NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 

23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, 

as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties 

and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's 

decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire 

court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. 

A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 

2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted 

above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 

n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

23-P-763

COMMONWEALTH

vs.

MARVIN PINEDA.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

Following a jury trial in the District Court, the defendant 

was convicted of operating under the influence of liquor (OUI), 

in violation of G. L. c. 90, § 24 (1) (a) (1). On appeal, he 

argues that the Commonwealth's evidence was insufficient to 

establish that he was the operator of the vehicle in question, 

and that the prosecutor's closing argument resulted in a 

substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. We affirm.

Background. On the afternoon of April 14, 2021, a 

Massachusetts State police trooper was travelling along Route 3 

when he heard the desk trooper broadcast "to be on the lookout 

for a brown Honda Accord traveling northbound on Route 3 in the 

Bedford stretch." After the trooper began to head in that

direction, the desk trooper further broadcasted that the Accord 

was unable to maintain its lane.
2

The trooper located the car on the exit ramp from Route 3 

north to Concord Road in Billerica. The trooper "observed the 

brown Honda Accord on the right shoulder, and it had crashed." 

There was damage to the car's front end, and a large State 

highway sign was knocked onto the ground. The defendant stood 

directly in front of the Accord. No one else was either inside 

the vehicle or in its direct vicinity. Two other cars were 

stopped in the shoulder in front of the Accord; neither of those 

two cars showed signs of being in a crash. The operators of the 

two stopped cars remained near their vehicles and eventually 

drove away.

When the trooper approached the defendant, he was speaking 

to his brother-in-law on a cell phone in speaker mode. The 

defendant's eyes were bloodshot and glassy, he was swaying back 

and forth, and the trooper detected "an odor of an alcoholic 

beverage" from him.

Because the trooper could not speak directly to the 

defendant due to "a language barrier," he used the defendant's 

brother-in-law to "interpret what [he] was saying to [the 

defendant] and vice versa." Assisted by the defendant's 

brother-in-law's interpretation, and by physically demonstrating 

the test himself, the trooper asked the defendant to perform, as 

a field sobriety test, the "one-leg stand" test. The defendant 

could not perform the test after five attempts, and the trooper 
3

"was afraid he was going to fall over and hurt himself." The 

trooper concluded that the defendant was intoxicated and placed 

him under arrest. While transporting the defendant back to the 

Concord State police barracks, the trooper yelled the 

defendant's name to keep him from falling asleep in the 

backseat, but the defendant was unable to stay awake.

Discussion. 1. Sufficiency of the evidence. "When 

reviewing the denial of a motion for a required finding of not 

guilty, 'we consider the evidence introduced at trial in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, and determine whether 

a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements 

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'" Commonwealth v. Ross, 

92 Mass. App. Ct. 377, 378 (2017), quoting Commonwealth v. 

Oberle, 476 Mass. 539, 547 (2017). "The relevant question is 

whether the evidence would permit a jury to find guilt, not 

whether the evidence requires such a finding." Commonwealth v. 

Brown, 401 Mass. 745, 747 (1988).

To establish the defendant's guilt of OUI, the Commonwealth 

was required to "prove that (1) the defendant operated a motor 

vehicle, (2) on a public way . . . , and (3) while under the 

influence of alcohol." Commonwealth v. Hallinan, 491 Mass. 730, 

733 (2023). Because the defendant challenges only the 

sufficiency of the evidence that he operated the vehicle in 
4

question, we focus only on that element. See G. L. c. 90, § 24 

(1) (a) (1); Commonwealth v. Coleman, 434 Mass. 165, 167 (2001).

The defendant contends the evidence presented at trial, 

even when viewed in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, did not establish that he was the operator of the 

damaged brown Honda Accord. We disagree.

"Proof of operation of a motor vehicle may rest entirely on 

circumstantial evidence" (quotation and citation omitted). 

Commonwealth v. Petersen, 67 Mass. App. Ct. 49, 52 (2006). 

Here, the evidence established that the brown Honda Accord 

collided with the highway sign just before the trooper arrived. 

The trooper had proceeded northbound on Route 3 after receiving 

two broadcasts that a brown Honda Accord was travelling along 

that road, in that direction, and was unable to maintain its 

lane. When he arrived at the exit ramp, the trooper saw a brown 

Honda Accord with damage to its front and a highway sign toppled 

to the ground. From this evidence, the jury could reasonably 

infer that the Accord had just collided with the sign.

The evidence also established that the defendant was 

standing in front of the Accord when the trooper arrived. The 

defendant was swaying back and forth, and his eyes were 

bloodshot and glassy. At the trooper's request, the defendant 

agreed to take the "one-leg stand" field sobriety test, and 

failed it.
5

"Such circumstances and facts combined with 'the 

defendant's cooperation with the field sobriety tests' permit an 

inference of operation." Commonwealth v. Manning, 41 Mass. App. 

Ct. 18, 22 (1996), quoting Commonwealth v. O'Connor, 420 Mass. 

630, 632 (1995). There was no "evidence tending to suggest that 

someone other than the defendant was operating" the Accord. 

Commonwealth v. Cromwell, 56 Mass. App. Ct. 436, 439 (2002). No 

one other than the defendant was standing near that car. While 

two other cars had stopped on the shoulder in front of the 

Accord, neither showed any sign of having been in a crash. The 

operators of each car stayed near their vehicles, and there is 

no evidence that they objected to the trooper treating the 

defendant as the operator of the crashed Accord by subjecting 

him to a field sobriety test. See Cromwell, supra at 439; see 

also Manning, 41 Mass. App. Ct. at 22 ("Such an inference is 

also supported by the failure of the bystanders at the scene to 

dispute the defendant's identity as the operator when the 

officer obviously was treating him as such by administering the 

field sobriety tests"). Viewed as a whole, and in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth, this evidence was sufficient 

to permit a rational jury to find that the defendant was 

operating the Accord when it crashed into the highway sign on 

the exit ramp. See Commonwealth v. Shea, 324 Mass. 710, 713

(1949).
6

2. The prosecutor's closing argument. The defendant 

argues that the prosecutor's closing argument was improper 

because the suggestion the defendant could have struck a

pedestrian or another motorist was speculative and inflammatory. 

The prosecutor stated,

"The consequences thus far have been a street sign 

that was knocked over, but they could've been far 

worse were there a pedestrian or another motorist that 

got in the way of the Defendant operating the vehicle, 

his vehicle, in the state of mind that he was in."

We agree with the Commonwealth that this statement was 

"better left unsaid." "Arguments that are unsupported by the 

evidence and thus are speculative and conjectural are, of 

course, improper." Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 522 

(1987). The prosecutor's statement here improperly speculated 

about dangers to the public posed by the defendant's impaired 

driving, as opposed to the collision that did occur, and through 

the phrase "thus far" it arguably hinted at the public safety 

consequences of an acquittal.1

Because the defendant did not object to this statement at 

trial, we review to determine whether it resulted in a 

1 The defendant was not on trial for negligent operation. In 

such cases, it might be proper to argue that the defendant's 

manner of operation created a risk of danger that had not yet

occurred. See Commonwealth v. Sousa, 88 Mass. App. Ct. 47, 51 

(2015) ("The question [in a negligent operation case] is whether 

the defendant's driving had the potential to cause danger to the 

public, not whether it actually did").
7

substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. See Commonwealth

v. Sanders, 101 Mass. App. Ct. 503, 511 (2022). An error during 

closing argument creates a substantial risk of a miscarriage of 

justice "if we have a serious doubt whether the result of the 

trial might have been different had the error not been made." 

Commonwealth v. Silvelo, 96 Mass. App. Ct. 85, 91 (2019), 

quoting Commonwealth v. Dirgo, 474 Mass. 1012, 1016 (2016).

Considered "in the context of the entire argument, the 

judge's instructions to the jury, and the evidence at trial," we 

conclude that the prosecutor's statement did not give rise to a 

substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. Commonwealth v. 

Ruiz, 442 Mass. 826, 835 (2004). The statement was brief and 

"not so rousing or inflammatory as to sweep the jury beyond 

rational examination of the evidence." Commonwealth v. 

Lassiter, 80 Mass. App. Ct. 125, 132 (2011). The evidence that 

the defendant had been driving while intoxicated was strong. In 

addition, the judge's instruction to the jury that closing 

argument is not evidence, which he provided at three separate 

times, mitigated "any prejudice in the final argument." Kozec, 

399 Mass. at 517. The judge further instructed the jury that 

their "determination of the facts must not be based on 

speculation or conjecture," and they may not "guess or speculate 

about things about which there is no evidence." We presume that 
8

jurors follow a judge's clear instructions. See Commonwealth v. 

Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 228 (1986).

Judgment affirmed.

By the Court (Vuono, 

Massing & Toone, JJ.2),

Assistant Clerk

Entered: March 22, 2024.

2 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.