool,8yeamor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll yearn..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

550

1,785

6,477

2,305

2,360

132

549

2,979

1,191

1,156

418

1,236

3,498

1,113

1,203

1,251

2,680

6,481

1,964

1,563

414

1,389

3,079

879

670

837

1,291

3,402

1,085

893

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

+9.8

13.1

24.0

33.3

44.8

*20.1

28.8

43.3

53.4

72.2

●6.6

●6.2

*7.5

*11.9

18.5

‘7.7

10.4

10.4

13.3

16.2

●12.8

15.7

17.5

21.8

26.6

*4.3

‘4.8

++4.1

*6.4

* 8.4

“15.0

20.1

21.7

19.5

16.3

‘27.7

33.5

33.1

27.0

18.9

●11.O

14.1

12.0

*11.4

*13.8

‘1 2.8

22.4

20.7

21.9

22.6

23.8

33.6

33.4

36.9

35.0

7.4

●I 0.2

9.2

●9.7

*13.4

*17.4 20.3

24.3 16.3

24.0 16.9

23.3 14.9

23.2 11.9

‘17.4 ●17.4

23.7 ‘13.0

18.0 ●4.7

16.7 ‘2.8

●6.6 *1 .9

*17.4 +21 .2

24.6 17.8

29.0 27.4

30.4 27.9

39.1 21.5

24.8 22.1

24.1 19.4

34.2 18.8

34.3 17.7

37.2 15.9

31.9 24.1

30.1 *13.7

37.5 9.6

33.2 7.2

32.0 5.7

21.4 21.0

‘f7.7 25.4

31.3 27.0

35.2 26.3

41.1 23.5

‘18.2

“9.8

6.6

*5.6

‘1.6

“12.0

●0.7

‘0.9

*0. I

*0.5

+20. 1

*13.8

11.5

*11.5

‘2.8

*11.2

*9.6

9.2

*9.5

‘5.7

●3.9

*5.O

‘1.7

*0.7

14.8

14.5

16.0

16.7

●10. I

19.3

16.4

6.8

‘3.4

*2.2

*5.5

‘0.2

●0.O

+0.1

23.7

23.5

12.6

*6.9

*4.4

21.9

14.1

6.6

, ‘3.2

●2.4

●3.5

‘1.8

*0.2

*0.2

*0.7

31.0

27.4

12.5

*5.7

*3.6

28
Table5. Number and percent distribution of currently married women 15-44 years of age by number of children ever born, according to current

labor force status, age, and age at first marriage: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample Of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sample design,

estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number of Children ever born

fabor force status, age, and age at first marriage

women

in All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

thousands women more

CURRENTLY IN I-4BOR FORCE

15-44 years

Married atage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044yeara

Ma;riedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CURRENTLY NOT IN LABOR FORCE

l&44yeara

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l&29years

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage2344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44yeara

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,442

6,611

2,270

1,809

3,320

834

2,633

3,291

1,436

5,277

6,381

2,107

2,734

3,151

475

2,543

3,230

1,632

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

13.3

30.8

44.6

28.9

54.1

71.9

● 2.6

● 7.3

28.7

10.0

10,5

15.5

16.3

17.6

33.3

*3.3

‘3.6

‘10.3

20.8

20.0

17.6

37.7

27.4

17.9

●9.2

12.6

17.5

18.9

21.4

23.1

29.9

36.1

37.9

‘7.1

*7.O

18.8”

23.8

23.8

22.0

21.1

15.0

‘9.1

25.7

32.6

29.4

28.2

35.5

31.4

34.9

36.2

22.0

21.1

34.9

34.1

18.4

15.7

11.0

●9.8

●3.O

●1.1

24.3

28.5

16.7

19.3

17.7

19.3

13.0

8.9

●6.5

26.1

26.2

23.0

11.4

●4.5

*2.5

●2.O

‘0.4

17.9

8.5

●3.9

11.5

8.4

● 5.0

*4.4

‘0.8

‘0.1

19.0

15.8

● 6.4

12.2

*5.2

*2.4

●0.5

‘0.0

20.2

10.5

*3.8

12.0

6.5

●5.7

●1.5

‘0.3

+=0.1

23.4

12.5

“7.3

29
Table6. Number andpercent distribution of currently married women 1544 years of ageinthe labor force by number of children ever born, according to percent

of family income from wife' semployment, age, andaducation: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a samPle of tha housahOld population of tha contarminous Unitad States. See apPandixas for discussion of tha sample design, estimatas

of sampling variability, and definitions of tarms]

Number of Children ever born

Percent of family income from wife k employment,

age, and education

women in

thousands

All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

women more

WIFE’S INCOME LESS THAN 25 PERCENT OF TOTAL

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 18yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

15-29 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schoolr 12years .,..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15yeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WIFE’S INCOME 25-49PERCENTOF TOTAL

1544 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschool,8-ll years .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 18yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WIFE’SINCOME 50PERCENTOF TOTALORMORE

1544years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years ..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schoolr 12years ..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsor more.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,8-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years .,.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

477

1,884

704

387

48

171

679

320

164

110

306

1,205

384

224

138

588

2,388

817

913

55

171

1,148

421

430

83

417

1,240

“396

483

118

399

1,290

432

739

13

159

793

305

452

104

241

496

128

287

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

‘1 2.4

‘1 5.9

14.1

18.9

24.6

‘13.9

37.0

36.7

37.8

48.0

‘11.7

*4.1

‘1.4

●3.2

‘7.4

●14.3

*13.1

29.7

36.5

45.7

25.9

31.0

48.9

56.0

71.4

6.6

5.7

11.9

15.8

22.9

●5.6

‘12.3

33.0

49.6

56.8

+14.4

45.0

66.1

78.1

*6.3

‘11.0

“13.7

●1O.I

●23.3

“1 4.5

*19.5

16.5

19.0

‘15.5

*27.1

36.1

31.5

‘30.8

32.7

*9.O

●10. I

●8.1

*9.2

*2.8

+13.7

‘17.0

21.7

20.7

*1 4.4

25.0

25.3

29.4

30.1

19.9

6.3

13.7

14.6

10.7

9.5

‘13.2

28.2

28.7

20,9

20.3

‘42,1

●4I ,6

35.2

“21 .4

● 15,3

“9.5

‘19.4

‘18.4

‘19.6

●28,2

‘20.2

‘18.2

29.2

34.0

33.2

●20. I

+17.5

25.7

*3 I .2

* 16.4

*20.3

‘18.7

31.2

36.3

45.4

*13.1

30.3

21.5

19.6

25.6

21.3

25.1

17.8

11.7

6.0

7.6

32.4

24.9

27.9

43.0

* 16.0

22.5

19.6

* 15.6

‘12.4

‘11.4

“30.1

‘14.5

*1O.8

*4.2

‘16.5

●1 7.5

27.7

*26.9

●25.2

* 24.4

‘17.2

20.6

20.0

24.4

“27.1

‘9.0

*5.3

*0.3

●2.9

‘23.2

*2 I .8

29.2

36.5

40.1

●11.3

+17.5

13.9

●13.4

*8.3

16.9

3.0

1.9

1.5

18.8

17.7

23.9

25.8

14.3

‘11.2

‘18.4

13.7

*6.9

*7.6

*35.8

*1 3.3

*3.9

“1.7

*2,3

‘8.0

*21.8

29.4

‘19.3

●16.O

“23.8

*9.5

*9.7

●4.6

‘0.7

‘11.7

+0.7

* 29.0

●14.9

14.7

*8.5

‘1.3

●21.6

+9.1

*6.4

*6.6

*2.4

17.3

1.4

0.9

0.2

1.2

24.4

12.3

11,4

13.5

3.4

“11.2

*7.9

●3.4

*4.8

‘1.1

“0.6

*1.3

‘12.6

●12.7

*6.9

●1 6.4

●2.9

*4.7

‘19.7

*9.9

*3.4

“1.7

‘0.4

*6.8

30.4

15.5

*6.3

*2.9

‘26.0

*I 3.0

*6.9

“*3.2

“3.7

‘10.5

0.4

0.2

36.3

18.2

T3.2

6.4

7.0

42.9

+ 10.7

*1.8

*2.3

“7.7

●1 0.7

“0.1

47.0

‘1 7.7

“4.0

*7.8

‘4.4

30
Table7. Number andpercent distribution of currently married, fertilel women 15-Wyears ofageby number ofchildren ever krn,2 according

toemployment status inthefirstbirth interval, age, andedueation: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a Sample Of the household Population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sample

design, estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number Children ever born

Employment ssatus between marriage and first

of

All women

birth, age, and education

women

in with at least 1 2 3 4

5 or

thousands 1 child more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearaor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,6-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementarywhool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschml, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschoolr8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschoolr9-ll years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,8-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011age,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

)

Percent distribution

364

1,137

6,384

1,956

1,919

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

*1 6.2

30.5

29.0

31.0

33.3

●29.8

48.1

53.2

56.7

58.4

●11.8

21.8

14.6

14.4

21.0

16.9

23.0

21.4

25.1

● 18.0

35.0

42.0

42.7

49.5

56.1

●9.9

●9.7

*6.O

*9.9

●3.O

28.4

34.1

35.6

36.9

40.5

53.4

35.1

38.0

37.7

33.4

‘20.4

33.7

34.1

36.5

44.0

21.4

23.3

33.1

35.2

48.3

●24.8

33.3

40.6

41.5

“35.2

20.0

16.4

27.6

31.3

53.5

30.6

17.3

20.0

20.3

20.1

+1 5.3

●13.7

‘7.7

●4.5

●7.3

35.6

19.1

27.3

30.4

26.4

22.7

22.6

23.8

21.7

●16.5

●28.8

16.9

●13.3

●9.O

*5.2

20.3

26.5

31.4

29.7

*20.9

* 5.6

●7.4

8.5

*8.2

‘4.6

‘1.6

●1.6

●1.1

“0.9

●0.8

●6.9

●1O.3

12.9

*12.8

*6.5

16.5

12.6

12.3

●I 3.3

● 5.6

‘6.0

*6.4

*3.O

20.6

17.0

19.1

21.7

●7.9

●19.1

10.6

6.9

●3.7

●1.5

●1.5

‘0.3

‘25.3

*15.1

11.1

● 5.9

*2.2

22.5

18.5

9.4

●4.6

●11.6

● 5.4

+1.4

* 0.4

*3.5

29.1

30.4

15.9

*7.5

*14.8

94

376

2.385

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

-766

633

290 100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

761

4,000

1,190

1,286

954 100.0

100.0

100.0

2,086

3,252

935 100.0

475

265

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

856

1.367

360 100.0

134 100.0

689 100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1,231

1,885

575

341

Iwomenwho have borne atleastl child.

2E~~l~de~ women ~hO~e first birth Occurred before firm marriage.

31
Table8. Number andpercent dlstrlbutlonof currently marnedw omen 15-44 years ofagewith atleast 2children by total number ofchlldren ever

born, according toemployment status lnthe second birth Interval, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are basad on a sample of the household population of the conterminous United States. See appa”dixes for disc”sslon of the sampIe

dasngn, estimates of samoling variabilltv, and definitions of tarmsl

Number Ch!ldren ever born

Employment status between f;rstandsecand birth, of

All women

age, and educat!on women

in WI th at /east 2 3 4

5 or

2 chddren

thousands more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED

15-44 years

Elementary schoolr 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschooi,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years ..,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years ..,.,...

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . ..”111.

College, 16yearsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . .

Hlghschool,9-ll years.... .,.,,,.,,.

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . ., .,, . . . . . . . . .,.,

CO1lege, 13-15years, . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore .,.., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.,

NEVER EMPLOYED

15-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschool,9.11 years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years. .

CO1lege, 13-15years ..,.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore. .

15-29years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,

College, 16yearsormore ..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschool,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution

329

1,068

2,837

904

669

99

362

1,001

249

138

229

706

1,836

655

532

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1,075 100.0

1,893 100.0

5,047 100.0

1,415 100.0

1,154 100.0

226 100.0

546 100.0

1,179 100.0

339 100.0

213 100,0

850 100.0

1,348 100.0

3,867 100.0

1,076 100.0

941 100.0

28.9

45.7

56.0

58.4

70.5

51.7

68.8

80.7

87.0

87.2

“19.1

33.8

42.6

47.5

66.2

28.2

31.0

42.2

48,0

55,2

45.9

54.1

72.1

80.1

75.4

23.5

21.7

33.1

38.0

50.6

33.2

28.8

26.5

26.3

25.0

*33.9

27.8

15,7

*12.4

‘12.8

32.8

29.4

32.4

31.6

28.2

25.2

26.2

30.6

29.5

29.1

36.7

29.6

23.7

●’17.7

‘20.0

22.2

24.8

32.7

33.2

31.1

‘11.6

●8.9

●9.6

●11.2

* 2.6

●8.6

*3.5

‘0.3

“12.9

‘13.4

“12.8

‘15.3

‘3.3

18.8

17,8

14,8

15.1

*9.6

*1O.4

●13.6

●3.7

*1.8

●2.5

21.0

19.5

18.1

19.3

‘11.2

26.3

16.6

‘7.9

●4.1

●1.9

‘ 5.8

*3.4

‘0.1

‘0.3

35.2

23.4

●I 2.2

*5.6

*2.4

27.7

25.0

12.4

+7.3

*6.1

“7.0

‘2.7

‘0.5

+0.4

*2.2

33.2

34.0

16,1

*9.5

‘7.0

32
Table9. Num&rand percent distribution ofcurrently married women 15-44 years ofage withat least 3children by total number of children ever

born, according toamployment status inthethird birth intewalr age, andeducation: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a sample Of tha household population of the conterminous Unitad States. Sae,appe”dixes for discussion of the SamPI.g

design, astimatas ofsampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number Children ever born

Employment status between second and third birth,

of

All women

age, and education

women

in

with at least 3 45 or

thousands 3 children more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elernentaryschool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED

15-44years

Elementary school,8yearsorlaas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C&llege,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryachool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorleS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9.11 years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

275

605

1,266

344

237

48

112

182

15

22

227

493

1,084

329

215

692

1,235

2,675

736

459

119

225

289

65

34

573

1,009

2,386

671

425

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1 Ixl.o

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1CQ.o

100.0

100.0

100.0

46.6

47.5

64.0

62.9

75.7

68.8

80.1

95.8

94.8

100.0

41.8

40.0

58.7

61.5

73.2

31.4

38.1

48.5

57.3

69.9

67.6

65.1

72.9

87.4

86.0

23.9

32.1

45.6

54.4

68.6

●1 5.7

25.1

18.0

28.6

●11.4

*19.3

●8.7

●3.8

“14.9

28.9

20.4

29.8

12.6

28.2

22.7

28.9

28.6

●19.8

‘19.1

●28.5

●25.1

●1O.5

30.1

21.4

29,4

30,4

21.3

37.7

27.4

18.0

●8.5

‘12.9

“12.0

“11.2

‘0.4

5.2

43.2

31.1

21.0

8.7

14.2

40.3

39.2

22.5

‘14.0

“1O.4

“13.3

‘6,3

‘2,0

●2.2

‘ 14.0

46.0

48.6

25.0

“15.2

‘10.1

33
Tabie 10. Num&rand percent distribution ofcurrently married, fertile1 woman 15-44 years ofageby length of the first tirth

interval,2 according topremarital employ mentstatus, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics ara based on a SSmple of the household population of the contarminous Unitad States. See appendixes for disc” sslon of the SamPIe

design, astimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number Length of the first birth interval

of

Employment sratus, age, and education All women

women

in with at o-7 8-11 12-23 24 months

thousands least lchild months months man ths or more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12yaars, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29yaars

Elementaryschool,8yaarsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,8-ll years .,.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years ..,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED BEFORE MARRIAGE

lS44years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

High school,9.11 years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, ?2years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school, 8yaarsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

631

1,716

7,648

2,375

1,755

152

559

2,807

883

558

480

1,159

4,841

1,493

1,197

723

1,441

1,965

530

625

209

661

917

248

197

514

780

1,048

283

428

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

●14.9

24.0

16.9

15.4

9.5

●26.9

26.0

26.3

18.8

+14.5

*11.1

23.1

11.5

13.4

*7.2

16.9

30.3

28.3

30.2

*12.1

●26.9

39,2

34.0

39.2

‘19.7

‘12.8

22.5

23.3

22.2

8.5

24.4

22.0

20.2

17.4

13.1

*I 6.6

13.8

‘14.5

‘13.1

● 7.0

26.8

26.0

23.5

20.0

16.0

32.3

18.1

16.7

*8,3

17.9

42.1

‘16.0

14.6

●2.4

‘9.4

28.2

20.0

18.5

13.5

21.8

32.0

32.8

29.7

28.7

26.1

‘26.2

43.3

26.3

26.8

19.7

33.8

27.6

30.5

29.9

29.1

26.7

31.6

30.0

28.3

21.1

‘18.4

31.3

26.8

* 20.4

●13.9

30.2

31.8

32.9

35.3

24.3

28.7

21.2

33.2

38.4

51.3

“30.3

17.0

30.8

41.3

58.8

28.2

23.3

34.5

36.7

47.7

24.0

20.0

25.0

33.3

49.0

* 12.7

*1 3.4

24.6

38.1

57.0

26.8

25.7

25.4

29.1

45.4

lw~~~”w~oh~”~b~,”~a~la~~tl child.

2Excludes women whose first birth occurred baforefirst marriage,

34
Table Il. Numkrand per@ntdistribution ofcurrently married women 15#years ofa&withatleaHl child ever barn bjflangth of the first birth

interval,l according toemployment status inthefirat birth interval, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are besed on a sample of the household population of tha conterminous United States. See appe”dixaa for discussion of the .sampIe

design, estimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number Length of the first birth interval

-x

Employment status, age, and education

or

women

All women

with at in o-7 8-11 12-23 24 mon ths

thousands least 1 child months months months or more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND

FIRST BIRTH

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryachool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highechool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschool,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lege, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED BETWEEN MARRIAGE

ANDFIRSTBIRTH

1544 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementary school,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schcml,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage,13-15years .,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

384

1,137

6,384

1,956

1,919

94

376

2,385

788

633

290

761

4,000

1,190

1,286

954

2,086

3,252

935

475

265

856

1,367

360

134

689

1,231

1,885

575

341

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1W.o

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

+11.0

16.3

13.7

10.4

‘5.8

#

●15.1

●1 5.6

20.2

*11.6

●8.5

●9.7

16.7

9.8

9.6

4.5

18.1

34.4

30.6

34.5

27.5

31.1

42.1

42.8

48.6

47.9

+1 3.0

28.9

21.8

25.7

‘1 9.4

28.5

13.9

15.8

10.9

11.6

●31 .4

*10.1

10.6

●6.8

“6.1

27.6

15.8

18.9

13.6

14.3

27.3

23.1

26.6

26.0

25.2

30.9

16.7

21.2

● 19.2

●13.2

f

25.9

27.7

30.5

30.4

29.9

25.2

34.8

29.4

30.9

21.9

‘27.4

47.8

28.7

26.4

●15.6

24.5

28.2

29.8

33.8

25.0

31.4

29.8

30.6

22.7

35.5

‘19.8

31.5

26.5

●21 .9

●28.7

35.9

28.7

33.6

23.2

38.2

35.3

35.0

41.2

47.8

60.7

‘26.0

26.5

40.6

55.2

69.8

38.2

39.3

41.5

43.0

56.2

23.2

12.6

12.2

16.7

+11.9

●18.2

9.7

●9.5

‘ 10.3

● 10.3

25.2

14.7

14.2

20.7

●1 2.5

lE~~ludes woma”whose first birth occurred before first marriage.

35
Table 12. Number andparcant distribution ofcurrently married women 15-44years ofagawith atleast 2children ever born bylangth of the

second birth interval, according toemployment status inthe second birth intewal, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics ara based on a sample of the household population of the conterminous Unitad Statas. See appendixes for discussion of the sampla

design, estimatas of sampllng variability, and definitions of terms]

Number

Length of the second birth interval

of

Employment status, age, and aducation women

All woman

with at least 11 months 12-23 in 24-35 36-47 48 months

thousands

2 children or less months months months or more

ever born

EVER EMPLOYED BETWEEN FIRST AND

SECOND BIRTH

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9.11 years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 yaars

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVER EMPLOYED BETWEEN FIRST

ANDSECOND BIRTH

1544 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementary school, 8yaarsor lass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary schoolr 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16vearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

329

1,068

2.837

’904

669

99

362

1,001

249

138

229

706

1,836

655

532

1,075

,893

,047

,415

,154

226

546

,179

339

213

850

1,348

3,867

1,076

941

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

3.7

2.7

3.4

1.3

1.5

*2.5

*2.O

++ 1.2

●5.3

*2.9

*4.2

●1.8

‘1.6

*5.8

‘ 4.9

“3.6

●3.3

*2.4

●5.4

●6.7

‘3.4

*1.7

●2.8

*5.9

‘4.2

*3.6

‘3.8

●2.3

33.7

+21 .5

23.0

‘ 27.6

* 23.5

41.2

25.2

22.1

*22.6

*21.2

30.4

19.6

23.5

29.5

24.1

46.3

51.8

43.2

44.8

39.9

50.6

49.7

31.4

47.8

38.5

45.1

52.7

46.8

43.9

40.3

‘24.7

‘23.0

28.3

‘25.9

‘23.3

‘26.1

* 19.6

29.1

●17.8

* 29.4

●24.1

24.8

27.8

29.0

21.7

25.6

20.5

29.6

29.6

34.8

*19.3

22.0

40.6

29.5

43.9

27.2

19.8

26.3

29.7

32.7

*18.5

20.6

19.5

22.9

‘26.8

‘ 28.8

27.5

22.0

*27.8

“27.0

●1 4.0

17.1

18.1

21.0

26.7

*1 0.7

11.5

13.7

*12.7

*13.5

*16.5

‘9.9

16.8

13.2

‘9.9

‘9.1

●1 2.1

12.7

“12.5

14.4

“19.4

32.1

25.8

22.4

“ 24.9

●3.9

25.2

24.8

31.9

*2 I .3

‘ 26.2

35.6

26.3

18.8

25.9

+11.7

11.3

9.9

●9.6

●9.4

‘8.2

●11.6

*7.7

●7.7

‘ 5.0

“1 2.7

*11.2

10.6

+10.2

●1 0.3

36
Table 13. Numbarand percent distribution of currently married women 15+years ofageby total expected family size, according tocurrent labor

force status, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are based on a samPie Of the housahold population of the contarminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sampla

dasign, astimates of sampling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number of Total expected family size

Current labor force status, age, and education women in

thousands All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

women more

CURRENTLY IN LABOR FORCE

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1lage, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschooi,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ccdlege,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ega,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CURRENTLY NOT IN LABOR FORCE

15-44 years

Elementary school, 8yaarsor lass. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CO1laga, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collage, 16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years ...,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elamentaryschool, 8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,8-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution

550

1,785

6,477

2,305

2,360

132

549

2,979

1,191

1,158

418

1,236

3,498

1,113

1,203

1,251

2,680

6,481

1,964

1,563

414

1,389

3,079

879

670

837

1,291

3,402

1,085

893

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

●1.9

● 2.2

●2.3

●3.5

‘8.2

“4.1

● 2.6

●3.5

‘ 7.7

●2.6

●1.4

●2.2

●3.4

‘8.8

●1.3

●1.1

●1.2

●1.2

“ 2.6

‘0.4

●1.3

●1.1

●1.7

●5.2

‘1.7

●0.7

●1.3

●0,7

‘0.9

+11.2

911.3

12.4

12.4

10.7

●10.7

+ 14.9

14.6

●14.3

+1 0.5

+11.4

●9.9

10.7

●1O.5

●I 0.9

●5,1

8.6

8.9

12.4

‘4.2

●3.4

●9.3

11.2

16.1

●3.7

5.9

‘7.8

●6.9

“9.7

“4.6

22.3

34.9

43.8

50.7

58.1

43.5

54.3

57.8

65.3

69.8

‘15.5

26.8

32.3

36.3

47.3

22.1

34.3

43.3

47.0

59.3

34.9

48.1

57.7

60.3

69.1

15.6

19.6

31.2

37.0

52.8

20.2

20.5

24.8

21.9

16.6

●21 .2

*18.6

18.8

●11.9

●8.9

●19.9

21.2

29.7

31.8

23.7

28.3

24.4

26.7

23.5

22.5

36.1

23.5

21.5

16.7

18.0

24.5

25.4

31.1

28.6

25.4

21.9

*11.6

9.2

●7.2

●3.5

●14.8

‘5.2

●5.3

●3.4

*2.6

24.2

14.3

12.4

●11.O

‘4.4

18.4

14.1

12.2

11.7

‘ 8.4

‘ 18.3

●12.5

●6.6

‘+4.0

“1.9

18.4

15.7

16.9

17.5

‘12.7

22.3

19.5

7.4

●4.3

●2.8

●9.8

●2.9

+1.0

●1.6

‘0.5

26.3

26.4

12.7

●7.1

●4.9

24.9

17.6

7.7

●4.2

‘3.1

*6.9

●5.3

●1.9

●1.3

●2.1

33.8

30.7

12.6

●6.4

●3.7

37
Table 14. Number andpercent distribution ofcurrentIy married women 15Wyears ofageby total expected family size, amording to current labor

force status, age, andageat first marriage: Unitad States, 1976

[Statistics ara basad on a sampla of the housahold population of tha contarminous United Statas. See appendixes for discussion of the sample

dasi~n. astimates of samoling variability, and definitions of terms]

Number of Total expected family size

Current labor force status, age, and age women in

at first marriage thousands A II

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

women more

CURRENTLY IN LABOR FORCE

1544 years

Marriadatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriadatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marrladatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3&44 years

Marriadatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedataga 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriadatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CURRENTLY NOT IN LA80R FORCE

1544 years

Marriedatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriadatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriadatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Marriadatage10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marrladatage19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Marriedatage 10-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage 19-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedatage23-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,442

6,611

2,270

1,809

3,320

834

2,633

3,291

1,436

5,277

6,381

2,107

2,734

3,151

475

2,543

3,230

1,632

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

“1.3

‘3.2

9.2

“2.2

‘4.1

*5.8

+0.7

* 2.4

“11.1

●1.3

‘0.8

●2.4

‘1.4

“0.9

●5.4

●1.3

*0.8

●1.6

10.6

12.1

13.7

14.5

13.7

*1O.8

‘8.0

10.6

15.3

8.9

8.1

9.2

10.6

10.3

*7.7

● 7.2

*6. O

*9.6

37.8

48.2

53.6

54.4

62.3

70.6

26.8

34.5

44.4

35.5

45.9

48.2

50.7

58.8

66.1

20.1

34.4

43.3

23.0

23.7

16.2

19.4

14.8

*10.4

25.3

32.3

19.4

25.3

25.4

25.7

23.8

21.3

*13.2

26.9

29.0

29.2

14.1

6.4

●4.7

‘7.5

*3.8

*2.3

18.4

8.9

“6.0

14.9

11.8

‘8.2

9.3

*6.9

“6.0

20.6

16.2

“8.8

13.3

6.3

*2.5

‘1.9

*1 .3

+0.1

20.7

11.3

*3.9

14.0

8.0

*6.3

*4.3

‘1.7

*1.6

24.0

13.6

*7.6

38
Table 15. Number andpercent distribution of currently married women 1544yearsof egeinthe labrform bytotel expected family size, according to

occupation, age, and education: United States, 1976

[Statistics are baead on a sample of tha houaahold Population Of tha conterminous United States. Sae appandixas for discussion of the sample dasign, astimates

OfsamPl in9variabilitY, and definitions of tarms]

Number of Totai expected family size

Occupation, age, and education women in

thousands All o 7 2 3 4

5 or

women more

PROFESSIONAL

15-44 yaars

Elementary school, 8yearsor lass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,8-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elamentaryschool,8yearsorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High achool,9-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High achool,12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16years or more . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3M4 years

Elementety school,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,8-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Coilege,13-15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 18yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SALESANOCLERICAL

1544 years

Elementaryschoolr8yearsor(ass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,8-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011age,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorlass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BLUE COLLAR

1544 years

Elemantaryschool,8yeersorless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15year5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collegs,16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High achool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collega,16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3044 years

Elementaryschool,8yaarsorles.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schooi,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent distribution

31

102

687

678

1,797

5

372

235

795

31

97

595

443

1,002

67

492

3,326

1,193

453

24

147

1,558

681

3ffi

43

345

1,769

512

147

444

1,182

2,183

427

105

108

387

1,049

259

58

336

784

1,134

158

49

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1W.o

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

*2.O

●2.3

● 7.9

●4.8

●3.5

‘8.3

‘0.2

●1.7

●7.5

●5.3

●1.8

●4.7

●I 0.3

●13.9

●1.3

‘3.8

●7.2

●1.7

●2.3

“5.9

15.3

●2.4

‘1.0

● 3.3

●2.O

‘6.2

●3.8

+3.0

●3.2

●1.5

●2.9

●0.6

● 13.5

“20.4

●2.7

●1O.8

●14.1

12.2

●11.O

● 16.4

●10.9

‘20.4

●2.8

●10.7

●12.9

13.2

‘6.0

+12.1

13.1

11.3

●6.6

●7.3

● 19.8

15.1

11.2

11.0

●5.2

●8.8

11.4

11.4

●11.5

“11.8

12.1

“12.6

‘1.4

●11.5

13.4

15.1

20.3

● 2.6

‘11.5

+11.2

●9.5

● 0.9

“29.0

40.4

48.5

57.7

1Ocs.o

56.1

70.3

72.8

“25.0

30.1

38.0

45.5

‘34.6

41.2

44.5

53.0

62.7

●36.1

41.6

58.0

84.9

63.1

‘33.6

41.0

33.0

38.2

62.1

●21.2

32.3

44.2

47.2

51.2

45.3

58.5

56.0

61.2

●58.7

●13.5

20.6

32.2

“26.0

“42.4

●77.7

●28.4

26.4

“17.9

15.3

●18.2

●7.O

●5.O

+17.7

“30.0

31.9

23.2

23.6

‘35.9

●17.5

25.1

21.7

● 18.0

‘9,0

“13.8

19.9

15.0

16.6

“53.6

●19.O

29.4

30.1

20.4

● 18.4

21.2

23.7

29.3

“34.7

24.2

21.3

17.2

‘8.9

●29.2

●16.6

21.2

29.3

60.1

●41 .2

●43.2

●11.5

● 10.4

● 12.0

*3.8

●7.4

●2.5

+3.0

*43.2

●12.2

● 12.4

●16.7

●4.4

‘9.4

“11.4

9.1

‘6.0

+0.4

● 23.6

● 5.6

‘5.0

●4.2

“13.8

12.6

8.2

●1.1

22.6

“11.8

‘8.8

●2.9

‘6.5

●12.7

+5.1

+5.1

●2.3

●9.5

25.8

‘14.7

●12.1

‘3.8

●2.9

‘ 18.8

‘ 28.4

+9.9

●5.2

●3.2

‘2.5

“0.4

●18.8

‘30.0

●I 4.8

‘7.6

“5.8

●14.1

*1 2.5

“6.4

●3.3

●1.7

* 24.0

*5.2

‘0.7

●0.9

●2.1

●7.6

●15.7

11.2

‘6.2

●1.1

23.8

21.9

● 7.9

●6.O

*6.3

‘1.7

●0.8

●4.3

29.4

30.9

14.7

“8.5

39
Table 16. Number andparcent distribution of currently marr!ed women 15-44 yaarsof age inthelabor force bytotal expected family size, according

——

toparcentoffamlly lncomefrom wlfe’samployment, age, andaducation: United States, 1976

[Statistics ara based on a samPla of the housahold population of the conterminous United States. See appendixes for discussion of the sampla design, astimatas

of Sampling variability, and de fi”itionsof tarrns]

Number of Total expected family size

Percant of family income from wffe’s emplo yment,

age, and education

women in

thousands All

o 1 2 3 4

5 or

women more

WIFE’S INCOME LESS THAN 25 PERCENT OF TOTAL

1 S44 years

Elementary school, 8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-l lyaars . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1529years

Elemantaryschool,8yaarsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yaarsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44years

Elementary school,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High schooI,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WIFE’S INCOME 25-49PERCENT OFTOTAL

15-44 yaars

Elementary school,8yaarsor lass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,9-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-29years

Elamantary school,8yaarsor lass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school,8-ll years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Collega,16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 9-llyaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WIFE’SINCOME 50PERCENTOF TOTALOR MORE

15-44 years

Elementaryschool,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool,9-ll years..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G311ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yaarsormore ..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l$29years

Elementary school,8yearsorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlghschool,9-ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-44 years

Elementary school,8yearsor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, 911 years.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Highschool, 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C011ege,13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

College, 16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

477

1,884

704

387

48

171

679

320

164

110

306

1,205

384

224

138

588

2,388

817

913

55

171

1,148

421

430

83

417

1,240

396

483

118

399

1,290

432

739

13

159

793

305

452

104

241

496

128

287

Percent distribution

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

*4.9

●4.1

●1.1

‘0.9

●4.8

“4.7

“1.9

*1.9

●7.2

●3.8

‘0.6

‘0.2

‘7.8

‘1.0

*1. O

*2.2

‘5.0

‘11.2

‘2.0

‘2.8

‘11.1

*1.7

*1.4

‘2.4

●7.1

*11.3

“4.2

*4.9

‘ 7.9

●3.6

●4.3

‘8.5

●5.2

‘6.1

●7.1

●7.7

‘6.1

“ 7.9

●9.5

+5.3

‘4.0

*13.2

●1O.5

●1 0.8

‘9.0

●9.4

●2.4

*6.6

●8.5

+3.0

‘13.5

‘11.8

14.0

‘13.1

*9.8

● 18.4

● 19.4

●12.5

* 17.6

‘1O.7

●1 0.2

●8.9

15.2

*8.9

*9.1

*9.6

‘18.1

14.8

‘18.0

16.6

●1 7.0

16.5

*17.O

‘11.4

“11.0

*1 8,8

*12.O

‘20.0

“24.1

‘26.0

35.5

‘42.6

52.8

56.7

*36.2

59.5

61.1

70.7

71.6

●21.3

*22.9

32.6

39.3

47.5

* 25.9

36.9

42.4

48.9

60.6

*51 .2

48.3

57.9

63.3

69.7

*9.O

32.6

28.6

35.5

52.2

●16.1

38.0

51.4

50.3

56.1

● 53.6

59.1

59.1

61.3

69.2

“1 0.6

●25.5

38.5

“26.0

37.1

●23.9

‘20.2

26.3

28.0

28.9

●37.O

+ 14.6

17.5

‘12.7

*19.4

*17.9

23.1

31.1

39.6

34.8

*8.1

24.8

24.5

19.7

*11.2

●25.3

22.3

‘11.0

‘6.1

‘13.6

24.5

26.3

27.8

●15.9

‘11.3

‘19.9

20.9

‘1 6.0

‘1 2.6

‘35.8

‘17.2

*14.O

‘11.1

●7.1

“7.7

*21.4

32.3

‘27.0

‘20.6

29.5

●12.9

12.7

*5.5

‘0.8

*13.1

+7.5

‘7.1

“3.4

‘37.1

‘15.7

15.7

“7.0

‘1.3

●23.9

‘10.1

*8.7

+8.6

+3.1

‘19.0

*2.1

‘4.0

*2.8

*2.5

*27.2

*13.2

‘12.9

‘13.9

*3.8

+14.1

*9.3

*6.8

‘6.6

+4.9

●6.2

*6.4

‘4.1

●2.5

●16.2

‘11.2

*7.4

‘12.0

●8.4

●7.9

●21.2

‘9.4

●3.3

*3.5

*9.7

‘0.4

‘2.0

‘0.5

●7.1

32.2

“13.5

*5.3

“5.6

●27.6

‘1 5.5

‘13.2

* 4.7

‘4.0

‘11.5

●4.9

*1.1

*2.5

‘38.3

+19.5

14.6

*6.8

‘7.8

48.8

“14.7

*1.9

●4.3

‘1.9

●10.7

“0.6

‘0.3

●2.2

“1.3

54.5

●23.1

●4.7

*8.9

●2.7

40
Appendixes

Contents

i. Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Statisticaldesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Measurement process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Data reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Reliability ofestimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Nonsampling error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Il. Definitions ofterms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Ill. Selected sections ofthe Currently-Married Women Questionnaire ofthe National Survey of Family Growth . . . . . . . . . 50

List of appendix tables

1.

Il.

Ill.

Parameters used to compute estimated standard errors and relative standard errors of numbers and percents of women,

by maritai status andrace: 1976 National Survey of Family Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4

Approximate relative standard errors and standard errors for estimated numbers ofcurrently married womenof all races

combined: 1976 National Survey of Family Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Approximate standard errors expressed in percentage points for estimated percents of currently married women of all

races combined: 1976 National Survey of Family Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

41
Appendix 1.Technical notes

Background

This report is one of a series based on the

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) conducted

by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

The NSFG was designed to provide data on fertility,

family planning, and aspects of maternal and child

health that are closely related to childbearing.

The NSFG is a periodic survey based on personal

interviews with a nationwide sample of women. A

detailed description of the methods and procedures

used in Cycle I of the NSFG can be found in

“National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle I: Sample

design, estimation procedures, and variance estimation,” Series 2, No. 76, of Vital and Health Statistics. 14 The present report is based on Cycle H of the

NSFG. A detailed description of the methods and

procedures of Cycle H can be found in “National

Survey of Family Growth, Cycle II: Sample design,

estimation procedures, and variance estimation,”

Series 2, No. 87 of Vital and Health Statistics. 15 This

appendix presents a summary discussion of the more

important technical aspects of Cycle II.

Fieldwork for Cycle II was carried out under a

contract with NCHS by Westat, Inc., between January and September of 1976. The sample is representative of women 15-44 years of age in the household

population of the conterminous United States who

were ever married or had coresident offspring. Interviews were completed with 8,611 women; 3,009

respondents were black women, and the other 5,602

respondents were of races other than black.

The interview focused on the respondents’ marital

and pregnancy histories, their use of contraception

and the planning status of each pregnancy, their use

of maternal care and family planning services, fecundity impairments and their expectations about future

births, and a wide range of social and economic

characteristics. Although the time required to comNOTE: A list of references follows the text.

plete the interviews varied considerably, the average

Cycle II interview lasted about 58 minutes.

Statistical design

The NSFG is based on a multistage area probability sample. Black households were sampled at

higher rates than other households so that reliable

estimates of statistics could be presented separately for

white and black women. In addition, the sample was

designed to provide tabulations for each of the four

major geographic regions of the United States.

The first stage of the sample design consisted of

drawing a sample of primary sampling units (I?SU’S).

A PSU consisted of a county, a small group of

contiguous counties, or standard metropolitan statistical area as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census

in 1970. The second and third stages of sampling

were used to select several segments (clusters of 15 to

about 60 dwelling units) within each PSU. A systematic sample of dwelling units was then selected from

each segment. Each sample dwelling unit was visited

by an interviewer who listed all household members.

If a woman 15-44 years of age, ever-married or

never-married with offspring in household, was listed

as being in the household, an extended interview was

conducted. If more than one woman in the household

met the eligibility criteria, one of the women was

randomly selected for an extended interview.

The statistics in this report are estimates for the

national population and were computed by multiplying each sample case by the number of women she

represented in the population. The multipliers, or

final weights, ranged from 647 to 43,024 tmd

averaged 3,822. They were derived by using three

basic steps:

● Inflation by the reciprocal of the probability of

selection. –The probability of selection is the

product of the probabilities of selection of the

PSU, segment, household, and sample person

within the household.

42
● Nonresponse adjustment. –The weighted estimates were ratio adjusted for nonresponse by a

multiplication of two factors. The first factor

adjusted for nonresponse to the screener by

imputing the characteristics of women in responding households to women in nonresponding

households in the same PSU and stratum. The

second factor adjusted for nonresponse to the

interview by imputing the characteristics of responding women to nonresponding women in the

same age-race category and PSU. Response to the

screener was 93.8 percent; the response to the

interview was 88.2 percent, yielding a combined

response rate of approximately 82.7 percent.

● Posts gratification by marital status, age, and

race.–The estimates were ratio adjusted within

each of the 12 age-race categories to an independent estimate of the population of evermarried women. The independent estimates were

derived from the U.S. Bureau of the Census

Current Population Surveys of March 1971-March

1976. The numbers of never-married women with

coresident offspring were inflated by the first and

second steps only.

The effect of the ratio-estimating process was to

make the sample more closely representative of the

population of women 15-44 years of age living in

households in the conterminous United States, who

were ever married or with coresident offspring. The

final poststratification reduced the sample variance of

the estimates for most statistics.

All figures were individually rounded; aggregate

figures (numbers) were rounded to the nearest thousand. Aggregate numbers and percents may not sum

to the total because of the rounding.

Measurement process

Field operations for Cycle 11included pretesting

the interview schedule, selecting the sample, interviewing respondents, and performing specified quality

control checks. Interviewers, all of whom were

fe,male, were trained for 1 week prior todieldwork.

The frost five interview schedules were reviewed: after

a high level of quality was achieved by an interviewer,

this review was reduced to a sample of questionnaires,

unless an unacceptable level of accuracy was found. A

10-percent sample of respondents was recontacted by

telephone to verify that the interview had taken place

and that certain key items were accurately recorded.

A portion of the interview schedule applicable to

this report is reproduced in appendix III. The

complete schedule for currently married women was

reprinted elsewhere. 16 Two different forms of the

qtfestionnaire were used, one ‘for interviewing curNOTE: A list of references follows the text.

rently married women and the other for interviewing

widowed, divorced, separated, or never-married

women with coresident offspring. The two forms

differed mainly in wording when reference was made

to the husband; some questions in one schedule did

not appear in the other.

Data reduction

The responses of each woman to the interview

questions were translated into predetermined numerical codes, and these code numbers were recorded on

computer tapes. The frost few questionnaires coded

by each coder were checked completely; after an

acceptable level of quality was reached, verification

of coding was performed on a systematic sample of

each coder’s questionnaires. The data were edited by

computer to identify inconsistencies between responses, as well as code numbers that were not

allowed in the coding scheme; these errors were

corrected.

Missing data on age and race were imputed

because they were used in the nonresponse adjustments and for poststratification purposes. Unlike

Cycle I, however, other missing data were not

imputed to expedite release of the data. Therefore,

percents and other statistics in Cycle II were based on

cases with known data. For most variables, the level

of missing data was less than 1 percent. The level of

missing data is noted in the section entitled “Definitions of terms” for each item that was missing 2

percent or more of the responses. This fact is noted in

the text for those few variables for which missing

data may pose a problem

poverty level income).

Reliability of estimates

for analysis (for example;

Because the statistics presented in this report are

based on a sample, they may differ somewhat from

the figures that would have been obtained if a

complete census had been taken by using the same

questionnaires, instructions, interviewing personnel,

and field procedures. This chance difference between

sample results and a complete count is referred to as

sampling error.

Sampling error is measured by a statistic called

the standard error of estimate. The chances are about

68 out of 100 that an estimate from the sample

would differ from a complete count by less than the

standard error. The chances are about 95 out of 100

that the difference between the sample estimate and a

complete count would be less than twice the standard

error. The relative standard error of an estimate is

obtained by dividing the standard error of the

estimate by the estimate itself, and is expressed as a

percent of the estimate. Numbers and percents that

have a relative standard error that is more than 25

43
percent are considered unreliable. These figures are

marked with an asterisk to caution the user but may

be combined to make other types of comparisons of

greater reliability.

Estimation of standard errors. –Because of the

complex multistage design of the NSFG sample,

conventional formulas for calculating sampling errors

are inapplicable. Standard errors were, therefore,

estimated empirically by using a technique known as

balanced half-sample replication. This technique produces highly reliable, unbiased estimates of sampling

errors. Its application to the NSFG has been described elsewhere. 14>15

Because it would be prohibitively expensive to

estimate, and cumbersome to publish, a standard

error for each percent or other statistic by this

technique, standard errors were computed for selected statistics and population subgroups that were

chosen to represent a wide variety of demographic

characteristics and a wide variation in the size of the

estimates themselves. Curves were then fitted to the

relative standard error estimates (ratio of the standard

error to the estimate itself) for numbers of women

according to the model

RSE(N’) = (A + B/N’)~

where N’ is the number of women and A and B are

the parameters whose estimates determine the shape

of the curve. Separate curves were fitted for women

of all races combined, black women, and women of

races other than black, because different sampling

rates were used for black and other women. The

estimates of A and B are shown in table 1.

To calculate the estimated standard error or

relative standard error of an aggregate or percent, the

appropriate estimates of A and B are used in the

equations:

RSEN~ = (A + B/N’)%

SEN, = (A + B/lV’)~ X N’

RSEP) = (l?/P’ X ( 100- P’)/X’)~

SEp~ =(B X P’ X (100 - P’)/J”)%

where

N’ = number of women

P’ =’percent

X’ = number of women in the denominator of

the percent

SE = standard error

RSE = relative standard error

Tables H and 111 show some illustrative standard

errors of aggregates and percents of currently married

women of all races from Cycle II of NSFG.

Testing differences. –The standard error of a

difference between two comparative statistics such as

the proportion of those who are surgically sterile

among white couples compared with black couples is

approximately the square root of the sum of the

squares of the standard errors of the statistics

considered separately, or calculated by the formula:

if

d=Pj -P;

then

~d = (P;)2 ● (RSEP~)2 + (P;)2 ● (RSEP;)2

where P; is the estimated percent for one group and

P; is the estimated percent for the other group, and

RfJEP ~ and RSEP\ are the relative standard errors of

Pi and Pi, respectively. This formula will represent

the actual standard error quite accurately for the

Table 1. Parameters used to compute estimated standard errors and

relative standard errors of numbers and percents of women, by

marital status and race: 1976 National Survey of Family Growth

Parameter

Marital status and race

A B

Currently married

All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.0001 858989 6751.0619

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000631 0400 2798.6440

White and another . . . . . . . . . . . –0.0002056235 7021.1665

Ever married

All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001700390 6486.5185

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.0004520643 2848.2362

White and another . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0000422037 7111.5185

Table II. Approximate ralative standard errors and standard errors for

estimated numbers of currently married women of all races

combined: 1976 National Survey of Family Growth

Relative

Size of estimate standard Standard

error error

50,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

500)000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”.

7,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.000 .000 . . . . . . >. . . . . . . . . .

36.7

25.9

11.5

8.1

4.5

3.4

2.8

2.2

1>2

18,000

26,000

58,000

81,000

136,000

171,000

195,0(3(3

221,000

246,000

NOTE: A list of references follows the text.

44
Table I I 1. Approximate stendard errors expressed in percentage points for estimated percents of currently married women of all races combined:

1976 National Survey of Family Growth

Estimated percent

Base of percent 2 or 5 or 7 or 10 or 15 or 20 or 30 or

98

40 or

95 93 90 85 80 70 60 50

100,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6

500,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6

1,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

3,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7

5,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5

7,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4

10,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4

20,000,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3

Standard error expressed in percentage points

5.7 6.6 7.8 9.3 10.4 11.9

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.7 5.3

1.8 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.2

0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8

12.7

5.7

4.0

2.3

1.8

1.5

1.3

0.9

13.0

5.8

4.1

2.4

1.8

1.6

1.3

0.9

Example of use of table Ill: If 30 percent of currently married women in a specific category used the oral contraceptive pill and the base of that

percant was 10,000,000, then the 30-parcent column and the 10,000,000 row would indicate that 1 standard error is 1.2 percentage points and 2

standard errors are twice that, or 2.4 percentage points. Therefore, the chances ara about 95 out of 100 that the true percant in the population was

between 27.6 and 32.4 percent (30.0 gercent * 2.4 Dercent). This is called a95-tJercent confidence interval. Inaddition. the relative standard arrorof

that 30-percant estimate is 1.2 percantdivided by30 perce& or4.O percent.

difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics although it is only a rough approximation

in most other cases.

A statistically significant difference among comparable proportions or other statistics from two or

more subgroups is sufficiently large when a difference

of that size or larger would be expected by chance in

less than 5 percent of repeated samples of the same

size and type if no true difference existed in the

populations sampled. Such a difference would be

statistically significant at the 0.05 level. By this

criterion, if the observed difference or a larger one

could be expected by chance in more than 5 percent

of repeated samples, then one cannot be sufficiently

confident to conclude that a real difference exists

between the populations. When an observed difference is large enough to be statistically significant, the

true difference in the population is estimated to lie

between the observed difference plus or minus 2

standard errors of that difference in 95 out of 100

samples.

Although the 5-percent criterion is conventionally

applied, it is in a sense arbitrary; depending on the

purpose of the particular comparison, a different level

of significance may be more useful. For greater

confidence one would test for significance at the 0.01

(l-percent) level, but if one can accept a 10-percent

chance of concluding a difference exists when there

actually is none in the population, a test of significance at the 0.10 level would be appropriate.

The term “similar” means that any observed

difference between two estimates being compared is

not statistically significant, but terms such. as

“greater,” “less,” “larger,” and “smaller” indicate

that the obsemed differences are statistically significant at the 0.05 level, by using a two-tailed t-test with

40 degrees of freedom. Statements about differences

that are qualified in some way (for example, by the

phrases “the data suggest” or “some evidence”)

indicate that the difference is significant at the 0.10

level but not at the 0.05 level.

When a substantial difference observed is found

not to be statistically significant, one should not

conclude that no difference exists, but simply that

such a difference cannot be established with 95-percent confidence from this sample. Lack of comment in

the text about any two statistics does not mean that

the difference was tested and found not to be

significant.

The number of replicates in the balanced halfsample replication design (40 for Cycle II) can

reasonably be used as an estimate of the number of

degrees of freedom, although the exact value of the

degrees of freedom is unknown. Therefore, in this

report, differences between sample statistics are

compared by using a two-tailed t-test with 40 degrees

of freedom.

Example: In 1976, 29.0 percent of 24,795,000

currently married white women or their husbands had

been surgically sterilized, compared with 21.6 percent

of 2,169,000 currently married black women or their

husbands. To test this racial difference at the 0.05

level of significance, compute

~9._j- 21.6

t=

+29.0)2 “ RSE;290J + (21.6)2 - RSE;21 G,

By using the parameters from table I in the formula

for the RSE of a percent,

RSE

70~1.]665 ● (loo_ ~9.o)

(29.0) = ~9.0 ~4,795,000”

45
and

RSE 2798.6440 . (100-21,6)

(21.6) = 21.6 2,169,000

= 0,068

Thus

29.0 -21.6

‘= ~(29.0)2(0.026)2 + (21.6)2(0.068)2

= 4.48

The two-tailed 0.95 critical value (1 - a) for a t

statistic with 40 degrees of freedom is 2.02. Therefore, the difference is significant at that 0.05 level.

Nonsampling error

Although sampling error affects the precision or

reliability of survey estimates, nonsampling error

introduces bias. To minimize nonsampling error,

stringent quality control procedures were introduced

at every stage of the survey, including a check on

completeness of the household listing; extensive

training and practice of interviewers; field editing of

questionnaires; short verification interviews with a

subsample of respondents; verification of coding and

editing; and independent recode of a sample of

questionnaires by NCHS; keypunch verification; and

an extensive computer “cleaning” to check for

inconsistent responses, missing data, and invalid

codes. A detailed description of some of these

procedures follows; others were previously discussed.

The results of any survey are subject to at least

four types of potential nonsampling errors, including

interview nonresponse; nonresponse to individual

questions or items within the interview; inconsistency

of responses to questions; and errors of recording,

coding, and keying by survey personnel.

A discussion of interview nonresponse and item

nonresponse follows, The third and fourth types of

errors cannot be accurately measured, but the quality

control procedures (some of which are discussed

under the sections “Measurement process” and “Data

reduction”) of the survey were designed to reduce such

nonsampling errors to a minimum.

Interview fzonresponse. –Interview nonresponse

occurs when no part of an interview is obtained. It

can result from failures at any of three principal

steps: (1) failing to list all households in sample

segments, (2) failing to screen all listed households,

and (3) failing to interview an eligible woman in each

screened household. A discussion of these steps

follows.

The completeness of listing cannot be tested

directly because it requires an independent, accurate

enumeration of the households that should hlavebeen

listed. In NSFG, listing completeness and accuracy

were tested indirectly in two ways. First, an independent relisting of about 20 percent of the segments

was performed, and any differences between! the two

lists were pointed out to listers by supervislmy staff

and reconciled. Second, listing accuracy was tested by

the missed dwelling unit (DU) procedure at the time

of screening: if the first structure in a segment was

included in the sample, the whole segment was

checked to see if any structures had been missed in

the listing process; if the first structure was a

multiple-DU structure, the entire structure was

checked for missed DU’S. About 700 dwelling units,

or about 2 percent of the sample of DU’Sdesignated

for screening, were included in the sample as a result

of the missed DU procedure.

Of the original sample of 32,653 DU’S screened,

5,490 were found vacant, not DU’S, or group quarters.

Of the remaining DU’S, 6.2 percent were not screened

successfully. This figure included 2.5 percent refusals

to have household members listed, 0.4 percent with

language problems, 1.7 percent where no one could

be found at home, and 1.7 percent for other reasons

such as being refused access to the unit or because of

illness.

Of the 25,480 households for which screening

was completed, 10,202 were found to contain an

eligible respondent. However, interviews were not

completed in 11.8 percent of these cases because of

refusals by the eligible respondents (5.8 percent),

language problems (0.6 percent), no contact after

repeated calls (1.8 percent), or other problems (3.6

percent).

The nonresponse adjustment for interview nonresponse described earlier imputes the characteristics

of responding women of the same age group, race,

marital status, and geographic area to nonresponding

women.

Item nonresponse. –Item nonresponse may have

occurred when a respondent refused to answer a

question or did not know the answer to a question,

when the question was erroneously not asked or the

answer was not recorded by the interviewer, or where

the answer was not codable. Nonresponse to individual questions was very low in Cycle II, as inlCycle

I. Some examples of item nonresponse among a total

of 8,611 respondents are number of pregnancies, 3

cases; religion of respondent, 17 cases; religion of

husband, 232 cases; education, 14 cases; occupation,

185 cases; and poverty-level income, 1,348 cases.

Most of the items with relatively high levels of

missing data were characteristics of the respon dent’s

current or last husband, and the sources and amount

of income.

Unlike Cycle I of NSFG, missing data items were

not imputed in Cycle II, except for a few respondents

with missing information on age and race, which were

46
required for the nonresponse and poststratification As with all survey data, responses to NSFG are

adjustments. A small amount of missing data was subject to possible deliberate misreporting by the

tolerated in Cycle II to facilitate faster release of data respondent. Such misreporting cannot be detected

and data tapes from NSFG. Assignment of missing directly, but it can be detected indirectly by the

data codes and editing of selected variables were extensive computer “cleaning” and editing properformed by the NSFG staff when necessary or cedures used in NSFG.

desirable for analysis, as explained in the appropriate

section of the definitions.

47
Appendix IL Definitions

of terms

Household population. –The household population consists of persons living in households. A

household is a person or a group of persons, where no

more than five persons are unrelated to the head of

the household, who occupy a room or group of

rooms intended as separate living quarters; that is, the

occupants do not live and eat with any other persons

in the structure. Either direct access from the outside

of the building or through a common hall, or

complete kitchen facilities for the exclusive use of the

occupants of the household must be present.

Marital ,status.-Persons were classified as “married,” “widowed,” “divorced,” “separated,” or

“never married.” Married persons included those who

reported themselves as married or as informally

married (living with a partner or a common-law

spouse). Persons who were temporarily separated for

reasons other than marital discord, such as vacation,

illness, or Armed Forces duty were classified as

“married,”

Race. –Classification by race was based on interviewer observation and was reported as black, white,

or other. Race refers to the race of the woman

interviewed,

Age. –Age of women at different events in their

lives is classified according to the last completed year

or age at last birthday. Age is generally calculated by

subtracting the reported date (month and year) of

birth from the reported date of the event for which

age is being calculated, In some instances, the month

of an event was unreported and age was then

calculated by using the years only. In other instances,

the respondent did not recall a given date but did

recall her age at the time of the event and reported

this directly.

Age of the respondent at the interview (current

age) was known for every case because this was a

sampling criterion. However, for other events (such as

marriage, birth of a child, or divorce) the date may

not have been completely reported, or neither date

nor age at the event may have been recorded. In these

cases, age was imputed by imputing a year in which

the event was presumed to have occurred. These

imputations were then checked for consistency with

the dates and ages reported at other related events.

Education. –Education was classified according to

the highest grade or year of regular school or college

that was completed. Determination of the highest

year of regular school or college completed by the

respondent was based on responses to a series of

questions concerning (a) the last grade or year of

school attended, (b) whether that grade was completed, (c) whether any other vocational or nonacademic schooling was obtained, and (d) whether such

other schooling was included in the years of r~gular

school or college reported in (a).

Children ever born. –The number of children born

alive to a woman.

Birth interval. –A birth interval is the period

between marriage and the date of a woman’s first live

birth, or between the dates of two successive live

births (if she has had more than one), or between the

date of her most recent live birth (or marriage if she

has had no live births) and the interview. The latter

interval is called the “open” interval, because it has

not been “closed” by a birth; the other intervals are

“closed” intervals. Closed intervals are numbered

from the earliest to the most recent. Also, the first

interval is only defined when marriage precedes the

first live birth. The dates of births needed to define

birth intervals are obtained from each respondent as

part of the complete history of her pregnancies,

Total births expected. –The number of children a

woman expects to have by the time she completes her

childbearing. This number is the sum of the children

ever born and the additional births expected, Additional births expected are the number of children a

woman expects to give birth to in the future,

including current pregnant y, if applicable. Women

who were sterile or married to sterile men were

classified as “expecting zero additional births.” Those

physically able to have births were asked whether

48
they and their husbands intended to have any babies

in the future and, if so, how many. Women who did

not know whether they intended any future births, or

did not know a particular number they intended to

have, were asked for the smallest and largest numbers

they expected to have. Women who reported a

particular number of children they intended to have

were asked how sure they were about having specifically that number. Those uncertain of having that

specific number were asked for the maximum and

minimum numbers they expected to have.

For each woman, there is a maximum, minimum,

and central number of additional births expected. If a

woman reported the specific number of births she

intended to have, that number was considered the

central number she expected. If she was sure about it,

that was also the minimum and maximum number

she expected. For a woman who was not sure of

having her intended number, the smallest and largest

numbers she expected were her minimum and maximum numbers, respectively. For a woman who did

not report any specific number of intended future

births, the average of the smallest and the largest

numbers expected became her central expected number. In this report, total births expected refers to the

central number.

Employment in life-cycle stages. – In addition to

her current employment status, respondents were

asked: “Did you ever work for pay continuously for 6

months or more either part-time or full-time?” in

various, specified earlier periods as appropriate: before

first marriage, since first marriage, between marriage

and first birth, between first and second birth, between

second and third birth, and between the third and last

birth. Within these periods, women were classified as

“employed” if they worked for pay continuously for 6

months or more and classified as “not employed” if

they did not. The rate of nonresponse to these

questions was low, its maximum was for questions

about employment between the births of the third

and the last child: Employment status was not

ascertained for 3 percent of women asked about the

period, and duration of employment was not ascertained for 9 percent. Missing values were imputed.

Labor force status. –A woman was categorized as

being “in the labor force” if she was working full

time; part time; had a job, but was not at work

because of temporary illness, vacation, or a strike; or

if she was unemployed, laid off, or looking for work.

Income. –To determine the wife’s income, women

who had ever worked were asked: “HOW much did

you earn on this job?” If the woman had had more

than one job, she was asked about her earnings on the

last job. If the woman did not know her income or

refused to answer the question the interviewer continued: “Here is a card showing amounts of weekly

and yearly earnings. Next to each amount is a letter.

Would you tell me which letter represents your salary

on this job?”

Weekly incomes were converted to annual

amounts. To determine family income, women were

asked: “In the past 12 months–that is, since

(month/year), what was your total combined family

income, that is, yours, your husband’s, and any other

family member living here now? Include income from

all sources, such as wages, salaries, Social Security, or

retirement benefits, help from relatives, rent from

property, and so forth.”

If the woman did not know or refused to answer,

the interviewer continued by handing her a card, as

described earlier. For a woman in the labor force,

earnings from her last job, if any, were divided by

total family income, to obtain the percent of family

income derived from the wife’s employment. It

should be noted that the wife’s total contribution to

family income may have been greater than stated,

because she may have had income from sources other

than her employment. About 6 percent of women

who ever worked did not report their earnings on the

last job, and about 13 percent of women did not

report family income in the last 12 months.

Occupation. –Occupation was determined by

asking women: “What (is/was) your (main) occupation? That is, what (is/was) your job called? What

(are/were) your most important activities or duties?

What kind of place (do/did) you work for? What do

they make or do?” The answers to those questions

were recorded verbatim and used by coders to find the

most appropriate standard job title in the 1970 U.S.

Census occupation classification. If the responses

indicated more than one occupation, the primary

occupation was coded. If none was primary, the

first-mentioned occupation was coded. Although the

classification used was very detailed, occupations

have been grouped into major categories for this

report, according to the practice of the U.S. Bureau

of the Census. For a more detailed discussion, see the

Department of’ Commerce publication. 1970 Census

of Population, Detailed Characteristics, U.S. Summary. 13

NOTE: A list 0[ references follows the text.

*

49

A
Appendix 111.Selected sections

of the Currently-Married Women

Questionnaire of the National

Survey of Family Growth

r

OX 44, IF 1ST BIRTH BEFORE (FIRST) MARRIAGE (CHECK DATES DN B & P RECORO),

CONTINIJE, OTHERWISE, GO TO F-19, I

F-18, Before the birth of your (first) child, did you ever work for

pay continuously for six months or more either part-time or

full-time?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 43

No . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2

box 45, IF TWO OR MORE LIVE BIRTHS, GO TO F-19C, OTHERWISE, GO TO Box 46, I

F-19, ASK ALL THAT APPLY, THEN CO TO BOX 46.

Did you ever work for pay continuously for six months or more

either part-time or full-time:

yelJ

A.

B.

c.

n.

E.

. . . before you were (first) married? . . . . . .

IF ANY LIVE BIRTHS: . . . between the time of

your (first) marriage and the birth of your

(first) child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IF 2 OR mm LIVE BIRTHS:. . . between the birth

of your first child and the birth of your

second child?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IF 3 OR MORE LIVE BIRTSS:. . . between the birth

of your second child and the birth of your third

child? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IF 4 OR MORE LIVE BIRTHS:. . . between the birth

of your third child and the birth of your last

chid?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1

1

1

1 2

44

45

46

47

48

I

BOX 46, IF NO LIVE BIRTHS, GO TO F-24,

IF ONE OR MORE LIVE BIRTHS ~

‘?’ES’J TO LAST QUESTION ASKED, GO TO F-20

“No” TO LAST QUESTION ASKED, GO TO F-22,

F-20, ~k~ before the delivery of your (last) child did you stop

Leas than one month. . . . . . 00 (F-21)

NUNBER OF MONTHS (P-21) ‘J* SO

One year or more . . . . . . . 12 (F-22) m

F-21, ~&G;flTY~Up:~; ;he. y.. did? (RSCORO VERBATIM. IF “BECAUSE

,

51 .52

En

F-22, Have YOU worked for pay continuously for six month. or more

either part-time or full-time since your (last] child was born?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-23) ,3

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-25)

F-23, ~iy~wa~gnmnd year did you begin to work after Your (last)

54 S5 56 S7

MONTH +-- YEAR ~ @-2,)m

50
F-24, Since you were (first) married, have you ever worked for pay

cont~nuously for SLX months or more either part-time or

full-time?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

so

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

F-25, Hows=wweeks duringthe past 12 months did you work either

full-time or part-time, including paid vacations and paid sick

leave?

NUMBER OF WEEKS (BOX 47) 59 60

Did not work . . . . . . . . . 00 (F-32) m

Box 47, IF R CURRENTLY PREGNANT AND WORKED IN LAST 12 MONTHS, CONTINUE.

OTHERWISE, GO TO F-32,

Working full-time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . . 01

Working part-time (1 to 34 hours). . . . . . . . . 02

With a job but not at work because of temporary

illness, vacation, strike. . . . . . . . . . . . 03

with a job but on maternity leave. . . . . . . . . 04

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . . . 05

In school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06

Keeping house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07

Other (sPECIFY) 08

(F-27)

(F-27)

(F-27)

(F-28)

61-62

(F-27)

(F-28)

(F-28)

(F-28)

F-27, HOW long before the end of your current pregnancy do you plan to

stop ( working/looking for work )?

. . . . . . . . (F-29)

NUMBER OF WEEKS OR NUMBER OF MONTHS 63 64

Isnotgoingtostop. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..00 fF-30) m

F-28, When did you stop working?

/ m

MONTH/YEAR

BEGIN DECK 20

F-29, ~;cII~:/~;;;~T; stop at that time? (RECORDVERBATIM. IF

‘tPROBE.)

13 14 m

F-30; After this pregnancY, do YOU expect to (return to/look for) a

job at some time in the future?

w Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-31)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (BOX 48) IS

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . 8 (BOX 48)

F-31, when do YOU expect to begin working (again)?

&

m

I

BOX 48, IF CURRENTLY WORKING, GO TO BOX 490

IF NOT CURRENTLY WORKING, GO TO F-38. I

51
F-32, Last week, were YOU working full-time, part-time, going to school.,

keeping house, or what? (CIRCLE Om com oIJLy. IF MORETHAN

ONE RESPONSE, CODE RESPONSE WITH SNALLEST NUMBER.)

Working full-time (35 hours or more) . . . . . . . 01 (Box 49)

Working part-time (1 to 34 hours). . . . . . . . . 02 (Boo 49)

With a job but not at work because of temporary

illness, vacation, strike. . . . . . . . . . . . 03 (BOZ 49)

Unemployed, laid off, looking for work . . . . . . 05 (BoZ 49) ~O_21

In school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06 (F-33)

Keeping house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 (F-33)

Other (SPECIFY) 08 (F-33)

F-33, DO YOUexpect to look for a job sometime in the future?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-34)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Box 50) 22

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . 8 (Box 50)

F-34, when do YOU expect to begin working (again)?

d......

(BOX 50)

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . 98 (BOX 50)

28 2!+ 25 26

Box 491 IF CHILD(REN) AGED 0-12 IN HOUSEHOLD, (sEE scREENER). CONTINUE,

OTHERWISE, GO TO Box50,

F-35, DO YOU h-= any regular arrangement for the care of your child(ren)

while you are working, with a family member or outside the family?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (F-36)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Box 50)

27

F-36, :iLa~s care of

By

By

By

In

In

In

your child(ren) and where? (CODE ALL THAT

husband, in respondent’s home . . . . . . . . . 01

other relative, in respondent’s home. . . . . . 02

non-relative, in respondent’s home. . . . . . . 03

relative’shome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04

non-relative’s home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05

day care or other special organized facility. . 06

28-29

Other (SPECIFY) 07

F-37, During the average week of the school year, how many hours per

week of child care do you use for ( your child/each of your

children )? (RECORD HOURS FOR EACH CHILD AGED 0-12. RECORD

“O” IF NO DAY CARE. CARE BY ANOTHER CHILD AGED 0-12 DOES NOT

COUNT AS DAY CAM.)

CHILD NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

HOURS —— .— —— —— — ‘m

Box 50, IF R HAS EVER WORKED, CONTINUE, OTHERWISE, GO TO F-44,

I

52
F-38. ~u: j.~~e~pyour (last) occupation? That is, what ( is/was )

I

F-39, what ( ~W~re ) YOUZ most hportant activitiesor duties?

F-40, -t kind of PlaCC ( ~o/did ) YOU work for? That is, what

( do/did ) they make or do? 33 3+ 35 36 37

F-41, How ~LUIYhours ~ week ( dO/did ) You usually work at this job?

m

~

HOUP.2PER WEEK

F-42, A!M how much ( do/did ) you earn on this job?

hour

$

week

per month (CIF.CLEONE) (F-44)

year

Refused . . . . . . . . . . . 97 (F-43)

~n’t mow. . . . . . . . . .

~

bo *1 *z *3 &b 4s us

F-43, Here is a card showing amounts of weekly and yearly earnings.

Next to each amount is a letter. Would you tell me which M

represents your salary on this job? (ENTER LETTER.)

wCARD5

LETTER

47 48

m

F-44, we YOU Protestant, RomaN Catholic, Jewish or something else?

Nmma.ncatholic . . . . . . . . 1 (F-47)

Protestant . . . . . . . . . . 2 (F-45)

Jewish . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (F-46)

Other (SPECIFY)

.

4 (F-48)

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 (F-48)

4*

F-45, Whatdenomination is that?

Baptist. . . . . . . . . . . .21

Luther. . . . . . . . . ..22

Methodist. . . . . . . . . . .23

Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . 24

Episcopalian . . . . . . . . . 25

No specific denomination . . . 28

Other Protestant (SPECIFY] _

29

*U.S. COVERNMSNTPRINTINGOFFICE: 1982-361-161:502 53
Vital and Health Statistics series descriptions 

SERIES 1 Programs and Collection Procedures.-Reports descrrbtng 

the general programs of the National Center for Health 

Statistics and its offices and divisions and the data collection methods used. They also Include definittons and 

other material necessaw for understanding the data. 

SERIES 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research.-Studies of new 

statrstical methodology including expertmental tests of 

new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection 

methods, new analytical techniques, obtective evaluations 

of reltability of collected data, and contributions to stattstical theory. 

SERIES 3. Analytical and Epidemiological Studies.-Reports presenting analytrcal or interpretive studies based on vital 

and health statistics, carrying the analysrs further than the 

exposttory types of reports in the other series. 

SERIES 4. Documents and Committee Reports.--FInal reports of 

major committees concerned with vrtal and health statrstrcs and documents such as recommended model vrtal 

regtstratton IawS and revrsed birth and death certificates. 

SERIES 10 Data from the National Health Interview Survey.-Statrstics on illness, accidental injuries. drsability, use of hosprtal, medtcal, dental, and other servtces. and other 

health-related topics, all based on data collected in the 

continuing nattonal household rntervrew survey. 

SERIES 11 

SERIES 12. Data From the Institutionalized Populatron Surveys.-01s. 

t conttnued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are tnt 

‘I eluded in Series 13. 

SERIES 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization-Statistics on the 

utrltzation of health manpower and facilities provtding 

Data From the National Health Examination Survey and 

the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.- 

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement 

of national samples of the ctvilian noninstitutionalized 

populatron provtde the basis for (11 esttmates of the 

medically defined prevalence of specrfrc diseases rn the 

Untted States and the distribWons of the population with 

respect to physrcal, physiological, and psychological 

characteristics and (2) analysis of relationships among the 

various measurements without reference to an expltctt 

frnrte universe of persons. 

SERIES 14 Data on Health Resources: Manpower and FacilitresStatrstics on the numbers, geographic distribution, and 

characteristrcs of health resources including physicrans, 

denttsts, nurses, other health occupations, hospitals 

nurs:ng homes, and outtratient facilities. 

SERIES 15 Data From Special Surveys.-Statistics on health and 

health-related topics collected rn special surveys that are 

not a part of the contrnutng data systems of the Nattonal 

Center for Health Statisttcs 

SERIES 20 Data on Mortality.-Various stattstics on mortality other 

than as included rn regular annual or monthly reports. 

Specral analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic varrables; geographtc and time series analyses; and 

statrstics on characterrstrcs of deaths not avarlable from 

the vttal records based on sample surveys of those records 

SERIES 21 

For a list of titles of reports published tn these serves, wrote to 

Screnttftc and Technrcal Information Branch 

Natronal Center for Health Stattstics 

Pubitc Health Service 

Hyattsville, Md. 20782 

Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce.-Various statistics on natalrty, marrtage, and divorce other than as 

Included ,n regular annua! or monthly reports. Specral 

analyses by demographic variables, geographic and trme 

serves analyses, studies of ferttlity: and statistics on 

characterrstics of berths hot available from the vrtal 

records based on sample surveys of those records 

SERIES 22 Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys.- 

Discontinued in 1975 Reports from these sample surveys 

based on vital records are rncluded rn Serves 20 and 21 

respectrvel,y. 

SERIES 23 Data From the National Survey of Family Growth.- 

Statrsttcs on fertility, famtly formation and dtssolutton, 

family plannrng. and related maternal and infant health 

toprcs derrved from a perrodtc survey of a nattonwrde 

probability sample of ever-marrted women 1544 years of 

age. 

long-term care, ambuiatory care, hospital care, and family 

planning services. 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

Public Health Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HHS

Off ice of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology HHS 388

National Center for Health Statistics o*-

370U East-West Highway

Third Class US.MAIL

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

r

,.

From the Office of Health Resaarch, Statistics, and Technology

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 821985, Wries 23, No. 9

For listings of publications in the VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS ser!es, call 301436 NCHS