North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

NOAA’s Estuarine Living Marine Resources Program

Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and

Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Ocean Service

October 1991
NOAA’s Estuarine Living Marine Resources Program

The Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) Division of NOAA's Office of Ocean Resources Conservation

and Assessment (ORCA) was created in response to the need for comprehensive information on the effects of

human activities on the Nation's coastal ocean. The SEA Division performs assessments of the estuarine and

coastal environments and of the resources of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

In June 1985, NOAA began a program to develop a comprehensive information base on the life history, relative

abundance and distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estuaries throughout the nation. The Estuarine Living

Marine Resources (ELMR) program has been conducted jointly by the SEA Division, the National Marine Fisheries

Service (NMFS), and other agencies and institutions. Three salinity zones as defined in Volume 1 of NOAA’s

National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas (NOAA 1985) provide the spatial framework for organizing information on

species distribution and abundance within each estuary. These salinity zones are tidal fresh (0.0 to 0.5 ppt), mixing

(0.5 to 25 ppt), and seawater (>25 ppt). The primary data developed for each species include spatial distribution

by salinity zone, temporal distribution by month, and relative abundance by life stage, e.g., adults, spawning,

juveniles, larvae, and eggs.

The nationwide ELMR data base was completed in January 1994, and includes data for 135 species found in 122

estuaries and coastal embayments. Nine reports and reprints are now available free upon request, and are listed

below. This report, Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries, summarizes

information on the distribution and abundance of 40 fish and invertebrate species in 20 estuaries along the Atlantic

coast of North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. This report was published in 1991, and reprinted with

minor revision in November 1994; the introductory text was updated, and several appendices were omitted. A

national report summarizing the data and results from the ELMR program will be published in 1995.

Additional information on this or other programs of NOAA's SEA Division is available from:

NOAA/NOS SEA Division, N/ORCA1

1305 East-West Hwy., 9th Floor

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

Phone (301) 713-3000

Fax (301) 713-4384

Selected reports and reprints available from NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources program include:

Monaco, M.E., et al. 1990. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, Vol. I: Data

summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 4. NOAA/NOS Strategic Assessment Branch, Rockville, MD. 232 p.

Emmett, R.L., et al. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, Vol. II: Species life

history summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 8. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 329 p.

Nelson, D.M., et al. 1991. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in southeast estuaries. ELMR Rep. No.

9. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 167 p.

Monaco, M.E., et al. 1992. Assemblages of U.S. west coast estuaries based on the distribution of fishes. Journal of

Biogeography 19: 251-267.

Nelson, D.M. (ed.), et al. 1992. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Gulf of Mexico estuaries, Vol. I: Data

summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 10. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Rockville, MD. 273 p.

Bulger, A.J., et al. 1993. Biologically-based salinity zones derived from a multivariate analysis. Estuaries 16: 311-322.

Pattillo, M.E., et al. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Gulf of Mexico estuaries, Vol. II: Species

life history summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 11. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD.

Stone, S.L., et al. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No.

12. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 280 p.

Jury, S.H., et al. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No.

13. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 221 p.
Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and

Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries

Project Team

David M. Nelson and Mark E. Monaco

Biogeographic Characterization Branch

Strategic Environmental Assessments Division

Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment

National Ocean Service

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Elizabeth A. Irlandi, Lawrence R. Settle, and Linda Coston-Clements

Beaufort Laboratory

Southeast Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Fisheries Service

Beaufort, NC 28516

ELMR Report Number 9

October 1991

Reprinted with minor revisions, November 1994

This report should be cited as:

Nelson, D.M., E.A. Irlandi, L.R. Settle, M.E. Monaco, and L. Coston-Clements. 1991. Distribution and Abundance

of Fishes and Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 9. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental

Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 167 p.
Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1

Rationale............................................................................................................................. 1

Data Collection and Organization..................................................................................... 2

Selection of Estuaries ................................................................................................... 2

Selection of Species...................................................................................................... 3

Data Sheets................................................................................................................... 4

Data Verification ........................................................................................................... 5

Results................................................................................................................................ 5

Data Summaries ........................................................................................................... 5

Seasonal Comparisons ................................................................................................. 6

Data Content and Quality.................................................................................................. 6

Analysis of Data Content and Quality ........................................................................... 10

Variability in Space and Time........................................................................................10

Life History Notes..........................................................................................................11

Hurricane Hugo..............................................................................................................13

Coupling of Estuarine and Marine Ecosystems..............................................................13

Classifying and Comparing Estuaries........................................................................... 13

Linkages to Marine Ecosystems....................................................................................14

East Coast Strategic Assessment .................................................................................14

Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................14

Literature Cited...................................................................................................................14

Data Summary Tables.......................................................................................................17

Spatial distribution and relative abundance................................................................... 19

Temporal distribution..................................................................................................... 41

Data reliability ................................................................................................................ 91

Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries.....................................................113

Appendices.........................................................................................................................115

Appendix 1. National Estuarine Inventory Map of Pamlico Sound...............................117

Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications..................................118

Appendix 3. Personal communications........................................................................138

Appendix 4. References...............................................................................................141
List of Figures

List of Tables

Figure 1. ELMR regions and regional research institutions.

Figure 2. Major steps to complete the Southeast ELMR study.

Figure 3. ELMR Southeast estuaries.

Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: Atlantic menhaden in Pamlico Sound.

Figure 5. Number of species, by salinity zone, life stage, and month.

Figure 6. Number of species, by life stage, estuary, and salinity zone.

Figure 7. Mean data reliability by estuary.

Figure 8. Mean data reliability by species.

Table 1. ELMR species list for the Southeast.

Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance.

Table 3. Temporal distribution.

Table 4. Data reliability.

Table 5. Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries.
1

Figure 1. ELMR study regions and regional research institutions.

 Introduction

This report presents information on the spatial and

temporal distribution, relative abundance, and life history characteristics of 40 fish and invertebrate species

in 20 estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Its purpose

is to disseminate data developed in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program (inside

front cover). The ELMR program is conducted by the

Biogeographic Characterization Branch of the Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, in cooperation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)

and other research institutions. The presence, distribution, and relative abundance of each species and

the time period it utilizes each estuary are the primary

data compiled. The data and framework presented in

this report are illustrative of the nationwide ELMR

program.

The objective of the ELMR program is to develop a

consistent data base on the distribution, abundance,

and life history characteristics of important fishes and

invertebrates in the Nation’s estuaries. The Nationwide data base is divided into five study regions (Figure

1). The data base contains the monthly relative abundance of each species’ life stage by estuary for three

salinity zones (seawater, mixing, and tidal fresh) identified in NOAA’s National Estuarine Inventory (NEI)

Data Atlas-Volume I (NOAA 1985). The Nationwide

data base contains information for 135 fish and invertebrate species found in 122 U.S. estuaries.

 Rationale

Estuaries are among the most productive natural systems and are important nursery areas that provide

food, refuge from predation, and valuable habitat for

many species (Gunter 1967, Joseph 1973, Weinstein

1979, Mann 1982). Estuarine organisms that support

important commercial and recreational fisheries include molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes. In spite of the

well-documented importance of estuaries to fishes and

invertebrates, few consistent and comprehensive data

bases exist which allow examinations of the relationships between estuarine species found in or among

groups of estuaries. Furthermore, much of the distribution and abundance information for estuarine-dependent species (i.e., species that require estuaries during

their life cycle) is for offshore life stages and does not

adequately describe estuarine distributions (Darnell et

al. 1983, NOAA 1988).

Only a few comprehensive sampling programs collect

fishes and invertebrates with identical methods across

groups of estuaries within a region. Therefore, most

existing estuarine fisheries data cannot be compared

among estuaries because of the variable sampling

strategies. In addition, existing research programs do

not focus on how groups of estuaries may be important

for regional fishery management, and few compile

information for species having little or no economic

value.

Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in Southeast Estuaries

NOAA NMFS,

Hammond, OR

NOAA NMFS, 

Galveston, TX

Gulf of Mexico

31 estuaries,

44 species

Southeast

 20 estuaries,

 40 species

NOAA NMFS, Beaufort, NC

NOAA SEA Division,

Silver Spring, MD

North Atlantic

 17 estuaries,

 58 species

West Coast

 32 estuaries,

 47 species UNH, Durham, NH

Maine DMR,

Boothbay Harbor, ME

Mid-Atlantic

 22 estuaries,

 61 species

VIMS, Gloucester Point, VA
2

Because life stages of many species use both estuarine and marine habitats, information on distribution,

abundance, temporal utilization, and life history characteristics are needed to understand the coupling of

estuarine, nearshore, and offshore habitats. To date, a

national, comprehensive, and consistent data base of

this type does not exist. Consequently, there is a need

to develop a program which integrates fragments of

information on marine and estuarine species and their

associated habitats into a useful, comprehensive, and

consistent format. The ELMR program was designed

to help fulfill this need by developing a uniform nationwide data base on selected estuarine species. Results

will complement NOAA efforts to develop a national

estuarine assessment capability (NOAA 1985), identify information gaps, and assess the content and

quality of existing estuarine fisheries data.

 Data Collection and Organization

Figure 2 summarizes the major steps taken to collect

and organize information on the distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Southeast estuaries. The initial steps were selection of the estuaries and

species to be studied.

Figure 2. Major steps taken to complete the Southeast ELMR study.

Selection of estuaries. Estuaries in the Southeast

region were selected from the National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas - Volume I (NOAA 1985). The 20

estuaries selected for the Southeast study are shown

in Figure 3.

Data on spatial and temporal distributions of species

were developed and organized by the tidal fresh (0.0 to

0.5 parts per thousand (ppt)), mixing (0.5 to 25.0 ppt),

and seawater (>25.0 ppt) zones delineated for each

estuary in the NEI. Each salinity zone is present in

most of the Southeast estuaries, except that the seawater zone is absent from Albemarle Sound, Pamlico/

Pungo Rivers, Neuse River, and North/South Santee

River; and the tidal fresh zone is absent from Indian

River and Biscayne Bay. A representative map and

data table (Pamlico Sound) from the NEI Data Atlas is

shown in Appendix 1, p. 117.

Compiling consistent data nationwide limits the amount

of information that may be compiled for each species

and estuary. Also, it would be time and cost prohibitive

to map each species by life stage for each estuary

(Monaco 1986). This framework enables a consistent

compilation and organization of available information

on the distribution of fishes and invertebrates in estuaries.

Compile

Estuary

Information

Select

Species 40

Species

20

Estuaries

National

Estuarine

Inventory

Data Atlas

Prepare

Species/Estuary

Worksheets

Peer Review:

Data

Verification

Microcomputer

Database

Relative

Abundance

Data

Reliability

Spatial

Distribution

Temporal

Distribution

Outputs
3

3) Indicator species of environmental stress - identified

from the literature, discussions with fisheries experts,

and from monitoring programs such as NOAA’s National Status and Trends Program (O'Connor 1990).

These species (e.g., American oyster, Crassostrea

virginica, and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias

undulatus) are molluscs or bottom fishes that consume

benthic invertebrates or have a strong association with

bottom sediments. Their physiological disorders, morphological abnormalities, and bioaccumulation of contaminants, such as heavy metals, indicate episodes of

environmental pollution and/or stress.

4) Ecological value - based on several attributes,

including trophic level, relative abundance and importance as a key predator or prey species, e.g., bay

anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli.

North Carolina

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Albemarle Sound

Pamlico Sound

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Neuse River

Bogue Sound

New River

Cape Fear River

Winyah Bay

Charleston Harbor

North/South Santee River

St. Helena Sound

Broad River

Savannah River

Ossabaw Sound

St. Catherine/Sapelo Sound

Altamaha River

St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound

St. Johns River

Indian River

Biscayne Bay

T M

T MS

T M

T M

T MS

T MS

T MS

T M

T M

S

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

T MS

M S

M S

*

*

*

*

*

*

Legend:

T = Tidal fresh zone

M = Mixing zone

S = Seawater zone

* = Salinity zone not present.

Estuary Salinity zones present

Figure 3. ELMR Southeast estuaries and associated salinity zones.

Selection of Species. Four criteria were used to

identify 40 species that had sufficient available information for inclusion in the ELMR data base. The four

criteria were:

1) Commercial value - determined by review of catch

data and value statistics from NMFS and state agencies, e.g., Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)

and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus).

2) Recreational value - defined as a species that

recreational fishermen specifically try to catch, that

may or may not be of commercial importance. Recreational species were determined by consulting regional experts and NMFS reports, e.g., spotted seatrout

(Cynoscion nebulosus) and flounders (Paralichthys

spp.).
4

Table 1. ELMR southeast species (n=40)

Common Name Scientific Name

Blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Bay scallop Argopecten irradians

American oyster Crassostrea virginica

Common rangia Rangia cuneata

Hard clam Mercenaria species

Brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus

Pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum

White shrimp Penaeus setiferus

Grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio

Blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus

Ladyfish Elops saurus

American eel Anguilla rostrata

Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus

American shad Alosa sapidissima

Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus

Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli

Sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus

Silversides Menidia species

White perch Morone americana

Striped bass Morone saxatilis

Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix

Cobia Rachycentron canadum

Gray snapper Lutjanus griseus

Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus

Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides

Spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus

Weakfish Cynoscion regalis

Spot Leiostomus xanthurus

Southern kingfish Menticirrhus americanus

Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus

Black drum Pogonias cromis

Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Striped mullet Mugil cephalus

Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus maculatus

Gulf flounder Paralichthys albigutta

Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus

Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma

Data Sheets. A data sheet was developed for each

species in each estuary to enable quick data compilation and presentation. Figure 4 depicts the data sheet

for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Pamlico

Sound. Data sheets were developed by project staff

and reviewed by local experts. Data compiled for each

species/life stage included: 1) the salinity zone it

occupies (seawater, mixing, or tidal fresh), 2) its monthly

distribution in those zones, and 3) its relative abundance in the zones. The ELMR data sheets were

entered into a microcomputer data base management

system.

The relative abundance of a species was classified

using the following categories:

• Not present: species or life history stage not found,

questionable data as to identification of species, and/

or recent loss of habitat or environmental degradation

suggests absence.

• No information available: no existing data available,

and after expert review it was determined that not even

an educated guess would be appropriate.

• Rare: species is definitely present but not frequently encountered.

• Common: species is frequently encountered but

not in large numbers; does not imply a uniform distribution over a specific salinity zone.

• Abundant: species is often encountered in substantial numbers relative to other species.

• Highly abundant: species is numerically dominant

relative to other species.

Adults were defined as reproductively mature individuals, juveniles as immature but otherwise similar to

adults, and spawning adults as those releasing eggs

and sperm. There were a few exceptions to these

defined life stages, such as mating in crabs.

For well-studied species such as Atlantic croaker,

quantitative data were used to estimate abundance

levels. For many species, however, reliable quantitative data were limited. Therefore, regional and local

experts were consulted to estimate relative abundances based on the above criteria. Several reference

or “guide” species with abundance levels corresponding to the above criteria were identified for each estuary. These guide species typified fishes and invertebrates belonging to a particular life mode (e.g., pelagic,

demersal) or occupying similar habitats. Once guide

species were selected, other species were then placed

into the appropriate abundance categories relative to

them. These data represent relative abundance levels

within a specific estuary only; relative abundance levels across southeast estuaries could not be determined.

The final level of abundance assigned to a species was

determined by asking regional and local biologists for

expert opinions based on their knowledge of individual

species within an estuary. This effort complemented

quantitative studies, the ELMR relative abundance

categories, and greatly increased reliability of abundance information. The quality of relative abundance

information varied between estuaries as well as spe-
5

cies. As a result, temporal resolution was greater in

well-studied estuaries. Nevertheless, the relative abundance data shown in the data summaries are the best

that could be synthesized from agency reports, academic studies, and expert reviews.

Data Verification. Approximately two years were

required to develop the 800 data sheets (Figure 4) and

consult with regional and local experts for the 20

estuaries studied. Nearly all of the data sheets were

carefully reviewed during consultations or by mail.

These consultations complemented the literature and

published data sets compiled by NOAA. Sixty-four

scientists and managers at 24 institutions were consulted. Local experts were especially helpful in providing estuary/species-specific information. They also

provided additional references and contacts, and identified additional species to be included in the ELMR

data base. The names and affiliations of these experts

are listed in Appendix 3, p. 138-140.

 Results

Data summaries. The information compiled for each

species and estuary (800 data sheets) was organized

in four data summaries (p. 17-113). Tables 2 and 3

provide graphic presentations of the spatial and temporal distribution and relative abundance by life stage

for each species and estuary. The information shown

represents the usual spatial and temporal distribution

of a species in a particular estuary. Table 4 ranks the

relative reliability of the information presented for each

species and estuary.

Spatial distribution and relative abundance. Table 2 (p.

19-40) summarizes the distribution and relative abundance for each species by life stage, in each estuary by

salinity zone. The highest level of abundance during

the year in each estuary is depicted.

4 5 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Region: Southeast

Common name: Atlantic menhaden State: North Carolina

Scientific name: Brevoortia tyrannus

Estuary name: Pamlico Sound Investigator: L. R. Settle / reviewed

Legend:

1 = Highly Certain

2 = Moderately Certain

3 = Reasonable Inference

Relative Abundance: Data Reliability (R):

= Common

= Not Present

= Rare

= Abundant

= Highly Abundant

Salinity

zone Life stage

Tidal fresh

0.0 - 0.5 ppt

Seawater

>25.0 ppt

Relative abundance by month

Mixing

0.5 - 25.0 ppt

Adults

Spawning

Juveniles

Larvae

Eggs

J F M A M J J A S O N D

0 3 4 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3

0 0 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 0

3 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3

4 5 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

R

2

1

3

3

3

1

1

2

2

1

3

1

2

2

1

Adults

Spawning

Juveniles

Larvae

Eggs

Adults

Spawning

Juveniles

Larvae

Eggs

Figure 4. Example of a species/estuary data sheet: Atlantic menhaden in Pamlico Sound.
Temporal distribution. Table 3 (p. 41-90) summarizes

the temporal distribution of each species by month and

life stage for each estuary. This table combines data

over the three salinity zones, showing the highest level

of abundance for a particular life stage by month.

Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries.

Table 5 (p. 113) was developed to quickly determine

the occurrence (as adults or juveniles) of each of the 40

ELMR species in each of the 20 southeast estuaries.

The highest level of abundance over a year of the adult

or juvenile life stages is depicted. The spawning, egg,

and larval life stages are not included. This table

suggests the relative abundance and zoogeographic

distribution of species across southeast estuaries.

Seasonal Comparisons. To examine general seasonal abundance patterns, the numbers of species

ranked as “common” or greater were counted for each

life stage by month and by salinity zone. In Figure 5, the

number of species was averaged across estuaries and

plotted by month. In Figure 6, the number of species

was plotted by estuary. Although these summaries are

not statistical analyses, they do provide insights into

the seasonal distribution of selected species in the

estuaries:

• Estuarine utilization by all life stages is highest in

the summer, and lowest in the winter (Figure 5).

• The number of species present as larvae reaches

a peak in April (Figure 5).

• In any given month, more species utilize these

estuaries as juveniles than as any other life stage

(Figures 5 and 6).

• The number of species appears to be lowest in the

tidal fresh zone (Figures 5 and 6). However, this may

be because the selected ELMR species are primarily

estuarine, not freshwater. Also, few studies exist for a

large number of estuaries and species in tidal fresh

waters, so any true patterns are difficult to define.

• The number of species appears to be lowest in the

south Florida estuaries, Indian River and Biscayne Bay

(Figure 6). However, this is probably because the

selected species list does not adequately represent the

south Florida estuarine fauna. The selected ELMR

species are representative of the temperate Carolinian

biogeographic province (Briggs 1974), whereas the

south Florida estuaries include species from the tropical Caribbean biogeographic province.

• Many east coast estuarine-dependent species

spawn in marine waters, thus, of the five life stages, the

fewest species were present as eggs and for spawn6

ing. The paucity of these life stages may also be a

result of limited studies on spawning and

ichthyoplankton in estuaries.

 Data Content and Quality

An important aspect of the ELMR program, especially

since it is based primarily on published and unpublished literature and consultations, is to determine the

quality of available data. For many species, gear

selectivity, difficulty in identifying larvae, and difficulty

in sampling various habitats has limited the amount of

reliable information. Therefore, a deliberate effort was

made to assess the overall reliability of the data base

so that it could be used appropriately.

Estimates of the reliability of the distribution and abundance information organized by species, life stage,

and estuary are presented in Table 4 (p. 15-116) of the

Data Summary Tables section. Data reliability was

classified using the following categories:

Highly certain: Considerable sampling data available.

Distribution, behavior, and preferred habitats well documented within an estuary.

Moderately certain: Some sampling data available for

an estuary. Distribution, preferred habitat, and behavior well documented in similar estuaries.

Reasonable inference: Little or no sampling data

available. Information on distributions, ecology, and

preferred habitats documented in similar estuaries.

The quality and quantity of available data vary by

species, life stage, and estuary. For example, a large

amount of information is available on blue crab because they are highly valued both commercially and

recreationally. The least amount of information available and poorest quality of data occur for the spawning,

egg, and larval life stages. Except for a few species

(e.g., blue crab), very little data has been generated on

particular habitat preferences and environmental tolerances. This is particularly true for the smaller forage

and/or non-commercial fishes and invertebrates. Gear

selectivity, inability to correctly identify larval stages,

and difficulty of sampling various habitats limits the

development and reliability of this information. In

addition, life history data are lacking on some of the

commercially important sciaenid and pelagic species.

Data reliability was also based on experimental design

and whether the studies were relatively recent. In the

case of limited studies, information was occasionally

inferred. An opportunity exists to refine the data

presented based on additional reviews.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

10

20

30

40

Month

Number of species

Tidal fresh zone

7

Figure 5. Number of species* in Southeast estuaries, by salinity zone, life stage, and month. 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

10

20

30

40

Month

Number of species

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

10

20

30

40

Month

Number of species

Mixing zone

Seawater zone

* number of species with relative abundance of 'common' or greater, averaged across estuaries.

Adults

Juveniles

Larvae

Legend:
Albemarle

SoundPamlicoSoundPamlico/PungoRiversNeuseRiverBogueSoundNewRiverCape FearRiverWinyahBayNorth/SouthSantee RiversCharlestonHarbor

Tidal fresh zone Mixing zone Seawater zone

Number of species Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Tidal fresh zone Mixing zone Seawater zone

Number of species Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Figure 6. Numbers of ELMR species* in Southeast estuaries, by estuary, salinity zone, and lifestage. 

Legend:

Adults Juveniles Larvae

* number of species with relative abundance of 'common' or greater.

Seawater zone not presentSeawater zone not presentSeawater zone not presentSeawater zone not present

8
St. Helena

SoundBroadRiverSavannahRiverOssabawSoundSt. Catherine/Sapelo SoundAltamahaRiverSt. Andrew/St. SimonSoundSt. JohnsRiverIndianRiverBiscayneBay

Tidal fresh zone Mixing zone Seawater zone

Number of species Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Tidal fresh zone Mixing zone Seawater zone

Number of species Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of species

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Figure 6, continued. Numbers of ELMR species* in Southeast estuaries, by estuary, salinity zone, and lifestage. 

Tidal fresh zone not presentTidal fresh zone not present

Legend:

Adults Juveniles Larvae

* number of species with relative abundance of 'common' or greater.

9
10

Given that the amount and quality of available information varies by species, by life stage, between estuaries,

and even within an estuary, considerable scientific

judgment is required to derive or infer spatial and

temporal distributions from existing data and available

literature. Unfortunately, even the most informed

judgment is far from perfect due to the complexity of

estuarine systems. Consequently, information on the

level of certainty associated with each data element

must be presented when synthesizing multiple data

sets (Table 4). Appendices 6, 7, and 8 provide a

complete summary of the personal communications

and primary references used so that readers can track

and obtain additional information efficiently.

Analysis of Data Content and Quality. To assess the

overall certainty of the ELMR southeast data, mean

data reliability was calculated by estuary, salinity zone,

species, and life stage. In this analysis, “highly certain”

= 3, “moderately certain” = 2, and “reasonable inference” = 1. Mean data reliability was calculated using

data reliability values for only those species and life

stages that were known to occur within an estuary.

This allowed comparisons between estuaries and species, because species and life stages known to be

absent were typically recorded as highly certain.

This analysis identified estuaries, species, and life

stages that have the most reliable information and

those with the least. This information suggests the

ELMR species, life stages, and estuaries that could be

the focus of research efforts. Future research should

include a comprehensive and consistent sampling

program to quantify species distributions and abundances within and across estuaries. In addition, life

history data (Appendices 4 and 5) needs to be compiled, especially for those species that may not have

economic value, but are ecologically important.

Mean data reliability of fish and invertebrate data for

southeast estuaries ranged from a high of 2.27 for

Cape Fear River to a low of 1.25 for Ossabaw Sound,

with an overall average of 1.70 (Figure 7). In general,

the reliability estimates reflect the amount of fisheries

research that has been conducted within an estuary.

These data reveal that large estuaries (Albemarle and

Pamlico Sounds) have been relatively well-studied,

while many small bays and estuaries have not. Developed estuaries (i.e., with port facilities and nearby

urbanization) and their drainages typically have been

the focus of numerous research studies, for example,

Cape Fear River and Charleston Harbor. In contrast,

some of the least-developed estuaries (e.g., the southern Georgia estuaries) appear to be less-studied.

Hence, there appears to be a need to collect baseline

fish and invertebrate distribution and abundance data

from relatively undeveloped estuaries.

When averaged across estuaries and analyzed by

salinity zone, data reliability was lower in the tidal fresh

zone than in the mixing and seawater zones. This is

possibly because the selected species are primarily

estuarine, not freshwater, and may also be due to

fewer studies of tidal fresh waters.

When averaged across salinity zones and life stages

and analyzed by species (Figure 8), data reliability was

relatively high for most of the invertebrate species,

including bay scallop, American oyster, hard clam,

blue crab, and brown, pink, and white shrimp. This

reflects the economic value of these species and

consequently the large number of research studies

that have focused on them. It was relatively low for blue

mussel and common rangia, neither of which are

commercially important in the southeast. Of the fish

species, data reliability was relatively high for American eel, bay anchovy, white perch, bluefish, spot, and

Atlantic croaker. It was relatively low for Atlantic

sturgeon, sheepshead minnow, southern kingfish, black

drum, and gulf flounder.

When analyzed by life stage, data for juvenile and adult

life stages were most reliable, while data pertaining to

spawning adults, larvae, and eggs were less certain.

This reflects the number of research studies which

have concentrated on adult and juvenile life stages.

Species-specific studies of spawning adults, larvae,

and eggs, have not been conducted in most estuaries.

Thus, some of the information for these life stages was

inferred from life history studies and data from similar

estuaries.

Variability in Space and Time. Species data were

organized according to the salinity zone boundaries

developed for each estuary in the NEI data atlasVolume 1 (NOAA 1985). However, division of an

estuary on the basis of salinity is highly variable due to

the many interacting factors that affect salinity, such as

variations in freshwater inflow, wind, and tides. To

compile information on species distribution according

to these zones, it is assumed that if a particular salinity

zone expands or contracts, the distribution of a mobile

species in that zone will correspond to the shift. For

example, if increased freshwater inflow shifts the tidal

fresh zone further down the estuary, the distribution of

a species confined to that zone increases to include the

new area. If a species exhibits a wide range of salinity

tolerance, a shift may or may not occur. The placement

of species in a salinity zone was ultimately determined

by where they have been observed or captured.

Species temporal distributions are often dependent on

annual climatic conditions and water currents. Monthly

distributional patterns were derived based on the consistent presence of a life stage within a particular
11

month. If a species is only present in an estuary in

unusual years (e.g., drought), it was not portrayed as

part of that species’ spatial or temporal distribution.

However, if a species is usually there, even during a

restricted time period, it was considered present for the

specific month(s). Greater temporal resolution, such

as on a biweekly rather than on a monthly basis, was

not possible.

Life History Notes. Because of the complex life

histories of some species, the following comments are

provided below to clarify and supplement information

presented in the data summary tables.

Invertebrates. Sessile invertebrates, such as clams

and oysters, usually have a patchy rather than a

uniform distribution. Therefore, the areal distribution of

these organisms may be overestimated, but the salinity zones of colonization are identified. Specific areas

may contain acceptable salinity regimes, but suitable

bottom habitat for colonization may not exist. Specific

habitat requirements and life history characteristics of

a number of invertebrate species are provided below:

• Blue mussel: Not common south of Cape Hatteras.

Larvae may be transported southward of Cape Hatteras,

Southern flounder

Summer flounder

Gulf flounder

Spanish mackerel

Striped mullet

Red drum

Black drum

Atlantic croaker

Southern kingfish

Spot

Weakfish

Spotted seatrout

Pinfish

Sheepshead

Gray snapper

Cobia

Bluefish

Striped bass

White perch

Atlantic silversides

Mummichog

Sheepshead minnow

Bay anchovy

Atlantic menhaden

American shad

Alewife

Blueback herring

American eel

Ladyfish

Atlantic sturgeon

Blue crab 

Grass shrimp

White shrimp

Pink shrimp

Brown shrimp

Hard clam

Common rangia

American oyster

Bay scallop

Mussel

1 2 3

Data Reliability

Species 1 2 3

Data Reliability

Less 

certain

Highly 

certain

Less 

certain

Highly 

certain

Figure 8. Mean data reliability by species.

Biscayne Bay

Indian River

St. John's River

St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound

Altamaha River

St. Catherine/Sapelo Sound

Ossabaw Sound

Savannah River

Broad River

St. Helena Sound

Charleston Harbor

N/S Santee Rivers

Winyah Bay

Cape Fear River

New River

Bogue Sound

Neuse River

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Pamlico Sound

Albemarle Sound

Estuary

1 2 3

1 2 3

Data reliability Less 

certain

Highly 

certain

Data reliability

Less 

certain

Highly 

certain

Figure 7. Mean data reliability by estuary.

and juveniles occur in some North Carolina estuaries.

However, these mussels generally don’t survive to

adulthood.

• Bay scallop: Usually associated with seagrass

beds and salinities greater than 25 ppt.

• American oyster: Populations tend to be intertidal

south of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and subtidal

from Cape Lookout northward.

• Rangia: All life stages occur in salinities below 25

ppt. Not common in the south Florida estuaries.

• Hard clam: Most life stages occur in salinities

above 20 ppt.
12

• Penaeid shrimp: Postlarvae and juveniles are the

main life stages utilizing the estuaries. Adults generally

move to nearshore spawning grounds, where spawning, egg development, and most of the larval development occur.

• Grass shrimp: Fertilized eggs are held on the

female’s pleopods until hatching.

• Blue crab: Mating usually takes place in the low

salinities of the tidal fresh to the upper region of the

mixing zone. After mating, females move to the seawater zone, while males often remain in the upper reaches

of the estuary. Females brood the eggs (sponge

females), and larvae are released in higher salinities.

Development through the late zoeal stages occurs

offshore. Megalopae are transported back into the

estuary and disperse throughout the salinity zones. As

they approach maturity, blue crabs seek lower salinities.

Fishes. Aggregating species by salinity zone uses a

single fundamental habitat parameter. However, a

combination of habitat characteristics, such as bottom

type, water temperature, and bathymetry, would more

accurately indicate species spatial and temporal distributions. Specific habitat requirements and life history

characteristics of a number of fishes are presented

here:

• Atlantic sturgeon: Spawning occurs in freshwater

rivers or low-salinity tidal waters. Eggs are demersal

and adhesive, larvae drift downstream, and juveniles

migrate seaward. Adults are iteroparous, i.e., they may

return to spawn more than once. Not present south of

the St. John’s River, Florida.

• Ladyfish: Spawning occurs offshore. Juveniles

are euryhaline, and are found in a variety of estuarine

and coastal habitats. Not abundant north of Cape

Hatteras.

• American eel: Spawning occurs in the Sargasso

Sea in the spring, and the pelagic larvae (leptocephali)

may spend over a year in marine waters before being

transported shoreward. As leptocephali reach the

continental shelf, they metamorphose into transparent

“glass eels”. As glass eels migrate into estuaries and

fresh water, they develop pigment and are considered

“elvers”, which then grow into the “yellow eel” stage.

Yellow eels inhabit estuarine and fresh waters for years

before maturing into the “silver eel” stage and migrating

seaward. For the purposes of this study, silver eels are

considered adults, elvers and yellow eels are considered juveniles, and glass eels and leptocephali are

considered larvae.

• Blueback herring: Spawning is in the spring,

primarily in fresh water above and below head-of-tide.

Adults typically return to sea after spawning, and may

spawn repeatedly in their natal river. Not present in the

southern Florida estuaries. Blueback herring and

alewife are often referred to collectively as “river herring”.

• Alewife: Spawning is in the spring, in fresh water

above and below head-of-tide, and in low salinity

estuarine waters. After spawning, adults typically

move seaward. Not abundant south of Bogue Sound,

North Carolina.

• American shad: An anadromous species with a

fairly strong natal homing tendency. Adults spawn in

freshwater rivers and die afterwards. Juveniles use

low-salinity estuarine waters as a nursery area, then

move offshore in the fall. Does not occur south of the

St. John’s River, Florida.

• Atlantic menhaden: Major winter spawning areas

are offshore of Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout,

North Carolina. Larvae move inshore and into estuaries, and juveniles are often highly abundant in estuarine waters. May hybridize with yellowfin menhaden

(B. smithi) in southern Florida.

• Bay anchovy: All life stages occur in estuaries,

although adults may move offshore. A key forage

species that is one of the most abundant fishes in east

coast estuarine waters.

• Sheepshead minnow: The entire life cycle is

completed within the estuary, and all life stages are

euryhaline and eurythermal. Tends to prefer open

bottom to heavily vegetated areas.

• Mummichog: The entire life cycle is completed

within the estuary, and all life stages are euryhaline.

One of the most abundant fishes in east coast estuarine marsh habitats. Not common south of St. John’s

River, Florida.

• Silversides: Large schools spawn in the intertidal

zone at high tide. Spawning behavior is periodic, and

may be affected by tidal cycle, lunar phase, and daylight. Silversides are often one of the most abundant

fish species in an estuary.

• White perch: Spawning occurs in fresh water

above and below head of tide, and in low-salinity

estuarine waters. Eggs are demersal. Juveniles and

adults typically remain within the estuary. Not common

south of Charleston, South Carolina. Landlocked

freshwater populations also exist.
13

Hurricane Hugo. In September, 1989, Hurricane

Hugo came ashore, affecting 90 miles of the South

Carolina coast, from Charleston to Myrtle Beach. The

storm surge and heavy rainfall produced low salinity

and low dissolved oxygen conditions in the Charleston

Harbor estuary, resulting in extensive mortality and

downstream displacement of the estuarine fauna (Knott

and Martore 1991). As water quality parameters in

Charleston Harbor returned to normal in the following

months, grass shrimp, juvenile Atlantic croaker, and

other estuarine species returned to the affected estuarine habitat in relatively high abundance (Knott and

Martore 1991). At North Inlet, a tide-dominated highsalinity estuary about 50 miles north of Charleston

Harbor, fishes, shrimps, and crabs were displaced

toward the ocean following the retreat of a 13 foot storm

surge. No significant mortality was observed, and

rapid reoccupation of high marsh habitats occurred

within a month (Ogburn et al. 1990, Service et al. 1990).

Although it is too early to discern any long-term effects,

it appears that the estuarine fauna of South Carolina

are recovering to typical levels and patterns of abundance. The information presented in this volume is

based on pre-Hugo conditions.

 Coupling of Estuarine and Marine Ecosystems

Classifying and comparing estuaries. Although the

qualitative nature of the data presented precludes

statistical analysis of species abundances among estuaries, comparisons can be made using data on the

presence/absence of species in salinity zones. This

information, combined with the spatial and temporal

distribution data, is the strength of the ELMR data

base. Estuaries can be loosely categorized by their

physical and chemical characteristics and their associated species assemblages. The relative importance of

individual estuaries to specific species may also be

determined.

The species found in an estuary are sensitive indicators of both the mean and extreme environmental

conditions within that estuary. Estuaries can be classified by the number of species present and by whether

the fauna are primarily marine, estuarine, or freshwater. Species assemblages may correlate with physical

characteristics, such as bottom substrate, vegetation,

and spatial/temporal characteristics of salinity zones.

Thus, information on species presence/absence or

other attributes may be used to determine the similarities and differences among estuaries. Alternately, a

comparison of estuaries and associated species can

help elucidate ecological variables that might account

for shifts in species distribution and community structure. For example, a species may show differing salinity tolerances among estuaries, suggesting that some

other factor such as temperature, competition, or pre-

• Striped bass: Spawning occurs in the spring in

freshwater rivers, and in tidal low-salinity waters where

there is sufficient current. Eggs are non-adhesive and

semi-buoyant. Juveniles tend to form schools and

remain in estuarine waters. Adults may move offshore,

or stay within the estuary.

• Bluefish: Juveniles and adults are the principal life

stages found in estuaries. Adults may ascend rivers

into brackish waters. Spawning, egg and larval development occur offshore.

• Cobia: Adults are often attracted to large floating

objects such as buoys or anchored boats. Cobia

migrate to warmer tropical marine waters in the winter.

• Gray snapper: Juveniles are typically associated

with vegetation in estuaries, particularly seagrass beds

and mangroves. Adults, spawning,eggs, and larvae

are usually offshore.

• Sheepshead: Spawning occurs in nearshore and

inlet waters. Larvae are transported towards the

estuaries, but typically enter as juveniles.

• Pinfish: Juveniles and adults are the predominant

life stage within estuaries. Spawning and eggs occur

offshore. Larvae are transported into estuaries, but

may attain juvenile size before they enter.

• Sciaenids: Most sciaenids move to nearshore or

offshore waters for spawning, although some may

spawn in passes. Larvae may be transported toward

estuaries, but typically attain juvenile size before they

enter. Juveniles develop in the nursery habitats of the

bays, then migrate out as subadults. Since some of

these species have rather long life spans, several

years may be spent in the estuaries as juveniles. As

temperatures drop in the winter, they move into deeper

waters.

• Striped mullet: Estuarine habitat is primarily used

by juveniles and adults. They spawn offshore or near

passes, and larvae move inshore and into estuaries.

• Spanish mackerel: Juveniles and adults occur in

estuaries, but other life stages are pelagic and primarily

in coastal waters.

• Flounders: Spawning, eggs, and larvae are in

nearshore waters. Juveniles and larvae migrate into

bays for growth and development. Gulf flounder appear to be more restricted in their ascent into fresher

water, typically remaining in salinities greater than 20

ppt. Southern flounder are more generally distributed.

Juveniles and adults migrate according to temperature, creating “fall runs” to the offshore waters.
dation may be regulating its distribution.

Linkages to marine ecosystems. Many species

inhabit estuaries year-round; however, a large number

of species only use estuaries for specific parts of their

life histories. Most of these latter species fall into four

general categories: 1) diadromous species, which use

estuaries as migration corridors and, in some instances,

nursery areas; 2) species that use estuaries for spawning, often at specific salinities; 3) species that spawn in

marine waters near the mouths of estuaries and depend on tidal- and wind-driven currents to carry eggs,

larvae, or early juveniles into estuarine nursery areas;

and 4) species that enter estuaries during certain times

of year to feed on abundant prey and/or utilize preferred habitats. The biological importance of an estuary can be assessed both by the number of species

present and the density, and/or abundance, of specific

life stages in the system relative to offshore habitats.

Since many offshore species use estuaries as nursery

areas or feeding grounds, these data may assist in

identifying adverse effects of estuarine degradation on

offshore populations.

East Coast of North America Strategic Assessment Project. Development of a diagnostic capability

to link estuaries to marine ecosystems is a component

of the East Coast of North America Strategic Assessment Project (ECNASAP) (NOAA 1991). This project

is defining the major biological, physical, chemical, and

economic characteristics of the East Coast of North

America to address multiple resource-use conflicts.

The study area begins at the head of tide in estuaries

and encompasses the continental shelf as defined by

the 200-m isobath and epipelagic waters. The ELMR

distribution and abundance data are the primary source

of fish and invertebrate information for U.S. East Coast

estuaries. These data will be integrated with the

coastal and offshore living resource information to

develop a consistent GIS data base on species found

from the head of tide to past the continental shelf. This

will enable the development of a capability to define the

coupling of estuarine and marine ecosystems based

on species’ spatial and temporal distributions, life

history strategies, and physical and hydrological habitat requirements.

The ECNASAP complements other Federal marine

environmental programs, e.g., National Status and

Trends (O’Connor 1990), and will support regional

environmental assessments of anthropogenic effects

on living marine resources. Integration of biological

and physical data will significantly improve our ability to

identify and define the biological linkages and physical

interchanges between estuarine and shelf habitats. As

it becomes apparent that the cumulative effects of

small alterations in estuaries have a systemic impact

on coastal ocean resources, it is more important than

ever to compile consistent information on the nation’s

estuarine fishes and invertebrates. Although the knowledge available to effectively conserve and manage

living resources is limited, the ELMR program provides

an important tool for assessing the status of estuarine

fauna and examining their relationships with other

species and their environment. The ELMR data base

provides the best available baseline information on the

zoogeography and ecology of estuarine fishes and

invertebrates, and identifies gaps in our knowledge of

these resources.

 Acknowledgements

We thank those individuals that provided information

and reviewed the data in this report. Without their

efforts a study of this magnitude and complexity would

not be possible. In addition, we thank the many other

scientists and managers who provided contacts and

references. A special thanks is due to Ginger OgburnMatthews and David M. Knott for their comments on

Hurricane Hugo. Fish illustrations on the cover are

from Shipp 1988.

 Literature Cited

Bane, N., and T. Van Devender. 1989. Annual Report

of the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment

Program (SEAMAP). Gulf States Marine Fisheries

Commission. 11 p.

Barrett, B.B., J.L. Merrell, T.P. Morrison, M.C. Gillespie,

E.J. Ralph, and J.F. Burdon. 1978. A study of

Louisiana’s major estuaries and adjacent offshore

waters. Louisiana Dept. Wildl. Fish., New Orleans, LA.

197 p.

Briggs, J.C. 1974. Marine Zoogeography. McGrawHill, New York. 475 p.

Bulger, A.J., B.P. Hayden, M.E. Monaco, D.M. Nelson,

and M.G. McCormick-Ray. 1990. A proposed estuarine classification: analysis of species salinity ranges.

ELMR Rep. No. 5. Strategic Assessment Branch,

NOS/NOAA. Rockville, MD. 28 p.

Darnell, R.M., R.E. Defenbaugh, and D. Moore. 1983.

Northwestern Gulf shelf bio-atlas. Open File Report

No. 82-04. Minerals Management Service, Gulf of

Mexico OCS Regional Office, Metairie, LA. 438 p.

Gilmore, R.G. 1977. Fishes of the Indian River Lagoon

and adjacent waters, Florida. Bull. Fla. St. Mus., Biol.

Sci. 22: 101-148.

14
Gunter, G. 1967. Some relationships of estuaries to

the fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico. In Lauff, G.H. (ed.),

Estuaries, p. 621-638. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Sp. Pub.

No. 83, Washington, DC. 757 p.

Hammerschmidt, P.C., and L.W. McEachron. 1986.

Trends in relative abundance of selected shellfishes

along the Texas coast: January 1977 - March 1986.

Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept., Coast. Fish. Branch, Manag.

Data Ser. No. 108, 149 p.

Joseph, E.B. 1973. Analysis of a nursery ground. In

Pacheco, A.L. (ed.). Proceedings of a Workshop on

Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Stages of Fish in Atlantic

Coast Estuaries.

Knott, D.M., and R.M. Martore. 1991. The short-term

effects of Hurricane Hugo on fishes and decapod

crustaceans in the Ashley River and adjacent marsh

creeks, South Carolina. J. Coastal Res. Spec. Iss. 8:

335-356.

Mann, K.H. 1982. Ecology of coastal waters. Univ. of

California Press, Los Angeles, CA. 322 p.

Monaco, M.E. 1986. National Estuarine Inventory:

Living marine resources component, preliminary West

Coast study. ELMR Rep. No. 1. Ocean Assessments

Division, NOS/NOAA, Rockville, MD. 33 p.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 1985. National Estuarine Inventory: Data

Atlas. Volume 1. Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA,

Rockville, MD. 103 p.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 1988. Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas

Strategic Assessment: Data Atlas. Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA, Rockville, MD. 135 p.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 1991. Prospectus for the East Coast of North

America Strategic Assessment Project: Biogeographic

Characterization Component. Strategic Environmental Assessments Division, NOS/NOAA, Rockville, MD.

17 p.

O’Connor, T.P. 1990. Coastal environmental quality in

the United States, 1990: Chemical contamination in

sediment and tissues. Ocean Assessments Division,

NOAA/NOS, Rockville, MD. 34 p.

Odum, W.E., and E.J. Heald. 1975. The detritusbased food web of an estuarine mangrove community.

In Cronin, L.E. (ed.), p. 265 - 286. Estuarine Research.

Academic Press, New York, NY.

Ogburn, G., S. Service, and D. Allen. 1990. Effects of

Hurricane Hugo and other climatic events on intertidal

nekton of North Inlet, SC (abstract). Southeast Estuarine Research Society (SEERS) Spring Meeting, 1990.

Perry, H.M., G. Adkins, R. Condrey, P.C. Hammerschmidt, S. Heath, J.R. Herring, C. Moss, G. Perkins,

and P. Steele. 1984. A profile of the blue crab fishery

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Powell, A.B., D.E. Hoss, W.F. Hettler, D.S. Peters, L.

Simoneaux, and S. Wagner. 1987. Abundance and

distribution of ichthyoplankton in Florida Bay and adjacent waters. South Florida Research Report SFRS-87/

01.

Service, S., G. Ogburn, and D. Allen. 1990. Short-term

effects of Hurricane Hugo on the estuarine fauna of

North Inlet, South Carolina (abstract). Benthic Ecology

Meeting, 1990.

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Variability and management of large marine ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium 99. AAAS, Washington, DC. 319 p.

Shipp, R.L. 1988. Guide to fishes of the Gulf of Mexico.

Dauphin Island Sea Lab., Dauphin Island, AL. 256 p.

Wenner, C.A., and G.R. Sedberry. 1989. Species

composition, distribution, and relative abundance of

fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern United

States. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 79, 49 p.

Weinstein, M.P. 1979. Shallow marsh habitats as

primary nurseries for fishes and shellfish. Cape Fear

River, North Carolina. Fish. Bull., U. S. 77: 339-357

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15

17

Data Summary Tables

Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Table 3. Temporal distribution

Table 4. Data reliability

Table 5. Occurrence of 40 species in 20 southeast estuaries

In each data summary table, species are listed in phylogenetic order, as in Table 1. Estuaries

are listed in a north to south order, from Albemarle Sound, NC, to Biscayne Bay, FL. At the

beginning of each data summary is an index table showing the page location of each species

and estuary within the data summary.

19

Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Index to Table 2. Page location of spatial distribution table for each species and estuary.

Common and Scientific Name

Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) 

American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) 

Common rangia (Rangia cuneata)

Hard clam (Mercenaria species) 

Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) 

Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) 

White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) 

Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)

Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

American eel (Anguilla rostrata)

American shad (Alosa sapidissima) 

Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) 

Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)

Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 

Atlantic silversides (Menidia species) 

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) 

Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 

Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) 

Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 

Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) 

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) 

Estuary

p. 20 p. 21

p. 23 p. 24

p. 26 p. 27

p. 29 p. 30

p. 32 p. 33

p. 35 p. 36

Albemarle Sound

Pamlico Sound

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Neuse River

Bogue Sound

New River

Cape Fear River

Winyah Bay

N/S Santee River

Charleston Harbor

St. Helena Sound

Broad River

Savannah River

Ossabaw Sound

St. Cathe./Sapelo Sound

Altamaha River

St. Andr./St. Sim. Sound

St. Johns River

Indian River

Biscayne Bay

p. 22

p. 25

p. 28

p. 31

p. 34

p. 37

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)

Gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta)

Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

p. 38 p. 39 p. 40 Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) 

Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus) 

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 

Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) 

Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) 

White perch (Morone americana) 

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) 

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) 

Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) 

Mussel (Mytilis edulis) 

Ladyfish (Elops saurus)

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)
20

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Seawater zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Species/Life Stage

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√
21

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √
22

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√
23

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√ √

√

√ √

√
24

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

√ √√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√√ √√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√ √ √

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√
25

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√√ √√

√ √

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√√
26

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
27

Relative Abundance Salinity 

Zone T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative 

abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
28

Relative Abundance Salinity 

Zone T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative 

abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
29

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√ √

√ √
30

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √
31

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√ √√
32

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

na No data available

na

na

na

na

na

na

na

√

√ √ √ √√ √√ √√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√√ √

√

√
33

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

√

√

√

√

√√ √√

√ √

√ √

√√√√√√√√√√√√

√ √

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√
34

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √ √ √ √ √

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
35

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Blank

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

√ √√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√
36

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√

√

√

√ √

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√
37

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cath./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√
38

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

Species/Life Stage T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

T M * T M S T M * T M * T M S T M S T M S

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

√ Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

na No data available

na na

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √

√ √

√

√
39

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

T M S T M * T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

√

√

√

√√√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√ √ √ √ √

√

√

√ √
40

Relative Abundance Salinity Zone

T - Tidal Fresh

M - Mixing

S - Seawater

* - Salinity zone not present.

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

Blank E - Eggs

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Southeast Estuaries

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Species/Life Stage

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Table 2, continued. Spatial distribution and relative abundance

Biscayne

Bay

Southeast Estuaries

√ Rare

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

T M S T M S T M S T M S * M S * M S

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

√

√ √

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√ √√ √√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√

√√√ √
41

Table 3. Temporal distribution

Index to Table 3. Page location of temporal distribution table for each species and estuary.

Common and Scientific Name

Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) 

American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) 

Common rangia (Rangia cuneata)

Hard clam (Mercenaria species) 

Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) 

Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) 

White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) 

Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)

Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

American eel (Anguilla rostrata)

American shad (Alosa sapidissima) 

Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) 

Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)

Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 

Atlantic silversides (Menidia species) 

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) 

Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 

Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) 

Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 

Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) 

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) 

Estuary

p. 42 p. 43

p. 49 p. 50

p. 56 p. 57

p. 63 p. 64

p. 70 p. 71

p. 77 p. 78

Albemarle Sound

Pamlico Sound

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Neuse River

Bogue Sound

New River

Cape Fear River

Winyah Bay

N/S Santee River

Charleston Harbor

St. Helena Sound

Broad River

Savannah River

Ossabaw Sound

St. Cathe./Sapelo Sound

Altamaha River

St. Andr./St. Sim. Sound

St. Johns River

Indian River

Biscayne Bay

p. 44

p. 51

p. 58

p. 65

p. 72

p. 79

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)

Gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta)

Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

p. 84 p. 85 p. 86 Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) 

Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus) 

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 

Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) 

Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) 

White perch (Morone americana) 

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) 

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) 

Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) 

Mussel (Mytilis edulis) 

Ladyfish (Elops saurus)

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)

p. 45 p. 46

p. 52 p. 53

p. 59 p. 60

p. 66 p. 67

p. 73 p. 74

p. 80 p. 81

p. 47

p. 54

p. 61

p. 68

p. 75

p. 82

p. 87 p. 88 p. 89

p. 48

p. 55

p. 62

p. 69

p. 76

p. 83

p. 90
42

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Estuary
43

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

New River

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Neuse River Bogue Sound

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River
44

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

N&S Santee River

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee River

Estuary
45

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Broad River

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
46

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
47

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
48

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penaeus

aztecus

Brown shrimp

Mercenaria

species

Hard clam

Rangia

cuneata

Common rangia

Crassostrea

virginica

American oyster

Argopecten

irradians

Bay scallop

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Mytilis

edulis

Mussel

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Estuary
49

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Estuary
50

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary
51

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Estuary
52

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
53

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
54

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
55

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

M

J

L

S

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Estuary
56

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
57

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
58

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
59

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
60

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
61

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
62

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Estuary

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
63

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Estuary
64

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary
65

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers

Estuary Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers
66

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
67

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
68

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
69

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus

Estuary
70

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

na No Data Available

na

na

na

na

na

Estuary
71

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary
72

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N&S Santee Rivers

Estuary
73

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
74

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
75

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
76

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus

Estuary
77

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Estuary
78

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary
79

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers

Estuary
80

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
81

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
82

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
83

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus

Estuary
84

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Southeast Estuaries

Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

na No Data Available

na

Estuary
85

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Neuse River Bogue Sound New River

Estuary
86

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers

Cape Fear River Winyah Bay N/S Santee Rivers

Estuary
87

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Charleston Harbor St. Helena Sound Broad River

Estuary
88

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Savannah River Ossabaw Sound St. Cath./Sapelo Sound

Estuary
89

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Altamaha River St. Johns River St. And./St. Sim. Sound

Altamaha River St. And./St. Sim. Sound St. Johns River

Estuary
90

Southeast Estuaries

Highly Abundant

Abundant

Common

Not Present

Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Relative Abundance

Blank

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Species / Life Stage

Month

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

A

S

J

L

E

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Table 3, continued. Temporal distribution

Southeast Estuaries

Rare

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Indian River Biscayne Bay

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Estuary
91

Table 4. Data reliability

Index to Table 4. Page location of data reliability table for each species and estuary.

Common and Scientific Name

Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) 

American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) 

Common rangia (Rangia cuneata)

Hard clam (Mercenaria species) 

Brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) 

Pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) 

White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) 

Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)

Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

American eel (Anguilla rostrata)

American shad (Alosa sapidissima) 

Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) 

Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli)

Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 

Atlantic silversides (Menidia species) 

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) 

Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 

Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) 

Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) 

Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) 

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) 

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) 

Estuary

p. 92 p. 93

p. 95 p. 96

p. 98 p. 99

p. 101 p. 102

p. 104 p. 105

p. 107 p. 108

Albemarle Sound

Pamlico Sound

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Neuse River

Bogue Sound

New River

Cape Fear River

Winyah Bay

N/S Santee River

Charleston Harbor

St. Helena Sound

Broad River

Savannah River

Ossabaw Sound

St. Cathe./Sapelo Sound

Altamaha River

St. Andr./St. Sim. Sound

St. Johns River

Indian River

Biscayne Bay

p. 94

p. 97

p. 100

p. 103

p. 106

p. 109

Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)

Gulf flounder (Paralichthys albigutta)

Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)

p. 110 p. 111 p. 112 Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)

Black drum (Pogonias cromis) 

Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus) 

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) 

Sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) 

Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) 

White perch (Morone americana) 

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) 

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) 

Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) 

Mussel (Mytilis edulis) 

Ladyfish (Elops saurus)

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus)
92

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4. Data reliability

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico/

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River
93

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers
94

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

American oyster

Crassostrea

virginica

Hard clam

Mercenaria

species

Mussel

Mytilis

edulis

Common rangia

Rangia

cuneata

Brown shrimp

Penaeus

aztecus

Bay scallop

Argopecten

irradians

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound
95

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus
96

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers
97

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

M - Mating

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

M

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Grass shrimp

Palaemonetes

pugio

Atlantic sturgeon

Acipenser

oxyrhynchus

Pink shrimp

Penaeus

duorarum

Blue crab

Callinectes

sapidus

Ladyfish

Elops

saurus

White shrimp

Penaeus

setiferus
98

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
99

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
100

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Alewife

Alosa

pseudoharengus

Atlantic menhaden

Brevoortia

tyrannus

American eel**

Anguilla

rostrata

American shad

Alosa

sapidissima

Bay anchovy

Anchoa

mitchilli

Blueback herring

Alosa

aestivalis

** See Life History Notes, p. 12.
101

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus
102

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus
103

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Atlantic silversides

Menidia

species

Striped bass

Morone

saxatilis

Sheepshead 

minnow

Cyprinodon

variegatus

White perch

Morone

americana

Bluefish

Pomatomus

saltatrix

Mummichog

Fundulus

heteroclitus
104

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus
105

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus
106

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Sheepshead

Archosargus

probatocephalus

Spotted seatrout

Cynoscion

nebulosus

Cobia

Rachycentron

canadum

Pinfish

Lagodon

rhomboides

Weakfish

Cynoscion

regalis

Gray snapper

Lutjanus

griseus
107

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus
108

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus
109

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Atlantic croaker

Spot

Leiostomus

xanthurus

Micropogonias

undulatus

Red drum

Sciaenops

ocellatus

Black drum

Pogonias

cromis

Striped mullet

Mugil

cephalus

Southern kingfish

Menticirhhus

americanus
110

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Bogue

Sound

Albemarle

Sound

Neuse

River

Pamlico &

Pungo

Rivers

Pamlico

Sound

New 

River

Cape

Fear

River

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta
111

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers

Broad

River

St. Helena

Sound

Savannah

River

Ossabaw

Sound

Winyah

Bay

Charleston

Harbor

N & S

Santee 

Rivers
112

Species/Life Stage

Reliability Life Stage

A - Adults

S - Spawning adults

J - Juveniles

L - Larvae

E - Eggs

Highly Certain

Moderately Certain

Reasonable Inference

Southeast Estuaries

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

S

A

J

L

E

Southeast Estuaries

Table 4, continued. Data reliability

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Indian

River

St. Johns

River

Biscayne

Bay

St. Cathe./

Sapelo

Sound

Altamaha

River

St. Andrew/

St. Simon

Sound

Summer flounder

Spanish mackerel

Scomberomorus

maculatus

Paralichthys

dentatus

Southern flounder

Paralichthys

lethostigma

Gulf flounder

Paralichthys

albigutta
 Appendix 5. Occurrences* of 40 species in 20 estuaries

blue mussel

bay scallop

American oyster

common rangia

hard clam

brown shrimp

pink shrimp

white shrimp

grass shrimp

blue crab

Atlantic sturgeon

ladyfish

American eel

blueback herring

alewife

American shad

Atlantic menhaden

bay anchovy

sheepshead minnow

mummichog

Atlantic silversides

white perch

striped bass

bluefish

cobia

gray snapper

sheepshead

pinfish

spotted seatrout

weakfish

spot

southern kingfish

Atlantic croaker

black drum

red drum

striped mullet

spanish mackerel

gulf flounder

summer flounder

southern flounder

Species Albemarle Sound

Pamlico Sound

Pamlico/Pungo Rivers

Neuse River

Bogue Sound

New River

Cape Fear River

Winyah Bay

N/S Santee River

Charleston Harbor

St. Helena Sound

Broad River

Savannah River

Ossabaw Sound

St. Cath./Sapelo Snd.

Altamaha River

St. And./St. Sim. Snd.

St. Johns River

Indian River

Biscayne Bay

Estuary

*Highest relative abundance of adults or juveniles in any salinity zone, in any month.

√ √√√√

Relative Abundance:

√

Blank

- Highly Abundant

- Abundant

- Common

- Not Present

- Rare

√ √

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113

Appendices

Appendix 1. National Estuarine Inventory map of Pamlico Sound

Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications

Appendix 3. Personal communications

Appendix 4. References

115


 Appendix 2. Table of references and personal communications

Common/Scientific Name Albemarle Sound, NC

Mussel 554

 Mytilis edulis McKenna, Winslow

Bay scallop

 Argopecten irradians McKenna, Taylor, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow

American oyster 57, 86, 133, 134

 Crassostrea virginica McKenna, Marshall, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow

Common rangia 86, 289, 509, 588

 Rangia cuneata McKenna, Winslow

Hard clam 134, 138

 Mercenaria species McKenna, Winslow

Brown shrimp 86, 217, 586

 Penaeus aztecus McKenna, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Pink shrimp

 Penaeus duorarum McKenna, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow

White shrimp 371

 Penaeus setiferus McKenna, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow

Grass shrimp 86, 217, 319, 586

 Palaemonetes pugio Winslow, McKenna, Henry

Blue crab 86, 133, 201, 203, 217, 245, 358, 579, 586

 Callinectes sapidus Manooch, Winslow, J. Ross

Atlantic sturgeon 86, 133, 203, 248, 427, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

Ladyfish 133, 586

 Elops saurus Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

American eel 86, 133, 201, 203, 217, 245, 260, 432, 521, 586

 Anguilla rostrata Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

Blueback herring 86, 133, 203, 217, 248, 381, 585, 586

 Alosa aestivalis Winslow, Manooch, J. Ross, Henry

Alewife 86, 133, 203, 217, 248, 381, 585, 586

 Alosa pseudoharengus Manooch, Winslow, J. Ross, Henry

American shad 86, 133, 141, 203, 248, 256, 507, 585, 586

 Alosa sapidissima Manooch, Winslow, J. Ross, Henry

Atlantic menhaden 86, 133, 203, 217, 432

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz

Bay anchovy 86, 133, 203, 206, 217, 586

 Anchoa mitchilli J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Sheepshead minnow 133, 220

 Cyprinodon variegatus Henry, Winslow, J. Ross

Mummichog 2, 133

 Fundulus heteroclitus J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

Atlantic silversides 133, 147, 203, 408

 Menidia species J. Ross, Winslow

White perch 86, 133, 201, 203, 217, 245, 260, 432, 480, 586

 Morone americana Manooch, Winslow, J. Ross, Henry, Chester

Striped bass 73, 86, 202, 203, 217, 248, 245, 256, 316, 432, 584, 585, 586

 Morone saxatilis Manooch, Chester, S. Ross, J. Ross, Winslow, Hawkins

Bluefish 133, 245, 586

 Pomatomus saltatrix Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

Cobia

 Rachycentron canadum Manooch, J. Smith, J. Ross, Winslow

Gray snapper 133, 203

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Sheepshead 133, 245

 Archosargus probatocephalus J. Ross, Winslow, Henry

Pinfish 133, 203, 586

 Lagodon rhomboides J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Spotted seatrout 86, 247, 245, 339, 341

 Cynoscion nebulosus Manooch, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Weakfish 86, 133, 217, 247, 245, 338, 343, 346, 586

 Cynoscion regalis Winslow, Henry, Manooch, Chester, J. Ross

Spot 86, 133, 203, 217, 245, 345, 401, 586

 Leiostomus xanthurus Winslow, Chester, S. Ross

Southern kingfish 133, 247

 Menticirrhus americanus J. Ross, Winslow

Atlantic croaker 86, 133, 203, 217, 245, 344, 432, 586

 Micropogonias undulatus S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross

Black drum 133, 247, 376, 462

 Pogonias cromis Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow

Red drum 133, 247, 340, 342, 462, 505

 Sciaenops ocellatus J. Ross, Winslow, Chester, S. Ross

Striped mullet 86, 133, 203, 245, 586

 Mugul cephalus J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Spanish mackerel 133, 586

 Scomberomorus maculatus Manooch, J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Henry

Gulf flounder 402

 Paralichthys albigutta Powell, Manooch, Winslow, Henry

Summer flounder 86, 203, 217, 400, 402

 Paralichthys dentatus Powell, Manooch, J. Ross, Winslow, Chester

Southern flounder 86, 201, 203, 217, 245, 400, 402

 Paralichthys lethostigma Powell, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

118

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Pamlico Sound, NC

Mussel 554

 Mytilis edulis McKenna

Bay scallop 133, 134, 477

 Argopecten irradians Taylor, McKenna, Freeman

American oyster 57, 85, 133, 134, 245

 Crassostrea virginica McKenna, Taylor, Freeman, Marshall, Chester

Common rangia 85, 134, 289, 509, 566, 588

 Rangia cuneata Freeman, McKenna, Taylor

Hard clam 85, 134, 138, 398

 Mercenaria species Freeman, McKenna, Taylor, Marshall

Brown shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 242, 251, 319, 357, 408, 426, 477, 581

 Penaeus aztecus Freeman, McKenna, Taylor, J. Ross, Chester

Pink shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 319, 408, 426, 477

 Penaeus duorarum Freeman, McKenna, Taylor, J. Ross, Chester

White shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 371, 426

 Penaeus setiferus Freeman, McKenna, Taylor, J. Ross, Chester

Grass shrimp 85, 134, 206, 319

 Palaemonetes pugio McKenna

Blue crab 85, 118, 122, 123, 133, 134, 206, 251, 319, 356, 358, 408, 426, 477, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Freeman, Taylor, Winslow, S. Ross, Chester, Hawkins

Atlantic sturgeon 85, 134, 245, 256, 356, 424, 426, 427, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Manooch

Ladyfish 133, 206, 271, 356, 408, 429, 505

 Elops saurus Moye, Manooch, J. Ross, Hettler

American eel 85, 133, 134, 201, 206, 245, 260, 271, 356, 408, 426, 429, 505, 521, 585, 586

 Anguilla rostrata Moye, J. Ross

Blueback herring 85, 133, 134, 204, 205, 206, 245, 256, 271, 356, 381, 408, 426, 427, 429, 505, 585, 586

 Alosa aestivalis Moye, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

Alewife 85, 133, 134, 204, 205, 206, 245, 251, 256, 271, 356, 381, 408, 426, 427, 429, 505, 585, 586

 Alosa pseudoharengus Moye, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

American shad 85, 133, 134, 141, 204, 205, 206, 248, 256, 271, 356, 426, 429, 505, 507, 533, 585, 586

 Alosa sapidissima Moye, J. Ross

Atlantic menhaden 85, 133, 134, 206, 217, 251, 271, 354, 356, 357, 396, 408, 424, 426, 429, 505

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz

Bay anchovy 85, 133, 134, 206, 271, 319, 356, 357, 408, 426, 429, 463, 505, 586

 Anchoa mitchilli Moye, J. Ross, Chester

Sheepshead minnow 133, 220, 319, 408, 505

 Cyprinodon variegatus Marraro

Mummichog 2, 133, 206, 271, 319, 357, 505

 Fundulus heteroclitus Moye, Marraro

Atlantic silversides 85, 133, 134, 147, 206, 319, 356, 426, 505

 Menidia species J. Ross

White perch 85, 133, 134, 206, 245, 251, 271, 356, 408, 426, 429, 480

 Morone americana Moye, J. Ross, Chester

Striped bass 85, 134, 204, 205, 245, 256, 356, 357, 426, 429

 Morone saxatilis Chester, S. Ross, Winslow, J. Ross, Manooch, Hawkins

Bluefish 85, 118, 133, 206, 245, 356, 408, 424, 426, 429, 505

 Pomatomus saltatrix Moye, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

Cobia 426

 Rachycentron canadum Manooch, J. Smith, J. Ross

Gray snapper 85, 118, 133, 206, 356, 408, 426, 477, 505

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, J. Ross

Sheepshead 85, 118, 133, 206, 245, 356, 408, 424, 426

 Archosargus probatocephalus Moye, Manooch, J. Ross

Pinfish 85, 118, 133, 134, 206, 271, 319, 356, 408, 424, 426, 429, 505

 Lagodon rhomboides Moye, J. Ross, Chester

Spotted seatrout 85, 118, 133, 134, 206, 247, 245, 251, 339, 341, 356, 408, 424, 426, 429, 505

 Cynoscion nebulosus Moye, Manooch, J. Ross

Weakfish 85, 133, 134, 206, 247, 245, 251, 338, 343, 346, 356, 424, 426, 505

 Cynoscion regalis Moye, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

Spot 85, 99, 118, 133, 134, 206, 245, 251, 271, 319, 345, 356, 357, 366, 396, 401, 408, 424, 426, 429, 463, 477, 505, 549, 566

 Leiostomus xanthurus Winslow, Chester, Hawkins

Southern kingfish 118, 133, 134, 206, 247, 245, 356, 408, 424, 426

 Menticirrhus americanus Moye, J. Ross

Atlantic croaker 85, 99, 118, 133, 134, 206, 217, 245, 251, 271, 319, 344, 355, 356, 357, 366, 408, 424, 425, 426, 429, 463, 505, 566

 Micropogonias undulatus J. Ross, Chester, Winslow, Hawkins

Black drum 85, 133, 206, 247, 356, 376, 424, 426, 462

 Pogonias cromis Moye, Manooch, J. Ross

Red drum 85, 133, 134, 206, 217, 247, 245, 340, 342, 356, 408, 424, 426, 462, 505

 Sciaenops ocellatus Manooch, Chester, S. Ross, J. Ross, Hawkins

Striped mullet 85, 118, 133, 134, 206, 245, 271, 319, 356, 408, 426, 429, 505

 Mugul cephalus Moye, J. Ross, Chester

Spanish mackerel 118, 133, 206, 245, 408, 426, 505

 Scomberomorus maculatus Moye, Manooch, J. Ross

Gulf flounder 402, 424, 426, 477

 Paralichthys albigutta Moye, Powell, J. Ross, Chester

Summer flounder 85, 118, 119, 133, 134, 206, 245, 356, 357, 400, 402, 408, 424, 426, 477, 505

 Paralichthys dentatus Moye, Powell, Manooch, J. Ross, Chester

Southern flounder 85, 117, 118, 119, 133, 134, 206, 245, 251, 271, 356, 357, 400, 402, 408, 424, 426, 429, 477, 494, 505

 Paralichthys lethostigma Moye, J. Ross, Chester, Manooch, Powell

119

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Pamlico and Pungo Rivers, NC

Mussel 554

 Mytilis edulis McKenna

Bay scallop 85, 134

 Argopecten irradians Chester, Taylor, McKenna

American oyster 57, 85, 134

 Crassostrea virginica McKenna, Marshall, Chester

Common rangia 85, 134, 289, 395

 Rangia cuneata McKenna, Marshall

Hard clam 85, 134, 138

 Mercenaria species Chester, McKenna

Brown shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 393, 426

 Penaeus aztecus McKenna, Chester

Pink shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 426, 581

 Penaeus duorarum McKenna, Chester

White shrimp 85, 133, 134, 206, 371

 Penaeus setiferus McKenna, Chester

Grass shrimp 85, 206

 Palaemonetes pugio McKenna

Blue crab 85, 122, 123, 133, 206, 356, 358, 426, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Chester, Winslow, S. Ross, Hawkins

Atlantic sturgeon 85, 134, 245, 256, 356, 426, 427, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus not reviewed

Ladyfish 133, 356

 Elops saurus Moye, Manooch

American eel 85, 133, 134, 356, 426, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Moye

Blueback herring 85, 133, 134, 204, 245, 256, 356, 426, 585

 Alosa aestivalis Manooch, Moye, Chester

Alewife 85, 133, 134, 204, 256, 356, 426, 585

 Alosa pseudoharengus Manooch, Moye, Chester

American shad 85, 133, 134, 141, 204, 256, 356, 426, 585

 Alosa sapidissima Manooch, Moye

Atlantic menhaden 85, 134, 206, 356, 396, 424, 426, 429

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz

Bay anchovy 85, 356, 426, 505

 Anchoa mitchilli Moye, Chester

Sheepshead minnow 133, 220

 Cyprinodon variegatus not reviewed

Mummichog 2, 133

 Fundulus heteroclitus Moye

Atlantic silversides 85, 133, 134, 147, 356, 426

 Menidia species not reviewed

White perch 85, 133, 134, 245, 356, 480

 Morone americana Moye, Chester

Striped bass 85, 204, 256, 356

 Morone saxatilis Chester, S. Ross, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins

Bluefish 85, 133, 245, 356, 426

 Pomatomus saltatrix Manooch, Moye, Chester

Cobia

 Rachycentron canadum Moye, Smith, J.

Gray snapper 85, 133, 356, 408, 426

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, Chester

Sheepshead 85, 133, 356, 408, 424, 426

 Archosargus probatocephalus Manooch, Moye, Chester

Pinfish 85, 133, 206, 356, 426

 Lagodon rhomboides Moye, Chester

Spotted seatrout 85, 133, 134, 206, 247, 245, 339, 341, 356, 426

 Cynoscion nebulosus Manooch, Moye

Weakfish 85, 133, 134, 206, 247, 245, 338, 343, 346, 356, 426, 494

 Cynoscion regalis Manooch, Moye, Chester

Spot 85, 133, 134, 206, 345, 356, 357, 401, 424, 426

 Leiostomus xanthurus S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins

Southern kingfish 133, 134, 206, 247, 356, 426

 Menticirrhus americanus Moye

Atlantic croaker 85, 133, 134, 344, 356, 357, 424, 425, 426, 494

 Micropogonias undulatus S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins

Black drum 85, 133, 134, 206, 247, 356, 376, 426, 462

 Pogonias cromis Manooch, Moye

Red drum 85, 133, 134, 206, 247, 340, 342, 356, 426, 462

 Sciaenops ocellatus Winslow, Chester, Ross, J, S. Ross, Hawkins

Striped mullet 85, 133, 134, 206, 356

 Mugul cephalus Moye, Chester

Spanish mackerel 133, 206, 426

 Scomberomorus maculatus Manooch, Moye

Gulf flounder 402

 Paralichthys albigutta Powell, Moye, Chester

Summer flounder 85, 117, 133, 134, 356, 400, 402, 426

 Paralichthys dentatus Manooch, Powell, Moye, Chester

Southern flounder 85, 119, 133, 134, 206, 356, 400, 402, 426, 494

 Paralichthys lethostigma Manooch, Powell, Moye, Chester

120

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Neuse River, NC

Mussel 554

 Mytilis edulis McKenna

Bay scallop 134

 Argopecten irradians Chester, Taylor, McKenna

American oyster 57, 134

 Crassostrea virginica McKenna, Marshall, Chester

Common rangia 289, 588

 Rangia cuneata McKenna, Marshall

Hard clam 134, 138

 Mercenaria species McKenna, Chester

Brown shrimp 134, 206, 217, 426

 Penaeus aztecus McKenna, Chester

Pink shrimp 206, 217

 Penaeus duorarum McKenna, Chester

White shrimp 206, 217, 371

 Penaeus setiferus McKenna, Chester

Grass shrimp 217

 Palaemonetes pugio McKenna

Blue crab 122, 123, 217, 358, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Chester, S. Ross, Winslow, Hawkins

Atlantic sturgeon 205, 256, 427, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus not reviewed

Ladyfish 206, 271, 505

 Elops saurus Manooch, Moye

American eel 134, 206, 217, 271, 505, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Moye, Manooch

Blueback herring 134, 205, 206, 256, 271, 505, 585

 Alosa aestivalis Moye, Manooch, Chester

Alewife 134, 205, 206, 217, 256, 271, 505

 Alosa pseudoharengus Moye, Manooch, Chester

American shad 141, 205, 256, 271, 505

 Alosa sapidissima Moye

Atlantic menhaden 206, 271, 505

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz

Bay anchovy 206, 217, 271, 580

 Anchoa mitchilli Moye, Chester

Sheepshead minnow 133, 220, 505

 Cyprinodon variegatus Moye, Marraro

Mummichog 2, 271, 505

 Fundulus heteroclitus Marraro

Atlantic silversides 147, 206, 505

 Menidia species not reviewed

White perch 206, 217, 271, 480

 Morone americana Moye, Chester

Striped bass 205, 256

 Morone saxatilis Chester, S. Ross, Winslow, J. Ross, Manooch, Hawkins

Bluefish 206, 217, 505

 Pomatomus saltatrix Moye, Manooch

Cobia

 Rachycentron canadum Moye, Manooch, Smith, J.

Gray snapper 206, 505

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, Chester

Sheepshead 424

 Archosargus probatocephalus Moye, Manooch, Chester

Pinfish 206, 217, 271, 505

 Lagodon rhomboides Moye, Chester

Spotted seatrout 134, 206, 247, 339, 341, 505

 Cynoscion nebulosus Moye, Manooch

Weakfish 206, 217, 247, 338, 343, 346, 505

 Cynoscion regalis Moye, Manooch, Chester

Spot 206, 217, 271, 345, 401, 426, 463, 494, 505

 Leiostomus xanthurus S. Ross, Chester, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins

Southern kingfish 206, 247

 Menticirrhus americanus Moye, Manooch, Chester

Atlantic croaker 206, 217, 271, 344, 425, 426, 463, 505

 Micropogonias undulatus S. Ross, Winslow, J. Ross, Hawkins

Black drum 133, 134, 206, 247, 376, 426, 462

 Pogonias cromis Manooch, Moye

Red drum 206, 217, 247, 340, 342, 462, 505

 Sciaenops ocellatus Winslow, J. Ross, Chester, S. Ross, Hawkins

Striped mullet 133, 206, 217, 271, 505

 Mugul cephalus Moye, Chester

Spanish mackerel 133, 206, 426, 505

 Scomberomorus maculatus Moye, Manooch

Gulf flounder 117, 402

 Paralichthys albigutta Moye, Powell, Chester

Summer flounder 206, 400, 402, 505

 Paralichthys dentatus Moye, Powell, Manooch, Chester

Southern flounder 118, 119, 206, 217, 271, 400, 402, 426, 505, 581

 Paralichthys lethostigma Moye, Powell, Manooch, Chester 

121

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Bogue Sound, NC

Mussel 46, 272, 325, 554

 Mytilis edulis not reviewed

Bay scallop 148, 188, 435, 436, 477, 496

 Argopecten irradians Taylor, Frreman

American oyster 27, 57, 75, 76, 77, 185, 553

 Crassostrea virginica Marshall, Freeman, Taylor

Common rangia 61, 231, 289, 509, 553, 587, 588

 Rangia cuneata Freeman

Hard clam 72, 75, 138, 398, 479, 553

 Mercenaria species Freeman, Marshall, Taylor

Brown shrimp 82, 152.1, 329, 380, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Taylor, Freeman

Pink shrimp 87, 152.1, 329, 380, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Taylor, Freeman

White shrimp 298, 329, 371, 380, 574, 575, 577, 578, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Taylor, Freeman

Grass shrimp 12, 52, 152.1, 284, 319, 513, 578, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio not reviewed

Blue crab 122, 123, 258, 523, 578, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Taylor, Freeman

Atlantic sturgeon 372, 427, 441, 455, 464, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus not reviewed

Ladyfish 250, 257, 293, 505, 516, 550

 Elops saurus Hettler, Manooch, Spence

American eel 142, 194, 497, 505, 511, 516, 521, 550

 Anguilla rostrata Spence

Blueback herring 146, 243, 390, 431, 455, 516

 Alosa aestivalis not reviewed

Alewife 146, 243, 390, 455

 Alosa pseudoharengus not reviewed

American shad 141, 205, 243, 455, 456, 506, 516

 Alosa sapidissima not reviewed

Atlantic menhaden 218, 243, 259, 291, 293, 294, 295, 420, 423, 463, 510, 511, 516, 550, 573

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz, Hettler

Bay anchovy 218, 223, 243, 286, 293, 463, 505, 511, 516, 550

 Anchoa mitchilli Mercer, Manooch, Spence, Hettler

Sheepshead minnow 194, 218, 220, 243, 505, 516

 Cyprinodon variegatus Hettler, Spence

Mummichog 2, 194, 218, 243, 274, 282, 505, 516

 Fundulus heteroclitus Hettler, Spence

Atlantic silversides 147, 218, 221, 243, 293, 505, 511, 516

 Menidia species Hettler, Spence

White perch 195, 516

 Morone americana not reviewed

Striped bass 149, 195, 205, 448

 Morone saxatilis not reviewed

Bluefish 80, 243, 257, 265, 399, 423, 505, 516, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Manooch, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence

Cobia 195, 243, 315

 Rachycentron canadum Smith, J., Manooch, Monaghan

Gray snapper 195, 243, 505, 516

 Lutjanus griseus Mercer, Manooch, Spence

Sheepshead 218, 225, 243, 247, 264, 315, 440, 511, 516

 Archosargus probatocephalus Mercer, Spence, Monaghan, Manooch

Pinfish 5, 108, 218, 234, 243, 257, 293, 505, 510, 511, 516, 550

 Lagodon rhomboides Mercer, Monaghan, Spence, Hettler

Spotted seatrout 224, 243, 257, 339, 341, 502, 516, 555

 Cynoscion nebulosus Manooch, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence

Weakfish 224, 243, 257, 338, 343, 346, 423, 516, 555

 Cynoscion regalis Manooch, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence

Spot 218, 223, 243, 257, 292, 293, 345, 401, 406, 423, 463, 505, 510, 511, 516, 548, 550, 549

 Leiostomus xanthurus Mercer, Monaghan, Spence, Hettler, Lewis

Southern kingfish 224, 243, 247, 423, 516

 Menticirrhus americanus Spence, Mercer

Atlantic croaker 218, 223, 243, 257, 292, 293, 344, 406, 423, 463, 511, 516, 548, 550

 Micropogonias undulatus Mercer, Monaghan, Spence, Hettler, Lewis

Black drum 243, 247, 315, 376, 423, 462, 516

 Pogonias cromis Manooch, Monaghan, Spence, Mercer

Red drum 247, 340, 342, 394, 462, 505

 Sciaenops ocellatus Monaghan, Mercer, Manooch, Spence

Striped mullet 14, 218, 243, 293, 315, 319, 505, 511, 516, 550

 Mugul cephalus Monaghan, Spence

Spanish mackerel 80, 157, 225, 243, 511, 516

 Scomberomorus maculatus Mercer, Monaghan, Manooch, Spence

Gulf flounder 132, 243, 400, 505, 516, 550, 581, 589

 Paralichthys albigutta Powell, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence, Burke

Summer flounder 243, 293, 365, 400, 421, 505, 516, 550, 589

 Paralichthys dentatus Powell, Burke, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence

Southern flounder 132, 243, 400, 505, 516, 550, 589

 Paralichthys lethostigma Powell, Manooch, Burke, Mercer, Monaghan, Spence

122

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name New River, NC

Mussel 46, 272, 325, 554

 Mytilis edulis not reviewed

Bay scallop 148, 188, 435, 436, 477

 Argopecten irradians Taylor

American oyster 27, 57, 75, 76, 77, 185, 553

 Crassostrea virginica Marshall, Parker, Taylor

Common rangia 61, 231, 289, 509, 553, 587, 588

 Rangia cuneata not reviewed

Hard clam 72, 75, 138, 398, 479, 553

 Mercenaria species Marshall, Parker, Taylor

Brown shrimp 82, 329, 380, 574, 575, 576, 577, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Allison, Taylor

Pink shrimp 87, 329, 380, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Allison, Taylor

White shrimp 298, 329, 371, 380, 574, 575, 577, 578, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Allison, Taylor

Grass shrimp 12, 52, 284, 319, 513, 578, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Schoolfield

Blue crab 122, 123, 258, 523, 578, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Schoolfield

Atlantic sturgeon 372, 427, 441, 455, 464, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Schoolfield

Ladyfish 250, 257, 293, 505, 516, 550

 Elops saurus Schoolfield

American eel 142, 194, 497, 505, 511, 516, 521, 550

 Anguilla rostrata Schoolfield

Blueback herring 146, 243, 390, 431, 455, 516

 Alosa aestivalis Schoolfield

Alewife 146, 243, 390, 455

 Alosa pseudoharengus Schoolfield

American shad 141, 205, 243, 455, 456, 506, 516

 Alosa sapidissima Schoolfield

Atlantic menhaden 218, 243, 259, 291, 293, 294, 295, 420, 423, 463, 510, 511, 516, 550, 573

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz, Schoolfield

Bay anchovy 218, 223, 243, 286, 293, 463, 505, 511, 516, 550

 Anchoa mitchilli Schoolfield

Sheepshead minnow 194, 218, 220, 243, 505, 516

 Cyprinodon variegatus Schoolfield

Mummichog 2, 194, 218, 243, 274, 282, 505, 516

 Fundulus heteroclitus Schoolfield

Atlantic silversides 147, 218, 221, 243, 293, 505, 511, 516

 Menidia species Schoolfield

White perch 195, 516

 Morone americana Schoolfield, Rohde

Striped bass 149, 195, 205, 448

 Morone saxatilis Schoolfield

Bluefish 80, 243, 257, 265, 399, 423, 505, 516, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Schoolfield

Cobia 195, 243, 315

 Rachycentron canadum Manooch, Smith, J.

Gray snapper 195, 243, 505, 516

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, Schoolfield

Sheepshead 218, 225, 243, 247, 264, 315, 511, 516

 Archosargus probatocephalus Manooch, Schoolfield

Pinfish 5, 108, 218, 234, 243, 257, 293, 505, 510, 511, 516, 550

 Lagodon rhomboides Schoolfield

Spotted seatrout 224, 243, 257, 339, 341, 502, 516, 555

 Cynoscion nebulosus Manooch, Schoolfield

Weakfish 224, 243, 257, 338, 343, 346, 423, 516, 555

 Cynoscion regalis Manooch, Schoolfield

Spot 218, 223, 243, 257, 292, 293, 345, 401, 406, 423, 463, 505, 510, 511, 516, 548, 550, 549

 Leiostomus xanthurus Lewis, Schoolfield

Southern kingfish 224, 243, 247, 423, 516

 Menticirrhus americanus Rohde

Atlantic croaker 218, 223, 243, 257, 292, 293, 344, 406, 423, 463, 511, 516, 548, 550

 Micropogonias undulatus Rohde, Lewis

Black drum 243, 247, 315, 376, 423, 462, 516

 Pogonias cromis Manooch, Rohde

Red drum 247, 340, 342, 394, 462, 505

 Sciaenops ocellatus Rohde, Manooch

Striped mullet 14, 218, 243, 293, 315, 319, 505, 511, 516, 550

 Mugul cephalus Rohde

Spanish mackerel 80, 157, 225, 243, 511, 516

 Scomberomorus maculatus Manooch, Rohde

Gulf flounder 132, 243, 400, 505, 516, 550, 581, 589

 Paralichthys albigutta Powell, Rohde

Summer flounder 243, 293, 365, 400, 421, 505, 516, 550, 589

 Paralichthys dentatus Powell, Rohde

Southern flounder 132, 243, 400, 505, 516, 550, 589

 Paralichthys lethostigma Powell, Rohde

123

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Cape Fear River, NC

Mussel 554

 Mytilis edulis not reviewed

Bay scallop 148

 Argopecten irradians Taylor, Parker

American oyster 27, 57, 69

 Crassostrea virginica Parker

Common rangia 1, 231, 289

 Rangia cuneata Lindquist

Hard clam 138

 Mercenaria species Parker

Brown shrimp 69, 70, 227, 240, 551

 Penaeus aztecus Allison, Cooke, Lindquist

Pink shrimp 70, 227, 551

 Penaeus duorarum Allison, Cooke, Lindquist

White shrimp 70, 371, 578, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Allison, Cooke, Lindquist 

Grass shrimp 12, 47

 Palaemonetes pugio Pollard

Blue crab 122, 304, 428, 523, 578, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Pollard, Schoolfield, Lindquist

Atlantic sturgeon 41, 250, 315, 427, 442, 443, 444

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Schoolfield, Lindquist, Thompson, Moser, S. Ross

Ladyfish 250, 442

 Elops saurus Schoolfield, Thompson, Lindquist

American eel 143, 442, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Schoolfield, Lindquist

Blueback herring 109, 151, 315, 441, 442

 Alosa aestivalis Schoolfield, Thompson, Lindquist, Moser

Alewife 109, 151, 315, 442

 Alosa pseudoharengus Schoolfield, Thompson, Lindquist, Moser

American shad 109, 151, 315, 442, 457

 Alosa sapidissima Pollard, Schoolfield, Lindquist, Moser

Atlantic menhaden 6, 69, 70, 83, 259, 291, 428, 442, 551

 Brevoortia tyrannus Ahrenholz, Smith, J.

Bay anchovy 70, 240, 428, 442, 514, 551

 Anchoa mitchilli Schoolfield, Cooke, Lindquist

Sheepshead minnow 194, 220, 442

 Cyprinodon variegatus Lindquist

Mummichog 194, 428, 442

 Fundulus heteroclitus Schoolfield, Pollard, Lindquist

Atlantic silversides 70, 147, 442

 Menidia species Schoolfield, Cooke, Lindquist

White perch 195, 315, 442

 Morone americana Rohde, Lindquist

Striped bass 151, 442, 457

 Morone saxatilis Rohde, Thompson, Lindquist, Moser, S. Ross

Bluefish 80, 442

 Pomatomus saltatrix Rohde, Benedict, Lindquist

Cobia 315, 442

 Rachycentron canadum Rohde, Lindquist, J. Smith, Herring

Gray snapper 240, 315, 442

 Lutjanus griseus Manooch, Herring, Lindquist, Rohde

Sheepshead 143, 264, 315, 442, 440

 Archosargus probatocephalus Rohde, Herring, Lindquist

Pinfish 108, 442, 443, 444

 Lagodon rhomboides Rohde, Herring, Lindquist

Spotted seatrout 227, 240, 247, 315, 442

 Cynoscion nebulosus Benedict, Rohde, Lindquist

Weakfish 70, 240, 338, 346, 442, 443, 444

 Cynoscion regalis Schoolfield, Benedict, Lindquist

Spot 47, 70, 99, 227, 428, 443, 444, 549, 551, 552

 Leiostomus xanthurus Schoolfield, Cates, Lindquist

Southern kingfish 247, 376, 442

 Menticirrhus americanus Schoolfield, Cates, Lindquist

Atlantic croaker 47, 70, 99, 240, 442, 443, 444, 548

 Micropogonias undulatus Cates, Schoolfield, Lindquist

Black drum 247, 315, 376, 442, 462

 Pogonias cromis Lindquist, Benedict, Schoolfield

Red drum 240, 442, 462, 551

 Sciaenops ocellatus Schoolfield, Benedict, Lindquist

Striped mullet 69, 79, 442, 551

 Mugul cephalus Pollard, Schoolfield, Lindquist

Spanish mackerel 80, 240, 442

 Scomberomorus maculatus Schoolfield, Pollard, Lindquist

Gulf flounder 84, 442

 Paralichthys albigutta Rohde, Herring

Summer flounder 70, 84, 376, 421, 442, 443, 444, 551

 Paralichthys dentatus Powell, Herring, Rohde, Lindquist

Southern flounder 84, 117, 240, 442, 443, 444

 Paralichthys lethostigma Rohde, Herring, Lindquist

124

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Winyah Bay, SC

Mussel 1, 153, 433, 593

 Mytilis edulis Allen, Ogburn, Anderson

Bay scallop 63, 153, 184, 593

 Argopecten irradians Allen, Ogburn, Anderson

American oyster 8, 27, 57, 183, 226, 262, 263, 269, 307, 335, 476

 Crassostrea virginica Allen, Ogburn, Anderson

Common rangia 61, 289, 593

 Rangia cuneata Allen, Ogburn, Anderson

Hard clam 8, 13, 138, 139, 140, 184, 226, 317

 Mercenaria species Allen, Ogburn, Anderson

Brown shrimp 9, 34, 38, 82, 144, 145, 226, 329, 385, 387, 512, 559, 564, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn

Pink shrimp 9, 38, 87, 130, 144, 226, 329, 385, 387, 512, 559, 564, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn

White shrimp 8, 9, 34, 130, 144, 226, 297, 298, 329, 371, 385, 387, 512, 559, 564, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn

Grass shrimp 8, 9, 10, 12, 284, 387, 452, 459, 559, 564, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn

Blue crab 8, 9, 131, 226, 304, 328, 385, 449, 452, 523, 564, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Whitaker, Delancey, Allen, Ogburn

Atlantic sturgeon 33, 290, 372, 470, 472, 473, 522, 564

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Ladyfish 8, 9, 33, 59, 60, 222, 250, 315, 593

 Elops saurus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

American eel 8, 9, 59, 60, 192, 194, 197, 232, 449, 521, 564

 Anguilla rostrata Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Blueback herring 8, 9, 59, 60, 146, 250, 336, 385, 390, 451, 452, 519, 564

 Alosa aestivalis Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Alewife 146, 250, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

American shad 96, 97, 141, 519, 520, 533, 564

 Alosa sapidissima Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Atlantic menhaden 7, 8, 9, 50, 59, 385, 411, 420, 451, 452, 564

 Brevoortia tyrannus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Bay anchovy 7, 8, 9, 50, 59, 60, 226, 385, 449, 451, 452, 564

 Anchoa mitchilli Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Sheepshead minnow 9, 59, 60, 194, 593

 Cyprinodon variegatus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Mummichog 2, 7, 9, 59, 60, 194, 385, 452

 Fundulus heteroclitus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Atlantic silversides 8, 9, 59, 60, 147, 221, 349, 351, 452

 Menidia species Allen, Ogburn, Moore

White perch 8, 195, 336, 385, 564

 Morone americana Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Striped bass 8, 149, 195, 474, 519, 564

 Morone saxatilis Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Bluefish 9, 33, 38, 59, 60, 80, 68.1, 305, 385, 399, 564

 Pomatomus saltatrix Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Cobia 9, 33, 195, 385

 Rachycentron canadum Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Gray snapper 8, 9, 59, 195, 385, 564, 593

 Lutjanus griseus Allen, Moore, Ogburn

Sheepshead 9, 59, 60, 225, 247, 305, 564, 593

 Archosargus probatocephalus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Pinfish 7, 8, 9, 33, 50, 59, 60, 385, 452, 564

 Lagodon rhomboides Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Spotted seatrout 7, 9, 33, 59, 60, 247, 305, 339, 341, 385, 405, 502, 564

 Cynoscion nebulosus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Weakfish 7, 8, 9, 308, 338, 343, 385, 449, 451, 564

 Cynoscion regalis Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Spot 7, 8, 9, 50, 59, 60, 111, 305, 345, 385, 449, 451, 452, 564

 Leiostomus xanthurus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Southern kingfish 8, 9, 33, 35, 385, 451, 465, 564

 Menticirrhus americanus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Atlantic croaker 7, 8, 9, 36, 50, 59, 60, 305, 333, 352, 385, 449, 564

 Micropogonias undulatus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Black drum 7, 9, 38, 247, 376, 564

 Pogonias cromis Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Red drum 7, 8, 9, 33, 38, 59, 60, 247, 305, 342, 564

 Sciaenops ocellatus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Striped mullet 8, 9, 14, 50, 59, 60, 385, 452, 564

 Mugul cephalus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Spanish mackerel 33, 59, 60, 80, 157, 225, 305, 385, 593

 Scomberomorus maculatus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Gulf flounder 50, 132, 385, 451, 452, 593

 Paralichthys albigutta Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Summer flounder 7, 8, 9, 33, 50, 59, 60, 385, 421, 452, 564

 Paralichthys dentatus Allen, Ogburn, Moore

Southern flounder 7, 8, 9, 50, 59, 60, 385, 452, 564

 Paralichthys lethostigma Allen, Ogburn, Moore

125

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name North and South Santee Rivers, SC

Mussel 1, 153, 593

 Mytilis edulis Anderson

Bay scallop 153, 593

 Argopecten irradians Anderson

American oyster 27, 57, 64, 183, 262, 263, 335, 476

 Crassostrea virginica Stender, Anderson

Common rangia 61, 289, 593

 Rangia cuneata Anderson

Hard clam 13, 56, 64, 138, 139, 140, 184, 317, 414

 Mercenaria species Stender, Anderson

Brown shrimp 34, 38, 64, 82, 130, 144, 329, 387, 512, 559, 560, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Stender, Whitaker, Delancey

Pink shrimp 87, 130, 144, 329, 387, 512, 559, 563, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Stender, Whitaker, Delancey

White shrimp 64, 130, 144, 297, 298, 329, 371, 387, 512, 559, 563, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Stender, Whitaker, Delancey

Grass shrimp 10, 12, 64, 284, 387, 459, 559, 563, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Stender, Whitaker, Delancey

Blue crab 64, 131, 304, 328, 523, 559, 563, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Stender, Whitaker, Delancey

Atlantic sturgeon 33, 290, 372, 470, 472, 473, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Stender, Moore

Ladyfish 33, 222, 250, 326, 557, 593

 Elops saurus Stender, Moore

American eel 192, 194, 232, 326, 521, 557, 563

 Anguilla rostrata Moore

Blueback herring 54, 146, 250, 336, 390, 519, 563

 Alosa aestivalis Stender, Moore

Alewife 146, 250, 390, 519, 593

 Alosa pseudoharengus Stender, Moore

American shad 96, 97, 141, 519, 520, 533, 563

 Alosa sapidissima Stender, Moore

Atlantic menhaden 326, 411, 420, 557, 563

 Brevoortia tyrannus Stender, Moore

Bay anchovy 7, 326, 412, 449, 451, 557, 563

 Anchoa mitchilli Stender, Moore

Sheepshead minnow 194, 326, 557, 593

 Cyprinodon variegatus Moore

Mummichog 2, 60, 194, 326, 412, 557

 Fundulus heteroclitus Moore

Atlantic silversides 147, 221, 326, 349, 350, 351, 363, 412, 557, 563

 Menidia species Stender, Moore

White perch 195, 336, 557, 563

 Morone americana Stender, Moore

Striped bass 149, 195, 320, 445, 446, 474, 484, 519, 557, 563

 Morone saxatilis Stender, Moore

Bluefish 9, 33, 80, 68.1, 305, 399, 557, 563

 Pomatomus saltatrix Stender, Moore

Cobia 33, 195

 Rachycentron canadum Stender, Moore

Gray snapper 9, 195, 326, 557, 563

 Lutjanus griseus Stender, Moore

Sheepshead 9, 247, 326, 557, 563, 593

 Archosargus probatocephalus Stender, Moore

Pinfish 108, 326, 557, 563

 Lagodon rhomboides Stender, Moore

Spotted seatrout 33, 247, 305, 326, 339, 341, 405, 502, 557, 563

 Cynoscion nebulosus Stender, Moore

Weakfish 308, 326, 338, 343, 449, 451, 557, 563

 Cynoscion regalis Stender, Moore

Spot 111, 326, 345, 449, 451, 557, 563

 Leiostomus xanthurus Stender, Moore

Southern kingfish 33, 35, 247, 326, 451, 465, 557, 563

 Menticirrhus americanus Stender, Moore

Atlantic croaker 36, 326, 352, 449, 451, 557, 563

 Micropogonias undulatus Stender, Moore

Black drum 7, 38, 247, 326, 376, 557

 Pogonias cromis Stender, Moore

Red drum 33, 247, 305, 326, 342, 557, 148

 Sciaenops ocellatus Stender, Moore

Striped mullet 14, 326, 557, 563

 Mugul cephalus Stender, Moore

Spanish mackerel 33, 80, 157, 225, 305, 593

 Scomberomorus maculatus Stender, Moore

Gulf flounder 326, 557

 Paralichthys albigutta Stender, Moore

Summer flounder 33, 326, 421, 557, 563

 Paralichthys dentatus Stender, Moore

Southern flounder 326, 449, 451, 557, 563

 Paralichthys lethostigma Stender, Moore

126

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Charleston Harbor, SC

Mussel 1, 153, 593

 Mytilis edulis Anderson, Martone

Bay scallop 153, 593

 Argopecten irradians Andeson, Martone, VanDolah

American oyster 27, 57, 183, 184, 262, 263, 335, 476, 524

 Crassostrea virginica Anderson, Martone

Common rangia 61, 289, 593

 Rangia cuneata Anderson, Martone

Hard clam 13, 138, 139, 140, 184, 317, 524

 Mercenaria species Anderson, Martone

Brown shrimp 38, 82, 329, 450, 483, 512, 524, 560, 565, 562, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah

Pink shrimp 87, 130, 144, 329, 483, 524, 560, 565, 562, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah

White shrimp 34, 130, 144, 145, 297, 298, 329, 371, 450, 483, 512, 524, 560, 565, 562, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah

Grass shrimp 10, 12, 284, 459, 483, 517, 565, 562, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah

Blue crab 19, 20, 304, 328, 337, 450, 483, 517, 523, 524, 565, 562, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Whitaker, Delancey, Martone, Archambault, Wenner, Van Dolah

Atlantic sturgeon 33, 290, 372, 449, 470, 472, 473, 522, 565

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Martone, VanDolah

Ladyfish 9, 33, 222, 250, 326, 565, 593

 Elops saurus Martone

American eel 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 232, 517, 521, 565

 Anguilla rostrata Martone, VanDolah

Blueback herring 54, 146, 250, 336, 390, 451, 517, 519, 565

 Alosa aestivalis Martone, VanDolah

Alewife 146, 250, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Martone

American shad 96, 97, 141, 450, 519, 520, 533, 565

 Alosa sapidissima Martone, VanDolah

Atlantic menhaden 411, 420, 450, 451, 483, 517, 524, 565

 Brevoortia tyrannus Martone, VanDolah

Bay anchovy 7, 250, 412, 450, 451, 483, 517, 524, 565

 Anchoa mitchilli Martone, VanDolah

Sheepshead minnow 194, 593

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 60, 194, 517

 Fundulus heteroclitus Martone

Atlantic silversides 147, 221, 349, 351, 517, 565

 Menidia species Martone, VanDolah

White perch 195, 336, 565

 Morone americana Martone, VanDolah

Striped bass 149, 195, 320, 445, 446, 474, 484, 517, 519, 565

 Morone saxatilis VanDolah

Bluefish 33, 80, 68.1, 399, 517, 565

 Pomatomus saltatrix Martone, VanDolah

Cobia 33, 195

 Rachycentron canadum Martone, VanDolah

Gray snapper 195, 565

 Lutjanus griseus VanDolah

Sheepshead 247, 565, 593

 Archosargus probatocephalus Martone, VanDolah

Pinfish 9, 50, 108, 326, 565

 Lagodon rhomboides Martone, VanDolah

Spotted seatrout 33, 107, 247, 339, 341, 406, 451, 502, 517, 565, 558

 Cynoscion nebulosus Martone, VanDolah

Weakfish 308, 338, 343, 451, 483, 524, 565

 Cynoscion regalis Martone, VanDolah

Spot 111, 345, 451, 483, 517, 524, 565

 Leiostomus xanthurus Martone, VanDolah

Southern kingfish 33, 35, 465, 565

 Menticirrhus americanus Martone, VanDolah

Atlantic croaker 36, 333, 352, 451, 483, 517, 524, 565

 Micropogonias undulatus Martone, VanDolah

Black drum 7, 247, 326, 376, 451, 565

 Pogonias cromis

Red drum 33, 107, 247, 342, 565, 558

 Sciaenops ocellatus Martone, VanDolah

Striped mullet 14, 517, 565

 Mugul cephalus Martone, VanDolah

Spanish mackerel 33, 80, 157, 225, 565, 593

 Scomberomorus maculatus Martone, VanDolah

Gulf flounder 132, 593

 Paralichthys albigutta Martone

Summer flounder 7, 8, 326, 421, 483, 517, 565, 558

 Paralichthys dentatus Martone, VanDolah

Southern flounder 7, 8, 33, 326, 451, 483, 517, 565, 593, 558

 Paralichthys lethostigma Martone, VanDolah

127

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name St. Helena Sound, SC

Mussel 1, 153, 5

 Mytilis edulis Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Bay scallop 63, 153, 184, 593

 Argopecten irradians Anderson, Stokes

American oyster 27, 57, 183, 262, 263, 330, 335, 476

 Crassostrea virginica Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Common rangia 61, 289, 593

 Rangia cuneata Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Hard clam 13, 138, 139, 140, 184, 306

 Mercenaria species Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Brown shrimp 34, 38, 82, 130, 144, 329, 449, 512, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Stokes, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner 

Pink shrimp 34, 38, 87, 130, 144, 329, 449, 512, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Stokes, Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner 

White shrimp 34, 38, 62, 63, 130, 144, 145, 297, 298, 329, 371, 449, 512, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Stokes, Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner 

Grass shrimp 10, 12, 284, 449, 452, 459, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Stokes, Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner 

Blue crab 304, 449, 523, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Stokes, Hopkins, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner 

Atlantic sturgeon 290, 372, 449, 470, 472, 473, 522, 593

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Moore

Ladyfish 33, 222, 250, 315, 593

 Elops saurus Stokes, Hopkins, Moore

American eel 192, 194, 197, 232, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Stokes, Hopkins, Moore

Blueback herring 146, 250, 336, 390, 451, 519

 Alosa aestivalis Stokes, Hopkins

Alewife 146, 250, 390, 593

 Alosa pseudoharengus Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Hamilton, Moore

American shad 141, 519, 520, 533, 593

 Alosa sapidissima Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Moore

Atlantic menhaden 50, 336, 411, 420, 451

 Brevoortia tyrannus Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Moore

Bay anchovy 50, 60, 95, 250, 412, 450, 451, 452

 Anchoa mitchilli Stokes, Hopkins, Moore

Sheepshead minnow 60, 95, 194, 593

 Cyprinodon variegatus Stokes, Hopkins, Moore

Mummichog 2, 60, 95, 194, 412

 Fundulus heteroclitus Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Moore

Atlantic silversides 60, 95, 147, 221, 349, 351, 363, 412, 452

 Menidia species Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Moore

White perch 195, 336

 Morone americana Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Hamilton

Striped bass 149, 195, 449, 474, 519

 Morone saxatilis Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton

Bluefish 33, 38, 305, 399, 450, 451, 593

 Pomatomus saltatrix Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton

Cobia 33, 38, 195, 305

 Rachycentron canadum Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore

Gray snapper 60, 95, 195, 449, 593

 Lutjanus griseus Holloway, Moore

Sheepshead 38, 247, 593

 Archosargus probatocephalus Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore

Pinfish 50, 60, 108, 452

 Lagodon rhomboides Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Moore

Spotted seatrout 33, 247, 308, 339, 341, 405, 502, 558

 Cynoscion nebulosus Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Hamilton, Moore

Weakfish 308, 338, 343, 406, 449, 451

 Cynoscion regalis Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway, Moore

Spot 95, 111, 345, 449, 451

 Leiostomus xanthurus Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway, Moore

Southern kingfish 35, 449, 451, 465

 Menticirrhus americanus Stokes, Holloway, Moore

Atlantic croaker 36, 333, 352, 449, 451

 Micropogonias undulatus Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway, Moore

Black drum 38, 247, 376, 451

 Pogonias cromis Stokes, Holloway, Moore

Red drum 33, 38, 247, 342, 558

 Sciaenops ocellatus Stokes, Holloway, Moore

Striped mullet 14, 50, 60, 95

 Mugul cephalus Stokes, Holloway, Hopkins, Hamilton, Moore

Spanish mackerel 38, 80, 157, 593

 Scomberomorus maculatus Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore

Gulf flounder 50, 60, 451, 593

 Paralichthys albigutta Stokes, Hamilton, Moore

Summer flounder 33, 38, 50, 60, 421, 451, 558, 593

 Paralichthys dentatus Stokes, Holloway, Hamilton, Moore

Southern flounder 38, 50, 60, 449, 451, 558, 593

 Paralichthys lethostigma Moore, Stokes

128

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Broad River, SC

Mussel 1, 153, 593

 Mytilis edulis Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Bay scallop 63, 153, 184, 593

 Argopecten irradians Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

American oyster 27, 37, 57, 183, 262, 263, 335, 476

 Crassostrea virginica Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Common rangia 61, 289, 593

 Rangia cuneata Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Hard clam 13, 37, 138, 139, 140, 184

 Mercenaria species Anderson, Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Brown shrimp 34, 37, 38, 82, 144, 145, 329, 449, 512, 517, 570, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner

Pink shrimp 34, 37, 38, 87, 130, 144, 329, 512, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner

White shrimp 34, 37, 130, 144, 145, 297, 298, 371, 449, 512, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner

Grass shrimp 10, 12, 284, 452, 459, 515, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner

Blue crab 37, 131, 304, 328, 449, 515, 523, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Whitaker, Delancey, Wenner

Atlantic sturgeon 219, 290, 372, 470, 473, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Ladyfish 33, 219, 222, 250, 515, 593

 Elops saurus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

American eel 37, 192, 194, 197, 232, 515, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Blueback herring 37, 146, 250, 336, 390, 449, 519

 Alosa aestivalis Stokes, Holloway

Alewife 146, 250, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Stokes, Holloway

American shad 141, 519, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Atlantic menhaden 37, 50, 219, 336, 411, 420, 449, 515

 Brevoortia tyrannus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Bay anchovy 37, 250, 327, 449, 451, 515

 Anchoa mitchilli Stokes, Holloway

Sheepshead minnow 37, 194, 593

 Cyprinodon variegatus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Mummichog 2, 37, 60, 194, 412, 515

 Fundulus heteroclitus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Atlantic silversides 37, 60, 147, 221, 327, 349, 363, 452, 515

 Menidia species Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

White perch 37, 195, 336

 Morone americana Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Striped bass 149, 195, 474, 519

 Morone saxatilis Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway, Hamilton

Bluefish 33, 37, 38, 80, 219, 68.1, 305, 399, 449, 515

 Pomatomus saltatrix Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Cobia 33, 37, 38, 195, 305

 Rachycentron canadum Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Gray snapper 60, 195, 515, 593

 Lutjanus griseus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Sheepshead 37, 38, 60, 225, 247, 515, 593

 Archosargus probatocephalus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Pinfish 33, 37, 50, 108, 452, 515 

 Lagodon rhomboides Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Spotted seatrout 33, 37, 219, 247, 339, 341, 405, 502, 515

 Cynoscion nebulosus Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway

Weakfish 37, 219, 308, 338, 343, 449, 451, 515

 Cynoscion regalis Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway

Spot 37, 50, 111, 219, 345, 449, 451, 515

 Leiostomus xanthurus Stokes, Holloway

Southern kingfish 33, 35, 37, 247, 449, 451, 465

 Menticirrhus americanus Stokes, Holloway

Atlantic croaker 36, 37, 50, 219, 333, 352, 449, 451, 515

 Micropogonias undulatus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Black drum 37, 38, 219, 247, 376, 515

 Pogonias cromis Stokes, Holloway

Red drum 33, 37, 38, 219, 247, 342, 515

 Sciaenops ocellatus Stokes, Holloway

Striped mullet 14, 37, 50, 515

 Mugul cephalus Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway

Spanish mackerel 37, 80, 157, 515, 593

 Scomberomorus maculatus Stokes, Hopkins, Holloway

Gulf flounder 37, 132, 451, 515

 Paralichthys albigutta Stokes, Hamilton

Summer flounder 33, 37, 38, 50, 60, 219, 421, 515, 593

 Paralichthys dentatus Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway

Southern flounder 33, 37, 38, 219, 449, 515, 593

 Paralichthys lethostigma Stokes, Hamilton, Holloway

129

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Savannah River, GA

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis

Bay scallop 211, 229

 Argopecten irradians Music

American oyster 57, 67, 200, 208, 210, 228, 300, 384, 528, 540

 Crassostrea virginica Music

Common rangia 289

 Rangia cuneata Music

Hard clam 21, 138, 209, 241, 368, 397, 528, 534, 535, 536, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 546

 Mercenaria species Music, Walker

Brown shrimp 16, 68, 199, 288, 312, 313, 374, 377, 486, 487, 489, 490

 Penaeus aztecus Music

Pink shrimp 16, 45, 312, 313, 367, 374, 377, 487, 489

 Penaeus duorarum Music

White shrimp 68, 199, 290, 312, 313, 371, 374, 377, 486, 487, 489, 490, 529, 567

 Penaeus setiferus Music

Grass shrimp 101, 127, 154, 189, 207, 238, 239, 276, 277, 280, 281, 376, 415, 416

 Palaemonetes pugio

Blue crab 21, 67, 208, 312, 313, 314, 374, 377, 389, 453, 486, 487, 490, 523, 540

 Callinectes sapidus Music

Atlantic sturgeon 42, 103, 105, 290, 312, 313, 372, 430, 438, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Music

Ladyfish 103, 164, 312, 313, 377, 388, 438

 Elops saurus

American eel 42, 103, 105, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 438, 467, 468, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Music

Blueback herring 42, 51, 103, 105, 312, 313, 377, 390, 430, 438, 467, 468, 492, 495, 518

 Alosa aestivalis Music

Alewife 51, 105, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Music, Schmitt

American shad 42, 67, 103, 105, 135, 141, 176, 193, 375, 410, 430, 438, 467, 468, 487, 518, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Music, Schmitt

Atlantic menhaden 103, 283, 312, 313, 377, 410, 420, 438, 467, 468, 486, 487, 489, 490

 Brevoortia tyrannus Music

Bay anchovy 103, 312, 313, 377, 410, 438, 467, 468, 486, 487, 489, 490

 Anchoa mitchilli Music

Sheepshead minnow 103, 220, 438

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 103, 278, 313, 438

 Fundulus heteroclitus

Atlantic silversides 103, 147, 312, 313, 377, 410, 467, 468

 Menidia species Music

White perch 103

 Morone americana Music

Striped bass 42, 103, 105, 124, 125, 126, 165, 312, 313, 323, 324, 388, 410, 430, 438, 467, 468, 469, 474, 490, 518, 568

 Morone saxatilis Music, Schmitt

Bluefish 103, 261, 283, 312, 313, 377, 386, 388, 438, 487, 489, 490, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Music

Cobia 103, 195, 312, 313, 388

 Rachycentron canadum Music

Gray snapper 49, 312, 313, 388, 438, 487

 Lutjanus griseus Music

Sheepshead 103, 261, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 438

 Archosargus probatocephalus Music

Pinfish 103, 108, 312, 313, 377, 388, 438, 487

 Lagodon rhomboides Music

Spotted seatrout 103, 249, 261, 285, 312, 313, 339, 376, 377, 388, 438, 487

 Cynoscion nebulosus Music

Weakfish 103, 261, 283, 312, 313, 338, 343, 376, 377, 388, 486, 487, 489, 490, 572

 Cynoscion regalis Music

Spot 103, 190, 261, 283, 312, 313, 345, 376, 377, 388, 438, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490

 Leiostomus xanthurus Music

Southern kingfish 67, 103, 261, 283, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 460, 487, 489, 490

 Menticirrhus americanus Music

Atlantic croaker 103, 120, 261, 283, 312, 313, 344, 376, 377, 388, 486, 487, 489, 490

 Micropogonias undulatus Music

Black drum 103, 155, 247, 261, 312, 313, 376, 388, 438, 461

 Pogonias cromis Music

Red drum 53, 103, 261, 312, 313, 340, 341, 376, 377, 388, 438, 490

 Sciaenops ocellatus Music

Striped mullet 14, 79, 103, 105, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 438, 467, 468, 487, 489, 490

 Mugul cephalus Music, Schmitt

Spanish mackerel 80, 103, 173, 261, 283, 312, 313, 377, 388, 487, 489, 490

 Scomberomorus maculatus Music

Gulf flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 569

 Paralichthys albigutta Music

Summer flounder 67, 103, 164, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 421, 487, 569

 Paralichthys dentatus Music

Southern flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 283, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 410, 438, 486, 487, 489, 490, 569

 Paralichthys lethostigma Music

130

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Ossabaw Sound, GA

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis

Bay scallop 211, 229

 Argopecten irradians Music

American oyster 57, 67, 88, 200, 228, 267, 300, 384, 528

 Crassostrea virginica Music

Common rangia 289

 Rangia cuneata Music

Hard clam 138, 368, 528, 543

 Mercenaria species Music, Walker

Brown shrimp 16, 68, 156, 199, 288, 312, 313, 374, 377, 486, 487

 Penaeus aztecus Music

Pink shrimp 16, 45, 156, 312, 313, 367, 377, 453

 Penaeus duorarum Music

White shrimp 68, 156, 199, 267, 290, 312, 313, 371, 374, 377, 453, 486, 487, 529, 567

 Penaeus setiferus Music

Grass shrimp 101, 127, 154, 189, 207, 238, 239, 276, 277, 280, 281, 376, 415, 416

 Palaemonetes pugio

Blue crab 67, 156, 312, 313, 374, 377, 389, 453, 486, 487, 523

 Callinectes sapidus Music

Atlantic sturgeon 103, 312, 313, 372, 430, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus

Ladyfish 103, 164, 312, 313, 377, 388

 Elops saurus Schmitt

American eel 103, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 437, 453, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Music, Schmitt

Blueback herring 51, 103, 312, 313, 377, 390, 430, 453, 467, 468, 492, 518

 Alosa aestivalis Music

Alewife 51, 105, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Music, Schmitt

American shad 67, 103, 135, 141, 193, 233, 347, 375, 407, 410, 430, 437, 453, 467, 468, 487, 498, 507, 518, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Music, Schmitt

Atlantic menhaden 103, 283, 312, 313, 377, 410, 420, 422, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487

 Brevoortia tyrannus Music

Bay anchovy 103, 312, 313, 377, 410, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487

 Anchoa mitchilli Music

Sheepshead minnow 103, 220, 313

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 103, 278, 313, 453, 467, 468, 487

 Fundulus heteroclitus

Atlantic silversides 103, 147, 312, 313, 377, 453, 467, 468, 487

 Menidia species Music

White perch 103, 388

 Morone americana Music

Striped bass 103, 161, 162, 230, 233, 312, 313, 323, 324, 388, 410, 430, 437, 467, 468, 469, 474, 518, 568

 Morone saxatilis Music, Schmitt

Bluefish 103, 261, 283, 312, 313, 377, 386, 388, 453, 487, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Music

Cobia 103, 195, 312, 313, 388

 Rachycentron canadum Music

Gray snapper 49, 312, 313, 388, 453

 Lutjanus griseus Music

Sheepshead 103, 261, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 453

 Archosargus probatocephalus Music

Pinfish 103, 108, 312, 313, 377, 388, 453, 487

 Lagodon rhomboides Music

Spotted seatrout 103, 156, 162, 233, 249, 261, 285, 312, 313, 339, 376, 377, 388, 453, 487

 Cynoscion nebulosus Music

Weakfish 103, 156, 261, 283, 312, 313, 338, 343, 376, 377, 388, 453, 486, 487, 572

 Cynoscion regalis Music

Spot 103, 156, 190, 261, 283, 312, 313, 345, 376, 377, 388, 422, 437, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487, 488, 489

 Leiostomus xanthurus Music

Southern kingfish 67, 103, 261, 283, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 453, 460, 487

 Menticirrhus americanus Music

Atlantic croaker 103, 120, 156, 261, 267, 283, 312, 313, 344, 376, 377, 388, 422, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487

 Micropogonias undulatus Music

Black drum 103, 155, 247, 261, 312, 313, 376, 388, 453, 461

 Pogonias cromis Music

Red drum 53, 103, 162, 233, 261, 312, 313, 340, 341, 376, 377, 388, 437, 453

 Sciaenops ocellatus Music

Striped mullet 14, 79, 103, 312, 313, 377, 388, 410, 422, 437, 453, 467, 468, 487

 Mugul cephalus Music

Spanish mackerel 80, 103, 173, 261, 283, 312, 313, 377, 388, 487

 Scomberomorus maculatus Music

Gulf flounder 67, 103, 132, 164

 Paralichthys albigutta Music

Summer flounder 67, 103, 164, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 421, 453, 487

 Paralichthys dentatus Music

Southern flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 283, 312, 313, 376, 377, 388, 410, 422, 453, 467, 468, 486, 487

 Paralichthys lethostigma Music

131

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name St. Catherine/Sapelo Sound, GA

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis

Bay scallop 211, 229

 Argopecten irradians Music

American oyster 26, 57, 67, 128, 154, 158, 200, 207, 228, 238, 239, 299, 300, 384, 485, 528, 583

 Crassostrea virginica Music

Common rangia 289

 Rangia cuneata Music

Hard clam 127, 138, 178, 207, 241, 368, 528, 538, 544, 543

 Mercenaria species Music, Walker

Brown shrimp 16, 68, 101, 156, 199, 207, 229, 238, 239, 276, 287, 288, 311, 313, 322, 374, 377

 Penaeus aztecus Music

Pink shrimp 16, 45, 156, 207, 229, 311, 313, 367, 377

 Penaeus duorarum Music

White shrimp 68, 101, 106, 154, 156, 199, 207, 229, 238, 239, 276, 287, 290, 311, 313, 322, 371, 374, 377, 415, 416, 567

 Penaeus setiferus Kneib, Music

Grass shrimp 101, 127, 154, 189, 207, 238, 239, 276, 277, 280, 281, 376, 415, 416

 Palaemonetes pugio Kneib

Blue crab 67, 101, 154, 156, 229, 238, 239, 276, 299, 311, 313, 314, 322, 374, 377, 389, 415, 416, 453, 523, 583

 Callinectes sapidus Music

Atlantic sturgeon 103, 311, 313, 372, 430, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Music

Ladyfish 100, 101, 103, 164, 238, 239, 311, 313, 377, 388, 415, 416

 Elops saurus

American eel 101, 103, 104, 105, 311, 313, 377, 388, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Music

Blueback herring 51, 101, 103, 311, 313, 377, 390, 430, 518 

 Alosa aestivalis Music

Alewife 51, 105, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Music

American shad 67, 101, 103, 104, 105, 135, 141, 430, 518, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Music

Atlantic menhaden 100, 101, 103, 104, 238, 239, 283, 311, 313, 377, 382, 383, 415, 416, 420

 Brevoortia tyrannus Kneib, Music

Bay anchovy 100, 101, 103, 104, 229, 311, 313, 322, 377, 415, 416, 447

 Anchoa mitchilli Music

Sheepshead minnow 101, 103, 220, 415, 416

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 101, 103, 104, 154, 238, 239, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 322, 409, 415, 416

 Fundulus heteroclitus Kneib

Atlantic silversides 100, 103, 104, 147, 311, 313, 322, 377

 Menidia species Music

White perch 103, 388

 Morone americana Music

Striped bass 101, 103, 388, 430, 474, 518

 Morone saxatilis Music

Bluefish 101, 103, 104, 229, 261, 283, 311, 313, 377, 386, 388, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Music

Cobia 103, 195, 388

 Rachycentron canadum Music

Gray snapper 49, 311, 313, 388

 Lutjanus griseus Music

Sheepshead 101, 103, 261, 299, 311, 313, 376, 377, 388

 Archosargus probatocephalus Music

Pinfish 101, 103, 108, 229, 238, 239, 311, 313, 377, 388

 Lagodon rhomboides Music

Spotted seatrout 101, 103, 104, 156, 229, 238, 239, 249, 261, 285, 311, 313, 322, 339, 376, 377, 388, 415, 416, 447

 Cynoscion nebulosus Kneib, Music

Weakfish 100, 103, 104, 106, 156, 229, 261, 283, 311, 313, 338, 343, 376, 377, 388, 447, 572

 Cynoscion regalis Music

Spot 101, 103, 104, 156, 190, 229, 238, 239, 261, 283, 311, 313, 322, 345, 376, 377, 388, 416, 447, 488, 583

 Leiostomus xanthurus Kneib, Music

Southern kingfish 67, 100, 101, 103, 104, 229, 261, 283, 311, 313, 376, 377, 388, 447, 460

 Menticirrhus americanus Music

Atlantic croaker 101, 103, 104, 106, 120, 156, 229, 261, 283, 311, 313, 322, 344, 376, 377, 388

 Micropogonias undulatus Music

Black drum 101, 103, 104, 106, 155, 247, 261, 299, 311, 313, 376, 388, 461

 Pogonias cromis Music

Red drum 53, 101, 103, 238, 239, 261, 311, 313, 340, 341, 376, 377, 388, 447

 Sciaenops ocellatus Music

Striped mullet 14, 55, 101, 103, 104, 105, 154, 238, 239, 311, 313, 322, 377, 382, 383, 388, 409, 415, 416

 Mugul cephalus Kneib, Music

Spanish mackerel 80, 101, 103, 173, 261, 283, 311, 313, 377, 388

 Scomberomorus maculatus Music

Gulf flounder 67, 101, 103, 104, 132, 164

 Paralichthys albigutta Music

Summer flounder 67, 100, 101, 103, 104, 164, 229, 238, 239, 311, 313, 376, 377, 388, 421

 Paralichthys dentatus Music

Southern flounder 67, 100, 101, 103, 104, 132, 164, 229, 283, 311, 313, 376, 377, 388

 Paralichthys lethostigma Music

132

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Altamaha River, GA

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis

Bay scallop 211, 229

 Argopecten irradians Music

American oyster 57, 67, 200, 228, 238, 239, 299, 300, 384, 528, 583

 Crassostrea virginica Music

Common rangia 174, 175, 289

 Rangia cuneata Music

Hard clam 138, 174, 368, 528, 543

 Mercenaria species Music, Walker

Brown shrimp 16, 68, 238, 239, 288, 311, 313, 377, 453

 Penaeus aztecus Music

Pink shrimp 16, 45, 229, 311, 313, 367, 377

 Penaeus duorarum Music

White shrimp 68, 238, 239, 290, 311, 313, 371, 374, 377, 567, 591

 Penaeus setiferus Music

Grass shrimp 101, 127, 154, 189, 207, 238, 239, 276, 277, 280, 281, 376, 415, 416

 Palaemonetes pugio

Blue crab 67, 229, 238, 239, 311, 313, 314, 374, 377, 389, 453, 523, 583

 Callinectes sapidus Music

Atlantic sturgeon 103, 105, 235, 311, 313, 372, 430, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus

Ladyfish 103, 164, 238, 239, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 388

 Elops saurus

American eel 103, 105, 212, 213, 214, 235, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 388, 467, 468, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Music

Blueback herring 3, 4, 51, 103, 105, 179, 235, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 390, 430, 466, 467, 468, 492, 493, 495, 518

 Alosa aestivalis Music

Alewife 51, 105, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Music

American shad 3, 67, 103, 105, 135, 141, 176, 180, 179, 193, 235, 253, 347, 348, 353, 375, 407, 430, 466, 467, 468, 495, 518, 527, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Music

Atlantic menhaden 103, 238, 239, 253, 283, 311, 313, 353, 377, 420, 591

 Brevoortia tyrannus Music

Bay anchovy 103, 229, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 467, 468, 591

 Anchoa mitchilli Music

Sheepshead minnow 103, 220, 253, 353

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 103, 238, 239, 253, 278, 313, 353, 591

 Fundulus heteroclitus

Atlantic silversides 103, 147, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 467, 468, 591

 Menidia species Music

White perch 103, 388

 Morone americana Music

Striped bass 103, 105, 235, 323, 388, 430, 466, 467, 468, 474, 518, 568

 Morone saxatilis Music

Bluefish 103, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 353, 377, 386, 388, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Music

Cobia 103, 195, 388

 Rachycentron canadum Music

Gray snapper 49, 235, 253, 311, 312, 353, 388

 Lutjanus griseus Music

Sheepshead 103, 253, 261, 313, 353, 376, 377, 388

 Archosargus probatocephalus Music

Pinfish 103, 108, 229, 238, 239, 253, 311, 313, 353, 377, 388, 591

 Lagodon rhomboides Music

Spotted seatrout 103, 229, 235, 238, 239, 249, 253, 261, 285, 311, 313, 339, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 591

 Cynoscion nebulosus Music

Weakfish 103, 229, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 338, 343, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 572, 591

 Cynoscion regalis Music

Spot 103, 190, 229, 238, 239, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 345, 353, 373, 376, 377, 388, 447, 467, 468, 488, 583

 Leiostomus xanthurus Music

Southern kingfish 67, 103, 229, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 460, 591

 Menticirrhus americanus Music

Atlantic croaker 103, 120, 229, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 344, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447, 467, 468

 Micropogonias undulatus Music

Black drum 103, 155, 247, 253, 261, 311, 313, 353, 376, 388, 461, 591

 Pogonias cromis Music

Red drum 53, 103, 235, 238, 239, 253, 261, 311, 313, 340, 341, 353, 376, 377, 388, 447

 Sciaenops ocellatus Music

Striped mullet 14, 79, 103, 105, 235, 238, 239, 253, 311, 313, 377, 388, 467, 468

 Mugul cephalus Music

Spanish mackerel 80, 103, 173, 253, 261, 283, 311, 313, 353, 377, 388

 Scomberomorus maculatus Music

Gulf flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 353

 Paralichthys albigutta Music

Summer flounder 67, 103, 164, 229, 235, 238, 239, 253, 311, 313, 353, 376, 377, 388, 421, 591

 Paralichthys dentatus Music

Southern flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 229, 235, 253, 283, 311, 313, 353, 376, 377, 388, 467, 468, 591

 Paralichthys lethostigma Music

133

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name St. Andrew/St. Simon Sound, GA

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis

Bay scallop 211, 229

 Argopecten irradians Music

American oyster 57, 67, 200, 228, 266, 267, 300, 321, 376, 384, 528

 Crassostrea virginica Music

Common rangia 174, 266, 289

 Rangia cuneata Music

Hard clam 138, 177, 178, 241, 267, 368, 376, 528, 543

 Mercenaria species Music, Walker

Brown shrimp 16, 68, 156, 189, 199, 266, 267, 288, 310, 313, 374, 376, 377

 Penaeus aztecus Music

Pink shrimp 16, 45, 156, 310, 313, 367, 376, 377

 Penaeus duorarum Music

White shrimp 68, 156, 189, 199, 267, 290, 310, 313, 371, 374, 376, 377, 567, 591

 Penaeus setiferus Music

Grass shrimp 101, 127, 154, 189, 207, 238, 239, 266, 276, 277, 280, 281, 376, 415, 416

 Palaemonetes pugio

Blue crab 67, 156, 189, 266, 310, 313, 314, 374, 376, 377, 389, 453, 523

 Callinectes sapidus Music

Atlantic sturgeon 15, 103, 267, 310, 313, 372, 430, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus

Ladyfish 103, 164, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388

 Elops saurus

American eel 103, 189, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Music

Blueback herring 51, 103, 310, 313, 377, 390, 430, 518

 Alosa aestivalis Music

Alewife 51, 105, 390

 Alosa pseudoharengus Music

American shad 67, 103, 135, 141, 193, 430, 518, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Music

Atlantic menhaden 15, 103, 189, 283, 309, 310, 313, 376, 377, 420, 591

 Brevoortia tyrannus Music

Bay anchovy 15, 103, 189, 309, 310, 313, 376, 377, 591

 Anchoa mitchilli Music

Sheepshead minnow 103, 220, 309, 376

 Cyprinodon variegatus

Mummichog 2, 103, 189, 278, 309, 310, 313, 376, 591

 Fundulus heteroclitus

Atlantic silversides 103, 147, 310, 313, 376, 377, 591

 Menidia species Music

White perch 103, 388

 Morone americana Music

Striped bass 103, 310, 313, 388, 430, 474, 518, 568

 Morone saxatilis Music

Bluefish 15, 103, 261, 283, 310, 313, 377, 386, 388, 571

 Pomatomus saltatrix Music

Cobia 15, 103, 195, 310, 313, 388

 Rachycentron canadum Music

Gray snapper 49, 189, 310, 313, 376, 388

 Lutjanus griseus Music

Sheepshead 103, 189, 261, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388

 Archosargus probatocephalus Music

Pinfish 15, 103, 108, 189, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388, 591

 Lagodon rhomboides Music

Spotted seatrout 15, 103, 156, 189, 249, 261, 267, 285, 310, 313, 339, 376, 377, 388, 591

 Cynoscion nebulosus Music

Weakfish 15, 103, 156, 189, 261, 283, 309, 310, 313, 338, 343, 376, 377, 388, 572, 591

 Cynoscion regalis Music

Spot 15, 103, 156, 189, 190, 261, 267, 283, 310, 313, 345, 373, 376, 377, 388, 488, 591

 Leiostomus xanthurus Music

Southern kingfish 15, 67, 103, 189, 261, 283, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388, 460, 591

 Menticirrhus americanus Music

Atlantic croaker 15, 103, 120, 156, 189, 261, 266, 267, 283, 310, 313, 344, 376, 377, 388, 591

 Micropogonias undulatus Music

Black drum 15, 103, 155, 189, 247, 261, 266, 310, 313, 376, 388, 461, 591

 Pogonias cromis Music

Red drum 53, 103, 106, 261, 310, 313, 340, 341, 376, 377, 388

 Sciaenops ocellatus Music

Striped mullet 14, 15, 79, 103, 106, 189, 310, 313, 377, 388, 591

 Mugul cephalus Music

Spanish mackerel 80, 103, 173, 261, 283, 310, 313, 377, 388

 Scomberomorus maculatus Music

Gulf flounder 67, 103, 132, 164, 376

 Paralichthys albigutta Music

Summer flounder 15, 67, 103, 164, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388, 421, 591

 Paralichthys dentatus Music

Southern flounder 67, 103, 106, 132, 164, 189, 283, 310, 313, 376, 377, 388, 591

 Paralichthys lethostigma Music

134

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name St. John's River, FL

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis A.Q. White

Bay scallop 152

 Argopecten irradians A.Q. White

American oyster 27, 57, 150, 152, 244, 302

 Crassostrea virginica A.Q. White

Common rangia 94, 289

 Rangia cuneata A.Q. White

Hard clam 138, 152, 215

 Mercenaria species A.Q. White

Brown shrimp 82, 150, 254, 255, 288, 329, 579

 Penaeus aztecus DeMort, A.Q. White

Pink shrimp 87, 126.1, 254, 255, 268, 329, 579

 Penaeus duorarum DeMort, A.Q. White

White shrimp 112, 150, 152, 254, 255, 297, 298, 329, 371, 579

 Penaeus setiferus DeMort, A.Q. White

Grass shrimp 12, 74, 90, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio A.Q. White

Blue crab 92, 126.1, 150, 152, 361, 503, 523, 579

 Callinectes sapidus DeMort, A.Q. White

Atlantic sturgeon 31, 89, 91, 152, 331, 361, 372, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus A.Q. White

Ladyfish 31, 71, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 129, 150, 152, 250, 331, 360, 504

 Elops saurus DeMort, A.Q. White

American eel 31, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 150, 152, 194, 331, 360, 361, 362, 504, 521

 Anguilla rostrata DeMort, A.Q. White

Blueback herring 31, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 146, 250, 331, 360, 361, 504

 Alosa aestivalis DeMort, A.Q. White

Alewife 146, 250, 361

 Alosa pseudoharengus DeMort, A.Q. White

American shad 31, 74, 89, 90, 91, 94, 110, 141, 152, 331, 360, 361, 379, 532, 533, 582

 Alosa sapidissima DeMort, A.Q. White

Atlantic menhaden 31, 71, 74, 90, 91, 92, 150, 152, 259, 420, 504

 Brevoortia tyrannus DeMort, A.Q. White

Bay anchovy 71, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 250, 331, 361, 504

 Anchoa mitchilli DeMort, A.Q. White

Sheepshead minnow 31, 71, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 194, 331, 361, 504

 Cyprinodon variegatus DeMort, A.Q. White

Mummichog 2, 31, 71, 194, 331, 361, 504

 Fundulus heteroclitus DeMort, A.Q. White

Atlantic silversides 31, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 147, 221, 331, 361, 504

 Menidia species DeMort, A.Q. White

White perch 195

 Morone americana A.Q. White

Striped bass 31, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 149, 195, 331, 360, 361, 474, 504

 Morone saxatilis DeMort, A.Q. White

Bluefish 150, 152, 386

 Pomatomus saltatrix DeMort, A.Q. White

Cobia 152, 195

 Rachycentron canadum A.Q. White

Gray snapper 31, 49, 71, 90, 152, 195, 331, 360, 361, 504

 Lutjanus griseus DeMort, A.Q. White

Sheepshead 31, 71, 90, 152, 247, 331, 360, 361, 504

 Archosargus probatocephalus DeMort, A.Q. White

Pinfish 31, 71, 90, 92, 108, 150, 331, 360, 361, 504

 Lagodon rhomboides DeMort, A.Q. White

Spotted seatrout 31, 71, 74, 89, 92, 126.1, 150, 152, 247, 249, 331, 339, 341, 360, 361, 501, 503

 Cynoscion nebulosus DeMort, A.Q. White

Weakfish 31, 74, 90, 150, 152, 338, 343, 504

 Cynoscion regalis DeMort, A.Q. White

Spot 31, 71, 74, 150, 152, 331, 345, 360, 361, 362, 504

 Leiostomus xanthurus DeMort, A.Q. White

Southern kingfish 31, 224, 247, 465, 504

 Menticirrhus americanus DeMort, A.Q. White

Atlantic croaker 31, 71, 74, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 150, 152, 331, 344, 360, 361, 362, 504

 Micropogonias undulatus DeMort, A.Q. White

Black drum 31, 71, 150, 152, 247, 331, 360, 376, 504

 Pogonias cromis DeMort, A.Q. White

Red drum 31, 71, 74, 90, 94, 126.1, 150, 152, 247, 246, 331, 340, 342, 360, 361, 394, 504, 592

 Sciaenops ocellatus DeMort, A.Q. White

Striped mullet 14, 31, 71, 74, 79, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 116, 150, 152, 331, 360, 361, 362, 504

 Mugul cephalus DeMort, A.Q. White

Spanish mackerel 31, 40, 152, 157, 173, 403, 504, 590

 Scomberomorus maculatus DeMort, A.Q. White

Gulf flounder 31, 152, 164, 504

 Paralichthys albigutta DeMort, A.Q. White

Summer flounder 31, 150, 152, 164, 421, 504

 Paralichthys dentatus DeMort, A.Q. White

Southern flounder 31, 71, 74, 89, 90, 91, 94, 152, 164, 331, 360, 361, 504

 Paralichthys lethostigma DeMort, A.Q. White

135

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Indian River, FL

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis Hall, Provencha, C. White

Bay scallop 30, 152, 270

 Argopecten irradians Hall, Provencha, C. White

American oyster 27, 57, 152, 159, 186.1, 244, 270, 302, 413, 568.1

 Crassostrea virginica Hall, Provencha, C. White

Common rangia 187, 289, 413, 568.1

 Rangia cuneata C. White

Hard clam 58, 138, 152, 172, 216, 215, 270, 318, 413, 568.1

 Mercenaria species Hall, Provencha, C. White

Brown shrimp 18, 82, 112, 181, 182, 187, 255, 270, 288, 329, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Hall, Provencha, C. White

Pink shrimp 18, 87, 98, 112, 181, 182, 186, 187, 254, 255, 268, 270, 329, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Hall, Provencha, C. White

White shrimp 18, 112, 152, 186, 187, 254, 255, 270, 297, 298, 329, 367, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Hall, Provencha, C. White

Grass shrimp 12, 18, 112, 181, 182, 186, 187, 270, 530, 568.1, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Hall, Provencha, C. White

Blue crab 17, 18, 152, 181, 182, 186, 187, 270, 391, 503, 523, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Hall, Provencha, C. White

Atlantic sturgeon 152, 169, 170, 372, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Ladyfish 17, 129, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 198, 250, 252, 270, 296, 369, 370, 475, 547

 Elops saurus Gilmore

American eel 78, 152, 166, 167, 169, 194, 270, 475, 478, 521

 Anguilla rostrata Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Blueback herring 146, 250

 Alosa aestivalis Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Alewife 146, 250

 Alosa pseudoharengus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

American shad 136, 141, 152, 166, 167, 169, 270, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Atlantic menhaden 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 187, 270, 420, 475, 478, 547

 Brevoortia tyrannus Hall, Provencha

Bay anchovy 18, 78, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 187, 250, 252, 270, 296, 332, 369, 370, 439, 475, 478, 547

 Anchoa mitchilli Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Sheepshead minnow 136, 166, 167, 168, 169, 187, 194, 198, 270, 296, 332, 439, 475, 547

 Cyprinodon variegatus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Mummichog 2, 136, 167, 169, 194, 270, 332, 475

 Fundulus heteroclitus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Atlantic silversides 147, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 221, 252, 270, 296, 332, 439, 475, 547

 Menidia species Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

White perch 195

 Morone americana Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Striped bass 149, 169, 170, 195, 474

 Morone saxatilis Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Bluefish 17, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 252, 270, 386, 475

 Pomatomus saltatrix Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Cobia 78, 152, 166, 167, 169, 195, 270

 Rachycentron canadum Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Gray snapper 17, 49, 78, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 195, 252, 270, 296, 369, 370, 475, 478, 481, 491

 Lutjanus griseus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Sheepshead 17, 18, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 247, 252, 270, 296, 369, 370, 475, 478

 Archosargus probatocephalus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Pinfish 17, 18, 78, 108, 136, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 252, 270, 296, 332, 334, 369, 370, 439, 475, 478, 491

 Lagodon rhomboides Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Spotted seatrout 17, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 247, 249, 252, 270, 339, 341, 369, 370, 439, 475, 478, 499, 500, 501, 502, 547

 Cynoscion nebulosus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Weakfish 152, 166, 167, 169, 187, 270, 338, 343, 369, 370, 475, 478

 Cynoscion regalis Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Spot 17, 18, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 252, 270, 296, 332, 345, 369, 370, 439, 478

 Leiostomus xanthurus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Southern kingfish 18, 136, 166, 167, 169, 187, 224, 247, 270, 369, 370, 439, 465, 475

 Menticirrhus americanus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Atlantic croaker 17, 18, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 187, 252, 270, 296, 332, 344, 369, 370, 475, 478

 Micropogonias undulatus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Black drum 17, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 187, 247, 252, 270, 296, 369, 370, 376, 439, 475

 Pogonias cromis Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Red drum 17, 78, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 247, 246, 252, 270, 296, 340, 342, 394, 439, 475, 592

 Sciaenops ocellatus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Striped mullet 14, 17, 78, 79, 116, 136, 152, 166, 167, 169, 171, 187, 198, 296, 332, 439, 475, 547

 Mugul cephalus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Spanish mackerel 40, 136, 152, 157, 166, 167, 169, 173, 252, 270, 403, 475, 590

 Scomberomorus maculatus Gilmore, Hall, Provencha

Gulf flounder 18, 78, 152, 164, 166, 167, 169, 270, 369, 370, 475

 Paralichthys albigutta Gilmore

Summer flounder 152, 164, 166, 167, 169, 270

 Paralichthys dentatus Gilmore

Southern flounder 78, 136, 152, 164, 166, 167, 169, 270, 475

 Paralichthys lethostigma Gilmore

136

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
Common/Scientific Name Biscayne Bay, FL

Mussel 1, 378

 Mytilis edulis Rutledge

Bay scallop 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 152, 419, 418

 Argopecten irradians Rutledge, Curry, Tilmant

American oyster 25, 27, 57, 152, 244, 302, 419, 418

 Crassostrea virginica Rutledge, Curry

Common rangia 289

 Rangia cuneata Rutledge

Hard clam 138, 152, 172

 Mercenaria species Rutledge, Tilmant

Brown shrimp 22, 23, 25, 82, 255, 288, 419, 418, 434, 531, 579

 Penaeus aztecus Rutledge, Tilmant

Pink shrimp 22, 23, 24, 25, 43, 66, 87, 255, 268, 419, 418, 434, 531, 579

 Penaeus duorarum Rutledge, Tilmant

White shrimp 152, 255, 298, 367, 579

 Penaeus setiferus Rutledge, Tilmant

Grass shrimp 12, 22, 23, 43, 419, 418, 579

 Palaemonetes pugio Rutledge

Blue crab 22, 24, 25, 43, 152, 419, 418, 458, 523, 579

 Callinectes sapidus Rutledge

Atlantic sturgeon 470, 522

 Acipenser oxyrhynchus Rutledge

Ladyfish 43, 113, 129, 152, 250, 303, 359, 531

 Elops saurus Rutledge, Tilmant

American eel 113, 152, 194, 521, 531

 Anguilla rostrata Rutledge, Tilmant

Blueback herring 146, 250

 Alosa aestivalis Rutledge

Alewife 146, 250

 Alosa pseudoharengus Rutledge

American shad 141, 533

 Alosa sapidissima Rutledge

Atlantic menhaden 40, 152, 236, 303, 420, 526

 Brevoortia tyrannus Rutledge, Schmidt

Bay anchovy 11, 22, 23, 25, 31, 43, 113, 114, 236, 237, 250, 303, 531

 Anchoa mitchilli Rutledge, Schmidt

Sheepshead minnow 43, 113, 194, 303, 359, 531

 Cyprinodon variegatus Rutledge, Schmidt

Mummichog 2, 194

 Fundulus heteroclitus Rutledge, Schmidt

Atlantic silversides 115, 147, 221, 531

 Menidia species Rutledge, Schmidt

White perch 195

 Morone americana Rutledge

Striped bass 149, 195

 Morone saxatilis Rutledge

Bluefish 43, 113, 115, 152, 359, 386, 458, 531

 Pomatomus saltatrix Rutledge, Tilmant

Cobia 43, 113, 152, 195, 359, 531

 Rachycentron canadum Rutledge

Gray snapper 22, 23, 25, 43, 44, 49, 65, 113, 115, 152, 195, 303, 418, 458, 482, 531

 Lutjanus griseus Rutledge

Sheepshead 43, 113, 114, 152, 247, 303, 359, 418, 458, 531

 Archosargus probatocephalus Rutledge

Pinfish 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, 49, 65, 108, 113, 114, 115, 303, 359, 418, 458

 Lagodon rhomboides Rutledge

Spotted seatrout 11, 23, 43, 44, 113, 152, 236, 247, 249, 303, 339, 341, 359, 418, 465, 502, 531

 Cynoscion nebulosus Rutledge

Weakfish 113, 152, 338, 531

 Cynoscion regalis Rutledge

Spot 113, 114, 152, 303, 345, 531

 Leiostomus xanthurus Rutledge

Southern kingfish 113, 224, 247, 531

 Menticirrhus americanus Rutledge

Atlantic croaker 11, 113, 152, 236, 303, 344, 531

 Micropogonias undulatus Rutledge

Black drum 43, 113, 115, 152, 247, 376, 458

 Pogonias cromis Rutledge

Red drum 115, 152, 247, 340, 342, 359, 394, 531, 592

 Sciaenops ocellatus Rutledge

Striped mullet 14, 43, 79, 113, 114, 116, 152, 303, 359, 458, 478, 531

 Mugul cephalus Rutledge, Tilmant

Spanish mackerel 40, 43, 113, 114, 115, 152, 157, 173, 273, 303, 359, 403, 458, 531, 590

 Scomberomorus maculatus Rutledge

Gulf flounder 22, 25, 43, 44, 113, 114, 152, 164, 236, 303, 418, 531

 Paralichthys albigutta Rutledge

Summer flounder 152, 164

 Paralichthys dentatus Rutledge

Southern flounder 152, 164

 Paralichthys lethostigma Rutledge, Schmidt, Tilmant

137

Appendix 2, continued. Table of references and personal communications.

Numbers correspond to references in Appendix 4, p. 141-167.

Names correspond to individuals in Appendix 3, p. 138-140. 
 Appendix 3. Personal communications

Name Affiliation

D. Ahrenholz NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

D. Allen Univ. of South Carolina, Belle Baruch Marine Lab., Georgetown, SC

M. Allison North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

W. Anderson South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

J. Archambault South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

C. Benedict Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

G.F. Booth Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

J. Burke NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

K.N. Cates Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

S.E. Chester NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

D.S. Cooke Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

R. Curry US Natl. Park Serv, Biscayne Bay Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

L. Delancey South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

C. DeMort Univ. of N. Florida, Coastal Fisheries Lab., Jacksonville, FL

D. Freeman North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R.G. Gilmore Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, FL

C. Hall Bionetic Corp. Environmental Labs., Kennedy Space Center, FL

D. Hamilton South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

J. Hawkins North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

L. Henry North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Elizabeth City Dist. Ofc., Elizabeth City, NC

W.E. Herring, Jr. Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

W. Hettler NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

J. Holloway South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

S. Hopkins South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

R.T. Kneib Univ. of Georgia, Marine Inst., Sapelo Island, GA

R.M. Lewis NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

138
D. Lindquist Univ. of North Carolina - Wilmington, Dept. of Biol. Sci., Wilmington, NC

C. Manooch NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

P. Marraro NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

M. Marshall North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Martore South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

S. McKenna North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

L. Mercer North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Monaghan North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

R. Moore Univ. of South Carolina, Coastal Carolina College, Conway, SC

M. Moser North Carolina State Univ., Zoology Dept., Raleigh, NC

D. Moye North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Washington Dist. Ofc., Washington, NC

J. Music Georgia Dept. Nat. Res., Coastal Resources Div., Brunswick, GA

G. Ogburn Univ. of South Carolina, Belle Baruch Marine Lab., Georgetown, SC

J. Parker North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

L.W. Pollard Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

A. Powell NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

M. Provencha Bionetic Corp. Environmental Labs., Kennedy Space Center, FL

F. Rohde North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

J. Ross North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Manteo Field Ofc., Manteo, NC

S. Ross North Carolina State Univ., Zoology Dept., Raleigh, NC

T. Rutledge US Natl. Park Serv, Biscayne Bay Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

T. Schmidt US Natl. Park Serv, Everglades Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

D.N. Schmitt Georgia Dept. Nat. Res., Game & Fish Div., Richmond Hill, GA

J. Schoolfield North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Wilmington Dist. Ofc., Wilmington, NC

J. Smith NOAA / National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Lab., Beaufort, NC

S. Spence North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

B. Stender South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

A. Stokes South Carolina Wildl. & Marine Res., Waddell Mariculture Ctr., Bluffton, SC

D. Taylor North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC

139

Appendix 3, continued. Personal communications
T.E. Thompson Carolina Power & Light Co., Brunswick Biological Lab., Southport, NC

J. Tilmant US Natl. Park Service, Everglades Natl. Park, Homestead, FL

R. VanDolah South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

R.L. Walker Univ. of Georgia, Marine Extension Service, Savannah, GA

E. Wenner South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

D. Whitaker South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources, Charleston, SC

A.Q. White Jacksonville Univ., Div. of Sci. & Math, Jacksonville, FL

C. White Brevard County Ofc. of Nat. Res. Mgt., Merrit Island, FL

S. Winslow North Carolina Div. of Marine Fisheries, Elizabeth City Dist. Ofc., Elizabeth City, NC

Appendix 3, continued. Personal communications

140
12. Anderson, G. 1985. Species profiles: life histories

and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and

invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)—grass shrimp. U.S.

Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.35).

13. Anderson, W.D., W.J. Keith, F.H. Mills, M.E. Baily,

and J.L. Steinmeyer. 1978. A survey of South Carolina

hard clam resources. S.C. Mar. Resour. Cent., Tech.

Rep. No. 32, 17 p.

14. Anderson, W.W. 1958. Larval development,

growth, and spawning of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus)

along the south Atlantic coast of the United States.

Fish. Bull., U.S. 58: 501-519.

15. Anderson, W.W. 1968. Fishes taken during

shrimp trawling along the South Atlantic coast of the

United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Special Scient.

Rep., Fish. No. 570.

16. Anderson, W.W. 1970. Contributions to the life

histories of several penaeid shrimps (Penaeidae) along

the South Atlantic coast of the United States. U.S. Fish.

Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 605.

17. Anderson, W.W., and J.W. Gehringer. 1965.

Biological-statistical census of the species entering

fisheries in the Cape Canaveral area. U.S. Fish Wildl.

Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 514.

18. Applied Biology, Inc., and R.L. Lyerly and Associates. 1980. Biological and environmental studies at

the Florida Power and Light Company Cape Canaveral

Plant and the Orlando Utilities Commission Indian

River Plant, Vol. I. Atlanta, GA 30033.

19. Archambault, J.A., and E.L. Wenner. (in press).

Results of 18 months of crab potting in Charleston

Harbor and the Ashley River. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Resour.,

Charleston, S.C.

20. Archambault, J.A., E.L. Wenner, and J.D. Whitaker.

1990. Life history and abundance of blue crab,

Callinectes sapidus, at Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Bull. Mar. Sci. 46(1): 145-158.

21. Arnold, W.S. 1983. The effects of prey size,

predator size, and sediment composition on the rate of

predation of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) on the

hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). M.S. thesis, Univ.

Ga., Athens. 46 p.

22. Bader, R.G. 1969. An ecological study of south

Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Univ.

Miami Institute of Marine Sciences, Progress Report to

the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Contract No.

(AT-(40-1)-3801-1).

1. Abbott, R.T., and S.P. Dance. 1986. Compendium

of Seashells. Madison Publishing Associates. Dai

Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Tokyo.

2. Abraham, B.J. 1985. Species profiles: life histories

and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and

invertebrates (mid-Atlantic) - mummichog and striped

killifish. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.40).

3. Adams, J.G. 1970. Clupeids in the Altamaha River,

Georgia. Ga. Game Fish Comm., Coast. Fish. Div.

Contrib. Ser. No. 20.

4. Adams, J.G. and M.W. Street. 1969. Notes on the

spawning and embryological development of the

blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis Mitchell, in the

Altamaha River, Georgia. Ga. Game Fish Comm.,

Mar. Fish Div., Contrib. Ser. No. 16. 14 p.

5. Adams, S.M. 1974. Structural and functional

analysis of eelgrass fish communities. Ph. D. Thesis,

Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 131 p.

6. Ahrenholz, D.W., W.R. Nelson, and S.P. Epperly.

1987. Population and fishery characteristics of Atlantic

menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. Fish. Bull., U.S. 85:

569-600.

7. Allen, D.M., and D.L. Barker. 1990. Interannual

variations in larval fish recruitment to estuarine

epibenthic habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 65: 113-125.

8. Allen, D.M., W.K. Michener, and S.E. Stancyk

(editors). 1984. Pollution Ecology of Winyah Bay,

S.C.: Characterization of the Estuary and Potential

Impacts of Petroleum. Baruch Institute Special Publication No. 84-1, Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia,

S.C., 271 p.

9. Allen, D.M., S.E. Stancyk, and W.K. Michener

(editors). 1982. Ecology of Winyah Bay, S.C. and

Potential Impacts of Energy Development. Baruch

Institute Special Publication No. 82-1, Univ. of South

Carolina, Columbia, S.C., 275 p.

10. Alon, N.C., and S.E. Stancyk. 1982. Variation in

life-history patterns of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes

pugio in two South Carolina estuarine systems. Mar.

Biol. 68: 265-276.

11. Alpern, J.D. 1981. Relationships between larval

fishes and their prey in Biscayne Bay, Florida. M.S.

Thesis, Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 103 p.

 Appendix 4. References

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23. Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler. 1971. An

ecological survey of south Biscayne Bay and Card

Sound. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric Sciences, Progress Report to the U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission and the Florida Power and

Light Co. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-3801-3).

24. Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler. 1972. An

ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card

Sound. Univ. of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine

and Atmospheric Science, Progress Report to the U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission and the Florida Power and

Light Co. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-3801-4).

25. Bader, R.G., and D.C. Tabb. 1970. An ecological

study of south Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey

Point. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric Sciences, Progress Report to the U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission. Contract No. (AT-(40-1)-

3801-2).

26. Bahr, L.M., Jr. 1974. Aspects of the structure and

function of the intertidal oyster community in Georgia.

Ph.D.. Dissertation, Univ. Ga., Athens. 149 p.

27. Bahr, L.M., Jr. and W.P. Lanier. 1981. The ecology

of intertidal oyster reefs of the south Atlantic coast: a

community profile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS81/15.

28. Baisden, V.W. 1983a. Juvenile penaeid shrimp,

blue crab, and finfish assessment in coastal Georgia.

Ga. Dept. Nat. Res., Coast. Res. Div. Contrib. Ser. No.

34

29. Baisden, V.W. 1983b. Postlarval penaeid shrimp

assessment in coastal Georgia. Ga. Dept. Nat. Res.,

Coast. Res. Div. Contrib. Ser. No. 37.

30. Barber, B.J., and N.J. Blake. 1983. Growth and

reproduction of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians

(Lamarck) at its southern distributional limit. J. Exp.

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31. Bass, D.G., Jr. 1983. Completion report for

investigations project Dingell-Johnson project F-36.

North Florida streams research project, Study III:

Rivers of Florida and their fishes. Fla. Game Fresh

Water Fish Comm., Tallahassee, FL.

32. Battle, J.D. 1892. An investigation of the coast

waters of South Carolina with reference to oyster

culture. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 10: 300-330.

33. Bearden, C.M. 1961a. Common marine fishes of

South Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 34, 47 p.

34. Bearden, C.M. 1961b. Notes on post larvae of

commercial shrimp (Penaeus) in South Carolina.

Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 33, 8 p.

35. Bearden, C.M. 1963. A contribution to the biology

of the king whitings, genus Menticirrhus, of South

Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff. No. 38, 27 p.

36. Bearden, C.M. 1964. Distribution and abundance

of Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus, in South

Carolina. Contrib. Bears Bluff Lab. No. 40, 23 p.

37. Bearden, C.M., and C.H. Farmer, III. 1972.

Fishery resources of Port Royal Sound Estuary. In Port

Royal Sound Environmental Study, p. 204-212. South

Carolina Water Resources Commission, Columbia,

S.C.

38. Bearden, C., R. Low, R. Rhodes, R. Van Dolah, C.

Wenner, E. Wenner, and D. Whitaker. 1985. A review

and analysis of commercial shrimp trawling in the

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181. Gore, R.H., L.S. Becker, N. Blum, and L.E. Scotto.

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198. Harrington, R.W., Fr., and E.S. Harrington. 1961.

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203. Hassler, W.W., N.L. Hill, and J.T. Brown. 1981.

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225. Hildebrand, S.F., and L.E. Cable. 1938. Further

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