IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE

SIXTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT TEXARKANA, TEXAS

MARTHA ARACELY RICHTER, §

§

APPELLANT §

§

V. § NO. 06-15-00126-CR

§

THE STATE OF TEXAS, §

§

APPELLEE §

On appeal from the

County Court at Law No. 2 of Ellis County, Texas

Honorable A. Gene Calvert, Jr., Presiding

Trial Court Cause No. 1411631-CR

BRIEF OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

PATRICK M. WILSON

COUNTY AND DISTRICT ATTORNEY

STATE BAR NO. 90001783

RYAN D. MARTIN

ASSISTANT COUNTY AND DISTRICT ATTORNEY

STATE BAR NO. 24086522

109 S. JACKSON

WAXAHACHIE, TEXAS 75165

PHONE: 972-825-5035

FAX: 972-825-5047

ATTORNEYS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS

ORAL ARGUMENT ONLY IF REQUESTED BY APPELLANT ACCEPTED

06-15-00126-CR

SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS

TEXARKANA, TEXAS

11/17/2015 4:10:41 PM

DEBBIE AUTREY

CLERKI DENTI TY OF PARTI ES AND COUNSEL

Pu rs u an t t o Tex as Ru l e o f Ap pel l at e Pro ced u re 3 8 .1 (a), a co m p l et e l i s t o f t h e

n am es o f al l i n t eres t ed p art i es i s p ro v i d ed b el o w s o t h e m em b ers o f th i s H o n o rab l e

Co u rt m ay at o n ce d et erm i n e wh et h er t hey are di sq u al ifi ed t o s erv e o r s ho u l d recu s e

t h em s el v es fro m

p art i ci p at i ng i n t h e d eci s io n o f t h e cas e.

Co u n s el fo r t h e St at e:

Pa tri ck M. W il s o n --Co u nt y an d Di s t ri ct At t orn ey o f El l i s Co u n t y

El l i s Co u n t y

Co u rt s Bu i l d i n g

1 09 S. J ack s on

W ax ah ach i e, Tex as 7 5 16 5

Ry a n D. Ma rti n --As si s t an t Co u n t y an d Di s t ri ct At t o rn ey o n ap p eal

Ry a n Ma rti n, Li ndy Bea ty --As s i s t an t Co u n t y an d Di s tri ct A t t o rn ey s

at t ri al

A p p el lan t o r cri m i n al d efen d an t :

Ma rtha Ara cel y Ri chter

Co u n s el fo r ap pel l an t:

J ul i ss a Ma rti nez --co u n s el o n ap p eal an d at t ri al

T ri al ju d g e:

Ho n. A. Gene Ca l v ert, J r. --J u d g e o f t h e Co u n t y Co u rt at Law No . 2

i iTABLE OF CONTENTS

Pag e

STATEM ENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUM ENT i

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTIES i i

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES iv

STATEM ENT OF THE CASE 1

STATEM ENT OF FACTS 1

SUM M ARY OF THE ARGUM ENT 1 0

STATE'S REPLY TO ISSUE THREE 1 1

The ev i dence i s l eg a l l y s uffi ci ent to s uppo rt a co nv i cti o n fo r DW I

.

STATE'S REPLY TO ISSUE ONE 1 3

The tri a l co urt di d no t a bus e i ts di s creti o n w hen i t al l o w ed tes ti m o ny

fro m Tro oper Cra i g Henry a s a n ex pert w i tnes s , o r a ny erro r w a s

ha rm l es s

.

STATE’ S REPLY TO ISSUE TW O 1 8

The Tri al Co urt di d no t err i n a dm i tti ng certa i n s ta tem ents

, o r a ny

erro r w a s ha rm l es s

.

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER 2 5

CERTIFICATE OF COM PLIANCE 2 5

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 2 6

i i iI NDEX OF AUTHORI TI ES

CASES Pa g e

U.S.

Ja cks o n v. Vi r

g in ia , 4 4 3 U.S. 3 0 7 , 9 9 S. Ct

. 2 7 8 1 (1 9 7 9) 1 1

Tex as

B r ooks v. State, 323 S.W .3d 893 (Tex . Crim. App. 2010) 1 1

Ca r d en a s v. S t a te

, 3 0 S.W

. 3 d 38 4 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 2 0 0 0) 1 3

Da vi s v. S t a t e , 3 1 3 S.W . 3 d 3 1 7 (Tex . Cri m Ap p . 2 0 1 0 ) 1 5

DeLeo n v. S t a t e

, 9 3 7 S.W .2 d 1 2 9 (Tex

. Ap p.– W aco 1 9 9 6 , p et

. ref’ d ) 1 1

Fo wl er v. S t a t e , 9 5 8 S.W .2 d 8 5 3 (Tex . Ap p .– W aco 1 9 9 7 ),

af f ’d , 9 9 1 S.W .2 d 2 5 8 (Tex . Cri m

. Ap p . 1 9 99 ) 1 5 , 1 9

Jo h ns o n v. S t a te , 9 6 7 S.W .2 d 4 1 0 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 8) 1 6 , 2 0

Kel l y v. S t a t e , 8 2 4 S.w.2 d 5 6 8 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 2 ) 1 4, 1 5 , 1 7

Ki n g v. S t a t e , 9 5 3 S.W .2 d 2 6 6 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 7 ) 1 5 , 1 6, 1 9 , 2 0

Mo r en o v. S t at e , 8 5 8 S.W .2 d 4 5 3 , (Tex . Cri m

. Ap p .),

cer t . d en i ed , 5 1 0 U.S. 9 6 6 (1 9 9 3) 1 9

Mu r p h y v. S t at e , 4 S.W .3 d 9 2 6 (Tex . Ap p .– W aco 1 9 9 9 , p et . ref’ d ) 1 1

Pen ry v. S t at e

, 9 0 3 S.W

. 2 d 7 1 5 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 1 9 95 ) 1 5

Ro d ger s v. S t a t e

, 2 0 5 S.W

. 3 d 52 5 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p. 2 0 06 ) 1 5

, 1 7

Ro mer o v. S t a te

, 8 0 0 S.W .2 d 5 3 9 (Tex

. Cri m

. A p p

. 1 99 0 ) 1 9

Th eu s v. S t a te , 8 4 5 S.W .2 d 8 74 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 9 9 2) 1 9

i vSTATUTES

Tex

. Pen al Co d e § 4 9 .0 1 (W es t 2 0 1 1 ). 1 2

Tex

. Pen al Co d e § 4 9 .0 4 (W es t Su p p

. 2 0 1 4 ) 1 2

RULES

Tex

. R. Ev i d

. 4 0 1 1 4 , 1 5

Tex

. R. Ev i d . 7 02 1 4

, 1 5

Tex

. R. Ev i d 8 01 1 9 , 2 2

Tex

. R. Ev i d 8 0 2 1 9

Tex

. R. Ev i d 8 03 2 3

vTO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Ap p e l l an t, M art h a Aracel y Ri ch t er, was ch arg ed b y i n fo rm at i o n wi t h t h e

o ffen s e o f D r i v i n g W hi le In t o x i cat ed

, a Cl as s B M i s d em ean o r, t o w h i ch Ap p el l an t

p l ead ed n o t gu i l t y

. (RR II at 7 -8 ). Ap pel l an t w ai v e d h e r r i g ht to a ju ry t ri al

, an d a

t ri al was h el d b efo re t h e Ho n o rab le J u d g e A

. Gen e Cal v ert

, J r. (R R II at 7 -8 ).

Fo l l o wi ng t h e t ri al

, t h e co u r t f o u n d ap p el l an t g u i l ty o f th e o ffen s e ch arg ed i n t h e

i n fo rm at i o n an d as s es s ed pu n i s h m en t at 1 8 0 d ay s i n j ai l

, s u sp en d ed fo r t wo y ears o f

p ro b at i o n , an d a $ 3 00 d ol l ar fi n e. (RR III at 1 1 8 , 1 3 2 -1 3 6 ).

STATEMENT OF FACTS

T h e St at e ch al len g es al l s t at em en t s m ad e b y ap p el l an t reg ard i n g t he fact s an d

reco rd o f t h e cas e an d s u b m i t s t h e fo l l o wi ng acco u n t o f t he fact s

.

S t a t e’s Evi d

en ce

A ro u n d 4 : 0 7 in t h e m o rn i n g o n Feb ru ary 1 4, 2 0 1 4

, Serg ean t Gi l b ert Ru i z wi th

t h e Pal m er Po l i ce Dep art m en t res p o n d ed t o a 9 11 cal l ab ou t a wreck o n I-4 5

. (RR II

at 1 5 -1 6 ). Ru i z no t i ced a car b et ween t he g u ard rai l an d t h e p ro t ect iv e cab l e t h at was

f a c i n g t h e op p o s i t e way o f t raffi c. (RR II at 1 6 ). Ru i z m ad e co n t act wi t h M art h a

Aracel y Ri ch ter, ap p el l an t

, wh o was s it t in g i n t h e d ri v er’ s seat o f th e wr e c k ed

v eh icl e. (RR II at 1 8 ). Ap p el l an t was v ery d i s o ri en t ed , an d s h e h ad s l u rred s p eech

1an d g las s y ey es

. (RR II at 1 9 ). Ru i z d i d n ot s m el l an y al co h o l at t hi s p o i n t an d b eg an

t o s u s p e c t a p p el l an t m i g ht b e o n s o m e t y p e o f d ru g

. (RR II at 1 9 ). Ap p el l an t

co n ti n u ed t o t el l Ru i z t hat s he was i n W y li e, Tex as

, an d h ad no i dea sh e was act u al l y

i n Pal m er. ( S

ee St at e’ s Ex

. No

. 7 ). Ap p el l an t was ch eck ed o u t b y t h e m ed ical s taff

o n s cen e an d cl eared b efo re an y t y p e o f t es t s were p erfo rm ed . (RR II at 2 0 ).

W h i l e bei n g ch eck ed o u t b y t he m ed i cal s t aff, ap p el l an t co m p lai n ed t h a t s h e

was v ery d ep res s ed ; bu t s he nev er co m p l ai n ed ab o u t an y ty

p e o f h ead i n

j u ry o r h er

h ead h u rt i n g

. (RR II at 2 1 ). Ap p el l an t sai d sh e h ad so m e p res cri p t i o n m ed i cat i o n in

h er p u rs e, an d Ru iz fo u n d Co d ei n e, Cel ex a, an d Li o res al i n ap p el l an t’ s p u rs e. (RR

II at 2 2 ). Ap p el l an t ad m i t t ed t o Ru i z an d t h e m ed i cal s t aff t h at s h e h ad t ak en “ s o m e

p i l l s ,” b ut t h ey n ev er g o t a s trai g h t fo rward an s wer ab o u t h o w m an y p i l l s w ere t ak en

,

o r wh en t h ey were t ak en

. (RR II at 2 4 ). W h en Ru i z b eg an to co n du ct t h e Ho ri zo n t al

Ga z e N ys t ag m

u s (HGN) p ort i on of t h e St an d ard i zed Fi el d So b ri et y Tes ts (SFST),

ap p el l an t ’ s ey es wo u l d cro s s an d t h en cl o s e, as i f s h e were fal l i n g as l eep

. (RR II at

2 6 ). Ap p el l an t d i s p l a ye d s i x cl u es o n t h e HGN tes t

. (RR II at 6 9). On t h e s eco n d

t es t

, t h e wal k an d t u rn

, ap p el l an t p erfo rm ed “ ho rri b l e.” (RR II at 28 ). Ap p el l an t was

n o t ab l e to wal k a s t rai g h t l i n e, an d t h e o n l y p ort i o n of t h e t es t ap p el l an t d i d n o t fai l

was t h at s h e d i d n o t s t art to o s o o n . (RR II at 2 8 -2 9 ). Du ri n g t h e o n e l eg s t an d t es t

,

ap p el l an t s way ed

, u s ed arm s fo r b al an ce, an d pu t her fo o t d o wn b efo re t he t es t s were

s t op p ed fo r h er s afet y . (RR II at 2 9 ).

2Bas ed o n ap pel l an t’ s p erfo rm an ce o n t he SFST, as wel l as h e r a d m i s s i o n to

t ak i n g s o m e pres cri p t i on pi l l s

, Ru i z b el iev ed t h at ap p el l an t h ad l o s t t he n o rm al u s e

o f h er m en t al an d p h y s i cal facu l t i es d u e t o t h e i n t ro du ct i o n o f d ru g s i n t o h er s y s t em

.

(RR I I a t 3 0 )

. R u i z d i d n o t arres t t h e ap p el l an t t h at n i g h t, b u t rat h er l et h er ch o o s e

wh et h er t o g o t o jai l o r g o t o t h e h o s p it al t o g et h el p

. (RR II at 3 1 ). Ap p el l an t ch o s e

t o g et m ed i cal at t en ti o n an d ev en t u al l y left wi t h t h e am b ul an ce t h at ni g h t

. (RR II at

3 1 ). Ru i z s t at ed h e k n ew h e co u l d g et a s earch warran t fo r ap p el l an t ’ s m ed i cal

reco rd s at a l at er t i m e. (RR II at 3 1).

W h en Ru iz s h owed u p o n s cen e, a p p el l an t was o n t h e p h o n e wi t h Em i g d io

Cas ti l l o

, an d Ru iz act u al l y sp o k e wi t h Cas t i l lo o n t h e p ho n e. (RR II at 3 3 ). Cas ti l lo

wan ted t o k n o w wh ere ap p el l an t was . (RR II at 3 3 ). Cas t i l l o s tat ed t h at t hey h ad a

fi gh t earl i er i n t h e n i g ht

, t h at ap p el l an t h ad cal led t h e p o l ice o ut t o g et h im arres t ed

fo r as s au lt

, an d t hat aft er ap p el lan t had l eft

, s h e was g o i n g t o t ak e al l o f h er p il l s

. (RR

II at 3 3 ). Cas t i l l o ev en t u al l y s h o wed up o n s cen e, wan t ed t o ch eck o n ap p el l an t

, an d

s p o k e wi t h Ru iz ab o u t wh at o ccu rred th at n ig h t

. (RR II at 3 4 ). Ap p el l an t w as t ak en

t o th e h os p it al w h ere a dru g s creen w as p erfo rm ed on ap p el l an t ’ s u ri n e. (RR II at 3 4;

S ee St at e’ s E x

. No

. 8 ). Th e u ri n al y s i s p erfo rm ed b y th e h o sp i t al s h owed t h at

ap p el l an t t es t ed p o s i t i v e fo r o p i at es . (St at e’ s Ex . No . 8 ).

E m i gd i o Cas t i l l o was i n a rel at i o n s h i p wi t h ap p el l an t fo r ab o u t fo u r y ears

b efo re t h e car acci d en t o n Feb ru ary 1 4

, 2 0 1 4

. (RR II at 8 3 ). A p p el l an t l iv ed wi th

3Cas ti l l o i n W y l i e, Tex as

. (RR II at 8 4 ). Cas ti l lo an d ap p el l an t b ro k e u p i n Feb ru ary

o f 20 1 4

. (RR II at 85 ). On Feb ru ary 1 3

, 2 0 1 4

, t he p o l i ce w ere cal l ed o u t to

Cas ti l l o ’ s an d ap p el l an t ’ s h ou s e b ecau s e an arg u m en t h ad en s u ed

, an d ap p el l an t h ad

g rab b ed o n t o Cas t i l l o’ s t ru ck as h e t ri ed t o l eav e an d s h e fel l t o t h e g ro u n d. (RR II

at 8 7). Cas t i l l o an d ap p el l an t arg u ed an d scream ed at each o t h er d u ri n g t h e n i g h t o f

Feb ru ary 1 3

, 2 0 1 4

, an d i n t o t h e m o rn i n g o f Feb ru ary 1 4

, 2 0 1 4

. (RR II at 8 8 -8 9 ). At

t ri al

, Cas t i l l o d i d n o t recal l d ri v i n g t o t h e acci d en t s cen e i n Pal m er, no r d i d h e recal l

an y o f t h e st at em en t s h e m ad e t o Ru i z t h e m o rn i n g o f Feb ru ary 1 4 , 2 0 1 4 . (RR II at

8 9 ). Cas t i l l o t e s t i fi ed t h at he d i d n o t rem em b er m uch o f w h at o ccu rred du ri n g t h i s

i n ci d en t . (RR II at 8 9-9 2). W h en Cas t i l l o d i d s h o w u p o n s cen e o n t h e m o rn i n g o f

Feb ru ary 1 4

, 2 0 1 4

, h e to l d Ru i z t h at ap p e l l a n t cal l ed h i m an d to l d h im s h e t o o k al l

o f her p i l l s

. (RR II at 8 9-9 2; St at e’ s Ex

. N o

. 7 ). Cas t i l l o t o l d Ru i z t h at ap pel l an t g et s

l i ke t h is wh en s h e t ak es t o o m an y p i l l s

. (St at e’ s Ex . No . 7 ).

T ro o p er Crai g Hen ry i s a cert i fi ed D ru g R e c o g ni t i o n Ex pert (DRE) an d

co n du ct ed a DRE reco n s t ru ct i o n o n t h i s cas e. (RR II at 1 1 5 ). Hen ry was n ev er o n

t h e s cen e o f t h e acci d en t

, an d an y t es t im o n y h e g av e i n t h i s cas e was i n reg ard s t o h i s

rev i ew o f t h e rep o rt s

, m ed i cal reco rd s

, an d DVDs

. (RR II at 1 18

, 1 3 4 )

. H en ry

t es t i fi ed ab o u t h is t rai n in g an d ex p eri en ce to o b t ai n a DRE cert ifi cat i o n

, as wel l as h i s

ex p ert i s e i n th e fi el d o f d ru g g ed d ri v i n g. (RR II at 9 8 -1 0 8 ). H en ry w as ad m i t t ed as

an ex p ert wi t n es s i n t h e fi el d o f d ru g g ed d ri v i n g o ver t h e o b j ect i o n o f ap p el l an t ’ s t ri al

4co u ns el . (RR II at 1 1 5 ).

H en ry s t at ed t h at

, bas ed o n h i s e x p e r i e n c e as a DRE, h e was ab le t o d o an

ev al u at i on o f an en t ire cas e an d co m e to a co n c l u s i o n ab o u t a p ers o n ’ s m en t al an d

p h y s i cal s t at e. (RR II at 10 7 ). Hen ry t es t i fi ed t h at b ecau s e HGN was p res en t an d t h e

o ffi cer d id n o t s m el l al co h o l

, ap p el l an t co u l d h av e b een i n t o x i cat ed o n o n e o f t h ree

d i fferen t cat eg o ri es o f d ru gs

. (RR II at 1 1 9 ). Hen ry al so t es ti fi ed t h at b as ed o n

ap p e l l a n t ’s p erfo rm an ce on t h e wal k an d tu rn an d t h e o ne l eg s t an d

, an d wi t h t h e

HGN p res en t

, H en ry s u s p ect ed t h at ap p el lan t was i n to x i cat ed o n a Cen t ral Nerv ou s

Sy s t em (CN S ) d e p r e s s an t

, an i n h al an t

, o r a d is s o ci at e an es t het i c. (RR II at 1 2 1 ).

Hen ry t es t i fi ed t h at t h e h o s p i t al al s o ch eck ed ap p el l an t ’ s pu l s e, b lo o d p res s u re, an d

b o d y t em p erat u re, wh ich are cl i n i cal t es ts t h at can n o t b e fak ed b y t o l eran ce. (RR II

at 1 2 2). CNS d ep res s an t s s l o w t h e b o d y d o wn

, s o a pers o n b ei n g affect ed wo u l d h av e

a l o wer p u l s e an d l owe r b l oo d p res s u re. (RR II at 1 2 3 ). Hen ry t es t i fi ed t h at

ap p el l an t ’ s pu ls e wa s s i x t y-s ev en b eat s p er m i n u te wh i ch fal l s bel o w t h e DRE

av erag e ran g e reco gn i zed

. (RR II at 1 2 5 )

. Hen ry t es t i fi ed t h at b as ed o n al l o f t h e

fact ors

, i n cl u d in g a l o wer b l o o d p res s u re an d bo d y t em p erat u re, h e h ad rev i ewed s o

far, he s u s p ect ed ap pel l an t m i g h t b e on CNS dep res s an t s

. (RR II at 1 2 6 ). Hen ry al s o

t es t i fi ed t h at h e b el i ev ed ap p el l an t co u l d b e o n n arco ti c an al g es i cs as wel l , b ecau s e

t h e s y m p t o m s m i rro r CNS d ep res s an t s

, b u t w i t ho u t HGN b ei n g p res en t

. (RR II at

1 2 9 ). Hen ry

s t at ed t h at b o th t h e Cl o n azep am an d Tram ad o l fo u n d o n ap p el l an t are

5CNS d ep res s an t s acco rd i n g t o hi s D RE t rai ni n g ; wh il e t h e Ty len o l wi t h co d ei n e was

co n si d ered a narco t i c an al g es i c. (RR II at 1 3 2-1 3 3 ). Hen ry t es t i fi ed t h at t h e Ty l en ol

wi t h co d ei n e wo u ld b e o n e o f t he m ai n co n t ri b u t in g fact o rs to ap p el l an t wreck i n g h er

v eh icl e an d fo r th e p o s i t i v e o p i at e t es t fro m t h e h o s p i tal reco rd

, an d t h at ap p el l an t

was i n to x i cat ed wh i l e sh e o perat ed h er m o t o r v eh i cl e t h at n i gh t

. (RR II at 1 3 3 -1 3 5 ).

Def en s e Evi d en ce

Cu rt Ri ch ter, ex -h u sb an d o f ap p el lan t

, t es t i fi ed th at h e w as m arri ed t o ap p el l an t

fo r al m o st ei gh t y ears an d t hat he i s fam i li ar wi th h er b ack p ai n res u l t i n g fro m b ei n g

h i t b y a d ru n k d ri v er. (RR III at 1 0 -1 1). Ri ch t er t es ti fi ed th at h e s p ok e t o ap p el l an t

aro u n d o n e o ’ cl o ck i n th e m o rn i n g o n Feb ru ary 14

, 2 0 1 4, an d t h at ap p el l an t s o u n d ed

n o rm al

, n o t i m

pai red

, an d t hat he i n fo rm ed ap pel l an t s h e was m o re t h an wel co m e to

co m e s tay w i t h h i m i n San A n to n i o

. (RR III at 1 1 -1 6 ). Ri ch t er fo u n d o u t ab o u t t h e

car acci d en t aro u n d n i n e i n t h e m o rn in g o n Feb ru ary 1 4

, 2 0 1 4, an d h e s ai d t h at

ap p el l an t h ad to can cel an i n t erv i ew b ecau s e h er facu l t i es were n o t qu i t e t h ere. (RR

III at 1 6 ). Ri ch t er s t at ed t h at ap p el l an t recei ves p ai n k i l l ers

, wh i ch h e b el i ev ed t o b e

Ty l en o l 3

, fo r h er i n

ju ri es an d t h a t s h e wo u l d t ak e t hat m ed icat i o n befo re s h e wen t

t o b ed

. (RR III at 1 8 ). Ri ch t er al s o s ai d t h at ap p el lan t w as g i v en an x iet y m ed i cat i o n

b ecau s e o f p ro b l em s s h e w as h av i n g

. ( R R I I I at 1 9 ). Ri ch t er s ai d t h at ap p el l an t

al way s s l ep t aft er t ak i n g th e m ed i cat i o n an d t h at h e bel i ev ed i t w o ul d n o t b e g o o d

i d ea fo r ap p el l an t t o d ri v e aft er t ak i n g t h e m ed i cat i o n

. (RR III at 1 9 ). Ri ch t er al s o

6ad m i t t ed t h at h e w as n o t aware o f t h e “ wh o le s i t u at i o n ” i n th at h e was n o t aware

ap p el l an t cal l ed C a s t i l l o an d s ai d s h e was t ak in g a w h o l e b o t t l e o f p i l l s

. (RR III at

2 2 ). Ri ch t er t es t i fi e d t h a t h e bel i ev ed i t wo u l d b e o u t o f ch aract er fo r ap pel l an t to

t ak e m ed i cat i o n an d t h en d ri v e a car. (RR III at 2 3).

T h o m as Go rd o n

, a n u rs e at t h e En ni s Reg i o n al Ho s p i ta l

, tes t ifi ed t h at h e

p ro v id ed care fo r ap p el lan t o n t h e m o rn i n g o f Feb ru ary 1 4

, 2 01 4

. (RR III at 2 4 ).

Go rd o n s t at ed “ th at ’ s s u ch a l o w b lo o d p res s ure” wh en as k ed ab o u t ap p el lan t ’ s v i t al

s i gn s b u t al s o s ai d t h ey al l ap p eared t o b e n o rm al

. (RR III at 2 7 ). G o rd o n s t at ed t h at

t h e o n ly p o s i t i v e res ul t fro m t h e u ri n al y s is was a n o p i a t e an d t h at Tram ad o l i s an

o p i o i d

. (RR III at 2 9 ). Go rd o n al s o s ai d t h at t h e t es t ju s t s h o ws p o s i t i v e o r n o t; i t

d o es n o t s h o w an y t y

p e o f am o u n t s

. (RR III at 3 0 ). Up o n cro s s e x a m i n at i o n,

Go rd o n d es cri b ed h o w co m b i ni n g m ed i cat i o ns has a g reat er effect u p on a p ers o n.

(RR III at 3 2 ). Go rd o n d i d n o t recal l ap pel l an t ev er co m p l ai n i n g o f a head i n

ju ry

, b ut

s h e d id co m

p l ai n o f a n eck i n

ju ry . (RR III at 3 2 -3 3 ).

D wai n Fu l ler i s t h e t ech n i cal di rect o r o f t h e t o x i co l o g y l ab i n th e Vet eran

Affai rs h o s p i t al i n Dal l as

. (RR III at 3 4 ). Fu l l er s t at ed t hat am i n o aci d t es ts

, s u ch as

t h e u ri n al y s i s u s ed i n t h i s cas e, are us ed fo r s creen i n g p u r p o s e s fo r m ed i cal

d i ag n o s ti c, an d t h ey s h o u l d n o t b e u s ed fo r fo ren s i c p urp o ses u n l es s t h ey are

co n fi rm ed

. (RR III at 4 1 ). Fu l l er bel i ev es t h at t h es e t y pes o f t es t s s o m et i m es creat e

fal s e p o s i t i v es an d t h ey s h o ul d b e co n fi rm ed b efo re b ei ng u s ed fo r an y l eg al p u rp o s e.

7(RR III at 4 2 ). Acco rd i n g t o Fu l l er, t he u ri n al y s is i n t h i s cas e on l y s h o wed a p o s i t i v e

fo r o p iat es an d n o t an y po s i t i v e res u l t fo r an y o f t h e d ep res s an ts t h at were t es t ed

.

(R R I I I a t 4 3 ). Fu l l er co n cl ud ed t h at

, b as ed up o n t h e m ed i cal reco rd s

, t h ere i s n o

ev i d en ce t h at wo u l d sh o w ap pel l an t was i n t o x i cat ed

. (RR III at 4 5 ). Fu ll er co n ced ed

t h at h i s b as i s fo r h is co n cl u s i o n was t h at t h e m ed i cal reco r d s d o n o t refl ect t h at

ap p el l an t h ad co ns t ri ct ed p u pi ls

, s l u rred s p eech

, o r an y p ro b l em s t al k i n g

. (RR III at

4 7 ). Fu l l er ad m i t t ed t h at h e d i d n o t rev i ew an y v i d eo o f t h e ap p el l an t t h at m o rn i n g,

t h at h e o n l y g l an ced o v er th e p o l i ce rep o rt

, an d t h at h is o p i n i o n was b as ed s o l el y o n

t h e m ed ical rep o rt s i n t h i s cas e. (RR III at 4 8 ).

Mart h a Aracel y Ri ch ter, ap p el l an t, t es ti fi ed i n h er o wn b eh al f th at s h e had b een

l i vi n g wi t h Cas ti l lo fo r si x m o n t h s b efo re t h e t i m e o f t h e acci d en t

. (RR III at 5 8 ).

Ap p el l an t cal l ed t he p o l i ce aft er a fi gh t w i t h Cas t i l l o aro u nd s ev en p.m

. o n t h e n i g ht

o f Feb ru ary 1 3

, 2 0 1 4

. (RR III at 6 0 ). Ap p el l an t p ack ed cl o t hes an d m ed i cat i o n an d

d eci d ed t o l eav e t h at n ig ht b ecau s e s h e co u l d n ot to l erat e t h e fi g ht i ng an y m ore. (RR

III at 61 ). Ap p el l an t h ad art hri t i s w h i c h m ak es i t pai n fu l t o m o v e h er h an d s an d i s

ju s t v ery p ai n fu l fo r h er. (RR III at 6 3 ). Ap pel l an t was t ry i n g to dri v e b y t h e ai rp o rt

t o s ee Cas t i l l o

, b u t her p h on e h ad d i ed

, so s h e d ro p p ed by a g as st at io n t o ch arg e h er

p h o n e. ( R R I I I a t 6 4 ). Ap p el l an t g o t in t o a car wreck wh i l e t ry i n g t o l i st en t o h er

8GPS 1 an d arg u i n g wi t h Cas t i l l o at t h e s am e t i m e. (RR III at 6 7). Ap p el lan t st at ed t h at

s h e can n o t p erfo rm t he b al an ce t es t b ecau s e o f h er art hri t is

. (RR III at 6 8 ). Ap p el l an t

d i d n o t b el i ev e s h e was u n d er t h e i n fl u en ce o f h er m ed i cat i o n t h at m o rn i n g

, an d s h e

d o es no t ab u s e h er p res cri p t i on s . (RR III at 6 9 -7 0 ).

A p p el lan t was t ak i n g Tram ad o l an d Cl o n azep am i n 2 0 1 4

, al t h o u g h s h e wo u ld

n o t t ak e t h e Cl on azep am ev ery d ay

. (RR III at 7 2 ). Ap p el l an t s ai d th at s he t o o k h er

Ty l en o l 3 t h e d ay b efo re t h e acci d en t

. (RR III at 7 3 ). Sh e t es t i fi ed t h at s h e t o o k i t in

t h e m orn i n g

, b u t t hat sh e do es n o t us u al l y t ak e i t i n t he m o rn i n g

. (RR III a t 7 3 ).

W h en as k ed ab ou t wh y s h e t o l d t h e p aram ed i cs th at s h e t o o k b o t h Tram ad o l an d

Cl o nazep am

, a p p e l l an t wo u l d o n l y s t at e t hat m ay b e s h e h ad tak en t h e Cl o n azep am

t h e m o rn i n g o n t he d ay b efo re. (RR III at 7 6 ). Ap p el l an t s t at ed t h at s he d o es n o t l i k e

t o t ak e t h e Ty l en o l 3 an d th at s he o n l y t ak es i t wh en s h e has a l o t of p ai n

. (RR III at

7 8 ). Ap p el l an t d i d n o t b el i ev e t h e m ed i cat i o n s h e was o n had an y i m p act o n h er

d r i v i n g t h a t m o rn i n g

. (RR III at 8 4 ). Ap p el l an t al s o t es ti fi ed t h at s h e n ev er cal l ed

Cas ti l l o an d t o l d h i m

s h e t o o k al l o f h er p il l s. (RR III at 8 8).

A ft er t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e ev i d en ce, ap p el l an t was fo un d g u i l t y o f Dri v i n g

W h i l e In t o x i cat ed

, sen t en ced t o 1 8 0 day s i n jai l

, s u s p e n d ed fo r t wo y ears o f

p ro b at i o n , an d a $ 3 00 fi n e. (RR III at 1 1 7 ; 1 32 -1 4 1 ).

1 GPS likely

refers to Global Positioning Sy stem, which people often use to assist them

with directions.

9SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

T h e ev i den ce i s l eg al l y s u ffi ci en t t o s u p p o rt t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s v e r d i ct fi n d i n g

ap p el l an t g u i l ty o f Dri vi n g W h i l e In t o x i cat ed

. Th e tri al co u rt w as free t o b el i ev e t h e

t es t i m o ny o f t h e arres t i n g o ffi cer. In ad d i t i o n

, t h ere was o t h er ev i d en ce ad m it t ed t h at

co rro b o rat ed h i s t es t i m o n y an d t h at s h o wed t h at ap p el l an t was i n t o xi cat ed

.

T h e t ri al co u rt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s cret i on in al l o wi n g t he ad m i s si on of Tro o p er

Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o n y

, or an y erro r was h arm l es s

. Th e t ri al co u rt p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed t h e

t es t i m o ny of Hen ry aft er d et e rm i n i n g th at h e h ad a s u ffi ci en t b ack g ro u n d i n t h i s

p art i cu l ar fi el d an d t h at h i s t es ti m o n y w ou l d h el p t h e t ri e r of fact t o u nd ers t an d t h e

ev i d en ce o r t o d et erm i ne a fact i n i ss u e. In ad d i t i o n

, an y erro r i n t he ad m i s s i o n was

h arm l es s i n l i g h t o f t h e o t her ev i d en ce o f gu i l t t h at was ad m i t ted at tri al

, an d t h e t ri al

co u rt ’ s s tat em en t t h at t h e t es t i m o n y was n o t co ns i d ered

.

T h e t ri al co urt d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s cret i o n b y o v erru li n g ap pel l an t ’ s h ears ay

o b je c t i o n

. T h e s t at em en t s i n q u es t i o n were no t ad m i tt ed t o p ro v e t h e t ru t h o f t h e

m at t er as s ert ed

, an d t h ey cl earl y fel l wi t h i n an ex cep t i o n t o t h e h ears ay ru l e. In

ad d it i o n

, an y erro r i n t h e ad m i s s i o n was h arm l es s i n li g h t o f t h e o t h er ev i d en ce o f

g u i l t t h at was ad m i tt ed at t ri al

.

1 0STATE' S REPLY TO I SSUE THREE

The ev idence i s s uffi ci ent to s uppo rt a co nv i cti o n fo r DW I

.

In h er t h i rd i s s u e, ap p e l l an t as s ert s t h at t h e ev i d en ce i s l eg al l y in s u ffi ci en t to

s u p p ort ap p el l an t ’ s co nv i ct i o n fo r Dri v i n g W h i l e In to x icat ed

.

Sta nda rd o f Rev i ew

In r e v iewi n g a ch al l en g e t o t h e l eg al s u ffi ci en cy o f t h e ev i d en ce, t h i s Co u rt

m u st v i ew t h e ev i d en ce i n t h e l i g h t m os t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e v erd i ct an d d et erm i n e

wh et h er an y rat i o n al t ri er o f fact co u l d h av e fo u n d t h e el em en t s o f t h e o ffen se b ey o n d

a reas o n ab l e d o u b t. Ja cks o n v. Vi r g i n i a

, 44 3 U.S. 3 0 7

, 3 19

, 9 9 S. Ct

. 2 7 8 1

, 2 7 8 9

(1 9 7 9). Th i s standard for leg al sufficiency is the “only standard that a reviewing

court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to supp o r t e ac h

element o f a criminal offense that the S t a t e i s r e quired to prove bey ond a reasonable

doubt.” B r ooks v. State, 323 S.W .3d 893, 895 (Tex . Crim. App. 2010).

T h e t ri er o f fact i s t h e s o le ju d ge o f t h e wei g h t an d cred i b i l i t y o f t h e wi t n es s es

an d m ay b el i ev e al l, n o n e, o r p art o f t h e t es ti m o n y o f an y wi t n es s

. DeLeo n v. S t a t e

,

9 3 7 S.W .2 d 1 2 9

, 1 31 (Tex

. A p p.– W aco 1 9 9 6

, p et

. ref’ d ). If in feren ces rai s ed b y t h e

ev i d en ce are i n co n fl i ct

, t h e rev i ewi n g co u rt m u st p res u m e t h e t ri er o f fact res o l v ed

t h e co n fl ict i n fav o r of t h e p ro s ecu t i o n an d m u s t d efer t o t h at res o lu ti o n

. Mu r p h y v.

S t a t e

, 4 S.W .3 d 9 2 6, 9 2 8 (Tex

. Ap p .– W aco 1 9 9 9, p et

. ref’ d ) (ci t in g T u r r o v. S t a t e

,

8 6 7 S.W .2 d 4 3 , 4 7 (Tex . Cri m

. Ap p . 1 9 9 3 )).

1 1Arg um ent a nd Autho ri ti es

“ A p ers o n co m

m i t s an o ffen s e i f t h e p ers o n i s i n t o x i cat ed wh il e o p e rat i n g a

m o to r v eh i cl e in a p u b l i c p l ace.” Tex

. Pen

. Co d e An n. § 4 9 .0 4 (a) (W es t Su p p

. 2 0 1 4 ).

“ In to x i cat ed m ean s (a) n o t h av i n g t h e n o rm al u s e o f m en t al an d p h y s i cal facu l t i es by

reas on o f t h e i n t ro d u ct i on o f al co h o l

, a co n t ro l l ed s u b s t an c e

, a d ru g

, a d an g ero u s

d ru g

, o r an y s u b st an ce i n t o t h e b o d y .” Tex

. Pen

. Co d e An n

. § 4 9 .0 1 (2 ) (W es t 2 0 1 1 ).

A p p el lan t arg u es t h at t here was n o ev i d en ce s u b m i t t ed s h o wi n g t h at ap p el l an t

was i n t ox i cat ed wh i l e o p erat i n g a m o t o r v eh i cl e. (Ap pel l an t ’ s b ri ef at 2 6 ). Ap p el l an t

arg u es t h at t h e ev i den ce s u b m i t t ed i s i n s u ffi ci en t t o p ro v e t h a t ap p el l an t was

i n t o x i cat ed o n d ru g s wh i l e s h e was o p erat i n g t h e car. (Ap p el l an t ’s b r i ef at 2 6 -3 0 ).

T h e t ri al co u rt was free t o b el iev e t h e t es t i m on y o ffered b y Ru i z an d Hen ry

, an d

t h ere was o t her ev i d en ce t h a t t e n d ed t o sh o w ap pel l an t was i n t o x icat ed wh i l e

o p erat i n g a m o t or v eh i cl e. Fo r ex am p l e, ap p el l an t ad m i t t ed t o t ak in g p res cri p t i o n

d ru g s p ri o r t o op erat i n g h er car t h a t d a y. ( S ee St at e’ s Ex

. No

. 7

, RR II at 3 6 ).

Ap p el l an t t es t ed p o s i t i v e fo r t he p res en ce o f o p iat es i n a UA t es t

. ( S e e S t a t e’ s Ex

.

N o

. 8

, RR II at 7 1 ). Ap p el l an t h ad wreck ed h er car an d was v ery u n s t ead y o n h e r

feet

. (RR II at 20 ). Ap p el l an t had Co d ei n e, Cel ex a, an d Li o res al p il l s i n h er p u rs e.

(RR II at 2 2 ). Ap p el l an t fai l ed t h e St an d ard i zed Fi el d So b ri et y t es t s

. (RR II at 2 6

-

2 9 ). Bas ed o n al l o f t h e ev i d en ce su b m i t t ed i n t h is cas e, th e t ri al co u rt b el i ev ed t h at

t h e d ru g s h ad an im

p act o n ap p el l an t t h at n i g h t

, th at t h e ap p el l an t w as o p erat i n g a

1 2m o to r v eh i cl e u n d er th e in fl uen ce of d ru g s

, an d t h at ap p el l an t ’ s i n t ox i cat i o n d id

co n tri b u t e t o cau s i n g t h e acci d en t . (RR III at 1 1 7 -1 1 8 ).

A p p el lan t al s o arg u es t h at b ecau s e Fu l l er t es t i fi ed i n h is o p i n i o n t h at ap p el l an t

was n ot i n t ox i cat ed b as ed o n hi s rev i ew o f t h e m ed i cal reco rd s

, t h ere i s n o t su ffi ci en t

ev i d en ce t o fi n d ap p el lan t g u i l t y o f t h e o ffen s e o f DW I. (Ap p el l an t ’ s Bri ef at 2 9 ).

A “ l eg al s u ffi ci en cy o f t h e ev i d en ce rev i ew d oes n o t i n vo l v e an y wei g h i n g o f

f a v o rab l e an d n on -fav o rab le ev i d en ce.” Ca r den a s v. S t a t e

, 3 0 S.W

. 3 d 3 8 4

, 3 8 9

(Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 2 0 0 0 ). Fu l l er t es t i fi ed th at h e d i d n ot rev i ew t h e v i d eo i n t h i s cas e

an d t hat h i s o p i n i o n was b as ed s o l el y on t h e m ed i cal reco rd s an d p aram ed i c rep o rt s

.

(RR III at 4 7 -4 8 ). Un l i k e Fu l l er, t h e t ri al co u rt rel ied o n al l o f th e ev i d en ce. As t h e

t ri al co u rt s t at ed in i t s f

i n d i n g

, t h ere was a l ot of ad m i tt ed ev i d en ce t h e t ri al co u rt

rel i ed u p o n to fi n d t h e ap p el l an t g ui l ty

, i n cl u d i ng ap p el lan t ’ s b eh av i o r d u ri n g t h e

p at ro l v i d eo an d ap p el l an t ’ s ad m i ss i o n t o t ak i n g p res cri p t i o n p i l l s

. (RR III at 1 1 7

-

1 1 8 ).

T h e t ri al co u rt d i d no t act i rrat io n al l y i n fi n d i n g ap p el l an t g u i l t y o f d ri v i n g

wh i le i nt o x i cat ed

. Th e ev id en c e i s l e g al l y su ffi ci en t t o s u p p o rt th e t ri al co urt ’ s

v erd i ct , an d ap p el l an t’ s i s su e t h ree s h o u ld b e o v erru l ed

.

STATE' S REPLY TO I SSUE ONE

The tri a l co urt di d no t a bus e i ts di s creti o n w hen i t al l o w ed tes ti m o ny

fro m Tro o per Cra i g Henry a s a n ex pert, o r a ny erro r w a s ha rm l es s

.

1 3A p p e l l an t ’ s fi rs t co n t en t i o n is t h at Tro o p er Crai g H en ry ’ s t es t i m o n y was

i m p ro p erl y ad m i t ted an d t h at h e s h o u l d n o t h av e b een ad m i tt ed as an ex p ert

.

Sta nda rd o f Rev i ew

A d m i s s i o n o f ex p ert t es t i m o n y i s go v ern ed b y Tex as Ru les o f Ev i den ce 7 0 2.

Tex

. R. Ev i d

. 7 0 2 . W h en ad d res s in g t he ad m i s s i b i l it y o f ex p ert t es t i m o ny

, t h e t ri al

co u rt ’ s “ fi rs t t as k i s t o d et erm i n e wh et her t he t es t i m o n y i s s u ffi ci en t l y rel i ab l e an d

rel ev an t t o h el p t h e ju ry i n reach i n g accu rat e res u l t s .” Kel l y v. S t a t e

, 82 4 S

. W

. 2 d

5 6 8

, 5 7 2 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p. 1 9 9 2 ). Nat u ral l y

, t es ti m o n y wh i ch i s u n re l i a b l e o r

i rrel ev an t wo u ld n o t as s is t a ju ry i n u n d ers tan d i n g t h e ev i d en ce o r d et erm i n i n g a fact

i n i ss u es , as i s req u i red b y Ru l e 7 0 2

.

T ex as Ru l e o f Ev i d en ce 4 0 1 d efi n es rel ev an t ev i d en ce as ev i den ce wh i ch h as

“ an y t en d en cy t o m ak e t h e ex i s t en ce of an y fact t h at i s o f co n s eq u en ce t o t h e

d et erm i n at i o n o f t h e act i o n m o re p ro b ab l e o r l es s p ro bab l e t h an i t wo u l d b e wi t h o ut

t h e ev i d en ce.” Tex

. R. Ev i d

. 40 1

. Th i s b ro ad d efi ni t io n l en d s i ts el f t o a l i b eral p o l i cy

o f ad m i s s i o n o f ev i den ce fo r t h e fact fi n der’ s co ns i d erat i o n

.

W h en t h e ev i den ce at i s s u e i s ex p ert t es ti m o n y

, t h e t ri al co urt m u s t al s o

d et erm i n e wh et h er th e ev i d en ce m eet s t h e Ru l e 70 2 s t an d ard

, an d p ro v i d es t h at “ [i ] f

s ci en t i fi c, t ech n i cal

, o r o t h e r s p eci al i zed k n o wl ed ge wi l l as s i s t t h e t ri er o f fact to

u n d ers t an d t h e ev i d en ce o r t o d et erm i n e a face in i s s u e, a wi tn es s q u a l i f i ed as an

ex p ert b y k n o wl ed ge, s k i l l ex p eri en ce, t rai n in g

, or ed u cat i o n m ay t es t i fy t h eret o in

1 4t h e fo rm of an o p i n io n .” Tex

. R. Ev i d

. 7 02

. Befo re ad m i tt i ng ex p ert t es t i m o n y

, “ t h e

t ri al co u rt m

u s t b e s at i s fi ed th at t h ree co n d i t io n s are m et : (1 ) t h e wi tn es s q u al i fi es as

an ex p ert b y h i s k no wl ed g e, s k i l l

, ex p eri en ce, t rai n i n g

, or ed u cat i o n ; (2 ) t h e s u b ject

m at t er o f t h e t es ti m o n y i s an ap p ro p ri at e o n e fo r ex pert t es t i m o n y ; an d (3 ) ad m i t t i n g

t h e ex p ert t es t i m o n y wi l l act u al l y as s i s t t h e fact fi n d er i n d eci d i ng t h e cas e.” Ro d g er s

v. S t a t e

, 2 0 5 S.W

. 3 d 5 2 5 , 5 27 -2 8 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 2 00 6 ). Th e s p eci al k n o wl ed g e

t h at q u al i fi es a wi t n es s t o t es t i fy as an ex p ert m ay b e d eri v ed fro m sp eci al i zed

ed u cat i o n

, p ract i cal ex peri en ce, a s t u d y o f t ech n ical w o rk s

, o r a v ary i n g co m b i n at i o n

o f t h es e t h i n gs

. Pen r

y v. S t a t e

, 9 0 3 S.W

. 2 d 7 1 5

, 7 62 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 1 99 5 ). An

ex p ert “ m u s t p os s es s s o m e ad d it i o n al k n owl ed g e o r ex p ert i s e b ey o n d t hat p o s s es s ed

b y th e av erag e p ers o n

, b u t t h e g ap n eed n o t n eces s ari ly b e m o n um en t al .” S ee Da vi s

v. S t a t e

, 3 1 3 S.W

. 3 d 3 17

, 3 5 0 (Tex

. Cri m Ap p

. 2 0 1 0) ( ci ti ng Ro d ger s

, 2 05 S.W

. 3 d

at 5 2 7 -2 8 ).

If a t ri al ju d g e fi n d s th e p ro p o s ed ex pert tes t i m on y m eet s b o t h t h e Ru l e 4 0 1 an d

Ru l e 7 0 2 req u i rem en t s

, t hen t h e ju d g e m u s t p erfo rm a Ru l e 4 0 3 an al y s i s t o d et erm i n e

wh et h er t h e ev i d en ce s h o u l d b e ad m i t t ed o r n o t

. Kel l y, 8 2 4 S.W

. 2 d at 5 7 3.

“ A s u bs tan t i al ri g ht i s affect ed wh en t h e erro r h ad a s u b s t an t i al an d i n ju ri ou s

effect o r i n fl u en ce i n det erm i n i n g t h e ju ry ’ s verd i ct .” Ki ng v. S t a t e

, 9 5 3 S.W .2 d 2 6 6,

2 7 1 (Tex

. Cri m

. A p p. 1 9 9 7). Th e erro r m u s t b e v i ewed

, n o t i n i s o l at i o n

, b u t in

r e l a t i o n t o t h e en t i re p ro ceed i n g s

. Fo wl er v. S t a t e

, 95 8 S.W .2 d 8 5 3

, 8 6 5 ( Te x

.

1 5Ap p .– W aco 19 9 7 ), a f f ’d

, 9 9 1 S

. W. 2 d 2 58 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 1 9 99 ). “ A cri m i n al

co n vi ct i o n s h o u l d n o t be o v ert u rn ed fo r n o n-co n s ti t ut i on al erro r i f the a ppe ll at e co u rt

,

aft er ex am i n i n g th e reco rd as a w h o l e, has fai r as s u ran ce t h at th e e r r o r d i d n ot

i n fl u en ce t h e ju ry

, o r h ad b ut a s l i g h t effect .” Jo h n so n v. S ta t e

, 9 6 7 S.W .2 d 4 1 0

, 4 1 7

(Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 19 9 8 ); T ex

. R. A p p

. P

. 4 4

. 2 (b ). Th e p o t en t ial h arm o f t h e

co m p l ai n ed o f ev i d en ce can b e “ d efu s ed ” b y o t her p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed ev id en ce. Ki n g

,

9 5 3 S.W .2 d at 2 73

.

Arg um ent a nd Autho ri ti es

In ap p el l an t ’ s cas e, t he St at e cal led Tro o per Crai g Hen ry t o t e s t i fy as a Dru g

Reco g n i t i o n Ex p ert (DRE) in reg ard s t o d ru g g ed d ri v in g

. (RR II at 9 8 ). Hen ry wen t

t h ro u g h w h at i s req u i red t o b eco m e a DRE an d s p eci fi cal l y t es t i fi ed t o h o w h e

b ecam e a cert i fi ed DRE. (RR II at 9 8 -1 0 8 ). T h e St at e t en dered Hen ry as a cert i fi ed

ex p ert i n t h e fi el d of D RE, s p eci fi cal l y d ru g ged dri v i n g

. (RR II at 1 0 8 ). Ap p el l an t ’ s

co u ns el t o ok Hen ry on vo i r d i re, a n d a s k e d h i m ex t en si v el y ab ou t h i s t rai n i n g an d

ex p eri en ce as an o ffi cer, an d t hen o bject ed t o Hen ry b ei n g q u al i fi ed as an ex p ert in

t h i s cas e. (RR II at 1 1 1 ). Ap pel l an t ’ s co u n s el ’ s o b ject i o n i n p art w as t hat Hen ry d id

n o t h av e en o u g h trai ni ng an d ex p eri en ce i n t h e fi el d o f d ru g g ed d ri v i ng

, th at Hen ry

d i d no t act u al l y s t o p t h e ap p el l an t i n t h is cas e n o r perfo rm an y t es t s o n h er, t h at Hen ry

was n o t a DRE at t h e t i m e t h e ap p el l an t was s t o pp ed

, an d t hat H en ry d i d n o t co m p l et e

t h e fu l l 1 2 s t ep p ro ces s fo r a DRE ex am ; b u t t h at o b ject i o n was ov erru l ed by t h e t ri al

1 6co u rt . (RR II at 1 15 ).

T h e t ri al co urt h as t he s o l e d i s cret i on i n t h i s cas e t o d et erm in e t h e wei g h t an d

cred i b i l i t y g i v en t o wi t n es s es

. T h e t ri al co u rt h eard ab o u t Hen ry ’ s t rai n i n g h e

recei v ed as p art of t h e DR E p r o g r a m a n d al s o heard Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o n y ab o u t h i s

ab i l i t y t o rev i ew a cas e fr o m a DRE ev al u at i o n p ers pect i v e. (RR II at 9 8 -1 0 8 ).

Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o n y was p ro p erl y ad m i t ted b e c a u s e i t m et t h e req u i rem en t s u n d er

Tex as L aw s et fo rt h i n Kel ly. Hen ry ’ s t e s t i m o ny was rel i ab l e i n t h at h e was a

cert ifi ed DRE an d h as ex t en s i v e ex p eri en ce in t h e fi el d o f d ru g g ed d ri vi n g an d h o w

d ru g s affect t h e b o d y ; an d h is t es t i m o n y was rel ev an t i n t h at h is op i n i o n wen t s t rai g ht

t o an i s s u e o f co n s eq u en ce, wh et h er ap p e l l a n t was in t o xi cat ed

. Fu rt h er, Hen ry ’ s

t es t i m o ny wo u l d as s i s t t h e t ri er o f fact i n t h at h e h ad ex t en s i v e k no wl ed g e o f h o w

d ru g s a f f e c t t he b o dy

, s p eci fi cal l y wh il e a p ers o n i s o p erat i ng a m o to r v eh i cl e.

Hen ry ’ s tes t im o ny ab o u t h i s t rai n i n g an d ex p eri en ce as a cert i fi ed DRE s h o wed t h at

Hen ry p o s s es s ed s peci al ized k n o wl ed g e b ey o n d t h at o f an av erag e p ers o n as req u i red

b y Ro d g er s

.

A p p el lan t co n t en ds th at t h e erro r i n ad m i t ti n g Hen ry ’ s t e s t i m o n y i s o n e t h at

affect s t h e ap p el l an t ’ s su b s t an t ial ri g ht s i n t hat i t h ad a s u bs t an ti al an d i n j u ri o u s effect

i n d et erm i n i n g t h e v erd i c t

. I f t h i s Co u rt fi n d s erro r i n th e t ri al co u rt ad m i t t i n g

Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o ny as an ex pert

, an y erro r t h at i s fo u n d i s h arm l es s

. Th ere i s n o t h i n g

i n t h e reco rd t h at dem o n s t rat es t h e t ri al co u rt s ub s t an t i al l y rel i ed u p o n Hen ry ’ s

1 7t es t i m o ny t o rea c h t h e v e r d i ct i n t h i s cas e. In fact

, th e reco rd refl ect s t h at t h e t ri al

co u rt act u al l y d i s cred i t e d H e n r y ’ s t es t i m o n y b as ed o n th e dru g screen

. Th i s i s

ev i d en ced b y t h e fact t h at t h e t ri al co u rt s t at ed “ d i s co u nt i n g t he DRE ex p ert b ecau s e

o f h i s u n rel i ab l e fo u n d at io n f o r s o m e of h is co n cl u s i o n s

, an d th en i t b ei n g

co n trad i ct ed o n t h e l ab rep o rt

, c an ’ t rel y i n t o t al fo r al l o f h is o p i n i o n s ,” du ri n g t h e

t ri al co u rt ’ s ex p l an at i o n o f a g u i l t y fi n d i n g

. (RR II at 11 7 ). Th e t ri al co u rt s t at ed t h e

b as i s fo r h o w t h e t ri al co urt was fi n d i n g t h e ap p el lan t g u i lt y

, an d i t was b as ed i n p art

o n ot h er p ro p erl y ad m i t ted ev i d en ce s u ch as t h e p at ro l v i d eo fro m t h e o ffi cer, t h e l ab

t es t s sh o wi n g p o s i t i v e fo r o pi at es

, ap p el l an t’ s p erfo rm an ce o n t h e St an d ard i zed Fi el d

So b ri et y Tes t s , ap p el l an t ’ s ad m i s s i o n s t o t ak i n g p res cri pt i o n d ru g s, an d ap p el l an t ’ s

o v eral l co n d u ct o n t h e m o rn i n g i n q u es t i o n. (RR II at 1 1 7 -1 2 0 ).

A p p el lan t ’ s i ss u e on e s h o u l d b e o ve r r u l ed b ecau s e ap p el l an t h as no t s h o wn t h at

t h e t ri al co u rt ab us ed i t s d is cret i o n i n ad m i t t i n g Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o n y as an ex p ert i n t h e

fi el d of dru g g ed d ri v i n g

, an d fu rt h er, an y erro r i n ad m i t t i n g Hen ry ’ s t es t i m o n y was

h arm l es s i n t h at i t h ad n o s ub s t an t i al effect o n t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s v erd i ct

.

STATE' S REPLY TO I SSUE TW O

The Tri al Co urt di d no t err i n a dm i tti ng certa i n s ta tem ents

, o r a ny

erro r w a s ha rm l es s

.

A p p el lan t ’ s s eco n d co n ten t i o n i s t h at th e t r i a l co u rt i m p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed

h ears ay st at em en t s du ri n g Ru i z’ s t es t im on y

, an d d u ri n g t h e pl a yi n g o f St at e’ s

1 8Ex h ib i t 7

.

Sta nda rd o f Rev i ew

A n ap p el l at e co u rt rev iews a t ri al co u rt ’ s ad m i s s i o n o r ex cl u s i o n o f ev i d en ce

u n d er t he ab u s e o f d i s cret i o n s tan d ard

. Mo r en o v. S t a t e

, 8 5 8 S.W .2 d 45 3

, 4 6 3 (Tex

.

Cri m

. Ap p .), cer t

. den i ed

, 5 1 0 U.S. 9 6 6

, 1 1 4 S. Ct

. 4 4 5 (1 9 93 ). Th e t ri al co u r t i s

g i v en wi d e l at i t ud e i n i t s d eci s i o n t o ad m i t o r to ex cl u d e ev i d en ce, an d i t s ru l i n g m u s t

l i e o u ts i d e t h e zo n e o f “ reas o n ab l e d i s ag reem en t ” t o b e d i s t u rb ed o n ap p eal

. Th eu s

v. St a t e

, 8 4 5 S.W .2 d 8 7 4

, 8 8 1 (Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 1 9 9 2 ). An ap p el l at e c o u r t m u s t

affi rm t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s deci s i o n t o ad m i t ev id en ce i f t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g i s co rrect

u n d er an y t h eo ry o f l aw, ev en i f t h e t ri al co u rt g i v es th e wro ng reas o n fo r t he ru l i n g.

S ee Ro mer o v. S t a t e , 8 0 0 S.W .2 d 5 3 9 , 5 4 3 (Tex . Cri m . Ap p . 1 99 0 ).

H ears ay i s “ a s tat em en t, ot h er t h an on e m ad e b y th e d ecl aran t wh i l e tes t i fy i n g

at t he t ri al o r h eari n g

, o ffered i n ev i d en ce t o p ro v e th e t ru t h o f th e m at t er as s ert ed .”

Tex

. R. Ev id

. 8 0 1 (d ). Hears ay i s g en eral l y i n ad m i s s ab le u n les s it fal l s i n t o o n e o f t h e

m an y ex cep t i o n s t o t h e h ears ay ru l e. Tex . R. Ev i d . 8 0 2

.

“ A s u bs tan t i al ri g ht i s affect ed wh en t h e erro r h ad a s u b s t an t i al an d i n ju ri ou s

effect o r i n fl u en ce i n det erm i n i n g t h e ju ry ’ s verd i ct .” Ki n g v. S t a te

, 9 5 3 S.W .2 d 2 6 6,

2 7 1 (Tex

. Cri m

. A p p. 1 9 9 7). Th e erro r m u s t b e v i ewed

, n o t i n i s o l at i o n

, b u t in

rel at i o n t o t h e e n t i re p ro ceed i n g s

. Fo wl er v. S t a t e

, 9 5 8 S.W .2 d 8 5 3

, 86 5 (Tex

.

Ap p .– W aco 19 9 7 ), a

f f ’d

, 9 9 1 S.W .2 d 2 5 8 (Tex

. Cri m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 9 )

. “ A cri m i n al

1 9co n vi ct i o n s h o u l d n o t be o v ertur ne d f or no n -co ns t i t u ti o n al erro r i f t h e ap p el lat e co u rt

,

aft er e x a m i n i n g t h e reco rd as a wh o l e, h as fai r as s u ran ce t h at t h e erro r d i d n ot

i n fl u en ce t h e ju ry

, o r h ad b ut a s l i g h t effect .” Jo h ns o n v. S t a t e

, 9 6 7 S.W .2 d 4 1 0

, 4 1 7

(Tex

. Cri m

. Ap p

. 1 9 9 8 ); Tex

. R. Ap p

. P. 4 4 .2 (b ). Th e p o t e n t i a l h a r m o f t h e

co m p l ai n ed o f ev i den ce can b e “ d efu s ed ” b y o t her p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed ev id en ce. Ki n g

,

9 5 3 S.W .2 d at 2 73

.

Arg um ent a nd Autho ri ti es

A p p el lan t arg u es th at t he t ri al co u rt erred b y ad m i t t in g h ears ay s t at em en t s o v er

ap p el l an t co u n s el ’ s o b

j ect io n s

. Th e fi rs t i n s tan ce th at ap p el l an t arg ues i s t h at t h e t ri al

c o u r t erred wh en i t ad m it t ed Ru i z’ s t es ti m o n y ab ou t wh at Cas t i l l o h ad s ai d o n t h e

m o rn i n g i n q u es t i on

. (Ap p el l an t ’ s Bri e f a t 2 2 )

. Ho wev er, as t h e reco rd refl ect s in

t h i s cas e, t h e t ri al co u rt act u al l y s u s t ai n ed ap pel l an t ’ s co u ns el ’ s o b ject i o n t o Ru i z’ s

t es t i fy i ng t o ex act l y

wh at Cas t i l l o h ad s ai d

. (RR II at 3 4 ).

[St at e] : An d wh y

were y o u s p eak i n g wi t h h i m ?

A: He cam e t o t h e s cen e an d wan t ed t o ch eck o n her an d h e h ad t o l d m e

- h e s t at ed ag ai n - -

[Defen s e] : Ob

ject i o n t o h ears ay

.

Th e W i t n es s : Th at s h e h ad t ak en a l o t o f m ed i cat i o ns

.

Th e Co u rt : I’ m

g o i n g t o s us t ai n t h at o bject i o n

.

(RR II at 3 4 ).

2 0As cl earl y ev id en ced b y t h e reco rd

, t he t ri al co u rt d i d n o t ad m it t h at s p eci f i c

s t at em en t i n t o ev i d en ce du ri n g t h e tri al

. Fu rt h er

, t h e ap p el l an t h as n o t m ad e an y

s h o wi n g t h a t t h i s s p eci fi c “ hears ay s t at em en t ,” t o wh i ch t h e t ri al co u rt act u al l y

s u s t ai n ed an o bject i o n

, h ad an y b eari n g o r i m p act o n t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s io n i n t h i s

cas e. (RR II at 3 4 ; RR I I I a t 1 1 7

- 1 2 0 ). Ap p el l an t ’ s co n t en t i o n t hat t h e t ri al co u rt

ad m i t t ed t h i s hears ay s t at em en t in t o ev id en ce i s no t co rrect i n th at t h e t ri al co u rt

act u al l y s u s t ai ned an o b

j ect i o n t o t h e h ears ay

s t at em en t i n q u es t i o n

.

T h e s eco n d h ears ay s t at em en t t h at ap p el l an t co m p l ai n s o f occu rred d u ri n g t h e

p l ay i n g of St at e’ s E x h i b it Nu m b er 7, i n w hi ch Ru i z t ol d th e p aram ed i cs “ I ju s t t al k ed

t o t h e h us b an d / b o y fri en d, u h

, s he’ s t ak en a lo t of p i l l s .” (RR II at 3 5 ; St at es Ex

. No

.

7 )

. Ap p e l l an t’ s t ri al co u n s el d i d n o t o b ject t o t hi s s p eci fi c s t at em en t d u ri n g t h e

p l ay i n g o f t h e vi d eo

, b u t rat h er o b ject ed t o t h e en t iret y o f St at e’ s Ex h i bi t Nu m b er 7

o n t h e b as is o f h ears ay

. (RR II at 3 6 ). In o rd er fo r t hi s s t at em en t to b e h ear s a y, i t

wo u l d req u i re t h at t h e s t a t e m e n t was offered i n ev i d en ce t o p ro v e t h e t ru t h o f t h e

m at t er as s ert ed

. Th ere i s n o t h i ng i n t h e reco rd t h at i n di cat es t h i s s tat em en t m ad e by

Ru i z d u ri n g t h e p l ay i n g o f St at e’ s Ex h i b it Nu m b er 7 was o ffered t o p ro v e t h e t ru th

o f t he m at t er as s ert ed

. An y s tat em e n t s m a d e b y Ru i z b o t h d u ri n g t h e p l ay i n g o f

St at e’ s Ex h i b i t Nu m

ber 7 an d du ri n g h i s t es t i m on y t h at rel at ed s t at em en t s m ad e b y

Cas ti l l o were el i ci t ed to g i v e t h e t ri a l c o u r t a co m pl et e p i ct u re ab o u t wh y an d h o w

Ru i z co n d u ct ed h i s i nv es t ig at i o n t h at day

. (RR II at 3 2 ). Th es e s t at em en t s were n ot

2 1el i ci t ed to pro v e t h e t ru t h o f t h e m at t er as sert ed

, an d t h e s t at e m ak es t h is ex act p o i nt

d u ri n g t he tri al b y s t at i n g “ M r. Cas t i l l o ’ s act u al l y h ere t o t es t i fy i n h i s o wn wo rd s as

t o wh et h er t h o se s t at em en t s are t ru e or no t .” (RR II at 3 2) If t h e Co u rt d o es fi n d t h at

t h i s s t at em en t i s i n fact h ears ay

, t h en i t cl earl y fal l s wi t h i n an ex cep t i o n t o th e h ears ay

ru l e.

T h e ap p el l an t arg u es t hat d o u b l e h e ars ay ex i s t s i n t h i s cas e i n t h at

, t h e

s t a t e m e n t th e ap p el l an t m ad e t o Cas t i l lo was h ears ay

, an d t h e s tat em en t m ad e by

C a s t i l l o t o Ru i z b as ed o n ap p el lan t ’ s s t at em en t i s d o u b l e h ears ay

. Ho w e v e r

,

acco rd i n g t o t h e ru les o f ev id en ce, an y s t at em en t t h at ap pel l an t m ad e i n th i s cas e to

an y o n e, in cl u d i n g Cas t i l lo an d Ru i z, i s n o t h ears a y p urs u an t t o Tex as Ru l es o f

Ev i d en ce. “ A s t at em en t t h at m eet s t h e fo l l o wi n g c o n d i t i o n s i s n o t h ears ay (2 ) t h e

s t at em en t i s o ffered ag ai n s t an o p po s i n g p art y an d (A) was m ad e by

t h e p art y i n an

i n d i v i d u al o r rep res en t at i v e cap aci t y .” Tex

. R. Ev i d

. 8 0 1 (e)(2 )(A). Th e i n i t i al

s t at em en t m ad e b y t h e ap p el l an t i n t hi s cas e i s n ot hears ay u nd er Tex as l aw i n t h at t h e

s t at em en t was o ff

e r e d a g a i n s t h er as an o p po s i ng p art y an d i t was a s tat em en t s h e

m ad e i n an i n d i v i d ual cap aci t y

.

A p p el lan t t h en arg u es t h at an y s t at em en t th at Cas t i l l o m ad e t o Ru iz i s h ears ay

an d i s n o t ad m i s si b le i n co u rt

. Ho wev er, t h e Tex a s R u l es o f Ev i d en ce al l o ws

ex cep t i o n s t o t h e h ears ay ru l e fo r t h e p u rp os e o f m ed i cal t reat m en t

.

2 2“ St at em e n t M ad e fo r M ed i cal Di ag n o s i s o r Treat m en t

. A

s t at em en t t hat (A) i s m ad e fo r-an d is reas o nab l y pert in en t t o

m ed i cal d iag n osis or tr e a tm e nt; a n d (B) d es cri b es m ed i cal hi s t o ry ;

p as t o r p res en t s y m

p t o m s o r s en s at io n s ; t h ei r i n c e p t i o n ; o r t h ei r

g en eral cau s e” i s an ex cep ti on t o t h e ru l e ag ai n s t h ears ay

.

Tex

. R. Ev i d . 8 03 (4 ).

T h es e st at em en t s m ad e by C as t i l l o t o Ru i z wh i le ap p el l an t was o n t h e s cen e

were cl earl y m ad e fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f m ed i c al d i ag n o s i s o r t reat m en t

. Th i s i s

ev i d en ced fu rt h er b y t he fact t h at Ru i z rel ay ed th i s i n fo r m a t i o n t o t h e param ed i cs

wh i le t h ey were co nd u ct i ng t h e m ed ical di ag n os i s o n ap p el l an t

. (St at e’ s Ex

. No

. 7 ).

It i s reas o n ab l e t o t h i n k t h at Cas t i l l o was wo rri ed ab o ut ap p el l an t in th i s cas e an d t h at

h e wan t ed b o t h th e o ffi cer an d m ed i cal p e rs on n el t o k n o w t hat t he ap p el l an t “ h ad

t ak en a l o t o f p i l ls ” t o h el p t h em i n t h ei r m ed i cal t reat m en t o f ap p el lan t

. (St at e’ s Ex

.

No . 7 ).

A p p el lan t co n t en ds th a t t h e erro r in ad m i t t i n g an y h ears ay s t at em en t s i s o n e

t h at affect s t h e ap p el lan t ’ s s u b st an ti al ri g h t s i n th at i t h ad a s u b s t an t i al an d i n ju ri ou s

effect in d et erm i n i n g t h e v erd i ct

. T ex

. R. Ap p

. P. 4 4 .2 (b ). If t h i s Co u rt fi n d s erro r

i n t h e t ri al co urt ad m it t i n g t h e s t at em en ts i n q u es t i o n, an y erro r t h at i s fo u n d i s

h arm l es s

. Th e t ri al co urt act u al l y s t at ed t h e b as is fo r h o w t h e t ri al co u rt was fi n d i n g

ap p el l an t g u i l t y

, an d i t was b as ed i n part o n o t h er p ro p erl y ad m i t t ed ev i d en ce s u ch

as ho w ap p e l l a n t a ct ed on th e p at ro l v i d eo

, t h e l ab t es t s s h o wi ng ap pel l an t was

p o s i t i ve fo r o p i at es

, ap p el l an t ’ s p erf o r m a n c e o n t h e St an d ard i zed Fi el d So b ri et y

2 3Tes t s , ap p el l an t ’ s ad m i s s i on s t o t ak i n g pres cri pt io n d ru g s , p res cri p t i o n d ru g s b ei n g

fo u n d i n ap p el l an t ’ s p u rs e, an d ap pel l an t ’ s ov eral l co n d u ct o n t h e m o rn i n g in

q u es ti o n . (RR II at 1 1 7 -1 2 0 ).

A p p el lan t ’ s i ss u e two s h ould be ove r r ul ed b ecau s e ap p el l an t h as no t s h o wn t h at

t h e t ri al co u rt ab u s ed it s d i s cret i o n i n ad m it ti n g an y o f t he s t at em en ts i n q u es t i o n s

,

an d fu rt h e r

, a n y erro r i n ad m i tt i n g t h es e s t at em en t s was h arm les s i n t h at i t h ad n o

effect o n t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s v erd i ct

.

2 4CONCLUSI ON AND PRAYER

It i s res p ect fu l ly

s u b m i t ted t h at al l t h i n g s are reg u lar an d t h e co n v ict i o n

s h o u ld b e affi rm ed

. Pat ri ck M

. W i l s o n

Co u n t y an d Di s t ri ct At t o rn ey

El li s Co u n t y , Tex as

By : / s / Ry an M art i n

Ry an D. M art i n

As s i s t an t Co u n t y

an d Di s t ri ct At t o rn ey

St at e Bar No

. 2 4 0 8 6 5 2 2

El li s Co u n t y

Co urt s Bu i l d i n g

1 0 9 S. J ack s o n

W ax ah ach i e, Tex as 7 5 16 5

Ph o n e: 9 7 2-8 2 5 -5 0 3 5

Fax : 9 7 2 -8 2 5 -5 0 47

Em ai l : ry an .m art in @ co .el l i s.t x .u s

CERTI FI CATE OF COMPLI ANCE

Pu rs uan t to Tex as Ru l e o f Ap p el l at e Pro ced u re 9.4 (i )(3 ), I cert i fy t h at t h e t o t al

n u m b er o f wo rd s i n th e d o cu m en t

, ex cl ud i n g t h o s e c o n t e n t s s et o u t i n t h e ru l e, i s

5 ,9 52 wo rd s

, as co m

p u ted b y t h e p ro g ram u s ed t o p rep are t h e d o cu m en t

, W o rd p erfect

X6

. / s / Ry an M art i n

Ry an D. M art i n

As s i s t an t Co u n t y

an d Di s t ri ct At t o rn ey

El li s Co u n t y , Tex as

2 5CERTI FI CATE OF SERVI CE

I cert i fy t h at a tru e an d co rrect co p y o f t h e fo reg o i ng Bri ef o f t h e St at e o f Tex as

was serv ed b y e-s erv i ce to jm @ m art i n ezju s t ice4 al l

. co m o r b y U .S. M ai l t o : M s

.

J u l i s sa M art i n ez, At t o rn ey fo r Ap p el l an t, 1 0 7 K au fm a n S t

. , W ax ah ach i e, Tex as

,

7 5 1 6 5 , o n No v em

b er 1 7

, 2 01 5

.

/ s / Ry an M art i n

Ry an D. M art i n

As s i s t an t Co u n t y

an d Di s t ri ct At t o rn ey

El li s Co u n t y , Tex as

2 6