COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Millette 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

HSIU TSAI 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 1508-07-4 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK 

APRIL 22, 2008 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Arthur B. Vieregg, Judge 

 Andrew T. Elders, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public 

Defender, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General II (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Hsiu Tsai, appellant, was convicted, by a jury, of disobeying the terms of a protective order 

issued pursuant to Code § 16.1-279.1, a Class 1 misdemeanor in violation of Code § 16.1-253.2. 

On appeal, she challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending the evidence failed to prove 

that she had notice of the terms of the protective order. For the reasons stated, we reverse the 

conviction. 

BACKGROUND1

 The Loudoun County Juvenile & Domestic Relations District Court issued a permanent 

protective order pursuant to Code § 16.1-279.1 in favor of Chen Chen against his wife, appellant. 

Appellant appealed that order to Loudoun County Circuit Court. Appellant was present when the 

court conducted a hearing on February 13, 2004. No transcript of the February 13, 2004 hearing 

 1

 The underlying facts are provided by a Statement of Facts in lieu of a transcript, 

pursuant to Rule 5A:8. 
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was offered into evidence at appellant’s violation trial. Nothing in the record indicates what 

pronouncements the trial court made at that hearing. 

 Memorializing the February 13, 2004 hearing, the Loudoun County Circuit Court entered a 

written protective order on June 16, 2004 stating in part: 

ORDERED that the [appellant] shall have no further contact with 

[Chen Chen] without any exception; and it is further 

ORDERED that the [appellant] shall not go within 1⁄4 mile of 

[Chen Chen’s] residence . . . . 

 The order was endorsed by counsel for Mr. Chen and endorsed “Seen and Agreed as to 

form” by Edward J. Regan. The order did not state that Regan represented appellant nor was 

there any violation trial testimony to that effect. 

 Mr. Chen, at the violation trial, testified that on February 12, 2005, appellant came to his 

residence in Fairfax County and repeatedly knocked on his door. After ten to fifteen minutes had 

passed, Mr. Chen called the police. When the police arrived, appellant was sitting in a car 

parked in Mr. Chen’s driveway. Appellant was then arrested for violating the protective order. 

 Appellant moved to strike the evidence on the ground that the Commonwealth failed to 

prove she had knowledge of the terms of the protective order. 

 Among other instructions, the jury was instructed it must find appellant “knew the terms 

of the protective order.” The jury found appellant guilty of violating the protective order. 

 This appeal follows. 

ANALYSIS

 On appeal, appellant contends that because the evidence failed to prove she had notice of 

the terms of the protective order, her conviction should be reversed.2

 2

 Appellant does not contest her presence at Chen’s home. 
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 Our standard of review is well settled. When considering the sufficiency of the evidence 

on appeal, ‘“[t]he jury’s verdict will not be disturbed . . . unless it is plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.’” Clark v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 406, 410, 517 S.E.2d 260, 261 

(1999) (quoting Traverso v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 172, 176, 366 S.E.2d 719, 721 (1988)). 

 A reviewing court does not “‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial 

established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Stevens v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 234, 

249, 616 S.E.2d 754, 761 (2005) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 

(1979)) (emphasis in original), aff’d, 272 Va. 481, 634 S.E.2d 305 (2006). We ask only whether 

“‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 

444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). “‘This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the 

trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw 

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257-58, 584 

S.E.2d at 447 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). Thus, we do not “substitute our judgment for 

that of the trier of fact” even if our opinion were to differ. Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 

Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). 

 When a jury decides the case, Code § 8.01-680 requires that we review the jury’s 

decision to see if reasonable jurors could have made the choices that the jury did make. Pease v. 

Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 342, 355, 573 S.E.2d 272, 278 (2002) (en banc). “We let the 

decision stand unless we conclude no rational juror could have reached that decision.” Id. 

 The sole question on appeal is whether the evidence was sufficient to prove appellant had 

knowledge of the terms of the protective order. The jury was instructed that an element of the 

offense was appellant’s knowledge of the terms of the protective order. “A jury is presumed to 

have followed the instructions of the trial court.” Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 
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524, 619 S.E.2d 16, 58 (2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1136 (2006). In order for the jury to find 

appellant guilty of violating the protective order, it necessarily found that appellant had 

knowledge of the terms of that order. Our inquiry, based on our standard of review, is whether 

evidence supports the jury’s factual finding of appellant’s knowledge. We find that it does not. 

 In her brief, appellant acknowledges that if appellant had actual notice of the order, the 

failure to serve the protective order on her is not fatal.3 However, she contends the 

Commonwealth failed to prove notice of any kind. We agree with appellant. 

We acknowledge that appellant had notice of the hearing in Loudoun County Circuit 

Court, and in fact, attended the hearing. However, the Commonwealth presented no evidence of 

what action the court took at that time concerning the entry of the protective order. The 

Commonwealth never made the underlying record from Loudoun County Circuit Court a part of 

its case-in-chief at the violation hearing. From this record it is impossible to determine, without 

engaging in speculation, what occurred at the Loudoun County hearing on February 13, 2004. 

See Bibb v. Commonwealth, 212 Va. 249, 183 S.E.2d 732 (1971) (holding that defendant who 

had attended a hearing regarding driving on a suspended license, but was unaware of the 

hearing’s outcome, lacked the required notice for conviction of driving with a suspended 

license). Moreover, while there is evidence that Mr. Chen testified as to other incidents of the 

February 13 hearing, he never testified that Judge Horne verbally ordered appellant to have no 

further contact with him. In short, the record is void as to any ruling the court made from the 

bench on February 13, 2004. To find that the Loudoun County Circuit Court verbally prohibited 

appellant from contact with Mr. Chen is to engage in unauthorized speculation of the facts, and 

we decline to do so. 

 3

 Code § 16.1-279.1(B) requires the protective order be served on the respondent. 
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In addition, the order itself bears no indication of service upon appellant. On brief, the 

Commonwealth argued that the protective order was endorsed by “Edward J. Regan, Esquire” 

and that notice to counsel was sufficient notice to appellant. Assuming without deciding that 

Mr. Regan was appellant’s counsel at the Loudoun County hearing, we cannot conclude, based 

upon the facts of this record, that the jury inferred notice to appellant based upon notice to her 

lawyer. The Supreme Court of Virginia has held that 

“in order to punish a person for contempt for violation of an order, 

judgment, or decree, it must appear that such order, judgment, or 

decree has been personally served on the one charged, or that he 

has had actual notice of the making of such order or rendition of 

such judgment or decree.” 

Calamos v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 397, 403, 35 S.E.2d 397, 399 (1945) (quoting Kidd v. 

Virginia Safe Deposit & Trust Corp., 113 Va. 612, 615, 75 S.E. 145, 146 (1912)) (emphasis 

added).4 Clearly, notice to a third party is neither personal service nor actual notice for contempt 

purposes. Moreover, there is no evidence that Attorney Regan communicated the terms of the 

protective order to appellant. 

 The Commonwealth next argues that because there is a presumption that public officials 

will perform their duties in accordance with law, this presumption establishes that the Clerk of 

Loudoun County Circuit Court timely ensured service of the protective order.5

 The 

Commonwealth contends that because Code § 16.1-297.1 requires that “[a] copy of the 

protective order shall be served on the respondent and provided to the petitioner as soon as 

possible,” the jury could presume that such action was taken by the clerk and that appellant 

 4

 While Code § 16.1-253.2 establishes that violation of a protective order, under these 

facts, is a Class 1 misdemeanor, a violation of a protective order is contempt of court pursuant to 

Code § 16.1-253.2 and we review contempt cases to determine appropriate notice. 

5

 “In the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, courts may presume that public 

officers have properly discharged their official duties.” Robertson v. Commonwealth, 12 

Va. App. 854, 856-57, 406 S.E.2d 417, 418 (1991). 
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received proper legal notice. However, we find nothing in the record to show that the jury was 

so instructed. Whereas the trial judge is presumed to know the law and apply it correctly to each 

case, Starks v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 48, 54, 301 S.E.2d 152, 156 (1983), the purpose of a 

jury instruction is to inform the jury of the law and to guide their deliberations and verdict. 

Morgan v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 120, 132, 646 S.E.2d 899, 905 (2007). A jury can only 

rely upon law provided to them in the jury instructions given by the trial court. Thus, we 

conclude that absent the instruction that public officers are presumed to have properly discharged 

their official duties, the jury was not entitled to presume that the Clerk of Court properly served 

appellant with notice of the protective order.6

 

CONCLUSION

Upon the facts presented before us, we cannot conclude that the Commonwealth 

sufficiently proved that appellant had actual notice of the issuance of the protective order against 

her. Therefore, appellant’s conviction is reversed and the warrant is dismissed. 

Reversed and dismissed.

 6

 We express no opinion as to whether this Court would affirm the conviction had the 

trial court given a jury instruction on the presumption that public officers have properly 

discharged their official duties.