U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

89–010 WASHINGTON :

" SENATE ! 115th Congress 

2d Session 

Report 

2018 

115–392 

ENSURING TRUST: STRENGTHENING STATE 

EFFORTS TO OVERHAUL THE GUARDIANSHIP 

PROCESS AND PROTECT OLDER AMERICANS 

A R E P O R T 

OF THE

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON AGING 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

NOVEMBER 28, 2018.—Ordered to be printed 


E:\Seals\Congress.#13
(III)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

U.S. SENATE, 

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON AGING, 

Washington, DC, November 28, 2018. 

Hon. MIKE PENCE, 

President, U.S. Senate, 

Washington, DC. 

DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: Under authority of Senate Resolution 62 

agreed to on February 28, 2017, I am submitting to you a report 

of the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging entitled: ‘‘Ensuring 

Trust: Strengthening State Efforts to Overhaul the Guardianship 

Process and Protect Older Americans.’’ 

Senate Resolution 4, the Committee Systems Reorganization 

Amendments of 1977, authorizes the Special Committee on Aging 

‘‘to conduct a continuing study of any and all matters pertaining 

to problems and opportunities of older people, including but not 

limited to, problems and opportunities of maintaining health, of assuring adequate income, of finding employment, of engaging in productive and rewarding activity, of securing proper housing and, 

when necessary, of obtaining care and assistance.’’ Senate Resolution 4 also requires that the result of these studies and recommendations be reported to the Senate annually. 

I am pleased to transmit this report to you. 

Sincerely, 

SUSAN M. COLLINS, 

Chairman. 


Ensuring Trust: Strengthening State Efforts to Overhaul 

the Guardianship Process and Protect Older Americans 

U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging 

Senator Susan M. Collins (R-ME), Chairman 

Senator Robert P. Casey, Jr. (D-PA), Ranking Member 

November 2018 
Table of Contents 

U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging ................................................. 3 

Abbreviations .................................................................................. 4 

Executive Summary ........................................................................... 5 

Key Findings 

Recommendations 

Introduction: Guardianship and Calls for Reform ........................................ 9 

History of Guardianship and Reform Efforts 

Creation and Operation of Guardianships, Generally 

The Role of the Federal Government 

Chapter One: Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements ............ 14 

Need for Improved Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements 

State and Local Reform Efforts 

Recommendations 

Chapter Two: Less Restrictive Alternatives and Restoration of Rights .............. 18 

Less Restrictive Alternatives 

Restoration of Rights 

Barriers to Less Restrictive Alternatives and Restoration of Rights 

Reform Efforts 

Recommendations 

Chapter Three: The Need for Better Data ................................................ 23 

Barriers to Data Collection 

National Reform Efforts 

State and Local Reform Efforts 

Recommendations 

Conclusion .................................................................................... 27 

Looking Ahead 

Endnotes ...................................................................................... 30 

Page 2 of 34 
Senate Special Committee on Aging 

SUSAN M COLLINS, Maine 

ORRIN HATCH, Utah 

JEFF FLAKE, Arizona 

TIM SCOTT, South Carolina 

THOM TILLIS, North Carolina 

BOB CORKER, Tennessee 

RICHARD BURR, North Carolina 

MARCO RUBIO, Florida 

DEB FISCHER, Nebraska 

ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania 

BILL NELSON, Florida 

KIRSTEN GILLIBRAND, New York 

RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut 

JOE DONNELLY, Indiana 

ELIZABETH WARREN, Massachusetts 

CATHERINE CORTEZ MASTO, Nevada 

DOUG JONES, Alabama 

Page 3 of 34 
Abbreviations 

Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) 

Administration for Community Living (ACL) 

American Bar Association (ABA) 

Adult Protective Service (APS) 

Associated Press (AP) 

Center for Advocacy for the Right & Interests of the Elderly (CARIE) 

Conservator Account Monitoring Preparation and Electronic Reporting (CAMPER) 

Government Accountability Office (GAO) 

Guardianship Inventory Reports & Accountings for Florida (GIRAFF) 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) 

National Adult Maltreatment Reporting System (NAMRS) 

National Adult Protective Services Association (NAPSA) 

National Guardianship Association (NGA) 

National Council on Disability (NCD) 

National Center for State Courts (NCSC) 

Supported decision-making (SDM) 

Social Security Administration (SSA) 

Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act (UGCOP AA) 

Uniform Law Commission (ULC) 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 

Volunteer Advocates for Seniors or Incapacitated Adults (V ASIA) 

Page 4 of 34 
Executive Summary 

Guardians are entrusted with significant power over individuals who rely on their support. A 

guardian's authority can range from deciding where an individual will live and when to seek 

medical care to choosing if family members are allowed to visit and how to spend retirement 

savings. Most guardians are selfless, dedicated individuals who play an important role in 

safeguarding vulnerable individuals. However, recent reports of guardianship abuse highlight 

cases where guardians have abandoned their duty of doing what is in the best interest of the 

individual in their care. Unscrupulous guardians acting with little oversight have used 

guardianship proceedings to obtain control of vulnerable individuals and have then used that 

control to liquidate assets and savings for their own personal benefit. Earlier this year, a 

professional guardian and her colleagues in Nevada were indicted on more than 200 felony 

counts after they allegedly used the guardianship process to take advantage of and financially 

exploit over 150 individuals. In another case, two individuals from North Carolina lost hundreds 

of thousands of dollars through exploitation by a family member who served as their guardian. 

These examples are important reminders that guardianship must only be imposed when 

necessary and that all guardianships must be subject to regular and substantive oversight. 

In order to protect individuals subject to guardianship from abuse, exploitation, and neglect, 

governments and courts must be vigilant in their enforcement of laws and procedures that 

provide oversight of these relationships. While all states have laws designed to protect due 

process rights and to ensure that guardians are performing their fiduciary duties, these laws are 

not always consistently enforced, and more must be done to protect individuals subject to 

guardianship. 

The United States Senate Special Committee on Aging ("the Committee") recognizes the impact 

of the guardianship system on the health and well-being of seniors and people with disabilities. 

For example, at a hearing on the issue in 2016, the Committee heard from witnesses who 

testified about the lack of information available on guardianship, the financial abuses that 

individuals have suffered at the hands of guardians, and how states have engaged in efforts to 

address these and other related abuses. This report is a continuation of the Committee's effort to 

highlight opportunities to improve protections and supports for older Americans and people with 

disabilities. Through its work, including this report, the Committee seeks to encourage states to 

develop the proper tools to ensure that guardians and court officials have the resources necessary 

to serve the best interests of those under guardianship, and that guardians who instead use the 

system to exploit, abuse, or neglect are quickly identified and are held accountable. 

As part of its examination of guardianship and survey of current practices, the Committee sent an 

official request for comments, recommendations, and best practices to states, courts, and 

organizations representing older Americans and people with disabilities throughout the country. 

We received more than 100 responses, which contributed to the findings and recommendations 

in this report. Many of these responses detailed stories of guardianship abuses from throughout 

the country, demonstrating the necessity of increased national attention. 

This report presents a broad review of the guardianship system, provides insight into discrete 

issues from a variety of stakeholder perspectives, and identifies opportunities for improving the 

Page 5 of 34 
lives of those individuals for whom decision-making authority has been entrusted to a guardian. 

It provides an overview of guardianship and related arrangements, data and information 

regarding the effect these relationships have on individuals nationally, common barriers to 

proper oversight, and alternatives to guardianship. Finally, the report contains recommendations 

for courts and policymakers that would improve outcomes for individuals subject to guardianship 

arrangements. 

KEY FINDINGS 

Through hearing testimony, meetings with stakeholders, letters from constituents, research, and a 

public comment process, the Committee has identified persistent and widespread challenges that 

require a nationwide focus in order to ensure the guardianship system works on behalf of the 

individuals it is intended to protect. This report focuses on three key areas that should be 

addressed to protect the well-being of individuals placed under guardianship: 

• Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements - A lack of clear guidelines 

and education for court officials, community-based organizations, family members, and 

guardians has resulted in guardianships being imposed without a full knowledge of the 

responsibilities needed to ensure that an individual subject to guardianship is properly 

protected and cared for. Once a guardianship is imposed, there are few safeguards in 

place to protect against individuals who choose to abuse the system. Greater oversight of 

guardians and guardianship arrangements would protect against abuse, neglect, and 

exploitation. 

• Alternatives to Guardianship and Restoration of Rights - In some cases, a full 

guardianship order may remove more rights than necessary and may not be the best 

means of providing support and protection to an individual. Should individuals subject to 

guardianship regain capacity, all or some rights should be quickly and efficiently 

restored. Unfortunately, this rarely occurs. An alternative arrangement may better 

promote the individual's values and terminate fewer rights while also providing 

necessary support and oversight. 

• The Need/or Better Data - Few states are able to report accurate or detailed 

guardianship data, and figures related to the number of individuals subject to 

guardianship are largely unavailable. Reliable data would help policymakers make 

informed decisions on ways to improve the guardianship system. 

RECOMMENDATIONS 

Following its year-long investigation, the Committee recommends several actions to that will 

strengthen these arrangements and improve the well-being of those subject to guardianship. 

To improve oversight of guardians and guardianship arrangements, the Committee recommends: 

• Enhanced Monitoring - State courts should engage in more thorough and frequent 

reviews of guardianship arrangements, and should work with financial monitoring 

Page 6 of 34 
companies to identify suspicious transactions and notify the court and guardian of 

potential risks. 

• Background Checks - Courts should conduct criminal background checks on all 

prospective guardians. 

• Improved Collaboration - Coordination and communication should occur between the 

court and federal agencies, including the SSA and VA, and between the court and 

community organizations. 

• Volunteer Visitor Programs - Support for individuals who help to inform the court about 

the status of the respondent before a guardian is appointed and periodically throughout 

the guardianship should be increased. 

• Training - All parties related to the guardianship, including the guardian, court staff, and 

family members, should be trained on guardian responsibilities and on the signs of abuse. 

To encourage the use ofless-restrictive alternatives and promote restoration ofrights, when 

appropriate, the Committee recommends: 

• Promotion of Alternatives to Guardianship - States should encourage courts to utilize 

alternatives to guardianship through state statutes and public awareness campaigns. Such 

efforts would officially promote less restrictive alternatives such as limited guardianships 

and supported decision-making. 

• Increased Training and Education - Required comprehensive training for judicial 

officials, attorneys, and guardians would increase understanding and appreciation of less 

restrictive alternatives to guardianship and the availability of opportunities for restoration 

of rights, when and if it becomes appropriate. 

• Strengthened Protections for Individuals under Guardianship - State laws need to be 

strengthened to ensure individuals seeking a restoration of rights are guaranteed unbiased 

legal representation and access to resources for a timely consideration by the courts. 

• Nationwide Adoption of the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other 

Protective Arrangements Act - State guardianship laws need greater uniformity to ensure 

better protections and control for individuals being considered for guardianship and those 

pursuing a restoration of their rights. 

To provide policy makers and other stakeholders with improved data regarding guardianship 

arrangements, the Committee recommends: 

• Statewide Data Registries - Such registries would create a single location to collect and 

disseminate data, allowing for more cohesive collection of data. 

• Increased Federal Support and Guidance to States- Support to state court systems or 

other state entities would help create cohesive collection efforts, improving the ability to 

share information and collect national data. 

• Increased Data Collection by Federal Agencies - Additional resources aimed at data 

collection from federal agencies would help states design, test, and improve data 

collection systems, complement increased federal guidance, and further help create a 

more consistent national data collection effort. 

Page 7 of 34 
• Creation of a National Resource Center - A national resource center on guardianship 

would collect and publish information for the benefit of courts, policy makers, 

individuals subject to guardianship, guardians, community organizations, and other 

stakeholders. Information collected and published by the resource center may include 

statistics related to guardianship, information on laws and regulations, published 

research, and training materials. 

Page 8 of 34 
Introduction: Guardianship and Calls for Reform 

Members of the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging are dedicated to examining 

issues of importance to older Americans, and this report continues the Committee's work to 

support and protect individuals subject to guardianship from abuse, neglect, and exploitation. 

Over the last year, the Committee has engaged in a comprehensive review of the guardianship 

system with the goal of identifying opportunities for reform that will improve outcomes for 

individuals subject to these arrangements. Following a hearing in April 2018, the Committee 

solicited insight from guardianship stakeholders throughout the country, including state and local 

government entities, courts and judicial organizations, advocates for individuals subject to 

guardianship, organizations representing guardians, academics, lawyers, legal organizations, and 

others. Three recurring themes emerged during the course of the Committee's investigation: 

1) the absence of consistent and reliable data related to guardianship arrangements; 2) the need 

for improved oversight of guardians; and 3) consideration for increased use ofless-restrictive 

alternatives to guardianship. The Senate Aging Committee received more than 100 comments, 

which helped to inform its work; many of those comments are cited in this report. For a complete 

list of entities and individuals providing comments, along with the information provided, please 

contact the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging at (202) 224-5364. 

As the Baby Boomer generation continues to age, guardianship increasingly touches the lives of 

individuals and their families. According to the National Center for State Courts (NCSC), an 

independent nonprofit organization dedicated to improving court administration and practices, 

there are approximately 1.3 million adult guardianship cases in the United States and an 

estimated $50 billion of assets under guardianship. 1 Despite these staggering numbers, many 

Americans remain unaware of the central role guardianship can play in the lives of older adults 

and people with disabilities.2 

Guardianship is often a necessary and valuable tool used to serve the needs of an individual that 

a court has determined lacks the capacity to manage his or her own affairs. It is a legal 

relationship created by a court between an individual whom it has determined is not capable of 

making decisions regarding his or her life or property and the person or organization appointed 

by that court to make such decisions. A guardian may be appointed to care for an individual due 

to a disability, injury, or illness, such as the onset of dementia, or, in some cases, a mistaken 

belief that, because of a certain disability, injury, or illness, an individual is unable to make 

decisions about his or her health or welfare. 

A trusted and qualified guardian can provide years of support and protection for an individual by 

managing his or her finances, arranging for health care, coordinating residential support services, 

and performing other essential life tasks. However, individuals lose almost all of their rights 

when a full guardianship order is imposed on them, increasing the risk of abuse, neglect, and 

exploitation at the hands of unscrupulous guardians. A series of Associated Press stories in the 

late 1980s drew the nation's attention to a "dangerously burdened and troubled" guardianship 

system where "a few minutes of routine and the stroke of a judge's pen" were all that was 

necessary to remove an individual's most basic rights. 3 

Page 9 of 34 
Three decades later, recent stories of abuses in the guardianship system demonstrate a continued 

and pressing need for guardianship reform. For example, a professional guardian in Nevada was 

recently indicted on more than 200 felony charges, including racketeering, theft, exploitation, 

and perjury, after targeting a couple in their 60s, petitioning the court and becoming their 

guardian, moving them to a nursing home, and selling their property. 4 Another article documents 

the exploitation that two brothers with intellectual disabilities in North Carolina experienced 

after 30 years in prison due to a wrongful conviction. In this case, "trusted" individuals, 

including a sibling who served as their guardian, a lawyer in Florida, an advocate in Georgia, and 

a professor from New York, squandered hundreds of thousands of dollars that the brothers had 

received from the state as compensation for wrongful imprisonment.5 

History of Guardianship and Reform Efforts 

"Guardianship" is an extension of a state's power under the doctrine of parens patriae, a 

principle that holds that the government is the protector of citizens who are unable to protect 

themselves.6 It is primarily governed by laws, regulations, and practices of each of the states and 

the courts therein,7 and therefore practices can vary greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This 

chapter provides a brief review of the history of guardianship reform in the United States as well 

as a general overview of how guardianships are created and operate across the country. 

Guardianship operated throughout much of early American history with little state or federal 

oversight. Older individuals and individuals with disabilities were provided only limited, if any, 

protections against being in an unnecessary guardianship arrangement. Court decisions in the 

1960s began addressing concerns related to civil confinement and the due process rights of 

individuals subject to these proceedings, and studies funded by the American Bar Association 

(ABA) considered the adequacy of existing state safeguards and opportunities for legislative 

improvements. 8 The Uniform Law Commission (ULC), which drafts nonpartisan legislation that 

states may adopt in order to help clarify and promote uniformity in areas of state law, released 

the first model legislation on guardianship in 1969 as Article V of its Uniform Probate Code. 9 

Introductory comments to Article V highlighted the drafters' intent to minimize the need for 

guardianship and protect individuals from "unwise use" of the system by providing for 

alternative arrangements and giving judges greater discretion. 10 

Concerns related to due process protections for individuals subject to guardianship petitions 

continued into the 1970s and 1980s, but serious focus on legal reforms to the guardianship 

system did not begin until the Associated Press (AP) in Guardians of the Elderly: An Ailing 

System ( 1987)11 documented ways in which the system stripped some seniors of their rights with 

little evidence, and then failed to protect them from abuse. 12 Following the AP's shocking 

reports, the ABA convened the first National Guardianship Symposium in 1988, and many states 

took action by updating laws to improve due process protections and enacting statutes to regulate 

guardianship. 13 

The ULC adopted a significant revision to its model guardianship statute in 1997, continuing to 

focus on limited guardianships and enhanced due process protections. 14 Guardianship 

stakeholders met again in 2001 and 2011, including judges, attorneys, guardians, doctors, 

Page 10 of 34 
ethicists, professors, and others. The conversations focused on issues facing the guardianship 

system and recommendations for reform. 15 Generally, the reforms advocated by the conferences 

followed five trends: 

1. Strengthened procedural protections for individuals being considered for guardianship; 

2. Provided greater scrutiny over the determination of incapacity; 

3. Increased use of limited guardianship; 

4. Provided stronger court oversight of guardians; and 

5. Developed of public guardianship programs. 16 

Leveraging the work of the symposia and continued study and input by guardianship 

stakeholders, in 201 7, the ULC released another significant revision to its model guardianship 

statute, the "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act" 

("UGCOPAA"). 17 This revision continues the promotion of less-restrictive alternatives to 

guardianship, incorporates the term "protective arrangement" instead of "guardianship" or 

"conservatorship," and includes model forms to be used for assessing an individual's capacity 

and needs that will better inform courts making decisions about the most appropriate 

arrangements. As of 2018, 18 states have passed a version of the uniform guardianship law and 

several others have enacted specific provisions. 18 However, only Maine has enacted the most 

recent version ofUGCOPAA. 19 

Creation and Operation of Guardianships, Generally 

Guardianship arrangements are traditionally separated in two categories: those created to oversee 

personal and health decisions and those created to oversee financial and property decisions. The 

latter is sometimes referred to as a "conservatorship" or "guardian of the estate," but the term 

"guardianship" is often used to refer to both arrangements. For the purposes of this report, we 

will discuss the two together and use the term "guardianship" to refer to both. 

Although every state has laws and procedures in place to protect an individual's right to due 

process and provide for oversight of guardians, statutes and practices differ from state to state, 

and courts often possess significant discretion in deciding how these relationships are created 

and operate. 20 The process for the appointment of a guardian typically begins with the filing of a 

petition in court by a person or organization (the "petitioner") that is interested in becoming the 

guardian of person they believe lacks the capacity to make important life decisions (the 

"respondent"). After the petition and any other required information have been filed with the 

court, a hearing will be held where the judge will determine the individual's capacity and then 

grant, dismiss, or modify the petition.21 

Often a family member or friend will petition and serve as an individual's guardian, but a 

professional guardian paid for by the respondent's estate or a public guardian funded by the 

government can be appointed in appropriate situations. 22 The petition must include specific 

information required by the court, typically including the respondent's name and address, the 

relationship of the parties, the circumstances that led to the need for a guardian, and the names 

and addresses of relatives. Courts generally require a report or other documentation from a 

medical professional who has recently evaluated the individual,23 and some may also require a 

Page 11 of 34 
guardianship plan that includes, among other items, a description of the proposed living 

arrangement for the respondent and an explanation of how financial, medical, and other needs 

will be met.24 Legal counsel will be appointed in some states to represent the respondent if he or 

she has not hired one separately, while in others, courts may use a guardian ad !item or court 

visitor to conduct independent assessments of the respondent's capacity. 

The length of the hearing depends on the court and the complexity of the case; many are short 

and take only a few minutes. The court may also choose to hold the hearing at a location outside 

the courtroom that is more convenient for the respondent, such as at a hospital or nursing home.25 

Although practices vary by jurisdiction, if the court determines that the individual lacks capacity 

and a guardian is necessary, the judge will enter an order appointing a guardian and outlining his 

or her powers. Once the guardianship is established, the court creating the relationship has 

responsibility for overseeing it for as long as it lasts unless it is transferred to another 

jurisdiction. The guardian has a fiduciary relationship with the individual subject to 

guardianship, which means the guardian has a "special obligation of trust and confidence, and a 

duty to act primarily for [the client's] benefit."26 

The primary way in which courts ensure guardians are fulfilling this obligation is through the 

enforcement and oversight of reporting requirements. Most jurisdictions require reports to be 

filed annually, but the timing and contents vary across jurisdictions, with annual reports being 

most common.27 Guardians of individuals with assets are usually required to file an inventory of 

his or her belongings soon after the appointment is made, and then file reports regularly for the 

duration of the relationship that detail the transactions and financial status of the estate. 28 

Procedures for reviewing and auditing reports filed by guardians also differ among jurisdictions. 

A guardian who does not perform his or her duties appropriately may be removed or 

"discharged" by the court; however, as described later in the report, removal rarely occurs. 

Reasons for removal include the use of fraud in obtaining the position, failure to comply with 

court orders, failure to use the appropriate standards of care and diligence in performance of 

duties, and the existence of a conflict of interest, among others. 29 These proceedings can be 

initiated by the individual subject to guardianship or by the court on its own motion, or an 

interested person or agency may provide information to the court that it believes warrants a 

review.30 

The Role of the Federal Government 

While states are responsible for appointing guardians and monitoring guardianships in order to 

protect individuals subject to guardianship from abuse, neglect, and exploitation, the federal 

government does play a role in the guardianship system. For example, federal agencies such as 

the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) oversee 

benefits that are directly affected by guardianship. While some courts send notices of 

guardianship to the VA and SSA, coordination between federal agencies and states is sometimes 

lacking or delayed. For instance, federal agencies and state courts do not automatically notify 

each other when one or the other discovers that a guardian is abusing the incapacitated person. 31 

Page 12 of 34 
The federal government has taken steps to improve communication and cooperation between 

states and increase public understanding of guardianship by facilitating data collection on 

guardianship, supporting states with grants to improve oversight of guardians and the 

development of standards of practice, and creating guides for fiduciaries and financial 

institutions engaging in transactions involving guardianship arrangements. 32 The Department of 

Health and Human Services (HHS) launched the National Adult Maltreatment Reporting System 

(NAMRS) in 2013, which created a national reporting system for elder abuse with the goal of 

providing consistent and accurate national data on all types of elder abuse. 33 

Congress also took action when it passed the Elder Abuse Prevention and Prosecution Act, 

which was signed into law in October 2017. The law directs the U.S. Attorney General to publish 

best practices for improving guardianship proceedings and develop model legislation relating to 

guardianship proceedings for the purpose of preventing elder abuse. It also requires the 

Department of Justice to designate Elder Justice Coordinators in each federal judicial district to 

raise awareness about, advise on, and prosecute all types of elder abuse cases. 34 

Page 13 of 34 
Chapter 1: Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements 

Guardianship arrangements can be a valuable means for ensuring the continued care and wellbeing of individuals whom a court has determined lacks capacity; however, such arrangements 

require appropriate oversight to prevent abuse. When a full guardianship order is imposed, the 

protected individual loses most of his or her basic rights, including the right to make medical 

decisions, to buy or sell property, to manage their own money, to marry, to choose where to live, 

or to choose with whom to associate. 35 Aside from incarceration or civil commitment, potentially 

no other court process infringes upon an individual's personal liberties more significantly than 

the appointment of a guardian.36 Once a guardianship is imposed, and an individual's rights are 

removed, the court must monitor the guardian and the arrangement in order to protect the 

individual from abuse, neglect, and exploitation by the guardian or others.37 

Calls for improved oversight of guardianship arrangements are not new, however. Before the 

AP' s landmark reporting on guardianship abuses in the late 1980s, 38 a grand jury in Florida 

documented insufficient monitoring by courts in a report published in 1982.39 Unfortunately, 

reports of fraud abuse and neglect continued well beyond these reports. In February 2015, the 

Committee examined the 2006 case of New York philanthropist and socialite Brooke Astor, 

which involved allegations that Ms. Astor's son, who was also serving as her guardian, illegally 

enriched himself with assets from her estate. The high-profile case again called national 

attention to the need for guardianship reform.40 More recently, The New Yorker documented the 

horrific story of an older couple in Nevada who lost control of their lives and assets to a 

professional guardian who was able to obtain a court order appointing her as the couple's 

guardian without providing any advance notice to the couple or their adult daughter.41 In "the 

most significant guardianship exploitation indictment in Nevada's history," in 2018, the guardian 

and her business colleagues were indicted on more than 200 felony counts stemming from 

allegations that they used their positions of authority to "prey on vulnerable people ranging in 

age from 40 to 90, and systematically bilk them out of their life savings."42 

As these and other cases demonstrate, without sufficient court oversight, individuals subject to 

guardianship can be exposed to abuse and exploitation with little or no defense. Every state has 

procedures in place intended to safeguard the protected individual's well-being and provide for 

oversight of guardians, but statutes and practices are different from state to state and even court 

to court.43 Although state laws may govern some elements of guardianship appointment and 

oversight, courts and judges generally possess broad discretion. 44 Therefore, courts must be 

vigilant in overseeing guardians and monitoring guardianship arrangements. 

Need for Improved Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements 

Protections against abusive guardianship arrangements begin before they are imposed. However, 

most states impose few limits on who can petition and become a guardian,45 and although some 

states forbid a person convicted of a felony from serving as a guardian, background checks are 

not always required.46 In response to an official request from the Committee, commenters 

recommended a number of reforms to improve the appointment and oversight of guardians and 

thereby overall outcomes in guardianship cases. 

Page 14 of 34 
In their comments to the Committee, several organizations, including the ABA, called for 

jurisdictions to adopt a process for investigating the general background of prospective 

guardians.47 The Baltimore Department of Human Services noted the importance of knowing 

about a prospective guardian's prior conviction for a crime related to exploitation as an example 

of why courts should engage in background checks before appointing a guardian.48 

Guardians who are friends or family of the protected individual may not be familiar with the 

duties and obligations expected of the position.49 In comments to the Committee, some 

recommended that guardians receive training on record maintenance in addition to fiduciary and 

reporting obligations,50 while AARP pointed out the importance of guardian education on 

substantive issues relating to advance planning, including long-term care. 51 In an effort to 

address this concern, specific provisions were included in the recently approved UGCOP AA 

intended to "provide clearer guidance to guardians and conservators." The Act "clarifies how 

appointees are to make decisions, including decisions about particularly fraught issues such as 

medical treatment and residential placement."52 The NCSC and the ABA are also working to 

create online, interactive training for guardians with the support of funding from the Department 

of Justice's Elder Justice Initiative. 53 

Several stakeholders also noted the need for court officials and staff to receive regular training 

on how to evaluate reports and oversee guardianship arrangements. The Conferences of Chief 

Justices and State Court Administrators, organizations which bring together state court leaders to 

study and advocate for improvements to state court systems, noted the need for training to 

identify signs of abuse, neglect, and exploitation. 54 Maine's Legal Services for the Elderly called 

attention to the need for training for court volunteers in order to promote uniformity in 

assessment and reporting on guardianship cases, 55 and Montana's Adult Protective Services 

Agency noted that strengthened visitor processes could also improve evaluation of the guardian's 

compliance with the plan of care for the individual subject to the arrangement. 56 

Commenters also noted the need for improved procedures for the filing of complaints about 

guardians and for their investigation. 57 According to the Administrative Conference of the 

United States, a 2014 survey of 855 court personnel and 147 guardians and others found that 64 

percent of courts took action related to misconduct against at least one guardian in the prior three 

years. 58 NCSC's Center for Elders and the Courts, in its 2016 Strategic Action Plan, highlighted 

the need for "proactively and timely responding to allegations of abuse, neglect or exploitation" 

against individuals subject to guardianship and for enhancing court oversight. 59 In the same vein, 

Americans Against Abusive Probate Guardianship, an organization founded to eliminate 

guardianship abuse and assist victims of guardianship abuse, recommended the formation of a 

single, federal organization for the investigation of complaints against guardians. 60 

State and Local Reform Efforts 

A persistent concern for individuals subject to guardianship has been legal representation or 

advocacy in court proceedings. Some courts utilize a guardian ad !item or court visitor to conduct 

independent assessments and provide information to assist the court in making decisions on the 

appropriateness of guardianship or of proposed actions. 61 Acting as agents of the court, these 

individuals may meet with the person who may become subject to a guardianship, and often with 

Page 15 of 34 
the proposed guardian, and report to the court on issues such as the circumstances that led to the 

guardianship petition, the appropriateness of guardianship or a more limited arrangement, and 

the proposed guardian's qualifications. 62 Some courts also use these agents to investigate cases 

after the guardianship has been imposed. In Utah, for example, volunteer monitors, trained 

through the state's Guardianship Reporting and Monitoring Program, investigate cases and 

provide information to courts to support decisions related to any actions that may be needed. 63 

Volunteers in Indiana are trained through the Volunteer Advocates for Seniors or Incapacitated 

Adults ("V ASIA") program to support individuals subject to guardianship, and often act as 

advocates in court proceedings.64 The individual subject to guardianship may also hire an 

attorney to represent their interests in the proceeding, or one may be appointed by the court in 

some jurisdictions.65 As part of reforms the state enacted in 2017, Nevada now requires the 

appointment of an attorney for the respondent unless he or she chooses to retain an attorney 

independently. 66 

Although courts rely heavily on the information filed in reports by guardians in order to oversee 

the arrangements, commenters noted that compliance with reporting requirements is difficult to 

evaluate. In his testimony before the Senate Aging Committee earlier this year, Texas court 

official David Slayton reported that 43 percent of guardianship cases reviewed by the state's 

Guardianship Compliance Project were found to be out of compliance with reporting 

requirements. 67 A number of commenters, including the ABA, noted the need for better 

communication of reporting requirements to guardians to improve compliance. The ABA 

recommended a number of actions, such as developing court systems for electronic filing of 

reports and making reports more easily accessible and available in "plain language."68 

Online filing and electronic monitoring systems have improved compliance and oversight in 

some jurisdictions. A 2014 survey of state courts found "that two-thirds of court respondents ( 67 

percent) indicated they use an electronic case management system or database for guardianship 

cases and another ten percent expect to use an electronic system in the next three years."69 In its 

comments to the Committee, the Conferences of Chief Justices and State Court Administrators 

recommended practices that would "improve the archaic paper-driven process" and highlighted 

Minnesota's leadership on this issue. Through its "MyMNConservator" system, Minnesota 

provides for online filing and professional auditing of annual reports. 70 Although other states 

have attempted to implement Minnesota's system, the Conferences of Chief Justices and State 

Court Administrators noted that none have been successful, "with the primary barrier being 

financial resources."71 Texas, however, is currently developing a similar system, 72 and 

Mr. Slayton noted in his comments to the Committee that Texas's online reporting and 

monitoring system improves monitoring of cases and allows for "timely and accurate submission 

of information about the ward and his or her estate to the court."73 

The NCSC has developed a "Rapid Response" pilot project that would use a financial monitoring 

company to monitor accounts of individuals subject to guardianship and notify courts of 

suspicious transactions. 74 As previously discussed, Minnesota's online reporting system has 

improved audits of guardian filings, and Texas is developing a similar system as well. 75 Congress 

also took action by passing the Senior$afe Act. Signed into law in May 2018, Senior$afe is 

modeled after a successful program in Maine. This law allows financial institutions, such as 

Page 16 of 34 
banks, credit unions, and investment advisers, to alert authorities without violating privacy laws 

when trained employees, acting in good faith, suspect fraud. 76 

Many of the reforms that have been implemented in states have been the result of "compliance 

projects." Texas has implemented a pilot project at the state's Office of Court Administration, 

which assists courts in adequately monitoring guardianship cases by providing resources for staff 

to review cases and determine whether there were irregularities in financial dealings of the 

estate. The project was a $250,000 endeavor, staffed by three employees who, as of April 2018, 

had reviewed over 27,000 guardianship cases in 27 counties. 77 This project found that 43 percent 

of cases were out of compliance with reporting requirements, and in most of those cases, the 

guardian was a family member or friend. The office also noted that the project "regularly found 

unauthorized withdrawals from accounts; unauthorized gifts to family members and friends; 

unsubstantiated and unauthorized expenses; and the lack of backup data to substantiate the 

accountings."78 These findings have led to improved procedures in Texas courts as well as calls 

for additional resources in order to provide enhanced oversight. 

The National Guardianship Association (NGA), a group dedicated to advancing national 

guardianship standards, highlighted several projects that are showing success in improving 

guardianship arrangements. One example is a specialized Audit and Investigations program by 

the Palm Beach County, Florida County's Clerk Office, which includes a guardianship "fraud 

hotline" program to report fraud. The NGA stated that the program is "rapidly scalable to collect 

data for all of Florida's 40,000 to 50,000 guardianship cases."79 In addition, Idaho has worked 

toward a "differentiated case management tool" for allocating resources for better monitoring of 

high-risk cases. 80 

Recommendations 

Commenters who responded to the Committee's request provided a number ofrecommendations 

for improving oversight of guardians. The Committee endorses the following recommendations 

• Enhanced Monitoring - State courts should engage in more thorough and frequent 

reviews of guardianship arrangements, and should work with financial monitoring 

companies to identify suspicious transactions and notify the court and guardian of 

potential risks. 

• Background Checks - Courts should conduct criminal background checks on all 

prospective guardians. 

• Improved Collaboration - Coordination and communication should occur between the 

court and federal agencies, including the SSA and VA, and between the court and 

community organizations. 

• Volunteer Visitor Programs - Support for individuals who help to inform the court about 

the status of the respondent before a guardian is appointed and periodically throughout 

the guardianship should be increased. 

• Training - All parties related to the guardianship, including the guardian, court staff, and 

family members, should be trained on guardian responsibilities and on the signs of abuse. 

Page 17 of 34 
Chapter 2: Less Restrictive Alternatives and Restoration of Rights 

When an individual is placed under guardianship, the guardian is given the legal authority to 

make decisions on the individual's behalf. However, an order for a less-restrictive arrangement 

may provide sufficient support for individuals who retain or develop the ability to make certain 

decisions for themselves. If a court later determines guardianship is no longer necessary, or 

should be modified, the individual's rights to decide where to live, manage their finances, and 

remain independent may be partially or fully restored. 81 Although many individuals subject to 

guardianship do not regain capacity, for those who do, and for those who should not have been 

ordered into such a restrictive relationship initially, rights are rarely restored. Commenters 

representing the courts, state agencies, and advocates generally agreed that "the time is ripe for 

restoration ofrights to become a viable option for people subject to guardianship."82 

Less Restrictive Alternatives 

In 2011, national organizations including AARP, the ABA, NGA, the National Disability Rights 

Network, and The Arc, among others, convened the Third National Guardianship Summit.83 

This conference passed a number of recommendations and proposed standards, including the 

least restrictive alternative standard, which requires the imposition of guardianship only if there 

is no less restrictive alternative available.84 According to the National Council on Disability 

(NCD), an independent federal agency charged with advising the federal government on issues 

that affect people with disabilities, "most state statutes require consideration of less-restrictive 

alternatives, but courts and others in the guardianship system often do little to enforce this 

requirement. "85 

Several commenters to this report recommended greater use of less restrictive alternatives to 

guardianship, such as durable power of attorney and supported decision-making agreements."86 

The Georgia Department of Human Services supports expanding "established alternatives to 

guardianship to include supportive decision making and exploring alternatives that would allow 

the individual to maintain a sense of independence."87 

In addition to preserving important rights and decision-making authority for those individuals 

who retain sufficient capacity, employing alternatives to full guardianship would also provide 

added health and financial benefits. Encouraging individuals to retain as much authority over 

their lives as possible is an important component of mental health. 88 Less restrictive alternatives 

and easily obtained restoration of rights, where appropriate, could also avoid high legal expenses 

and court fees. 89 Further, a focus on restoration ofrights could help reduce the number of 

unnecessary guardianship cases brought to court, allowing the courts to focus on guardianship 

where fraud and abuse may be taking place.90 

Limited guardianships enable individuals subject to guardianship to retain certain decisionmaking rights while also providing the guardian with limited authority to make other decisions 

on the individual's behalf.91 The revised UGCOPAA makes changes to create options for courts 

to consider less restrictive alternatives and offers model forms to make it easier for petitions to 

seek limited guardianship.92 Tom Berry, a former probate judge from Maine who now works as 

an attorney in private practice, noted in comments to the Committee that, "[f]or at least five of 

Page 18 of 34 
my final years as a probate judge, I would not and did not grant one full guardianship. Almost all 

of them limited the guardianship to residential placement, medical oversight and financial 

oversight: the big three." He discussed his concern over how families might react to his orders 

for limited guardianship, and suggested surprise at often finding "the parents, wives, and others 

were glad that they did not have to strip their loved ones of all of their rights. "93 

Instead of a caretaker making unilateral decisions, as is the case under a full guardianship, 

supported decision-making (SDM) is a process in which the individual under care is given the 

support and information needed to make an informed decision on their own. The goal of SDM is 

to identify where assistance is needed and, in cooperation with the individual under SDM, find 

the system of supports that will help that person when needed.94 SDM protocols consider that 

different people need help with different types of decisions. For example, the Administration for 

Community Living (ACL), a federal agency charged with improving the health and well-being of 

older adults and individuals with disabilities, explains that, "For some, it might be financial or 

health care decisions ... Some people need one-on-one support and discussion about the issue at 

hand. For others, a team approach works best." 95 The goal of SDM is to ensure the individual is 

able to have control over his or her own lives, but also able to access whatever level of assistance 

is needed. 

There are also other limited options that some contributors to this report noted could be 

considered before pursuing guardianship, as listed below. Often, however, these options fall 

outside the scope of guardianship cases. 

• Power of Attorney - Under a power of attorney, an individual is granted the authority to 

act on behalf of the person appointing them. The power of attorney is limited by clearer 

laws in most states than those that govern guardianship, and an individual is able to more 

easily revoke or modify the power of attorney. 96 

• Health Care Surrogate - A health care surrogate is granted decision-making only over 

health care decisions. Most states have clearer laws than under guardianship on when a 

person has capacity to appoint a health care surrogate, and make it easier for individuals 

to revoke a health care surrogate's authority if they choose. 97 

• Social Security Representative Payee (Rep Payee) - A rep payee receives the benefits 

for a beneficiary who has been determined unable to manage their Social Security 

benefits. A rep payee offers a narrow scope of authority only over benefits from the 

SSA.9s 

Restoration of Rights 

According to the NCD, there are several circumstances that warrant a review as to whether an 

individual's rights should be restored: 

• When it is found that an individual did not meet the legal standard of incapacity and was 

unnecessarily placed under guardianship; 

• When an individual did not meet the legal standard of incapacity, but a less restrictive 

alternative would have allowed appropriate assistance; or 

Page 19 of 34 
• When an individual regains the capacity to make and implement decisions on their own 

behalf. 99 

Every state has a process for the restoration of the rights under guardianship, although these 

processes are rarely used. 100 Most commonly, processes allow for the individual under 

guardianship to request that the court restore some or all of the rights that were removed when 

the guardianship was established. In most states, the court will then convene a hearing regarding 

the restoration of rights and make a ruling on whether to restore some, all, or none of the 

individual's rights. A study published this year by the ABA found that "an unknown number of 

adults languish under guardianship" when they no longer need it, or never did. The authors wrote 

that guardianship is generally "permanent, leaving no way out- 'until death do us part. "'101 

Individuals under guardianship are not always guaranteed independent counsel from their 

guardian, and if their guardian is truly abusing their position, the lack of representation can make 

it much more difficult to end the guardianship. The Area Agency on Aging of Westmoreland 

County, Pennsylvania, recommends, "visitation by an outside individual trained to determine the 

appropriateness of the guardianship ... to avoid the phenomenon of once under a guardianship, 

always under a guardianship." 102 

Barriers to Less Restrictive Alternatives and Restoration of Rights 

Most often, guardians are given their authority for an indefinite amount of time, regardless of 

whether the situation that prompted the need for a guardian has passed, as in cases where an 

individual who has recovered from a temporary incapacitating injury, or an individual with a 

disability who develops the skills necessary to make certain decisions. 103 One reason courts may 

favor full guardianships is because of the burden additional hearings to limit the scope of a 

guardianship arrangement can have on a court. 104 This is particularly common for family 

guardians, where courts often assume they will act in the best interest of the individual. 105 A 

review of guardianship filings in some Indiana courts from 2008 found that limited 

guardianships were granted in less than one percent of the cases. 106 According to testimony by 

Professor Nina Kohn before the Senate Aging Committee in April 2018, "While all states' laws 

now recognize limited guardianship, petitioning for a limited guardianship is typically harder 

than petitioning for a full one." 107 

Although every state provides a process to partially or fully terminate a guardianship, there are 

limited data surrounding the frequency of restoration of rights for individuals under 

guardianship. The lack of adequate data makes it extremely difficult to even understand how 

many guardianship cases are terminated before an individual passes away, not to mention the 

number of individuals who are unnecessarily under guardianship or who are attempting to have 

the scope of their guardianship reduced or entirely removed. 

Apart from a lack of data, there is a lack of awareness by those under guardianship that they may 

be able to seek a restoration of their rights. 108 Even if an individual is aware of this right, he or 

she may lack access to the court or the state official that could officially review their 

guardianship and begin the restoration of rights process. Periodic court reviews of individual 

guardianship arrangements are sporadic or nonexistent in most states and, therefore, provide 

limited options for individuals to contest their guardianship or highlight concerns about the 

Page 20 of 34 
relationship without the consent of the guardian. 109 The role of the lawyer is not always clearly 

defined. Some guidelines and laws leave open the possibility for a lawyer representing an 

individual seeking a restoration of their rights to independently decide that the individual still 

requires a guardian and argue as such in court. 110 

There is also a lack of clear standards around the burden of proof when requesting the restoration 

of rights. Many states do not clearly define when restoration should be pursued, leaving little 

guidance for individuals under guardianship. Further, the responsibility to cover the costs of 

restoration usually lies with the person seeking restoration, which can be a significant financial 

barrier. Guardians are allowed significant power over individuals under their care, and when a 

guardian opposes the restoration of rights, regardless of the reason behind their opposition, the 

individual under guardianship faces a tremendous burden in mounting a successful case. 111 

Reform Efforts 

National Efforts 

The recently adopted UGCOPAA devotes an entire article to "Other Protective Arrangements" in 

an effort to promote their use. 112 The ULC noted in the preface to the Act that, in addition to 

reducing the need for protection of the individual's liberties, these arrangements are also more 

efficient from a time and cost perspective. 113 The UGCOPAA is intended to offer protection for 

individuals subject to guardianship, and provides a number of key provisions to support their 

rights under guardianship, including: 

• Clarifying decision-making standards for guardians; 

• Making it easier to petition for a limited guardianship; 

• Encouraging person-centered planning by requiring guardians to develop an 

individualized plan for the individual subject to guardianship; 

• Stipulating that courts may not impose a guardianship if a less restrictive alternative, such 

as supported decision-making, would provide adequate protection; and 

• Making restoration of rights a real possibility when an individual no longer requires a 

guardian, or no longer requires as extensive a guardianship. 114 

Among other provisions, the UGCOPAA also provides guidance for adult guardianship petition 

forms, which are filed by prospective guardians in local court. The National Academy of Elder 

Law Attorneys pointed out that revisions to these forms are necessary because "several 

jurisdictions lack forms for limited guardianships." 115 

State Efforts 

While efforts to promote enactment of the least restrictive alternative standard and push for 

greater restorations of rights across the nation continue, some states have taken significant steps 

on their own. Notably, Texas expanded and protected an individual's right to pursue restoration, 

and became the first state to enact a least-restrictive alternative statute with the Supported 

Decision-Making Agreement Act. 116 Texas has also made it easier for individuals to seek a 

restoration of their rights, 117 and made it easier to end a guardianship of the estate by placing all 

Page 21 of 34 
assets in an ABLE (Achieving a Better Life Experience) account. 118 ABLE accounts make it 

possible for people with disabilities and their families to create tax-exempt savings accounts that 

can fund a variety of essential disability-related expenses for the disabled person while not 

risking the loss of their state and federal benefits. In Maine, Legal Services for the Elderly 

provides legal assistance to those looking to modify or terminate guardianship cases - services 

they believe should be made available to all individuals, regardless of their financial status. 

Nevada has also emerged as a leader in this area, enacting a series of guardianship reforms which 

established a bill of rights for individuals subject to guardianship to guarantee the right to ask the 

court to review the need for a guardianship. In 20 I 7, South Carolina also enacted legislation that 

lays out specific duties of the guardian, including investigating less restrictive alternatives and 

planning for steps that can be taken to restore the individual's decision-making ability." 119 Courts 

in Maine are required by statute to "make appointive and other orders only to the extent 

necessitated [by the incapacitated person's condition]," 120 and court orders will specify whether 

the guardian has "full" or "limited" powers and, if limited, describe the limitations on the 

guardian's authority. 121 

Recommendations 

Commenters who responded to the Committee's request provided a number ofrecommendations 

for encouraging the use of less restrictive alternatives and restoring rights when appropriate. The 

Committee endorses the following recommendations: 

• Promotion of Alternatives to Guardianship - States should encourage courts to utilize 

alternatives to guardianship through state statutes and public awareness campaigns. Such 

efforts would officially promote less restrictive alternatives such as limited guardianships 

and supported decision-making. 

• Increased Training and Education - Required comprehensive training for judicial 

officials, attorneys, and guardians would increase understanding and appreciation of less 

restrictive alternatives to guardianship and the availability of opportunities for restoration 

of rights, when and if it becomes appropriate. 

• Strengthened Protections for Individuals under Guardianship - State laws need to be 

strengthened to ensure individuals seeking a restoration of rights are guaranteed unbiased 

legal representation and access to resources for a timely consideration by the courts. 

• Nationwide Adoption of the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other 

Protective Arrangements Act - State guardianship laws need greater uniformity to ensure 

better protections and control for individuals being considered for guardianship and those 

pursuing a restoration of their rights. 

Page 22 of 34 
Chapter 3: The Need for Better Data 

There is general consensus among stakeholders and advocates that data on the guardianship 

system at both the state and national level are severely lacking. While states have oversight over 

the guardianship system, most do not keep extensive records regarding guardianship. Few states 

appear able to track the total number of individuals subject to guardianship, let alone record 

demographic information, the types of guardianship being utilized, or the extent of a guardian's 

authority. 122 The lack of broad state and national data makes it very difficult to identify trends in 

guardianship, leaving advocates and policymakers in the dark when trying to enact reform. 123 

Even understanding if guardianship arrangements are on the rise is challenging. A 2009 survey 

from the NCSC provides some data on this question. 124 The survey collected data from state 

courts and found that, over a three-year period, 58 percent ofrespondents---consisting of 

judges/judicial officials, court managers, and court clerks/registrars-said that the number of 

guardianship filing petitions had stayed the same, and 37 percent saw an increase in filings. Only 

five percent of respondents saw a decrease in petitions. This survey suggests the number of 

guardianship cases are either staying the same or increasing. 125 

Collecting data to assess the guardianship landscape is a significant challenge. For example, the 

results of the previously mentioned 2009 NCSC survey were not from a nationally representative 

sample because the NCSC was only able to collect information from 187 respondents in 36 

states/territories. 126 Even the often-cited national estimates of 1.3 million adults and $50 billion 

of assets under guardianship are based on information from selected states with the most reliable 

data. 127 Testimony before the Committee and comments received from advocates, state agencies, 

and nonprofits, among others, pointed out the need for accurate and detailed data to inform 

comprehensive reform of the guardianship system. As the NGA highlights in its comments to the 

Committee, reliable national data would help in "guiding reform efforts ... and [be] used for 

developing national performance measures for guardianship cases." 128 Further, the Center for 

Advocacy for the Rights and Interests for the Elderly (CARIE), a state-based advocacy 

organization that represents older Pennsylvanians, points out that as the system is currently set 

up, "we often use conjecture rather than research to determine what the issues are." 129 

Barriers to Data Collection 

Differences in systems for overseeing guardians across states and territories make compiling 

accurate and comprehensive national data difficult. At the request of the Senate Aging 

Committee, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted an investigation and 

reported in 2016 that "the extent of elder abuse by guardians nationally is unknown due to 

limited data ... such as the numbers of guardians serving older adults, older adults in 

guardianships, and cases of elder abuse by a guardian." 130 GAO spoke to court officials from six 

states and found that various limitations in each state, such as inadequate funding and unclear 

guidance on what information to collect, prevented the collection ofreliable data. 131 Similarly, a 

2015 press article reported that guardianship systems can vary by counties within a state as well 

as by state, with inconsistent record-keeping systems, making precise national data 

unavailable. 132 

Page 23 of 34 
Many organizations that provided comments to the Committee recommended centralizing 

statewide data collection. However, recommendations varied on which entities are best suited to 

collect that data. The National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, an organization created to 

assist and educate attorneys working in elder law, asserts "the entities in the best position to track 

this data would be the state courts." 133 State organizations such as the Tennessee Council on 

Developmental Disabilities echoed confidence in the ability of the state court system to collect 

data and recommended that states should "require county courts to publish for the public 

information about the number of annual guardianship petitions and guardianship orders." 134 The 

Montana Adult Protective Services Bureau commented that "each court could be responsible for 

collecting relevant information ... [since] the Clerk of District Court[s] already has on file all 

Guardianship/Conservatorship data/records." 135 The Georgia Department of Human Services 

recommended that "each statewide registry, [be] maintained through a state entity or agency 

specialized in data reporting, management, and security." 136 

A key part of data collection is ensuring that the information collected is maintained and housed 

in an easily accessible database. The value of data collection is diminished if it cannot be easily 

accessed and shared with those who need it to inform regulatory, legislative, and other policy 

decisions. The value of collected data also depends on standardizing the means and type of 

information to be collected. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court Office of Elder Justice made clear 

that "national standards should be developed for the types of data to be collected ... [because] 

only with national standards and support to the state court systems to meet these standards will 

we be able to develop the robust information needed to understand guardianship." 137 

Moving to such a system, with states collecting data in accordance with national standards, 

would overcome many of the barriers to collection of detailed and reliable data for informed 

planning and policy decisions. The NGA stated that a database "would provide empirical data by 

which caseloads could be more carefully forecasted and processed. If the number of wards is 

known, then necessary funding would provide for sufficient staff, and the cost of training and 

enforcement." 138 

Similar to the calls for statewide databases are calls for some form of a national registry or 

database for guardianship information. Some commenters called for a limited database, such as 

"a National registry ... that allows law enforcement, attorneys, and other courts to validate 

someone's claim that they have a guardianship/conservatorship in another state." 139 In order to 

maximize data collection on abusive guardians, others called for "collaboration and data sharing 

with National Adult Protective Services Association (NAPSA) who collects statistics on abuse, 

neglect and exploitation of vulnerable adults from state-based Adult Protective Services (APS) 

programs." 140 

National Reform Efforts 

Despite recognition of the need, coordinating a national response among states to collect more 

detailed data on guardianship arrangements has proved difficult. In 2007, the NGA and the 

NCSC initiated a guardianship data project to facilitate research and data collection. However, 

the project was set aside due to a lack of resources. 141 There have since been increased calls for 

more federal support and guidance on data collection. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court's Office 

Page 24 of 34 
of Elder Justice in the Courts commented that "assistance is needed to support state courts in 

efforts to improve ... data collection regarding guardianships" and that "states should be offered 

incentives and technical assistance in developing electronic filing and reporting systems that 

collect basic guardianship information." 142 

In recent years, the federal government has taken steps to improve communication and 

cooperation between states and increase public understanding of guardianship by facilitating data 

collection on guardianship. As previously discussed in this report, HHS launched NAMRS in 

2013 with the goal of providing consistent and accurate national data on the exploitation and 

abuse of older Americans, including abuse that may occur under guardianship. 143 NAMRS 

collects state APS data on elder adults and adults with disabilities. In the first year of being 

active, 54 state and territorial APS programs volunteered to submit data, allowing NAMRS to 

begin collecting national data in 2017. 144 HHS also administers the National Center on Elder 

Abuse, which collects information on the research, training, and resources available regarding 

elder abuse. 145 

State and Local Reform Efforts 

Some states have taken steps to collect detailed guardianship data. Among the states that have 

taken a lead in guardianship data collection, Minnesota is often viewed at the forefront. 

Minnesota developed an online accounting system called Conservator Account Monitoring 

Preparation and Electronic Reporting (CAMPER), which tracks all transactions made by 

guardians of the estate. 146 In 2016, the then Manager of the Conservator Account Auditing 

Program for the Minnesota Judicial Branch, Cate Boyko, testified before the Committee on the 

implementation of this system. 147 While its central purpose is to monitor and audit financial 

activities, the system also allows the state to collect uniform data from each county and provide 

detailed statewide trends in guardianship. 

In testimony to the Senate Aging Committee in April 2018, David Slayton, the Administrative 

Director of the Texas Office of Court Administration, discussed Texas' new law requiring all 

guardians to be registered in a central database. 148 This will not only help with oversight, but will 

provide much needed data in one of the largest states in the country. In Nevada, the newly 

created Guardianship Compliance Office will also implement a guardianship case management 

system to allow statewide tracking of guardianship data. 149 Pennsylvania is also in the process of 

implementing a statewide Guardianship Tracking System, "which will allow a centralized place 

for accessing information about guardianship arrangements." 150 

There are also efforts being led and implemented on the county level. In June 2018, the Clerk & 

Comptroller's Office of Palm Beach County Florida began implementing the Guardianship 

Inventory Reports & Accountings for Florida (GIRAFF) program, a web-based system to help 

evaluate and track guardianships in Palm Beach County. 151 GIRAFF has been designed to 

eventually grow and collect data for every county in Florida. 152 In Indiana, a 2014 four-county 

pilot program has expanded to a 60-county guardianship registry which collects basic 

information on new guardianships with plans to eventually expand to every county in the state. 153 

Page 25 of 34 
Recommendations 

Commenters who responded to the Committee's request provided a number ofrecommendations 

to improve the data that is collected and available regarding guardianship. The Committee 

endorses the following recommendations: 

• Statewide Data Registries - Such registries would create a single location to collect and 

disseminate data, allowing for more cohesive collection of data. 

• Increased Federal Support and Guidance to States- Support to state court systems or 

other state entities would help create cohesive collection efforts, improving the ability to 

share information and collect national data. 

• Increased Data Collection by Federal Agencies - Additional resources aimed at data 

collection from federal agencies would help states design, test, and improve data 

collection systems, complement increased federal guidance, and further help create a 

more consistent national data collection effort. 

• Creation of a National Resource Center - A national resource center on guardianship 

would collect and publish information for the benefit of courts, policy makers, 

individuals subject to guardianship, guardians, community organizations, and other 

stakeholders. Information collected and published by the resource center may include 

statistics related to guardianship, information on laws and regulations, published 

research, and training materials. 

Page 26 of 34 
Conclusion 

Guardianship is an important and necessary tool used to support and protect individuals who are 

unable to make important decisions about their finances and well-being. However, it also creates 

an opportunity for abuse and exploitation by unscrupulous individuals. This report continues the 

United States Senate Special Committee on Aging's long-standing effort to protect older 

Americans and people with disabilities from abuse, neglect, and exploitation by calling attention 

to issues that prevent guardianships from fulfilling their valuable and intended purpose. 

In April 2018, following reports of guardians using legal process to strip individuals of their 

rights, homes, savings, and, ultimately, their dignity, the Committee held a hearing to examine 

the current state of the guardianship system and reform efforts underway. One witness who 

testified divided guardians into two groups: "[t]he protectors, the good guardians, the good 

agents under powers of attorney, the good representative payees, and all the good friends, 

families, and agencies acting in this capacity ... [who] protect the individuals for whom they are 

responsible and confront those who try to take advantage of them," and "[g]uardians who act as 

intentional predators, ... [ and] exploit vulnerable persons without mercy." 154 

In the course of our investigation, the Committee identified a number of issues that leave 

individuals subject to guardianship exposed to risk of exploitation, neglect, and abuse. To gain 

greater insight, the Committee officially requested recommendations on guardianship reform 

from stakeholders throughout the country. Among the issues identified by those who responded, 

the need for better data collection, improved oversight of guardians, and greater use of 

alternatives to guardianship were common themes. 

• Oversight of Guardians and Guardianship Arrangements - Judges may lack sufficient 

information when considering guardianship petitions, and courts often struggle to 

conduct oversight of guardians and guardianship cases. 

• Alternatives to Guardianship and Restoration of Rights - Courts often fail to consider 

less-restrictive alternatives to guardianship, and it is difficult for individuals who regain 

capacity or were placed in inappropriate arrangements to have their rights restored. 

• Data Collection - The lack of reliable, consistent data - at the local, state, and national 

level - hinders the ability of policy makers to identify structural deficiencies and trends 

that would support targeted reforms. 

In addition to these themes, commenters also called for enhanced protections for the individual 

subject to guardianship's due process rights, as well as improved training for guardians, judges, 

court staff, community organizations, and all parties with interests in the guardianship system. 

This report contains many of the comments received by the Committee, but readers can access 

all of the comments by contacting the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging at (202) 224-

5364. 

Page 27 of 34 
Looking Ahead 

As America's population continues to age, guardianship will continue to be an important and 

necessary tool used to protect and support individuals whom courts have determined lack 

sufficient capacity to make certain decisions on their own. However, as this report has 

demonstrated, there are many opportunities for improving and reforming the guardianship 

system. Following its year-long investigation, the Committee recommends several actions to that 

will strengthen these arrangements and improve the well-being of those subject to guardianship: 

• To improve oversight of guardians and guardianship arrangements, the Committee 

recommends: 

o Enhanced Monitoring - State courts should engage in more thorough and 

frequent reviews of guardianship arrangements, and should work with financial 

monitoring companies to identify suspicious transactions and notify the court and 

guardian of potential risks. 

o Background Checks - Courts should conduct criminal background checks on all 

prospective guardians. 

o Improved Collaboration - Coordination and communication should occur 

between the court and federal agencies, including the SSA and VA, and between 

the court and community organizations. 

o Volunteer Visitor Programs - Support for individuals who help to inform the 

court about the status of the respondent before a guardian is appointed and 

periodically throughout the guardianship should be increased. 

o Training - All parties related to the guardianship, including the guardian, court 

staff, and family members, should be trained on guardian responsibilities and on 

the signs of abuse. 

• To encourage the use of less-restrictive alternatives and promote restoration ofrights, 

when appropriate, the Committee recommends: 

o Promotion of Alternatives to Guardianship- States should encourage courts to 

utilize alternatives to guardianship through state statutes and public awareness 

campaigns. Such efforts would officially promote less restrictive alternatives such 

as limited guardianships and supported decision-making. 

o Increased Training and Education - Required comprehensive training for 

judicial officials, attorneys, and guardians would increase understanding and 

appreciation of less restrictive alternatives to guardianship and the availability of 

opportunities for restoration of rights, when and if it becomes appropriate. 

o Strengthened Protections for Individuals under Guardianship - State laws need 

to be strengthened to ensure individuals seeking a restoration of rights are 

guaranteed unbiased legal representation and access to resources for a timely 

consideration by the courts. 

o Nationwide Adoption of the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and 

Other Protective Arrangements Act - State guardianship laws need greater 

uniformity to ensure better protections and control for individuals being 

considered for guardianship and those pursuing a restoration of their rights. 

Page 28 of 34 
• To provide policy makers and other stakeholders with improved data regarding 

guardianship arrangements, the Committee recommends: 

o Statewide Data Registries - Such registries would create a single location to 

collect and disseminate data, allowing for more cohesive collection of data. 

o Increased Federal Support and Guidance to States- Support to state court 

systems or other state entities would help create cohesive collection efforts, 

improving the ability to share information and collect national data. 

o Increased Data Collection by Federal Agencies - Additional resources aimed at 

data collection from federal agencies would help states design, test, and improve 

data collection systems, complement increased federal guidance, and further help 

create a more consistent national data collection effort. 

o Creation of a National Resource Center - A national resource center on 

guardianship would collect and publish information for the benefit of courts, 

policy makers, individuals subject to guardianship, guardians, community 

organizations, and other stakeholders. Information collected and published by the 

resource center may include statistics related to guardianship, information on laws 

and regulations, published research, and training materials. 

This report continues the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging's commitment to examining 

issues of importance to older Americans, and serves as a foundation for developing these and 

other policies that will improve the lives of seniors today and for generations to come. 

Page 29 of 34 
1 National Center for State Courts, State court leaders strive to improve guardianship and conservatorship oversight, Backgrounder, Nov. 30, 

2016, at https://www.ncsc.org/Newsroom/Backgrounder/2016/Guardianship.aspx. 

2 Although guardians may also be appointed to care for minors, those relationships are outside the scope of this report. 

3 Fred Bayles, "Guardians of the Elderly: An Ailing System Part I: Declared 'Legally Dead' by a Troubled System,'' Assoc1ATED PRESS (September 19, 

1987). 

4 Rachel Aviv, "How the Elderly Lose Their Rights,'' NEW YORKER, Oct. 9, 2017, at https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017 /10/09/how-theelderly-lose-their-rights. 

5 Joseph Neff, They Did 30 Years for Someone Else's Crime. Then Paid for It, NEW YORK TIMES, Apr. 7, 2018, at 

https://www .nytimes.com/2018/04/07 /us/mccollum-brown-exoneration .htm I. 

6 Frank Johns, "A Modern History of Guardianship Law,'' in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT GUARDIANSHIP, ed. Kimberly Dayton, 2014), pp. 17-

18. See also Winsor C. Schmidt, Pamela B. Teaster, Marta Mendiondo, Jennifer Marcum, Tenzin Wangmo, "Program and Ward Characteristics 

and Cost Savings of Public Guardianship: An Evaluation of the Florida Public Guardianship Program,'' University of Florida Journal of Law and 

Public Policy, no. 28 (2017), pp. 329, 342-43 (citing Peter Hostman, "Protective Services for the Elderly: The Limits of Parens Patriae," Missouri 

Law Review, no. 40 (1975), pp. 215, 221). 

7 Frank Johns, "A Modern History of Guardianship Law," in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT GUARDIANSHIP, ed. Kimberly Dayton (2014), pp. 17-

18. 

8 Ibid. 

9 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGC0PAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 

10 Uniform Law Commission, Uniform Probate Code Article 5, 1969. 

11 Fred Bayles, "Guardians of the Elderly: An Ailing System Part I: Declared 'Legally Dead' by a Troubled System," ASSOCIATED PRESS (September 

19, 1987). 

12 Frank Johns, "A Modern History of Guardianship Law,'' in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT GUARDIANSHIP, ed. Kimberly Dayton (2014), pp. 

17-18.; National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. See also Fred Balyes, "Guardians of the Elderly: An Ailing System 

Part I: Declared 'Legally Dead' by a Troubled System," ASSOCIATED PRESS (Sept. 19, 1987), in Human Resources Committee, Abuses in 

Guardianship of the Elderly and Infirm: A National Disgrace, Print 100-639 (Dec. 1987). 

13 U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF SENIORS WITH 

REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) p. 4. 

14 See National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective 

Arrangements Act," 2017, at 

http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGCOPAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 

15 These conferences were convened by members of the National Guardianship Network and partner organizations to set national standards for 

guardianship, develop .standards of practice, and promote rules that would protect the interests of individuals under guardianship. For more 

information, see National Center for State Courts Center for Elders and the Courts; "Guardianship Reform Efforts,'' at 

http://www.eldersandcourts.org/Guardianship/Guardianship-Material-For-Right-Rail-Menu-for-Guardianship/GuardianshipBasics/Guardianship-Reform-Efforts.aspx. 

16 Ibid. 

17 Uniform Law Commission, A SUMMARY, THE UNIFORM GUARDIANSHIP, CONSERVATORSHIP, AND OTHER PROTECTIVE ARRANGEMENTS ACT (2017), at 

http://www. uniform laws. org/he r. a spx ?title=G ua rd ia n ship. %20Co nservato rs hip, %20a n d %200the r%20Protective%20Arra ngements 

%20Act. 

18 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGC0PAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 

National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGC0PAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 20 See generally U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF 

SENIORS WITH REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) pp. 8-10; Naomi Karp, AARP Public Policy Institute and 

Erica Wood, American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging, GUARDING THE GUARDIANS: PROMISING PRACTICES FOR COURT MONITORING (2007), 

AARP Public Policy Institute, p. 6, and sources cited therein. 

21 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 9. 

22 Uniform Law Commission, The Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements Act (2017), Summary, at 

http://www.eldersandcourts.org/Guardianship/Guardianship-Basics.aspx. 

22 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act,'' 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGCOPAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 

%20Act. 

23 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 9. 

24 See 18-A MRSA 5-303{a). The plan must be filed at least 10 days before the hearing. See 18-A MRSA 5-303(d). 25 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 9. 

26 Ibid. 

27 Naomi Karp, AARP Public Policy Institute and Erica Wood, American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging, GUARDING THE GUARDIANS: 

PROMISING PRACTICES FOR COURT MONITORING (2007), AARP Public Policy Institute, p. 10. 

Page 30 of 34 
28 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 24. 

29 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 59. 

30Ibid. 

31 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Guardianships: Collaboration Needed to Protect Incapacitated Elderly People, GA0-04-655, July 2004, 

at https://www,gao.gov/assets/250/243297.pdf. 

32 U.S. Administration for Community Living; "Elder justice Innovation Grants," Sept. 12, 2018, at https://www.acl.gov/programs/elderjustice/elder-justice-innovation-grants-O. 

33 U.S. Administration for Community Living, National Adult Maltreatment Reporting System; "What is NAMRS?" at https://namrs.acl.gov/. 

34 Congress.gov; "S.178-Elder Abuse Prevention and Prosecution Act," Oct.18, 2017, at https://www.congress.gov/bill/115thcongress/senate-bill/178. 

35 U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF SENIORS WITH 

REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) p. 7. 

36 See Marguerite Angelari, "Adult Guardianship: Protecting the Elderly or Shielding Abusers," Public Interest Law Reporter, vol. 8 (2003), pp. 6-7 

(citing Center for Social Gerontology, "Findings and Recommendations," National Study of Guardianship Systems, (1994), p. 98). 

37 See U.S. Government Accountability Office, Cases of Financial Exploitation, Neglect, and Abuse of Seniors, GA0-10-1046, September 2010, at 

https://www.gao.gov/assets/320/310749.pdf. 

38 Fred Bayles, "Guardians of the Elderly: An Ailing System Part I: Declared 'Legally Dead' by a Troubled System," ASSOCIATED PRESS (September 

19, 1987). 

39 See U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF SENIORS WITH 

REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) p. 14. 

40 U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Broken Trust: Combating Financial Exploitation of Vulnerable Seniors, 114th Cong., 1st sess., 

at https://www.aging.senate.gov/hearings/broken-trust combating-financial-exploitation-of-vulnerable-seniors. and Serge F. Kovaleski, "Mrs. 

Astor's Son to Give Up Control of Her Estate," New York Times. October 14, 2006, at 

https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/14/nyregion/14astor.htm1 

41 Rachel Aviv. "How the Elderly Lose Their Rights," NEW YORKER, Oct. 9, 2017, at https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017 /10/09/how-thee Id erly-I ose-t heir -rights. 

42 Darcy Spears, "Four Indicted in Unprecedented Guardianship Abuse Case, KTNV. Apr. 17. 2017, at https://www.ktnv.com/news/contact13/four-indicted-in-unprecedented-guardianship-abuse-case 

43 See generally U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF 

SENIORS WITH REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) p. 14, Naomi Karp, AARP Public Policy Institute and Erica 

Wood, American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging, GUARDING THE GUARDIANS: PROMISING PRACTICES FOR COURT MONITORING (2007), 

AARP Public Policy Institute, p. 10, and sources cited therein. 

44 U.S. Congress, Sen. Gordon H. Smith and Sen. Herb Kohl, GUARDIANSHIP FOR THE ELDERLY: PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF SENIORS WITH 

REDUCED CAPACITY, POSITION PAPER, 110th Cong. (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007) p. 14. 

45 National Center for State Courts Center for Elders and the Courts; "Guardianship Reform Efforts," at 

http://www.eldersandcourts.org/Guardianship/Guardianship-Material-For-Right-Rail-Menu-for-Guardianship/GuardianshipBasics/Guardianship-Reform-Efforts.aspx 

46 Erica Wood, "Guardian Accountability: Key Questions and Promising Practices," in COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT GUARDIANSHIP, ed. 

Kimberly Dayton (2014) pp. 313-314. 

47 Letter from American Bar Association, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018, p. 7. 

48 Letter from Maryland Department of Human Resources, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 10, 2018. 

49 In its comments to the Committee, the Michigan Elder Justice Initiative specifically noted "In Michigan, there are no requirements for 

certification, licensure, education, or training of professional guardians for adults." Michigan letter, Jul. 20, 2018. 50 Letter from David Slayton, executive director of the Texas Judicial Council, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 51 AARP letter. Also, Naomi Karp, AARP Public Policy Institute and Erica Wood, American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging, 

GUARDING THE GUARDIANS: PROMISING PRACTICES FOR COURT MONITORING (2007), AARP Public Policy Institute, p. 14. 52 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGC0PAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 53 Letter from Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor, President of Conference of Chief Justices and Callie T. Dietz, President of the Conference of 

State Court Administrators, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 17, 2018. 54 Letter from Conferences of Chief Justices and State Court Administrators, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 18, 2018. 55 Letter from Maine Legal Services for the Elderly, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 56 Letter from Michael Hagen lock, Chief of the Montana Adult Protective Services Bureau, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 12, 2018. 

57 Letter from Conferences of Chief Justices and State Court Administrators, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018, letter 

from David Slayton, executive director of the Texas Judicial Council, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 58 Arian Campo-Flores and Ashby Jones, "Abuse Plagues System of Legal Guardians for Adults," Wall Street Journal., October 30, 2015, at 

https://www.wsj.com/a rticles/abuse-plagues-system-of-legal-guardia ns-for-adu lts-1446225524 ( citing Administrative Conference of the U.S.). 59 Letter from National Guardianship Association. to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 19, 2018. 60 Letter from Sam Sugar, Americans Against Abusive Probate Guardianship, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jun. 24, 2018. 61 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 8. 

62 Ibid. 

Page 31 of 34 
63 Letter from American Bar Association, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018 

64 Ibid. 

65 National Guardianship Association and American Bar Association, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF GUARDIANSHIP: WHAT EVERY GUARDIAN SHOULD KNOW 

(American Bar Association, 2017), p. 8. 

66 Letter from Nevada Department of Health and Human Services, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 

67 Testimony of Texas Judicial Council Executive Director David Slayton, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse of Power: 

Exploitation of Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, available at 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Slayton 04 18 18.pdf. 

68 Letter from American Bar Association, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 

69 Letter from Carleton Coleman, President of the National Guardianship Association, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 20, 2018, at https://www.guardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Special-Committee-on-Aging.pdf. 

70 Letter from Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor, President of Conference of Chief Justices and Callie T. Dietz, President of the Conference of 

State Court Administrators, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 17, 2018. 

71 Ibid. 

72 Letter from David Slayton, executive director of the Texas Judicial Council, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 

73 Ibid. 

74 Letter from Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor, President of Conference of Chief Justices and Callie T. Dietz, President of the Conference of 

State Court Administrators, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 17, 2018. 

75 Ibid. 

76 S.2155 - Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, Section 303, Public Law No: 115-174. 

77 Letter from David Slayton, executive director of the Texas Judicial Council, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 

78 Testimony of Texas Judicial Council Executive Director David Slayton, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse of Power: 

Exploitation of Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, available at 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Slayton 04 18 18.pdf. 

79 Letter from National Guardianship Association, to U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 20, 2018. 

80 Ibid. 

81 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 

82 Letter from Carleton Coleman, President of the National Guardianship Association, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 20, 2018, at https://www.guardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Special-Committee-on-Aging.pdf. 

83 University of Louisville School of Medicine, Third National Guardianship Summit: Standards and Recommendations, at http://www.napsanow.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/307. pdf. 

84 National Center for State Courts, Center for Elders and the Courts; "Establishment: Use of Less Restrictive Alternatives," at 

http://www.eldersandcourts.org/Guardianship/Guardianship-Material-For-Right-Rail-Menu-for-Guardianship/Establishment-ofGuardianships/Use-of-Less-Restrictive-Alternatives.aspx. 

85 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 

86 Letter from Chief Justice Maureen O'Connor, President of Conference of Chief Justices and Callie T. Dietz, President of the Conference of 

State Court Administrators, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 17, 2018. 

87 Letter from Abby Cox, Director of the Georgia Department of Human Services Division of Aging Services, to the United States Senate Special 

Committee on Aging, July 16, 2018. 

88 American Bar Association, "PRACTICAL Tool for Lawyers: Steps in Supporting Decision-Making," 2016, at 

https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law aging/PRACTICALGuide.authcheckdam.pdf. 

89 Ibid. 

90 Erica Wood et al., Restoration of Rights in Adult Guardianship: Research and Recommendations, ABA Commission on Law and Aging, 2017 at 

https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law aging/restoration%20report.authcheckdam.pdf. 91 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 92 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGCOPAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 93 Letter from Tom Berry, former Maine Probate Judge, to the U.S. Special Committee on Aging, Jul. 17, 2018. 94 Autistic Self Advocacy Network, "Part 2: Supported Decision-Making," The Right to Make Choices: International Laws and Decision-Making by 

People with Disabilities, at http://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Easy-Read-OSF-2-Supported-Decision-Making-v3.pdf. 95 U.S. Administration for Community Living, "Supported Decision Making Program," August 30, 2017, at 

https://www.acl.gov/programs/consumer-control/supported-decision-making-program. 

96 David Godfrey, Overview of Guardianship and Alternatives to Guardianship, National Center on Law & Elder Rights, July 10, 2018, at 

https://ncler.acl.gov/Files/Guardianship-and-Alternatives.aspx. 

97 Ibid. 

98 Ibid. 

99 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives Thot Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 100 Ibid. 

101 Erica Wood et al., Restoration of Rights in Adult Guardianship: Research and Recommendations, ABA Commission on Law and Aging, 2017, at 

https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law aging/restoration%20report.authcheckdam.pdf. 

Page 32 of 34 
102 Letter from Denise Flannigan, Aging Care Management Supervisor Guardianship Unit of the Westmoreland County Area Agency on Aging, to 

the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

103 Rebekah Diller, "Legal Capacity for All: Including Older Persons in the Shift from Adult Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making, Fordham 

Urban Law Journal, 2016, at https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2657&context=ulj. 

104 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 

105 Letter from Michael Amoruso, President of the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 20, 2018. 

106 Rebekah Diller, "Legal Capacity for All: Including Older Persons in the Shift from Adult Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making, Fordham 

Urban Law Journal, 2016, at https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2657&context=ulj. 

107 Testimony of Associate Dean at Syracuse University College of Law, Nina Kohn, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse 

of Power: Exploitation of Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, at 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Kohn 04 18 18.pdf. 

108 Erica Wood et al., Restoration of Rights in Adult Guardianship: Research and Recommendations, ABA Commission on Law and Aging, 2017 at 

https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law aging/restoration%20report.authcheckdam.pdf. 

109 Ibid. 

110 National Council on Disability, Beyond Guardianship: Toward Alternatives That Promote Greater Self-Determination, March 22, 2018, at 

https://ncd.gov/sites/default/files/NCD Guardianship Report Accessible.pdf. 

111 Ibid. 

112 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, "Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship, and Other Protective Arrangements 

Act," 2017, at http://www.uniformlaws.org/shared/docs/Guardianship%20and%20Protective%20Proceedings/UGC0PAA Final 2018aug28.pdf. 

113Ibid. 

114 Testimony of Associate Dean at Syracuse University College of Law, Nina Kohn, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse 

of Power: Exploitation of Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, at 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Kohn 04 18 18.pdf. 

115 Letter from Michael Amoruso, President of the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 20, 2018. 

116 Rebekah Diller, "Legal Capacity for All: Including Older Persons in the Shift from Adult Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making, Fordham 

Urban Law Journal, 2016, at https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2657&context=ulj. 

117 American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging, State Adult Guardianship Summary: Directions of Reform -2017, 2017, at 

https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law aging/2017 legislative summary fnl.authcheckdam.pdf. 

118 Ibid. 

119 LegiScan; "South Carolina Senate Bill 415;" May 31, 2017, at https://legiscan.com/SC/bill/S0415/2017. 

120 18-A MRSA 5-304. 

121 Many commenters called for increased attention for limited guardianships and other protective arrangements that provide greater 

autonomy and due process protections for the individual; these are discussed in more detail in the next chapter. See Cumberland County, 

Maine; CumberlandCounty.org; "Adjudication of Incapacity and Appointment of Guardian For Incapacitated Person;" at 

https://www.cumberlandcounty.org/DocumentCenterNiew/931/PP-204-Adjudication-of-lncapacity-and-Appointment-of-Guardian-forlncapacitated-Person?. 

122 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Elder Abuse: The Extent of Abuse by Guardians Is Unknown, but Some Measures Exist to Help Protect 

Older Adults, GA0-17-33, November 2016, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681088.pdf. 

123 Letter from Holly O'Grady Cook, Principal Deputy Director of the American Bar Association's Government Affairs Office, to the United States 

Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

124 National Center for State Courts, Center for Elders and the Courts, Adult Guardianship Court Data and Issues Results from an Online Survey, 

March 2, 2010, at http://aja.ncsc.dni.us/pdfs/GuardianshipSurveyReport FINAL.pdf. 

125 Ibid. 

126 Ibid. 

127 Letter from Holly O'Grady Cook, Principal Deputy Director of the American Bar Association's Government Affairs Office, to the United States 

Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

128 Letter from Carleton Coleman, President of the National Guardianship Association, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 20, 2018, at https://www.guardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Special-Committee-on-Aging.pdf. 129 Letter from Diane Menio, Executive Director for the Center for Advocacy for the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, to the United States 

Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 18, 2018. 

130 U.S. Government Accountability Office, Elder Abuse: The Extent of Abuse by Guardians Is Unknown, but Some Measures Exist to Help Protect 

Older Adults, GA0-17-33, November 2016, at https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681088.pdf. 

131 Ibid. 

132 Arian Campo-Flores and Ashby Jones, "Abuse Plagues System of Legal Guardians for Adults," The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 30, 2015, at 

https: // www. ws j .com/ articles/ a bu se-p lag ues-syste m-of-lega I-gu a rd ia n s-for -ad u lts-1446225 5 24. 

133 Letter from Michael Amoruso, President of the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 20, 2018. 

134 Letter from Wanda Willis, Executive Director of the Tennessee Council on Developmental Disabilities, to the United States Senate Special 

Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

135 Letter from Michael Hagen lock, Chief of the Montana Adult Protective Services Bureau, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 12, 2018. 

Page 33 of 34 
136 Letter from Abby Cox, Director of the Georgia Department of Human Services Division of Aging Services, to the United States Senate Special 

Committee on Aging, July 16, 2018. 

137 Letter from Judge Paula Francisco Ott, Chair of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Advisory Council on Elder Justice in the Courts, to the United 

States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

138 Letter from Carleton Coleman, President of the National Guardianship Association, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 20, 2018, at https://www.guardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Special-Committee-on-Aging.pdf. 

139 Letter from Heather Strickland, Assistant Special Agent in Charge of the Georgia Bureau of Investigations' Crimes Against the Disabled and 

Elderly, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 2, 2018. 

140 Letter from Judy B. Taylor, Administrator of the Idaho Commission on Aging, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 16, 2018. 

141 Ibid. 

142 Letter from Judge Paula Francisco Ott, Chair of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court Advisory Council on Elder Justice in the Courts, to the United 

States Senate Special Committee on Aging, July 20, 2018. 

143 Administration for Community Living, National Adult Maltreatment Reporting System, "What is NAMRS?" available at https://namrs.acl.gov/. 

144 Ibid. 

145 National Center on Elder Abuse, "What We Do," https://ncea.acl.gov/whatwedo/index.html. 

146 Testimony of Cathy Boyko, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Trust Betrayed: Financial Abuse of Older Americans by 

Guardians and Others in Power, hearing, 114th Cong., 2nd sess., Nov. 30, 2016, 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Boyko 11 30 16.pdf. 

147 Ibid. 

148 Testimony of Texas Judicial Council Executive Director David Slayton, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse of Power: 

Exploitation of Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Slayton 04 18 18.pdf. 

149 Supreme Court of Nevada, Administrative Office of the Courts, "Overview of the Guardianship Compliance Office," at 

https://nvcourts.gov/AOC/Programs and Services/Guardianship Compliance/Overview/. 

150 Letter from Maria Dispenziere, Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the Pennsylvania Department of Aging, to the United States Senate 

Special Committee on Aging, July 23, 2018. 151 Letter from Carleton Coleman, President of the National Guardianship Association, to the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, 

July 20, 2018, https://www.guardianship.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Special-Committee-on-Aging.pdf. 

152 Ibid. 

153 Letter from Kristen S. Laface, CEO of the Indiana Association of Area Agencies on Aging, to the United States Senate Special Committee on 

Aging, July 20, 2018. 

154 Testimony of Virginia Tech Professor Pamela Teaster, in U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Abuse of Power: Exploitation of 

Older Americans by Guardians and Others They Trust, hearing, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., April 18, 2018, 

https://www.aging.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/SCA Teaster 04 18 18.pdf. 

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