RENDERED: NOVEMBER 19, 2021; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2020-CA-1014-MR

TERRI LIGON APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE DEANNA HENSCHEL, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 19-CI-00979

LAUREN LIGON AND

JOHNNY HENSLEY APPELLEES

OPINION

AFFIRMING

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BEFORE: CALDWELL, CETRULO, AND JONES, JUDGES.

CETRULO, JUDGE: This is an appeal from McCracken Circuit Court denying an

action for grandparent visitation. For reasons that will be set forth herein, we 

affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
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FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Lauren Ligon (Mother) and Johnny Hensley (Father),

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the Appellees,

are the biological parents of W.H. (Child). Mother and Father recently ceased

Child’s visits with the Appellant, Terri Ligon (Grandmother). The adult parties

have a tumultuous relationship with an alleged history of domestic violence, with 

Grandmother as the perpetrator. Mother and Father pointed to this history as one 

of the reasons they altered the structure of the visits from frequent and 

unsupervised to infrequent and supervised before ending visits altogether. There is 

no indication in the record of violence by Grandmother with regard to Child, and in 

fact, Grandmother appears to have been very involved with Child until July of 

2019. 

In hopes of reinstating a regular visitation schedule, Grandmother

filed a petition for grandparent visitation on November 4, 2019. The circuit court 

held an evidentiary hearing on the petition on July 7, 2020 where Grandmother 

testified that prior to 2019 she babysat Child regularly when Mother was away and 

allowed Mother and Child to live with her for a two-and-a-half-month period. 

Mother confirmed those statements and further testified to the hostile relationship 

between Mother and Grandmother that has persisted since Mother’s childhood. 

 

1 Father elected not to file a brief in this appeal, although he is named as an appellee. Father 

participated in the proceedings below without the assistance of counsel.
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Mother also testified that she began to see Grandmother behave in ways that 

reminded her of Grandmother’s behavior during Mother’s youth. Then, Mother 

altered visits with Grandmother and allowed only infrequent, supervised visits

before ending visits altogether. Following the hearing, the circuit court denied 

Grandmother’s petition for grandparent visitation, citing Grandmother’s failure to

meet the burden of proof necessary to overrule Mother and Father’s decision to end 

visits. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing findings of fact, we apply a clearly erroneous 

standard. CR2 52.01. “The determination of a child’s best interests is a factual 

finding and the standard of review is whether the finding of fact was clearly 

erroneous. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if it is manifestly against the 

great weight of the evidence.” Addison v. Addison, 463 S.W.3d 755, 765 (Ky. 

2015) (citing Frances v. Frances, 266 S.W.3d 754 (Ky. 2008)). When reviewing 

legal conclusions, we apply a de novo standard. Nash v. Campbell Cty. Fiscal 

Court, 345 S.W.3d 811, 816 (Ky. 2011). This appeal addresses (1) legal 

conclusions regarding the interpretation of KRS3 405.021(1); and (2) the circuit

 

2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

3 Kentucky Revised Statute.
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court’s determination of a child’s best interest. Therefore, we review the first 

question de novo and the second question under a clearly erroneous standard.

ANALYSIS

Pertinent to our analysis,

4 Grandmother contends the circuit court 

erred in two respects: (1) it considered the relationship between Grandmother and 

Mother; and (2) it found Grandmother did not meet the requisite threshold to 

overcome the parents’ decision. We disagree.

As to the first point, Grandmother is incorrect. KRS 405.021(1)

provides that “[t]he Circuit Court may grant reasonable visitation rights to either 

the paternal or maternal grandparents of a child and issue any necessary orders to 

enforce the decree if it determines that it is in the best interest of the child.” And in 

determining what is in the best interest of the child, the court must consider a 

“broad array of factors”

including but not limited to: the nature and stability of 

the relationship between the child and the grandparent 

seeking visitation; the amount of time spent together; the 

potential detriments and benefits to the child from 

granting visitation; the effect granting visitation would 

have on the child’s relationship with the parents; the 

physical and emotional health of all the adults involved, 

parents and grandparents alike; the stability of the child’s 

 

4 Grandmother also argues the circuit court improperly took notice of a 2009 order of protection 

because, in her view, the judge’s reference to it was “vague”, and because it was entered in 2009.

Because we can properly adjudicate this matter without reliance on the 2009 order of protection, 

it is unnecessary to discuss this issue.
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living and schooling arrangements; the wishes and 

preferences of the child.

Vibbert v. Vibbert, 144 S.W.3d 292, 295 (Ky. App. 2004).

The use of the qualifier “including but not limited to,” as set forth 

above, clearly signifies that this is not an exhaustive list. Therefore, it is expected 

that courts will consider factors outside of those explicitly listed, using the above 

as a guide. One such factor this Court has considered is the relationship between a 

child’s mother and grandmother. Grayson v. Grayson, 319 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Ky. 

App. 2010). In Grayson, the Court considered the grandmother’s actions toward 

the parents in determining whether the parents’ decision to end visitation was in 

the child’s best interest. Id. For these reasons, we disagree with Grandmother’s

assertion that the circuit court should not have considered Grandmother and 

Mother’s relationship. 

Next, Grandmother claims that visitation is in Child’s best interest and 

should overcome Mother and Father’s decision to stop visits. In support, she notes 

that she loves Child, and that Child (along with Mother) resided with her for a 

short period of time two years ago. She further notes that around that time, and up 

until March of 2020, she saw Child regularly and babysat Child while Mother was 

away. She therefore believes reinstating visitation is in Child’s best interest.

We disagree. The circuit court made clear, and we agree, there is no 

doubt that Grandmother loves Child; nor is it disputed that Child and Mother 
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resided with her for a period and that she regularly babysat Child. But, those are 

not the metrics for assessing a child’s best interests. Rather, the starting point for 

such analysis is to determine whether the parents are fit because there is a

“constitutional presumption that a fit parent acts in the child’s best interest[.]” 

Pinto v. Robison, 607 S.W.3d 669, 674 (Ky. 2020) (citation omitted). See also

Vibbert, 144 S.W.3d at 294 (“[A] fit parent has a superior right, constitutionally, to 

all others in making decisions regarding the raising of his or her children, including 

who may and may not visit them. A fit parent’s decision must be given deference 

by the Courts, and Courts considering the issue must presume that a fit parent’s 

decision is in the child’s best interest.”). Here, Grandmother testified that Mother 

and Father are “excellent parents,” and there is no dispute that Mother and Father

are indeed fit. Therefore, it was the duty of the circuit court to presume that 

Mother and Father, in denying Grandmother’s visitation, were acting in the best 

interest of their child. 

To overcome this presumption, Grandmother must meet a clear and 

convincing evidence threshold:

The grandparent petitioning for visitation must rebut this 

presumption with clear and convincing evidence that 

visitation with the grandparent is in the child’s best 

interest. In other words, the grandparent must show that 

the fit parent is clearly mistaken in the belief that 

grandparent visitation is not in the child’s best interest. If 

the grandparent fails to present such evidence to the 
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court, then parental opposition alone is sufficient to deny 

the grandparent visitation.

Pinto, 607 S.W.3d at 674 (quoting Walker v. Blair, 382 S.W.3d 862, 871 (Ky. 

2012)). See also Hartlage v. Hartlage, 601 S.W.3d 495, 500 (Ky. App. 2020).

To determine whether a parent is “clearly mistaken in the belief that 

grandparent visitation is not in the child’s best interest,” the circuit court must rely 

upon the Walker factors:

1) the nature and stability of the relationship between the 

child and the grandparent seeking visitation; 

2) the amount of time the grandparent and child spent 

together; 

3) the potential detriments and benefits to the child from 

granting visitation; 

4) the effect granting visitation would have on the child’s 

relationship with the parents; 

5) the physical and emotional health of all the adults 

involved, parents and grandparents alike; 

6) the stability of the child’s living and schooling 

arrangements; 

7) the wishes and preferences of the child; and

. . .

8) the motivation of the adults participating in the 

grandparent visitation proceedings. 

Walker, 382 S.W.3d at 871.
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Here, as discussed, Grandmother notes that she loves Child, and she 

points out that Child and Mother lived with her for a short period of time. She also 

notes that she regularly babysat Child while Mother was away. But, this Court has 

found generalized representations of a close relationship do not meet the standard 

of clear and convincing evidence needed to overcome the parental presumption.

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See, e.g., Grayson, 319 S.W.3d at 428, 431 (this Court found the grandmother “did 

not meet the statutory standard of KRS 405.021” where the grandmother asserted 

visitation was in the child’s best interest because the grandmother provided 

housing and babysat, even where time spent together was significant).

Similarly, in Goodlett, this Court stated that focusing only on the 

grandmother and child’s “long-established and close relationship” is not enough to 

overcome the parental presumption. Goodlett, 544 S.W.3d at 664. There, the

mother and child resided with the grandmother for an extended period, and the 

grandparent was the primary daycare provider for most of the child’s life. Id. at

663-64. Still, the Court determined that was not enough to outweigh the parental 

 

5 Goodlett v. Brittain, 544 S.W.3d 656, 665 (Ky. App. 2018) (“Ideally, the parties should be able 

to work through their differences for the benefit of the child. But where a grandparent seeks the 

intervention of the courts to compel visitation, the decision of the parent must prevail absent a 

clear and convincing showing by the grandparent in favor of such visitation.”).
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presumption because the “mere existence of a close relationship” alone is not 

sufficient. Id. at 662.

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Based upon these authorities, and the circuit court’s consideration of 

the facts presented at the evidentiary hearing, it is clear the circuit court did not 

abuse its discretion. Here, the circuit court properly noted that the evidence does

not overcome the presumption that Mother and Father’s decision to cease visitation

was in Child’s best interest. Therefore, the circuit court properly concluded that it 

could not force the relationship against Mother and Father’s wishes, even while 

expressing encouragement for preservation of the grandparent/grandchild 

relationship. 

CONCLUSION

In short, Grandmother did not meet the requisite burden of proof to 

sustain her action. Consequently, we AFFIRM the order of the McCracken Circuit

Court.

ALL CONCUR.

 

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“[T]he mere existence of a close relationship between the grandparents and the children, or the 

fact that the children lived in the grandparents’ home for a time, will not always be sufficient to 

overcome the parental presumption.” Id.
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BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:

Heather L. Jones

Paducah, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE LAUREN 

LIGON:

John Straub

Paducah, Kentucky

NO BRIEF FILED FOR APPELLEE 

JOHNNY HENSLEY.