If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

ESTATE OF PAUL M. BYRNES, by KRISTEN 

D. SEEGERT, Personal Representative, and PAUL 

M. BYRNES M.D., P.C.,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

UNPUBLISHED

September 5, 2019

v No. 343324

Lenawee Circuit Court

PROMEDICA HEALTH SYSTEMS, INC. and 

LISA LEADER,

LC No. 15-005447-CZ

Defendants-Appellants.

Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SAWYER and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendants ProMedica Health Systems, Inc. (“ProMedica”), and Lisa Leader appeal as of 

right a December 13, 2017 judgment for approximately $1.8 million entered in favor of the late1

plaintiff Dr. Paul M. Byrnes and plaintiff Paul M. Byrnes, M.D., P.C., following a jury trial. For 

reasons explained more fully below, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

This case arises out of the suspension of Dr. Byrnes’s privileges to practice medicine at 

ProMedica Bixby Hospital in Adrian, Michigan (“the hospital”), which is owned by defendant 

ProMedica. Dr. Byrnes was 63 years old at the time of trial. Before his privileges to practice at 

the hospital were revoked, he had practiced as an independent obstetrician and gynecologist for 

 1 Dr. Byrnes died during the pendency of this appeal, after which this Court granted plaintiffs’ 

motion to substitute the personal representative of Byrnes’s estate in his stead. Byrnes v 

ProMedica Health Systems Inc, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 20, 

2019 (Docket No. 343324).
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more than 30 years, and he testified that he had planned to continue doing so as long as he was 

physically able. He feared that if he retired, his “wife would go nuts if [he] was at home all the 

time.” Also, other than his wife, Dr. Byrnes’s great “love[]” in life was his work—delivering 

babies, in particular. According to him, of the six practicing obstetricians in the county where 

the hospital was located, only the county’s two “independent” obstetricians—Dr. Byrnes and 

“Dr. Smith”—would treat Medicaid patients. The county’s other obstetricians, who were all 

ProMedica employees (i.e., not merely doctors with privileges to practice at the hospital), 

refused to “see” such patients because “[t]hey don’t pay as well,” are “more work,” and “there’s 

more liability.”

Dr. Byrnes knew that he could come across as bad-tempered. At trial, he relayed an 

incident that occurred on July 3, 2014, when he had agreed to cover for another obstetrician, 

even though he had been up until the small hours of the morning delivering a baby. He was not 

supposed to begin covering for the other doctor until around 4:00 or 5:00 p.m., but was called in 

around 11:00 or 11:30 a.m. for three patients who were preparing to give birth. One of those 

patients, who was “completely dilated” and ready to deliver, was only 20 weeks pregnant, with 

the baby far too premature to be viable. As Dr. Byrnes put it, in such circumstances “the 

neonatologist won’t come, no need to, we don’t do resuscitations on 20-week babies. The baby’s 

eyes were still fused.”

As Dr. Byrnes dealt with the two active labors, a third patient in active labor arrived, 

leaving the obstetrics staff “pretty busy.” While Dr. Byrnes was trying to attend to his other 

patients, a nurse asked him to go speak with “some friends” of the “20-week pregnancy,” who 

wondered why the hospital was not “sending [the patient] to Toledo.” After Dr. Byrnes spoke 

with the friends, he went to attend to another patient, but a nurse informed him that “two other 

friends” of the woman in premature labor had arrived and were being “quite belligerent” about 

the decision not to send the woman to Toledo. One of these “friends” informed Dr. Byrnes that 

her 25-week-old child had been delivered in Toledo, and Dr. Byrnes “tried to explain to that 

young lady that there’s a big difference between 25 weeks and 20 weeks.” As the heated 

discussion continued, Dr. Byrnes admitted that he “rudely” asked the woman how long her 25-

week-old infant had lived, and she answered, “28 days.” The friend “wasn’t happy” with Dr. 

Byrnes at the time, but later that evening she came and “apologized” to him.

Not long after this incident, in early August 2014, Dr. Byrnes’s wife suffered a lifethreatening aneurysm. She was taken to the University of Michigan Hospital, where she would 

remain for approximately four weeks. On August 17, 2014, Dr. Byrnes’s wife underwent a 12-

hour brain surgery to repair her cerebral aneurysm. After about four weeks of inpatient hospital 

treatment, Dr. Byrnes’s wife was discharged and sent to a nursing facility. At that time, “the 

bill” for her treatment was $560,000. She did well at the nursing facility “for a couple of 

weeks,” but then “she started to deteriorate,” ultimately suffering “a massive stroke” on October 

17, 2014, which left her completely paralyzed on one side.

On August 18, 2014, the day after Dr. Byrnes’s wife underwent brain surgery, the 

hospital’s chief of staff, Dr. Alan Snider, sent Dr. Byrnes correspondence informing him that the 

“Disruptive Practitioner Committee (DPC)” had assessed him a “Minor with Merit” reprimand 

because of “unprofessional behavior on several different occasions on the OB Unit in July and 
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August 2014.” Among other things, the DPC recommended that Dr. Byrnes “seek anger 

management counseling,” “meet with” Dr. Snider “on a monthly basis to review progress and 

concerns,” and participate in presenting continuing education lectures to “the OB nursing staff.” 

However, the correspondence made clear that because it did not impose any “disciplinary” 

action, Dr. Byrnes was under no compunction to follow its recommendations. Moreover, a 

hospital employee informed Dr. Byrnes that, in light of his wife’s condition, “they were going to 

postpone [his] disciplinary action” for an unspecified period. He was later informed that the 

hospital’s Medical Executive Committee (MEC) would “readdress” the issue at its regular 

scheduled meeting on January 14, 2015.

Dr. Byrnes testified that it was important to him to continue working after his wife fell ill 

because it distracted from his worries about her. For that reason, he had asked other hospital 

staff to refrain from repeatedly asking about her condition. Nevertheless, some of the doctors 

did so, including Dr. Suzy Lutz. On the evening in question, Dr. Lutz began asking Dr. Byrnes 

“20 questions on how [his] wife was doing.” Dr. Byrnes “asked her, please let’s not talk about 

this,” and when she “wouldn’t let it go,” he “got angry” and left the medical lounge. Dr. Lutz 

followed him and continued to pose questions, asking whether his wife was able to speak. When 

Dr. Byrnes answered that she was not, Dr. Lutz asked, “[H]ow do you communicate with her? 

And that’s when [Dr. Byrnes] got mad.” He “started yelling” and “told her, look, I asked you 

four times to not discuss my wife[.]” Dr. Byrnes subsequently apologized, as did Dr. Lutz, who 

sent him take-out food later that week.

Several nurses testified that they noticed changes in Dr. Byrnes’s demeanor at work that 

autumn. According to Nurse Jocelyn Gossman, he simply “wasn’t himself[.]” “He had personal 

issues going on and his behavior at work became just difficult to deal with sometimes. He was 

louder than normal” and “wasn’t always the easiest person to work with at that time.” Gossman 

said that during this timeframe, nurses would sometimes refrain from calling Dr. Byrnes about 

patients, fearing his mercurial temperament, and she felt that this negatively affected the morale 

of the nursing staff. Also, Gossman “personally didn’t always agree with the way” that Dr. 

Byrnes treated patients during this timeframe, although she could not recall a specific instance.

Similarly, the unit manager of the OB nursing department, Angela Dawn Ford, indicated 

that during the autumn of 2014, Dr. Byrnes “just seemed a little more on edge” and “really kind 

of wound up.” He “would kind of have an outburst about something and” the nurses would “see 

him kind of pacing back and forth[.]” He also “definitely” displayed “more anger,” less of a 

sense of humor, was “more aggressive in his language,” and had trouble moderating his volume. 

At some point that fall, Ford recalled a “very loud” disagreement that occurred between Dr. 

Byrnes and a patient. Although Ford was “not sure on the details,” she recalled that there was 

“yelling,” “a lot of colorful language,” “a lot of emotion,” and that the patient and the patient’s 

family were “upset” afterward.

Nurse Coralia “Corie” , who is a friend of Gossman’s outside of work, admitted that she 

and Dr. Byrnes were not “getting--g along very well” in the months preceding the incidents at 
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issue in this case.2 Indeed, a few weeks before the initial suspension of Dr. Byrnes’s privileges, 

he asked that Walworth not be assigned to assist with any of his patients. Walworth testified that 

it seemed as if Dr. Byrnes had been going through “an emotional unraveling[.]” Walworth 

testified that on December 31, 2014, the same evening Dr. Byrnes became upset with Dr. Lutz, 

she was in a patient’s room when Gossman knocked on the door and asked to speak with 

Walworth. When Walworth stepped out, Gossman said, “I want you to stay away from the 

nurse’s station. Don’t come out.” Walworth gave her a quizzical look, and Gossman continued, 

“Dr. Byrnes is coming to the unit and I don’t want him to hurt you or kill you.” Gossman 

explained, “No, really, I just—I don’t want there to be a problem. I don’t want you to be 

harmed.”3

On the evening of January 13, 2015, a nurse staff meeting was held, which was attended 

by about half (16 out of 31) of the obstetrics nurses. At approximately 12:16 a.m. on the 

morning of January 14, 2015, defendant Lisa Leader, a “nurse manager” employed at the 

hospital, sent an e-mail to the hospital’s “chief nursing officer,” Kathy Greenlee, the vice 

president of medical affairs, Dr. Raymond Gagliardi, and the chief of obstetrics, Dr. Victor 

Cherfan, in which Leader wrote:

I wanted to timely share some concerns received from the OB nurses at our staff 

meeting tonight. I did not realize the full extent of the turmoil that Dr. Byrnes is 

creating in the OB environment. He is escalating with his “ranting.” Many staff 

voiced concern for their safety when he goes into these tirades. I have nurses 

expressing fear that he is going to come in and shoot them. There are a few 

nurses that he has a particular disdain for that feel they may be targeted. 

Unbeknown to me, until tonight, on 12/31 he was ranting and raving so 

obnoxiously at the desk regarding a nurse that another one of the staff went to the 

room where this nurse was at, pulled her aside and told her not to come to the 

desk until he left as she was concerned he would kill her. I am not trying to feed 

any drama but I am worried. His behavior is tearing the unit apart & there is little 

faith from nursing that administration is fully listening. I have assured them that 

their concerns are being listened to and that he is & will be dealt with but 

unfortunately their trust has waned as they see him getting worse instead of better. 

I realize that details of any discipline may not be able to be shared but would love 

it if you could stop by the unit and acknowledge that their worries and concerns 

 2 Nurse Diana Mason-Six described Dr. Byrnes and Walworth as being “like oil and water.” 

Walworth was “a very intelligent young lady,” who “sometimes questions people,” and Dr. 

Byrnes did not care for her personality or demeanor. Despite Gossman’s admitted friendship 

with Walworth, she acknowledged that Walworth “has a history of doing things” that doctors, 

including doctors other than Dr. Byrnes, “don’t necessarily agree with[.]”

3 Gossman’s testimony concerning December 31, 2014, coincides with Walworth’s on all 

material points, except Gossman did not indicate that she ever said anything about Dr. Byrnes 

physically harming Walworth.
-5-

have been heard and are being taken seriously. I also shared with one of the 

nurses, who is particularly frightened she will be targeted, that we can bring a 

Security Guard in if necessary (Kathy – I know we had talked about this before so 

felt comfortable offering).

Thanks in advance, for listening and intervening.

Lisa

Later that morning, Dr. Gagliardi, who is a “nonvoting member” of the MEC, received 

the e-mail and forwarded it to Kathy Raines, marking its importance as “[h]igh.” Dr. Gagliardi

testified that he and the rest of the MEC viewed Leader’s e-mail as “a very serious allegation,” 

posing “an immediate emergency[.]” They “were very worried [that Dr. Byrnes] was having a 

complete breakdown” and might go “postal.” Accordingly, the MEC summarily suspended his 

privileges on the same day that Leader’s e-mail was received, but only for a limited duration of 

14 days. The suspension was pursuant to Medical Staff Bylaws, Art IX, § 3.1, which mandates 

“immediate action . . .to prevent immediate danger to life, or substantial likelihood of injury or 

damage to the health or safety” of those present at the hospital. Further, Dr. Snider, the 

hospital’s chief of staff, testified via video deposition that Leader’s e-mail “led to the various 

stream of actions that occurred after.”

Later that same day, Gagliardi and Timothy Jakacki, president of the hospital, provided 

written notification to Byrnes of his summary suspension, and that it was effective immediately. 

Gagliardi testified that in a subsequent telephone call with Dr. Byrnes, he put forth the MEC’s 

proposal that Byrnes submit to counseling, but Byrnes was “screaming” and using “bad 

language[.]” Gagliardi said he conveyed more details to Byrnes at a face-to-face meeting, 

explaining that ProMedica would arrange for a counselor who works with ProMedica employees 

to come from Toledo, Ohio, to Adrian, and would cover the cost of counseling. According to 

Gagliardi, Byrnes was “[e]xtraordinarily agitated, not just upset,” and addressed a “barrage of 

vulgarities” at Gagliardi. Although Gagliardi has “a fair amount of experience . . . dealing with 

severe emotions,” he said that Byrnes’s demeanor “scared” him. Gagliardi did not testify about 

Byrnes’s alleged conduct at the later “fair hearing,” which formed the basis for the MEC’s 

decision to permanently suspend Dr. Byrnes’s privileges.

In his account of his dealings with Gagliardi, Byrnes stressed how little specific 

information he received regarding the reason for his suspension, and that the “sticking point” 

between him and the MEC was the latter’s insistence that he take a voluntary leave of absence of 

unspecified duration. According to Dr. Byrnes’s knowledge, no other physician had ever been 

summarily suspended in this fashion for any offense. He said that when he asked why he was 

being suspended, he was informed “that the nurses were afraid for their lives.” When he asked 

which nurses were afraid, he was denied any answer. Dr. Byrnes testified that he volunteered to, 

and in fact did, go to counseling, but was informed that that was insufficient. Rather, the 

hospital wanted him to take a three- or four-month “voluntary” leave of absence, during which 

he would receive counseling. However, Dr. Byrnes stated that he knew that even after taking 

such a leave, there would be no guarantee that he would be permitted to return to work at the 

hospital, let alone within a specific timeframe. Moreover, he “couldn’t afford to take a leave of 

absence,” and thus he declined to do so. Dr. Gagliardi confirmed that he responded to Dr. 
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Byrnes’s financial concerns about the proposed leave of absence by stating, “I don’t think you 

can afford not to do this because if you don’t, they’re going to make your temporary suspension 

permanent.” Dr. Gagliardi also confirmed that no particular timeframe was ever provided 

concerning the length of the proposed leave of absence.

On January 27, 2015 (or 13 days after the hospital summarily suspended Dr. Byrnes’s 

privileges), it mailed him a notice that the MEC had “sustained the summary suspension” and 

“recommended that a professional review action be commenced[.]” Dr. Byrnes was informed 

that he was entitled to request a hearing, and he subsequently did so on February 13, 2015.

Ultimately, however, following a two-day hearing in April 2015, presided over by retired 

Ohio trial judge Richard W. Knepper, a panel of three physicians selected by the hospital 

decided that the MEC had met “its burden of establishing the basis for their [sic] action,” while 

Dr. Byrnes “did not . . . establish by clear and convincing evidence that the adverse action lacked 

any substantial basis or that such basis, or conclusions drawn therefrom were arbitrary, 

capricious or unreasonable.” The three-physician panel recommended that the MEC, “with a 

quorum, . . . meet face-to-face” with Dr. Byrnes to provide him “the opportunity to air [his] side” 

before contemplating “summary dismissal.” On the basis of “information . . . that was not 

available to” the MEC when it summarily suspended Dr. Byrnes, the hearing panel further 

recommended that he “be given a chance to remediate” with the understanding that his privileges 

would be permanently terminated if he failed to comply with the necessary conditions.

Knepper acknowledged that at the two-day hearing, Dr. Byrnes was not permitted to call 

Nurse Jamie Nichols as a witness in his favor. Moreover, according to Dr. Byrnes, he was not 

informed of the witnesses, evidence, or nature of the allegations against him “until just before” 

the hearing.

On June 11, 2015, the MEC announced its decision, accepting the panel’s “findings” but 

rejecting its recommendations, including the recommendation that Dr. Byrnes be given a chance 

for remediation. Hence, his privileges at the hospital were permanently suspended.

The original plaintiffs filed a complaint on October 28, 2015. Plaintiffs’ eventual theory 

of the case was that (1) the allegations in Leader’s e-mail were defamatory, (2) they were made 

with malice, i.e., with knowledge that they were false or with reckless disregard as to truth or 

falsity, (3) the hospital’s administration used those false allegations as a pretext to summarily 

suspend Dr. Byrnes’s privileges at the hospital, (4) they did so without reasonably investigating 

the allegations or providing Dr. Byrnes a fair opportunity to refute the allegations, (5) which 

constituted tortious interference with his business expectancies (preventing his future delivery of 

babies at the hospital), and (6) also constituted a breach of contractual obligations set forth in the 

hospital’s “medical staff bylaws.” Defendants argued primarily that federal and state statutes 

provided immunity from damages for activities related to peer review actions, and that they had 

fulfilled the criteria entitling them to such immunity.

The parties proceeded to trial on September 5, 2017. On the fourth day of a five-day 

trial, after both sides had presented their cases, defendants moved for a directed verdict on all 

counts. Defendants argued that the bylaws did not establish a contractual relationship, 
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ProMedica was entitled to immunity under federal law and Leader was entitled to immunity 

under state law or to a qualified privilege under common law, and plaintiffs had presented no 

evidence of defamation against ProMedica. Agreeing with defendants’ latter argument, the trial 

court granted their motion for a directed verdict as to the defamation charge against ProMedica, 

but denied their motion as to all other counts. The following day, the jury returned a special 

verdict form, unanimously finding defendant ProMedica liable for breach of contract and tortious 

interference with a business expectancy, and defendant Leader liable for defamation, rejecting 

defendants’ immunity and privilege defenses, and awarding plaintiffs total future damages for all 

claims of approximately $1.8 million. Subsequently, defendants filed a motion for a new trial or 

a JNOV, and a motion for remittitur, both of which the trial court denied. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

Defendants assert that the trial court abused its discretion by denying their motion for a 

new trial on the ground that a number of the jury’s findings were against the great weight of the 

evidence.

1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A new trial may be granted, on some or all of the issues, if a verdict is against the great 

weight of the evidence. MCR 2.611(A)(1)(e). We review the trial court’s denial of a motion for 

a new trial for an abuse of discretion. Ellsworth v Hotel Corp of America, 236 Mich App 185, 

196; 600 NW2d 129 (1999). “This Court and the trial court should not substitute their judgment 

for that of the jury unless the record reveals that the evidence preponderates so heavily against 

the verdict that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand.” Campbell v 

Sullins, 257 Mich App 179, 193; 667 NW2d 887 (2003) superseded on other grounds by MCL 

600.2919a. “Determining whether a verdict is against the great weight of the evidence requires

review of the whole body of proofs. The issue usually involves matters of credibility or 

circumstantial evidence, but if there is conflicting evidence, the question of credibility ordinarily 

should be left for the factfinder.” Dawe v Dr Reuvan Bar-Levav & Assoc, PC (On Remand), 289 

Mich App 380, 401; 808 NW2d 240 (2010). “[A] jury’s verdict should not be set aside if there is 

competent evidence to support it.” Id. Competent evidence is evidence that is admissible and 

relevant on the point in issue. See Nemet v Friedland, 273 Mich 692, 694-695; 263 NW2d 889 

(1935); Whitaker v Erie Shooting Club, 102 Mich 454, 459-460; 60 NW 983 (1894).

2. IMMUNITY UNDER FEDERAL LAW

Defendants first argue that the jury’s finding that ProMedica’s actions were not in 

furtherance of quality health care, thus precluding immunity under the Health Care Quality 

Improvement Act (HCQIA), 42 USC 11101 et seq., was against the great weight of the evidence.

Congress enacted the HCQIA in 1986 in response “to a crisis in the monitoring of health 

care professionals.” Singh v Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Inc, 308 F3d 25, 31 (CA 

1, 2002). As the First Circuit Court of Appeals explained in Singh: 
-8-

Although state licensing boards had long monitored the conduct and competence 

of their own health care workers, Congress found that “[t]he increasing 

occurrence of medical malpractice and the need to improve the quality of medical 

care have become nationwide problems that warrant greater efforts than those that 

can be undertaken by any individual State.” 42 USC § 11101(1). Finding that 

incompetent physicians find it all to[o] easy to move to different hospitals or 

states and continue their practices in these new locations, Congress mandated the 

creation of a national database that recorded incidents of malpractice and that was 

available for all health care entities to review when screening potential 

employees. Before passage of the HCQIA in 1986, threats of antitrust action and 

other lawsuits often deterred health care entities from conducting effective peer 

review. In order to encourage the type of peer review that would expose 

incompetent physicians, the HCQIA shields health care entities and individual 

physicians from liability for damages for actions performed in the course of 

monitoring the competence of health care personnel. [Id. (quotation marks and 

citations omitted).]

For immunity to attach,

a peer review action must be taken--

(1) in the reasonable belief that the action was in the furtherance of quality 

health care,

(2) after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter,

(3) after adequate notice and hearing procedures are afforded to the 

physician involved or after such other procedures as are fair to the 

physician under the circumstances, and

(4) in the reasonable belief that the action was warranted by the facts 

known after such reasonable effort to obtain facts and after meeting the 

requirement of paragraph (3).

A professional review action shall be presumed to have met the preceding 

standards necessary for the protection set out in section 11111(a) of this title 

unless the presumption is rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence. [42 USC 

11112(a).]

The HCQIA creates “a rebuttable presumption of immunity, forcing the plaintiff to prove 

that the defendant’s actions did not comply with the relevant standards.” Meyers v 

Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp, 341 F3d 461, 467-468 (CA 6, 2003). All four sections of § 

11112(a) are objective standards, which look to the totality of the circumstances. Singh, 308 F3d 

at 32 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

The jury in the present case found that ProMedica’s actions were not “made in the 

reasonable belief that the actions were in furtherance of quality health care.” Defendants 
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contend that the only evidence supporting this finding was testimony from relief nurse Diana 

Mason-Six that, according to the rumor mill, ProMedica wanted to get rid of Dr. Byrnes because 

it was having a difficult time managing his outbursts and did not like his “outspoken personality” 

and critique of ProMedica. Defendants further contend that the trial court erred by not striking 

this testimony as inadmissible hearsay. We reject both arguments.

We first turn to defendants’ hearsay argument. Hearsay, an out-of-court statement 

offered into evidence to prove the truth of matter asserted, MRE 801(c), is generally inadmissible 

absent a specific exception, MRE 802. However, “[i]t is well accepted that evidence that 

demonstrates an individual’s state of mind will not be precluded by the hearsay rule.” People v 

Ortiz, 249 Mich App 297, 309; 642 NW2d 417 (2001).

Wherever an utterance is offered [into] evidence [for] the state of mind

which ensued in another person in consequence of the utterance, it is obvious that 

no assertive or testimonial use is sought to be made of it, and the utterance is 

therefore admissible, so far as the hearsay rule is concerned. [Id., quoting 6 

Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev), § 1789, p 314 (emphasis and alterations in 

Ortiz).]

Plaintiffs argued that Mason-Six’s testimony was “not going to the truth of the matter 

asserted, but rather “to what was the common thought at the time,” “[w]hich goes towards 

damages, which goes towards the motive.” We agree. Mason-Six’s testimony that she had heard 

rumors that the hospital wanted to get rid of Dr. Byrnes served as circumstantial evidence 

concerning Leader’s state of mind. From the testimony that Mason-Six—a part-time “relief” 

nurse—had heard such rumors, the jury might have reasonably inferred that Leader—a full-time 

nurse manager—had also heard them. The jury might have further inferred that those rumors 

influenced Leader’s decision to send the subject e-mail, thereby providing management a means 

of terminating Dr. Byrnes’s privileges and simultaneously ridding Leader of a doctor with whom 

members of her nursing staff had been at odds. Such inferences regarding Leader’s state of mind 

were certainly relevant to the defamation claim against her, tending to suggest that she sent the email knowing its contents to be false or with reckless disregard for whether they were true. In 

light of these considerations, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting 

the evidence in question for this limited purpose.

We also reject defendants’ assertion that, excluding Mason-Six’s rumor testimony, the

great weight of the evidence was against the jury’s finding that ProMedica’s actions against Dr. 

Byrnes were not taken in an objectively reasonable belief that they were in the furtherance of 

quality health care. If believed by the jury, Dr. Byrnes’s testimony established that he was one 

of only two “independent” obstetricians in the county, that all of the other obstetricians who 

practiced at the hospital were ProMedica employees, and that none of those ProMedica 

obstetricians would treat Medicaid patients because, at least in part, doing so was less profitable 

than treating patients with private medical insurance. Dr. Gagliardi testified to the contrary that 

the hospital prides itself on having a mix of staff physicians and independent physicians, and that 

Byrnes’s status as an independent physician never came up in the MEC’s discussions. Leaving 

the question of credibility for the factfinder, Dawe, 289 Mich App at 401, the jury could have 

ascribed an economic motivation to ProMedica’s actions.
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Further, while several members of the hospital staff testified that Dr. Byrnes had engaged 

in inappropriate or unprofessional behaviors, others described Dr. Byrnes glowingly as a “very 

professional,” “great doctor,” with a “great bedside manner,” who was passionate about 

obstetrics, “loved” by his patients, “provide[d] wonderful care,” would sleep at the hospital when 

his patients were experiencing difficult labor, “always treated” the nurses “with respect,” and 

“wouldn’t hurt a flea.” It was the jury’s sole prerogative to assess the credibility and weight of 

such testimony. See Taylor v Mobley, 279 Mich App 309, 314; 760 NW2d 234 (2008) (“the 

jurors’ prerogative to disbelieve testimony, including uncontroverted testimony, is well 

established.”). The jury was also free to credit the testimony that other doctors who practiced at 

the hospital had displayed anger toward nurses in the past—to the point of making the nursing 

staff feel “uneasy”—but had not been summarily suspended like Dr. Byrnes.

Likewise, it was the role of the jury to assess the credibility of the explanations of Dr. 

Byrnes and Dr. Gagliardi regarding what happened after Dr. Byrnes’s summary suspension. Dr. 

Gagliardi testified that the members of the MEC “very much wanted to help” Dr. Byrnes, and 

nearly “every single member” considered him to be a friend. On the other hand, Dr. Byrne’s

testimony suggests that he was blindsided with the summary suspension, kept largely in the dark 

about the specific accusations against him, and presented with demands unworkable in light of 

his circumstances. It was the jury’s sole prerogative to credit or discredit each witness’ 

testimony, as it deemed appropriate and reasonable. Id.

Given such evidence, and drawing credibility judgments in favor of the jury’s verdict, a 

rational juror could reasonably infer that ProMedica’s decisions to summarily suspend Dr. 

Byrnes’s privileges and to later make that suspension permanent—by rejecting the “fair hearing” 

panel’s remediation recommendation—were not made in the objectively reasonable belief that 

doing so was in the furtherance of quality health care. Based on that finding alone, ProMedica 

was unentitled to immunity under the HCQIA. See 42 USC 11111(a)(1) (providing immunity 

when the “professional review action . . . meets all the standards specified in section 11112(a)”) 

(emphasis added). In light of the foregoing, we do not conclude that the jury’s finding that 

ProMedica was not entitled to the immunity protection provided by the HCQIA was against the 

great weight of the evidence.

3. IMMUNITY UNDER STATE LAW

Defendants also argue that the jury’s finding that Lisa Leader is not entitled to immunity 

under MCL 331.531(3) because she acted with malice is against the great weight of the evidence. 

They contend that the record establishes that plaintiffs did not present evidence that Leader’s 

statement, “I have nurses expressing fear that he is going to come in and shoot them” was made 

with malice. Defendants further argue that the allegations in Leader’s e-mail regarding Dr. 

Byrne’s behavior were at least substantially true. We again disagree.

“Peer review is essential to the continued improvement in the care and treatment of 

patients. Candid and conscientious evaluation of clinical practices is a sine qua non of adequate 

hospital care.” Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 680; 719 NW2d 1 (2006) (quotation 

marks and citations omitted). To incentivize hospital staff to provide their frank assessment in 

such proceedings, Michigan’s Legislature has enacted measures “to protect peer review activities 
-11-

from intrusive public involvement and from litigation.” Id. These protections are set forth in 

MCL 331.531, which, in pertinent part, immunizes a person from civil and criminal liability for 

“provid[ing] to a review entity information or data relating to the physical or psychological 

condition of a person . . . or the qualifications, competence, or performance of a health care 

provider.” MCL 331.531(1), (3)(a). However, immunity from liability “does not apply to a 

person, organization, or entity that acts with malice.” MCL 331.531(4). The question at issue is 

whether Leader acted with malice when she sent the January 14, 2015 e-mail purporting to relay 

certain nurses’ concerns that Dr. Byrnes posed a threat to their physical safety.

The meaning of malice applicable to MCL 331.531(4) is the defamation definition of 

actual malice. Feyz, 475 Mich at 684-685. Thus, for purposes of MCL 331.531(4), “malice 

exists when a person supplying information or data to a peer review entity does so with 

knowledge of its falsity or with reckless disregard of its truth or falsity.” Feyz, 475 Mich at 690. 

“Malice is an exception to peer review immunity.” Id. at 678 n 45. “Once a defendant has stated 

sufficient facts constituting peer review immunity, MCR 2.111(F)(3), a plaintiff has to put 

forward sufficient evidence of malice to invoke the exception to immunity.” Id.

Plaintiffs argued in the trial court that Leader knew that what she reported in the e-mail 

was not true because she was at the meeting she purported to describe in the communication and 

“[n]ot a single person said anything like this.” The testimony of several of the nurses who 

attended the meeting support plaintiffs’ position. Jamie Nichols testified that she recalled no 

conversation at the meeting of the type described by Leader’s email. Likewise, Paula Ulrich 

testified that she did not remember any nurses at the staff meeting raising those concerns 

expressed in the e-mail, and said that nothing about the e-mail rang true to her. Joselyn Gossman 

also testified that, although nurses expressed their concern and frustration with Dr. Byrnes’s 

behavior, she did not hear anyone voice any worries about violence or shootings. Walworth also 

said that many nurses expressed discomfort because they thought they could not discuss patient 

care with Dr. Byrnes, but she did not recall anyone expressing concerns for their physical safety. 

Sandra Ash testified that there were general expressions of concern about Dr. Byrnes as a person, 

but she did not hear anyone at the meeting say they were afraid he was going to come onto the 

unit and shoot or kill someone. On the other hand, Nurse Angela Ford, manager of the OB unit, 

testified that she was at the meeting and there was some discussion linking Dr. Byrnes with 

safety concerns. She remembered that one of the nurses, she did not know whom, said she was 

afraid Dr. Byrnes was “going to go off and, you know, take people out.”

Defendants argue that Leader based the contents of her e-mail not just on comments from 

the nurses’ staff meeting, but also on other conversations she had had with nurses Cheryl Brown, 

Gossman, and Walworth outside of the meeting. However, in the text of the e-mail, Leader 

states that she wanted “to timely share some concerns received from the OB nurses at our staff 

meeting tonight[,]” thus clearly communicating that the information she was about to share was 

fresh and urgent, arising from the January 13, 2015 meeting. Leader testified that Gossman and 

Walworth spoke to her after the meeting. However, Gossman testified that she did not recall 

being part of any post-meeting discussion with Leader, and Walworth said she thought she met 

with Leader after the staff meeting, but she could only suppose that they discussed the ongoing 

tension on the OB unit and hoped someone would address it. Leader also testified that Cheryl 

Brown told her on several occasions, “One day he’s going to walk off the elevator and shoot one 
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of us: Me, you, or Corie.” Brown initially testified that she did not remember making any such 

statement to Leader. However, a portion of her fair hearing testimony shows that she did recall 

making the statement, but insisted that she made it once, not multiple times.

In tacit recognition that the record evidence supports a reasonable inference that some of 

the allegations in Leader’s disputed e-mail were untrue, defendants rely on the “substantial truth 

doctrine,” which arises from common-law libel principles. See In re Chmura, 464 Mich 58, 74; 

626 NW2d 876 (2001). The substantial truth doctrine holds that,

[a]s long as “the substance, the gist, the sting” of the communication is true, 

minor inaccuracies do not amount to falsity. Masson [v New Yorker Magazine, 

Inc, 501 US 496, 517; 111 S Ct 2419; 115 L Ed 2d 447 (1991)]. In other words, 

the communication “is not considered false unless it would have a different effect 

on the mind of the reader from that which the pleaded truth would have 

produced.” Id. [Chmura, 464 Mich at 74.]

“[S]ubstantial truth is an absolute defense to a defamation claim.” Collins v Detroit Free Press, 

Inc, 245 Mich App 27, 33; 627 NW2d 5 (2001).

Defendants provide no authority for the proposition that this common-law defamation 

defense applies in the context of the statutory immunity provided by MCL 331.531, nor has our

research uncovered any such authority. Assuming without deciding that a defendant may avoid 

MCL 331.531(4)’s malice exception if the defendant’s peer-review communications were 

substantially true—even if they were made with reckless disregard as to truth or falsity—such is 

not the case here.

Testimonial evidence suggests that the “gist” or “sting” of Leader’s January 14, 2015 email was to imply the existence of an immediate threat arising from possibility that Dr. Byrnes 

was on the verge of committing a workplace shooting. Leader expressly acknowledged her 

intent to convey such a threat when she testified that she had perceived “shooting” statements by 

other nurses not as hyperbole or humor but as literal statements of fear. She said, “the words ‘he 

may shoot someone,’ or ‘will shoot someone,’ ” or “shooting” are ones that she “wouldn’t really 

throw around especially in this day and age.” She also implied in her e-mail that the fear of 

imminent physical harm was widespread, reporting that she had “nurses”—plural—“expressing 

fear that [Dr. Byrnes was] going to come in and shoot them,” that there were “a few nurses” who 

felt that they would “be targeted.” Leader further implied that action was needed to meet the 

threat, writing that she had spoken with one of the concerned nurses about having security guards 

brought in “if necessary” to protect the nurse, and ending the e-mail with, “Thanks, in advance, 

for listening and for intervening.” In today’s society, the gist of this communication was not, as 

defendants assert on appeal, a request for ProMedica to take action to control Dr. Byrnes’s 

“volatile behavior[.]” Rather, the gist—and certainly the “sting”—of Leader’s email was, as Dr. 

Gagliardi recognized, that Dr. Byrnes might go “postal” and that the hospital’s timely 

intervention was required to prevent a potential workplace shooting.

The trial testimony of various nurses does not support the concern that Dr. Byrnes posed 

a threat to their physical safety. As already indicated, numerous nurses who either recalled 
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attending the December 13, 2015 staff meeting or believed that they had attended it testified that 

they recalled no discussion of safety concerns at that meeting, let alone any safety concerns 

specifically related to Dr. Byrnes. Moreover, of the numerous testifying nurses, not one 

acknowledged that she was ever actually fearful that Dr. Byrnes might physically harm her. On 

the contrary, many of the nurses scoffed at that suggestion, with their testimony generally 

portraying the doctor as a man who was—if sometimes demanding, profane, and prone to verbal 

outbursts, especially after his wife fell ill—physically harmless nonetheless.

In light of such conflicting evidence, a rational juror might have concluded that Leader 

made the “shooting” allegations in her e-mail with knowledge that they were false or with 

reckless disregard concerning their falsity, hoping that those allegations would prompt a quick 

response against Dr. Byrnes by the hospital. Again, it was the province of the jury to weigh 

issues of credibility. Taylor, 279 Mich App at 314. On this record, we cannot say that the 

testimony presented to the jury so preponderates against the jury’s finding that Leader was not 

entitled to peer review immunity that a miscarriage of just would occur if we allow to stand that 

jury’s finding that the allegations in Leader’s e-mail were made with malice for purposes of 

MCL 331.531(4). See Campbell, 257 Mich App at 193.

4. TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE

Defendants next argue that the jury’s verdict concerning tortious interference is against 

the great weight of the evidence. They contend that the only evidence that could possibly have 

supported the jury’s verdict as to this claim was Mason-Six’s inadmissible “rumor mill” 

testimony. Aside from that, defendants argue, plaintiffs presented no evidence at trial that 

ProMedica’s purpose for suspending Dr. Byrnes was other than the furtherance of quality 

healthcare, that ProMedica acted primarily to interfere with Dr. Byrnes’s relationship with his 

patients, or that defendants committed a wrongful act.

To establish tortious interference with a business relationship or expectancy, a plaintiff 

must show: “the existence of a valid business relationship or expectancy, knowledge of the 

relationship or expectancy on the part of the defendant, an intentional interference by the 

defendant inducing or causing a breach or termination of the relationship or expectancy, and 

resultant damage to the plaintiff.” Cedroni Ass’n, Inc v Tomblinson, Harburn Assoc, Architects 

& Planners Inc, 492 Mich 40, 45; 821 NW2d 1 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

“To fulfill the third element, intentional interference inducing or causing a breach of a business 

relationship, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant acted both intentionally and either 

improperly or without justification.” Dalley v Dykema Gossett, 287 Mich App 296, 323; 788 

NW2d 679 (2010). “To establish that a defendant’s conduct lacked justification and showed 

malice, the plaintiff must demonstrate, with specificity, affirmative acts by the defendant that 

corroborate the improper motive of the interference.” Id. at 324 (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). “Where the defendant’s actions were motivated by legitimate business reasons, its 

actions would not constitute improper motive or interference.” Id.

Defendants do not dispute the jury’s findings that plaintiffs had “a business relationship 

or expectancy” with patients, that posed “a reasonable likelihood of future economic benefit for 

plaintiffs. Nor do they dispute that ProMedica knew about this relationship. Contested is the 
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jury’s findings that ProMedica interfered with plaintiffs’ business expectancy intentionally and 

improperly (i.e., not for legitimate business reasons). Largely for the reasons discussed in our 

analysis of ProMedica’s entitlement to immunity under the HCQIA, we are unpersuaded. Again, 

it was the jury’s prerogative to assess matters of witness credibility. See Taylor, 279 Mich App 

314. In light of the conflicting testimony about what happened and why it happened, it is 

possible that the jury credited the circumstantial evidence tending to suggest that the hospital 

administration permanently suspended Dr. Byrnes’s practice privileges for improper reasons, 

rather than following the hearing panel’s remediation recommendation. In particular, the jury 

could have reasonably inferred that the hospital administration did so both without justification

and for the improper purpose of increasing profits, both by eliminating a non-ProMedica doctor 

who accepted Medicaid patients and by annexing his existing patients in the geographical area 

for ProMedica-employed physicians. Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the jury’s verdict concerning intentional interference with a business expectancy, we 

conclude that it is not against the great weight of the evidence.

B. BREACH OF CONTRACT

Defendants next contend that the trial court erred by failing to rule, as a matter of law, 

that the hospital staff bylaws were not contractually enforceable. Defendants contend that it is 

settled Michigan law that medical staff bylaws are not a binding contract; because they do not 

involve the exchange of legally cognizable consideration.

Whether a contract exists is generally a question of law. Kloian v Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 

273 Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006), citing Bandit Indus, Inc v Hobbs Intern, Inc, 

463 Mich 504, 511; 620 NW2d 531 (2001). “It is axiomatic that courts decide questions of law 

and juries apply the law given them to the facts as they have found them.” Krohn v HomeOwners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 172; 802 NW2d 281 (2011).

In the present case, the trial court charged the jury with the task of deciding whether a 

contract existed between Dr. Byrnes and ProMedica, specifically instructing it to decide whether 

the essential elements for creation of an enforceable contract had been satisfied. By so ruling, 

the trial court erred. Even so, reversal is warranted only if the trial court’s error was not 

harmless, i.e., if the error was outcome determinative. See MCR 2.613(A). Thus, if the medical

staff bylaws are contractually enforceable, as a matter of law, then the trial court’s error was 

harmless. If not, then the trial court’s error led to a verdict against ProMedica for a breach-ofcontract claim that the court never should have placed before the jury.

In their briefs on appeal, the parties recognize that the instant contractual issue involves 

both a split of authority and what appears to be a question of first impression.4 See generally 

Brintley v St Mary Mercy Hosp, 904 F Supp 2d 699, 721 (ED Mich, 2012) (noting the national 

split of authority about whether hospital staff bylaws may be enforced contractually and the lack 

 4 Arguably, this is not a question of first impression, but the application of well-established rules 

of contract formation to the specific medical bylaws at issue here.
-15-

of binding Michigan precedent).

5

 The dearth of binding authority in this area is ostensibly 

attributable to the fact that before Feyz, 475 Mich at 674-676, this Court observed the “judicial 

nonintervention doctrine,” which was “a judicially created common-law doctrine providing that 

courts w[ould] not intervene in a private hospital’s staffing decisions.” Moreover, since our 

Supreme Court repudiated the nonintervention doctrine in Feyz in 2006, no published Michigan 

decision has addressed the question now at bar: whether hospital staff bylaws may form the basis 

of enforceable contractual rights in Michigan.

The Sixth Circuit—applying Michigan state law—recently addressed the issue in an 

unpublished decision, Bhan v Battle Creek Health Sys, 579 Fed Appx 438, 448-449 (CA 6, 

2014), and held “that Medical Staff Bylaws do not create a contractual relationship in Michigan.” 

The Appeals Court based its reasoning on the lack of specific language in the Medical Staff 

Bylaws indicating that the defendant hospitals intended the Bylaws to constitute a contract, the 

lack of legally sufficient consideration, and the fact that the hospitals’ boards retained ultimate 

authority, which the appellate court reasoned further signified a lack of intent to be bound 

contractually. Id. at 448. Although the Bhan decision is not binding on this Court, we do find its 

reasoning persuasive. See Wilcoxon v Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co, 235 Mich App 347, 360; 

597 NW2d 250 (1999) (“Though not binding on this Court, federal precedent is generally 

considered highly persuasive when it addresses analogous issues.”).

Following the reasoning of the Sixth Circuit, we hold that determining whether medical 

staff bylaws give rise to a contractual relationship requires analysis of the bylaws to determine 

whether they contain the elements of a valid contract. “[T]he essential elements of a valid 

contract are (1) parties competent to contract, (2) a proper subject matter, (3) legal consideration, 

(4) mutuality of agreement, and (5) mutuality of obligation.” Thomas v Leja, 187 Mich App 418, 

422; 468 NW2d 58 (1991). In the medical staff bylaws at issue, we find no language indicating 

ProMedica’s intent to be bound contractually. It is true that Article XIII, § 3.5 of the bylaws 

states, “These Bylaws . . . shall replace and supersede all previous Bylaws . . . and be binding 

upon the Board, the Medical Staff, the Hospital and all third parties, including applicants for 

Medical Staff membership.” However, that same section also notes, “[a]ll amendments must be 

approved by the Board,” and only “become effective on the date of Board approval.” 

Additionally, in relevant part, Article II of the bylaws provides:

 5 In El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare Inc, ___ Mich ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2019) (Docket 

No. 157846) [COA Docket No. 329986], slip op at 11-12, our Supreme Court held that a plaintiff 

physician alleging a breach of hospital staff bylaws had “sufficiently pleaded a claim for breach 

of contract” to survive summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) (failure to state an 

actionable claim). The issue before the Court was whether factual allegations also required 

supporting evidence to be able to survive a summary disposition motion brought pursuant to 

MCR 2.116(C)(8). The parties did not raise the legal issue of the contractual enforceability of 

hospital bylaws in the Supreme Court, although it had been raised and decided in the trial court. 

Thus, our Supreme Court did not directly address this legal issue, and its decision in El-Khalil

does not provide any dispositive holding for purposes of this analysis.
-16-

Therefore, these Bylaws and the Medical Staff Rules and Regulations and 

Policies are created to set forth principles, requirements, and procedures within 

which the physicians, dentists, and podiatrists shall carry out the responsibilities 

delegated to the Medical Staff in a professional and collegial manner, as an 

integral component of the Hospital, subject to the ultimate authority of the Board 

of Trustees. [Emphasis added.]

Likewise, Article X, § 7.8 unambiguously provides that the board is entitled to entirely disregard 

the MEC’s recommendations following professional review proceedings and appeals, thereby 

rendering all of the promises to the staff concerning the process to be afforded in such 

proceedings meaningless.6 Where bylaws unambiguously reserve final authority to one entity, it 

strains logic to argue that that entity intended the bylaws to bind it contractually.7 See Bhan, 579 

Fed Appx at 448.

Also lacking is the legal consideration required for contract formation. “Consideration 

exists when there is ‘a benefit on one side, or a detriment suffered, or service done on the other.’ 

” Yoches v City of Dearborn, 320 Mich App 461, 480; 904 NW2d (2017), quoting Sands 

Appliance Servs, 463 Mich 231, 242; 615 NW2d 241 (2000) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). Michigan law requires the owner, operator, and governing body of a hospital to assure 

that all physicians admitted to practice in the hospital are organized into a medical staff, MCL 

333.21513(d), and requires the hospital’s board to “adopt bylaws, rules, and policies governing 

the operation and professional work of the hospital and the eligibility and qualifications of its 

medical staff,” MCL 331.6(2). In addition, seemingly anyone or anything on a hospital’s 

 6 In pertinent part, Article X, § 7.8 provides:

Final Decision of the Board. Within thirty (30) days after receipt of the 

appellate review body’s recommendation, the Board shall reach its decision. If 

this decision is contrary to the MEC’s last recommendation, the Board shall refer 

the matter to an ad hoc committee comprised of three (3) Members of the Active 

Medical Staff selected by the Chief of Staff, and three (3) Board members 

selected by the Board Chairman, prior to issuing notice of its final decision. This 

committee shall make its recommendation to the Board within fifteen (15) days. 

The Board shall then make its final decision. The Board’s final decision shall be 

immediately effective, and the matter shall not be subject to any further referral 

or review. [Emphasis added.]

7 Article III of the bylaws concerns “Medical Staff Membership.” Section 11 of that article 

addresses the appointment, reappointment, and expiration or termination of privileges of 

“Contract Practitioners.” The section also indicates that a contract practitioner whose privileges 

are terminated pursuant to a contract or employment agreement has no right to a hearing or to 

appellate review as provided by the bylaws, including those in Article X. The effect of this 

subsection is to indicate further the intent that something more than the bylaws is necessary to 

establish a contractual relationship between the hospital and the members of the medical staff.
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premises “shall be subject to the bylaws, rules, and polices as the hospital board may adopt or 

authorize to be adopted.” MCL 331.6(2).8 “Under the preexisting duty rule, it is well settled that 

doing what one is legally bound to do is not consideration for a new promise.” Yerkovich v AAA, 

461 Mich 732, 740-41; 610 NW2d 542 (2000). Where state law requires the hospital to organize 

doctors into a medical staff and to issue bylaws to govern the medical staff, and requires 

physicians on the hospital’s premises to abide by the bylaws, one finds no evidence of a 

bargained-for exchange. Although there might conceivably be a set of circumstances under 

which medical staff bylaws would be contractually enforceable, given the absence of legal 

consideration requisite for contract formation, those circumstances are not presently at bar.9

Because the medical staff bylaws are not contractually enforceable as a matter of law, the 

trial court’s error was not harmless. Accordingly, we reverse with regard to the breach-ofcontract claim. Because plaintiffs remain entitled to the same damages award based on their 

tortious interference of business expectations theory, the judgment remains valid.

C. DAMAGES

Defendants contend that plaintiffs offered no competent testimony as to future damages 

because the testimony of plaintiffs’ expert, Robin Wheaton, did not meet Michigan’s standards 

for expert testimony and the trial court should have stricken it. Defendants argue accordingly 

that the trial court erred by failing to grant their motion for a JNOV as to the jury’s future 

damages award. We review a trial court’s decision whether to strike expert testimony for an 

abuse of discretion. Bercel Garages, Inc v Macomb Co Rd Comm, 190 Mich App 73, 84; 475 

NW2d 840 (1991). “We review de novo a trial court’s decision to deny a motion for JNOV.” 

Freed v Salas, 286 Mich App 300, 322; 780 NW2d 844 (2009).

The standard for expert testimony set forth in MRE 702 provides:

 8 MCL 331.6(2) states in relevant part: “Physicians, nurses, attendants, employees, patients, and 

persons approaching or on the premises of the hospital and furniture, equipment, and other 

articles used or brought on the premises shall be subject to the bylaws, rules, and policies as the 

hospital board may adopt or authorize to be adopted.”

9 Nevertheless, a hospital’s bylaws are judicially enforceable, even if not enforceable as 

contracts. The HCQIA provides immunity from damages, not from lawsuits; plaintiffs may seek 

equitable relief, such as the reinstatement of privileges. See, e.g., Milford v People’s Comm 

Hosp Auth, 4 Mich App 142; 144 NW2d 687 (1966) (holding that the plaintiff physician could 

not be charged with violating bylaws that lacked legally sufficient standards for restricting 

privileges of staff physicians); Singh, 308 F3d at 44-45 (where the plaintiff sought reinstatement 

as a primary care provider); see also Hsu, Contracts: A Question of Consideration: Medical Staff 

Bylaws as an Enforceable Contract – Medical Staff of Avera Marshall Regional Medical Center 

v Avera Marshall, 42 Mitchell Hamline L Rev, 387, 416 n 35 (2016) (identifying some 

jurisdictions that consider medical staff bylaws judicially enforceable, though not enforceable as 

contracts).
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If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized 

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a 

fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, 

training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if 

(1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the 

product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the 

principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

Under MRE 702, trial courts have “an independent obligation to review all expert opinion 

testimony in order to ensure that the opinion testimony satisfie[s] the three . . . preconditions 

noted above[.]” Craig v Oakwood Hosp, 471 Mich 67, 82; 684 NW2d 296 (2004). “While a 

party may waive any claim of error by failing to call this gatekeeping obligation to the court’s 

attention,10 the court must evaluate expert testimony under MRE 702 once that issue is raised.” 

Id.

At trial, plaintiffs called “accredited business accountant” Wheaton, who was then 

serving as “the president of the Michigan Tax and Accounting Professionals in Lansing,” and 

had nearly 40 years of professional experience in accounting. Wheaton or other members of his 

accounting firm had prepared Dr. Byrnes’s tax returns for approximately 25 years. Wheaton 

prepared a report, which the trial court admitted into evidence over defendants’ repeated 

objections, in which Wheaton projected Dr. Byrnes’s future economic damages as 15 years of 

future earnings at a rate of $152,663 annually (i.e., a projected total of approximately $2.29 

million). Defendants did not object to Wheaton’s qualifications as an expert, but to the factual 

basis of his report and the principles and methods he used to arrive at the report’s conclusions.

After defendants objected, thereby bringing the trial court’s gatekeeping obligations to its 

attention, the court nevertheless failed to analyze meaningfully whether Wheaton’s expert 

opinions satisfied the preconditions of MRE 702. In other words, the trial court abdicated its 

discretion to decide this evidentiary issue. “Such abdication constitutes an abuse of discretion.” 

Berry v Garrett, 316 Mich App 37, 50; 890 NW2d 882 (2016). Even so, reversal is not required. 

MRE 103(a); MCR 2.613(A).

Defendants’ instant claim of evidentiary error is ultimately self-defeating, inasmuch as 

defendants tacitly acknowledge that the error was harmless. See MRE 103 (“Error may not be 

predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party 

is affected”); MCR 2.613(A). In general, an error is not harmless if it was outcomedeterminative, Ellison v Dep’t of State, 320 Mich App 169, 179; 906 NW2d 221 (2017), or “it 

 10 The record does not support plaintiffs’ contention that defendants failed to preserve this issue 

by objecting to Wheaton’s testimony. Defendants raised the instant grounds for JNOV below, 

objected at the outset of Wheaton’s testimony that plaintiffs had failed to establish a sufficient 

“foundation” for admission of Wheaton’s report, were refused their requested opportunity to voir 

dire Wheaton concerning his report before it was admitted, and later moved to strike the report as 

expressing improper expert opinions under MRE 702. Thus, this issue is preserved.
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significantly interfered with the jury’s ability to decide the case intelligently, fairly, and 

impartially,” Ward v Consol Rail Corp, 472 Mich 77, 87; 693 NW2d 366 (2005) (quotation 

marks and citations omitted).

As defendants acknowledge in their brief on appeal, Wheaton’s testimony “was little 

more than a verbal demonstrative exhibit,” essentially walking the jurors through simple 

arithmetic and multiplication that they might have performed on their own, and which plaintiffs’ 

counsel could have walked them through during closing arguments in any event. Moreover, 

under cross-examination, Wheaton candidly admitted that his projections of Dr. Byrnes’s future 

economic damages were not “based upon any economic science,” that he had simply based his 

projection that the 63-year old Dr. Byrnes would work for another 15 years on plaintiffs’ explicit 

instructions for him to use that timeframe, that he could only speculate as to why Dr. Byrnes’s 

annual income had fluctuated in past years and how it might do so in the future, that he was 

unaware whether Dr. Byrnes planned to secure employment elsewhere (thereby remediating his 

damages), and that he simply arrived at the ultimate estimate of future damages in his report by 

multiplying the five-year average of Dr. Byrnes’s income against the “expected” timeframe of 15 

years.

In our view, Wheaton’s admissions under cross-examination dissipated any prejudice that 

defendants might have suffered from the improper admission of his “expert” opinion concerning 

future economic losses. Wheaton’s admissions made plain to the jury that his “expert” opinion 

warranted little or no weight. Moreover, Wheaton’s purported opinion that Dr. Byrnes would 

have worked for another 15 years was cumulative of Dr. Byrnes’s own testimony that had his 

practice privileges not been terminated, he would have worked at least another 15 years so long 

as he was physically able to do so. Furthermore, the jury did not follow Wheaton’s projection of 

15 years of future earnings at a rate of $152,663 annually (i.e., a projected total of approximately 

$2.29 million). Rather, as damages for all claims—including the defamation claim against 

Leader—the jury awarded future damages for a period covering approximately nine years and 

three months, awarding Dr. Byrnes $38,000 for the approximately three months that then 

remained in 2017, $151,000 for 2018, and then slightly less than 1.5% more each subsequent 

year through 2026, for total future damages of approximately $1.46 million. The fact that the 

jury’s ultimate award of future economic damages deviated downward so markedly from 

Wheaton’s projections suggests that the jury discounted his opinion, arriving at their own 

estimate of damages. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court’s abuse of discretion regarding 

this evidentiary issue does not warrant reversal.

We turn next to defendants’ assertion that the trial court erred in not granting their motion 

for JNOV as to the jury’s future damages award. “A trial court should grant a motion for JNOV 

only when there was insufficient evidence presented to create an issue for the jury.” 

Detroit/Wayne Co Stadium Auth v Drinkwater, Taylor, and Merrill, Inc, 267 Mich App 625, 644; 

705 NW2d 549 (2005). When performing its de novo review of a trial court’s ruling concerning 

JNOV, this Court “review[s] the evidence and all legitimate inferences in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party. Only if the evidence so viewed fails to establish a claim as a 

matter of law, should the motion be granted.” Wilkinson v Lee, 463 Mich 388, 391; 617 NW2d 

305 (2000).
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As a special panel of this Court observed in Health Call of Detroit v Atrium Home & 

Health Care Servs, Inc, 268 Mich App 83, 96-97; 706 NW2d 843 (2005):

The general rule is that remote, contingent, and speculative damages 

cannot be recovered in Michigan in a tort action. A plaintiff asserting a cause of 

action has the burden of proving damages with reasonable certainty, and damages 

predicated on speculation and conjecture are not recoverable. Damages, however, 

are not speculative simply because they cannot be ascertained with mathematical 

precision. Although the result may only be an approximation, it is sufficient if a 

reasonable basis for computation exists. Moreover, the law will not demand that 

a plaintiff show a higher degree of certainty than the nature of the case permits. 

Thus, when the nature of a case permits only an estimation of damages or a part 

of the damages with certainty, it is proper to place before the jury all the facts and 

circumstances which have a tendency to show their probable amount. 

Furthermore, the certainty requirement is relaxed where damages have been 

established but the amount of damages remains an open question. Questions 

regarding what damages may be reasonably anticipated are issues better left to the 

trier of fact.

In light of the fact that Dr. Byrnes is now deceased, it is highly tempting, with the benefit 

of hindsight, to second-guess the jury’s findings regarding future damages. However, at the time 

of trial, the jury was tasked with arriving at an estimate of future damages based on what it then

knew. As Dr. Byrnes’s death demonstrates, because the future is inherently uncertain, and it is 

impossible to accurately predict what might have happened had past events transpired 

differently, future damages can never be proven or even estimated with any true degree of 

certainty. Instead, they represent the ultimate “open question,” and one about which a jury’s 

educated guess, based on common sense and collective life experience, seems just as likely to be 

accurate as the statically formed forecasts of an actuary. See Tiffany v Christman Co, 93 Mich 

App 267, 281; 287 NW2d 199 (1979) (“Any prediction regarding future losses is inherently 

speculative. Underlying such a prediction are assumptions regarding wage trends and work life 

expectancy that are not susceptible to precise estimation.”).

In this instance, the jury was presented with information concerning the past 15 years of 

Dr. Byrnes’s practice income, testimony concerning his expectations about how long he would 

have continued working at the hospital had his privileges to do so not been revoked, and the 

opportunity to assess his vitality based on his in-court appearance and conduct during the trial. 

They were also presented with his testimony that, immediately before his privileges were 

suspended, his “business was starting to pick back up.” In our view, through the presentation of 

such evidence, plaintiffs afforded the jury evidence that was sufficient under the circumstances 

to reach as reasonably principled a finding concerning future economic damages as practicable. 

Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying defendants’ motion for JNOV 

regarding the jury’s award of future economic damages.
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D. LIABILITY

Defendants assert that the trial court erred by holding Leader jointly and severally liable 

for all of the damages awarded to plaintiffs because her e-mail played no role in the MEC’s 

decision to suspend Dr. Byrnes’s hospital privileges permanently. The principles of joint and 

several liability allow multiple tortfeasors to be held liable as long as their tortious conduct 

produced a single, indivisible injury. See Watts v Smith, 375 Mich 120, 125; 134 NW2d 194 

(1965).11 Here, the jury found ProMedica liable for tortious interference with a business 

expectancy and Leader liable for defamation, both of which led to the revocation of Dr. Byrnes’s 

hospital privileges and resulting economic damages. Defendants raise three arguments for why 

the trial court should not have held Leader jointly and severally liable with ProMedica for Dr. 

Byrnes’s injury.

Defendants first argue that Leader’s e-mail played a small role in Dr. Byrnes’s summary 

suspension. We disagree. The MEC suspended Dr. Byrnes within hours of Leader’s sending her 

e-mail, Dr. Gagliardi testified that he and the rest of the MEC viewed Leader’s e-mail as “a very 

serious allegation,” posing “an immediate emergency” and raising concerns that Dr. Byrnes 

might go “postal.” In addition, the MEC summarily suspended Dr. Byrnes pursuant to Bylaws 

Art. IX, § 3.1, triggered only where there is “immediate danger to life, or substantial likelihood 

of injury or damage to the health or safety” of those present at the hospital. Further, Dr. Snider, 

the hospital’s chief of staff, testified via video deposition that Leader’s e-mail “led to the various 

stream of actions that occurred after.” On this record, we cannot agree that Leader’s e-mail 

played but a minor role in Dr. Byrnes’s summary suspension.

Defendants next argue that even if Leader’s e-mail played “some small role in the initial 

suspension,” the MEC did not base its January 22, 2015 decision to continue the suspension on 

her e-mail, but upon Dr. Byrnes’s history and his communications with Dr. Gagliardi and Mr. 

Jakacki after the summary suspension. However, evidence presented at trial shows that the 

accusations in Leader’s e-mail formed the context for communications with Dr. Byrnes after his 

summary suspension and before his suspension was made permanent. Dr. Byrnes testified that at 

the January 14, 2015 meeting with Dr. Gagliardi and Mr. Jakacki, he was informed that he was 

being suspended because “nurses were afraid for their lives.” In addition, the written notice of 

his suspension made clear that he was being suspended for behavior that “poses an immediate 

danger to life, or substantial likelihood of injury or damages to the health or safety” of persons in 

present at the hospital. Witnesses testified to Dr. Byrnes’s loudness, his occasional use of 

profanity, his outspokenness, and the fact that he could be difficult to get along with. However, 

there is no evidence that anyone thought Dr. Byrnes posed an immediate threat to anyone’s 

 11 The tort-reform statutes abolished joint and several liability in certain tort actions seeking 

damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death. See, e.g., MCL 600.2956. 

However, these statutes do not apply here, where personal injury, property damage, or wrongful 

death are not at issue. Where the Legislature has retained joint and several liability, commonlaw principles apply. See Velez v Tuma, 492 Mich 1, 16; 81 NW2d 432 (2012); Kaiser v Allen, 

480 Mich 31, 37; 746 NW2d 92 (2008).
-22-

health or safety prior to Leader’s e-mail, the contents of which the MEC uncritically accepted

and acted in accordance with in subsequent communications with Dr. Byrnes. Thus, not only did 

Leader’s e-mail play a crucial role in Dr. Byrnes’s summary suspension, its contents continued to 

provide the context for the extension of that suspension.

Finally, defendants contend that limiting Leader’s damages is sound public policy. In 

support of this argument, defendants refer to this Court’s decision in Wilson v Sparrow Health 

Sys, 290 Mich App 149, 153; 799 NW2d 224 (2010). In Wilson, a health club member, whom 

police arrested and charged for indecent exposure after the health club reported the results of its 

internal investigation, sued the club for negligence and defamation once someone else confessed 

to the incident and the police dropped the charges against him. This Court held that the 

defendants could not be held liable as a matter of law because the independent investigation 

conducted by the police “constituted a superseding cause of the . . . alleged injuries[.]” Wilson, 

290 Mich App at 153. This Court further observed that “[t]o impose legal responsibility on these 

citizens for the later, independent decisions of law enforcement officials would unduly restrict 

the citizens’ ability to discharge their legal rights and duties to report criminal wrongdoing.” Id. 

at 154. Based on our reasoning in Wilson, defendants argue, “if an employee who comes 

forward is exposed to open-ended liability for damages based on a peer-review committee’s 

ultimate decision after the committee’s independent investigation of facts, employees would 

have strong disincentives to speak up at all.” Defendants’ argument is unpersuasive.

The present case is distinguished from Wilson by the fact that, here, the jury found 

Leader liable for defamation. See id. at 155 (affirming the dismissal of the member’s defamation 

claim against the defendants because at the time the defendants made the alleged defamatory 

statement, i.e., that Wilson was the “prime suspect,” it was true). In addition, the MEC’s 

“investigation” consisted of conversations between Dr. Gagliardi and Dr. Byrnes, with the 

former attempting to convince Dr. Byrnes to seek counseling. No evidence was presented at trial 

that the investigation involved attempts to ascertain the truth or falsity of Leader’s allegations 

that Dr. Byrnes’s conduct put nurses in fear for their lives.

In light of the foregoing, we conclude that defendants are not entitled to relief from the 

trial court’s holding that Leader is jointly and severally liable for all of the damages suffered by 

Dr. Byrnes.

III. CONCLUSION

Based in significant part on its credibility assessments of the witnesses’ conflicting 

testimony, the jury concluded that the evidence preponderated against the presumptions of 

immunity afforded by the HCQIA and MCL 331.531(3). Such credibility decisions fall within 

the jury’s purview. Dawe, 289 Mich App at 401. The jury then found ProMedica liable for 

tortious interference with a business expectancy and found Leader liable for defamation. 

Competent evidence supports the jury’s verdict regarding these two counts. See Nemet, 273 

Mich at 694-695. In addition, our review of the record leads us to conclude that the evidence 

does not weigh so heavily against the jury’s verdict regarding these two counts that it would be a 

miscarriage to allow it to stand. Campbell, 257 Mich App at 193. Therefore, we affirm the 

jury’s verdict against defendants with regard to tortious interference and defamation. However, 
-23-

we conclude that the trial court erred in submitting to the jury the question of whether the 

medical bylaws established contractual relations between ProMedica and Dr. Byrnes, and that 

the error was not harmless. Accordingly, we reverse the jury’s finding that the medical bylaws 

constitute a contract and its related finding that ProMedica is liable for breach of contract. 

Nevertheless, we need not disturb the judgment because the other theories of liability continue to 

support the jury’s award of damages. Finally, for the reasons stated above, we conclude that the 

trial court did not err in holding Leader jointly and severally liable for plaintiffs’ damages.

Reversed in part, affirmed in part.

/s/ Jane M. Beckering

/s/ David H. Sawyer

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron