57TH CoNGREss, } HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. J DocuMENT 

1st Session. 1 No. bK 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WATER-SUPPLY 

AND 

IRRIGATION PAPERS 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

No. 58 .. 

STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA-LIPPINCOTT 

WASHINGTON 

, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1902 
/ 
' 

, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 

STORAGE OF WATER 

ON 

KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA 

BY 

JOSEPH BARLOW LIPPINCOTT 

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1902 

CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Letter of transmittal ______ . . ___________ . _____ . ____ . ______ ~ _ . -- __ . -----• -- 9 

Location and physical features ____ . . .• __ .... _______ .• _ . _. __ ... _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

Precipitation ____ .... _____________ , .• _____ . ___ .. __ . _. ______ . ____ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 

Regimen of river ______________________ . _ . _ . ___ . ______ . _ .. ____ ~ __ . __ .. ___ - 17 

Evaporation and seepage . _. ___ .. _____ . _. ___ . _. __ . _____ • ~ __ •...• ~. _ .. _ .. _ .. _ 22 

Reconnaissance of basin __ . ____________ ... ___ . _____________ . ___ .. ___ . __ . _ _ 24 

South Fork _______ . ___ . __ . _______ . ___ .. ______ .. ___ . _____ . ____ . _. _. _ _ _ _ 26 

Bubbs Creek and headwaters of South Fork. _________ . ___ .. ____ ... ___ . 27 

Paradise Valley . ____ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ .. __ . _ . ______ ..•. ______ . ______ •• __ . 27 

Roaring River and Sugar loaf Creek _____ . _ . _. ___ . _____ ... _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 

Simpson Meadows ___ . ____ • . ______________ . _________ • ________ . _. __ .-- 28 

Dusy Meadows ___ • ______ • _. ______________ . ___ ~ ...• _ ..• __ .•.. ____ . __ -- 28 

Din key Creek ____ •. ___ . _ . , . _ . __ . __ _- __ . _ •. _ ... _______ · _ .... ___ . _ .. _ .. __ . 29 

Pine Flat._ _. _. ____ .. _ ••.. __ . _. ________ . _ p. _. _ •• ___ •• __ • _ ••• __ • __ ••• _. 30 

Clarks Valley ________ . __ .. __ . _. ___ . _____ .. _ .. __ . ____ . _... . _. ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ 33 

105-foot dam. _______ . _______ . ____ .. ______ ._ . _. _____ . __ . ___ . _ .. _... 35 

85-foot dam._~. __ .. ________ . ____ . _______ . ___ . ___ . -~ __ .. __ . _ ... _. _ _ 37 

Water supply ___ . _· _________ . _________ . ___ . _ . _____ ..... _. __ ..... _ . 39 

Spillway--------------------- -------·----------· _ -------------- 42 

Reservoir surveys, _ . ____ .. ___ . ______ .. _ .. _ ... _____ .. __ . ___ .. ___ . ___ .. __ ... _ . 43 

Long Meadow . _____ . __________________________ . _______ .. _ . _ .. __ .. _ . _ . 44 

East Lake . __ . ______ . ________ .. ___ -- . . _ . __ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ ... _ _ _ _ _ 46 

Granite Basin _ _ __ . _________________ . . _ ... ____________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

Electrjc-power development _______ .. ___ .... __________ . __ ..... _ ... _. _. _. _. 48 

Power possibilities . . ___ .. _ _ _. ___ . _. __ .. ___ . __ .. __ .. __ ... ___ .. ___ ... __ . 49 

Ground water of Kings River delta ______ . _____ . _ .. __ . _____________ . . . 53 

Alkaline conditions _____ . ______ . _____________ . ____ .. __ ....... __ . . . 82 

Generation and transmission of electric power and installation of pumping plants, by Lewis A. Hicks .... _____ . ___ .. _. _ . __ . __ . __ ....... _. . . . 86 

Introduction __ ... __________ . __________ . _ .. _. ___ ... _ .... __ .. __ . . . . . 86 

Power available ____ .. ________ . __ . ___ . __________ . __________ .. ____ .. 86 

Annual replenishment of ground water _ .. -- ______ .. ---. ____ . . . . . . 87 

Plant proposed __ ... ____ . ___ ... ____ .. _____ . _ . __ . __ . _ _ _ .... _ _ _ _ 88 

Sand traps. ______ .. __ . ______ . _ . __ . _ .. ____ . __ . __ .... _____ .. ___ . _ 88 

Penstock _ . __ . ________ .. _ . __ .. ________ .. _ _ .. _ . _______ . . __ . _ . _ _ 89 

Pressure pipes ___ . __ ... ___ . __________ . ___ . _ .. _____ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 89 

Power house ____ . __ . ______ . __ . ___ . ________________ . _ . _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ 89 

Pole lines ___ .. ___ . ____ •.. ____________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 91 

Substations. ___ . ___ . __ . _____ .... _. ___ . ________ . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 91 

Pumping stations. ___ .. __ . _ •. _. _________ ... ________ . __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92 

Cost ______ .. _. __ . ________ . _ . __ . ___ . ___________ .. ____________ . _ . 93 

Conclusion ___ . ____ . ____ •. _ ..... _. _. _. __________ . __ ... __ . ___ . . ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 95 

Summary------------------------------------------------------------ 96 

Acknowledgments __ . ___ . _____ ... ________ . _. _ . ______ . _____ . _. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 98 

Addenda ____ . _ ...• _ . ___________ . _ . __ . _________ ... _ • __ • __ . _ ... ___________ . 99 

Index _ . _ • ___ • _ • _ . __ ..•.. _______ ... __ . _ . _____ .. _ .....• ___ . _ .. __ .. _____ .. ___ . 100 

5 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

PLATE I. Map of drainage basin of Kings River, showing route traversed 

by exploring parties __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . _____ .. ___ ~ _ _ _ _ _ 11 

II. A, General view of upper drainage basin of Kings River; B, Headworks of Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company's system. _____ . 12 

III. Crest of Sierra Nevada above timber line, Kings River Basin.__ _ 12 

IV. A, Forest cover in Sierra Nevada at altitude of 6,000 feet; B, 

Destructive lumbering in Sierra Nevada.-.-___________________ 14 

V. Map of Kings River delta, showing distribution canals and location of wells __ . _____ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________ .. _ _ _ _ 14 

VI. A, Red Mountain gaging station on Kings River; B, Falls in creek 

above East Lake . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . ____ . . .. _____ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 

VII. Diagram showing discharge of Kings River at Red Mountain gaging station for years 1895 to 1897 .. __ .. ______ . ____ . ______ .. _ _ _ 18 

VIII. Diagram showing discharge of Kings River at Red Mountain gagingstationforyears 1898to 1900------------------------ ____ 18 

IX. CliffsonSouthForkof Kings River ______________ .. _______ ·---. 26 

X. Cliff Camp on North Fork of Kings River. ______ ----· __ _ _ __ _ _ 28 

XI. A, Contour map of Dusy Meadows reservoir site; B, Contour 

map of Dusy Meadows dam site_ _____ ____ _____ ________ ____ __ 28 

~II. Contour mapof Pine Flat reservoir site_________________________ 30 

XIII. Contour map of Clarks Valley reservoir site and proposed diversion canal . __ . __ .. _ . _______ ... __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . __ . _ .. __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 

XIV. Details of proposed reservoir in Clarks Valley: A, Section of canal 

in earth and loose rock; B, Section of canal in solid rock: 0, 

Combined sections, showing tower; D, Longitudinal section of 

spill way ________ . __ . _______ . _ .. ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 

XV. Details of proposed reservoir in Clarks Valley: A, Plan and section of west end of dam No. 2; B, Cross section and longitudinal section of outlet channeL ________ . _ _ _ _ .. ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 

XVI. A, Contour map of Long Meadow reservoir site; B, Contour map 

of Long Meadow dam site __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ~ ___ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 

XVII. A, View of Long Meadow dam site; B, View of East Lake res- ervoir site ________ .. _ ... ____ .. _____ . __________ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ 46 

XVIII. Plan, elevation, and maximum cross section of proposed Long 

Meadow reservoir dam ___ . . . __ . ______________ . ________ .. ___ . . 46 

XIX. Uontour map of East Lake reservoir site __ . ___ . _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ 48 

XX. Contour map of Granite Basin reservoir site__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 

XXI. A, Reflection Lake; B, Granite Basin reservoir site __________ . _ _ _ 50 

XXII. A, Outlet of Granite Basin reservoir site; B, Canyon of Middle 

Fork above Tehipiti Basin _ _ ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________ . 50 

XXIII. Profile and plan of Kings River Canyon. _____ . ________________ . 52 

XXIV. A, Middle Fork of Kings River above junction of South Fork; 

B, Kings River Canyon ______ .. _______ .... ___________ . ~ ___ "' _ _ 52 

7 
8 ILLUSTRATIONS. 

XXV. Contour map of a portion of Middle Fork of Kings River, showing proposed location of power house, etc., and profile of tunnel 

Page. 

conduit _________ -·--·- _____________ -------------·-·--- ___ 54 

XXVI. Plan and geologic section showing effect of irrigation on water 

plane in the Hanford area of the Mussel Slough country, California ____________ . ___ . _ . _ _ . _ . ________ . _______ . ____ . _____ .. _ _ 82 

XXVII. Longitudinal section, plan, and transverse section of sand trap___ 88 

XXVIII. Details of proposed power plant: A, Section of tunnel; B, Section 

of wasteway; 0, Plan of penstock . ____ . ____ . ______ . ____ . __ .. _. 88 

XXIX. Proposed power house: A, Side elevation and plan; B, Transverse 

section and end elevation ________ .. __ . __ . _________ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 90 

XXX. Elevation and section of proposed transformer house _____ ... ___ . 92 

XXXI. Details of proposed power plant: A, Friction gear for priming 

pump; B, Section of wall of transformer house; 0, Plan of 

pump pit; D, Details of construction of pump pit. ___________ ._ 92 

XXXII. Elevation and section of proposed pump house _ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 94 

FIG. 1. Contour map of Lake Charlotte reservoir site ____ ------------------ 27 

2. Section of proposed Pine Flat weir ______ --··- ____ ·--- __ --------____ 31 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY, 

Washington, D. 0., June 29, 1901. 

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript prepared 

·by :Mr. J. B. Lippincott, giving the results of surveys and investigations for water storage and power development on Kings River, California. This investigation was begun as part of the general plan for 

ascertaining the water resources of the country and the extent to 

which the Arid Lands could be redeemed by irrigation. 

In order to assist this work and make it more complete the California Water and Forest Association, organized to promote the irrigation developments of the State, placed at the disposal of the Geological 

Survey the sum of $1,000, which had been raised by private subscription. In addition to· this tt local organization known as the Kings 

River Storage Association, cooperating with the other body, increased 

the amount by $1,500, to be used for field expenses. 

In this work the drainage basin of Kings River has been explored 

and preliminary surveys and estimates prepared sufficient to justify 

the statements that works can or can not be economically constructed at certain localities. It is not the object of this investigation 

to make finished working plans· or final surveys upon which specifications or contracts could be made, that detail being left to those 

who may have in charge the actual construction of the works. It is 

believed, however, that the· estimates are sufficiently broad and conservative to enable general conclusions to be drawn. It is understood 

that the officers of this Survey have no concern with the question 

whether such works are t,o be built by private capital or by public 

funds, their object being to ascertain the important physical features. 

The situation on Kings River is to a certain extent typical of that 

along a number of important streams of the West, and as a result of 

this investigation it is believed that the reclaimable area can be greatly 

extended by the construction of storage works and also of power 

plants by means of which, through electrical transmission, pumps can 

be operated at small expense out on the broad valleys. The demonstration of these conditions will prove one of the most important steps 

toward the transformation and utilization of the fertile but arid lands. 

Very respectfully, 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, 

F. H. NEWELL, 

Hyclrogrrapher in .Charge. 

D·i·rector Urvited States Geological Swruey. 9 

U.S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

LEGEND 

~ R.OlJTES TRAVEitSt:U 

~ """P.I<\"OIH SJTt:S 

MAP OFDRAJl'\AGE HASH\ OF KINGS RfVI':R,C.\J.IFOR.NIA, SHOWJN(i IIOL'TE TRAVEHSED HYEXPWRJXG PAI1TIES Scale 

~====~coi~=~~~~"~ 
'';I 

STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA. 

By JOSEPH BARLOW LIPPINCOTT. 

LOCATION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

Kings River rises on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada., in 

Fresno County, Cal., draining the crest from Mount 'Vhitney on the 

south to Mount Goddard on the north. Mount Whitney, with an 

elevation of 14,898 feet, is the highest mountain in the United States. 

The divide to the north culminates in numerous peaks, which reach 

elevatiOlls greater than 14,000 feet. This crest probably displays the 

most rugged ·anj the grandest scenery in our country. Above the 

10,000-foot contour thn drainage basin of the river is largely bare 

granite, supporting a scanty vegetation and carved by the action of 

glaciers. This is clearly shown in Pl II, A, and in Pl. III. Between 

the 10,000- and the 1,000-foot contours the mountains are covered with 

underbrush and large timber, the most extensive forest of Sequoia 

wash,ingtoniana growing here. (See Pl. IV, A, a view southeast of 

Millwood, at an elevation of 6,000 feet.) The distance from the crest 

of the mountains to the mouth of the canyon of the river, on a direct 

line, is approximately 50 miles. Fully 80 per cent of the drainage 

basin is now included within the boundaries of the Sierra Forest 

Reserve, which is patrolled for the prevention of fires· and illegal 

herding. The Government will grant no more private holdings within 

the reserve except for mining or the development of the water 

resources. This is of prime importance to the irrigated lands below, 

for it means the conservation of the stream, and the action has been 

taken none too soon, for great destruction of the forests has already 

been occasioned by fires and lumbermen. The largest grove of big 

trees in the State is now being sawed up at Millwood. Pl. IV, B, 

· is a view in the Converse Basin, and shows the wasteful, destructive 

lumbering that has been carried on there. 

The river debouches from its mountain drainage basin upon the 

plains of Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties. r_rhese lands are sometimes referred to as the Kings River delta. They are near the geographic center of the State. Fresno and Hanford are the principal 

towns. They are about 200 miles distant from San Francisco and Los 

11 
12 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Angeles. The counties referred to present a variety of climatic conditions and soils. The altitudes vary from 250 to 14,000 feet. The 

Coast .Range on the west consists of rolling hills, and the country . 

between those mountains and the Sierra Nevada, to the east, is a 

valley comprising river bottoms and uplands. The Sierra Nevada 

is divided into three regions-the foothill Tegion, the timber or 

forest region, and the region of snow and ice. It will readily be 

understood that with so varied a topography a variety of climatic conditions would necessarily exist. The yearly seasons in San Joaquin 

Valley are two-a dry season and a wet season. The former usually 

begins about May 1 and lasts until about the middle of October or the 

first of November, when the rainy season begins. The average rainfall is 8. 79 inches annually at Fresno. There are about 275 days 

of sunshine in t,he year. The rains in the winter seldom last 

more than two or three days at a time. With the exception of very 

rainy days there is no time during the year that men and teams can 

not work out of doors. The mean average winter temperature is 

~bout 60°; t.b.e average summer temperature is 80°. The atmosphere 

during the summer months is dry, and the heat is not nearly so oppressive as in localities where the atmosphere is damp. The health reports 

show that Fresno has the lowest death rate of any c1ty in the State. 

The mountain regions of the eastern portion of the district are always 

·cool. They can be reached in about eight or ten hours' drive from 

Fresno. 

There are probably few equal areas of country where a greater 

variety of valuable commodities are produced than here. Lumber, 

gold, copper, petroleum, grain, oranges, lemons, many varieties of 

deciduous fruits, grapes, raisins, wines, and brandies are produced In 

commerc~al quantities. There are more than 500,000 deciduous fruit 

trees in Fresno County, and the humber is being increased each season. There are about 40,000 acres of vineyards producing raisin and 

wine grapes. a 

Irrigation is necessary for the production of all varieties of agricultural products, with the possible exception of grains. There are 

about 625 miles of main irrigation canals, covering 380,000 acres of 

land on the Kings River delta. It is believed that a good water right 

on valley lands will add $50 per acre to their value and $90 per acre 

to the value of the so-called frostless foothill lands. The duty of 

water may be taken at 2 acre-feet, or 24 inches in depth, each year. 

Thus an acre-foot of water is worth from $25 to $45 delivered to 

the land. 

As Kings River leaves its canyon, about 12 miles east of Sanger, in 

Fresno County, it is immediately diverted by a series of canals, shown 

on the map of the valley lands (PI. V). The areas irrigated·from the 

river, extending from Fresno on the ·north to Hanford on the south, 

a In the fall of 1901 1,400 carloads of oranges were shipped from the district between Fresno 

and Porterville, and this indu.stry is only in its infam~y. 
U. S. GI:OLOGICAL SU RVEY WATER·SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 Pl. II 

A G ENERAL VI EW OF UPPER DRAINAGE BASIN OF KINGS RIVER. 

B. HEADWORKS OF FRESNO CANAL AND IRRIGATION COMPANY"S SYSTEM. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. 11 1 

CREST OF SI ERRA N EVADA ABOV E TIMB ER L IN E, KINGS RIV ER BASIN, 
LiPPINCOTT.] LOCATION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES. 13 

are the most extensive that are watered from any one stream in tqe 

State. · The canal companies which associated themselves in the 

Kings River Storage Association decided to contribute for the investigation amounts proportional to the areas of land. served. For this 

purpose each company filed with the association statements of the 

areas irrigated. These figures, which are given below, possibly represent the areas that are irrigated in good years during the period of 

spring flood of the river, and in some cases may be in excess of the 

land actually watered. These canals all have headworks of a rather 

temporary nature, consisting of rock-filled cribs or brush and rock· 

dams, as shown in Pl. II, B. 

Lands served by canal companies diverti'!tg water frortl- Kings River. 

Acres. 

Fresno canal, whole system . __ . _ .. __ . _ .. _ .. ________ . _. ___ . ___ . _. 160, 000 

Laguna canal __ .. __ . . ___ • __ . _ _ ___ . __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. ________ • __ . 

Alta Irrigation Company's canal ..... _______ . _ ... ____ .. __ .. __ ... __ _ 

Peoples' canal __ •.•.•• _ • __ • _ • _ . _ . _ . ____ . _____ ....... _ . -. -. -_ - --- Last Chance canaL ________________ . _____ . _ . _ .. _ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ____ . 

Centerville and Kingsburg canal .. __ .. _. __ .. _______ . _. _________ _ 

Murphy Slough Association ___ . ___ .. __ . _ : . . _ . ___ .. _ .. __ . _______ _ 

Lower Kings River __________ . __ . _________ . __ . _______ . ___ . __ .. __ 

Fowler Switch canaL. ________ .----- __ . _________________ ------

Stinson canal . __ . ___ .. __ . ___ . _ .... _ . ____ . _ .... __ . __ . __ . . ... _ . __ . _ 

Crescent canal. ____ ... _. __ . __ . ______ . ___ . _. __________ . __ . _____ .. 

Emigrants' canal ......... ----··--------- ____ -·····---------------. Liberty canal. _______ . _________ . ___ . ____________ . ____ . _______ " __ 

25,000 

50,000 

25,000 

25,000 

20,000 

20,000 

15,000 

12,000 

12,000 

12,000 

3,000 

750 

Total._. ___ . __________ . __ ._ .. _____ .. ___ ... __ ... ____ • __ ... _ 379, 750 

During the May and June flood period there is usually water for 

the full capacity of all of the diverting canals, estimated at 4,000 

second-feet, but the available supply diminishes rapidly after the 

middle of June, as prior rights take precedence in the diversion. The 

area watered is on the eastern side of the middle portion of San 

Joaquin Valley. The lands have a gentle westerly slope from the 

foothills to the thalweg of the valley. The area irrigable from the 

river is far in excess of the available water supply. The distance 

from the foothills to the central drainage lines of the valley is about 

40 miles. 

This is the great raisin district of California. As already stated, 

many varieties of deciduous fruits are also successfully grown, and 

along the foothills it.has been demonstrated that semitropical fruits 

can be matured ·with success where water is available for continuous 

irrigation. Porterville, about 50 miles to the south, is one of the 

most successful orange and lemon districts in the State, and it has 

been shown, by many scattered orchards, that these fruits can profitably be grown to the east of Sanger. Along the foothills of San 

Joaquin Valley marked increase in winter temperature occurs within 
14 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [NO. 58. 

a. rise of a few hundred feet. The citrus belt, as is the case in southern California, is a narrow strip of land at the base of the mountains. 

The first irrigators on Kings River naturally diverted the water to 

the lower flat lands, where canals could be more cheaply constructed. 

In that way the water rights of the river have been applied to those 

lands, which are relatively low in elevation and upon which the 

citrus fruits, the most valuable crop, can not be raised. An increase 

in the water supply will therefore permit the application of a portion 

of this water to the valuable foothill lands. The deciduous fruits, 

which are gathered largely during the month of July, do not require 

extensive late summer irrigation. The reverse is true of citrus fruits, 

which do not ripen until November or December and which require 

irrigation throughout the summer. In a similar way alfalfa, the staple 

forage crop of the State, must be irrigated throughout the summer 

season. In this portion of California lands which are sown to grain 

are capable of prodJlcing two crops in case a water supply is available 

for late summer irrigation. An increase in the water supply will therefore permit improved irrigation for areas now served, as well as an 

extension of the irrigated area. 

The combined capacity of the canals leading out of Kings River is 

stated to be approximately 4,000 cubic feet per second. In Septem:-

ber, 1898, the low-water summer supply of the river fell as low as 145 

cubic feet per second. Possibly the canals during spring -floods can 

divert more than 4,000 second-feet of water, but not more than 4,000 

second-feet .if applied beneficially. It is therefore evident that the 

late summer supply is wholly inadequate for the demands of the water 

companies. (This is clearly shown in the discharge diagrams, Pls. 

VII and VIII.) The division of this late water has resulted in much 

litigation, and it is estimated that the canal companies have expended 

annually about $40,000 in legal controversies over it. This represents 

4 per cent interest on $1,000,000, and results in much bad feeling and 

in no increase in the supply. During the spring and early summer 

there is an excessive water supply for all companies, and much water 

is unused. Little if any water is diverted during the midwinter season. If summer water could be supplied with certainty it is believedthat midwinter irrigation would be practically abandoned. The waterpower development considered in this report is on the Middle Fork of 

Kings River, above all diversions for irrigation and above the contemplated diversion of storage water to Clarks Valley, so that neither 

one would interfere with the proposed power plant. 

During the last season (1900) the profits from the ii·rigated districts 

around Fresno have exceeded, it is estimated, $2,000,000. 1-,his illustrates what could be accomplished by extending the irrigation systems 

throughout the central valley of California. Land favorably situated· 

and with a good water right sells for about $60 an acre when unimproved, and when in vineyard or orchard it will earn very good returns 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER ·SU PPLY PA PER NO. 58 PL. IV 

A. FOREST COVER IN SIERRA NEVADA AT ALTITUDE OF 6,000 FEET. 

1~ DESTRU CT IV E LUMBERING I N SIERRA NEVADA. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. V 

MAP OF KINGS RIVER DELTA, SHOWING DISTRIBUTION CANALS AND LOCATION OF WELLS. 

Numbers of wells correspond with the numbers 1n the table on pages 56 to 79. The following IS a list of the canals: 

1. Upper San Joaquin canal. 2. Enterprise canal. 3. Herndon canal. 

4. Stitt ditch. 

8. Diversion canal. 15. McCall ditch. 22. liberty canal. 9. Houghton canal. 16. Highland ditch 23. Mussel Slough Association canal. 

10. Briggs ditch. 17. Harland ditch. 24. People's canal. 

11. Hansen ditch. 18. Caruthers ditch. 25. Rhodes canal. 5. Gould canal. 12. Fowler Switch canal. 19. Elkhorn ditch. 26. Lower Kings River canal. 6. Fresno canal. 7. Roeding ditch. 13. Lone Tree canal. 20. Emigrants' canal. 27. Last Chance canal. 14. '76 canal. 21. James canal. 28. Zalda canal. 
LIPPINCOTT.) PRECIPITATION. 15 

on that value. The same class of laud without an irrigation supply 

sells for about $10 au acre. The water supply therefore represents a 

value of $50 an acre. The water has usually been sold with the land. 

Under the Fresno canal a continuous flow of 1 second-foot originally 

sold for $1,600 and was made to apply to 160 acres of land, or at the 

rate of $10 an acre. An additional charge of 62 cents per acre per 

year is also made for conveyance of water and repairs. ·water rights 

for 160,000 acres of land have been sold by this canal. In the Alta 

irrigation district the first cost of water was $5 an acre, with an 

annual charge of 40 cents per acre for cost of operating. There are 

130,000 acres under this system. r.rhe rights of the Alta district to the 

river water are subsequent to those of the Fresno canal. A detailed 

description of these canals and their rights is contained in WaterSupply and Irrigation Paper No. 18, entitled Irrigation near Fresno, 

by C. E. Grunsky. r.rhe lands of the Kings River delta are described 

by Mr .. Grunsky as follows: 

Near Centerville the soil of the upland is a red sandy loam, resting on a yellow 

clay hardpan, which is usually at 4 to 6 feet below the surface. Hardpan is not 

continuous; it disappears frequently at about one-half mile from the margin of 

the upland, where the surface soil becomes lighter and more sandy. At depths of 

10 feet or more beds of cobble and gravel are found, which in proximity to the 

low river bottoms afford thorough underdrainage to these lands. The soil is very 

productive. Ground water is at 12 to 15 feet below the surface. 

Westward from Centerville toward Fresno the soil of the plains is a loamy sand. 

This generally rests on a firm clay hardpan, which is sometimes impregnated with 

sand. Soil is from 1 to 3 feet deep. At the sinks of the several creeks near 

Fr~sno the soil is a deep, heavy, red loam, baking on the surface after being 

wet. \Vhere a hardpan substratum is encountered at all it is at 10 to 30 

feet below the surface. West ward from the immediate vicinity of the sinks of 

the creeks the soil is a loamy sand, several feet deep, resting on a firm clay hardpan. rfhe SOil far toward the southwest mergeR into the sandy LOilS of the alkali 

belt which skirts the edge of Fresno Swamp, and these in turn are succeeded by 

the rich peaty alluvium of the swamp lands. To the south of Fresno the sandy 

soil of Fresno and central California colonies changes to the light so-called ash of 

Washington colony. The hardpan dips farther below the surface toward the 

south, and there are points in the latter colony where it has disappeared altogether. In the southern and southeastern portion of the region commanded by 

this canal system oand predominates. The surface of the country is comparatively 

smooth, though occasionally crossed by low sand ridges. Firm hardpan partaking of the nature of cemented sand, immediately below the surface soil is rarely 

found. It occurs most frequently where the surface presents the peculiar 

hog-wallow appearance. 

PRECIPITATION. 

The precipitation on the plains between Fresno and Hanford varies 

from 6 inches in the central portion of the valley to 9 inches at Fresno 

and 16 inches at Centerville. The only crop raised without irrigation 

is grain, and this fails except when the rains are opportune. The 

precipitation in the drainage basin ranges from 9 inches in San J oaquin Valley, at Fresno, to fully 50 inches on the crest, where it is 

largely in the form of snow, which lies in great depths on the high 
16 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER:, CAL. [No. 58. 

d~vide until melted by the summer's heat. The accompanying tables 

give the annual precipUation at Fresno from 1877 to 1900, both inclusive, and at Sacramento from 1849 to 1900, both inclusive. 

Annual precipitation, in inches. 

FRESNO, CAL. 

[Latitude, 36° 43'; longitude, 119° 49'; elevation, 293 feet; observer, Pacific Railway System.] 

Year. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 

1877-78 .•••.••. _____ 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.42 3.20 1.76 1. 91 

1878-79. --·- -------- 0.00 .20 .56 .22 1.28 .56 .66 1879--80.------ ·----- 0.00 .55 .48 1. 67 . 46 2.14 . 61 

1880--81. ···------ ---- 0.00 0.00 .44 3.05 2.21 . 87 .55 

1881--82..------------ .w .36 .27 .16 .42 1.04 1.26 

1882-83. .34 .05 . 73 .70 0.00 .57 2.46 

1883-84. -===~~====== 0.00 2.00 T. .34 2.29 3.18 2.81 

1884--85. ·--- ·--- ---- 0.00 .35 .08 3.98 .45 0.00 .53 

1885--86.------------ 0.00 .06 7.92 1.90 2.38 .58 1.21 

1886--87------------- 0.00 .47 . 70 .34 .31 2.80 .09 

1887--88.-----------. .49 . 15 .32 1.16 1. 75 .13 1.95 1888-89 _________ ---- . 06 0.00 2.38 1.71 .34 .32 2.07 

1889-90.------------ 0.00 3.17 1.39 3.87 2.12 .80 1.04 

1890-91. .... -------- 1.26 0.00 .22 2.30 .79 2.03 .81 

1891-92.------------ .39 0.00 .21 3.08 .37 .68 1.31 

1892.93- -- --- --- ---- 0.00 .31 .52 2.02 . 74 1. 75 3.09 

1893--94- - ----- ------ 0.00 T. .13 .99 1. 73 2.95 .25 

1894--95. -------- ---- -----· . 75 .18 3.67 1.60 1.32 1. 95 

1895-96.---------·-- .05 0.00 .34 .32 2.89 .00 1.21 

1896-97----- -------. .06 1.28 1.46 1.00 1.93 2.65 1.64 

1897-98.------------ T. 1.19 .22 .48 .42 1.H .71 

1898-99.---- -------- 1.12 .03 .34 .43 1.92 .02 2.90 

1899-1900.---------- 0.00 2.01 1.51 1.09 1.52 .08 .88 

SACRAMENTO. CAL. 

------

Apr. May.IJune. July. Aug. 

0. 78 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1.33 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1.97 .15 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1.00 .10 0.00 T. T. 

1.23 .10 0.00 0.00 0.00 

.95 ]. 3ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2.85 1.11 1.29 0.00 0.00 

1.11 .15 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2.65 .03 .02 0.00 0.00 

.22 .56 T . T. T. 

.54 .57 0.00 0.00 T . 

.17 .45 0.00 0.00 IT. 

.55 .03 .02 0.00 0.00 

.22 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 

.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 10 1.30 1.08 0.00 0.00 

.78 .62 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2.R2 .02 ~0.00 .07 .15 

.30 0.00 T. 0.00 T. 

0.00 . 79 0.00 0.00 0.00 

.36 .06 .66 0.00 0.00 

1.:31 1. 97 T. T. 0.00 

Total 

8.9 5 

7 

43 

22 

30 

4.8 

8 . 

8 . 

5. 

7.1 6 

7 

65 

62 

1 

15.8 

6 .. 

16. 

7.4 

6.1 73 

99 

1 

1 

56 

7. 

13.0 

8.0 

7. 

8. 7 0 8 . 

10.8 53 

7 

3 

2 

5 

4 

7 

7.9 

10.3 

4.9 

7.8 

10.2 

[Elevation, 71 feet; observers, Dr. Thomas M. Logan, Central Pacific Railroad Company, and 

United States Signal Service.} 

Year. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June. July. Aug. Total. 

--------------------

1849--50 ••.••• ------- 0.25 1.50 2.25 12.50 4.50 0.50 10.00 4.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 o.oo 36.on 

1850-51 .• -----.----- 0.00 Q.OO T. T.• .65 .35 1.88 1.14 .69 0.00 0.00 

1851--52 _______ ------ 1.00 .18 2.14 7.07 .58 .12 6.40 .19 .30 0.00 0.00 

0.00 4. 71 0. 00 17.98 

1852-53.------------ T. 0.00 6.00 13.41 3.00 2.00 7.00 3.50 1.45 T. T. 0. 00 36.36 1853-54 .. ----------- T. T. 1.50 1.54 3.25 8.50 3. 25 1.50 .21 .31 0.00 T. 20.06 

1854--55.------ ------ T. 1.01 .65 1.15 2.67 3.46 4.20 4.32 1.15 .01 0.00 0.00 18.62 

1855-56.--.- -------- T. 0.00 . 75 2.00 4.92 .69 1.40 2.13 1.84 .03 0.00 0.00 13.76 

1856--57------- ------ T. . 20 .65 2.40 1.38 4.80 .68 T. T . .35 ·.m T. 10.47 

1857-58 .. ------- ---- 0.00 .66 2.41 2.63 2.44 2. 4fj 2.88 1. 21 .20 .10 0.00 T. 14.99 

1858--59.--- T. 3.01 .15 4.34 .96 3.91 1.64 . 98 1.04 0.00 .03 

1859--60 .. - --=~ = ~ = == = .03 0.00 6.49 1.83 2.31 .93 5.11 2.87 2.49 .02 .55 

0.00 16.06 

0.00 2'2.63 1860-61_ .06 .91 .18 4.28 2.67 2.92 3.32 .48 .59 .14 0.00 

1861--62_ -======= =~=~ 0.00 T. 2.17 8.64 15.04 4.26 2.80 .82 1. 81 .01 0.00 . 0. 00 15.55 

.OL 35.56 

1862-63.------------ 0.00 .36 .01 2.33 1. 73 2. 75 2.36 1.69 .36 0.00 T. T. 11.59 

1863--64.------ ------ T. 0.00 1.49 1. 82 1.08 .19 1.30 1.08 .74 .09 0.00 . 'l8 7.87 

1864-65.------------ T. .12 6. 72 7.87 4. 78 .71 .48 1.37 .w 0.00 T. 0.00 22.51 

1865--66---- -- -- -- -- - .01 .48 2.43 .36 7. 70 2.01 2.02 .48 2.25 .10 .02 0. 00 17.80 

1866--67- ... ---- - ----- T. T. 2.43 9.51 3. i4 7.10 1.01 l.SO .01 0.00 0.00 0. 00 25.30 

1867-68.------------ .01 0.00 d.81 12.85 6.04 3.15 4.35 2.31 .27 T. 0.00 0. 00 32.78 

1868-69_ ------------ 0.00 0.00 .77 2.61 4. 79 3.63 2.94 1.24 .65 .Ol 0.00 0.00 16.64 

18b'9-70- -- -- -- -- ---- T. 2.12 .85 1.96 1.37 3.24 1.64 2.12 .27 T. T. •r. 13.57 

1870--71. ------------ 0.00 .02 .58 .97 2.08 1. 92 .69 1.45 . 76 T. O.Ofl 0.00 8.47 

1871-72_ ------------ T. .21 1.22 10.59 4.04 4. 74 1.94 .61 .28 • O'Z 0.00 0. 00 23.til) 1872-73 ____ --------- T. .22 1.93 5.39 1.23 4.36 .55 .51 0.00 T. .02 T. 14.21 

1873-74_ ------------ 0.00 .31 1.87 10.12 5.30 1.86 3.05 .89 .37 0.00 1\00 0.00 2:J.77 

1874-75 _____ . ------- .0.) 2.26,3.80 .44 8.81 .03 1.26 0.00 .04 1.061 0.00 1875--76.---- -------- 0.00 .04 6.20 5.52 4.99 3. 75 4.15 1.10 .15 0.00 .21 

1876-77------------- 0.00 3.45 .30 0.00 2. 77 1.04 .56 .19 .64 0.00 0.00 1877-78 ______ ------- 0.00 . 73 1.07 1.43 9.26 8.04 3.09 1.07 .17 0.00 10.00 1878-79------------- .29 .55 .51 .47 3.18 3.88 4.88 2.66 1.30 .13 T. 

1879--80.------------ 0.00 .88 2.05 3.41 1.64 1.83 1. 70 14.20 . 76 0.00 T . 

1880--81. ----- ------- O.Of 0.00 .05 11.81 6.14 5.06 1.37 1.64 T. .50 T. 

1881-82.------------ . 30 .55 1.88 3.27 1.89 2.40 3. 78 1.99 .35 .10 T . 

0.00 17.75 . 0'2 26.13 

0.00 8.9ii 

0.00 24.86 T. 17.85 

T. 26.47 

T. 26.57 

T. 16.51 

1882--83-- ---- .. ----- .57 2.63 3.22 1.13 2.23 1.11 3. 70 .67 2.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.11 

1883--84 ____ ----- ---· .90 .97 .61 .44 3.43 4.46 8.14 4.32 1.16 1.45 0.00 0.00 2S.88 

1884-85 ____ --- ------ .60 2.01 0.00 10.45 2.16 .49 .08 .68 T. .11 T. 0.00 16.58 

1885-86 .... --------- .08 .02 11.34 5. 76 7.9!) .29 2.68 4.08 .07 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.27 

1886-87------- ------ 0.00 .68 .21 2.21 1.12 6.28 .94 2.53 T. 0.00 0.00 T. 1:3.97 

1887-88.----··-· ---- • 02 0.00 .45 2.09 4.81 .5i' 3.04 .10 .40 .08 T. T. IUro . 
U. $. GEOLO.:iiCAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. VI 

A . RED MOUNTAIN GAGING STATION ON KINGS RIV ER. 

1:. FALLS IN CREEK ABOVE EAST LAKE. 
l.IPPINCOTT.} REGIMEN OF RIVER. 17 

Annual precipitation in inches-Continued. 

SACRAMENTO, CAL.-Continned. 

Year. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. •rota!. I 

------- ------------------

1888-89.--------.--- 0.55 0.00 4.28 4.63 0.15 0.33 6.25 0.26 3.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 19.95 

1889-!10 ______ - ------ 0.00 6.02 3.15 7.82 6.6:.l 4.06 3.00 1.33 1.80 0.00 0.00 . T. 33.80 

ll:i90-9L. ...• -. ----- .80 T. 0.00 3.34 .fi3 . 6.61 1. 78 2.0! . 66 .05 T . 000 15.81 

1l:i91-92. -----.------ .10 .10 .48 3.28 1. 7l:i 2.8i 3.02 1.20 2.38 T. 0.00 0.00 15.18 

1892-93 ...... --- ---- .18 .70 6.60 4.90 3.27 2.66 3.51 1.08 1.05 0.00 T. 0.00 23.95 1i'l93-94_ _____ -----.. .22 .12 2.92 1.76 tg! r:: . 74 .34 1. 70 .46 T . T. 16.35 

1894-95 ...... ------- .88 1.06 .48 8.86 1.20 . 86 .51 0.00 .04 T . 24.15 

1895-96 ....... ----- 1.26 .17 1.54 1.54 9.76 . .09 2.57 5.34 .92 0.00 T. .20 23.39 

1896--97----- -------. .31 .55 3.56 1. 76 3.66 4.15 2.M .25 .30 .04 0.00 0.00 17.12 

1897-98 __ , ___ -. -----1 .16 1.96 .61 1.64 . 98 . 3.19 .0! .28 1.50 .14 0.00 0.00 10.50 

1898-99 •••• ----.---- . 36 .64 .61 2.30 3.94 I .04 6.02 .10 .54 .49 0.00 .02 15.06 

1899-1900 ---------- 0.00 4.46 2.62 2.91 3.54 ' . 32 11.61 1. 88 2.88 T. T. 0.00 20.22 

T indicates trace. 

No rainfall records of extended duration have been maintained 

in the highe:r. portion of the drainage basin. A few miles to the north, 

on the same slope, at Summerdale, t,he record from 1896 to 1899 shows 

an average of 47.86 inches. At Sequoia, on the same range and slope, 

50 miles to the north, t,he average for three years, from 1897 to 1900, 

was 46.90 inches, the elevation being 4,452 feet. At Second Garrotte, 

about 60 miles to the northwest, on the same slope of the Sierra, a 

thirteen-year record shows an ·average rainfall of 38.98 inches, the 

elevation being 2, 900 feet. 

The rainy season in California extends from about the first of October until about the first of April. The maximum monthly precipitation probably occurs during the month of January. In the foothills 

and valleys there is practically no rainfall during the summer. In the 

mountains above 10,000 feet in elevation, however, frequent thunderstorms occur in the afternoons, particularly during the months of July 

and August. The rainfall on the western slope of the sierras, in the 

basin of the Tuolumne, increases at the rate of about 0.8 inch per 

100 feet until an elevation of approximately 7,000 feet is reached, 

beyond which there probably is no increase, though data bearing on 

the subject are meager. rrhe mean annual rainfall for the basin is 

probably about 40 inches ·and the stream run-off about 40 per cent of 

the rainfall. 

REGIMEN OF RIVER. 

The period of minimum flow of the streams is in September and 

October. The rain~ falling in the foothills in the late autumn increase 

somewhat the fall discharge of the river, but the heavier precipitation 

on the higher mountains is retained until melted during the following 

summer. The river gradually increases in volume after the first of 

February, in normal years usually reaching a maximum between May 

20 and June 10. This spring water comes from the melting of the 

great snowbanks above the 4,000-foot contour. Probably the greatest 

floods that occur in this drainage basin are brought about by warm 

spring rains falling upon the snow in the foothills. During mid 

IRR 58-02-2 
18 STORAGE OF W .ATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [N0. 58. 

summer the flow of the river is maintained mostly from the melting 

of the snow banks and small glaciers near the crest. These never 

entirely disappear. It is probable that during the mid and late summer period there is a greater volume of wat.er in the drainage lines at 

the 3,000- or 4,000-foot contour than there is in the main stream at 

the mouth of the canyon, as the lower elevations of the drainage 

basin do not then contribute materially to the flow, and considerable 

loss by evaporation occurs in the lower reaches of the river. 

In November, 1878, the California State engineering department 

began measurements of the discharge of Kings River at the base of 

the foothills and continued them until October, 1883. The point of 

measurement was above all diversions by the canals and shows the 

total discharge of the stream. a The results of these measurements 

are given in the following tables: 

Estirnated rnonthly discharge of Kings River at Slate Point, Cal. 

[Drainage area, 1, 742 square miles.] 

Run-off. 

Month. 

1878-79. 

November .....•••..•• ____ ---··· ................. · ....... .. December.------ .................. -----. __ .... -------- ___ _ January.------. __ ._ .... ----- .... ·----- ...... -----· _______ _ 

te:r~~~~:.:: ::::::::::: ::::~::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: tfa~i~: ::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: 

June ... --~:_.----.----------- ............. ---------•... ---- July • ----- _ ................. .,. ----- ------ •. ----. ___ ..• -----

!iit~b~~=:: :::::::::::::::::::: ~:::: ::::::: =~==: ::::::: = 

The year --------•••..• ---- _ ----- ____ ----. ...,.. -~--. ---

1879-80. 

November .................. -------------------------· ___ _ December------- .•...• ------ ...... -------------·---------- January ____ -----·-----------------------------------------

Jre~:~'tta::..:::::: :::::::: ::~:: ::::~ :: :::::~ ~::::: =~: =~::: :::: 

~~1_::::::: :::·.::::::: :::::: :·.: ::::: ==~~=::: :::::: === = ==== June •....•.. -----,----------·---------------·--------------

~&~ ~:j::~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~ ~~~ ~: ~~ ~~ ~ ~:~ ~: The year -------- ________ ••...•.•.• __ .... __ ---------. 

1880-81. November ............................................... . December---------------- ________ ...... -------- •... ____ ----

t~~~i~~~~~~~=-=-~~ ~~~~~=-~~~= ~~~~~~~~=-=.:==~~~ ~~~~: ===~~ ::~::: ~~~1-: :::::::::~::: ::::: ==~== =~~ ::::::::::: ====~ =====~= ~=== June_--------.--------------------------- --·-·· -------- ---- July.------.: .... ____ ------ ______ ------.----------- _______ _ August------_----- _________________ ... _ ..... _. __________ __ 

~~¥~t:.b~~-===::::.·: ::::::::: =--::::::.-::::::::::.-:::::::::: 

The year ............ __ .... ____ . _ .... __ ..... __ ..... __ 

Mean dis- Total for 

charge in month 

second- in acre- Depth in 

feet. feet. inches. 

300 17,851 0.19 

290 17,831 .18 370 22,750 .24 870 48,317 .52 1,970 121,130 1.30 4,750 282,645 3.03 5,090 312,972 3.37 3,760 223,736 2.40 1,650 101,455 1.08 380 23,366 .25 770 16,066 .16 280 17,217 .18 ----------- 1,665 1,205,336 12.90 

400 23,802 .26 

1,440 88,542 .94 720 44,2f1 .47 1,0<10 60,396 .65 1,120 68,866 • 74 5,230 311,207 3.30 7,120 437,792 4.63 9,540 567,669 6.06 4,800 295,141 2.44 1,150 70,711 .76 370 22,017 .23 220 13,527 .15 ---- 2,763 2,003,941 20.63 

220 13,091 .13 510 31,359 .33 870 53,494 .58 2,430 134,955 1.45 1,900 106,876 1.26 5,800 345,174 3. 71 

8,220 505,428 5.44 5,010 298,116 3.21 4,790 294,526 3.17 650 39,967 .43 340 20,231 .21 250 15,372 .16 ~---- ------- 2,583- 1,858,489 20.08 1=======1========1====== a Physical Data and Statistics of California, p. 452. 

Secondfeet per 

square 

mile. 

0.17 

.16 

.21 

.50 

1.13 

2.72 

2.92 

2.15 

.94 

.22 

.14 

.16 ----.95 

.23 

.82 

.41 

.60 

.64 

3.00 

4.01 

5.41 

2.11 

.66 

.21 

.13 ---1.52 

.12 

.29 

.50 

1.39 

1.09 

3.33 

4.71 

2.88 

2.75 

.37 

.19 

.14 ----1.48 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. VII 

..JAN. F"EB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. PizT> NOV. DEC. 

Sec.-ft 1020 102.0 102.0 10 20 102.0 1020 10 20 10 20 102.0 102.0 1020 

89~ 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

J.~~ ,fo/05 "" 1 .. .. 85. 

1,000 

I " ~ ~...I!. 18. 

0 

DIAGRAM SHOWING DISCHARGE OF KINGS RIVER AT RED MOUNTAIN 

GAGING :STATION FOR YEARS 1895 TO 1897.1 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER·SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. VIII 

DIAGRAM SHOWING DISCHARGE OF KINGS RIVER AT RED MOUNTAIN 

GAGING STATION FOR YEARS 1898 TO 1900. 
i..iPPINCOTT.j REGIMEN OF RIVER. 19 

Estimated monthly discharge of Kings River at Slate Point, Oal.-Continued. 

Month. 

1881-82. November ___________ ·---·---------·· ..................... . December_ ..... ------ ...... ------------------ .... ·----· ___ _ January_----.... -----------·.--------· .. , .. ----------------

~£I~~~~~-~==~::::::::::::·_::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::: 

f:l~--: ~= ::~-: ~: ::~-: ~= ::~-: ::::: =: ~: ~ = ~: :: = = ~: ~ ~ == =: :::::: = ::: July_ ........................ ______ ............ -------- ___ _ 

~~~t:~~: =~:::~==: = ~~ ~=: ~ ~ =~:: =~ ~:::: =: ::::~: ::::::::::: 

The year ______ ............ ------ ...... --~----------. 

1882-83. 

Run-off. 

Mean dis- Total for 1---,.-----

chargein month 

second- in acre- feet. feet. 

230 13,686 

260 15,987 380 23,366 

440 24,436 

1,250 76,859 

3,170 188,61.8 

9,190 065,071 

6,410 381,421 

2,920 124,205 

620 38,122 390 23,207 610 37,507 

SecondDepth in feet per inches. square 

:inile. 

0.14 

- .17 

.25 

.26 

.83 

2.03 

6.12 

4.10 

1.34 

.41 

.24 

.40 

0.13 

.15 

• 2'Z 

.25 

. 72 1.82 

5.28 

3.68 

1.16 

.36 

.22 

.35 

1-------1--------1------

2,081 1,512, 495 16.29 1.20 1======1=======1=====1===== 

November .................... ____ .... ...... ........ ...... 470 Z'/,967 .30 . WI 

December. ____ ........................................ ____ 340 20,006 .22 .19 

t~i~~~~~=:::~::::::::::::~::::::: ::::::: =~~=:: :::::::::: : ~ 320 19,676 .21 

340 18,883 .22 

1,050 64,562 .69 Anril ...... __ .............. ------ ______ ...... __________ ·--- 2,220 132,099 1.42 1. 27 

M'ay -...... -----. -----· ---- ...... ··-----.--·· ---- ...... ---- 33: ~~ June ......................... ------ ------ ...... ------------ 6,700 411,967 4.48 

6,730 400,463 4.10 

e.~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~:::~:~:~~:~~~=~:~~:~:~~::::~:~~:::= : ti1,460 89,772 .97 

600 36,893 .39 480 28,562 .30 

420 25,825 .28 1-------1--------1------1-------- The year ...... --·" ____ .................. ____ ____ ____ 1,761 . 99 l,Z'/7,575 13.58 

Since September, 1895, the United States Geological Survey has 

made measurements of the total flow of Kings River above the diversion of all canals. rrhe point of observation is known as Red Mountain. (See Pl. VI, A.) It is 3 or 4 miles above the mouth of the canyon and within a mile of the proposed point _of diversion of Kings 

River to the Clarks Valley reservoir, described further on. The data 

showing the daily fluctuation of the river as measured by the California State engineering department are not available, but the aggre-

. gate monthly and seasonal discharge for the years given by the State 

engineer show greater volume than . the aggregate discharge as measured by the Geological Survey for the minimum year--1898. The 

record kept by the Geological Survey is given in the following tables 

and is shown graphically in the diagrams for'ming Pls. VII and VIII: 

Estimated monthly discharge of Kings River at Red Mountain, Cal, 

[Drainage area, 1,74-2 square miles.] 

Discharge in second-feet. 

Month. 

Maximum. Minimum. Mean. 

1895. 

Run-off. 

Total f<?r Secondmonth m Depth in feet per acre-feet. inches. square 

mile. 

~~¥~tz:~=-=~~.-:·.:::::::::::::::::: 3,~~ ~ ~~:& ~:~~~ OJ~ OJ~ November------------------------ 1,834 250 368.0 21,898 .23 .21 December .. _______________________ 5:?0 250 328.0 20,168 .22 .19 

Four months ____________ .... ---a.H:!O ---- 2.1)0 -----wl."O----ul,172 --1~~---:27 

- =----=----=--==-===-_:::::-::__--=-~ ---====----- ----=--=-.=: =-======== =========== ~====- ~==== 
20 STORAGE OF ·wATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Estirnated rnonthly discharge of K-ings River at Red Mountain, Cal.-Continued. 

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off. 

Month. 

Tot.al for 

month Second- in 

Maximum. Minimum. Mean. acre-feet. Depth in feet per inches. square 

mile. 

1896. 

11,020 390 1,474.8 ~:~~ 0. 98 0. 8.5 

1,140 728 825.4 .51 .47 

7,020 820 1, 710.6 105,181 1.13 .98 

4,600 390 1,938.5 115,349 1.24 1.11 

22,100 1,140 5, 918.1 363,890 3.90 3.40 

18,920 5,160 12,737.3 757,922 8.15 7.31 

6,680 1,212 3, 742.2 230,l10 2.48 2.15 

1,212 590 759.9 48,938 .52 .45 

590 390 491.3 29,234 .31 .28 

510 310 350.0 21,520 .23 .00 

January_ •••••• ------ .••••••••• ___ _ 

tea~~~a::_:: ::: ~: ::::::::::::::::::: April ---- ____ ·--------- -------- ___ _ 

May-----······---------------·---· 

June_--·----- ................ ------ July ................... ------------

!~t:b~~~~~====~~=:=:::::====~=~: 1,076 390 538.5 32,043 .35 .31 

550 470 498.4 30,645 .33 .29 

November ------ .... ____ ...... __ __ December_ ....................... . 

--------------------- The year------ ...... -------- 22,100 310 2,585.1 1,872,991 20.13 1.48 

=========:-:-::= ======== ---- 1897 . • January ....................... ___ _ 624 360 437.0 26,870 .29 .25 

6,344 1,100 l, 6.'31. 0 90,581 I .96 .92 

4,408 1,240 1,884.0 115,843 1.22 1.06 

9,380 1,930 5,318.0 316,442 3.33 2.99 

22,732 6,344 14,470.0 889,731 9.40 8.15 

10,580 2,520 6,145.0 365,652 3.87 3.45 

4,040 1,036 2,177.0 133,859 1.41 1 ..... 9') 

1,100 440 739.0 45,440 .47 .42 

480 2.50 329.0 19,577 .20 .18 

572 270 394.0 24,226 .25 .22 

~'ebruary --- ____ -- ______ ---------- March. ____ ..... ___________________ _ 

April .... ---- ..... ------------------ May _____ ------ ____________ .----- __ 

June .. --------.-------------------- July_.-----.---·. ___ . ____ -----· ___ _ August ______ .... ---- .... ____ ------ September ......................... . October .. _______________ ... _____ __ 

2,520 360 692.0 41,177 .44 .39 

8,348 572 985.0 60,566 .63 .55 

November-----------------·------

December.-----·------ ........... . 

--------------------- The year __ 22,732 250 2,933.0 2,129,964 2'Z.47 1.65 ... _ .... __ ... ____ _ 

'=========i========i=====:===i========i========= 

1898. 

January___________________________ 624 440 506.0 31,113 .33 .29 

February.--------------.. ________ 1,170 480 705.0 39,154 .41 . 40 

March_____________________________ 1,170 520 895.0 55,032 .58 .50 

~~;i~::::::·---~--=::::::::::~--·.:::::: ~:~~ ~:~3 ~:~~:8 ~g:~~ ~:~ i:33 

June.------------------------------ 3,280 1,310 2,122.0 

1 

126,267 1.34 1.20 

July.-------·--·-------------·------ 1,310 440 696.0 42,796 .45 .39 

August .... ------------------------- 400 215 320.0 19,676 .21 .18 September ... _____________________ 780 145 204.0 · 12,139 .13 .12 

October .• ------------------------- 728 215 320.(1 19,676 .21 .18 

November ____ ---------------- ____ 285 215 231.0 13,745 .14 .13 

December ..................... ____ 1,450 180 315.0 19,369 .21 .18 

The year-------------------- _--~---145~w16.0---so7,450~-- .63 

1899. 

January ................... -------- 1,310 250 513.0 31,543 .33 .29 

February ...... -------------------- 1,036 440 660.0 36,655 .39 . 37 

March.--------------------________ 20,200 624 2, 165.0 133,121 1.41 1. 22 

ApriL·---------------------------· 7,300 1,834 4,512.0 268,483 2.83 2.54 

May------------------------------- 4,780 1,4.50 3,568.0 219,388 2.32 2.01 

June ....... ----------------_______ 10,300 2,852 6,077. 0 361,607 3. 81 3. 42 

July .... -------------------------- 2,852 676 1,411.0 86,759 .91 .79 August____________________________ 624 250 411.0 25,271 .26 .23 

September________________________ 285 180 215.0 12,793 .13 .12 

October--------------------------- 1,205 180 378.0 23,242 .24 .21 

November----------------·------- 1,240 345 638.0 37,964 .40 .36 

December _____ ------------ ______ .. 5,096 400 991.0 60,934 .64 . 56 

Theyear_ .. _________________ 20,200- 180 -~,795.0 I 1,_297,760. 13.67 1.01 

t~~~i~~~::=~:~~~====~=:=~~~:~~=~~l 12,700 849 1,689.0 103,853 1.12 .97 

849 676 748.0 41,542 .45 . 4.'! 

2,584 728 1, 712.0 105,267 1.13 .98 

~~;n_ ~ ====:: = = ::::: = :::::::==: :: =:: 2,852 1,546 2,098.0 124,840 1.34 1.20 

9,400 1,930 5,881.0 361,609 3.90 3.38 

June .... ________ ----.... ------ .. ___ 7,900 2,986 5,127.0 305,078 3.27 2.94 July. ____ ------ ______ .. ____________ 2,584 572 1,278.0 78,581 .84 . 73 

August ______ .......... ------------ 624 250 398.0 24,472 .26 .23 

~~~~t:.b~~======== ~=== :=== =~== :::: 520 215 301.0 17,911 .19 .17 

440 215 309.0 19,000 .21 .18 

November -----· ..... _____ .... ____ 15,700 250 1,310.0 77,950 .83 . 75 

December ......................... 972 572 726.0 44,640 .48 .42 ----------·--· ------------ The year .. _ .. _ ...... _ ........ 15,700 21.5 1, 79S. 0 1,304, 743 14.02 1.03 
LIPPINCOTT.] REG !MEN OF RIVER. 21 

The last five years, during which records have been kept by the 

Geological Survey, have been years of relative drought in California, 

as will be seen by the Fresno rainfall records (page 16), which are 

continuous since 1877. The twenty-three-year mean at Fresno is 8. 79 

inches, and that of the last five years is 8.26 inches. The precipitation during the winter of 1897-98 was within 0.08 inch of the smallest 

ever recorded. It is believed that the records of the Geological Sur-

.-vey represent a minimum annual flow of the river, and that estimates 

based upon them will be conservative. 

Perhaps once in ten years seasons of extremely low discharge may 

occur, when there may be a shortage of water for the systems contemplated in this report, bnt it is believed that the shortage will not 

be great enough to be seriously detrimental to the interests depending 

upon the water supply for either storage or power. Ip would hardly 

seem to be necessary, or good engineering, to plan works for a minimum flow, which probably will not occur more than once in ten years, 

if during the minimum year 80 or 90 per cent of the water supply 

needed be available. A not,able case in point is the Sweetwater reservoir, which was entirely dry during the season of 1899-1900, yet by 

continued cultivation of the orchards and the use of temporary 

pumping plants a good crop was harvested from a very reduced 

supply of wat,er. It may be stated that Kings River, which drains 

1,742 square miles of t,he western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from 

banks of perpetual snow and from some of the finest forests of the 

State, can be relied upon for a great water supply. It is one of the 

largest streams in the State from which water is obtained for irrigation purposes. 

The following is a general summary of the total volume of the river. 

rrhe figures for the first five years are from the records of the State 

engineering depart,ment, those for the last five years are from the 

records of the Geological Survey. 

Annual dischm·ge of Kings River. 

. Acre-feet. 

1878-79-------------- ----------------------------------------- 1, 205, 336 

1879-80- - --- --- - ---- . -.. - - --. ---- ---- --- -.. . - - . -. -.. -. -. -- . -- 2, 003, 941 

1880-81 - ---- ---. ---- ... ---- . - --- . -.. -- ----- ------- -.. ---- -- ---- -- 1' 858, 489 

1881-82 ---- - . -- - ---- -- ---------- --- ----- . --- ------ -- -- --- - -- -- 1' 512, 495 

1882-83--------- ---. ------ . --- . --------- ---- -------------. ---- 1' 277' 575 

Five-year mean . _____ . . . _ _ _ _ . ____ .. _ .. _________ . _ .. ___ . _ _ _ 1, 571, 567 

1896 --- - ----- -- - ---. -- --- - ---- -- -- --- - . -. --- -- -- -- . ------ - . --.· 1' 872, 9J1 

1897 . ------- ------------ -------- . ---- ---- ----- . --.--. ------ -- 2, 129, 964 

1898 - ----- . -- - ---- . -- ... ----------- . ---- - -. --- ---- -- . -. - ---- -- 807' 450 

1899 ---- --- - . ------. -. -- - -- -- ----- . -- ---- -- --- --- ---- ---.... -- 1' 297' 760 

1900 . -- - -- -- . -- -- --- --- -- -- -. -- . -- ----- - . -- . -.... -- --- ---- ---- - 1' 304, 838 

Five-year mean __________ ·------· _________ --------·------- 1,482,601 
22 STORAGE OF W .ATER ON KINGS RIVER, O.AL. [No.5$. 

The available supply from the river is discussed further in connection with the Pine Flat reservoir site (pages 30 to 33) and the Clarks 

Valley reservoir site (pages 39 to 42). 

EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE. 

Evaporation observations were made by the State engineering 

department of California from November, 1881, to October, 1885, 

inclusive, at Kingsburg, on Kings River, at an elevation of 297 feet 

above sea and 20 miles southwest from the proposed Clarks Valley 

reservoir site. The results of these observations are given in the following table. A pan was floated in the river and observations were 

made daily thereon, the pan being kept at practically the same temperature as the water in the stream. The total mean annual evaporation observed was 3.851 feet. 

Evaporation at Kingsburg, on Kings River."' 

[Elevation, ~7 ~eet.] 

Depth in feet. 

Month. 

November _ ---·-- -----· ••••••••••••••.••••••.••••••••.•••.•.. December .•....••••••••.... ------ ••..••••.•••••••••••••••.... January .•.•••.... ··········-···-·---······· .•...••.••••.•.•.. February ....••.......••....••..••.....••••..•.••.•••••.••..•. March •....•....••••••••.•..•• -··-··------------------·------- April .•........• -----·-----··· .•.•.. -... -----·----·-··--------

f:J"e::::::: :::::::::::: :::~: ::::::::~::::::::: :::::::::::::::: 

July __ .......• _ ----- ________ ...................... __ .... _ .... . 

t~~ib~~: ~~ ~ = ~~ ~: :: ::~:: :: ~ ~ ::: ::~:: = ::::::: =: ~ ::::::::::::: 

The year_ ...... -----· ••.••......• ---·-· .....• _________ _ 

1881-82. 

0.220 

.050 

.090 

.115 

.180 

.260 

.305 

.475 

.660 

.665 

.475 

.135 ----

3.630 

1882-83. 

---

0.115 

.085 

.060 

.100 

.30.5 

.270 

.160 

.500 

.760 

.920 

.730 

.400 ---

4.405 

a physical Data and Statistics of California, p. 378. 

1883-84. 

---

0.170 

.080 

.105 

.050 

.090 

.160 

.320 

.295 

.380 

.370 

.320 

.350 ---

2.690 

1884-85. 

---

0.200 

.180 

.010 

.140 

.240 

.160 

.340 

.660 

.710 

.930 

.640 

.470 ---- 4.680 

The amount of water lost by seepage and evaporation by the 

Kings River canals was made the subject of .c~reful study by C. E. 

Grunsky, for the California State engineering department, in the 

summer of 1882, the results of which are given in Water-Supply and 

Irrigation Paper of the United States Geological Survey No. 18, page 

7 4. The actual loss by evaporation from the surface of the water while 

in transit in the canals is very small; probably 1 per cent would cover 

it. rrhe greater loss is occasioned by seepage. The canals of this district are not all built on true grades, and some of them have swamps 

and pools along theh· courses. In one instance-on the Centerville and 

Kingsburg canal-a loss of 52 second-feet was shown in 1 mile. The 

observations by Mr. Grunsky were made nearly twenty years ago, 

when the water plane was not so near the surface as it now is, and 

consequently the seepage losses w·ere greater than now. The general 
LIPPINCOTT.) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE. 23 

result of his observations shows a loss of 307.11 second-feet in 50.8 

miles out of a total diversion of 860.83 second-feet. This amounts to 

6. 05 second-feet to the mile, or 36 per cent of the total diversion. 

The measurements on the river and on the Fresno canal were made 

from about a half mile to 20.3 miles below its head, and showed a loss 

of 64.3 second-feet out of 133.83 second-feet diverted. On the Fresno 

canal the loss from about lt to 23-! miles below the headworks was 

104.52 second-feet out of 381 second-feet diverted. On the Centerville 

and Kingsburg canal, from a half mile to 7 miles from the head works, 

the loss was 138.29 second-feet out of 346 second-feet diverted. Relatively, the greater rate of loss in the canals was in the first few miles 

from the headworks, where they are in porous soils, close together, 

and approximately parallel. 

The loss of water from a canal by seepage is governed by the rate 

of percolation, the area through which percolation occurs, and the 

period of time during which a given unit of water is exposed. The 

greater the depth of water in a canal the greater the velocity of flow, 

and consequently the less time is a given unit of water exposed to loss 

by percolation in any section o~ the canal. This increase of velocity due to greater depth is relatively larger than the increase of 

wetted area through which percolation takes place. For instance, if 

an earthen canal 40 feet wide has a slope of 5. 28 feet to the mile and 

a depth of water of 2 feet it would discharge 220 second-feet with a 

velocity of 2. 7 4 feet per second. With other conditions the same, if 

the depth of water were increased to 4 feet the discharge would be 

670 second-feet with a velocity of 4.19 feet per second. Thus, while 

the· wetted area exposed to percolation increases 9 per cent the discharge trebles. For the sake of comparison, suppose the velocity of 

percolation were 0.10 foot per hour. Then in the canal flowing 2 

feet deep the loss per second per lineal foot of canal would be 0. 00122 

second-foot, and with the canal flowing water 4 feet in depth it would 

be 0.00133 second-foot. Comparing this loss with the respective 

volumes carried by the two canals, we find that the relative loss 

of water in the large canal is but 40 per cent of that in the small 

cap.al. 

If the three canals referred to had been consolidated and all water 

run through the Kings River and Fresno canal, then using Mr. Grunsky's data and the foregoing reasoning it would be safe to say that 

in the first 11t miles of the Fresno canal 95.51 second-feet would 

have been saved, and in the· first 6.5 miles of the Centerville and 

Kingsburg canal138.29 second-feet would have been saved, or 233.80 

second-feet out of a total loss of 307.11 second-feet. This would 

reduce the loss to 8. 5 per cent of the whole, instead of 36 per cent, 

which Mr. Grunsky found. 

It must be remembered, however, that the losses described occurred 

in 50.8 miles of main canals, during the early stages of irrigation 
24 STOR.AG E OF W ATE:tt ON KlNGS RIVER, CAL. tNo.M. 

' development, and that probably there would be on an average· as 

much more lost in the distribution laterals. Enough data are not at 

hand to draw accurate conclusions, but it is believed that under 

favorable conditions fully 25 per cent of the river water would be lost 

in reaching the land to be irrigated. 

If water be drawn from reservoirs to supplement the low-water supply of the canals it will be water added to most of the canals and 

not subject to so heavy a rate of loss as, say, 25 per cent of the water 

first diverted; probably 15 per cent would be nearer the actual 

amount. a 

RECONNAISSANCE OF BASIN. 

In the investigation of the large basin of Kings River, which from 

a hydrographic point of view was practically unknown, it was decided 

to equip two parties for the season's work. Accordingly a reconnaissance party was organized and placed in charge of Mr. E. G. Hamilton, 

topographer from the U nitecl States Geological Survey. The work of 

this party was largely exploratory, but at the close of the season the 

Clarks Valley reservoir site was surveyed by Mr. Hamilton. The 

reconnaissance party was instructed to visit all portions of the drainage basin, make instrumental examinations of all possible reservoir 

sites, and at the end of each month report the character of the sites 

found. A second party was organized, under the direction of Mr. 

H. E. Green, an engineer of extended experience in the construction 

of storage reservoirs, for the purpose of making more detailed surveys of the better sites found by the exploration party. The reconnaissance party reported upon and sketched seven reservoir sites, four 

of which were surveyed under the direction of Mr. Green. 

The following instructions were given to the engineers for their 

guidance in making reports: 

Report on reservoir survey. 

(1) Give name of engineer in charge and date of survey. 

(2) ·Name of locality. 

(3) Streams tributary to site. 

(4) Land title to site. 

(5) If possible tie reservoir surveys-to land surveys. Th~ point of reservoir survey to be tied in is preferably the ends of the dam. 

(6) If the land is not subdivided, tie reservoir survey to prominent natural 

objects. 

(7) Estimate area of tributary drainage basin. 

(8) Give general statement of elevation of drainage basin and elevation of reservoir site. 

(9) State whether drainage basin is timbered or bare hills .. 

(10) Compute water supply. 

(11) Give capacity of reservoir with various heights of dam. 

(12) State character of material for dam; earth, rock fill, or concrete. 

a See addenda on page 99. 
LIPPINCOTT.) REOONN.AISS.ANOE OF BASIN. 25 

(13) For purposes of preliminary estimate considerEarthen dam 20 feet wide on top; 2t to 1 slope on inner face, 1 ito 1 on outer 

face. Describe the quality of the available earth, which should be a clay, 

sand, and rock, also give length of haul. 

Rock-fill dam 20 feet wide on top; 1t to 1 outer slope, 1 to 1 inner slope. 

State position of available rock supply, give probable cost of cement delivered on the ground, and available timber for inner face and cost thereof. 

Concrete dam. State the proximity and relative elevation of quarries, and 

the cost per barrel of cement delivered on the ground. 

(14) Report on probable foundations for dam. 

(15). Estimate on the cost of dam. 

(16) State cost per acre-foot of water stored." 

The requisites of a reservoir site are numerous and exacting, as follows: 

(1) There must be an available water supply sufficient to fill the 

basin. 

(2) There must be a basin to hold this supply. 

(3) There mw~t be a good dam site. 

(4) There must be good materials of which to make a dam. 

(5) The foundations must be able to sustain the dam. 

(6) There must be available lands upon which to put the water. 

(7) The entire project must be on a commercial basis. 

There are a large number of sites on the river which were popularly supposed to be good but which proved to be objectionable, owing 

to the lack of some one of the foregoing vital requisites. 

•:rhe field party, which consisted of a topographer, a rodman, and a 

cook, left Sanger, in Fresno County, a station on the Southern Pacific 

Railroad at an elevation of 370 feet, on May 22, 1900. The route of 

travel is shown on the map, Pl. I, which was furnished by Mr. J. N. 

Le Conte for use in connection with this report. 

The first site investigated was the upper Clarks Valley, 16 miles 

east of Sanger, 10 miles north of Reedley, and 1 mile north of where 

the stage road from Sanger to Millwood crosses Wahtoke Creek; elevation, 500 feet. This site is at the upper end of the main Clarks 

Valley reservoir site, and is included by it. It is shown on the map of 

the Clarks Valley site (Pl. XIII), and is not estimated upon separately. 

From Clarks Valley the party went back to Kings River, and following along its east bank to the mouth of Mill Creek ascended that 

creek 4 miles, to McHaley's ranch, at an elevation of 650 feet. A half 

mile above McHaley's ranch a reservoir site was surveyed, and it was 

found that. a concrete dam 195 feet in height would store 3,500 acrefeet of water at a cost of $130 per acre-foot, which of course is 

prohibitive. 

After spending two days in the hills between Mill Creek and Kings 

River the party went by trail from McHaley's ranch to Squaw Valley, 

then along the Millwood stage road to Dunlap. At Dunlap a stay of 

a An acre-foot of water is an amount sufficient to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot. 
26 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

three days was made to permit an investigation of the drainage of 

Mill Creek. After leaving Dunlap the party followed the stage road to 

Millwood, then took the trail through the General Grant National Park 

to Huckleberry Meadow, a small meadow 8 miles northeast of Millwood 

and at an elevation of 6,000 feet. With Huckleberry Meadow as a 

base of supplies, trips were made to the meadows and basins within a 

radius of 20 miles. The largest of these meadows are Converse Basin, 

10 miles northwesterly from Huckleberry Meadow; Bearskin Meadow, 

6 miles to the east; Burton Meadow, 10 miles to the east; Squawskin 

Meadow, 14 miles to the east; and Big Mea.dows, 16 miles to the south. 

Big Meadows is the only one of these reservoir sites that has a good 

dam site, but as it is on the divide between Kings and Kaweah 

rivers and has only 8 square miles of watershed it was not mapped. 

The Long Meadow reservoir site, which is in this locality, was surveyed by Mr. Green, and the results of the survey are given on pages 

44 to 46. 

SOUTH FORK. 

There are two trails leading from Huckleberry Meadow to the grand 

canyon of Kings River. The upper trail is the shorter and better, 

but there is no bridge across Boulder Creek and it is dangerous to 

attempt to ford it during high water. On the lower trail, however, 

there is a bridge, which made it possible to move the camp from 

Huckleberry Meadow to the grand canyon of the Kings, where two 

sites were surveyed, one with the dam site a half mile below the 

junction of Copper Creek and the South Fork of Kings River, in sec. 

14, T. 13 S., R. 31 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, at an elevation of 5,000 feet; the other, 5 miles farther down the South Fork of 

Kings River, with the dam site a half mile below the mouth of Lewis 

Creek, in sec. 10, T. 13 S., R. 30 E., at an elevation of 4,300 feet. 

At either of these sites it would be necessary to construct an overflow dam on the South Fork. A 210-foot dam at the site below the 

mouth of Copper Creek would store approximately 29,378 acre-feet 

of water. The estimated cost of storage is about $67 per acre-foot for 

a rubble masonry dam. A 200-foot dam at the lower site wonld store 

14,100 acre-feet, and the estimated cost of storage is $178 per acrefoot. These dams would have to be made of hydraulic-cement 

masonry. In both of these cases the excessive cost per acre-foot 

stored renders the construction of the dams impracticable. 

A view in the canyon of the South Fork near the mouth of Copper 

Creek is shown in Pl. IX. 

-From the site at the mouth of I .. ewis Creek the bed of the South 

Fork down to its junction with the Middle Fork is narrow and has a 

heavy grade. 
U. S. GEOLOJICAL SJRvE:Y WA.TER-SU PP LY PAPER NO. 58 PL. IX 

CLIFFS ON SOUTH FO RK OF KINGS RIVIOR. 
LIPPINCOTT.] RECONNAISSANCE OF BASIN. 27 

BUBBS CREEK AND HEADWATERS OF SOUTH FORK. 

The channels of both of these streams are narrow, averaging from 

500 to 1,000 feet in width, with high granite walls on either side, and 

with a fall of from 50 to 200 feet to the mile. Near their head waters 

are numerous small lakes, one of which, Lake Charlotte, was mapped. 

(See fig. 1.) This lake is on the headwaters of Bubbs Creek, near the 

divide between that strea1n and the South Fork of K:lngs River, at an 

elevation of 10,500 feet, and has a drainage area of about 8 square 

miles. The surface area of the lake is 24 acres and the depth of the 

water about 30 feet. Owing to its inaccessibility and to the lack of a 

good dam site it was not considered as a possible storage basin. 

Pl. VI, B, is a view of the falls in a creek above East Lake in the 

South Fork drainage. 

0 500 1000 ZOOOF'EET ~--------~------~ 

FIG. I.-Lake Charlotte reservoir site. 

PARADISE VALLEY. 

Paradise Valley, on the South Fork of Kings River, 5 miles above 

the mouth of Bubbs Creek and at an elevation of 6,500 feet, was 

explored, but its floor, although in places 2,000 feet wide, has a fall 

of 40 feet in 1,000 feet, and it therefore is not a good reservoir site. 

It is also inaccessible. 

ROARING RIVER AND SUGARLOAF CREEK. 

Near the headwaters of these streams are numerous small meadows, 

but not one that was visited has a good dam site. The channels of 

the main streams are narrow gorges with falls or slopes varying from 

50 feet to 500 feet to the mile. Leaving the South Fork of l{ings River 

the third week in July, the party started for Simpson Meadows, on 

the Middle Fork, spending several days in reconnaissance en route, 

but with one exception (Granite Basin) no reservoir sites of any value 

were found. The Granite Basin site was examined by Mr. Green, the 

results of the examination being given on page 48. 
28· STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [N0. 58. 

SIMPSON MEADOWS. 

The Simpson Meadows, on the Middle Fork of Kings River at an 

elevation of 6,000 feet, have an average width of 3,000 feet. The 

larger part of the meadows is on the east side of the river, and 

extends a mile above the mouth of Goddard Creek and 3 miles below 

it. A dam 200 feet in height would be required to flood the meadows. 

Its top length would be 3,000 feet, and the cost would be so great as 

to make it prohibitive. While camped in Simpson Meadows the party 

spent several days in exploring Cartridge, Palisade, Goddard, and 

Disappearing creeks and the headwaters of the Middle Fork, but 

found no storage basins of value. 

Leaving Simpson Meadows the second week in August the party 

followed the Tunema and Collins trail to Cliff Camp, on the North 

Fork of the river. (See Pl. X.) Between the Middle and North forks 

are numerous small meadows, most of them near the summits of the 

ridges, with from 3 to 5 square miles of watershed, but not one,of 

them has a good dam site or an· extensive drainage basin. 

DUSY MEADOWS. 

On the North Fork two reservoir sites were mapped-the Dusy 

Meadows site and one three-fourths of a mile farther upstream. At 

the latter site, which is the smaller of the two, a concrete overflow 

dam 150 feet high would store 5,440 acre-feet of water, but at a prohibitive cost-about $276 per acre-foot stored. 

The Dusy Meadows reservoir site is in Fresno County, on the North 

Fork of Kings River, in sec. 36, T. 10 S., R. 27 E., and sec. 31, T. 10 

S., R. 28 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian. 11he drainage area 

of the basin of the North Fork ·above the reservoir site is 144 square 

mi1es, at an average elevation of 9,000 feet above sea level. Assuming the average annual rainfall to be 39 inches and 620 acre-feet the 

annual run-off per square mile, we have 88,280 acre-feet as t~e 

amo'unt of water available for storage purposes from the drainage 

basin. . The elevation of the dam site, as determined from aneroid 

measurements, is 6,300 feet above the sea, and the capacity of the 

reservoir at different heights of the water would be as follows: 

Capacity of Dusy Meadows reservoir site. 

Between 20- and 40-foot levels. _______________ -·----•.. __ --_ Acre-feet. 

180 

Between 40- and 60-foot levels .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________ _ 

Between 60- and 80-foot levels .. ___ . __________ . ____ . _____________ _ 

Between 80- and 100-foot levels . ____ . _________ -.. ___ . ___ . _______ _ 

Between 100- and 120-foot levels ____ . ___________ . _______________ . 

860 

2,930 

5,460 

7,420 

Total. _______ .. __ . · ________ .. ___ .. _______ · ____ . ________ . _. _ _ _ _ 1~, 850 

The reservoir site is mapped in Pl. XI, A, and the dam site in Pl. 

XI, B. A loose rock dam 125 feet in height, faced with timber, is 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. X 

CLIFF CAMP, ON NORTH FORK OF KINGS RI VER , AT LOW -WATER STAG E OF 

STREAM. 
\J, S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XI 

- A. CONTOUR MAP OF DUSY MEADOWS RESERVOIR SITE. 

B. CONTOUR MAP OF DUSY MEADOWS DAM SITE. 
LIPPINCOTT.] RECONNAISSANCE OF BASIN. 29 

esth,nated upon for this site. rrhere is plenty of granite rock on both 

sides of the dam site which could readily be· transported by cable or 

other mechanical devices, and there are at hand large quantities of 

standing timber, both yellow pine and fir. 

In the following estimate of cost the quantities given are for a dam 

with slopes of -t to 1 and 1 to 1, with a width of 20 feet on top, a 

plank face 6 inches thick, and sills 12 inches by 12 inches, with 12 

feet between centers. 

Estimate of cost of Dusy :Meadows darn. 

Rock, 378,000 cubic yards at $0.75 .. ___ . ___ . ____ . _ .. ____ . ---- $283,500 

Planking for face, 656:000 feet, B. M., at $40. __________ . _. _---- 26, 240 

Sills, 111,000 feet, B. M., at $40. __ . __ . _. _______ .. - ________ ---. 4,440 

Labor in laying 767,000 feet,B.M., at $6. __________ ------- ----- 4,600 

---$318,780 

Two spillways, one on each side of the dam, each having a capacity of 

3,300 second-feet, 45,000 cubic yards or rock at $1. _____ - __ ---.- _-- _. _-

Arched outlet tunnel 4 feet by 6 feet by 400 feet long, cement 

lined, at $10 per lineal foot .•.. ____________ . ____ . _______ -_--- $4, 000 

Tower and gates. ____ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________ . _ . _ . ___ - 8, 000 

Machinery, cables, etc ______________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25, 000 

Building road from the end of the present road at Russel's camp ~o the 

dam site (20 miles) and about the works (2 miles), 22 miles at $3,000_ 

Engineering expenses and contingencies ______________ .. __ . _ .. -_ .. ______ _ 

45,000 

37,000 

66,000 

72,080 

Total cost of dam_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ .. ______________ ... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 538, 860 

The total capacity of the reservoir being 16,850 acre-feet and the 

total cost of the dam $538,860, the cost per acre-foot stored would 

be $32. 

DINKEY CREEK. 

After leaving the North Fork the trail runs almost due west for 15 

miles, to Russel's camp, on Dinkey Creek, through a flat, open country heavily timbere<;l, mostly with fir, until within 3 miles of the 

creek, when the trail begins to descend from the 7,000-foot level to 

the 6,000-foot level, the sugarpine trees become more plentiful, and 

occasionally, in the beds of the streams, a few sequoias are seen. 

Dinkey Creek does not flow through any large basins or meadows. 

The average fall of the creek is from 25 to 75 feet in 1,000, except 

near the headwaters, where the bed is in solid, glaciated granite channels, with a fall of from 10 to 25 feet in 1,000. 

From Russel's camp west to OckendeD, a distance of 15 miles, there 

is a road built to enable the lumbermen to haul sugarpine shingles to 

a market at Fresno. There is probably no place in California where 

there is more reckless destruction of timber than along this road. 

On either side of it hundreds of fine sugarpines have been cut. Trees 

3 to 5 feet in diameter, with the lowest limbs 60 and 70 feet from the 

ground, have been felled to use perhaps from 6 to 9 feet of the base 

for shingles, leaving the rest of the timber to rot. 
30 STORAGE OJ!' WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

PINE FLAT. 

After exploring the drainage basins of Big and Sycamore creeks 

the party made a detailed survey of the Pine· Flat reservoir site (see 

Pl. XII), on the main Kings River, 5 miles below Trimmer, in sees. 12, 

19, 24, 25, 26, 35; and 36, T. 12 S., R. 24: E., Mount Diablo base and 

meridian. The ,dam site is in section 35. The elevation at the base 

of the proposed clam is 600 feet. The bed rock is a blue slate, solid 

and bare in the ~reek bed but seamy on the east side. 

The following estimates of the capacity ann cost of the reservoir are 

only preliminary and approximate. Careful examinations should be 

made before construction is begun. A section of the proposed weir 

is shown in fig. 2. 

Capacity ofPine Flat reservoir. 

Height I Area. I ~!f~~J'~ Tot~~:l caof dam. '-------+c_o_n_to_u_r_s._,. _v_a_c_I_t_y_. 

Feet. 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

Ac1·es. 0.0 

57.2 

187.0 

372.3 

568.7 

912.7 

1,125.0 

1,373. 9 

1,642. 9 

1,902.4 

2,174.0 

_ ~~~~!~~~--r.~:_c:·.~-~~~-t~- 572 572 

2,442 3,014 

5,593 8,607 

9, 410 18, 017 

14, 814 32, 831 

20,377 53,208 

24, 989 78, 197 

30, 168 108, 365 

35, 453 143, 818 

40, 764 184, 582 

Estimated cost of datn 200 feet in height. 

485,000 cubic yards of rubble masonry at $7 __ . __ .. ______ . ___ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ $3, 395, 000 

Concrete apron at lower toe of dam, 1,400 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 3 

feet thick, 9,333 cubic yards at $l1 ____________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ . ____ _ 

Gates, outlet pipes, etc_ .. ____ . _________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ . ______ __ 

Right of way_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ .. __ .. ____ . ___ . __ .. ___ . _____ . __ . _ . _ 

Engineering, 2t per cent __ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . ___________ . ______ ... ___ _ 

Contingen'Jies, 7! per cent ____ ...... ___________ ... _ .. ________ .. ______ .... ___ 

Total. ____ _ 

EsUmatecl cost of dmn 140 feet in height. 

84,000 

50,000 

25,000 

88,850 

266,550 

3,909,400 

21.2,000 cubic yards of rubble masonry at $7 _____ . _ .... _. _ _ _ .. __ .. _ .. $1,484,000 

Concrete apron at lower toe of dam, 1,100 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 

3 feet thick, 6,111 cubic yards at $9 .. __ ...... ________ _ 

Gates, outlet pipes, etc. _________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . ___ .. ___ .. ____ . ___ ... ________ _ 

Right of way. ___ . ____________________ . _____ . ______ .. ___ - -... --- ----- . 

Engineering_. _ . _____________________ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ . ___ . _______ . __ . _____ _ 

Contingencies ____ . __________ .. _ .. _ _ _ _______ . ________________ -- ...... 

55,000 

50,000 

25,000 

50,000 

86,000 

Total.: ___ .. ____ .... __________ • ______ ... _____________ .. ____ ... _ _ _ 1, 750, 000 

The cost per acre-foot of water stored is $21.18 for the 200-foot 

dam and $22.38 for the 140-foot dam. In the case of the 140-foot dam, 

if the interest on the cost of the works be taken at 6 per cent, the 

taxes at eight-tenths of 1 per cent, and maintenance at $10,000 per 

annum, the annual charge for operation will be $129,000, or $1.65 for 

each acre-foot stored in the reservoir. If 20 per cent of the water 
U, 8, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 68 PL. XII 

CONTOUR MAP OF PINE FLAT RESERVOIR SITE. 
LIPPINCOTT.] PINE FLAT RESERVOIR SITE. 31 

stored is lost by seepage: and evaporation before reaching the lands to 

be irrigated, the annual charge per acre-foot delivered will be $2.06. 

The estimates are for a dam ma{le of large blocks of granite bedded 

in a hydraulic-cement mortar. It would be 16 feet wide on top, and 

with such side slopes that the resuUant of all pressures would fall well 

within the central third with 10 feet of water passing over the crest. 

With the 200-foot dam, the length of which is 1,400 feet, the maximum observed flood, 40,000 second-feet, would have had a depth on 

its crest of 4.2 feet; and with the 140-foot dam, which is 1,100 feet 

!6'~ 

~~~~~·-- --------------- ------·-----AOJ.-

I 

, ... 

I • 

I, 

, ... 

I 

I ' \ 

' \ 

\ 

\ 

' 

FIG. 2.-Section of proposed Pine Flat weir. 

1 I 

II 

II 

II 

,, 

II 

'I 

,, :I 

, I 

(;)I 

~ 

•' ,' ... 

'(;:) 

1(:) 

IC\J 

I 

I 

long, this depth would have been 4.8 feet, assuming that all water 

passed over the crest. Bed rock is at the surface on the sides and 

bottom of the canyon at the dam site. It is a firm blue slate. The 

estimate is for the entire structure bedded 10 feet deep in the rock. 

A trench of greater depth would have to be sunk and filled with concrete at the upper toe. The bed rock should be given most careful 

study before construction is begun. The estimate includes an apron 

of concrete extending from 50 to 60 feet below the lower toe of the 

dam across its entire width, for the protection of the lower toe. 
32 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. (No. 58. 

While estimates are given for both a 140-foot and· a 200-foot dam, 

the 140-foot is considered the better for the location. 

This reservoir site, although costing nearly double that of Clarks 

Valley per acre-foot of storage capacity, is of importance in the ultimate development of the lands under Kings River. Being on the main 

stream it would catch the flood discharge up to its full capacity. It 

is just above the diversions of all irrigation canals and above the 

proposed diversion canal line to the Clarks Valley reservoir site, 

which is not on the river. (See map of drainage basin, Pl. I.) Thus 

it could be used as a regulator or governor to the river for the conveyance of water to the Clarks Valley-reservoir, and; after that had 

been filled, for the holding of the surplus water. For example, it is 

obvious that so great a volume as passed in January, 1896 (see discharge diagram, Pl. VII), when on the 18th the discharge increased 

to 8,500 second-feet and on the 11th to 11,020 second-feet, must be in 

large part lost in passing the head works of the diversion canal (capacity 1,250 second-feet) to the Clarks Valley site and the irrigation canals 

(combined capacity of 4,000 second-feet); but with this large regulator 

on the main stream all of the water would be saved and gradually discharged into the Clarks Valley canal, leaving the Pine Flat reservoir 

empty and in readiness for the next flood. The indirect benefit of the 

Pine Flat reservoir as a governor would be as great as its direct utility 

as a storage reservoir, and the site should be controlled by the irrigation interests of Kings River. 

Discharge of Kings Rive1·, showing arnount.<; of water available for .<;torage." 

' Total sea- Total sea- Surplus sonal dis- sonal di- Diversion Irrigation after sum- Seasonal year, November to charge version Nov.1 to Sum- diversion mer diver- October, inclusive. mer. Mar.1 to Nov.1 to Nov.1 to Feb.28.c Oct.3l.d sionMar.1 

Oct. 31. Oct.31. b to0ct.31. 

· i Acre-feet. Acre-feet. Acr3{eet. Acre-feet. Acre-feet. 

1895-96----------- -------- ______ , 1, 852,425 1,070,900 1 ,152 1896 936,748 915,676 

1896-97 --------------------- ---- 2,088, 924 1,198,691 168,846 1897 1,029,845 1,059,079 

1897-98 ---·- -------------------- 876,079 820,522 164,220 1898 656,302 219,777 

1898-99------------------------- 1,227,217 996,307 102,348 1899 893,959 333,258 

1899-1900•--------------.------. 1,281,051 1,032,158 214,527 1900 817,631 463,420 ---------------------- Mean ____ ---·------------ 1,465,139 1,023, 716 156,819 __ . .,,.. .. ____ 866,897 598,242 

a From gagings of the United States Geological Survey at Red Mountain station. b This assumes a diversion from the river of 4,000 second-feet (the full capacity of the irrigation· canals) between March 1 and October 31 and 2,000 second-feet between November 1 and February 28, when the water in the river is available. 

cTotal flow of river up to 2,000 second-feet. 

dTotal flow of river up to 4,000 second-feet. 

•The season of 1900-01 wa& one of abundant supply. 

It is believed that if an ample summer supply is assured midwinter 

irrigation will be largely if not entirely discontinued. 

By reference to the table on page 21, giving a summary of the stream 

measurements by the California State engineering department and by 

the United States Geological Survey, it will be seen that during a 

period of observation of ten years the season of 1897-98 (summer of 

1898) had the lowest flow, the season of 1878-79 being next, with a 

discharge of 397,886 acre-feet more than in the former season. A 
LIPPINCOTT.) PINE FLAT RESERVOIR SITE. 33 

twenty-three year rainfall record at Fresno (see table on page 16) 

shows the year of lowest precipitation to have been 1878-79, when 4.87 

inches fell, the next lowest being the season of 1897-98, when 4.95 

inches were observed. The official rainfall record at Sacramento (see 

table on page 16) shows the lowest precipitation during the. period 

over which the record extends (1877-1900) to have been in the season 

of 1897-98, the amount being 10.50 inches. It will be noted that 

stream measurements have been made during the years of lowest 

observed rainfall at Fresno, and that both five-year periods (page 21) 

were during cycles of low rainfall. In fact not one of these years 

was a wet year. An old rainfall record kept at Sacramento by Dr. 

Thomas Logan since 1849 shows dry-year records as follows: 1850-51, 

4. 71 inches; 1863-64, 7.87 inches; 1870-71, 8.47 inches. The Central 

Pacific Railway shows a record of 8. 95 inches in 1876-77. All of these 

are below the observed rainfall of 10.50 inches at Sacramento in 

1897-98. It is not believed that a standard rain gage wa,s available at 

Sacramento in the winter of 1850, and the record of 4. 71 inches is 

so much below any other record during the fifty-one years of observation that it may be seriously questioned. 

In view of all the facts, the following conclusions seem justifiable: 

(1) The observed flow of Kings River for the season of 1897-98 may 

be assumed to be a very low discharge but not an absolute minimum. 

For the purpose of this report it may, however, be taken as a minimum. 

(2) r.rhese minimum years probably will occur about once in ten 

years. 

(3) There will be enough water during November to February, 

inclusive, in excess of the 4, 000 second-feet summer diversions {March 

to October), to fill the Pine Flat reservoir every year if the dam is 

built to a height of 140 feet, capacity 78,197 acre-feet. 

(4) In nine out of ten years there will be enough water to supply 

all winter and summer irrigation on the present basis and leave the 

Pine Flat reservoir full for use after July 1. 

(5) The water that would be stored in the Pine Flat reservoir is 

water that otherwise would be lost. 

(6) The Pine Flat ~eservoir would irrigate the most valuable lands in 

Fresno and Tulare counties, now dry and unproductive. 

( 7) The cost of reservoir would be $22.38 per acre-foot stored, and the 

earning powers of the reservoir many times that amount. 

rrhe available water supply is discussed further in connection with 

the Clarks Valley reservoir site (pages 39 to 42). 

CLARKS VALLEY. 

After completing the work in the drainage basin of Kings River a 

reconnaissance of the foothills was made, extending as far as the 

mouth of San Joaquin River on the northwest and on the southeast to 

15 miles from the mouth of Kings River, with a view t,o finding, if 

possible, a storage basin to which the flood waters of the river could 
34 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. (N0. 58. 

be diverted. The only basin found was Clarks Valley. This reser:.. 

voir site is in Fresno County, 16 miles east of Sanger. The stage road 

from Sanger to Millwood runs from. west to east through the center of 

the site. In elevation it commands all of the canals diverting w~ter 

from Kings River except the Gould canal, and is within 2 or 3 miles 

of the intake of most of those systems. It is about 1t miles distant 

from the main drainage line on Kings River opposite the reservoir 

and approximately 100 feet higher. It is proposed to fill this reservoir, by means of a diversion canal, with the flood and excess waters 

of Kings River. The diversion canal would be 53,600 feet in length. 

The headworks would be above the mouth of Mill Creek and at the 

Pine Flat dam site. 

One rather peculiar feature of Clarks Valley is that three isolated 

buttes partially inclose a portion of San Joaquin Valley lietween 

themselves and the foothills of the main range. To make the reservoir complete the openings between these hills will have to be closed 

by three separate dams. The arroyo of W ahtoke Creek, which passes 

through the center of the reservoir site, is about 75 feet wide and 20 

feet deep. The maximum height of dam is considered from the bottom of this arroyo, which gives a somewhat exaggerated idea of it. 

(See Pl. XIII.) The location will permit the construction of a dam 

105 feet maximum height, which will impound water to a maximum· 

depth of 100 feet. For the purpose of this report it was decided to 

give estimates on the cost of building a dam of 105 feet maximum 

height and also one of 85 feet maximum height, to impound water to 

maximum depths of 100 feet and 80 feet,, respectively. The heights 

of the two smaller dams will depend upon the height of the larger or 

central darn, as shown in the tables on pages 35 and 37. 

The drainage area . of the b~sin of W ahtoke Creek, in which the 

Clarks Valley site is located, is 33 square miles. The average elevation of the drainage basin is 1,000 feet. Assuming the average annual 

rainfall to be 20 inches and the run-off 12 per cent, we have 4,224 

acre-feet as the amount, of water available for storage from the local 

drainage basin. "rhe assumed elevation at the base of the dall}. is 

400 feet, which is the elevation used for maps and calculations. For 

sea level 29 feet should be added. The capacity of the reservoir at 

different heights of the water is given in the following table. The 

elevation of the outlet is 420 feet. 

Capacity of Clm·ks Valley 1·eservoir site. 

Maxi-~ mum 

depth of Area. 

water. 

Capacity Total 

[i~~~- capacity. 

----------1----1----1 

Feet. Acres. Acre-feet. Acre-feet. 0 0.0 ·-.. --------· ~--- - ~- .. --.. - 20 248.3 { Below 

outlet. }----------- 40 1,146. 0 13,943 13,943 60 2,592. 2 37,382 51,325 80 4,325. 2 69,174 120,499 100 5,344. 5 96,697 217,196 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER N'O. 68 PL. XIII 

CONTOUR MAP OF CLARKS VALLEY RESERVOIR SITE AND PROPOSED DIVERSION 

CANAL. 
LIPPINCOTT.) CLARKS V .ALLEY Rl~SERVOIR SITE. 35 

The dams would be of earth, the material in each case being near 

enough to the dam site to readily be transported by cables or other 

mechanical devices. A reddish clay containing about 10 per cent 

of coarse gravel and some sand can be used. 

105-FOOT DAM. 

The following quantities are for a large dam 105 feet high, 20 feet 

wide on top, with a slope of 2! to 1 on the upstream side and It to 1 

on the lower side. a The maximum depth of water will be 100 feet. 

and the storage capacity 217,196 acre-feet. 

QuantitiP-s of material for 105-joot dam and the two side structures. 

Dam. 

No.1 ............ ---··----··· .... -----· ...... ------ ______ ---·-----· ___ _ No.2 ...... --------·--- ______ .................... _____ ------------------ No.3-----------------·------ ____ .•...•.................... ------ ___ . _ 

Length Greatest Earth. on crest. depth. 

Feet. 

3,370 

8,865 

2,830 

Feet. 

83 

105 

65 

Ou. yds. 

885,020 

5,272,990 

556,460 

Total ...... ------ ...... ------ ______ ------ __________ ------ .... ________ ------ -----· ____ 6, 714,470 

At 20 cents per cubic yard the cost of the dams would be $1,342,895. 

To fill the reservoir to the 100-foot level (217,196 acre-feet) a conduit with a capacity of 1,250 cubic feet per second would be required. 

The total length of this conduit, from the headworks on Kings River to 

the reservoir, would be 53,600 lineal feet, as follows: 7,000 feet of 

tunnel into reservoir, 3,600 feet of cutting at entrance and discharge 

of tunnel, and 43,000 feet of canal partly in rock. 

Intake tunnel.-The elevation of the bottom of the inlet tunnel at 

its reservoir end is fixed at 20 feet above the maximum flow line for 

the larger (105-foot) dam, so as to permit raising the dam in the 

future. The elevation of the intake at Kings River is estimated at 

558.5 feet. The elevation of the Pine Flat dam site is approximately 600 

feet. The cross section of the inlet tunnel will be lOt feet by 12 feet, 

and the velocity of the water will be 10 feet per second. The tunnel 

will be in granite. The estimated cost, unlined, is $12 per running 

foot, or a total of $84,000, exclusive of the tunnel approaches, the cost 

of which will be as follows: 

Cutting at entrance to tunnel: 

13,700 cubic yards of rock at $1. ____ ... _ .. _ ........ _ ......... _ ..... _. $13, 700 

27,410 cubic yards of earth at $0. 20 ....• ___ . _ .. _. _. _. _____ •.• _. _. _. _. 5, 482 

Cutting at discharge end of tunnel: 

10,072 cubic yards of rock at $1 _____ ... ___ . _ •. __ .. ____ . ____ • __ .. _. _ _ 10,072 

5,036 cubic yards of earth at $0. 20 ... ________ . _. _ •. _____________ . __ . 1, 007 

TotaL __ . ___ . __ ... __ . _ _ _ _ . _. ___________ . ___ . _ . . ...... _ . _ .. _. 30, 261 

a This section is assumed fo1• the purpose of this estimate and is not necessarily final. This 

important matter should be most carefully considered before construction is begun and 

determined only after detailed examination of the material available and of the foundations. 
36 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Diversion canal.-Tbe canal will have a capacity of 1,250 cubic 

feet per second and a grade of 1. 056 feet to the mile in earth and 

loose rock and 3.168 feet to the mile in solid rock section. The bottom width will be 17 feet and the cost as follows: 

Earth, 362,000 cubic yards at $0.20 _______________ _ : ________ . __ .. ___ .-- _- $72, 400 

Loose rock, 401,505 cub1c yards at $0.50 ___________________________ ... _ _ 200,750 

Solid rock, 78,600 cubic yards at $1. _ .. ____________ .. _ .. _________ . ____ . __ . 78, 600 

TotaL ___ . __________ . _______ .. _ . __ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________ 351,750 

Sections of the canal in earth and loose rock and in solid rock are 

shown in Pl. XIV. 

Spillway at dam No. 2.-This spillway will be 100 feet wide, with a 

capacity of 1,698 cubic feet per second and a depth of water of 3 feet. 

The cost will be as follows: 

25,886 cubic yards of rock at $1 _ . ___ . _________________ ... ____ . ______ . - _ . $25, 886 

16,650 cubic yards of earth at $0.25 __ ---· ------ __________ . _____ ---· __ ___ _ 4,163 

Concrete walls and foundations in earth _______ .. _________ . __ . ___________ . 24, 725 

Water cushion at foot of spill way _________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3, 006 

Total _____ ... ____ _ _ __ . ___________ · _______________ . _____ . ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ 57, 780 

The spillway will have to provide for floods in the local drainage 

basin (:53 square miles) of Wahtoke Creek only. The area of the 

reservoir at the 100-foot level is 5,344 acres, and if there were no spillway it would require a flood of 2,672 second-feet for one day to raise 

the water level1 foot. The top of the dam will be 5 feet above the spillway. The west end of dam No. 2 is shown in plan and section in 

Pl. XV, A, and a longitudinal section of the spillway in Pl. XIV, D. 

Outlet tunnel, tmoer, gates, etc.-Pl. XV, B, shows a cross section 

and a longitudinal section of the outlet channel, and Pl. XIV, 0, 

combined sections with tower. The cost of the outlet tunnel, tower, 

gates, etc., is as follows: 

Outlet tunnel, 1,100 lineal feet, 10 feet by 12 feet clear section, cement 

lined, at $12 _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ ____________ . _ _ _ _ _ ________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $13, 200 

Cutting approach to tower: 

1,381 cubic yards of rock at $L. ______ . ___ . _____________ .. -·--- $1,381 

2, 762 cubic yards of earth at $0.25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ 690 

Cutting at discharge end of tunnel: 

7 41 cubic yards of rock at $1 _____ . __________ . _ . ___ . _ . __ . __ c _ 7 41 

1 ,481 cubic yards of earth at $0.25 ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ ... ____ .... _ 370 

Concrete valve tower, 12 feet insidG diameter and 85 feet. high_____ 3, 352 

Concrete dam. 100 feet long. connecting tower with tunnel. __ .____ 2, 782 

Four pipes through concrete clam, each 48 inches in diameter by 

100 feet long, with gates attached, at $1,500 .... ________ ... _____ .. 6, 000 

T<>wet· valves and appliances, seven at $500 ______ . _____________ . _. 3, 500 

House on top of tower ________ .. _ . _______ . _____________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 500 

Concrete and iron footbridge to tower, two spans of 12.5 feet each_ 5, 000 

Concrete and iron footbridge over spillway, 100 feet _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, 000 

3,182 

23,134 

TotaL ____ . _____ ~ ______ .. ______ . ______________________ ... ____ .. _ _ _ _ 39, 516 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

&.; 

1.) 

~~·· 

A 

c 

~ 

~ 

I I 

~t.a.bore~ 

IJ 

DETAILS OF PROPOSED RESERVOIR IN CLARKS VALLEY. 

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XIV 

B 

,=::::: r--

1700 rE£7 

A, Section of canal 1n earth and loose rock; B, section of canal in solid rock; C, combined sections, showing tower; D, longitudinal sect1on of spillway. 
LIPPINCOTT.) CLARKS VALLEY RESERVOIR SITE. 37 

Headworks.on Kings River.-The estimated cost of diverting dam, 

sand box, gates, etc., is $25,000. 

Summary of cost.-Summarizing, the cost of the works with large 

dam 105 feet high, storing 217,196 acre-feet, is as follows: 

Dams NOS. 1, 2, and 3 ---- ------ ·---------------.. -- -----.------------ $1, 342, 895 

Inlet tunnel, or feed conduit. ________ . ___ .. _ . ___ . _ ... _ .............. ___ -

Cutting at each end of inlet tunnel .... _ _ ________ . _ .... _ . _ ~ __ ... __ ... . 

Canal between in take and tunnel approach ... _ . ___ . _ . _______ . ___ ... _ 

Spillway at dam No. 2. ____ . _. ___ . ___ . ______ ........ _____ .. _ . __ . . . _ 

Outlet tunneL_ .. _._. _. _ . _. _ ..... ________ . ____ . ___ . _. ___ .. ____ . _ . __ _ 

Cutting at each end of outlet tunnel. ____ . _____ . _. _ ... ____ ... _ .. _ .. _. __ 

Valve tower, gates, etc . ______ .. ___ .. _______ . ____ . __ .. ______ .. _ _ _ . _. _ 

In take works on Kings River ___ . _ . _________ . ____ ........ _ . . _ .. _ _ _ _ .. __ 

Right of way_ .. __ . ____ . ______ . ___ . ____ . ________ ... _ .•.. _. _. _ . ______ _ 

Engineering and contingencies, 10 per cent ___ . ___ ._ ... --· ___ . ___ .. __ . 

84,000 

. 30,261 

351,750 

57,780 

. 13,200 

3,182 

23,134 

25,000 

75,000. 

2,006,202 

200,620 

Total. ___ ... _ . _ _ _ _ . _ .... _ .. __ . _______ . ____ . ____________ . _ ; _ _ _ _ _ 2, 206, 822 

The cost per acre-foot of water stored is $10.15. 

Annual cost per acre-foot of water delivered.-Figuring the interest 

at 6 per cent of the cost of the works ($2,206,822}, the taxes at eighttenths of 1 per cent of the cost, and maintenance for the reservoir 

and diversion canal at $10,000 per annum, we have an annual charge 

against the plant of $160,064. We have found that the evaporation would amount to 3t per cent of the entire storage capacity of 

the larger reservoir; but if we take the evaporation at 5 per cent 

and the seepage in the canal at 15 per cent we have 173,757 acre-feet 

available for delivery. This divided into the annual charge of 

$160,064 gives an annual cost per acre-foot of water delivered from 

the reservoir to the lands of $0. 92. 

85-FOOT DAM. 

The following quantities are for a large dam 85 feet high,. 20 feet 

wide on top, with a slope of 2t to 1 on the upstream side and a slope 

of 1 t to 1 on the downstream side. The maximum depth of water will 

be 80 feet and the storage capacity 120,499 acre-feet. 

Quantities of material for 85-foot dam and the two side structures. 

Dam. 

No.1 -------------- ·----- .... ------ .. ____ ------ ...... ------ ........ No.2 ...... ___ . ___ . _____ • ----- _____________________________________ _ 

No.3 ----........ ------ _ ----- .... __________ .......... ------ ____ . __ 

Length on Greatest I Earth. crest. depth. 

Feet. 3,100 

8,640 

2,585 

Feet. 63 

85 

43 

Cu. yds. 

504,189 

3,085,171 

248,468 

Total. ....... ____ -------- ____ .... --------. ________ -·-- ------ ------ ------ . _____ . ----- 3, &17,828 
38 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [NO. 58. 

At 20 cents per cubic yard the cost of the dams would be $767,566. 

To fill the reservoir to the 80-foot level {120,499 acre-feet) a conduit 

with a capacity of at least 525 cubic feet per second would be required. 

The total length of the conduit from the headworks on Kings River to 

the reservoir would be 53,600 feet, divided the same as for the 105-foot 

dam, i. e., 7,000 feet of tunnel, 3,600 feet of cutting at entrance and 

exit of tunnel, and 43,000 feet of diversion canal. 

Intake t'unnel.-The feed tunnel will be of the same dimensions and 

grade and in the same location as for the 105-foot dam-7,000 lineal 

feet in solid rock, unlined, at $12 per lineal foot, $84,000, plus the cost 

of cutting at the entrances, $24,790. The elevation of the lower end 

of the inlet tunnel is fixed at 520 feet, the same as for the larger reservoir, so as to permit increasing the height of the dam in the future, 

if desired. The elevation of the intake is taken at 558.5 feet. 

Diversion canal.-The canal will have a capacity of 525 cubic feet 

per second and a grade of 1. 5!'34 feet to the mile in earth and loose 

rock and 4.224 feet to the mile in solid rock section. The bottom 

width will be 10 feP.t and the cost as follows: 

151,330 cubic yards of earth at $0.20 _____ .. ____________________________ . _ _ $30, 266 

30,840 cubic yards of rock at $1 __ .. __ . ________________ . _. ____ • __ . _ ... _ _ 30,840 

166,140 cubic yards of loose rock at $0.50 _________ . ___ . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . 83,070 

Total_ . __ . _____ . _________________ . _________ . _______________ . ______ 144, 176 

Spillway at dam No. 2.-The spillway will be 100 feet wide, with a 

capacity of 940 cubic feet per second and a depth of water of 2 feet. 

The cost will be as follows: 

13,625 cubic yards of earth at $0.25 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ .. ______ .• _. ________ . ____ . $3, 406 

27,251 cubic yards of rock at $1 __ . _ _ _ . _. _______ . __ ... _. _. _______ .. __ . ___ . 27, 251 

Foundation in earth, 3,000 cubic yards at $0.50_ ... _________ . ______ . _. _ .. _ 1, 500 

Concrete in walls and bottom, 3,000 cubic yards at $6 . _ . ___ . ____ . __ . _ _ _ _ 18,000 

Total_ . _ .. _____ . ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _____ . __ .... __ .. __ . ____ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50, 157 

Outlet tunnel, tower, gates, etc.-The cost of the outlet tunnel and 

of cutting approach to tower and at discharge end of tunnel would be 

practically the same as for the 105-foot dam. The estimate of cost of 

tower, gates, etc., is as follows: 

Concrete valve tower, 12 feet inside diameter and 85 feet high _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ $3, ~52 

Concrete dam 100 feet long, connecting tower with tunnel. _________ . ____ . 2, 782 

Four pipes through concrete dam, each 4Sinches diameter by 100 feet long, 

with gates attached, at $1,500 _. ___ . _,. ___________ ..... __ .. _. ______ . _____ . _ 6, 000 

Tower valves and appliances, seven at $500_. ___ . ___________ . _ .. ___ . _____ . 3, 500 

House on top of tower _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ .. _ _ _ . _ . __ .. __ . _ _ _________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 500 

Concrete and iron footbridge to tower, two spans of 125 feet each __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 5, 000 

Concrete and iron footbridge over spill way, 100 feet ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . __ . _ _ 2, 000 

Total._ ... ______________________ . ____________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23, 1a4 

Headworks on Kings River.-The estimated cost of diverting dam, 

sand box, gates, etc., is tlie same as for the 105-foot dam, viz, $25,000. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAl SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XV 

I 

T 

If' 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

A 

B 

DETAILS OF PROPOSED RESERVOIR IN CLARKS VALLEY. 

A, Plan and section of west end of dam No. 2; B, cross section and longitudinal section of outlet 

tunnel. 
LIPPINCOTT.] CLARKS VALLEY RESERVOIR SITE. 39 

Summary of cost.-Summarizing, the cost of the works with large 

dam 85 feet high, storing 120,499 acre-feet, is as follow.~: 

DamsNos.1, 2,and3 ___________ -----------·----------···------ ·---.- Feed tunnel _ . __________ . __ . ____ .. _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _______ . _____ _ 

Cutting_at each end of inlet tunnel. . _. __________ , _______ . _____ . _____ _ 

Diversion canal between intake and tunnel appt·oach _ . ______ . _____ .. _. 

Spiilway at dam No. 2 _ . _ . __ . _ _ __ . _______ ... _ _ _ _ __ _ .. ______ . _______ _ 

Outlet tunnel . _______ . __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ . ___________ . ____ . __ _ 

Cutting approaches at each end of outlet tunnel _ . _____ . _ ... ____ . __ . ___ _ 

Valve tower, gates. etc _____ . .. ___ .. _ . . . __ . _ . ______________ . ___ . _ _ __ _ 

Head works on Kings River __ . __ .. _______ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________ _ 

Right of way ... _ . ______ . __ . _ . ____ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _______ . ______________ _ 

$767,566 

84,000 

24,790 

144,176 

50,157 

13,200 

3,000 

23,134 

25,000 

75,000 

1,210,023 

Engineering and contingencies, 10 per cent __ . ______ . ________ . _____ . __ . 121,002 

TotaL_. _ ... _ .. __ . _. _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ .... __ ... _____ .. _ _ _ ____ 1, 331,025 

The cost per acre-foot of water stored is $11.05. 

Annual cost per acre-foot of water delivered.-Figuring t.he interest 

at 6 per cent of the cost of the works ($1,331,025), the taxes at eighttenths of 1 per cent of t.he cost, and maintenance for the reservoir 

and diversion canal at $10,000 per annnm, we have an annual charge 

against the plant of $100,510. We have found t.hat t.he evaporation 

would- amount to 4. 7 per cent of the entire storage capacity of the 

reservoir, but if we take the evaporation and seepage at 20 per cent, 

as for t.he 105-foot dam, it would leave 96,399 acre-feet available for 

delivery. This divided into the annual charge of $100,510 gives an 

annual cost per acre-foot of water delivered from the reservoir of $1. 04. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

Assuming the annual rainfall to be 20 inches over the 33 square 

miles of drainage area of Wahtoke Creek, and the run-off to be 12 per 

cent, we have 4,224 acre-feet. The storage capacity of the 105-foot 

dam is 217,196 acre-feet. This, less the 4,224 acre-feet from rainfall 

in the local drainage basin, gives 212,972 acre-feet of water to be 

brought by diversion conduit from Kings River. In order to determine whether a canal with a capacity of 1,250 second-feet would fill 

the reservoir, the following assumptions have been made: 

(1) That all of the water in Kings River up to the capacity of the 

canal (1,250 second-feet) can be diverted during the months of November, December, January, and February. 

(2) That the combined capacity of the canals diverting water from 

the river during the remaining months is 4,000 second-feet, and the 

surplus above that amount is available, to 5,250 second-feet, for 

storage. 

The following statement, based on the daily discharge of the river 

at the Red Mountain gaging station of the United States Geological 

Survey, which is practically at the proposed point of diversion, shows 

the amounts of water which could have been diverted with a dam 105 
40 STOR.A.G E OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, O.A.L. [No. 58. 

feet high and a canal of 1,250 second-feet capacity, under the foregoing conditions. 

Available water supply, in acre-feet, of Clarks Valley reservoir site with 105-foot dam. 

Month. Season Season I Season Season Season 

1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99. 1899-1900 ... 

----------------1--------------1----

36,935 13,741 37,877 

45,438 18,929 48,237 

31,312 31,395 66,485 

39,105 36,575 41,491 

5,444 ----------- 25,404 39,497 -----46;186 12,474 8,890 

47,144 41,715 

---·------ ---------- ----------... 

November------ .................. -··------·--.... 20,838 31,989 December.----·.-----_ ..... __ ..................... 20,067 30,591 

January.------ .......... __ ........................ 47,742 26,841 

February-----------------··----------------...... 4

3

7,396638 67,855 March .................. ____ ...... -------.......... , 808 

~~~i~~ ~:::: :~:::·_ ::::::::~::·.::::::::.:: :::::~ :::::: s3; ~ ~: ~~ June............................................... 74,072 38,662 

July·------·······-····---······-----·-----······--- 26,758 79 

Total.. .. -····-------------................... 274,4951 317,918 190,668 201,595 281,991 

a The season of 1900-01 was one of abundant supply. 

Taking the season of least available flow (1897-98) we have 190,668 

acre-feet. If we add to this the amount of water available from the 

local drainage basin (4,224 acre-feet) we have a t,otal of 194,892. This 

is 22,304 acre--feet, or 9~- per cent, less than the maximum capacity of the 

reservoir for a year of extreme drought, which is not likely to occur but 

once in ten years. For the season of 1898-99 the amounts would be 

201,595 acre-feet from the river and 4,224 acre-feet of rainfall stored, 

giving a total of 205,819 acre-feet, or 11,377 acre-feet less than the 

maximum storage capacity. That year also was one of drought. For 

the remaining three seasons of observation the flow is more thari sufficient. The rainfall records at Fresno indicate the last five years to 

have been the driest observed since 1877, and it is believed that they 

may be accepted as a minimum. 

In connection with the foregoing figures there is an important point 

to be considered, viz: If the people who now are using the flow of the 

river in March and October to flood their lands could be assured of a 

sufficient quantity of water later in the season, part of the flow of the 

river for those months could be diverted to the reservoir, and thus 

the reservoir be filled to its maximum capacity each year. The following table shows the quantities of water that could have been diverted 

from Kings River by a canal of maximum capacity of 525 second-feet 

and an 85-foot P.am, under conditions similar to those prevailing for 

the 105-foot dam: 

Available water supply, in acre-feet, of Clarks Valley reservoir site with 85-foot dam. 

Season Season Season Season I Season _______ M_o_n_th_. _______ 1 

__ 18_9_5--96_·. 1896-~ 1897-98. 1898-99. 11899-1900. 

November......................................... 19,394 28,403 28,086 13,741 

December ............. -- .... ------ ...... ...... .... 20,067 30,444 32,224 17,494 

~:~~~~i-:V:::::: ~--·.·.::::·.~:::::·.::~::: :::::: ~::: :::: ~lU~~ ~:~ ~:~ ~:~ March.............................................. 2,079 808 2,673 

28,849 

30,829 

32,224 

29,106 

April. ........................ ---···................ 3,118 20,638 ·--i2,"929" 18,572 

May................................................ 18,711 32,224 6,049 7,286 20,344 

June ............................................... 31,185 16.632 22,879 21,236 

July.............................................. 12,432 · 79 ·-------·- .......... ·---·-···-

Total . . . ... . . . .. .. ................... _ . .. . . . 165,316 184, 886 138, 757 139,323 162,588 
LIPPINCOTT.] CLARKS VALLEY RESERVOIR SITE. 41 

Using t,he season of minimum observed flow (1807-98) we have 

138,757 acre-feet available flow from the river, which with the 4,224 

acre-feet from the local basin gives a total of 142,981 acre-feet, or 

22,482 acre-feet more than the maximum storage capacity of the 

reservoir. 

If the Pine Flat and the Clarks Valley dams are both built the following tables will show the available supply. These tables (determined by planimeter from the diagrams of stream flow) are based (1) 

upon a diversion by the irrigation canals of water to their full capacity, 

viz, 4,000 second-feet, from March 1 to October 31, and (2) upon the 

fact that with the regulating reservoir at. Pine Flat the Clarks Valley 

reservoir could have been completely filled, t,o either the 100-foot or 

the 80-foot level, each year. 

The entire capacity of the Clarks Valley reservoir less the supply 

from the local drainage basin (4,224 acre-feet) is therefore also 

deducted from the seasonal flow of the river each year. All of the 

water remaining in the river is considered available for storage at 

Pine l1,lat. -It is reasonably certain that both reservoirs would have 

been completely filled during the five-year period of observation by 

the State engineering department, i. e., 1878 to 1883. It must he 

remembered that the ten years for which we have records were below 

the average in rainfall and run-off. The year 1897-98 may be taken 

as the minimum of a ten-year period of low rainfall. The season of 

1900-1901 is now (June 1, 1901) far enough advanced to show that the 

supply for this year would have been more than ample to fill both 

reservoirs. The table shows that with the larger dam at Clarks Valley (the 105-foot) there would have been one year out of the eleven 

that the Pine Flat reservoir could not-have been filled. 

Available water supply, in acre-feet, for 140-foot darn at Pine Flat reservoir site 

with 105-foot darn at Clarks Valley reservoir site._ 

Season Nov. 1 to Oct. 31. 

Total dis- Clarks 

charge of Valley diriver. version. 

1895-96 ---- ------ ---· -.---------------- ----------- ----· 1,852, 425 

1896-97 ------ ------------ -------- ···----. ·--- ----- ----· 2,088, 924 

1897-98 ---------------------- ·------ ------------------- 876,079 

1898-99 ---- -------- ··-- ---· ---- ------ ·- ---------------- 1,227, 217. 

1899-1900 -------------- ----- ----·.--------... ----.----· 1, 281,051 

212,972 

212,972 

212,972 

212,972 

212,972 

Available 

It:rigat_ion fft~~ ;'~~:r- diverawn voir (caMar. 1 to pacity, 

Oct. 31. 78,197 acre- feet). 

936, 7 49 703, 704 

1, 029, 845 846, 107 

656, 302 . 6, 805 

893, 959 120, 286 

817,631 250,448 

--------1----1-----

Five-year mean ................................ 1,465,139 212,972 866,897 385,470 

,..rhe foregoing table shows the possibility of having used 79 per 

cent of the average flow of Kings River during the last five year:s. 
42 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Availal)le watet· :mpply, in acre-feet, for 140-foot dam at Pine Flat reseruoir .<;ite 

w-ith 85-joot dam at Ularks Valley reservoir site. 

Total dis- Clarks 

charge of Valley di-

---,.----------- -,-A-v-al-·la_b_le 

Ir.rigat.ion Fl~~ :1~~- dlverswn voir (ca- Mar. 1 to pacity Season Nov. 1 to Oct. 31. 

river. version. 

I 

1895-96 -------- -------------------- -----· ------ --·- ----1 1,852,425 1896--97 ---------- --·- -------- ---- ---- ------------------! 2, 088,924 

l~t~ =~-~~~~~ :~~ ~~~~ ==~= ~=~~ ~==: ~ ~~~~~ :~=~: :~~: :~ ~: ~=: 1 1. ~~: gr? 1899-1900 -------------------------------------- .... --- : 1,281,051 

Five-year mean ... _________________ .... __ __ ___ 1,465,139 

116,275 

116,275 

116,275 

116,275 

116,275 

116,275 

Oct. 31· 78,197 ac~e­ feet). 

936,749 

1,02!>,845 

656,302 

893,959 

817,631 

866,897 

800,401 

942,804 

103,502 

216,983 

347,145 

482,167 

The foregoing table shows that both reservoirs could have been 

filled every year during the period given. 

Normally the reservoir at Clarks Valley, as previously stated, would 

be full at the end of June and empty at the end of September. The 

period during whicl1 evaporation will have to be considered is the 

months of July, August, and September. The evaporation observations given herein show that the mean evaporation during those 

months is 1.89 feet each year. 'rhe total storage capacity of the reservoir at the 100-foot level is 217,196 acre-feet; the area at the 100-foot 

level is 5,344 acres and at the SO-foot level 4,325 acres. "H'or the purpose of this estimate tl1e average area for the larger reservoir exposed 

to evaporation may be considered as 4,000 acres, losing in depth 1.89 

feet each year, or 7,560 acre-feet, which is 3t per cent of the total 

storage capacity of the reservoir. With the smaller dam the evaporation would amount to 4. 7 per cent, or 5,670 acre-feet. 

SPILLWAY. 

The Clarks Valley reservoir will be almost entirely free from 

attacks of floods, as the local drainage basin contains only 33 square 

miles, and its annual discharge will probably be equal to a depth of 

about 1 foot in the reservoir at the 100-foot level. The diversion 

canal, having a capacity of 1,250 second-feet, or 2,500 acre-feet, per 

day, would require two days' flow to raise the water in the reservoir 

1 foot in height when it stands at the 100-!oot level. The capacity of 

the outlet from the reservoir will be 1,280 cubic feet per second 

(greater than that of the intake}, with 10 feet head on the valves. 

This will be in addition to the capacity of the spillway. 

The months during which the maximum amount of water is available for storage from Kings River are May and June. This is after 

the expiration of the rainy season, and it will be the discharge of the 

diversion canal during these two months that will finally fill the reservoir each year. Since 1877 the greatest rainfall that has occurred 
LIPPINCOTT.] RESERVOIR SURVEYS. 43 

in .May was 1. 97 inches, in 1900. On this basis the water that fell 

in the local drainage basin of W ahtoke Creek would amount to 3,380 

acre-feet. The area of the reservoir at the 100-foot level is 5,344 

acres. 

Since 1877 there have been only three occasions when rain has fallen 

at Fresno during the month of June, the greatest precipitation for 

that month being 1. 29 inches, in 1884. It is therefore reasonable to 

assume that during the time the reservoir is full the local drainage 

basin can never deliver a volumo of water sufficient to raise the level 

of a full reservoir more than 1 foot, even if the discharge gate and 

the spillway are both closed. It is proposed to make the elevation of 

the spillway 7 feet below the top of the dam and to maintain the 

water in the reservoir at that height during the entire rainy season. 

After the expiration of the rainy season____:say the first of. June-it 

would be safe to place flash boards in the spillway, so as to store 2 feet 

more of water. This would bring the water to the maximum depth 

of 100 feet, would add about 10,000 acre-feet to the storage capacity, 

and. would still leave the top of the reservoir 5 feet above the 

level of the water. If it should be considered desirable to increase 

the interval between the water level and the top of the dam it could 

most economically be done by increasing the height of the dam 2 or 3 

feet on slopes of 1-! t.o 1 on each side. It will be remembered that 

there probably would not be more than two weeks intervening between 

the complete filling of the reservoir and the beginning of the discharge 

from it. 

A longitudinal section of the spillway proposed is shown in Pl. 

XIV, D. 

RESERVOIR SURVEYS. 

On June 19 the party reported at Sanger, Fresno County, on the 

Southern Pacific Railroad, where camp equipment was received. A 

pack train of 5 mules and 4 saddle horses was purchased in the neighborhood, at an average cost of $40 per animal. rrhe party, which was 

in charge of Mr. H. E. Green, consisted of a topographer, two rodmen, 

a packer, and a cook. After July 12 one rodman was dispensed with, 

reducing the party to four. 

On June 22 the party left .Sanger, at an elevation of 370 feet, and 

started for Millwood. Following the county road and crossing to the 

south of Kings River near Centerville, the foothills were reached 

about 16 miles from Sanger, the road traversing the lower Clarks Valley reservoir site. From Clarks Valley to Millwood the road ascends 

4, 710 feet in a dist.ance of 30 miles, the elevation of Millwood being 

5,210 feet, aneroid measurement. From Millwood the par~y went 

into camp at Long Meadow, where the first survey work was done on 

the Long Meadow reservoir site. 
44 STORAGE OF WATER. ON KINGS RIV~R, CAL. [No. 58. 

LONG MEADOW. 

Long Meadow can be reached in 11 miles from Millwood by taking 

the Sanger Luml>ee Company's wagon road to their sawmill, a distance 

of 6 miles, and then following the trail for 5 miles, crossing the divide 

at an elevation of G, 770 feet; or it can be reached without surmounting such an elevation by keeping the wagon road via the sawmill to 

Converse Meadow, 12 miles distant and at an elevation of 5,900 feet, 

and following the trail for 2 miles across the low divide separating 

Converse Meadow from Long Meadow. 

Long Meadow, which is at an elevation of 5,200 feet, is on Tenmile 

Creek, about 4 miles above its junction with Kings River, which junction is less than a quarter of a mile west of the junction of the Middle 

and South forks of the river. The reservoir and dam sites are in sees. 

14, 15, 22, and 23, T. 13 S., R. 28 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian. 

'l.,he land is owned by the Sanger Lumber Company and is well timbered with pine. The dam site is in the northeast quarter of se~. 14, 

T. 13 S., R. 28 E. 'l'he average elevation of the watershed of the 

meadow or valley is 7,000 feet above sea level, and the supply of 

water will be largely from melting snow in the spring. Contour maps 

of the reservoir and dam sites arc shown in Pl. XVI. 

The drainage area tri!:mtary to Long Meadow is estimated at 25 

square miles .. rrhe estimated mean rainfall. is 45.3 inches, making the 

run-off per square mile 900 acre-feet, or 900 X 25=22,500 acre-feet per 

year. If we assume a rainfall of 40 inches and a run-off of 50 per 

cent the average yield would be 26,560 acre-feet per year; or if we 

assume 2 second-feet run-off per square mile we have 50 second-feet, 

or 100 acre-feet, per day, which is equal to 36,500 acre-feet per year. 

The capacity of the reservoir with a dam 170 feet high is 25,334 acrefeet. 

Owing to the heavy grade to be surmounted in hauling material 

from the Southern Pacific Railroad at Sanger via Millwood, which is 

the shortest approach, a loose rock-fill dam with plank face is considered the most economical. Freight from Sanger to Millwood ( 45 

miles) costs $9 per ton of 2,000 pounds, or 45 cents per hundred pounds. 

From Millwood freight would go, by the mill road already mentioned, 

12 miles to Converse Meadow, elevation 5,900 feet. From there a 

road would have to be graded over the low divide separating Converse Meadow from Long ~leadow. This can be done, with easy gradients, at an estimated length of 4 miles. The proposed method of 

building the dam is by the use of two Lidgerwood cables, one on the 

axis of. the dam, with traveling towers, and the other crossing the 

dam, working two quarries, one above a.nd one below the dam site. 

· The bed rock at the proposed dam site is granite, solid and bare in 

the creek bed but seamy on the north side of the canyon. It is in 
A. 

B. CONTOUR M AP OF L ONG MEADOW DAM SITE. 
LIPPINCOTT.l LONG MEADOW RESERVOIR SITE. 45 

strata from 5 to 10 feet thick, with a dip to the south of about 30 

degrees. The south side of the canyon will require stripping, probably 8 or 10 feet. It was impossible to carry tools to determine the 1 

depth to bed rock, and the estimate of the amount of stripping required is obtained from surface indications. A view of the dam site 

on the north side of the creek is shown in Pl. XVII, A. 

Data regarding Long Meadow dam. 

Elevation at base of dam. ________________ ... ___ . __________________ feet._ 5, 130 

Elevation of floor of wasteway_ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ . _ ... _ . _. _ .. ___ .do__ _ 5, 290 

Elevation of crest of dam ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . ____________ . ___ . _________ . do__ _ 5, 300 

Elevation of outlet ... ___ . _. _____________ .. ________________________ do.__ 5, 150 

Height of dam . ___ . _____ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ . ___ . _ _ _ _ _ __________ . _____ do___ 170 

Drainage area ___________________ . _______________ .. _____ ... square miles_ _ 25 

Run-off, 9stimated _. _ _ _ _ _ ___ . _ .... ______ . ______ . ___ . ________ .acre-feet._ 22, 500 

Capacity of reservoir below wasteway __________ ... _ _ _ __ . ___ . ______ do. __ 25,334 

Capacity of reservoir at crest leveL ____ .. ________ .. ________ . _____ . __ do .. __ 30,033 

Following is the preliminary estimate of cost: 

Estimate of cost of loose rock-jill dam at Long Meadow. 

Loose rock, 673,000 cubic yards at $0.75 _____ ---------------- _________ _ 

Plank face, 1. rea 144,800 square feet: 

Two layers of 3-inch plank on lower half of face, 324,000 feet, B. M., 

at $30 ______ .. ____ . __ ........ __ . __ .. __ . _ ... _ . _. _- .. -. -... -. -------

Two layers of 2-inch plank on upper hal{ of face, 360,000 feet, B. M., 

at $30 _______________________________ . _. ______ . _________ . ____ · __ .;· _ 

Sills, 12 inches by 12 inches, spaced 4 feet between centers, equal to a 

layer of 3-inch timber over entire surface, 432,000 feet, B. M., at $30 __ Labor on plank face ________ . _ . _____________ . _ _ _____ . _ _ _ _ __ ____ . ____ _ 

Wasteway, 50-foot bottom width, slopes i to 1, 6 feet depth of water. 

capacity 2,400 second-feet, length 4:00 feet, lined with cement: 

Excavation, 15,000 cubic yards of rock at $1 ______ . ___________ . ___ _ 

Cement lining, 3,000 s:1uare yards (200 barrels of cement at $8, 

$1,600; labor,3,000squareyardsat$0.10,$300) __ ----------------

Outlet tunnel in solid rock, cement lined, 4 feet by 6 feet, arched top and 

bottom, 500 lineal feet at $10 _________________________ . _____________ _ 

Tower, including house and bridge, valves, gates, etc. _____ . ___________ _ 

Machinery and cable (75-horsepower engine, 2-!-inch cable, two traveling 

towers to handle 10 tons) ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________ .. _______ .. _____ . ___ _ 

Road from Converse Meadow to Long Meadow (4 miles) and to cable 

towers and around works (2 miles), 6 miles at $3,000 ___ . _. ____ . ____ . 

Clearing reservoir, 500 acres at $5 .. _ _ ___ . _____________ .. __ .. __________ . 

$504,750 

9,720 

10,800 

12,960 

6,000 

15,000 

1,900 

5,000 

8,000 

26,000 

18,000 

2,500 

620,630 

Engineering and contingencies, 15 per cent_. _____ .. _____ ._ ... _ ..... _ _ _ _ _ 93,085 

TotaL _______ ... _. ___________ .. _______________ I _____ . ___ ... . .. _ _ 713,715 

The cost per acre-foot of water stored is $28. Plan, elevation, and 

maximum cross section of the proposed dam are shown in Pl. XVIII. 
46 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

The cost of a concrete dam at this site would be much greater than 

that of a rock-fill dam. The estimate is as follows: 

Estimate of cost of conc1·ete dam at Long Meadow. 

171,000 cubic yards of masonry at $10. ____ . _______ .. _____ . ____________ $1,710,000 

Wasteway, 50 feet by 10 feet ... ___ . __________ . ______ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16, 900 

Outlet tunnel, 4 feet by 6 feet __ . __________________ . _________ . _____ . _ _ 5, 000 

Tower,etc .. ------------------------------------------- ----------- -8,000 Machinery and cable __ ... __________ . ___________ . _. _____ . _____ . __ . _ _ _ 26, 000 

Roads ___________ . ____ . ___ . _ .. __________ .. . _______ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. _. _. _ 18, 000 

Clearing reservoir _. _______________________ . . . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ . _ _ _ _ 2, 500 

1,786,400 

Engineering and contingencies .. ____________ ________ _____ ___ _____ _ 100,000 

TotaL ___ .. ______ . ___ . ________ .. _______ ~ ____ . ____ . __ . _________ . 1, 886,400 

With a concrete dam the cost per acre-foot of water stored is $74, 

against $28 with a loose rock-fill dam. 

EAST LAKE. 

From Long Meadow the party moved to East Lake, where the next 

survey work was done in July. This lake is about 2 miles up the 

South Fork of Bubbs Creek, which is about 5 miles above the junction of Bubbs C1;eek with the South Fork of Kings River. 'fhe best 

way to reach the lake is by way of Millwood and J_.jong Meadow, though 

it can be reached by a shorter route by packing from Independence, 

Inyo County, by way of Kearsarge Pass. 

Starting with Long Meadow as a base (elevation 5,200 feet) the 

trail goes first to Bearskin Meadow, 5 miles distant and at an elevation of 6,000 feet; then to Horse Corral Meadow, 20 miles distant and 

at an elevation of 7,820 feet; then to Summit Meadow (overlooking 

Kings River Canyon), 23 miles distant and at an elevation of 8,150 

feet; then to Kings River Canyon, 28 miles distant and at an elevation of 5,000 feet, a descent of more than 3,000 feet in 5 miles. About 

a mile upstream from the foot of this trail and approximately 12 miles 

above the junction with the Middle Fork of Kings River, is the log 

building known as the hotel and a sheep bridge across Kings River. 

The trail then leads up the South Fork of Kings River to Bubbs Creek, 

37 miles dist,ant and at an elevation of 5,370 feet, where the river makes 

a sharp bend to the north; then up Bubbs Creek to its south fork, 49 

miles distant and at an elevation of 8,120 feet,; up the South Fork of 

Hubbs Creek to East Lake, 52 miles from Long Meadow and 63 milesfrom Millwood, at an elevation of 9,350 feet. From where the trail 

enters Bubbs Creek it is very steep and rocky, and the 3 miles of it 

. along the south fork of that creek would require a great deal of work 

to make it, passable as a freight trail. 

At East I.ake the country in all directions is rugged and bare (see· 

Pl. XVII, B), being near the limit of the timber line. Only a thin 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER - SUPPLY PAFER NO. 58 Pl. XVII 

A . LONG M EADOW DAM SI T E. 

B. EAST L.AKE RESER VO I R SIT E. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER·SUPPLY PAPER NO. 6S PL. XVIII 

Elevation of crest 5300' 

Loose rock 

Elev. S/SO' 

PLAN, ELEVATION, AND MAXIMUM CROSS SECTION OF PROPOSED LONG MEADOW RESERVOIR DAM. 
LIPPINCOTT.] EAST LAKE RESERVOIR SITE. 47 

scattering of tamaracks. is to be seen. At the time of the survey 

(July) considerable snow was still lying on the northern slopes and 

was feeding the South Fork of Bubbs Creek and its numerous lakes, 

which make this locality very picturesque. 

About 2-! miles above East Lake is Reflection Lake (see Pl. XXI, A), 

which has a water surface of about 30 acres. It is a deep body of 

water between high, precipitous walls, ~nd is at an elevation of 10,000 

feet. Above Reflection Lake, at an elevation of 11,000 feet, are numerous small lakes of from 1 to 3 acres area, all perfectly calm, and 

reflecting the surroundings as in mirrors. Monuments were found at 

East Lake which showed that the California State engineering department had made a survey there. A topographic survey was made, 

under the direction of Mr. Green, with the following results: 

East Lake is formed by an immense slide or ·moraine from Ouzel 

Creek Canyon on the west, which has damm~d the South Fork of 

Bu bbs Cr~ek at that point. The creek formed a lake behind this 

moraine until it overflowed and washed out the channel where the 

dam would be located., but the bed of the channel is probably 50 or 

60 feet above the old channel bottom, and the mass beneath and to 

the west is formed of huge blocks of granite embedded in granite 

debris. 'rhat, it is not water-tight is proved by the fact that several 

small streams, caused by melting snow on the solid rock cliffs above 

the moraine, disappear at the contact of the moraine and appear as 

springs on the slope immediately above the lake. 

There was a stream of water, estimated at 10 second-feet, flowing 

out of East Lake at the end of .July, 1900. A weir dam which would 

raise the water 70 feet above the lake level would bring enough pressure to bear on the moraine to cause considerable leakage, but it 

could not wash out, there being too much rock in it, and there is t,he 

possibility that it might silt tight. 

The area of the watershed tributary to East Lake is estimated at 

12 square miles; the average elevation is 11,000 feet. The capacity 

of a reservoir raised 70 feet above the lake level, which was 9,350 feet 

at the time of t.he survey in July, would be 4,154acre-feet. The lake 

itself could be utilized to some extent by deepening its mouth so as 

to permit of an outlet tunnel or pipe being placed low enough to draw 

off 30 or 40 feet of the water. This would add perhaps 400 acre-feet 

to the capacity of the reservoir. In like manner Reflection Lake 

could be utilized, and would yield probably 700 acre-feet additional, 

making a total of 5,250 acre-feet. No estimate has been made of 

the cost of a dam, because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the 

locality, the cost of transporting material rendering such a project 

expensive to a degree out of all proportion to the limited capacity of 

the reservoir. There is no timber available with which to face the 

dam, and cement would co~t from $15 to $20 a barrel delivered. A 

contour map of the East Lake reservoir site is shown in Pl. XI.X. 
48 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. (N0. 58. 

While the camp was at East Lake a visit was made to Bull Frog 

Lake, on the north side of Bubbs Creek, about 4 miles east of the south 

fork of. that creek and close to the summit of Kearsarge Pass. On 

examination no dam site was found and the area of the lake was 

ascertained to be so small as not to warrant any topographic work. 

The elevation of the lake is 10,600 feet; the elevation of Kearsarge 

Pass, 3 miles east of the lake, is 12,000 feet. 'rhe drainage area of 

the lake is about 5 square miles. 

GRANITE BASIN. 

Granite Basin was the next place examined. It is on Granite Creek, 

at the summit of the divide between Kings River Canyon on the South 

Fork and the Middle Fork of Kings River. It is reached by trail from 

Kings River Canyon. Starting at Kanawyer's cabin, elevation 5,200 

feet, the trail ascendE the steep spur on the west side of Copper 

Creek, follows Copper Creek for about 7 milPs, and crosses the divide 

at an elevation of 10,300 feet into Granite Creek on the west, 10 miles 

from Kings River Canyon and at an elevation of 10,000 feet. A contour map of the reservoir site is shown in Pl. XX and a view of the 

site in Pl. XXI, B. 

There are two outlets, divided by a butte. The outlet to the northwest would requfre a dam 750 feet long at the crest and 140 feet high; 

the outlet to the southeast of the butte would require a dam 900 feet 

long on the crest and 130 feet high to raise water to the plane of the 

10,000-foot contour. A view of one of the outlets is shown in Pl. 

XXII, A. The area within the 10,000-foot contour is 144 acres a·nd 

the capacity of the reservoir 10,350 acre-feet, 

The drainage area tributary to Granite Basin does not exceed 6 

square miles and averages 10,800 feet in elevation. There is a sparse 

growth of tamarack scattered over the basin, the whole of which, 

however, is practically bare and barren. 'rhe bed rock is granite. 

The capacity of the reservoir compared with the cost of the two large 

dams necessary to create it and the difficulty of access render the 

project impracticable. 

ELECTRIC-POWER DEVELOPMENT. 

In a study of the various irrigation possibilities of Kings River it 

was deemed advisable to investigate the water power obtainable for 

the purpose of generating electric energy for transmission to local 

pumping plants in the valley. This requires an investigation of three 

distinct phases of the problem: (1) The available power; (2) the 

available ground-water supply for pumping at or near the irrigated 

lands; and (3) the generation and transmission of electric power and 

the installation of pumping plants. The subject will be treated in 

that order. Mr. H. E. Green was detailed to investigate the water 

power, Mr. Louis Mesmer the water supply for pumping, and Mr. 

Lewis A. Hicks the power transmission and. pumping plants. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XIX 

CONTOUR MAP OF EAST LAKE RESERVOIR SITE. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XX 

500 

CONTOUR MAP OF GRANITE BASIN RESERVOIR SIT~. 
LIPPINCOTT.] ELEO'TRIC·POWER DEVELOPMENT. 49 

POWER POSSIBILITIES. 

From Granite Basin the trail passes over a nude and rugged granite country until it drops suddenly into the beautiful Middle Fork 

Canyon (see Pl. XXII, B), at Simpson Meadows, 10 miles from Granite 

Basin and at an elevation of 6,000 feet. Tehipiti Valley is about 15 

miles down the canyon from Simpson Meadows, but the canyon is 

practically impassable, so the party went by way of Collins Meadow. 

Leaving the Middle Fork, elevation 6,000 feet, the trail ascends the 

West Branch of Goddard Creek and in a distance of 4 miles climbs 

nearly 5,000 feet up a hard, rocky mountain, with only one bench on 

which to rest animals and adjust packs. From the top of the ridge, 

elevation 10,600 feet, a magnificent view is obtained of the countryto 

the south and east across the South Fork of Kings River and Bubbs 

Ureek to the watershed between Kings and Kern rivers. The trail 

then follows easy country to Collins Meadow, 30 miles from Simpson Meadows, elevation 7, 600 feet. Coming from Fresno by way of 

Ockenden this point is the natural entrance to Tehipiti Valley. From 

Ockenden there is a wagon road for 15 miles, to Russel's camp, southeast of that place. From Russel's camp the trail follows undulating 

and pine-covered country presenting easy grades for a continuation 

of the wagon road toward the North Fork of Kings River. The 

trail reaches the North Fork at Cliff camp, about 15 miles from Russel's camp and about 3 miles below the Dusy Meadows dam site. The 

trail to Dusy Meadows branches off about 3 miles before reaching 

the North Fork. 

There is a good bridge site at the North Fork crossing, where the 

stream is confined between perpendicular walls of granite about 70 

feet apart. (See Pl. X.) From the North Fork crossing the trail 

continues over rolling ground covered with pine and traverses many 

open glades which have good feed in the spring of the year. Collins 

l\tieadow is reached at a distance of 10 miles from the North Fork. 

From that meadow the trail to Tehipiti Valley turns south and follows easily along a sloping bench between the saw-tooth Tombstone 

Ridge on the west and Crown Creek, to the head of the steep descent 

(2,500 feet in 3 miles) to Tehipiti Basin. The elevation at the top 

of this steep t.rail is 6,500 feet and at the bottom 3,950 feet. At the 

junction of Crown Creek with the Middle Fork, in Tehipiti Valley, 

and dividing the two creeks, rises sheer from the bottom of the basin, 

3,350 feet in elevation, the remarkable Tehipiti Dome. 

A survey of the basin was made with enough detail to give roughly 

the capacity of a reservoir wit.h a dam 150 feet high. The area of the 

reservoir would be 218 acres and the capacity 10,000 acre-feet. The 

dam would be 1,000 feet long on its crest. On the west side the 

material is all loose, being a talus from a high cliff. On the.east side 

some bed rock is visible where a spring torrent has washed out a 
50 ·STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, OAL. [No. 58. 

channel, but there is no really good dam site. On August 26 the river 

was measured at a favorable place in the valley and 153 second-feet 

were recorded. 

Having connected the survey with Tehipiti Dome a traverse line 

was run down the Middle Fork Canyon toward the South Fork junction, to ascertain the fall that would be available for power development. (See profile of river, Pl. XXIII.) The canyon is a difficult 

one to traverse, and without a very expensive trail the traverse would 

have been impossible had the water in the river not been low enough 

to permit the continual crossing and recrossing of the stream. Five 

miles of the canyon were traversed from the camp at Tehipiti, and 

this being the limit of walking distance for a day's work, and the 

junction not being in sight, the camp was moved, by way of the North 

Fork and the main river, to the junction. A typical view of the canyon of Kings River near the junction of the South and Middle forks 

is shown in Pl. XXIV, B. Pl. XXIV, A, is a view looking up the Middle Fork, and shows in the foreground its JUnction with the South 

Fork. 

Leaving Tehipiti the trail by way of Collins Meadow (elevation 

7,600 feet) and Garlic Meadows (elevation 8,000 feet) was taken to 

the mouth of the North Fork of Kings River (elevation 800 feet), a 

distance from Tehipiti of 35 miles. By this time the pack animals 

were in very poor condition from scarcity of feed, owing to the 

repeated dry seasons, and forage had to be carried up Kings River 

during all subsequent work. On September 13 the party started a 

traverse up Kings River from the mouth of Mill- Flat Creek, where 

the Sanger Lumber Company's flume enters the canyon (e1evation 880 

feet), to the junction of the J\Iiddle and South forks,. a distance of 14 

miles by traverse line and estimated to be 30 miles by trail. The elevation at the junction was found to be 1,950 feet. The junction of 

the Middle and South forks was reached October 8, after an arduous 

trip, for a great deal of brush-cutting and considerable pick and 

shovel work had to be done to get the animals safely over bad places. 

The Middle Fork work was continued from 5 miles below rrehipiti and 

was joined to the main river survey. A traverse line was then started 

with a view to ascertaining the distanc~ and grade of the South Fork 

Canyon up to the "hotel." This survey, however, was prevented by 

an impassable canyon 2t miles above the junction, and it being near 

the end of October further exploration work was postponed. On 

October 20 the river was measured below the junction of the Middle 

and South forks and a flow of 346 second-feet was recorded. The 

traverse of the main river developed the fact that from the junction of the Middle and South forks the grade for 14 miles down the 

river, or to the mouth of Mill Flat Creek, averages 76.4 feet to the 

mile. For 3 miles below the junction the grade is only 72 feet to the 

mile. It then increases to a maximum of 103 feet per mile, gradually 
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY' WATER·SUPPLV PAPER NO. 58 PL. XXI 

A. REFLECTION LAKE. 

]1, GRANITE BASIN RESERVOIR SITE. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XXII 

.A . OUTLET OF GRANITE BASIN RESERVOIR SITE. 

B. CANYON OF MIDDLE FORK ABOVE TEHIPITI BASIN. 
LIPPINCOTT.) ELECTRIC-POWER DEVELOPMENT. 51 

lessening, until above Mill Flat Creek for 3 miles it averages 54 feet 

per mile. 

The survey of the South Fork was not finished, but the work that 

was done warrants the belief that as good a power plant can be developed there as on the Middle Fork. For this reason the site for the 

power house was chosen on the peninsula between the Middle and 

South forks (see Pl. XXV), so that either or both could be used. A 

conduit from the South Fork brought down the North Fork side of 

the canyon could be taken to the same penstock, if necessary, as the 

Middle Fork conduit. In any event the site proposed for the power 

house is in the most advantageous position to utilize water power 

from both forks. A preliminary estimate was made of the cost of a 

conduit to carry sufficient water out of the Middle Fork to generate 

6, 500 horsepower at the junction of the Middle and South forks. The 

estimate embraces the necessary works from the intake to the penstock. The location on the Middle Fork was selected because of the 

heavy fall of the stream at that point. The works would be in the 

canyon of the Middle Fork and would be reached by way of Millwood 

and the Sanger Lumber Company's road, already described, which 

runs to within 6 miles of the junction of the Middle and South forks. 

The descent in those 6 miles is about 3,000 feet, and will require a 10-

per cent graded road. To reach the site of the proposed power house 

a bridge will be necessary across the South Fork and 6 miles of 

trails will be needed up the canyon of the Middle Fork and around 

the work.__!. The intake or headworks would be between 3 miles and 

3-! miles up the Middle Fork, whence the water will be conveyed in 

a serie,__, of short tunnels with a maximum single length of 1,500 feet. 

The tunnels will be in granite, unlined, and 6 feet by 6 feet in the 

clear. Adits in canyons will be arched over, allowing storm water a 

clear way. This form of construction is not only of a permanent 

nature, but it requires the minimum hauling of material and supplies 

into the canyon. 
U . 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

13.7"1,mlle 5 

' I 

'"if-- 2fL 

!Jmile.s Jlmiles I 

~; \t,l\)t:;;_y~~' ~) ~l'< ..... \""rf"i= .. S>id-··,' 

= '?""' 

\ 

.. .' : ., .... .<\~~- '~' <-::_.· ... · ·, .•. -", \\ . :'•, .... . .. 

. t...., 

"s"uN£ 

1;3/ ~ 

:,: ........... ~~/ i!J\. l8. t7 \( 6 

\\ \ ·. ... .. ,· 

4/;{ 

Main H/ver From junction will! Middle F"orlr down stream to Mtll Creek ,)lz ' : 

I 

SGALE OF PLAN 

lDOO<=i"""="'==l~OOz0==4000:iii:==&OO:;s;0~,:800:;;,;::0====10000:; n:<T 

PRO F IL E AND PLAN O F KINGS RIVER CANYON. 

1~1e 

I 

"'"' 

P.;;nc f10n 

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 Pl.. XXIII 

=r I 

j

1

;Zo '"!)f'e" l 

1 

19 6milt:5 I I 

I 8 I 

1 : /~ .l.) 

1 :~z -:!.:'.: unG!ron __u • 

" -' 

sz .5 .... 4 .:sJ'-... 

A5.S z80•CO 

.\J 3 

II ~ 

\ 

Jl ?9.' ""A " LIN£ 30 M iddle Fork from Tehipiti & .sin d_owP J;~ :stream to junct ion with Main Rn,.er 

I ,;,._\! \ "' J9 -- . .. ., t:·-

J .. \~4 : ... 8( 

.r;,o j/ ... " ..::r "c"L/NE. ; 0 IZ ;;l'i 

South Forlr f ron1 june/ton will/ · / 

16{0 /8, ....•.• / 

M i ddle For.k u,P s tream .tl..c~ ~· 

The upper irregular line of the profil e is profile of th? line of survey ; the lower line is the profi le of the river. 
52 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [N0. 58 

Following is the estimate of cost: 

Cost of conduit out of Middle Fork. 

Road into canyon, 6 miles at $8,500 ______ ------------------ -----·---- __ . _ $51,000 

Bridge across South Fork_.~ ________ . ____ . ______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, 500 

Trails in canyon of Middle Fork, 6 miles at $500. ____________________ .• _. 3, 000 

Tunnels (Burleigh drill work), 14,000 feet at $12 _. _. _ ... _. _______ . ___ . _ 168,000 

Headworks, including masonry diverting dam, shaft for inlet, tower, 

entrance gate, screen, etc____________ _ _ _ _ _ __ . . _. ________ . _ .. __ .. _. _ 5, 000 

Adits to tunnels, 14 at $500 •.. _. _. __ . __ . _. ___ . ___ . ____ ... _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7, 000 

236,500 

Engineering and contingencies, 15 per cent __ . ______________ . ·---.. __ __ _ _ 35,475 

Total. __________ . ____ . ___ ... _ . . __ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 271, 97 5 

The elevation of the intake would be 2,700 feet, the elevation of 

the penstock 2, 660 feet, and the elevation of the power house 1, 980 

feet. The available head is 650 feet. The estimated mean minimum 

horsepower equals 

h. s.-f. lbs. 

650X100X62.5 • 650X100 = 7 386 

550 ' 01 8. 8 ' ' · 

With 150 second-feet passing through the tunnel the horsepower 

equals 

6508~ 150 = 11,000. 

With 180 second-feet passing through the tunnel the horsepower 

equals 

650X 180 

8.8 13,300. 

During the late summer, when Kings River is at its minimum stage, 

practically all of its water is coming from the higher mountains 

drained by the Middle and South forks. In dry years the North 

Fork delivers in September about 10 second-feet,, which is perhaps 

enough to make good the loss hy evaporation in the main river from 

the junction to the Red Mountain gaging station. It is believed that 

there is as much water at the junction as at Red Mountain. Observations on the main river at Red Mountain covering the months of July, 

August, and September of the years 1896 to 1900, inclusive, indicate 

that had the proposed tunnel conduit been in operation during that 

time it could have been filled to its maximum capacity of 180 secondfeet during the whole of the month of July of e_ach year. During the 

whole o.f August of the same years the tunnel could have been supplied 

with 100 second-feet of water, and for 75 per cent of the time it could 

have had 150 second-feet. During September of the same years a 

supply of 100 second-feet could have been obtained three-fifths of the 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XXIV 

A. MiDDLE FORK OF KINGS RIVER AB.OVE JUNCTION OF SOUTH FORK. 

B . KINGS RIV E R CANYON. 
LIPPINcoTT.1 GROUND WATER oF KINGS RIVER DELTA. 53 

time and an average of 85 second-feet during the remaining two-fifths 

of the time-the exceptionally dry years of 1898 and 18!)9. With 650 · 

feet head the 85 second-feet would yield 

h. s.-f. 

65~ ~ ~ = 6,250 horsepower . . 8 

This means that during every mouth of each of the foregoing years, 

excepting the two months of August and September, the conduit 

could have carried its maximum capacity of 180 second-feet. 

Careful measurements should be made of the Middle and South 

forks to determine their respective volumes of flow before construction is attempted. 

GROUND WATER OF KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

The territory with a deficient water supply is that covered in the 

main by the Fowler Switch, the Alta District, the Kingsbury, and the 

Last Chance canals, Peoples' ditch, and the Fresno canal. A late 

summer supply would permit the production of alfalfa and other 

products. The natural drainage of these lands is toward the southwest, at the rate of about 6 feet to the mile. The soil is largely 

granitic sand, and below an average depth of 10 or 15 feet it is saturated with water. The surface water is somewhat alkaline, and therefore it is not advisable to pump it for irrigation. Water below a depth 

of 50 feet can be considered satisfactory for irrigation. This is based 

on tests of more than 800 wells in the district, some of them being 

in sections where there were the strongest surface alkaline indications. In every case this lower water was found to be good, and 

when the strata near the surface are penetrated it rises to the elevation stated. 

There have been few at.tempts to pump water in larger quantity 

than is required for domestic purposes. A 2-inch screw pipe put 

down t.o an average depth of 50 feet, landing the pipe on a stratum 

of clay and then boring through the clay and allowing the water to 

come in from the bottom of the hole, is always ample for this purpose. 

Locally it is the common impression that by boring through two or 

three strata of clay or hardpan all of the surface water is shut off, 

thus exempt.ing the consumers from one of the supposed causes of 

malaria. An abundant supply of water at 20 or 30 feet could be 

obtained, but the quality would not be so good. 

One of the larges~ pumping plants in this vicinity is that of the 

Fresno Domestic Water Company, the water supply for wnich is 

obtained from unperforatecl wells at a depth of 600 feet. In this case 

an ample supply (about 4 second-feet) for a city of 12,000 inhabitants 

is obtained from a city lot 50 feet by 150 feet. In and around Fresno 

a number of wells have been put down for street sprinkling. These 
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Fl. Z700 PCN,JTOCII CLL .!660 - .. zooo 

2.!100 

2.400 

2..)00 

1000 

........ , 

.····· / 

~0 .3650 4 950 ~00 8100 IZ750 6650 91 0 IO.J~ 14Z.50 feet 11 6 !t0 

Z~mtles 

PROFILE Or TUNNEL CONDUIT 

CO NTOUR MAP OF A PORTION OF MIDDLE FORK OF KINGS RIVE R, SHO WING LOCATION OF POWER HOUSE, ETC., AN D PROFILE OF T UNN EL CON DUIT. 
• 

54 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [N0. 58. 

wells are 8 inches in diameter and do not exceed 70 feet in depth. 

They are unperforated, excepting perhaps the lqwer joint or two of 

the pipe, and practically all of the water comes from the bottom. 

With a 2t-horsepower engine they fill a 1,250-gallon tank H feet above 

the surface in five minutes, or at the rate of more than 0.5 secondfoot, lowering the water plane during t.he pumping not to exceed 5 or 

6 feet below its normal elevation. A few small pumping plants have 

been installed-one 5 miles east of Fresno, on Minnewawa ranch; 

several around Selma, and two near Wild Flower-which yield at least 

0.5 second-foot to a 7-inch unperforated well not more than 70 feet 

deep, with a lift not to exceed 20 feet in any case. 

Wells of about 10-inch or J 2-inch casing should be put down to a 

depth of about 100 feet on an average, and should not be perforated 

above 50 feet below the surface, thus shutting off all possible chance 

of drawing from the more or less alkaline surface water. It is probable that wells of this size and depth would each furnish 1.5 secondfeet. A well driller in Selma states that he will put 12-inch wells 

down to a depth of 150 feet and guarantee them to furnish 1.5 secondfeet each, without perforations, at a cost not to exceed $300 per 

well. 

Pl. Vis a map of Kings River~ delta showing the distribution canals 

and the location of the wells visited during the investigation. The 

numbers of the wells on that map correspond with the numbers in the 

following table, which gives the details concerning each well. The 

principal facts regarding the wells are given in abbreviated form. 

In the first column is the number of the well, aR shown on the map, 

Pl. V. In the next column is the name of the owner, and following 

that the location, by township, range, and section; the date completed; and the class of well, the latter being indicated by symbol, D 

meaning dug well, Dr driven well, and B bored well, the accompanying figures giving the average diameter or width, in inches-for example, D36 means a dug well 36 inches across. The depth of the well, the 

depth to water, and the depth of the water in the well~ all in feet, are 

given in the next columns. These columns are followed by one giving 

the character of the strata, which is indicated by initials, 0 meaning 

clay, G gravel, G,rdecomposedgranite, Lloarn, Ssand, Qquartz rock, 

Qs quick-sand, andHjJhardpan. To illustrate: LSGiseqnivalentto 

loam, sand, and gravel. The next column (right-hand page) gives the 

quality of the water, whether hard, soft, alkaline (alk), or sulphurous (suZ). The next one gives the method by which the water is 

obtained, the word hand meaning hand pump, horse a horse-power 

machine, and wind a windmill. In the latter case the accompanying figures give the diameter of the windmill, in feet. For example, -

11, 'Wind is intended to imply that water is pumped by a 14-foot windmill. The cost of the well and of the machinery is given in the next 
LIPPINCOTT.] GROUND wATER OF. KINGS RIVER DELTA. 55 

two columns. Following that is the character of the supply, good 

indicating a good supply and small a small or deficient supply; 

where the quantity is given it is in gallons per day of twenty-four 

hours. In the next column, headed ''Use of water," the abbreviation 

dom implies domestic use, st .implies use for watering cattle and 

horses, and irr that water is also used for irrigation. The last column gives the relative salinity of the water in parts per 100,000. As 

a rule the water in most of the wells varies in quantity as a result of 

irrigation, the fluctuation being within limits of a few feet. 
56 STORAGE OF WATER ON'. KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. OS. 

Wells in Kings River delta-

,.; ,.; 

~ <1) <1) ..., ..., al al 

Year Class of ~ ~ ~ 

Owner of well. Location. com- ~ 0 ..... Strata . pleted. welL ..., 0 

..= ..= ..= ..., ..., ..., Po §' p. <1) <1) 

A A A 

T. R. S. Feet. Feet. ·Feet. 

1 R.A.James ........... 14 23 10 1893 D36 ..... ---- 14 12 2 GB ••...•...•..••. GB .........••.•.. Gr .•........ ------ 2 L. W. Hobler .... ------ 14 23 14 1894 Dr2t-- ---·-- 14 10 4 

3 Mount Camel Vine- 14 23 23 ' D36. ---· .... -----· 12 

yard. 

4 '76 Compa.ny .......... --···------- -------- 5 W.S.Goodfellow ..... ---·-·--··-- 1894 ~~ii:::::~:: ~::::: :m :::::: ·:r;sG:B:::::::::::: 

6 E.J. Bullard---------- 13 19 2 

7 P.M.Hart -----------· 13 20 8 

~ -ii~joliitson:::::::::::: }g ~ 1g 10 J.H.Funok ----------- 13 20 3 

11 H. V. Parker·-----·--- 1ll 20 10 

U ·uiiiii>Ioefz:::::::::::: fg ~ ~ 14 W.M.Shortridge ..... 13 21 5 

15 R.T.Owen ............ 13 21 8 

16 T.L.Hunter •......... 14 20 4 

17 Mr. Roeding --·--- .... 13 20 32 

18 M.Dunlavey .......... 13 20 33 

19 William Shepp.------ 13 20 33 20 ..... do.------··-------- 13 20 29 21 J. Mills ...... ---------- 13 20 29 22 M. Jensen.·-------·--· 13 20 29 23 J.P.Green ____________ 13 20 19 24 August Bopp ----- ____ 13 20 19 

25 Conrad Bopp --------· 13 20 19 

26 Mrs. E. G. McCardle.. 13 19 24 27 W.N.Harris .......... 13 20 19 

28 E. G. Dickinson.------ 13 20 19 

29 F.G.Foster ........•.. 13 20 19 

30 S. F.. Ward---------··- 13 20 19 

31 A.S.Coon .•.•..••..... 13 20 20 

32 13 20 20 

33 -:8:±-.Ti:Pt"On::::::::::: 13 20 20 34 Wm.N:Fuller •..•.... 13 20 29 

3.1) G.M.Boles ... --------- 14 20 4 

36 Abraham Wade--··-- 13 20 33 37 Jno.Barry. ___________ 13 20 34 

38 C. D. Edgerly--------- 13 20 27 

39 Mr.Bailey •..••••..... 13 20 28 

~ ·T":c.wiiife:::::::::::: fg ~ ~ 

82 ••.••••••• ------ 65 ----·- ·--·-- -------------- B7 ------·--- ----·- ----·· ------ --····-----··-·----- ·------- B5 ·--------- .•.... ------ ------ --------------·-···· 

--~~~f-1 ~=::::::::: -~~-- --~-- --~-- ~~::===~:=======:::: 1895 ~t~~~:::::: ··so·· ~ ··52··--------------·-···· 

1897 Bs __________ 36 8 28 ·ucQs·:~~~:::::::: 

1881 B7 .......... 90 13 77 LHpCG ••...•.... 1898 B7 ---·------ 55 5 50 LG ........•...... 

1895 Ws:::::::::: gg --T- --83-- -:LG::::::::::::.:: 

1898 B2.......... 56 9 47 LGCS ······------

--f~~f it:~~:::::: --~-- ~~ --~-- ~~~:~=::::~==~:::: 1898 B2 ---···---· 104 14 90 ---···-----····---- 1892 B3 ...•.•••.. 65 15 50 -Hp --------------- 1898 D36 ......... 17 16 1 Hp --·····--·----- 1900 B6 ----·····- 96 27 69 SG ---·-· --------- 1894 B2 ......•... ----·· 22 ·----- ·-··--·-·--·----·--- 1894 B2 ·-·--·---- 44 20 24 G-----------------

1898 B5 ---- -----· 104 28 ----·- ------·------------- 1892 B6 --·---·-- 95 25 70 HpS _____________ _ 

1880 B6 ---·------ 125 18 107 --------------------

-"i897"" 

l!l97 

1898 

1895 

1890 

1896 

B2 ........... -----· 16 ------ --·--------------·-- B6 •......... 70 16 54-----------------·--

B2.......... 76 6 70 HpSG------------

B6 ---------- 65 6 59 __ ·----------------- B3 -----· ---· 70 6 64 ·------------------- B2__________ 50 6 44 -------------------- B2t ... ------ 85 10 75 -------------------- B2__________ 55 9 46 -------------------- B6 --··-- .... ------ 17 ------ -------------------- Bi -------·-· 50 18 32 ------·----··--·---· B7 ____ . ----- 40 21 19 -------- ••.•.....••• ~ .r~waiiei-8·:::::::::::: 13 ~ 18 --isoo·· B6 ----- ---·- 65 24 41 -------- ·------. -·-- 44 C.W.Stevens ......... 13 20 14 1892 45 Wm.Bitner ___________ 13 20 14 

46 H.J.Lorgenson .•..... 13 20 14 1892 

47 M.J.Miles ---·----·--- 13 20 11 

48 Mr. Helm---------·--· 13 20 12 

49 G.G.Besigger ........ 13 21 19 --i89i"-

50 Jno. Swenson ......... 13 21 19 

51 Mr. Wolf ..... ---------· 13 21 19 

52 Eggarsestate ......... 13 21 30 1897 

g1 g~&-.i:.r!~n~~~::: U ~} ~ -·isso·· 

55 Esmeralda Vineyard 13 20 35 1891 

Co. 

B7 ...•. ----- . ..... 17 .•..•.. --- .....•... ---- .... 

B2t--------- ------ 15 ------ ··-----·-----------· B2. _________ 35 -------------------------------- B3 .......... -·---- ------ ...... ---·---·-···-------·- B7 ---· ------ ------ ------ ...... ---- ...••• --·······- B6 -·----·--- 82 9 73 ------ ·------··- ---- B-----...... 80 8 72 -------···-------·-- B ............ -------------------------------·--·--- B ---·-·--·-· ------ ------ ------ ------------·-··---· 

~ :::::::::: --53·· ~ -:47"- ·u::::::::::::: :::: 

B2 •••. ---··- 65 7 58 -------- --· -----.... 

D3x5 ------- 9 7 2 -------------------- r 

~ ·ueid~iieim.·:::::::::: 1g ~ ~ 58· W.J.Dickey ---------- 13 20 25 -·isoo·· ~7:::::::::: ·i2o·- ~ ·ii3-- :::::::::::::::::::: 

59 J.P. Thomas ........... 13 20 25 1884 B2 ---------· 76 6 70 --------------------

g~ -E".-j~ A:zbderiaii~:::::: 1g ~1 ~ 62 F. M. Roessler ....•.... 13 21 30 1890 

63 G.R.ShiPP--------•--- 13 21 30 1892 

64 GuthrieCo ...•........ 13 21 31 1890 

65 E. Kennedy .. --·--____ 13 21 31 1887 

66 Mr. Forsyth ____ --·--- 13 21 32 

67 Guthrie & Co ......... 13 21 32 

68 G. R. Taylor ____ ·----· 13 21 33 

69 Y. Locan ------ -------· 13 21 32 70 L. J ... Desnhar _____ . ____ 13 21 32 1884 

f~ ~fs~~r!s~~~t~:::~::::: ·ia-·2i--i9. --i899 .. 

B ----------- ------ 7 ---·-· -------------- .••... Dr .......... -----------·---------------------·--·- B2 .......... 50 6 44 SLGHpQs ....••. 

B3 ---------· 83 8 75 -----·---------··---· B .....•..... 80 6 74 ·------------------- B6 ---------- 7? 8 64 -------------------- B-·--------· --·· -- ------ -·---·- ·--- ----------. ---·- B4 .....•.... ------ 7 ---·-· -----------------·--

~2:::::~:::: 1~ """f" ""93"" :::::::::::::::::::: 

B ___________ 85 6 79 -·---------·--·· .... 

~t: :::::::: --so·· ~ --73-- ·s:Lii:PcG::::::::: a Where the quant.ity is given it is in gallons per day of 24 hours. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS lN KINGS' RIVER DELTA. 

Fresno, Tulare, and Kings counties. 

Quality of water. :Method of lift. 

Custof 

Costof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply.a 

57 

Use of water. 

Soft ...... Hand _______________ ------------·--- Good ............... Dom ----------------- 14 ..... do .....•.•. do •............. $10.00 -------· ..... do ................... do................ 8 

------------ ..... do------·---------------------------------·----------- ..... do .. -------------- 10 

--------·.--- Horse------ __ ----·------·---------·-----·---------------- Stock---------------· ------ Hard ..•.. Hand....................... $4.00 ·--------------------- Dom -------------.... 8 ------------ Wind ......•..•..... --------------··---------------------- Dom; st............. 12 

-~-~~~c;:::: "iii:d~:::::::::::::: :::::::: ::::~::: ~~l~ :~~~::·::::: ·no~~:::::::::::::::: 1A ..... do---- Wind ......• -------· ------ .... ------ ____ .do-------------- Dom; st.-----------· 11 ..... do .... Hand ....•.••.••..•. ---------------- ..... do ______________ Dom ----------------- 11 

:::::~~:::: lf~!f-~::::::::::::: :::::::: :::::::: -~~~~~~ ~-~~:::::::: g~~;- ~~-::::::::::::: lA 

Soft.----- Wind ..... ---------- ------ .. -----··· .... ------------ ........... do ...• ------------ 9 ..... do---- 12 wind. ______ ------ 18.00 45.00 .•...•... _ -----· ------ ____ .do ____ -----·...... 15 ..... do .... Wind ...•......•.... ---------------- Good ....••...•.......... do................ 11 ..... do .... Haud ............... -------- ________ ..... do-------------- ..... do---------------- 11 ..... do .... 12wind ............. -------- ________ ..... do .............. Dom; st ------------- 12 ..... do .... Hand .•.......••.... -------- 105.00 ..... do·------------- Dom ----------------- 12 ..... do ____ ..... do •..... __ ••.... 15.00 1.50 .•••. do-------------- Dom; st ------------- 10 ··---------- ..... do ..............••..••.. -------- ..... do •............. Dom ----------------- 8 

Soft ______ ..... do .............. 40.00 25.00 ..... do ................... do................ 8 ..... do---~ Wind............... 34.00 75.00 ..... do .......... ---· ____ .do ...... ---------- 10 ..... do .... Hand _______________ ----··.. 55.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do________________ 9 

..... do---- ..... do-------- ...... 130.00 5.00 ..... do ...... -------- Dom; st -------····-- 9 

: ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ : ~~\\ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~:=: : :; ::::: ::: ·:~ t ;:; :::: ~~:: ::~ ~~ ~ ~ -~;~~ ~~:~~~: :: ~~ ~ ~: ~; l ..... do .....••.. do •........•.... 75.00 -------- Good .....•.....•.•...... do________________ 8 ..... do •....•.•. do-------------- 45.00 15.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do·--------------· 8 ..... do .....•... do •....•...•.•.. ----·--- 6.75 ..... do. _____________ ..... do .. -------------- 10 

------------ ...•. do .......•.•.... -------------------------------------- ..... do .......•.•..•..• ------ Soft ........... do-----·-·-----· ...... __ 3.00 Good------- ________ ..... do---------------- 8 ..... do .... 8wind.............. 20.00 41.00 ..... do·------------- ..... do .. -------------- 8 

:::::a~==== ~rgd=~============ :::::::::::::::::::::a~::::::::::::::-~~~~~~~-============ ti Hard ..... Hand _______________ -------- 25.00 ..... do .....•...•.... Dom ---------------·· 10 

Soft ______ 18wind _____________ -------- 35.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do .. -------------- 11 ..... do ____ Hand ............... __ ------ .. ------ ..... do .•..•. -------- ..... do .............. __ .•.... ··---------- Wind ....•....••.... -------------------------------------- ..... do................ 8 

8oft------ ..... do •...••...•...• --------------·· Good ....•............... do................ 8 .... do ____ Hand ......•..•.•....•.•................. do------ ...•......... do................ 12 ____ .do .... ____ .do-----·---- ________ •... 80.00 ..... do .....•.............. do_............... 11 

..... do .... 8wind ------------- ..•..... -------- ..... do .... ~--------- ..... do................ 10 ..... do .... Hand....................... 5.00 ..... do ••................. do................ 10 

Hard. ____ ..... do ...... -------- .... ____ .... ____ ..... do •.......•.......... do................ 10 

Soft------ ..... do-------------. -------- .... ____ .... do-------- ........... do-----·.......... 12 ..... do .... 14wind ------------ ----···--------- ..... do .............. Dom: st............... 10 

:====a~:==~~=~~~~===~~~======== :==~==== ~~~~-~~~ ~====a~============== :~~1f=====~========= 1

..... do---- Wind -------------- -------- -------- ..... do ....•. -------- ..... do---------------- 12 ! ..... do ____ Hand ... ------------ __ ................... do-------------- ..... do.-----------·... 8 ..... do .... Wind .. ------ ...•.... ------ .••.......... do-------------- ..... do................ 8 ..... do ..•. Hand .........•••... -------· 5.00 ..... do ....•...•.......... do................ 8 

·----------- Lever-------------- 6.00 1.50 Small .•..••..•..... Dom; irr............. 15 

Soft ...... Wind----·--------- ..•............. Goud ..•...•..••.... Dom.................. 14 ..... do ____ Ga.<>: hand ....•..... __ •.................. do·------------- ..... do ....••.... ------ 1

1

2 ..... do .•....... do...................... 5.00 ..... do •........•......... do ...........•...• 0 ..... do .... Hand ... ------------ __ .•.... __ .. · .... ____ .do .....• -------- ..... do------.......... 8 ..... do ________ .do ........•••..... ------ 5. 00 ..... do ........•.......... do __ .... ------.... 9 ..... do ____ Wind __ -------------------- ............. do ...... -------- ..... do----------...... 12 ..... do---- ..... do.............. 83.00 170.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do ______ ---------- 12 ..... do .......•. do •....•........ --------·------· ..... do .....•............. do................ 13 ..... do ____ ..... do-----· __ ------ ••.. ____ ............. do ...... ____ ......... do .... ------ ...... -----· ..... do ......... do .............. ---------------- ..... do ................... do ...... ·--------- 11 ..... do ......... do ............... --------------·- ..... do' ................... do .. ------------·- 9 

-~dE~ :~i~~~;~n:::=: :i:::-H~f~ d~~;~~~~~i:~~ :;~~h~~~~:i~~-~ d 
58 STORAGE OF WATER. ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. (N0. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

~ ...: 

d (D (D 

""' ""' (D ~ ~ 

Year ~ ~ ~ ~ Class of Owner of well. Location. com- ..... 0 ..... Strata. ~ well. 0 ""' 0 pleted. ..... 

0 ..t:l ..t:l ~ ""' ~ 0 p. p. Q) (D (D 

z A A A 

T. R. S. Fed. Feet. Feet. 

73 PaulLeonhart ........ 13 21 19 1889 B1!--------- 70 9 61 ·-------------------

74 ------------------------- 13 21 19 

75 S.P.Co .......•........ 12 19 5 

-------- B7 ---------- ------ 10 ------ -------------------

1887 {RJ~~==~~~=== }140 85 55 LHpGCS ........ . 

76 Thorntonestate ...... 12 

77 Lee Cobb···----------· 12 78 E.J.Bullard ---------· 12 79 ..... do ................. 13 80 J.H.Randel .......... 12 81 E.J.Lane ..••......... 12 82 Frank Lane ....... ____ 12 83 .J.P.Williams. ________ 12 

84 Sacramento Bank __ . _ 12 85 A.B. BalL....... --- 12 86 Gudlip Ambrosia. _ _ _ _ 12 

~~ H!~~.fot!!~~~~~~~ -~~~ g 89 F.E.Brown ........... 12 90 W.Foster.------------ 12 91 B. F. Parker ..... __ .. _ 12 92 J. W.Brown .......... 12 93 Milo Rowell .... ------ 12 94 J.M.Heiskell _________ 12 95 Chas. Brown .. ________ 12 96 Mrs. Birkhead ____ ..... 12 97' V. B. Cobb ____ ~--- ____ 12 

98 J.M.Heiskell. ........ 12 99 FresnoNationalBank 12 100 J. H. Barker ____ .. ____ 13 

101 F.M.Merrit ---------- 13 

102 Mr. Moon------------- 13 

103 Bismarck Vineyard __ 13 

104 P.H.McGarry ........ 13 

105 M.F. TarpE'y ____ ------ 13 

106 Mr.Hein .............. 13 

107 Andrew Palm-------- 13 

~gg g::~:6Ji~~rd~~~~~:~~~~ ~~ 110 C. R. Damon . •.... .... 13 111 J.W.Sharer .......... 13 112 J.Darnold ______ ------ 13 

H~ I ~-i}'·G;een ---------- ~~ 

1151. __ · ___ ~~--~~~~~~=~ =~~~== 12 116 ------------------------- 13 

117 -------- .... -- ----------- 12 118 Sheppard & Teague._ 12 119 Chas.A.Owens ....... 12 120 I H.B.Bissell. .......... 12 121 W.E.Parker ........ 13 122 Cates estate.----- .... 13 

123 J. W.Potter ---------- 12 124 ..... do _________________ 12 

125 ..... do .....•........... 12 126 ..... do------ __ .------ .. 12 127 Miss. schoolhouse ___ . 12 128 T.C.White ........... 12 129 T. P. Nelson.------ ..... 12 130 Bank __________________ 12 

131 Reese estate •......... 12 132 J.E. Dickerson _ ·----- 12 133 J.D. Collins.------ ____ 12 134 Clovis Cole _____ ------ 12 

135 Bank.----------------- 12 136 D.C. Sample .......... 12 

137 ..... do--····----------- 12 138 ..... do .... ··----------- 12 1m! Marvin Simpson . _. _. 12 140 Alfred Beard ......... 12 141 ..... do _________________ 12 

142 Jack Simpson-------- 12 143 B. Simpson----------- 12 144 ------------------------- 12 

19 

19 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

21 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

20 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

~ 

22 

22 

22 

34 

35 

31 

5 

34 

22 

15 

14 

13 

7 

24 

25 

19 

20 

19 

17 

18 

5 

il 

4 

4 

9 

10 

15 

15 

14 

23 

29 

21 

21 

28 

15 

16 

9 

8 

15 

9 

4 

33 

33 

5 

34 

28 

B8 ---------- ------ ...... -------------------- Bi .......... ------ ______ -------------------------- 1886 B8 .......... ------ 70 ------ HpSGC ---------- BS .......... ------ 100 .. ---- --------------------

1894 ~~=========~ ~ ~g ~~ ·a·sG============== 

1886 B----------- ------ 85 ------ -----·-------------- B6 .......... 115 90 25 -------------·------ B6 ..••....•. ------ 80 ------ -------- -----·------- 1892 B6 .......... 145 80 65 G ...............•. 

1891 B6 ........•. ------ 68 ------ ------ •....•.......• 1885 BtL-------- 113 48 65 CGS ............. . 

1890 

1892 

1881 

1882 

1880 

1880 

1900 

B5 ......•••• ------ 38 ------ -------------------- B7 .... ------ 34 ------ -------------------- B7 .......... 75 ..... ------------------------- 87 .••••••.•. 93 35 58 CG .•............. B7 .••••••••• 100 45 55 CSG ....•.......... 

B7 ..•..•.••. 130 60 70 -------------------- B7 ------···· 100 63 70 C.----------------

D48 -------- ------ 50+ CG ..••.•• ---- ___ _ D48 .... ---- 26 18 8 (a) 

D54 ---- ____ 47+ 33 14+ (b) 

D-B .............. 22 ------ -------------------- 1889 BS ...... ____ 86 18 68 CG. -------------- 1891 B2 .......... 60 15 45 --------------------

~k==~===:=== ~+ l§ ~ =======~-===:======~= ··is9i.- ~ =~~~~~ =~~~ ··so·· ~ ··74·· ~====:=~~=====-====~ 

1891 

1900 

1894 

1898 

18Q0 

B2 .......... 110 7 103 ·------------------- B2 •......... ------ 6 ------ -----------·-------- B2 .......... 85 6 79 L ......•.•.......• 

B2 •......... 81 14 67 L----------------- Blt......... 80 H 66 -------------------- B5 .......... 54 10 44 LHpCG •....•.... B6 .......... 80 9 71 L .............•... 

B7 ---------- ------ 8 ------ ------ -----· ----···· 

""i888-- ~=====--===: --77"" 15 --67-- ====== ============== B .... -----· 11 ------ ·---·--------------- 1896 B5.......... 50 15 35 -----· -------------- B5 ......... ______ 14 -----· -----------------··· 

30 1879 g~========== ··oo·· ~ --64-· ~=~==========::::::: ~ ""i895"" 2 1894 

34 1892 

26 1877 

26 1899 

35 1873 i)") r 22 I ··isii5 .. 14 1888 

B8 ------ ____ 12 ------ ---- .... ---· -------- B5. ----- ____ 50 12 B7 ------ ____ 40 10 B6 .......... 50 12 B8 ------ ___ 60 20 

B8 ------ ____ 50 12 D60_________ 45 18 

38 

30 

LHpAshSG ..•..• 

38 -------------------- 40 

38 

't7 

G •.......•••••..•• 

B6 .......... ------ 9 ------ -------------------- D60 ......... 14 9 5 -------------------- B6 ------ ____ 25 13 

D60 _________ 40 20 12 LHpC .. o ••••••••• 

11 20 c .... ·------------ 13 

23 

24 

31 

31 

1sso ~====~===~~··5o·· l~ ···39·· ~===============~==: 

32 

29 

21 

27 

26 

27 

22 

14 

34 

1880 B6 c......... 54 14 40 --------------------

1899 

1890 

1893 

1898 

1890 

D48 ......... 31 25 6 -------------------- B6 .....•.... ______ 16 

D60. -------- 40 30 D48 .. ___ ____ 25 24 

D48. .... .... 14 12 D60......... 25 24 D60. ____ ____ 18 14 

D60 _ .. . .... 13-! 6 D60......... 25 20 

D60. ________ 22 15. 

D60 ________ 17 14 

--i~-- ----------------.---

1 ·a:a:P~~::========== 2 

1 

4 

7t 

5 

7 

·s~ii- =====~==:.-:~== Gr ............... . QsHpCG ........ . GCSGr .......... . CGr ............. . 

3 --------------------

a Heavy soil and adobe rock. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of 

watt'lr. l}Iethod of lift. 

Cost of 

Cot;tof rna- well. chinery .. 

Supply. 

59 

Use of water. 

Soft------ Hand _______________ $30.00 $5.00 Good _______________ Dom ----------------- 8 

..... do---- Wind -------------- ------ __ ------ __ ..... do __ .... -------- ..... do------ ____ ------ 8 

..... do---- Steam .. ------------ -----·-- -------- 3,125 gallons .... ---- {D~; boilers of S. P. } 9 

..... do---- 14wind ...................... __ ------ Good--------------- Dom; st______________ 9 

...... do-- __ 12 wind---------------------------- ..... do-------------- ..... do---------------- 10 .•... do .... 14wind ------------ ---------------- ..•.. do ______________ ..... do________________ 8 

..... do---- 8 wind------------- -------- ------ __ ..... do------ __ ------ ..... do---------------- 11 ...... do---- Horse-----·---------------- -------- ..... do-----------·-· ..... do·--------------- 13 ..... do---- 8wind ------------- 145.00 41.00 ...... do ___________________ do .......... ----- 12 ..... do .... 16wind •••••..•..•• ---------------- ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 12 

..... do ......... dO------------------------------ ..... dO-------------- ..... do________________ 11 ..... do .... Hand _______________ ---------------- ..... do ______________ ..... do _____________________ _ 

..... do---- 16 wind------------ -------- --------: .... do-------------- _____ do---------------- 11 ..... do---- ..... do---------·---- ________ -------- ..... do------ __ ---~-- ..•.. do---------------- 12 ..... do •... Hwind ------------ 113.00 90.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do •... ____________ 11 ..... do •... Hand _______________ --------------·- ..... do·------------- Dom ------------- ·--- 11 ..... do .•.. Wind-------------------· __ -------- ____ .do-------------- Dom; st______________ 9 ..... do ......... do ______________ ---------------- ..... do-------------- Dom ----------------· 10 ..... do .... 16wind ------------ 100.00 125.00 ..... do .....•........ Dom; st._____________ 12 ..... do ____ Wind ------ __ ------ ------ __ ------ ______ .do-------------- ..... do ________ ------- 11 ____ .do____ 14 wind------------ ------ __ 174.00 ____ .do------- __ ------ Dom ____ --------- ____ 10 

Hard .••....••. do---------------------------·-- ..... do ______________ Dom; st._____________ 13 

..... do---- 16wind ------------ ---------------- -----------·---------- ..... do................. 14 _____ do .... Hand---------------------- 5.00 Small ______________ ..... do________________ 13 

·s-;;itd~-==== ~o~!:na:=~=====~==== ====== == ====== == ·a~oa=~==--=====·-==~: :::::a~::::::========== i~ Hard ..... 11 wind-------------------- 30.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do._______________ 15 

Soft. ..... Hand ......... ------ ------ __ 5.00 ___ .. do------ __ .----- Dom ----------------- l1 ..... do ____ Wind -------------- -------· ....... __ ..... do------------ __ Dom; st .. ____________ 13 

..... do .... Hand.---------------------- 5.00 ..... do-------------- Dont----------------- 8 ____ .do ____ 12 wind.------------ ____________________ .do------ __ ------ ____ .do------ ____ ------ 13 

..... do---- Hand _________ •. ---- 40.00 50.00 _____ do-------------- ..... do---------------- 13 ------------ 8wind •.......•..... 33.00 _____________ do ______________ Dom; st .......• ----- 13 

Soft ...... Hand.---------------------- 6.00 ..... dO-------------- ..... dO---------------- 15 ..... do---- ..... do ••...... ---·-- 25.00 5. 00 ...•. do-------------- ..... do------ .. -------- 10 ..... do ____ 8wind .... __________ 25.00 100.00 _____ do ______________ Dom -----------·----- 8 ..... do .... Hand_______________ 60.00 5.00 ..... do-------------- Dom; st .. ____________ 13 ____ .do ____ ...•. do------------ __ 175.00 18.00 _____ do-------------- . ___ .do------ ..•.. ____ .. 12 ..... do .......•. do ...... ---------------- ________ .•... dO-------------- ..... do________________ 8 

..... do ___ ..... dO------------------------------ ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 13 ..... do: ___ Wind----------------------------- ..... do ............... Dom; st___________ __ 10 ..... do ____ 8 wind ....•. ------ __________________ ..... do-------------- _____ do---------------- 16 _ .... do ____ Hand---------------________ 5.00 .... do-------------- Dom__________________ 13 ..... do ____ ..... do_------------- -------- 5.00 ..... do-------------- Dom; irr.____________ 11 _____ do---- ____ .do .... ------____ 22.00 5.00 ----.do-------------- Dom; st -------------- 13 ..... do. ___ 8wind ______________ ---------------- ..... do ______________ Dom__________________ 11 ..... do .... 12wind .. ___________ ---------------· ..... do ______________ Dom; st______________ 9 ..... do •... 8wind .•...•..•..••• --------------------do ___________________ do________________ 11 ..... do ____ Hand _______________ 37.50 48.00 Small ___________________ do __________ ._____ 13 

..... do .... Wind--------------------"- 5.00 Good _______________ ..... dO------·--------- 13 ..... do ____ Hand _______________ -------- ____ ......... do---------- ........ do---------------- 11 ..... do ____ 8 wind ______________ -------- 35.00 __ ... do .... ---------- __ ... do--------------.. 15 ..... do .... Hand _______________ -------- 5.00 ..... do .............. _____ do ........... ~--- 13 

..... do ____ 8wind ...•..........• -------- -------- _____ do-------------. __ ... do---------------- 21 ..... do ____ Hand ....... -------- -------- 5.00 _____ do-------------- Dom .. ---------------- ------

.Alk~~-===~ ~~~~:: ::::::::::::: :::::::: - --5~oo- -~~-~~ ~ ::~::: ::::::: -~~~A~~~::::::::::~::: ----is 

Soft------ ____ .do.------------- -------- 5. 00 ____ .do-------------- ____ .do---------------- 13 . ___ Horse------_-___________ ·--- -------- Good ......... ------ Stock---------------- 20 Soft ... ::: 14wind ......•.•.••. ---·---- ________ ..... do ______ ------- Dom; st--~----------- 16 

Hard ..... Hand _______________ -------- -------- Small-------------- ..... do--------------.. 21 ____ .do .... 16wind ......... --·- ..... ____________ ..... do-------------- ..... do---------------------- .•... do .... Hand _______________ -------·-------- Good ____________________ do________________ 21 

Soft------ 8wind .........• ____ ------ _ _ 55.00 ____ .do __ ••..•. ------ __ ... do---------------- 13 

Alk _______ 16wind .•... -------- ---···-·- 25.00 Small-------·------ ----·do---------------- 28 ..... do .... 8wind ______________ -------- -------- Good .......•..• ·--- Stock---------------- 25 

Soft------ Hand _______________ .-----------·--- Small ______________ Dom; st .. ____________ --

Hard _____ 8wind______________ 50.00 45.00 Good_------------ .. ___ .do---------------- 12 

..... do .... Hand ....•...•. ----· 9.00 5.00 ..... do-------------- Dom -----------·----- 13 

Alk ------ 8wind ------------- 10.00 36.00 Small ______________ Dom: st______________ 18 _____ do ... _ Wind _ ·---- -------- ________________ Good------------ _______ .do.·-------------- 14 

Hard ..... Horse--------·-------·------------- Small ______________ Stock-----------------------

bHeavy soil. 
60 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

1611 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

18o 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 

19£ 

193 

194 

195 

196 

197 

198 

199 

200 

20j 

202 

203 

204 

205 

206 

207 

208 

209 

210 

211 

212 

213 

214 

215 

216 

217 

218 

STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIV~R, CAL. [No. 58. 

Owner of well. 

Year 

Location. completed. 

Bank of Sacramento._ W. M. Harbison. _____ _ 

T.C.White ---·-------

T. R. S. 

13 22 2 13 22 10 

13 22 9 

1882 

1882 

1882 ~~i:a~~~u~l~-h -o o i ~- 13 22 9 

13 22 8 house. 

A.Gordon ------------ 13 22 B.F.Griffen __________ 13 22 

A.H.Hamilton ....... 13 2'Z 

Fresno L. and S. Bank 13 22 ..... dO.---------------· 13 22 R.G.Hewitt .......... 13 21 Sam Ebe. _____________ 13 22 

S.F. Bank _____________ 13 22 

Sacramento Bank ____ 13 22 

Jno.Leeestate ....... 13 Z2 

J.M.Ellmore _________ 13 22 

Alfred Beard _________ 13 22 

Mr. Gibson.___________ 13 22 Mr.Meyers ___________ 14 20 

County of Fresno ____ 14. 20 

J. Nishkian. -----· ____ 14 21 

L.Dalton -----··---·-- 14 21 J.Steinivaud _________ 14 21 

St. George Winery... 14- 21 W.E.Carrico ......... 13 21 H.J.Eaton ____________ 13 21 S.E.MilL _____________ 13 21 

Miss Ethel ShelL .... 13 21 Geo. C. Roeding ...... 14 21 Judge Wallace-....... 13 21 G.B.Passon .......... 13 21 M.E.Laymensce ..... 13 21 E.L.Curtis .•......... 13 22 

Mr. Wright·--------- 14 22 R. B. Baird .. _____ . __ . 13 22 

Sacramento Bank ___ 14 22 ~- F.Savings Union .. 13 22 W.O.Blasingame .... 14 22 

Dr. Chester RowL ... 14 22 

Fresno Milling Co ... 14 20 

Jno.D.Rutledge ..... 14 20 

C. W.Forsman _______ 13 20 

A. VogeL ............. 13 20 

Mr.Hayes ............ 13 20 

Joseph 8ocarde .. ---· 14 20 Mr.Dickerson ....... 13 20 

J.W.Martin ________ 13 20 

G. T. Hawley & Bro .. 13 20 

San Ricardo Vineyard 13 21 H. M. Rustigian __ .... 14 21 J.Rustigian .......... 14 21 _C. D. Wright .......... 14 21 Geo.Goodrich ________ 13 21 

Frank Green ......... 13 21 N.C.Skoegard ....... 13 21 AliceTreadwell ..... 13 21 

L . .M.Fincher ........ . 

·:_:t.~~~iijl£i~~~ :~~~~~~~ W.Davenhill .... ____ _ J.D. Reyburn ____ .... Geo.P. Byreborg ____ _ 

A.J. Cass ............. . Mr. Herman ......... . McDonald estate .... . 

Thos. Hughes, vin ... . D. J. Vaughn ......... . 

13 21 13 21 13 21 13 21 13 21 13 21 13 21 13 21 n 21 13 21 13 22 13 22 

13 22 

1420 

14 20 14 20 14 20 

14 20 

8 -------- 6 1880 7 1875 6 1882 6 I 1880 

1~ ~--~~~~-- 8 18o2 

8 1880 

16 1880 

15 1884 

15 1885 14 1880 2 1890 2 1897 6 -------- 6 1892 6 1882 

5 1894 33 1885 

33 -------- 34 1899 

34 1898 

3 1885 

35 1899 

36 1893 

36 1891 

31 !- ·-- ---· 

6 1898 

32 1900 

5 -------- 32 ---- 4 ....... . 4 1897 a 1897 4 1897 

34 1888 

34 1888 

35 1882 2 1895 

35 1884 

35 1888 

35 1895 

31 ---· ..•. 6 1891 

~ l""i896"" 

= l""i892"" 33 1885 3<t 1887 

27 1899 22 1880 

15 .... ---· 15 ·----- .. 14 1885 14 1894 11 I 1892 

14 I 1890 

1411 1891 

24 1897 

18 I 1877 

~~ I::::::~: 3 : 1890 

3 · 1900 

~! [::i~~~:: 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

Class of 

well. 

Feet. 

D36......... 14 B6 •....•.•.. 82 

B8 .......... 75 

B8 .......... --·-·· 

B7 -------··- ------

060......... 20 

060......... 50 

060......... 60 

D60......... 37 

B7 ---------- ..... . B2 .......... 90 

048 ......... ------ 060 ........ . 048......... 60 B6 .......... 60 

B8----··---- 80 

B8.......... 75 

D54 ......... ····-- B2 .......... 30 

B7 -------·-- ..... . B2 ......... . 

B2---------- 80 

86 .......... 45 BIO ......... 300 

B5 ---------- 78 

82---------- ------ B2 -----· ---· 70 B2...... .... 79 

B8 ------··-- 90 B2 .......... 45 B2 .......... 40 B2 .......... 60 

B ...•........•..•. 

B2 ••........ 65 

B2 ..•. ...... 75 

B5 ............... . B6 ....•..... 85 B72......... 60 B2 .......... 95 

B2 ----·--··· 81 B~---······- 75 B2 -----·--·· 60 BL--------- 60 B7 --------·- 70 

B3.--------- 75 

Bl,t ......... --··-- D2.......... 12 82 .......... 90 

B.-------------·--

B2-------·-- 60 

B2 •.•.•..... ------

B2---------· 80 B2--------·- 75 B2 ........•. 60 

B2----------

B2 ---------- 85 B2 •...•..... -----

B8 ---------- 75 B2 .......... ------ B2 .......... ------

BS ---------- 85 

B2.--------- ------ 87---------- 85 B2 .......... 90 B2 .......... 60 

B2 ---------· 40 

048 ... ----· &0 048 ......... ------

B2---------- 17 81.......... 75 B2.......... 73 B2 ----••••••••.••• 

B ·----·····- 85 ...•••••••• 65 

Feet. 

10 

37 

35 

33 

26 

14 

28 

2.~ 

18 

32 

12 

Strata. 

Feet. 

4 -------------------· 45 CHpG ........... . 

40 --------------------

6 -------------------- 22 -------------------- 35 CHpG ___________ _ 

19 G-----------------

G ................ . 

78 -------------------- 1lt ------ -------------------- 21 

i 

30 

ll~~~DHmH ------ -------------------- 15 15 -------------------- 10 ------ -------------------- 8 ------ -------------------- 15 65 L ________________ _ 

6 39 LHpCG ......... . 

6 294 ------·------------- 9 69 LHpGC •......... 

1~ . -5~-- -<i~:::~:::::::: :::: 12 67 LCSG ...... ------ 8 82 G ..•..•........•.. 

20 25 ::; ------------· --·- 14 26 8 52 ·aH".p::::::~::::::. 

1b ··55·· ·sa.·:::::::~=~--~~=: 11 64 s ----------······· 9 ------ ---- ----·· ---- --·--- 16 69 -------------------- 10 50 ... ·------- -·-- ·--- 14 71 LHpCS ---- ..... . 12 69 SLGC ........... . 6 69 SG. ······-r·- ... . ---··· ------ S ................ . 8 52 sc ...... ---------- 11 59 -----------· ---- ---· 20 55 LHpQsSGC ..... . 

8 ------ ---------------- ·--- 7 5 L ----------------- 15 75 G ......••........• 

10 ------ ------------ ·------ 12 48 -------------------- 10 ------ ------------- . ----- 8 72 -------------------- 7 68 -------------------- 9 51 G ...........•..... 

1g --75·· ·so·~====:~===~===~ 

~ --69-- ·a·s·::::::: ==~:=~== 7 ------ ----------- -- -----· 8 

9 

7 

12 

16 

9 

8 

15 

--76-- ·cas:::::::::::::: 

··tr -~~ii~~=~6~=~~~:: 51 

32 ·a-Fi.PcsG::::::::: 

65 -------------------- 11 ·----- -------------------- 14 

12 

10 

3 

63 

63 

·t-ii.PcisG: ::::~::: 

s- ------ -----· .... 10 ---·-· ·--- ------ ---------· 

~ --56-- ·:Lasa=·-~==::::::: 
LIPPINCOTT. J WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. Use of water. 

-~~~3o:::: l'Aa,:iii(r=~~~===~==== :::::::: ~:~ ~~:J . :::::: ~~~~==== -~~~~ ~~:::::~:::::::~ ..... do .... Hand .............•. -------- 6.00 ..... do .......•........... dO-----------·---- _____ do .... Wind------------------------------ ..... do ................... do •............•.. ____ .do.... Hand ...... _____ ......................... do.............. Dom _. ...••.......... 

61 

15 

15 

12 

12 

14 

..... do .... Rope ............... -------------------·------·----------- Dom; st .................. .. Soft ...... 8wind ------------- ........ 40.00 Good ............... Dom ---·------------- 11 

Hard ..... Wind-------------- $50.00 130.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 15 

Soft ........ : .. do ...................... 14.00 ..... do ................... do.--------------- 17 

Hard.-·-- 14 wind •..........• ------ ____ .......... do ................... do................. 17 

Soft ...... Hand....................... 5.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do................ 12 ..... do .... ____ .do------ ........ ------ __ ............. do------ ............. do .......... ------ 14 

Hard ..... Wind ............................. _____ .do ................... do ...... ---------- 14· •..•. do ......... do ................................... do .............. Dom ................. 13 ..... do .... Swind ...... --------------- 40.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 12 ..... do .... 10wind ------------ 80.00 165.00 ..... do .................. do................ 15 

Soft ...... Wind-------------- ........ 35.00 ..... do ................... do................ 13 

Hard ..... Rope----------------------- ............. do ................... do................. 15 ..... do .... Hand ............... 15.00 4.25 ..... do ................... do................ 12 ..... do .... Gas ...... ------ ..................... 288,000 gallons ...... Streets ....... -------- 20 

::;oft ...... Hand ......... ------ ........ 4.25 Good ...... --------- Dom: st .......... ____ 11 ..... do .... 8 wind............. 30.00 79.00 ..... do-------- ........... do---------------- 8 ..... do .... Hand............... 40.00 10.00 ..... do ...... -------- ..... do .... ------------ 8 

:::::a~==== ~~:::f~====·-====~~== -~~~- --T25- Wo~~~~ -~~~=::::: iro~~rlt:::=:::::~:~:: 1A ____ do ......... do...................... 4.25 ..... do ................... do................ 11 

Hard ..... 8wind ------· ...... 23.00 46.00 ..... do ................... do................ 12 

Soft ........... do------ .. ------ 23.50 52.00 ..... do ................... do ...... ------.... 11 

Hard ..... Gas---------------- ________ -------- 24,000gallons ...... Irr; dom............. 9 

Soft ...... Hand ............ ~-- 23.W 5.00 Good ............... Dom ----------------- 8 ..... do .... 8wind -··-·-·------ 20.00 75.00 ..... do ................... do................ 8 

:::::a~:::: -~~~to:::::::::::::: ==-==:::: :::::::: :::::a~:::::.======== -~~~~ ~~======== :::::: ~ ..... do .. __ ..... do .............. 28.00 5.00 ..... do ................... do·--------------- 8 ..... do ......... do.-----........ 20.00 6. 00 ..... do .................... do ..... ----------- 8 ..... do ......... do...................... 4.25 ...•. do ................... do................ 8 ..... do .... ----.do----------.... .... ... . 6. 00 ..•.. do ••.•.•.. ------ ..... do ...... ---···.... 8 ..... do---- ..... do----.......... . ... .... 5.00 ..... do---·-·······-- ..... do.----------·.... 13 ..... do ......... do----··---· ........ ____ -------- ..... do------ ............. do................ 11 ..... do ......... do .............. 20.00 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 14 ..... do ......... do .............. 16.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................. 15 ..... do ......... do ..................... ____ ......... do ...... -------- Dom; st.............. 14 ..... do .... 8wind ............. ---·------------ ..... do ................... do................ 11 ..... do .... Hand ............... -------- 6.00 ..... do ......... J ••••••••• do................ 14 ..... do ......... do .............. -----· .. 15.00 ..... do ................... do................ 10 ..... do .... 8wind --------------------- 45.00 ..... do·--------···-- ..... do................ 8 ..... do .... Hand ... ______ -----· ........ 5. 00 ..... do·------------- ..... do---------------- 11 

Hard .......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 10 

Soft-----· 8 wind-------------........ 50.00 ---------------------- ..... do................ 11 

:~4: :::: :'7ft:::::~ ~=:~::J::~: --i~- :::ooft ::::~~:;:::::: :g~~~ ;;:::::::::::::: ~~ ..... do ......... do .............. 30.00 4.00 ..... do ................... do---·------------ 14 

Soft ........... do ______________ -------- 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 8 ..... do ......... do---·-------·-· 40.00 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 10 ..... do ......... do ..................... ·. 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 13 

Hard .......... do .............. -------- 6.00 ..... do .............. Stock---·-·---------- 13 

Soft ........... do...................... 4.25 ..... dO-------------· Dom; st .............. · 11 ..... do .... ---- do .. ------------ ____ .... 4.00 ..... do-------------· ..... do................ 8 ..... do .... 8wind --------------------- 65.00 ..... do ................... do................ 12 ..... do .... Hand ............... -------- 4.25 ..... do ............. Dom ----------------- 16 

:::::a~:::: }:a~~~~-===::::::::: ~:~ 12~:~ :::::a~:::::::::::::: E~:; -~~====~~=====~== tg ..... do .......... do .............. 30.00 8.00 ..... do ................... do................ 16 ------------ ..... do .............. 12.00 6.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 12 

-~-~f-~~:::: -~~~30===-=====:==== :::::~=======~==:::::a~============== ~====a~::::::::::::::::====== ..... do .... ------------------------------ ........ ---------------------------------------------------- ----.do .... 8 wina ------- ----~- 22.00 100.00 Good---------·----- Dom _____ ------------ 13 ' ..... do .... Hand _______________ 29.00 4.25 ..... do ................... do................ 11 

----.do ......... do.----- ........ ____ ____ 4. 00 ____ .do ____ ...... __ .. Dom; st._ .... ------__ 12 

..... do .... 8 wind------- ...... ___ ·--- -------· ..... do---------- ____ ..... do---------------- 12 

--·--------- Wind-------------- 45.00 {1.00 .••.. do .............. Dom ----------------- 8 
62 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta--'-Fresno, 

Owner of well. Year Location. completed. 

Class of 

well. Strata. 

---l------------------[--------l-~---l----------[------------1--------------l 

219 

220 

221 

222 

223 

224 

225 

226 

227 

228 

229 

230 

zn 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

Zl8 

239 

240 

241 

242 

243 

244 

245 

246 

247 

248 

249 

250 

2.51 

252 

253 

254 

255 

256 

257 

258 

259 

260 

261 

262 

263 

264 

265 

266 

267 

268 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

276 

277 

i)78 

279 

280 

281 

282 

283 

284 

285 

286 

287 

288 

~9 

:l90 

291 

292 

A. B. Butler._----- ___ _ Hughs Richler _______ _ 

Fresno Vineyard Co._ J. Rogers ............ __ Fred Roeding .... ___ _ Bonner Vineyard Co. 

A. F.Albrecht _______ _ 

Judge Risley_--------- Fresno Bank ______ ... John CroL ___________ _ 

M.J.Roeder ____ ..... . Cora Wickersham ... . F. P. Wickersham ... . Mr. Burness ...... ___ _ Jno. Snyder ......... . Chas. Lyman estate __ 

R. W.Edmiston ------ ..... do-----------------

Kutner SchooL ..... .. Victor Marten ...... .. J. H. Hass ..... ____ .. .. 

Mr.Keamey ...... ---- J.J. Luce ........... .. Dr. A. E. SmalL .... .. Andrew Nelson .... .. Kearney estate ..... .. Dolph t;hields ...... .. :M. Koller ............ . F.M.Burnham ..... .. Maddison School .... . T; H. Burgess -.... __ .. W. W. UnderhilL .... . S.J. Walton ......... .. Oscar Carlson ...... .. C. D. Smith ....... ___ _ Mrs. H. L. Granger .. . N.H. Fuglsang ...... . 

Balfour,Guthrie&Co. 

Lew Showyer ....... . Mrs. C. B. Lyman ... .. 0. D. Garrison .... __ .. E. TommasinL ....... . M.Robison ........... . G.C.Cheuvraut ..... . N. Jansen ....... ------ J.Gowanlock ....... .. 

Dickerson------------

Mrs. L. Walker ..... .. Sonensen ......... ___ _ John Smith ......... .. Bank ................ .. Stevens& Harland .. . ..... do ............... .. Sacramento Bank ... . White ....... ------ .. .. Geo. B. Zigler __ .. _ .. .. David Crawford ..... . 

McDonald ------------ Geo. Magn ............ . Lone Sav. Bk. Co ____ _ 

Lewis Gibbons .. ------ John Walker----------

Fred Coleman ....... . Elisha Harlon ..... _ .. Lewis Gobbi ____ ------ Ger. Savings Bk _____ _ 

Wm. Bullard .... _ ... .. Chas. S. Pierce ...... ___ Capt. Cuttle ........ .. Mrs. H. Worswick ... . Fred Eaton .......... . 

T. R. 

14 21 14 21 14 21 14 21 14 21 14 21 14 21 14 22 14. 22 14 22 14 22 :!.4 22 14 2'.3 

14 22 13 22 13 22 13 22 13 22 13 22 13 22 14 20 1420 

14 20 14 19 

14 19 14 19 14 19 

14 19 

14 19 14 19 14 19 14 19 14 19 

13 19 14 19 14 19 14 19 14 19 13 19 13 19 14 19 14 19 14 20 14 20 14 20 14 20 

15 20 

15 20 

15 :m 

15 20 

15 20 

15 20 

15 20 

15 20 15 20 16 20 16 20 16 20 

16 20 

16 20 17 20 

17 20 17 20 17 20 17 20 17 20 17 20 17 19 

17 19 17 20 16 20 16 19 17 19 16 19 

s. 

7 ........ 6 1880 

7 -------- 8 --------

1i f~~r 1 1899 6 1893 

5 -------- 9 1892 

9 1892 

3 1880 

3 -------- 3 ........ 35 1897 

3-i 1880 

31 1898 

30 1890 

:u 1899 

30 -------- 9 1897 16 1890 

7 -------- 12 1886 12 1890 

11 1891 

10 1890 14 1890 

15 1890 

10 1889 

12 1S97 

15 1S98 

10 1894 

34 1900 2 1891 2 1890 2 1891 2 1893 

35 ........ 36 1880 1 1899 1 1900 21 1888 

29 1897 

3233- 5•80 11890 1892 

1889 

18!:10 

9 -------- 9 1885 

9 1890 

15 . - .... 21 1890 

34 -------- 33 -------- 3 --- ---- 15 1890 

16 ---- -- 22 1899 33 1887 

4 -------- 5 1--------

4 I 1886 

6 I 1sso 

7 1880 

8 1893 

11! 1890 

13 1892 

13 1893 

~! 1--l~~-- 1 1890 34 1892 

Feet. Feet. Feet. B7 .... ...... ...... 9 ...... -------------------- B2.......... 40 10 30 CS .............. .. B6 .... -----· ...... 9 ...................... ----

B8 .......... ------ 8 .............. ------------

~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ i62 H &1 'i..-Hp====~:==~:~~=~ B2.......... 54 8 46 CS ...... ---------- B2 .......... 90 18 82 CS .............. __ D36......... 14 10 4 .................. .. B6 ...... ____ 50 17 33 CSHp .......... .. 

B1t--------- 20 16 4 -------------------- B7.......... 14 ........................ .. 

~~ ~===~:-~===t-·i~-- !§ ""3" :===== ====== ====== :: B7 .... ...... 65 :.0 45 S ............... .. 

B2 ·--------- 100 5 95 LHpCSG ........ . B7 ........... 180 0 60 --------------------

~~ :===~~ :==~ --~~-- lg --~~...~-~-~~~-~-~~~===~~== B2.......... 9 ------ -------------------- B2 .......... 82 10 72 8----------------· 

B2.......... 70 8 62 --------------------

£ ----------- ------ 7 ------ -------------- ------ B2 ........... 72 8 64 --------------------

~~ ====:: ____ --oo-- ~ --52-- ·aiii>il~~~=~:===~=: B2.5 ........ ------ 8 ------ ------------ ........ B2 .......... ------ 9 .. --- -------------------- B2 .......... 68 10 

B2 ---------- 73 8 B2 .......... !13 6 

B2 ---------- 90 8 

58 

tl5 

87 

82 

L- ---------------- LHpCS .......... . 

LHpCG ---------- SGC ......... _____ _ 

B2.......... ...... 8 ...... -------------------- B8 .......... 55 10 45 HpC8G ........ .. 

~t==~·:=~:=~ ro ~ : ~llis~==~===~::::= B2 .......... 55 7 48 SC ............... . B2 .......... 80 7 73 

~~ ~===== ===~ "3()" 1¥t "i2t" ::~~===~=~===~ ~~:::: B2 .......... ------ 8 .... .. B6 ------ .... 97 - 9 88 --L-Hi>f:ic· _·::: :::::~ 

B2 ------- ... 120 8 112 CG ........... ___ _ 

B2.......... 82 12 70 LHp8 ------ .... .. B2 .......... 70 10 60 SCG ...... ---- ... . B2 ____ ------ 75 6 69 s ----------------- B2 .......... 50 10 40 8-----------------

~~ ~~:= :::::=1--~--1 }g --~~-- ====::=~===~ ::== ==== ~~ =~~=~~:~== 1 ·oo-- i8 --so-- -iii>·::~:~==:::::::: B2 .......... i...... 12 ...... ---------------- .... B2 .......... 35 10 t5 s _______________ __ B6 ---------- 50 12 38 ---------------- .... B6 .......... +50 16 +34 -------------------- B5 _____ ..... +50 15 +35. .. .... --------------

B6 ---------- ...... 12 ...... -------------------- B6 .......... 24 16 

B6.,. ......... ------ 17 ------ --------------------

B6 ---------- 80 18 B6 .......... 39 6 62 

33 LHpS ------------

B6 .......... ______ 10 ...... -------------------- B6 .......... 104 10 94 s ----------------- B5 .... ------ 118 10 108 LHpSGC ......... B8 ____ ...... 75 8 67 SQs -------------- B6.... ...... 27 7 20 s ---------------- B5 ...... ---- 70 8 62 LCS ___ ........... . Dr7 ..... ____ 20 7 13 s -----------------' 

Dr1t-------- 15 10 

B.---------- ------ 14 B6 ...... .... 45 ~12 

5 s -----------------

33 -ri==~~~====~~~::::: B........... 75 14 

B6 ---------- 68 10 

B5 ........... 72 15 ~ r~~":-~~.~~~=~~:~:::~: 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof rna- well. chin 

ery . 

Supply. 

63 

Use of water. 

. ..... ~~~~~\~~=~= do ........ -::~~~::::~~::~~=~=~ do ...................... ~!~~~~: ~~~~~~: -------- -~~~~~=~::::::::~==~ ..... do ................... :~~1~~~=~=====:::==== do................ 10 ~A ..... do .... 14wind ------------ ......... ________ ..... do .............. Dom ----------------· lli 

:~:::a~==~~ ~i~~thanzi~ ==~~=: 1gg:gg ~: gg ::~~~a~==~=~~=~==:::: g~; -~~==~~ :~:::::::: ~i 

-~~~3~ :::: . ~~~~:::~~=~==~: ::~: --~~--~- ---~--~- :::::~-~:::: ~===~~ ==~: -~~~~-~~:::::::~:::::: 18 . ~~~~o: :~: -~~~:~: ~=~~= :::~~= :: TI: 88 ~: 83 . ~~~3o- :~:::: ~ ::::::: g~:;. ~~~:~::: ::::::~: ----12 

§!~~~::::: ~:~~~-:::::::::~~== ~~::~::: ---4:oo· ~~!!~ -~~~- :::~=~::: ·~~~~ ~~:::: ::~::: :::: ~~ ..... do ......... do.............. 20.00 5 00 Small ------ ............. do ...... __ ............ .. Hard .......... do .............. 20.00 4.00 Good ................... do................ 9 

Soft ........... do...................... 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 8 ..... do .... 8wind ............. 35.00 250.00 _ ... do .............. Dom; st.............. 13 ..... do .... Hand ................ 20.00 40.00 ..... do .............. Don1 ................. ------ ..... do ......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ... -................ . ..... do ......... do ...... : ....... ________ 4.00 ..... do ................... do ............... - 11 ..... do .... 8 wind--------------------- 200.00 ..... do ............... Dom. ................ 17 ..... do ......... do .. ______ ........................... do ______ ......... Dom: st.............. 8 ..... do .... Hand ....................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 9 ..... do ......... do ...................... ________ ..... do .......... ____ ..... do................. 8 ..... do ......... do...................... 4.00 .... do .............. Dom --------------~-- 18 ..... do ......... do .............. 25.00 4.00 ..... do ............. Dom; st.............. 1:-l 

Hard .......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 15 ..... do ......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do .................. do................ 12 Alk ....... Wind-------------- 28.00 66.00 ..... do ................... do ...... ---------- 10 

Hard ..... Hand..... .. ....... 29.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ....... .......... 11 

Hard; alk 8 wind.............. 33.00 &!. 00 ..... do.............. .. ... do ............... : 13 

-~-~~~(;:::: ·iiaD.~~==~~~~ :::: ::~: --~--~- N:88 ::~~=g~ ~~== ::::::::~: -~~~~ ~~:::::::::::::: g ..... do .... Horse .............. 38.00 47.00 ..... do ................... do................ 11 

Alk.. .... . Hand............... 14. IX) 4. 00 ..... do ............. _ Dom ....... ____ ...... 14 Soft ...... 8wind .............. 42.00 50.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 13 

Alk ....... Hand............... 22.00 4.00 ..... do-~------ ......... do---------------- 20 

Hard .......... do ...................... 11.00 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 8 ------------ ____ do....................... 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ................... . Alk ............ do...................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do ...... __________ 11 

Hard .......... do.............. .... .... 4.2.5 ..... do ................... do ........ ____ .... 10 

Alk ....... 8wind.............. 60.00 270.00 ..... do ................... do................ 12 

Soft ........... do .............. 48.00 4.25 ..... do ............... Dom ................. 13 

Hard ..... Hand................ .... .... 26.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 29 ..... do ......... do...................... 3.00 ..... do ................... do................ 20 

:::::~~~::~~::::a~=~=~:::::::::: .. ~:~- t~ ::::·~~~=::::::~:::::l~==::a~~==::::::::::::: ~ Hard; alk ..... do.............. 25.00 4. 00 ..... do ................... do----............ ·37 

Hard ..... Wind...................... 6.00 ..... do ................... do................ 16 

Hard; alk Hand .............. .... .... 4. 00 ..... do .. ------------ ..... do·................ 89 

Hard .......... do.............. 24.00 4. 00 ..... do ................... do................ 26 ..... do ......... do.............. ...... .. 4.rJO ..... do ................... do................ 33 Alk ............ do .............. 15.00 6.00 ..... do ................... do................ 35 ..... do ......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 8 Hard .......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do ................... do ................ . Alk ....... Wind-------------- ........ ~------- ..... do .................. do ............... . ..... do ____ Wind; hand ....... -------- .... ___ ..... do ................... do .............. .. Hard..... Hand ............... ___ .... 4. 00 ..... do ______ .............. do------ ........ .. Soft ...... Wind ................................... do .............. Dom ............... .. ..... do ____ ..... do .............. 65.00 14.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............ .. Hard ..... Hand ....... -----~-- ....... 4. 00 ..... do ................... do ........ -------- ..... do ......... do-------------- .... ___ , 5.00 ..... do-------- ............ do---------- .... . Soft ...... 

1 

..... do ............... _____ .. 10.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................ . Hard ..... 8 wind............... 95.00 45.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............ .. Soft ...... Hand............... ........ 25.00 Small ............... Dom ............. ----

::::~a~::~: -~~-~J~~=~::::::::~:: fo:~ ·iro:oo· -~~~g~: ::~:: ~:~: :::: r~~~~ ~~:::: ~==: :::~:: Hard ..... Hand............... 5.00 4. 00 ..... do. ..... .... .. .. .. .. do .............. .. ..... do ........ do............. 4.00 6.00 ..... do .................. do .............. .. 1 ..... do ......... do.............. ........ 4.00 ..... do .................. do ........... -----

1:~~~~~- :::: i~~:~::~:::: :::: --~i •:# i4Y: ::::: :::::::: _:dL::: ::: :~:::: IRR 58-02--6 

24 

2l 

11 

11 

9 

13 

hi 

15 

18 

36 

4:j 

10 

14 

2;) 

2-l 

12 

3.') 

34 

2il 
64 

293 

294 

295 

296 

297 

298 

299 

300 

301 

302 

30H 

304 

305 

306 

307 

308 

309 

310 

311 

312 

313 

314 

315 

316 

317 

318 

319 

B20 

321 

32'Z 

323 

324 

3:?5 

326 

327 

328 

329 

300 

331 

332 

33H 

334 

335 

336 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341 

342 

343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348 

349 

350 

351 

352 

353 

354 

3M 

356 

357 

358 

359 

360 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta:._ Fresno, 

~ ~ 

:::l <ll J5 ..., (!) ~ ~ 

Year ~ ~ ~ Class of Owner of well. Location. com- ""' 0 ~ Strata. well. 0 ..., 

T. 

Mrs. M. J. Hatch •..... 16 

Mrs.W. M.F.Jeukins. lt:i 

Elkhorn SchooL .. _ _ _ _ 17 

Mrs. M. J. Hatch ...... 17 

----- """""". ----- ---·- """ 16 -- ·- .. --------- ---- " .... -· 16 

G. Kowser ............ 16 

Mrs. M. Sloan.-------- 16 

S. F. Bank-----·------ 16 ------------------------- 16 

S. F. Bank _____ ------ 15 

John Smith.------ ____ 15 

John Rottger. ________ 15 

C. A. Hager ___ . ______ 15 

R. l.. Epperson _______ 14 

R. L. Dunham ........ 14 

C. J. Smith_---------- 14 

Mr. Parker.---------- 14 -- ---------------------- 14 Herman Boyce------- 14 August Weye _________ 14 

Burley Bros ____ ------ H 

F. Duhring ----------· 14 

A. Christian ....•..... 15 

J. W. Creelman------ 15 

MtkeAndres ........... 15 

Geo. Keslang --------- 15 

------------- ----·- ------ 15 ----------- ·--·-····----- 16 ---------- ---- ·-- -------- 16 

Louis Montego ------- 16 

A. B. Trautwein ...... 16 

D. W. S:mith ........... 15 

------------- ·----- ------ 15 

G. A. Pel!. ............ 15 

-~:-~~~~~~~ ::~:~::: =~~-- i }~ --------------------···-·[ 15 E. R. Haycraft .... ----~16 C. M. Rasmussen .... _ 16 

Bank ...... ------ ______ 

1

, 16 

Wm. Gibson------.... 16 

-~:~- ~~~~~~-~==~~==~::: ~~ Wm.Gibson ---·------, 16 Levi Garret ________ . i 16 

Cemetery.------------ i 16 C. H. Van Horn ______ . 16 

Mrs. S.M. bmith .... _ 14 

F. Burnham . ..... .... 14 H.U.C'arver .......... 14 

------- ---------· -------- 15 ----- ---- ... "---· ··---. 15 ,J. F. Ward ________ .. _ _ 15 

Fre<;no Nat. Bk ....... 14 

Y.Maglio ------------- H 

J.F.Ca.tright ........ 14 

·--- -----.------------- .. 14 

Geo. A. CoughelL ••... 14 

Henry Brooks .... ____ 15 

JacobFisher ---·------ 15 

Gus.,) ohanson _. __ . _ _ _ 15 

N. M. Nelson .... ·----- 15 

A. Buckland ____ ------ 15 

S. Nelson --------- ____ 15 

---···-- -------· -------- 15 Philip Koekler ....... 15 

Schoolhouse ..••.•.... 15 

15 ·nexie-r&-P"airia:::::. 15 

C,B.S<'ott W.A.Mills ------------ 15 ____________ 15 

Mo. Vineyard Co ..•... 15 

~.J.Goree ------------ 15 

vleted. .!:l ..c:: ..c:: 

P. ..., ..., p. p. C1> (!) (!) 

A 0 Ci 

Th ~4 1890 B5 ••..•..... F~f· Ffgt. F:t·l S-----------------

19 34 1886 B ........... 130 14 116 -------------------- 19 10 1896 Bfi __________ 100 9 91 -------------------- ]9 10 1884 B5 __________ 34 10 24 cs _______________ _ 19 25 B6 __________ 25 20 5 --------------------

19 24 B5. --------- +50 18 +32 ·--- -----.---------- 20 20 B5 ...... ____ 42 17 25 ------ _____ ........ . 

20 20 B ........... ------ 16 ...... -----------------··· ::o 7 188!:1 B7 .......... +30 20 +10 -------------------- 20 7 B5 ...... ·--- +21 14 7 -------------------- 19 R6 B6 .... -----· 36 10 26 .•..•............... 

Hl 25 B5 .......... -----· 13 ------ -------------------- 19 13 B3.......... ...... 8 ------ --------------------

~~ 1~ i~: ~2:::::::::: --tio-- ~ ··52·· ·s·~==~::::::::::::: 19 36 1900 B2 .. _______ 44 8 36 SLHp ------------ 20 30 1896 B2 __________ +20 7 13 s ________________ _ ltl 25 1898 B:L ......... 70 6 64 S -----·······------ 19 15 B8 .......... --···· 7 ------ ------------------·· 19 23 B2........... ..... 8 ...... -------------------- 19 27 1881 B6 .......... +80 7 73 LSC .•............ 19 27 1887 B7 ---------- 65 , l:l 57 S -·-·--------- ... 

12 ~6 k~ ~g~:::=.-:::: -ioo·· ~ ··9c :::::::=~===~=:::::: 19 10 1890 B6 ................ 10 •. -------- ••. 

~~ }! }~~~ ~~::::::~::: ""65" }8 ::~~-- ~8:::::::~:=~~=~:: 19 27 B5 ---------- +50 16 +34 ....••.••.•..... ___ _ HI 3 B5 .......... oO 19 11 ---···-------··· ... . 19 2 B5- ----· .... 20 19t t ------------ ---- ---- 19 1 B5 .......... +50 17 +33 ······-------------- 20 6 1891 B2 .......••. 150 12 138 ------ ---·---------- 20 :n 1887 B7 ...... ____ 80 12 68 SHp .....• ----· •.. 20 32 B8 .......... 20 15 5 S ----------· ------ ~0 26 1890 B2 ..•... ---- 60 12 48 SCHp ---- _______ _ 

20 26 82 •••.••.••• 54 12 42 ---··········-----·· 

20 36 B5 ·----- ---- . ----- 10 ------ -------------------- 20 36 B2 ....•...••.•••... 12 ----·· ----------·--------- 21 6 _______ B6 •. ~---···· 50 12 38 -------------·--··· 21 6 1 1885 .... """""" ..•. """""" 12 ....... , ... """""" """" •..... 

~ ~! 1·-is~o-· ~6:~:::::::: --26-- }~ ·-i4-- ·sLiii;::~::::::=:= 20 25 1880 Bfi ----. ----· 60 12 48 . ------------- ..... . 20 25 B5 __________ 20+ 10 10+ ·--------------····· 21 31 B5 .......... ______ 10 ------···-··········· 22 26 1880 B6. --·-..... _ ____ 15 ... -- ... --------- __ 

22 27 B5~--~-----· -----· IS -·---··---~·------- 2'Z 28 189'-i B5 .......... R2 12 70 SHpC ------------ :..'0 15 1899 B2 --·· __ ---- 90 10 80 S ...•. -------- .... 20 36 1882 B6 ------. ___ 50 8 42 SHpC .... ---- ___ _ 20 36 B2 __________ ·-·--- 8 ______ ----·------······· •• ao 1 B6__________ ______ Iot _________________________ _ 20 1 B2 .......... ______ 10 ·--··- -----··· ------------ 20 12 1~88 B2 .... __ ---- 90 8 82 . ----- ----··-. _____ _ 20 36 1890 B2 .......... 94 8 86 SHpL ------------ 20 36 1890 B2........... ...... 8 -------------------------- ~0 3.5 B2 .......... ______ 8 _____ ------------·--·----

20 34 B2 __________ --··· 8 -------------------------- 20 34 1885 B2 ...•..•.•. 40+ 8 32+ SHp ...•.......... 

2() 3 188.1) B2 ·--- ------ 80 -- ·-.- ---· -- s ----- .... ·--- -- -· 20 3 1885 B6. ___ ---· __ 83 9 74 CS ...•. ___ ...•.... 20 10 1890 B2. ______________ 10 ______ s ________________ _ 20 10 B2 ....•.•.•• 75 10 65 ____ ---------------

20 11 1881 B5 ·--------- 51 S 43 Slip-------------- 20 14 1894 Dr2 .... _ .... 20 8 12 S _____ ··------ ___ _ 20 23 B1 .... __ ____ ____ __ 8 ______ -------- ·--- -----·-· 

20 26 1897 B2 ..•...•... 60 12 48 -----------·---·---- 20 2S ____ .... B2 ______ .... .... .. 10 _____ .... -------- .... ___ _ 

21 l!J ...... -------·------ (a) (a) (•) ·-------------------

21 19 1890 B1t--------- ------ 10 ----·· --------------------

!1 ig t! it~~::~::~: ~ ··1r --~-"!:~~::::::::::~:::::: 21 8 1891 BL......... 60 10 50 S ............... .. 

a Swale water 10 feet below. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINqS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Oostof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. 

65 

Use of water. 

:~~!i :::: -~t::::::: :::::: ::::::::1 ::~:i>i: :~~!c::: ::::::: I ~~;: ii::::::::: ::::: J ..... do .... 12wind _____________ $30.00 -------- ..... do .............. Dom; st .. ____________ 36 ------------ Hand _______________ 25.00 5.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do ________________ ...... -- ____ ------ .. __ .do----... __ .---- • __ --- __ 5. 00 • _______ ---- .. ---- ________ .do .......... ------ _____ _ Hard ____ . ___ .. do ________ .. ---- __ ------ 5. 00 Good __ ------ __ ..... ____ .do .. ----------____ 11 

Hard;alk. Wind------------------------------ ..... do ______________ ..... do ...... __________ 18 

Soft ... __ 16wind -------------------------·--- _____ do ______________ Dom ----------------- 11 __ _____ ____ Hand .. ------· .. ________ ---- 4. 00 ..... do ...... __ ------ Dom; st .. ____ ...... ___ 10 

-B:ai-ii: :::~ ·iiaii<i~ =====-·:::: :::: :.·:=~= :: ·.::::·:~ -iiooa.·:::: .-.-~::: :::: ·n<>n;;·st:~:===:::: ~::: ----ii ..... do ......... do-------------- -------- 4.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do---------------- ____ __ ..... do ......... do---------------------- 4.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do------------____ 8 

Soft ........... do--------.----- 24.00 4. 00 ..... do ______ -------- Dom .. ______ _____ ____ 16 _____ do ......... do ______________ 19.00 4.00 ..... do .. ____________ Dom; st ..... -------- 16 ..... do ____ ..... do--------------------- 4.00 ..... do ................... do________________ 23 

..... do ......... do .............. -------- 4.00 ..... do ..... ~-------- ..... do................ 12 

Hard ..... 12wind ------------ -------- .............. do ______________ ..... do .. ______________ 15 

Soft ...... Hand _______________ -------- 4.00 ..... do ................... do________________ 18 ..... do .... Horse; wind______ 60.00 120.00 ..... do ................... do._______________ 14 ____ .do____ 8 wind ------ __ ___ __ 43.00 60.00 ____ .do------ ______ .. ____ .do ....... -----____ 16 

Hard ..... Hand _______________ -------- 4.00 ..... do ...... --------~ Dom ----------------- 16 

-~~~~~==:~ Hard _____ ..... -~~~1:~:::::~: do __ ------______ ::~:~: -=~~:~: 25.00 ::~~~= 4.00 :~~!Y Good ____________________ =::::::::::::: :~~1~ do------------____ ~~:::::::::::::~ ~ 20 ..... do .... -------------------------------------- _____ do ___________________ do _________________ ------ -_ ---- ------ ------.----- __________ ---- ________________________ ------ _________ do------ .. _____________ _ 

----------- -------------------------------------- Small·-------------- _____ do _____________________ _ Soft ____________ ....... ___________ .... __ __ _ _____ Good. __ --- _____________ .do------. ___ .. ________ .. 

..... do .... 8wind ------------- ________ 35.00 ..... do _______________ ..... do................ 8 ..... do .... 10centrifugal ..... 100.00 _____________ do ______________ ------------------------ 9 _____ do .... Hand--------------________ 5.00 ..... dO--------------~ Dom; st ______________ ------ _____ do .... 10wind ------------ 24.00 47~50 ..... do ______________ ..... do._______________ 18 

-~~~3c>:::: -~~~lo:::::::::::::: --~~~~- g:~ :::::a~:::::::::::::: :::::a~::::::::=~~===== ~~ _____ do ____ ...... do-------------- -------- 4.00 _____ d.o ______________ \ _____ do ------------· ___ 11 

Soft------ ..... do----------.... 62.00 4.00 ..... do-------------- ...... do------.......... 16 

:=:::~~=:::·win~::::::::::::::::::::::---~~~- :::::a~~=:==--===~==== :::::a~===~====~:=~~~=~ i1. ____ .do_ __ Hand .. _____________ 26.00 4. 00 ____ .do_----------___ Dom _ __ __ ____ ________ 8 

..... do---- ..... do-------------- ------ __ 4.00 ..... do------ ......... _____ do._______________ 20 ...... do .... _ _. ___ do ______________ -------- 4.00 ..... do. _____________ Dom; st ------------- _____ _ _____ do .... 8wind ______________________________ ..... do-------------- Stock---------------- ____ __ 

------·-----Wind-------------- _______ -------- ..... dO-------------- Dom; st_____________ 18 

Alk ....... _____ do ______________ ·------- ________ ..... do-------------- Irr ------------------- 11 

Soft------ 10wind _____________ 41.00 -------- ..... do ............... Dom; st ------------- 11 ..... do .... Hand _______________ 36.00 4.00 ..... do .. ____________ ..... do ____________________ __ 

_____ do .... _____ do ______________ ----·---- 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 12 _____ ao ......... ao ______________ -------- 5.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do ... _____________ 14 ..... do .... _____ do ______________ -------- 4.00 _____ do ______________ ..... do________________ 13 ..... do ......... do ............... ________ 4.00 _____ do ______________ ..... do________________ 13 

Hard. ________ .do ____ ------____ 36.00 4. 00 ____ do __________________ .do------__________ 8 

Alk ______ Wind-------------- 37.00 72.00 _____ do-------------- .... do________________ 10 

Soft_----- Hand ........ _------ ____ ____ 4. 00 ____ .do------ __ ------ ___ .. do-------- ____ .... 9 ------------ ..... do ............... -------- 4.-00 ..... do. _____________ Dom ----------------- _____ _ ------------ Wind _______________ ......... ----·--- ..... do ______________ Dom; st ------------· 11 

Soft ______ Hand ............... -------- 4.00 ..... do ...... -------- ..... do________________ 14 _____ ------ _____ do ---·- ________ 32.00 4.00 ____ .do -------------- _____ do________________ 19 

Soft______ 12 wind ______ ------ 70.00 115.00 ..... do __________________ .do .. ______________ 14 

____ .do____ Hand----------·----- ____ ___ _ 4. 00 ____ .do .... ____ ------ ----.do--------------__ 9 ..... do. ___ ..... do .............. -------- 4.00 .... do. _____________ ..... do________________ 19 ..... do ......... do ______________ 46.00 4.00 _____ do ------------- ..... do________________ 12 ..... do ____ ..... do______________ 8.00 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 8 ..... do ......... do ______________ -------- 3.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 15 ..... do ......... do ______________ 25.00 46.00 ..... do ___________________ do________________ 10 _____ do .... ____ .do ______________ ......... 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 11 

-s~it = ==:=: ·wiiid;-iia:ti<I~:====~ ==== ::=: ~~===~=: -fi<>~a: ~~=== :::::: ===~ ·o0m.;· st- :~~:=~~~= ~~:: ----is ____ .do____ Hand ..... ---------- 25.00 4. 00 ..... do __ ------------ ..... do------.--------- 14 Hard ..... _____ do-------------- 30.00 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 11 

Soft ______ ..... do_ ..... ________ 30.00 11.00 ____ .do-.... ______ .... ---·.do---- ____ -------- 11 ____ .QQ ________ .qo ---· ,. . ••• •••• 24.00 ~- 00 ..... Qo ______ ., .... __ ...... c;lo ------ ~----· ____ 1J 
66 STORAGE OF W A'l'ER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

:g Owner of well. ~ 

"0 

0 

z 

367 ,John Morgan .... ____ _ 

368 L.A. Gould----------- 369 T. H. Mallory ________ _ 

370 W.A.White ......... . 

371 I H.Roff --------------· 

~~~ iiicii~~a ·wiiite·:=~===~ 374 Geo. B. RowelL .. ----- 3751 Robt.Boot ........... . 

378 ~~¥ -~--~~-~~~=-===~==~===== A.A.Smith .......... . 

3iiJ H.M.Eddy ----------- 380 R. E. Oliver_---------· 

381 Wylie M. Giffen------

382 ..... do ............... .. 

383 J. M. Pugh------------ 384 W.O. Edgerly-------- 3851 Wm.Dosdon ......... . 386 J. A. T. Peterson------ 387 Mrs. C. A. Hammer ... 

~~ i ~_d-~~l~~r:.-=========== 390 J.C.Bell ... ----------- 391 Escho1SchooL ...... .. 

392 J. W.Ryce -----· ------ 393 Sacramento.Bk ..... . 

394 ..... d0-----------------

395 ..... do ................ . 

~ I k.a~~oa.~~~~-c-~=:~::: 398 Mrs. M . ...-\..Cowan ..... 399 ,JohnClark .... -------- 400 Larse Anderson ..... . 

401 ------------------------ 402 W. T.Prather ....... .. 

403 A.J.Allen ------ -----· 404 T. C. Clayton .... ------

~ ~-.F.-.c=~==::::::::::::::: 407 F.P. Wall ............ . 408 A. Proctor .. ---- .. ----

!'f51' ·ciiai-i6Y'w0'0a8::=:::: 411 Ben Swanson ........ . 412 A. T. Wilkinson ...... . 

iii I f1i~f!~~~=~~=~~~~~~= !i¥ 1 

~~::~~~-u:~d.·s-:i3k:: 418 [

1 Estrella de Ora Dry- ingCo. 419 St. George Vineyard_ 

: ~-~: ~--~~~~~~-n~~~~~~~~ 422 Lone Star School.----

4231, A.C.Funch -----------

~ :~~ ~~;;~~= ~~~~~~~ :~:=== 427 A.R.Brown ---------- 428 W. R. Shannon ... ----

429[ A.Harris ------------- 430 Mrs. C. E. Gower .... . 431 1 M.Lee:per ........... .. 432 W.J.Z1mmerman ___ _ 433 Fresno I~. and S. Bk .. 434 J.B.Galbreath ___ .... 435 J.C. Long ____________ _ 

436 Len Lbung ........... . 437 H. A. Ross ..... --------

4Jti -------------------------

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

,..; ,..; 

:::l CD CD 

~ ...., CD 1:1! 

Year ~ ~ ~ Class of Location. com- .... 0 "0 Strata. well. 0 ...., 

T. R. 14 20 14 20 14 20 14 20 

1420 

14-20 

1420 

15 20 

15 20 

1fi 20 

14 21 14 21 H 21 15 21 15 21 15 21 15 21 15 21 15 21 16 22 16 22 16 22 

16 22 

16 22 16 22 

16 21 16 22 

17 22 17 22 

17 22 

16 2'2 

16 22 

16 22 

16 2'Z 

16 22 

16 22 16 22 

16 22 15 22 15 22 

15 22 

15 22 

15 22 

15 22 

15 22 

15 22 14 22 14 22 

14 22 14 22 14 20 

14 20 

pleted. .l:l .l:l .l:l ....,. ...., ...., $:lo $:lo g. CD CD 

A A A 

S. Feet. Feet. Feet. 

16 1890 B2 ····------ ...... 16 ...... ------------·-------

~7 , . i~~ ~~ ===::::::: ~ 1b ~g -E\ai):::::: :::~ ::::1 ..,

27

9

33

711900 B2 ·----- .... 57 10 47 CHpSC --------- 1897 B2 .......... 80 10 70 S ----------------- 1880 B8 ...•....•• 90 9 R1 ---·------------·---

3~ i~i ~t=====:::: ~~ 18 ri ~~~~======~=~:::: 1 

2 1880 B6 .......... 90 12 78 cs ________________ l 

~ ;:: m~==:====== __ :~-- }g __ : __ -~~::==~~:.~==~~=:~: 

1 

12 1880 

l~: B.----------ig ~~~~~~==== -~-- ·----- 20 it~--~~-- -~~~:=~~===~=:.=~~~= 11 1882 B5 ------ .... 42 12 ""3o·· ·scHp·~::: -~==~::: 

~~ i~~ ~t::::=:::: --oo-- }~ ··45·· ·sci:ii>·=======~=~== 7 B5 ---- ... --- 13 ... _ -----.----- __ .. 18 1898 B5 .......... 40 12 98 SHp ............. . 

19 1888 B5 ---------- 86 10 76 -------------------- 30 B .•......... ------ 12 ______ --------------------

29 1880 B5 ---------- 54 9 41 S ----------------- 32 1895 B2. ________ 45 ______ ...... cs _______________ _ 36 1886 B5 --------- 106 10 96 LS .............. . 32 187!> B5 .......... 3.5 10 25 s ----------------- 4 1875 B5 ....•..... 50 10 40 -------------------- 4 1888 B5 .......... 50 15 35 --------------------- 3 1895. B5 ...•...... 107 12 9:> --------·--·-------- 36 1891 B3 ...•...... 50 20 30 HpS ............ .. 

22 189.j B2 ---------- ------ 15 S ----- ··----------

~~ 1888 ~t::::=:::: --tio-- M --39-- ·sH:-p::=:::::~~=-== 

~ l~~g ~~~===::==:= --~~: i~ ::;i:: -~-~~~-:==:~:::::~: 3 1893 B5 ------- ---- 102 15 87 S --------.-------- 33 B.------ ____ ..... _ 15 ______ ......... ------ _ .... . 

~~ 1894 ~ii::::::::: --00-- i~! '"43"" "8i'I'P:::::::::::::: 22 B2 .......... ------ 13 ...... -------------------- 20 B2 .......... ------ 17 ...... -------------------- 9 1885 85 .......... ------ 13 -------------------------- 9 1890 82.......... 16 ---- - ..... ---- 5 1889 DrU ..... 30 18 ··12·- SCHp·:: ..... ~----

rz --i9ot)-- -:Bs=========~~ ~;l ~;) <;6 ·scdiii;====::.::: 

30 1880 B8 .......... ------ 14 -------------------------- 19 1892 B5 .......... 38 12 26 HpCS ------------ 14 1880 B6.......... 65 8 57 S ----·- ----------- 13 1891 B2.......... 75 5 70 CS ---------------

14 21 17 

14 21 17 

14 21 21 14 21 22 14 21 22 14 21 27 

15 21 10 

15 21 9 

15 21 10 

15 21 14 15 21 23 15 21 27 

15 21 34 15 21 34 15 21 34 15 21 28 

15 21 28 

15 21 15 

15 21 2 15 21 2-3 

--i~~~-- {~:~~ ~~~ :::~ -~~-- ~~ -~ff !}~~; ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ B8.......... 13 

1897 B2 ------ ____ 60 12 18Sl5 B2 ------ .... 80 12 1894 B2 ---------- ---- .. 12 B2 .......... ______ 10 

.... ---- ---- ··-· ------ (b) (b) 

1900 B5 ---------- 54 12 1890 B5 .... ------ 52 11 1881 B5 ---------- 100+ 14 1894 B5 ---------- 85 14 

1887 B2 -------·-- 60 14 1899 B6 __ .. ------ 28 12 1888 B5 ~------ .. 100+ 12 B6.......... 14 1892 B . . . . . . . .. . . 80 12 1899 B ........... 90 15 1898 B5 __________ 60 12 

-------- ------ -------- (•) (•) 

48 

68 

SG --------------- SC ---------------

(b) --------------------

42 cs --------------- 41 CSHp ------ .... -- 86+ HpS ...... ---·---- 71 SRpC ------------ 46 SHpU ------------ 16 SL --------------- 88+ -------------------· 

68 SHp ...... ---.----

75 --------------------

1 (4!j -~~- = :: ::~~: :::.::: 

"Blough water 15 feet below. h Swale watt'r 10 feet below. 
LIPPINCOTT.) WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. 

61 

Use of water. 

Soft .•..•. Hand .••••.•.••.... ------"- $4.00 Good ..•............ Dom; st.............. 12 

~==::a~==== r~-lgd-~~~====~--==== $~:~ ~:~ :::::a~:::::::::::::: ':Do~ -=====~=========: i~ Hard .......... do ......... ~---- 225.00 45.00 ..... do ..••.......... Dom; st ------------- 73 

Soft ...... Hand-------------- 32.00 4.00 ..... do .....•.....•....... do .. ______________ 15 

Hard ..... ______ ..••.. ------ .•. 80.00 ------ _____ .. do ____ ------ ____ ----.do---------------- 16 ------------ Hand-------------- 52.00 4.00 ..... do .......•........... do................ 9 

Soft. ..... l Wind-------------- 94.00 ________ ..... do •....•..•.......... do................ u 

-~fi ~!~~I: ~~t~ -\~\:::~:\~~ :-~:~: -: ~: i: ~)) ~ lll ~ ~: =)=\) :-~-~~- ~ ~~~ 'H!-; l\1\_ \ !\ ~ il 

Hard .......... do ______________ -------- _______ ..... do ................... do._______________ 27 

Soft ...... Wind-------------- 26.00 14.00 ..... do ................... do................ 13 ..... do .... Hand------·--------------- 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 26 ..... do .... Swind -----·------- 27.00 40.00 ..... do ................... do................ 11 .... do .... Hand--------------·------- 12.00 ..... do ................... do ..................... . ------ ........... do ...... -------- 40.00 12.00 ..... do ................... do._______________ 11 

Hard .......... do ...................... ------- ..... do ................... do................ 24 ..... do ......... do ______________ ........ 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 23 ............. 10wind ------------ 50.00 ________ ..... do ______________ Stock---------------- 21 

Soft ...... Hand-------------- 18.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 9 

Hard .......... do------------__ 36.00 4. 00 ____ .do __ ------------ Dom; st ...... ------ .. ____ __ Soft;alk ...... do .............. 35.00 4.00 ..... do------------- ..... do .. ______________ 10 

Hard .......... do .............. ·........ 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 23 

Soft ........... do .............. 37.00 5.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st______________ 30 ..... do ......... do...................... 4.00 ..... do .. ------------ Dom ----------------- 8 A1k ............ do .............. ________ 4.00 Small ______________ Dom; st______________ 8 

Soft ........... do______________________ 4.00 Good. ______________ ..... do________________ 8 ..... do ......... do .. ____________________ 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do._______________ 14 

--~--do ......... do .............. 30.00 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do................ 14 

Soft ...... Hand ............... -------- 4.00 Good ............... Dom; st.............. 13 

·---.do____ 8 wind . _____ . ________ .. .... 58.00 ..... do ...... ________ ..... do ...... ____ ------ 9 ..... do ......... do __ ...... __ .... 90.00 60.00 .. .do. _________ ......... do------..... ------ 10 ..... do .... Hand _______________ 51.00 ............. do ______________ Dom ----------------- 9 ..... do ......... do .............. ________ 4.00 ..... do ______________ Dom; st.............. 13 ..... do ____ ..... do ____ . _________ .............. __ .. __ .do .......... ____ .... do ____ ...... __ .... 16 

.... do ......... do .............. ____ .................. do ...... ·------- ..... do._______________ 19 ..... do ......... do------ ____________ .... 4. 00 ..... do .... __ ---- .......... do ________ -------- 12 ..... do ......... do .............. -------- 4.00 ..... do ................... do ..................... . ___ .. do ____ ..... do------.. ------ ...... ___ 4. 00 ..... do ___ .•• ________ ..... do ..•• ______ ...... 14 

Hard ..... Wind-------------- ________________ ..... do ______________ ..... do._______________ 20 

Soft------ ____ .do.-------______ 15.00 40.00 ..... do ______ -------- ..... do ____ .•...• ______ 12 

·soif:::::: ·w'iiia.·:::::::::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ·a0<>ii::::::::::::::: ·o0Di;-8i:::::::::::::: ----is ..... do .... Hand ... ____________________ 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do................ 8 ..... do ____ ..... do------ ... ----- 19.00 80.00 .... _do.----- .... ________ .do ____________ .... 11 ..... do .... Wind-------------- 65.00 .............. do ................... do................ 9 ..... do ...• Rand ............... ---------------- ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 12 

..... do ____ ..... do---------- ........ ____ 6. 00 ____ .do------ ___ .____ Dom; st ........ ------ 12 

..... do .... Steam ______________ 206.00 1,300.00 1,292,633 gallons ... Irr .... ---------------- 9 

.... do .... Hand.--------------________ 5.00 Good ............... Dom; st.............. 15 . ___ .do ____ : ____ .do .......... ____ 24.00 4. 00 ..... do ______ .... ________ .do.----- ____ ------ 13 ..... do ____ ..... do.............. 25.00 5. 00 ..... do------ .... ____ ..... do ____ .•...• ------ 15 ...... do .... Swind ----------------------------- ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 16 . ___ .do.... Hand.------- _________ .. ____ . _________ ... do. _____ ---- ......... do------ ...... ---- 12 

so£t~= =::: -Wiiid -~=::=~ ~::_-:::: ·-oo: oo- ---4.-oo- -Go~d~: :~:::=~=~===: -oom; -st~~====:~ :===== ----is 

~~==~at=~=l-:~zi~~=~~== :==~==== ~:~ --~~:-~_ :===~a~~====~==~~==== ==~==a~=========::::::: l! ..... do ____ 8 wind------------- 40.00 117.50 ..... do-------------- Dem ----------------- 9 ..... do .... Hand .. _____________ 17.00 3.25 .... do-------------- Dom; st.............. 9 

Hard .......... do .............. -------- 3.25 ..... do ______________ ..... do................ 14 

Soft ...... Wind-------------- ____________________ ._do ...... -------- ..... do---------------- 8 ..... do ......... do ______________ 60.00 100.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do................ 17 

------------ ..... do. _____________ ........ -------- ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 12 

Hard...... Hand ....... _. ____ .. 45.00 4. 00 ..... do __________ .... Dom; st.-..... -------- 29 

•Swale water 15 feet below. 
68 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [N0. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

;..; ;..; 

d Cll Cll -+" -+" 

d Cll a:! a:! 

Year ~ ~ ~ Cll Class of Owner of well. Location. com- .... 0 ..... Strata. ~ well. 0 -+" 0 

~ 

0 

z 

T. 

tl5 -:M~wash"~::::::::~~-:=~ t! 441 M.J. Driver------ ____ 14 

442 E. F. BalL .. ---------- 14 443 T.-1 ------------------- 14 444 Mrs. F. U. Ketchum ... 14 44f) C.N.Brenenfeld ______ 14 

446 Jas. Rutheford __ ----- 14 447 1. D. Garrison _________ H 

448 J.W.Scott ____________ 14 

449 E. R. Bates ______ ------ 14 

450 J.H.LaRu ----------- 14 451 John Oed ------------- 14 452 W.H.Martin --------- 14 

~ -:Mi-s~J.-j~ow-en.-~:::::: U 455 D.W.Butler __________ 14 

456 Dr. A. D. Wilson------ 15 

457 F.Lemon ------------- 15 

458 Mr. Scott . ----- ·-----. 15 

459 T. M. Boyd_ .. ____ ----- 15 460 Geo. West & Son _____ 15 

461 Mrs.L. Vance _________ 15 

462 C.T.Pierson __________ 16 

463 S.Y.Gordon __________ 16 

464 J.C.Hinkle ___________ 16 

465 D. Shiflet------------. 16 466 T. KFinerty ________ 16 

467 H. Craven._----------- 16 

!:;~ ~-:Harr"Yweiier::::::::_ ~~ 470 Sacramento Bank _____ 16 

471 H.Maguire ___________ 16 

472 David Heishie -------- 16 473 J.J. D. Barish _________ Hi 

474 J.G.Burnett _________ lli 

475 1ti 

476 ·:a<>~a-Breiza·:::·_::~=== 16 

477 Lee Burton ..... ·----- 16 478 MartinElder _________ 16 

479 T. G. Martin------ ----1 16 

~~ -~i~~-~~~~~~~-=::::::=:1 ~~ 482 C.S.CampbelL _______ I16 

483 Sacramento Bank ____ 16 

484 Jno.H.Hoffman ______ 16 

485 C. E. Roberts--------- 16 

<186 ------------------------- {15 

487 Mr. VogfiL ___ . ___ .. _. 15 

48!3 Edwin Bullock------- 14 489 F.G.J.Schmidt ------ 14 

490 ---------- --------------- 15 

491 F.H.Mills ------------ 15 

492 ------------------------- 15 49o J.V.Lamore __________ 15 

494 J.B.Perrin ----------- 15 495 T.E.Elliott ___________ 15 

496 Chas.K.Kirby ________ 15 

497 Mr. Madden ____ ------ 15 

498 Jno. K. Kennedy------ 15 

499-------------------------15 

500 Harland & Stevens _ _ 15 

~~ -1:-b.~-s~--F{aD.~e~:~::::::: }~ 503 ------------------------- 15 504 Robt. E. HalL ..... ____ 16 

505~------------- ----------- {16 

506 Sac ramen to Bank _ _ _ _ 16 

507

1

, •rerr_y School. _________ 16 

508 Mr. Johnson ------ ____ 1!! 509 1 Jno. Reynolds ________ 16 

pleted. ..cl ..cl ..cl ~ .., -+" Pt Pt Pt Cll <lJ Cll 

Ci Ci Cl 

R. S. Feet. Feet. Feet. 21 35 B2 .......... 34 16 18 -----·--------------

21 27 B5 -----· ---- ------ 13 

20 22 1883 B7 ---------- 40 15 

20 14 1893 B6 ---------- 85 13 

20 14 B----------- 12 20 13 1890 B2 ---------- 60 12 21 20 1895 B2 ------ ____ 80 9 21 21 1891 B2 ____ ------ 100 9 

21 29 B2 _ --------- 8 21 29 189'1 B2 ---------- 60 7 21 19 1890 B2 ____ ------ 82 10 21 32 1886 B5 ______ ____ 50 8 

25 ·r;:Hvsc·~=:~~=:=== 62 --------------------

4:8 .===~== ::~:=:======== 71 SCHp ------------ 91 CHpS ------------ 8 ....... ------·--- 53 8 ----------------- 72 -------------------- 42 so _______________ _ 

21 33 1885 B ---·------- ------ 10 ------ -------------------- 21 26 1890 B2 .. ·--·--- ------ 14 ------ -------------------- 21 36 ... ____ -------------- (a) (a) (&) -------------------- 22 31 1898 B5 ______ ____ <18 l:J 35 so ______ ----·----· 22 31 1898 B5 .......... 60 llt 48t SHpQ ___________ _ 

21 12 B5 __________ ·----- 11 ---- --------------------

21 13 B5 ---------- ------ 13 ------ -------------- ---·-- 21 13 B ____ ------ ------ 15 22 11 I 1881 B.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60 13 

22 29 1900 B8 --·--- ---- 120 16 22 31 1885 B5.......... 75 15t 22 6 18!10 B2 ------ ____ 80 12 

22 7 1882 B5 ---------- 108 10 21 11 1890 B5 __________ 40 8 

21 10 1890 B5 __ -------- __ . ___ 12 

21 4 1885 B5 -----· ---- 80. 16 21 9 1894 B5 .......... 50 14 

21 7-8,-------- -------------- (b) (b) 21 18 -------- Drlt ___ -·-- 12 10 21 18 1890 B6 ------ ___ . 30 10 

21 19 B5 -----· ---· ------ 8 21 20 1888 B5 ---------- ------ 8t 21 20 1894 Drt --------- 16 8 21 30 1890 B4: ____ ------ 25 7 21 31 B5 ____ ------ 20 15 

--47"- ·r;sc~:===::::===== 104 SCHp ___________ _ 

59t s ----------------- 68 -------------------- 98 SHpC ------------ 32 SCHp ------------ ------ s -----------------

~ ~?~=-====·---===~=~ (b) -------------- ---· --

2 s ----------------- 20 s ------- ---·------ s- ·----- ---------- s- ---------------- 3 s ----------------- 13 5 s so--------------- ________________ _ 

~} ~~ 1880 ~! :::::::::: ""76"" }8 ""66"" ==================== 2135 1898 B8 .......... 52 8 44 SOHp ___________ _ 

21 26 1899 B10________ 50 I 8 4:2 LHpSC ---------- 21 36 1892 B5 ---------- ------- 10 ------ ______ .. ---- ---·· .... 21 24: B5 ____ .. ---- 10 ------ ___________________ _ 

21 24: 1882 B5 .......... 60 9 21 12 1880 B5 ____ ------ 75 12 21 1 1894 B5 ____ ------ 35 12 21 1 1888 B5 ____ ------ 60 14 

51 

63 

23 

46 

SCHp ........... . SCHp ........ ___ _ 

SCHp s- ---- ---·- ------- ___________ _ 

21 ~ }------- t by 'J\; mi.. (c) (c) (c) ·--·---- --------·---

~A ~ 1899 ~~:~~~=~~=~: --7rf- ~~ --5s-- ·s-ciiP" :==~====~=== 20 23 1896 B2._________ 40 10 30 --------------------

21 6 ---------------------- (d) (d) (d) -------- ----------- 21 5 1890 B5 __________ ------ 13 ------ --------------------

21 7 -------- -------------- (•) (•) (•) -------------------- 21 18 1885 B2...... .... 60 12 48 SHJ>.------· ------ 20 12 1882 B5 ____ ------ 22 13 9 SLHp ------------ 21 18 1890 B2 ....•••... ------ 12 ------ -------------------- 21 18 1882 B5 __________ ------ 12 ------ -------------------- 21 29 1885 B5 __________ 100 12 88 --------------------

21 30 1894: B5.......... 96 13 83 SHP--------------

21 30 -------- ____ ---------- (c) (C) (c) --------------------

21 31 1885 B5 ---------- ------ 14 ------ -------------------- 21 6 ---------------------- (d) (d) (d) --------------------

21 5 1893 B5 ---------- ------ 14 ------ -------------------- 21 32 -------- -------------- ,•) (•) (•) -------------------- 21 4: 1890 B5 ....•..... 100 14 86 HpCS ------------

21 #~ }------ _ .... ---------- (c) (c) (c) -------·-- •••• ----·-

21 i3 18!:J2 B5 __________ ------ 20 ------ -------------------- 21 10 -------- B5 .......... ------ 10 ------ -------------------· 21 10 ________ B5 __________ ------ 10 ------ -------------------- 21 14 1892 Bfi ------ ____ 60 9 51 SCHP------------

• Swale water 12 feet below. b Swale water 15 feet below. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof ma· well. chinery. 

Supply. Use of water. 

Soft ...... Hand _______________ -------- ________ Good ............... Dom; st ______________ ---· ..... do ......... do .........•.... -------- $4.00 ..... do _________ , ____ ..... do________________ 12 ..... do ......... do .............. -------- 12.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 13 ..... do .... Wind---------------------- ________ ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 13 ..... do ____ Hand ...... ___ ------ ____ --·. 4.00 _____ do __________________ .do------------.... 12 

~~~~~a~~~~~ ~~~=~a~~~~~~=~~=~~~~: ~:~ ~:88 :~:::a~~--~~~~~~~~~=:: :~~~:a~::_~~~===::::=::~ g 

~Gir_:- :~1~!i.H~-~:~~ ;~;f; -~~! U:fi/l/i:i:l :Gli~H:u:::l~[l ~ !~~: ~ ~~~~ -,~~f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~#~ ~~~ ai ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ;~~j~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ J----~ Soft.----- Hand.------------·_ ------ __ ------ _______ do------------ _______ do---------------- 10 _____ do _________ do. _____ ------- -----·-- 4.00 _____ do·------------- _____ do________________ 15 ..... do ____ ..... do-------------- 60.00 11.00 ..... do ___________________ do ___ ------------ ------

~~=~~~-~ ==== ~::r:: =~~====~~~~= -~~~~- ---3:25- ~~~~- ~~~:~~~:~: :: i:~~~rlt:~====~~-~~~~~ 1~ Hard .......... do .... ---------- . ---·- __ 3.25 ..... do ______ -------- ____ .do---------------- 25 Soft ______ ---- do ______________ 86.00 12.00 _____ do. __________________ do________________ 10 

____ .do ____ ... _______ . ----------- -------- ------ ______ .do---·---------· __ ... do---------------- 11 ..... do ____ Hand _______________ -------- ________ ---· .do .. ____________ ..... do---------------- 14 ..... do .... Hand _______________ 80.00 3.25 _____ do ______________ ..... do._______________ 12 

..... do ......... do-------------- 25.00 3.2.1) ..... do ___________________ do---------------- 10 

-s~ft:-aik: ·:aand~==== ~~=: :::::: :::: ~= == --·a:25- · aoo·a: ~:~:: ::~~=: ~:: ·n;:,m.·:- si:~ ~~ ~= =~: ~ ~~ == ----:m 

Hard ... __ ..... do------ ____ ... _ -------- 3.25 ___________ ----------- ..... do---------------- 10 .•... do .... Horse ______________ ·----·-- 6.00 Good. ___________________ do-------------.. 26 

Soft------ ---------------------- -------- ---- __ .. Small __ ........ _ ---· Dom _ ------ --'---- .... ------

t~:H Hard ..... =~¥_m~~:::=:=:wi-:: Steam. _____________ 52.00 436.00 i:~ -~~Y-=.:~=~_m:: 323,158gallons. ___ =~~~~m:;::~:-~:~=~= Irr ------------------~ 34 

Soft------ ---- do------ ____ .... 42.00 436.00 323,158 gallons __________ do------------···. 10 

Hard ..... Hand-------------·-------- 3.00 Small ______________ Dom; st______________ 12 

Soft------ Wind ______ ·------- . ___ ____ 4. 00 Good _____ .-···----- ....• do--· ___ ---------- 1& 

---·.do_ ... ____ .do---------- .... ---- ____________ . ___ .do __________ ---· _____ do··--------------- 12 

Soft;alk. Hand··------------·------- 3.50 ..... do ___________________ do________________ 10 

Soft------ __ ... do-------------- 20.00 4.00 _____ do------··--- ____ ..... do---------------- 15 ..... do _________ do------ ____ .... ____ ____ 3.50 .... do·----· ________ .•... do-------------·-· 18 

Soft. ..... Hand-----·------------.... 3.25 Good _____ ---------- Dom; st.............. 8 •.... do ____ 8 wind _____________ -------- 35.00 ..... do.----- ________ ----.do·--------------- 11 ..•.. do ____ Hand------________ 20.00 3.25 __ ... do---------· ____ ..... do------ ____ ------ 15 

·:aai-·a: ::~- -Han•L::: :::::::::: ::~::: :: -- ·a.-25- -Good~::::::=:~::::: ·nom.;·,:£:.:::·::::::::: ----20 ·s~ii::=::: ·Hand.-~:::::::==~~== --25:oo · ---s: 25· o00<i: :::·_:::=:~: ::: ·:0.;:..-1; -~i·_-_ ::::::~: ::=: -- --i2 ..... do ____ 8 wind ____ -----____ ____ ____ 45.00 ..... do ______ -----· ______ .do ......• ______ ---- 10 ..... do ____ Hand ________ -----· .. __ ____ 3.00 ___ do-----·------ __ .... do------------____ 20 

.•... do .... 16 wind------------ .. ______ ........... do.----------· ....... do-----·---------- 15 ..... do .... Wind----·----------------- 70.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do_______________ i4 

Hard. ____ Hand----------.... 57.00 3.25 ---·.do ______ -------- ..... do ______ ------.... 28 

·soii: =:=:~ -Hand.:~:::::::::::: :::: ==~: ---4:·oo· ·aoo<i·::~:-_:::=:: ::=: ·nor.n; -~i :~:: :::: :::·.:~ ----ii 

·s<>"'ii: ::::~ ·.Han<i:::~: :::::::::: ::::~=:: ---3~25. ·Good~::::.-.-~~~=:::~ ·nom.; -si~--=::: :::::::: ·----4 ·sort~~~::: ·swiil.i:::::::::;:::: :~:::::~ --49:oo· ·ao0a:~·.:::::::~:::: ·nom.;·8t~::~~~===~:::: ----ii 

Hard ...•. Wind-------------- .•••.. __ -------- Good .••.•..•. ·----- Dom; st ...... -------- 39 

Soft ----- Hand.--------...... __ ____ 3.25 . ___ .do ________ ------ ____ .do----· ....• ----·- 16 ------------ ..... do-----· ____ ...• ------ __ 3. 00 _____ do------ ____ .... . ... do---------------- 14 

Hard ........... do.-------------------- 3.25 ..... do·------------- ..... do .... ·---------·- 24 

cSwale water 14 feet below. d Swale water 13 feet below. 
70 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER. CAL. [N~58. 

...... 

'i Owner of well. ~ 

""' 0 

c5 

z 

510 

511 ·.J:n:<ii-ifi~Y.-:::::::::~ 51~ J.Hamilton .......... . 

~~: ·c~ntrai-scbooL~~~==~ 515 Dick Butler .......... . 516 E.R.Holton .......... . 517 Mrs.l\'1. L. Viere ..... . 518 J.F.Crowder ........ . 519 D. Patton ............ . 520 J. B. Fontaine ........ . 

521 ---------------- -------- 522 Percy-Fowler ........ . 523 San! L. Hogue--------

524 Prof. Heald-----------

525 ------ ----·- ·-·--- ----··· 526 Prof. Heald andHeley 527 Gust .Almgren ....... . 528 Gust Stromberg _____ _ 

529 M. E. Stanton.--------

530 Jno.Holnberg ....... . 5B1 T.L.Reed ............ . 532 ____ .do ..... ------------ 533 Burris Bros ..... ------ 534 S.T.Curtes. --------- 535 A. Winters ........... . 536 Mrs.A.R.Orr -------- 537 Mr. Dittman ......... . 538 J. W. Roberts ........ . 

~5 -:Mi-8-.icii: o:ri-·::::~~:: 541 K.Gregory ----------- 542 L. Pederson .......... . 543 Cal. F. & L. Co .... ---- 544 .T. S. Jones . ----.------ 545 R. M. Wilson ...... ~---

546 J.T. Mance .. ···------ 547 Ger. L. & S. Bank .... . 548 A.L.Holmes ......... . 549 Purington···--------- 550 Joe Housley---------. 551 .T.H.Harden ......... . 

· 552 P. Legure ------------- 553 Fink School ......... . 5.1)4 San Francisco Bank .. 555 Fisher ................ . 556 Frank South •......... 557 F.Fisher ------ ....... . 55H ! Victor Franzon .••.... 

~g 1·-~~~N::~~-~~~~-=~~~~~~~ 561 Sacramento Bank ... . 5621 Sweets Place ........ . 563 Mr. Martinez-------·-

564 Mrs. Merrit ····----- .... 565 Alta District·----- ___ _ 566 Jake Eppinger ....... . 567 Mrs. J.D. Reese ..•.... 568 S. W. Lewis ..•.... __ .. 569 1 

N.L.Durgin ......... . 570' W.H.Spitler ----·---· 571 C.GravanL .......... . 572 Fruitvale estate ..... . 578 I. C. Barman---------- 574 Mat. Asmussen ...... . 575 J. C. Appley ---------·. 576 John Condon .... ____ _ 

577 

578 

579 

580 

581 

deo: I>.-rrlior-:lltoii:::: ~ Mrs. G. F. 'J'hornton. _ (On county road) .... Bur ley Bros. & Mc- Neii. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

,..; r.: ::::i (!) (!) .p .p 

(!) c:e c:e 

Year ~ ~ ~ 

Location. com- Class of .... .E .... Strata . 

pleted. well. 0 0 

~ ..c:l ..c:l .p .p 

p. p. p. (!) (!) (!) 

A A A 

T. R. S. Feet. Feet. Feet. 

16 21 14 ........ ....••••••.•.. (a) (&)" (a) •••.••••...••••.•.• 

~~ ~} ~~ ··is99-- E~:c~~:~~== 22 l5 ---i2- ·s-H:i>::~.-~~==~~==~~ 16 21 26 ·------- -------------- (b) (b) (b) -------------------- 16 21 26 B5 .......... ------ 10 - ..... ----- ------------- 16 21 22 1888 B5.......... 30 11 19 SHpC ----------·- 16 21 28 18H2 B5.......... 30 7 23 -------------- .... 16 21 15 1882 B5 ---·-· .... 9 

16 21 24 1894 B5 . ----- -- -- 94 10 

16 22 9 1880 B5 .....•.... 100 11 

16 22 4 1896 B5 ·----- ---- 52 10 16 22 3-10 ........ ... ... ...... .. (c) (c) 

--·s4· · s·: ~ ~~ :~:~: =~ :-_~::: 

89 LS ...... ----~- ----

42 s ----------------- (") -------------------- 16 22 3 1880 B5 .... ------ ------ 14 ------ ------------ ....... . 

~~ ~ 1~ ~~~g ~ ~========= :::::: u ::::~: ~&~~-==~~==--~~=~~ 16 23 8 B5 .. ------- ...... 12 ------ __ ·--------------- 16 23 6 1897 B5 ........... ------ 14 SHp ............. . 15 23 33 B5 .......... -----· 33 16 23 4 1899 B6.......... 85 30 45 ·HsB:P_jj_:_~: __ :_:_~~--_--__ : __ :_~_~_: 15 23 32 1888 BIJ. --- -----· 62 40 22 S 

15 23 33 1889 B6.......... 93 50 43 HpCSG ----------

~g ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~=~===~=~~~ '""75" rJ 30 tli~8~~~~~~~~~~= 15 23 26 B5 ---- .. ---- 23 21 2 HpC .... ----------

~g ~ yg ""i898" goa6~==~--=~~~ '"iif ~ 6 -~-~~:::::=~===~~== 16 23 12 1890 B5 ---- ··---- 80 15 65 -------- ··----------

~g ~ ~ --iooo-- ~ ~:~:~:~~== ·--7o· ~g --·6u· ·as iii'~:~=~~=~~~~~ 16 24 5 B8 ---- ...... 50 8 42 --------------- ..... 

~~ ~ & 1887 ~ =~~= ::::~: ---s4· ~g ---72· ·cwps--:::::::~::~ 15 24 33 1900 B5 .... ------ 75 12 63 CHpS .......... " 

15 24 29 B5......... 50 13 37 -------------------- 15 24 19 B8 .......... ------ 17 ------ -------------------- 15 2419 1891 B'i .......... 64 15 49 HpCS ........... . 

15 24 18 B5 .... ------ 15 (d) (d) ---------------·----

15 23 1311886 B5. ----- ---- 58 22 36 ------ ---------- ---- 15 23 24 -. . -- -- B5 ---------- 38 29 9 ------ -- ..... --------

~~ ~ ;i ~~~g ~==~======= '"7i" ~ 36 ~~~0=~--~~=~~---.:~ 15 23 15 1885 B6 .... ------ 84 50 34 LHpS .... ------ __ 15 23 15 1885 B5.......... 85 40 45 HpCS .......... .. 15 23 10 1900 · B5 ---- ...... 100 42 58 HpCS ----· ------- 15 23 11 ... ____ B5 --- ------ ------ 40 CHpS ------ ..... . 15 23 14 B5. --------- 80 35 45 ---- .. ---- ---- .. _ .. . 15 23 14 B5.......... 25 (d) (d) --------------------

15 23 12 B8 ---------- ------ ------ ------ ----"- -------- 15 23 12 1881 B5 ____ ------ 60 32 28 HpCS ---- ....... . 

15 24 6 B-----------.------ ...... -------------------------- 15 24 7 1885 I37 -----· .... 80 25 55 HpSC -----· ------ 15 24 6 B7 ---------- 30 12 18 ·-------------------

~! ~ ~ 1888 ~~====~~~~~: '"'97' ~~ ---85- -~-~~~-:::~:=:~:=~= 14 24 29 1885 B6.......... 40 20 20 ----------------··-- 14 24 30 B5 .......... 100 20 I 80 -----·-------------- 14 23 26 1897 B6 __________ 90 271 63 HpCS .......... .. 

14 23 9 1899 D----------- 18 14 ---·-- G ................ . 

u 

14 22 

~ ~ 17 1898 ~~~g B2 ~r~==~==~== .......... ---:-

------ ~ 12 ------

--- ~- =~=~==~~~~~===~===: -------------------· 14 19 8 1894 B2 ---------- 60 ------ ------ -------------------- 14 19 18 1893 Blt --------- 85 6 79 -------------------- 14 18 12 1881 B2 .......... 70 8 62 -------------------- 14 1s 14 1s94 B2__________ ______ s ______ s _______________ __ 14 18 26 1894 B2 ----··--·· ...... ·8 ------ S ----------- ...... 14 18 26 B2.......... 21 9 12 ·---------· --------

14 19 30 1893 B2.......... 80 8 72 . -·-------·-·------ 14 19 29 1893 B:3__________ 90 10 80 HpSC ----------·· 

14 19 28 B7 ---------- ...... 7 ------ --------------··---· 14 19 22 B2 ---·------ ...... 5 ------ S ----------- -----

a Lagoon water 11 feet below. b Swale water 10 feet below. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and King.~ counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Oostof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. 

71 

Use of water. 

~~~~~;:=== ~~~~£~:::::::===~==~ =ii6~;i~ --~:~- ~~~~g~~~=:~~=~ ~==~~~ ~~~~~~~=~:~~~=~==~=:= ----i~ ·s<>ii :::::: ·:Hand~===~:::::::::: :::::: =~ ---3.-25- -iioo<i::::::::::: :::: ·:n;;m_;-si:::::::~:::::: ----i3 

·s<>it =~==== :~~g_ =====~===:==== ======: ~ . --~~?~- ~==~=a~::::::====~=:: ~===~a~:===~~:~:::::::: ~ -- .... do ____ 14 wind.------------ ------ __ ·------- .... do------------ __ ........ do-----~---------- 15 ..... do ...... 8wind .............. -------- 50.00 ._ ..... do .................... do................ 14 ..... do .... Hand _______________ -------· ·------- ........ do·------------· ...... do----------------- 8 ____ .do ____ ...... do •....• ------ __ -----· __ 3. 50 ____ .do .... ·----- ________ .. do ____ .... ____ .... 8 

· s0it :::::: -:Hand~=========~:::: ::::::: ~ -··4:5o- -Goo<i::::~:::::.·===~ ·:n;;ill; -8i:::~:::: :::::: ---··s ____ .do ......... do---------- ____ -------- 3.50 ..... do .................... do---------------- 17 ..... do .... Wind------------------------------ ..... do----·-···----- ..... do................... 24 ..... do ____ Hand ........ ------ __ -------- ____ ... __ ..... do------ .... ____ ----.do---- ____ -------- 17 ..... do ......... do .............. -------- 12.00 Small-----·-------- ..... do................. 14 ...... do ......... do .............. -------- ________ Good ..................... do---------------- 16 

Hard .......... do .. ____________ 67.00 11.00 _____ do ................... do................ 14 

Soft.----- Wind -----· -------- -------- ------ ______ .do------ ____ ......... do ____ ............ 12 

Hard. ____ Hand ............... --·--·-- 100.00 ..... do ................... do ... ------------ 15 

Soft ........... do ______________ ......... ------- ...... do ................... do................ 12 

Hard. ____ Wind------·------- ...................... do .............. _____ do................ 26 

..... do .... Hand ...................... _ 4.25 ---- do-------------- ...... do................. 12 

Soft------ ..... do __ ...... _ .......... __ ........ _____ .. do ...... ____ ......... do................. ·11 ..... ... ..... Rope ___ ............ ________ ........ __ ... do ...... -------- ..... do---------------- .... .. Soft. ..... Hand; horse......... 80.00 -------- ..... do ................... do ....... ---------- 8 ..... do .... Hand ............. __ -------· ________ ....... do ....... -------- ...... do---------------- 13 

Hard ............ do ................ 36.00 3.50 ....... do .................... do................. 14 ..... do ......... do .................. -------- 5.00 ...... do ................... do................ 12 ..... do .......... do ................ ________ 5.00 _____ do-------------- ....... do................ 31 

Soft ........... do ............... 40.00 3.50 ... · ... do-----·-------- ..... do................. 13 ..... do .......... do ............... 30.00 3.50 ........ do ...................... do................... 12 ...... do .... _____ do--------------........ 3.50 ..... do ................ Dom -----------·----- 14 ...... do .... Wind-------------- ________ ·----· __ ..... do ............... Dom; st ................... .. ----do ............ do ______________ -------- ________ ..... do _________ , ____ ..... do---------------- 12 

..... do ____ Water; hand ........ -------- 6.0C ...... do ..................... do---------------- 12 ..... do .... 12wind ............. -------- ........ __ .. do .............. Stock--------------·- 11 ..... do .... Hand ............. __ -------- 5.00 _____ do .. ------------ Dom; st .... ------____ 12 ..... do ____ ..... do ............... ---------------- ..... do ..... -4--------- ....... do................. 19 ...... do .... Wind .............. --------·------- ...... do ....................... do................ 13 

Hard ............ do-------------- 84.00 100.00 ....... do ______ ............... do------............ 16 ..... do .... 8wind ................. 80.00 70.00 _____ do ..................... do................ 14 -- ... do .... Hand ............... --------- ............. do ................... do................... 10 ..... do .......... do ................ -------- ________ ..... do ______________ ....... do................ 14 ..... do .... 14wind ............. _______________ ...... do .................... do................. 10 ..... do .... 8wind ------------- ---·----- 47.00 _____ do ______________ ...... do..................... 11 

..... do ...... Wind-------------- ........ -------- ..... do .............. Stock---------------- 8 ......... do ____ ...... do-------------- ________________ ·--- .do-----------·-- Dom; st._____________ 12 ....... do .... Hand ....................... -------- ____ do ______________ ...... do................. 10 ..... do ____ 12wind ------·----- 80.00 -------- ...... do ..................... do .................... :. 13 ..... do ..... Hand ............... ------- 4.00 _____ do ...................... do.................. 13 ____ .do ........ _____ do------ ....... __ -------- 5.00 ____ .do .................... do ....................... . Soft .......... _ .. do ........ ______ 97.00 3.25 .. __ .do ............ __ ...... do.................. 13 

Hard ...... 8wind ............... -------- ________ ........ do ....................... do................ 17 

Soft ....... Hand .......... ------ -----·-- 4.25 ..... do ........ _____ ..... do------.......... 8 

Hard ..... Wind ---------- ..... ------ __ . _______ ...... do·----------· __ ..... do---·............. 12 

Soft ...... Hand ...... ,................. 12.00 ...... do-------------- ....... do---------------· 11 ___ .. do ____ Wind -------------- ------ __________ ....... do-------------- ..... do-----------·---- 9 ...... do .... Swind ............... ________ 47.00 ..... do .................... do.: .... ·--------- 18 ..... do ____ Hand ................. -------- ....... _______ do ................... do................. 11 .............. ----.do-------- ...... ____ .... 3.50 ..... do .................... do ................. ------ Soft. _____ Wind ...................... ________ ..... do .................... do................ 8 ...... do ____ Hand ......... ------ ____ ___ 3.fi0 ____ .do ____ ................... do-----·---------- 13 

Hard;alk ..... do ................. 21.00 3.25 .•.. do ..................... do ................ _____ _ Alk .......... do .............. ________ ......... ___ .. do ..................... do................ 19 

Hard .......... do----------............. 5.00 ...... do ................... do................ 20 ................. ------------------ ------·- ____ . __ ..... do .................... do---------------- .... .. Soft ...... Wind .............. 24.00 4-7.00 ..... do ........................ do.................. 16 ....... do ......... do------ ...... __ 25.00 89.00 ...... do--------·-- ......... do ___ ------------ 21 

·sai£:·.==== "iiaiic:c:::~:::::::::~ :::::::: ---3:25· -fio'Od:~==:::~::::::: ·:n;;m_;-8i~·.:::::::::::: ----32 

cswale water 12 feet below. dNowater. 
72 STORAGE OF' W .ATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

~ ~ 

~ Q) Q) .p ~ :::l aS 

Q) Year ~ ~ ~ Class of ~ Owner of well. Location. com- well. .... 0 .... Strata. 0 .p 0 

.... 

0 

0 

z 

T. 

582 Mr. Harris ..•......... 13 

583 Lafayf:ltte Pearson . _ . 13 

584 Mr. Williams--------- 13 

585 S. H. Crane ...... ____ .. 13 

586 ------------------------- 13 

587 Kennedy & Owen .... 13 

588 California Bank ..... _ 13 

589 Mrs. Thornton........ 13 

590 ·----------------·------- 13 591 I ------------------------ 13 

592 Ed.Fergusc.n --------- 14 

59:} Siermg Bros---·------ 14 594 P.M.Hart ............ 114 

595 DavidAntres ..•...... 14 

596 W. R. Wilson ------ __ . 14 

597 ·------------------------ 14 

598 ------------·-···-------- 14 

599 Will McKenzie------- 14 

600 Bethel schoolhouse .. 14 

601 J.A.Roberts .....•.•.. 15 602 M.A. Colton .. ________ 14 

603 H.O.Marshall ........ 15 

604 ·········------------ ---· 15 

605 A. J. Wells •..... ------ 15 

606 H. S. Hulbert ...... ____ 15 

607 J.J. Wiley ______ --··--· 15 

608 Shafer Bros .... ------ 15 

609 D.C.McClarly ........ 15 610 H. White .........•. ---· 14 

611 G.L.Traber .......... 15 

612 Mathias Thomson _. _. 15 

613 H. F. Graper---------- 16 

614 HelgeLee ------------ 16 

615 Frank Hanson._. _. _ _ 16 

616 W. H. Seward ... _ .... : 16 

617 Charles Strid ....•.... 16 

618 Wells Anderson ...... 16 

619 E.S.Boot ------------· 16 

620 Mrs.A.Stober ..•..... 16 

621 A. B. Clark ........ ____ 16 6.-..'>2 S.F.L.&S.Assn ...... 16 623 N.J.Shadle ___________ 16 

624 N.J. Layton-----· ____ 16 

625 G.Bordson ............ 16 

626 J.A.BealL ......•..... 15 

627 J. M. Marshall _______ . 15 

628 Martin Miller ________ 15 

629 J.A. Milton_------ ____ 15 

630 N. Boysen . _ ......•. _ _ _ 15 

mn Milton M. West....... 15 

632 Sacramento Bank .... 15 633 C.O.Love. ____________ 15 

634 E.L.Jediker .......... 15 

~~ ·s:i>~R:.-:R."c~=~==~~===~ ~g 637 Kimble estate ________ 15 638 M. Bassett ........ _ . _ 18 

639 Aug. Weihe ___________ 14 

640 O.J. Ransom .......... 14 

641 Geo. Roeding .. _...... 13 

642 Balfour, Guthrie & 13 

Co. 

R. 

19 

1!} 

19 

19 

18 

18 

18 

19 

19 

19 

21 

21 

2'~ 

2'~ 

2'Z 

22 

22 

22 

22 

2'Z 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

2f~ 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

23 

22 

23 

23 

23 

21 

20 

20 

20 

19 

643 

644 

645 

646 

647 

648 

649 

650 

651 

652 

653 

654 

Judson & Stutson ... . California Bank ..... _ ..... do ................ . .J. E. Rawlins ......... . Philips estate ... ------ R.S. Wait ............ . C. H. Watson ________ _ 

Cal.S.& L.Assn ..... . A. P. Redding ....... __ A. Onesti.. ________ .. __ A. L. Cressy __________ _ 

13 19 

13 19 

13 19 

13 19 

19 21 

19 22 19 21 19 22 

19 21 

19 21 

18 21 

18" 21 

pleted. ,.d ,.d .p .p ~ Po Po Po Q) Q) Q) 

Ci Ci Ci 

S. Ji'eet. Ji'eet. Ji'eet. 

26 B5 ....•..... 17 14 3 -------------------· 

~~ 1892 ~¥ ==~~=====~ ··:m·· ~~ ""i4"" -~~-~~-=====~====== 

lrJ --~~~-- ~~=========: ----·- ~~ ==::=: -~-~~===~::=:==~:=~ 

~ ""i898"" ~ :::: ~===== 168 ~~ ¥~ ::::==~=== :=~~== -==: 19 1888 Bfi __________ 60 20 40 ·------------------· 

17 B7 -----· ---- ------ ------ ------ -------------------- 17 B5 ------····· ------ ------ ------ -----------· -------- 12 B2 ---------- 1U ------ ......... ____ ...• ---- 13 1892 B.IJ •..•.•..•• 90 10 80 LHpSC .......... . 19 B2 .......... ------ 10 ----·- SGS •............. 19 1898 B5------ ..... ----- 10 ------ --.----- .. ------ ---. 21 B5.... ...... 18 ------ ---------------- ... . 29 -------- -------------. (") (") (•) ------ ····--- -------- 28 ··------- ------·------- (•) (•) 13 --------------------

~ --isss-· R~~==: = ~::=: 54 ~f _ -~~-- :: :=::=: :::::::=:::: 

3 1892 B6...... .... 85 14 71 --------------- ---· 35 1900 B5...... .... 58 ____________ cs _______________ _ 11 B5 ------ ____ _ _____ 14 ------ ------ -----· .... ---· 

~ --i883-· ~~ ~=====: 52 ~~ --40-- ·s·=:·.::~~~=====:::: 9 1879 B5 .......... 72 10 62 8-----------------

t~ --iss6·- ~ :::: ====:= --7&-- ig ··54·· ·s·: :=:::::::: ====== 

2',v 1881 B6 ---------- 65 15 50 CHpS ------·· ---- 27 1892 Dr2 _________ 32 10 22 S -------,--------- 26 1877 B5 .......... 60 15 45 

35 1892 B5 .... ------ ------ 14 ·----- ·------------------- 2 1888 B6 .. ___ ----- 48 13 35 cs _______________ _ 14- 1890 B5 ..... _ .. _ _ _ 13 .. _... . ... ________ . _. _. __ _ 

13 1889 B5 .. _______ . 40 15 2.5 S .. -----.----- ---- 13 1893 B5 ... __ ---- 45 15 30 LSHp -----· __ ---- 23 1892 B5 .......... 30 12 18 GS -·------------- 26 1888 B5 .... ------ 40 20 20 HpCS ------------ 30 1888 B5 ____ ------ 52 25 27 CHpS _ .......... _ 

f~ 1889 -~~~~:~~~~=: --~~--1 ~~ --~-- -~~~~~-=~~====:=~ H3 1886 B5. ... ...... 70 ; 1!) 55 HpCS .... ---- __ _ 

1~ ts~~ BB55====·-=:=·--_ ~ I ~ 40 1 HpCS ____ ·------- " 44 HpCS .. ---------· 

~ i~~s BB5

5 ===~=~=:·_-_ 40 1 H 26 LHpSC _________ _ J.JHp8CHp .. -----

30 1880 B5 __________ 70 20 50 LHpCS ---------- 29 1881 B6. _________ 1116 I 3e 86 HpCS -----------

~ ~~~i ~t::=::::== ~ : ~ }!~~~-==----==:--~~== 

19 1885 B5 ...•...... 53 30 23 HpS.... • 21 1891 B5 ....•..... 451' 40 5 S------·----------

18 1885 B6.......... 30 25 5 HpS .... :===-==:== 13 1884 B5 .......... 59 2.11 34 HpCS ........••.. 

~ ~g====:·.:::· ::::::: ~ ====== ==::~=======~:====== 7 B6 ---------- 60 35 

14 1il98 B5 .... ------ 44 10 5 1897 B2 -~---- ____ 35 7 

25 

34 

28 

SCHP----------·· 

sc --------------- LHpSC -------·-· 6 B.......... ...... 9 

31 1900 B5 __________ 93 12 81 ·a--Hvs·:=::::====== 

25 1888 B5 ................. 24 ------ -------------------· 

35 B8 ---------- ------ 6 1883 B7 .••••• ____ 115 

11 1897 B5 ------ ____ 83 

11 1882 B7 ------ ---· 112 

1 1882 B6 ---------- 42 7 1895 B5 ---------- 40 

13 1878 B6 ------ .... 40 

19 1893 B5 ·----- ____ 45 

25 1880 B6 -----. .... 55 

36 1889 B10 _ .... ~ . _ . 783 

36 B5 .... --··-- ..... . 35 1884 B ____ . ------ 2!) 

a Swale water 13 feet below. 

17 

60 

38 

38 

lOt 

10 

10 

8 

9 

(b) 

11 

10 

55 

4fi 

74 

31! 30-

30 

37 

46 

15 

LHpSC ----------

HpS ... ------·-·- 8 ................ . 

cs CHpS --------------- ___________ _ cs _______________ _ 

sees------·-----
LIPPINCOTT.] WFLLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA.. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of Costof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. 

73 

Use of water. 

Soft ______ Hand _______________ ---------------- Good.---------··---- Dom; st ___________________ _ 

=====a~~=== -Liftd~-====~~======== ====== == --~~--~- ===::a~:~============ :===:~~ :===~--==== ===~=: w ..... do ____ Hand _______________ -------- 6.00 ..... do-------------- ..... do------------... :4 

===~~a~~::: =~==:a~==::::=======~ :: :·.==== g: ~ :==~:a~=~~=======~=== -8to~- ====== =====~:::: ~~ Hard. ____ 8 wind ------------- $100.00 50.00 ..... do __ .. ---------- DDm; st ·----- .. ------ 32 Soft ______ Wind _______________________ -------- ..... do ______________ ..... do_______________ 12 

..... do ____ Hand.-------------- ------.. 3.50 ___ .do ______________ ..... do--------------__ 13 ____ do .... Wind ------ .. ------ ------ __ -·--- ......... do __________ ·--- ..... do __ ------ ___ ..... 12 ____ .do---· Hand ______ .. ------ ____ ____ 3.50 ..... do-------------- ...•. do------__________ 18 

====:a~==== ____ .do ____ ~r:a Hand _______________ ====:::: ====== ------.. _ -~=~- ~:88 3.50 1 :::::a~==:=========== ____ .do ________ ------ .•... :::::a~:::============: do---------------- 16 ~~ ..... do ____ ..... do-----· ________ -------- 3.2!) ..... do ____ ---------- ____ .do·--------------- 19 

·sort:~===- -iiit:iiii::::::::::::::: :::::::: ···3:o.r ·s·m-~ii .::::::::::::~ -n~n;;·8t:·_:::::::::::: ----i4 ..... do .... · Lift-------------------------------- Good--------------- Dom ------------- ____ 14 ..... do .... Hand _______________ -------- 3.00 ..... do ______________ Dom; st______________ 8 

..... do ......... do-----------·__ 30.00 3.50 ..... do·------------- ____ .do................ 10 _____ do .... ____ .do .... ------ ____ ---- ____ 3. 50 ..... do"----- ________ ---·.do------ ___ ------- 12 

-iiai-<i" :::: -iiiti;-d::::::::::·_:::: ··oo:ii>- -- ·s:«io- ·<ioo-<I ::::: :::::= :::: ·ni>iri;-8i:::::::::: :::: ----i4 ..... do ..... 8 wind------------- 79.00 200.00 ..... do---------- ____ .... do ____ ------------ 11 Soft ...... Wind---------------------- .... ____ ..... do _________________ .do________________ 8 Hard _____ Hand.-------------· .... ---· 3.50 _ .... do _________ ·---- Stock ____ .___________ 19 

Soft _______ --- Ao ---------- ---· .... ____ 3.25 ____ .do------ ________ Dom; st .•••.... -----· 8 

Hard _____ ..... do.------------- 4.50 3.50 ___ .do------------ __ ..... do---------------- 8 Soft __ ---· •.... do---------- ........ ---- 3.50 ..... do----------·--- ..... do------------- __ . 13 ..... do .....••.. do ______________ ......... 3.50 ..... do ___________________ do________________ 18 

Hard _____ ----.do-----·----·--- 36.00 3.50 ..... do------------ __ ..... do ______ .•. ______ 32 Soft ______ ..... do ________ . ______ ---·____ 3.50 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 9 

Hard _____ ..... do-------------- 30.00 3.50 ..... do ______ -------- ..... do __________ -----· 31 ------------ __ · ___ do _____________ 35.00 15.00 ..... do ...... -------- ..... do________________ 33 Hard ..... ____ do ______________ 22.00 3.50 ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 15 

Soft.,.. ......... do ______________ 30.00 -------- ...... do ______________ ..... do________________ 12 ..... do ......... do ______________ ----· .. 11.00 .... do ______________ ..... do________________ 11 

Hard ........•. do ____ ---------- 67.00 13.00 ..... do---------- ______ .do ______ ------ __ . 14 Soft ______ ..... do ..... ---------------- 9.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do._____________ 11 

Hard .......... do---- ____ ·----- li2.00 3. 50 ____ .do------------ ______ .do ______ ------____ 26 ..... do .... _____ do ______________ 44.00 120.0'J ..•.. do ______________ ..... do________________ 17 

--------- ... Wind; hand.------ -------- .. ------ _____ do------··--- ________ .do------ ______ ---· 21 

~:1~- _ ~,g:::::::::::::: iii;~ ]; ::JL:~~::::~::: -~~;~,;:::~::::~~~J tl ..... do ......... do ______________ 48.00 55.00 ..... do ______________ .•... do·--------------·1 * 

-~!l~ ;;; :~it.:;;;-i;~~~[~l ::~;~: ~L~:~: ::;; !! ::l;~;:;;;::;: • ~,,;;;;;:;;:;;:;~I I! Hard ..•.. Hand-------------- 22.00 4.00 ..... do ______________ ..... do______________ U 

Soft------ ...... do ___ ----------- 8. 80 3.50 ______________ ...... ______ .do------. ___ ------ 12 

..... do ____ 14 wind; hand----------- .. -------- Good ______ --------- ..... do------------.... · 8 ..... do ____ 8 wind ___ .•.• ------ 73.00 50.00 ..... do-----· ___________ .. do ______ ---------- 12 

..•.. do .... 16wind --------------------·--.----- ...... do ______ ------- ____ do________________ 11 

..... do .... Hand __ ------ ·----- -------- 6.00 ..... do------ __________ · ... do------ __ .. ------ 14 ..... do ____ Wind ____________ ------ __________ ..... do-------------- ..... do------ .. :.------ 26 Hard _____ 8 wind------------- 58.00 __ ------ __ .. do ______________ ..... do________________ 38 Soft ______ .... do ______________ ... ____ 53.00 ..... do .....•......... _____ flo________________ 16 

..... do ____ 12 wind ------------ 42.00 150.00 ..... do ______ -------- .... do________________ 14 Hard ..... Hand---------------------- ti.OO ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 94 

Soft------ ..... do---------------------- .. ______ ..... do------ ........ Dom _ .. ____ ---------- 40 ..... do---· ..... do------ __ . ____ --·----- _____ ... ____ .do-------------- Dom; st ...... -------- 54 

..... do ......... do·----·-------- 55.00 7.00 .•... do------------·- Dom ------- ---------· HI 

Soft; sul ------ ·----- ----------2,600.00 ____ .... 488,920 gallons----- Dom; irr ·----- ------ 14 Soft------ Hand ---------- .... ____ ____ 4 00 Good--------------- Dom: st .•...• ____ ---- 12 ••••. do ____ 8 wind_------------ 25.00 50.00 ..... do ... ____________ .•.. do------·-··-·---- 16 

bFlows. 
74 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

Owner of well. 

Year 

Location. complet6d. 

Class of 

well. Strata. 

•r. R. 

655 ----·-·········-·---- - 19 21 

61'iti -----------------·------- 19 21 

657 Fred Ward----------- 19 21 

ti58 8ilvan Fereira .... ____ 19 21 

659 Jno.. Bowers .. ____ .... 19 21-

660 W. 8. Burr-~---- ...... 20 21 

661 Mrs.J.Hide ......... :-. 20 21 

662 W.V.Walker ......... 18 21 

663 Maria Reynolds------ 18 21 

664 S.Badger ------------- 18 21 

665 Mrs.M.Camp ......... 18 21 666 W. J. Weir------------ 18 20 

667 Mrs. H. Bryant ___ .... 18 20 

668 T.L.Hanna ........... 18 20 

669 M.P.Hatch ........... 18 20 

670 G. E. Lathan ...... ____ 18 20 

671 ------------------------- 18 20 

672 R. M. Coon·--·-· ...... 19 20 

673 Jame:;; Wright ........ 19 20 

674 J .. J.Moss ............. 19 20 

675 Jno . .tlunlen .......... 19 20 

676 R. W. Dougherty _____ 19 20 

677 Mrs. E. Cory .. _... .. .. 19 20 

678 Fred Jennings ........ 19 20 

679 J. F. Florey .. .. .. .... 19 20 

680 G.E.Shore ............ 19 21 

681 L.R.Love ------------ 19 21 

682 W. W. Parlin ........ 18 21 

683 Martin Roberts ...... 19 21 

684 H.N.Hogle ---------·- 1R 21 

685 Wm.Hogle ----------- 18 21 

686 Mary White---------- 18 21 

687 Mike Dutra ........... 18 21 

688 Geo.l. Richie _.... .. .. 18 21 

689 H. E. Ayers ............ 18 21 

690 Mr. Page_ ........ _____ 18 20 

691 J.L.Kurtz ____________ 18 20 

692 J.D. Patterson ________ 18 20 

693 J.Sutherland ......... 18 20 

694 Frank Sharples. ______ 18 20 

695 R. H. Kearns ___ ------ 18 20 

696 J.Sutherland ..... ____ 18 20 

697 00---- ..... ---- ---- ------ 18 20 

698 T. P. Sutherland. _____ 18 20 

699 W.A.Long ----------- 18 21 700 C.Lathan .. ___________ 18 21 

701 ---------- .. --00-- ..... 18 21 

7112 Kimball. trustee ...... 18 21 

703 Mrs.M.A.Haws ...... 18 21 704 Jno. Wynrck ......... 19 21 

705 Mrs. M. Andrews __ .. _ 19 21 

706 J.R.Mullinix ......... 19 21 

707 W.S.Slavin ---------- 1!1 21 

708 Jno. Sigler---- ____ .... 19 21 

709 M.P.Rose ............ 19 21 

710 A.M.Stone ___________ 19 21 

~g I ~J!~~~ck:~~~==~~~::: ~ ~} 713 M. F. Mines ........... 20 21 

714 Mussel Slough C. and 20 21 

715 I. ';o. 

S. Feet. Feet. Feet. 

11 ......... Dr1t-------- ...... 9 ...... ------·------------- 14 .... .... B5 ...... ____ .. .... 10 .. ---- ............ ----.. .. 26 ........ B5 .......... ------ 9 ........................ .. 

rs '"i894'"' ~t:::=:.~::: soo ca~ :::::: ·a1L:::=:::::::::: 2 1900 B5 ---------- 44 16 28 cs .......... ----·- 12 .... ____ B _______ .... ______ 15 ______ us ______________ __ 

34 1890 B5 ---------- 35 10 25 . .. . ------ 33 1t~85 B5 __________ oo 12 24 ·as:_::: _:_: ____ __ 32 ____ .... B5 .......... ------ 11 ...... SC .... ------ .... .. oo 1880 B5 __________ 32 10 22 cs ______________ __ 3ti 1890 B5 ...... .... 40 10 30 SC ...... ---------- 36 1880 B5 ______ ____ 50 12 38 cs ..... --------~-- 26 1900 Dr2 ......... 42 7 35 cs _______________ _ 27 1882 B5 ...... .... 34 12 22 CSL ...... -------- 33 1897 B5 .......... 132 1+ 131 CS ----· .... ------

3.~ }~W ~t:::::::-- --52-- ~t --44 .. ~~ ::::::::::::::: 

10 1892 B6 ---- ...... 8 ...... sc .......... -----· 10 1888 B6 .......... 108 4 lOt! SC ............. .. 16 ........ B7 .......... 100+ (a) ...... SC ............. .. 15 1892 B5 .... ...... 139 3t 135t SL, SiltC ......... . 14 1882 B6 .......... 33 8 25 SCS ............. . 13 1883 B6 .... ...... 36 10 26 CS ............... . 13 1885 B5 ... ....... 40 8 32 cs ............. .. 18 1889 B7 .......... 40 10 30 SO --------------- 20 1890 B5 ---------- ------ 12 ...... s- ............ ----

~ }~g ~ ::::::~~~: --25-- 1~ --ia-- ·sc-~::::~::::::::: 25 1880 BL......... 75 10 65 CS --------------- 23 1897 Dr2 ......... 100 8 92 CS --------------- 2t 1890 B5 .......... 57 8 49 CS.b ............. . 22 1889 85 .......... 50 9 ...... CS.b _____________ _ 

21 1895 85 ---- ...... --0--- 10 ------ cs. bf ________ ------

~ }~ ~:::::::::: '"24" ~ '"i6"' 8~-~~::::=:::::::: 26 1896 B5 ------ .... 28 7 21 cs- ....... '!. ...... 

22 1892 B5 .......... 106 3 103 cs --------------- 28 1894 82 .......... 530 (a) ...... CS.b _____________ _ 

16 1898 B5 .......... 170 10 160 80 -----------·--- 27 1894 B2.. ....... 56 8 48 SC ............. .. 15 1899 B.~---------- 96.5 3 93.5 cs. b--- ----------- 12 -------- B5 .......... -----· 12 ------ -------------------- 13 ........ B5 .......... ...... 10 

18 ________ B5 .......... 33 6 --27 .. ·sa·:::::::::::=::: 

18 1890 B5 .......... 40 6 34 cs --------------- 17 1898 B........... ...... 8 ...... SC ............... . 9 ........ B ---------- ...... 8 ...... SC .............. .. 9 1891 B5 ...... .... 50+ 8 

2 1884 B7 .......... 608 (a) 

10 1882 B5..... ..... 60 10 

42+ sc .......... ·----- ~c ..... -----------~ "50'" sc .............. .. 14 1880 B6 ...... .... 40 - 12 Z8 sc .......... ------ 23 1895 85 .... ------ 35 12 23 cs ............... . 26 189'Z - B5 .. _....... 65 12 43 sc .............. .. 26 1890 B4 ................ 10 ........................ .. 

34 ........ B5 ................ 14 ...... --------------------

1~ . :::.::: ru::::::::: "35'" l~ '"22" 'sa:::::::::::::::: 4: 1891 B5.......... 83 14 69 so ______________ __ 5 ........ B5 ................ 21 ------ ................... . 

T. J. Smith ....... ---· 19 

716 E.G.Sellers ---------- 19 

717 E.Jacobs -·----------· 20 718 W. Blevins_ ........... 19 

719 John Hereford _______ 19 

720 Joe Whiteside_------- 19 

121 ------------------------- 19 722 Judge Shores ......... 19 

723 D.R.Nidiffer ......... 19 

724 H. V.Woodgate ....... 19 

725 Geo. W. Houston _____ 19 

726 P.C. Eccles ........... 18 

27 F. E. Wood............ 19 

21 31 

20 36 

20 2 2026 

20 22 20 26 

2035 

20.25 

21 19 

21 29 

21 21 

21 35 

21 3 

1899 

1895 

""i892"' 

1885 

1898 

1890 

1875 

1890 

1891 

1890 

BfL ......... 38 

B5.......... 52 

B9 ...... ---- ...... B6 _ ..... ••.. 40 

B5 ·--·------ 40 B6 ...... . ... 114 

D48......... 10 B6 .............. .. 

B.IJ ...... ---- 37 

B5 .......... ------ B5 •.. : .. ---- 34 

B4.......... 40 

B5.......... 50 

12 

12 

(&). 

]0 

11 

8 

7 

10 

10 

10 

12 

10 

8 

26 CS ...... ---------- 40 cs ...... 0--- ·--·-- ""30'" ·sa::::=::::::::::: 

29 --------------------- 106 cs ...... ------... . 3 cs ............... . 

--27'. ·so:~:::::::::~:::: 

22 

30 

42 

a Flows. 
LIPPINCOTT.] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings cm.mties-Continued. 

Qu~lityof 

water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof rna- well. chinery. 

Supply. Use of water. 

Soft •..... Hand ..••••..•.•.....•.... -------- Good.-------------- Dom .••...••••....... ..... do ......... do ........•...•.....••.. $3.25 ..... do .............. Dom; st; ..•........... ..... do .... 12 turbine......... ..... ... 130.00 ..... do ................... do ................ . Alk ...... Wind ................................. do ................... do ........•....... 

~~:d~==== ·s-w-ind-~~==~=~~===- ·~-~ --ai:5o· :::::a~===:~~=::.-:::: :::::a~=~=~~~===~~~==== Soft ...... Rand . .... ........ . .... .... 5.00 ..... do ................... do .•......•....... ..•.. do ......... do...................... 3.25 ..... do .....•............. do ........••...... ..... do ......... do............. 6.00 ..... do .............. Dom .....•........... --~---do ......... do............. 3.00 ..... do ................... do ............... . ..... do .... 8 wind ...... ...... 32.00 53.00 ..... do-------------- ____ .do----------------

Hard ..... Hand-------------~-------- ........ Small .........•......... do ............... . ..... do ......... do............ 50.00 4.00 Good .................... do ..........•..... Soft ........... do............. 21.50 4.50 ..... do .............. Dom; st ..•.•....•..... ..... do ......... do............. 20.00 4.00 ..... do----- -------- Dom ------- ......... . Soft;sul. .... do............. 69.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............. . Soft------ ____ .no. ______ ------ ... . .... 4.00 ____ .do------ .. ------ ..... do--·--- ......... . Hard ..... Wind .. ------..... . ........ ---·--- ......•..... ---------- ..... do.·----------·-·· .... do .... Hand .............. ~-------- ____ .... Good ...... ~--------- ..... do .... ------ ..... . Hoft ........... do ........... __ ~--· ............. __ ... do ................... do ..........•..... Soft; sul. ......... ...... ...... . ............... 5, 789 gallons ....... Dom ................ . Soft ...... Rand............. 108.00 4.00 Good ............... Dom; st ............. . ..... do ......... do .......... --~ 17.00 3.25 ..... do .............. Dom ............... . 

~ft :::::: ·wi:d; ·Iia.~tx ::::: ---~~--~- ---~~~- :::::a~:::::::::::::: ~::::a~===~==~~==~::::: 

~.~~~-~:::::-For~~::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::a~:::::::::::::: -~~~h ~~:::::::: :::::: 

Hard ..... Hand....................... 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................ . ..... do ......... do ...................... 3.00 ..... do .................. do ............... . ..... do ......... do............. 30.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............. . Soft; sui ...... do............. 50.00 4.50 ..... do-------- ........... do ...............• Hard..... ............. ...... .. 28.50 ............. do ..•................ do ............... . Soft ...... Hand....................... 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................ . 

:::::a~:::: :::::a~:::::::::::::::::::::: §:~ ;=====~~===~======:::: -~~~h~~=========~~=== ..•.. do ......... do............. . ... . .... 4. 00 ..... do .................. do ...........•.... ...... do ........ ~do ............. -------- ............. do .............. Dom ................ . Soft; sul ...... do~............ 99.00 ........ ____ .do~ .................. do ....•........... ..... do .... Artesian ........................... 482gallons ........ Dom; st ............. . ..... do .... Hand.............. ..... .... 4.00 Good ......... ------ ..... do------------ ... . Soft ........... do ------ ...... 28.00 ............. do-· ................. do ____ ........... . Soft; sul. ____ .do------------- 65.00 3. 00 ..... do-------------- .... do ............... . Soft ........... do ............. --------- 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................ . 

-aa.I-~~ :::: :~~a:-~~~~-~::::: --· i6:oo- · ··4:oo· :::: =~~::: ::::::::::: _ ~~~h ~~::::::~==~ :::: ..... do .... 12 wind ........... 20.00 65.00 ..... do .................. do ............... . Hard ..... Hand........................ 3.00 Good ............... Dom -----------·-··-- Soft ........... do ..... ------ ........................ do .... ---------~ ..... do ................ . ..... do.... .... .... .... .•.. ..... . .................... do ................... do ............... . 

~~~~;--~~~: ·iiaild:=~~::::::~::: .·~:~. --Too· ~~~*~~!~~~-~:::::: Pr~~~~!i::::::::::::: ..... do ......... do............. 41.00 4.00 Good ...... : ........ Dom ............... .. 

~ft~·.:::: ~=!~~-:::::::::::: ---33_-oo- §:gg :::::a~:::::::::::::: &~:;_~~::::~·-:::::::· ..... do ......... do............. ....... .. 4.00 ..... do ...... -------- ..... do ...... ---- ..... . 

=====~~====:::::a~::::::::::::::::::_::: ~:~ :::::a~:::::::::::::: g~:;_~~:::::::::::::: Soft. ......... do ............. -------·· 3.50 Small .............. Dom; st ...... -------· ..... do ____ .... do------------- ...... ... 3.00 Good .................... do ...... ------ .. 

75 

15 

15 

31 

23 

16 

92 

12 

14 

9 

11 

15 

13 

17 

8 

9 

15 

23 

24: 

13 

30 

72 

59 

14 

H 

19 

32 

10 

17 

59 

11 

15 

9 

8 

10 

9 

37 

13 

14: 

29 

13 

10 

12 

8 

13 

12 

11 

11 

11 

9 

21 

12 

9 

75 

13 

11 

12 

110 

31: 

32 

·iia.J.~~:::: __________ <·: _________ --·is~oo- ---4:oo· ·<i<><>i.i::::::::::::::: ·i>0ill;-8i:~:::~~::.-::~~ ----3i ..... do .... Hand .............. --------- 3.50 ..... do ................... do _______________ _ 

fi~~d ~~ =~: -iiail<i:~~:::~=~= =::: --·oo: oo · · · ·a:oo· ~:!I¥~. ~~~-s- ~: :.-~:: -===~a~:.-.-.-::~~==~::::: --- .do ......... do---------------------- 3.00 _____ do .............. Dom ----------------- Soft; sul. ...... -----------~ . 97.00 3.50 Good _______________ Dom; st ..... ----·--· Hard ..... Rope------ .... ____ ------· .. ___ " ......... do ...... -----~-- ..... do------ .... -----· -----· ...... Hand ______________ .. ------ 4.00 ..... do ______________ Dom ····------------- Soft ........... do, _________ ... _____ .... 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st .....•.... ---· .••.. do.--- ..... do .... --------- ..... _ ... ________ ..... do ______________ ..... do------------ .... Hard .... ~ ..... do ____ ------ ___ ------ ... 4.00 ..... do---------- .... ~ .... do .... ------------ Soft------ 8 wind ____________ ------ ___ -------- ..... do ...... ____ ......... do ______ ---------- .••.. ·do .... Han!l .............. -----·--- ----~--- Small ....... ~--··-- ..... do _______________ _ 

b Alternate layers. •()n high ground; 4 feet above average. 

33 

29 

22 

41 

37 

33 

16 

12 

13 

8 

9 

13 
76 'STORAGE Oil, WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. lN0.58. 

Owner of well. Year Location. completed. 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

Class of 

well. 

;g 

I!: 

~ 

~ p, 

~ 

Q 

Strata. 

~~~~-~~-1 --------- ---1----~-j --- -~ --1-------1 

728 

729 

730 

731 

732 

733 

734 

735 

736 

737 

738 

f~ 

Mr. Stewart---------- Ben Scribner ________ _ 

W. W. Robinson _____ _ 

Camp estate------ .... Mrs. H. F. Bryant ____ _ Mrs. Hunkey ..... __ _ Ger. S. and L. Bank._. 

W.H.Crowder ------- E. W.Clithero _______ _ 

W.D.Runyon ...•.... 0. D. Brown.--.. ..... ___ _ 

M.Ke1chert .. ------ R.P.Gray ------------ Mrs. D. Copeland ____ _ C. Manter ____________ _ 

S.J. White ........... . Chas. Feahill ________ _ 

J.L. Walker .... ------

Geo.Rich ------------- R. Burton ..... _______ _ 

Marriott & Mathus. __ Mrs.S. Wilson _______ _ Mr. Dunner. _________ _ 

J.O.Hickman .... ___ _ 

J. C. Rice.----- ....... . L.N.Gregory ----·-·· People's Ditch Co ___ _ A. J. Cortner ......... . Boston Raisin Co ____ . 

C. J.McCullah .. ·----- Mrs. Sutherland ..... . P. C. Phillips ........ __ _____ do ................ . I,ove & Chittenden _ . Timothy Page .... ___ _ ..... do ________________ _ 

C. H. Smith-······----

Timothy Page .... ··-- Crocker estate ____ ._._ 

741 

742 

743 

744 

745 

746 

747 

748 

749 

750 

751 

752 

753 

754 

755 

756 

757 

758 

759 

760 

761 

762 

763 

764 

765 

766 

7o7 

770 ~~ "¥.-~---~~~~~~~~==~~~~=: Banner Vineyard ___ _ 77l Hanford Co. Nat. Bk _ 772 Wetmore Bros_------ 773 J. M.Fox. ____________ _ 774 F. G. Ferreiro _______ _ 775 Alex. Taylor _________ _ 

776 Willow Grove schoolhouse. 

T. R. S. 

19 21 3 

19 21 4 18 21 31 

19 20 1 18 20 35 

18 20 34 

18 20 34 

19 20 10 

19 20 H 19 20 12 19 20 1 

111 21 7 19 21 18 

19 :J1 17 

19 ~1 8 

19 21 5 

19 21 9 19 21 8 

19 21 9 

19 21 32 

19 21 30 

19 21 28 

18 22 31 

18 21 25 

18 22 18 

18 21 13 

18 21 1 18 21 1 18 21 3 

17 21 35 

17 21 26 

17 21 27 

17 21 28 

17 21 33 

18 21 4 17 21 32 

17 21 32 

17 21 31 

18 21 6 18 21 8 

18 21 4 18 21 22 18 21 14 18 21 23 

18 22 ~ 

18 22 28 

18 22 22 18 22 22 18 22 24 

777b E.Y.Bock ..••........ 18 22 24 778 M.D.Fierra .......... 18 2213 

779 S.S.Cerderberg ______ 18 22 11 780 David Burris _________ 18 22 12 781 SacramentoBank ____ 18 22 11 782 Pike Clough __________ 17 23 30 

783 Chas. Barlow _________ 17 23 30 

784 E. Jacobs------------- 17 22 2.1) 

785 S. Sweet-------------- 17 22 25 786 Silas Simons __________ 17 22 24 787 David Burris _________ 17 2'Z 22 788 ..... do _________________ 17 22 27 

789 .T. W. Dawson _________ 17 22 35 

790 Excelsior school- 17 22 34 

house. 

791 J.R.High _____________ 18 22 20 

79'Z H.MarshalL. _________ 18 22 17 

793 Eureka School ....... 18 22 22 794 R. W. Morgan _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 22 15 

795 S.A. Thompson------ 18 2'Z 10 

796b MrH.J. M.Clark ------ 18 22 3 

7971 W.F.Fartner _________ 18 22 9 

f~~ ~o~:gsbL:~nd\v:c0: U ~ = 

1900 

-·isss·· 

1885 

1890 

1891 

1900 

1890 

1896 

1883 

1890 

1882 

1885 

1879 

1880 

1890 

1897 

1889 

1893 

1898 

1888 

1890 

1888 

1888 

1897 

1891 

1896 

1890 

1893 

1899 

1900 

1890 

1897 

1880 

1885 

1878 

1886 

1900 

1900 

1886 

1885-

1885 

1884 

1900 

1886 

1897 

1900 

1893 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1885 

1874 

Feet. Feet: 

B5 .--------- 24 8 

B5 .•........ 70 10 B6.......... 42 10 

B.---------------- 10 B6 .......... 60 8 

B5 .....•.... ------ 8 

B7 ---- -----· 240 ------ B5__________ 34 8 

B5 ____ -----· 60 6 

B5 ....•. ---- 122 7 

B5 .... ------ 40 4 Dr1t B6__________ ------- ------ 8 20 7 

B5.......... 35 'l 

--·· ·--------- 50 8 B.l) ______ ··-- -----· 7 

B5 .... ------ 46 8 B5. _________ 66 9 

B5.......... 30 7 

B5 .... ------ 28 12 B5 _____ .... 104 12 

B5 ---------- ------ 10 B5 ------ ___ _ 28 10 B5__________ 24 7 

BIL......... 54 6 B5 ---- __ ____ 82 7 

B5 --------- 46 7 B5.......... 38 H 

B.S --------- 52 10 B5 __________ 52 7 

B-ll ____ ------ 35 10 

BS __________ ------ 10 

B5 ..... ----- 48 13t 

B----------- ------ 8 

B5 .......... ------ 8 B5 ........ __ 30 8 

B5.......... 30 10 Dr2 _________ -----· 10 

B5 __________ ------ 10 

B5__________ 10· 

B6__________ 40 10 

B5 ---------- 61 9 B5 ••.••• ·--- ------ 8 B5 __________ ------ 8 

B7 ------ ____ 35 8 

B5.......... 8 

B5__________ 3b 6 

B5 .......... 40 7 B5 .......... ------ 8 

BL ......... 70 12 

52 

240 sc ... ------------- 26 LCS ...•.... ------ 54 cs _______________ _ 115 cs ________ ---· ___ _ 36 csa _______ --------

--13-- ·:Lsc~:~:::::::~::: 

28 - ·------------------ 42 Gat bottom ____ _ 

38 sc ··-- ------------ 57 8 ·---------- ·----- 23 sc ...... ------- -- 16 l:;C.--------------- 92 sc ________ -------

22 

20 

-i.."s·:::~~ :~:=: ::::: sc _______________ _ cs _______________ _ sc _______ , _______ _ 

s -----------------

-30-- :::::: ===~:::::::::: 

52 ·----- ------ --------

21 cs _______________ _ 

.58 cs _______________ _ B5 __________ -----· Bfi 9 ------ ------ --·----------- __________ 54 

B5 B5 ---------- 58 __________ 32 

B5---------- 40 B6__________ 40 Bs __________ 60 

B5 ---------- 35 l$.1) __________ ------

B5 -----· ---- il3 

B5---------- 40 B5 __________ ---· --

B5 .. -------- ------

B5. _________ 25 

B5 __________ 92 

B5 B4 ---------- ------ __________ 60 

B5 ---- ------ 66 B5 ---------- 62 B5 ---------. ------ B6 B6 ---------- « __________ 65 

8 

8 

9 

10 

8 

9 

8 

9 

9 

12 

8 

8 

6 

7 

46 

50 

23 

30 

32 

51 

27 

sc _______________ _ 

CSHP------------

LOS ............. . sc _______________ _ 

08.---------------

19 -------------------- 85 ------------ ·--- ·--- 7 -------------------------- 9 

8 

12 

8 

8 

8 

51 

58 

50 

36 

57 

·c;s:::: :::::::::::: cs _______________ _ 

cs _____________ .. SCQ ..... , ...... . 

"Alternate layers, 
LIPPINCOTT:] WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELT.A. 

Tulare, and King.<; counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Cost of rna- welL chinery. 

Supply. 

77 

Use of water. 

Hard ..... Hand ............... -------- $24.00 Good ............... Dom; st ... ---------- 9 

Soft; suL ..... uo .............. -------- 4.00 ..... do .....•........ Dom ----------------- 8 

-~~~~o-~=~= ~~== =~~ ~=~=== == :::::: _!':~~~- ~: && :::::a~::::::::::~::: :::: =~~ ~==-=:~~== :::::: tr ..... do .... Horse .............. 60.00 6.00 _____ do-------------- Dom; st.............. 11 ..... do .... Hand _______________ -------- 4.00 _____ do ........ ·----- ...... do ________________ ------ Sui; soft ..... do--------------- ________ ··------ ..... do _____________ ..... do------------.... 19 

Soft------ ...... ------ .... ------ 16.00 ________ ..... do ..... ____ ...... ____ .do ____ ------...... 19 ..... do .... Hand ............... -------- 6.00 _____ do ................... do................ 29 ..... do ......... do .............. 61.00 3.50 ..... do ______________ .... dO.--------------- 18 ..... do ......... do •............. ________ 3.00 .... do ______________ ... do................ 10 

Hard .......... do--------------___ ____ 3.50 ..... do-------------- Dom ----------------- 11 

Soft------ ..... do----------.... 12.00 3.00 ..... do ____ ------ .... Dom; st ...... ----____ 12 

Hard.---- ..... do-------------- .... ____ 3.00 Small-------------- Dom ----------------- 12 

Soft ........... do .................. ____ 3.00 Good .........••.... Dom; st______________ 12 

..... do---- Wind----··-···---- -------- ............. do-------------- .... do---------------- 11 ..... do .... Hand ............... ~.50 3.50 ..... do .............. Dom ----------------- 12 

Hard ......... do-------------- 33.00 4.00 ..... do------ ......... Dom; st.............. 12 

Soft------ ..... do ____ ---------- ____ ____ 4.00 . ___ .do·------------- ..... do .... --·--------- 13 

Hard .......... do----------____ 14.00 3.50 ..... do ________ ------ ..... do ___ ------------ 18 ..... do---- ..... do .... ---------- 54.00 3. 50 ..... do ................... do---------------- 35 Soft------ ..... do .... ---------- -------- 3. 00 ..... do ____ . _____________ .do------------·--- 14 

Hard ..... ____ .do .... ------____ 14.00 3. 00 ..... do------ .... ____ ..... do ____ ------------ 10 ..... do ......... do-----·-------- 18.00 4.00 ..... do ................... do................ 11 

Soft------ 8 wind---------____ 48.00 38.00 ..... do------ ______ ....... do ______ .... ----.. 11 Hard ..... Hand _______________ 41.00 4.00 _____ do·------------- Dom ____ ------------- 18 ..... do ......... do ______________ 23.00 3.50 ..... do ................... do................ 10 

Soft_----- ____ .do ____ .... _----- 28.00 3. 00 ____ .do _ --------- __ .. ____ .do. ______ -----____ 10 

Hard .......... do-------------- 26.00 3.50 ..... do------ ____ .... Dom; st. •.... -------- 8 ..... do ......... do ...... -------- 36.00 3.50 ..•. do ____ .......... Stock---------------- 11 

-~-~~~0-:::: ~~~==~~ ::::~::::.·:::: --~~~~- g:gg :::::~~ ::::::::::::~: g~:;_~~:::::::::::::: ~ .... ---- ......... do ____ .......... .... .... 6.00 ..... do ________ ------ ..... do---------------- 8 ------------- Wind-------------- -------- 4.00 ..... do-------------- Stock------.---------- 9 Soft ...... Hand _______________ -------- 4.00 _____ do ......... ____ Dom; st.............. 10 ---------·- ..... do .............. ---------------- ..... do ______________ ..... do________________ 9 Soft------ .... do ____ . ___ ...... ·-·- ____ 4.50 ..... do-----· ____________ .do ____ ....... ---... 10 

Hard ..... Steam .............. ________ -------- ..... do. _____________ ..... do---------------- 8 

Soft .... __ Hand. ________ ------ ____ ____ 3. 50 ____ .do------ __ ------ _____ do---------------- 1J 

Hard .......... do ______________ -------- 2.75 ..... do .............. Stock---------------- 10 

Soft. .......... do------ ..... ---- ____ __ __ 2. 75 ..... do------________ Dom; st •....•.. ------ 19 ------.----- 12 wind.------...... 31.00 30.00 ..... do------ .. ______ Dom -----· ....... ____ 8 

-~-~~~;;:::: :~~g~-~~-~~-=:=~~== =~:::::: "''3:56' :::~:~g:::::::::::::: gg:;.~t:::::::~:::::: 1g :::::~~ :::: -~i~~ -~~-~~-::::::: --~~~~- ---3_-50- ~~~Jl_:::::::::::::: -~~~~ ~~:::::::::.-:::: 1: 

Hard ..... Hand _______________ -------- 4.00 ..... do ______________ Dom· ----------------- 22 

~~:a:::::: :::::~g:::::::::::::: --~~~ §:~ :::::~g:::::::::::::: E~:;_~~:::::::::::::: :l 

----.do---- ----.do ...... -------· ---- .... 350.00 ..... do ...... __ --··-- Dom; st ........... -- Soft ______ ..... do...................... 3.00 ..... do ................... do ............... . Hard ........... do ...... -------- 39.00 3.50 Small ................... do _______________ _ ..... do ......... do .............. 37.50 6.00 Good .................... do ............... . ----.do---- ..... do ............ __ 20.00 3. 50 ..... do------ .... ________ .do----------------

Soft------ ..... do------ ____ ... 30.00 3.00 ..... do------------ __ Dom ______ ....... ---- ----.do .... ____ .do __ ........ ---- 40.00 3. 50 _ .... do.----· ____ ---- ..... do_-----------.---

~~td_: ~~ :~ :~~3- ~ ~ ~:::::: ::::: _ -=~--~ . ~: gj -s~~1: ::::::::::::: B~:; -~~::.-::::::::: :: ..... do---- ..... do-------------- .. ____ 5.00 Good ......... -----· Dom; st ............ .. ------ ........... do-------------- 33.00 5.00 ..... do-------------- .... do---------------- Soft...... Wind; hand ....... ________________ ..... do .. ____ ------__ Dom ____ -----.-------

------------ Hand ....... ---------------- o.5U ..... do-------------- ..... do----------------

Soft ........... do .............. -------- _____________ do .................... do----------------

Hard .......... do .. ---------~-- 13.00 ------ ______ .do-----·------ ____ .. do .............. .. Soft ........... do .............. -------- ............ ~do ............... Dom; st ............. . ..... do ......... do ........ ------ -------- 3.00 ..... do-------------- Dom .... -------------

-Aik~~-:::: : ::::~~ :~:::::: :::::: :::::: :~ __ -~:~- :::::~g :::::::::::::: B~:; -~~::::~:: ::::·.:: 

Soft...... 14 wind.------...... 30.00 ............. do-------- •••.•• Dom; st ...... ------ __ ..... do .... Hand.................... 3.50 ..... do ................... do----------------

Hard.---- ..... do .. ------...... 33. oo· 6. 00 ..... do __ ------.----- .. __ .do.-----.---------

Soft ........... do.---·-........ 65.00 6. 00 ____ .do __ .............. __ .do .•••••.•••••.•.• 

bOn higher ground. 

150 

141 

14 

30 

14 

16 

12 

12 

14 

14 

8 

12 

13 

24 

12 

lO 

12 

21 

11 

12 

14 

8 
78 STORAG 1!: OF W .A.TER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

~ ~ Owner of well. Location. 

..... 

0 

0 

z 

T. 

SOQa Montgomery Bros .... 17 

801 Mr. Jenkins .. ______ .. _ 18 

80'2 / William A. French. __ 17 

80.3 M. E. Templeton------ 18 804] M. B. V. Garcia _______ 17 

805 Mr. Van Dorset _______ 17 

806 C. W.Clark ----------- 17 

807 T. J. Alcorn-----______ 17 808 R.H.G- ____________ 18 

809 Frank Griffith .. ______ 18 

810 JoeRogers ____________ 18 

811 S. B. Hicks ____ ... ____ 18 81~ Perry C. Phillips _____ 18 

8Ia ~-----do _________________ 18 

814 ..... do ................. 18 

815 J. H. Murray ____ ------ 19 

816 W. Hampshire ______ .. 

1

19 

817 R.Abbot ........... : .. 19 

818 P. Sweeney----------- 19 

ma ~:r.-.Wdtc~~~e~~-~~~J l~ 821 Cal. S. and L. Soc_ ... -~' 19 

822 Harry Peacock------- 19 

823 E. Pichett______ __ ____ 18 

824 F. M. Hart------------ 19 

825 Cross Creek school- 18 

R. S. 22 34 22 4 22 32 ~ 5 22 29 22 29 21 36 21 25 22 5 22 29 ~ 28 22 33 22 35 

2225 

22 36 

22 12 22 11 22 3 22 14 22 22 22 15 22 9 22 3 22 35 22 4 22 32 

826 C. Waldorf. _____ ·----- 19 22 5 house. I 

827 Fred Dunn ...... ______ 19 22 7 828 M. Braverman .. ______ 19 22 9 

829 Evelyn Davis __ ______ 19 22 17 

830 Robt. Dougherty _____ 19 2'2 21 8.31 Eucalyptus school- 19 22 21 house. 

832 S.L.Worley __________ 19 22 28 

833 Robt. Doug'herty ..... 19 22 23 

8a4 T.McCarthy --------- 19 22 34 835 Mrs. J. T. Hereford___ 19 22 34 

836 H.M.Richardson _____ 19 22 34 

837 E. McCarthy __________ 20 22 3 838 Wm.Rourke _________ 20 22 3 

839 W.H. Heldebrand .... 20 22 10 840 .J.M.Moore ___________ 20 22 10 

841 Lakeside SchooL _____ 20 22 5 

842 P.McCarthy __________ 20 22 8 

~~I i~~~~~!ecreainer:V- TJ ~ J 

Co. 

845 Geo. Clute __________ ._ 19 22 31 

846 J.H.Deardoeff ------- 19 22 8 847 SusanHill. ___________ 19 22 20 

848 S.A.Brewer __________ 19 22 20 

849 Sacramento Bank ____ 19 22 29 

850 A.&J.Toomey _______ 1!' 2'2 32 

851 Wm.Northup ________ 19 22 :n 

852 Mrs. C. Brown ________ 18 22 15 

853 C.A.Roberts _________ 18 2'2 16 

854 E. Jacobs ______ ------- 18 22 17 

a On higher ground. 

Year 

completed. 

1900 

1888 

1899 

190() 

1885 

1900 

--i894" 

1880 

--i!ioo--

--i892" 

1900 

1899 

1878 

1878 

1889 

1880 

1873 

1885 

1880 

1876 

1875 

1875 

1888 

1880 

1900 

"'i886'-

1891 

1890 

1885 

1899 

1891 

1898 

1880 

1891 

Wells in Kings River delta-Fresno, 

~ ~ 

:::: (I) (I) ..., ..., (I) ci! ci! 

Class of ~ ~ ~ ...... 0 ..... Strata . well. 0 ..., 0 

..t:l ..t:l ..t:l ..., ..., ..., §' p, p, (I) (I) 

A A A 

Feet. Feet. Feet. 

B5-------·-- 56 

B5 ---- ----·- 30 

13 43 sea _____________ _ 

B6 ------ ---- 35 ~ [~ ·Eicf::~~~=~~~=~~~~= B5 ---------- -·---- B5 ------ ---- ------ 8 ------ --------------------

B5 ------ ____ 44 ~ "36'" '8(5'~==~~=~~~ ::==~= B5 --------- 60 11 49 sc --------------- B5 ------ ____ 42 11 31 sc --------------- B5 ----------- ------ B5 .......... 38 1~ · --26-- ·so·~===~===~===~~= B5 .. -------- -----· 11 ------ -------------------- B5 ........... ·----- 9 ------ -------------------

B5 ---- -----· ------ B5 .... ------ 138 1~ i26'' '8(5'~:=:====~====== B'l ---------- ------ B.Ii - -- . -- .. -- 43 B5 __________ 30 

B4 ------ ____ 100 

B5 ---------- 40 

B5 ____ ------ 40 

B5 ------ ---- 56 B4 __________ +22 B5 __________ 75 

16 

14 

8 

9 

8 

14 

10 

10 

9 

--29-- ·a-s·~==~~===~==:::: 

22 LQsCS ----------- 91 cs ...... ---------- 32 sese ___________ _ 26 s ...... ------------ 46 ---------------- .... +12 -------------------- 66 -------------------- B5 __ .. -- .. __ -- --.. 

B5 ...... ---- -----

B5 -----·. ·-- ------

9 ------ -------------------- 9 ------ ---------------- .. -- 9 . ----- --------------------

B4 ---- ...... ------ 8 

B5 .......... ------ 12 B5 ____ ------ ------ 9 

B5 .......... ------ 9 

B5 ........... 15 8 

B2 .......... ------ 8 

85------ ---- 30 13 

B5 ........... 30 H 

B5 _____ ..... 75 13 

B6 ---------- 40 11 B5 ---------- 30 10 B5 .. _______ 64 U 

B5 .... ______ 30 17 

B5 -- . ---- --- 34 16 B7 __________ ______ 15 

B5 ............ ______ 14 B9 __________ 600 (b) 

BtL ........ 750 (b) 

B5 ---------- 60 15 

B10 .. _ ------ 900 (b) 

B5 _ ----- ____ ..... . lO 

B.'L--------- 30 10 

B5 ---------- 54 12 B5 ______ ____ ______ 12 B6 ____ ______ ______ (b) 

B5 ---------· 30 12 B.L_________ ______ 12 

Dr1t-------- ------ 8 B5 ____ .... .... .. 11 

17 

16 

62 -------------------- 29 

20 

50 

13 

18 

~~~~:: -a·s~~:===~~~==: ~=:: 

--45-- ·so:~:::::::::=~~== 

------ cs ...... ------ ----

bFlows. 
LIPPINCOTT.) WELLS IN KINGS RIVER DELTA. 

Tulare, and Kings counties-Continued. 

Quality of water. Method of lift. 

Cost of 

Costof rna- well. cbinery. 

Supply. Use of water. 

Soft. ..... Hand .....•......... $28.00 $3.50 Good ............... Dom ................ . ..... do.c ....... do...................... 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............. . Hard .......... do .............. 17.00 3.50 ..... do ................... do ............... . Soft ...... 8wind ..................... 50.00 ..... do ................... do ............... . ..... do .... 12 wind; hand .......................... do ................... do ............... . Hard ..... Hand-------------- 22.00 4.00 ..... do .............. Dom ................ . Soft ........... do .............. 60.00 4.00 ..... do .................. do ............... . ..... do ......... do .............. 14.00 5.00 ..... do.: ............ Dom; st ............. . ..... do ......... do .............. ____ ........ _____ ..... do ................... do ............... . ..... do ......... do.............. 27.00 ............. do .............. Dom ................ . ..... do ......... do.............. .... .... 3.00 ..... do .................. do ................ . ..... do ......... do.............. .... .... 2.25 ..... do .............. __ .. do ...... --------·-· Hard .......... do...................... 5.00 ..... do ............... Dom; st ............. . Soft ........... do ............................. Small ............... Dom ................ . ..... do ____ ..... do.............. ........ 4.00 Good ............... _____ do ............... . ..... do ......... do .............. 40.00 3.25 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............. . ..... do ........ ,do .............. 22.00 3.25 ..... do .............. Dom .......•......... Hard .......... do .............. 50.00 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st ............. . Soft ....... · .... do ........... ~-- 40.00 2.25 ..... do ................... do ............... . ..... do .... Hand; wind............... 3.25 ..... do ................... do ............... . ..... do .... Hand ............... 56.00 ........ Small ................... do ............... . Hard .......... do.............. ........ 5.00 Good ...... --- ........... do ............... . Soft ...... 14 wind; hand ........................... do-------------- Dom ----------------- ------------ Hand....................... 3.00 .... do ............. Dom; st ............. . Hard; alk 8 wind ............. ...... .. 3.50 ..... do ................... do ............... . Soft ...... Hand....................... 3.50 ..... do ................... do ............... . 

___ .. do .... -~ •.. do.............. ...... .. 6.00 ..... do .•.•............... do ......•......... ..... do ......... do...................... 3.50 ..... do .................... do ............... . 

~~!t~;a~k~ ·s-wi~d-~~~ ~~~~: ::::: :::::: ~~ --4i:oo· ~~~=:a~~~~~~=======~= :~~~:a~:::::::::::~~~~= Soft ...... Hand............... .. ...... 5.00 Small ................... do ............... . ..... do ......... do...................... 2.25 Good ............... Dom ......•.......... 

79 

10 

8 

13 

11 

9 

8 

10 

11 

52 

13 

21 

12 

31 

50 

16 

11 

8 

39 

10 

10 

12 

48 

16 

28 

8 

12 

20 

lti 

46 

128 

226 

9 

Hard;alk ..... do...................... 3.50 ..... do .............. Dom; st............. 18 

Hard ................................................ do ................... do................ 14 

Soft ...... Hand...................... 3.50 ... ._do ................. do................ 12 ..... do ......... do.............. 40.00 6.00 ..... do .............. Dom ............ ..... 8 

Hard .......... do ...................... 20.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 1

1

4

Soft ........... do .............. 64.00 2.75 ..... do ................... do ................ . 7 .... do ........ do.............. 30.00 4. 75 ..... do ................... do................ 9 ..... do .... 8wind ............. 34.00 114.00 ..... do ................... do................ l2 

Alk ........... do __ ............ ..... ... 50.00 .. __ .do .............. Stock ..................... . Soft ...... Hand............ .. ........ 3.50 ..... do .............. Dom ................. 11 

. ~~~~OS~~= ~ ~ ~=== ~~~~== =~~~~= =~=~ i:~:~ : =~:·==~= ~=:::: ~===== =====: :::~ -~~~~ ~~~-~~~ ========~ i~ Soft ...... Hand............... 45.00 12.00 Good ............... Dom ...... .....•..... 15 

Soft; sui. Artesian ........... 1,900.00 .............................. Dom; st; irr......... 15 

Soft ...... Hand....................... 2.25 Good ............... Dom ................. 27 ..... do .... 8wind ..................... 35.00 ..... do .............. Stock................ 17· ..... do .... Hand.............. 30.00 2.50 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 29 ..... do .... 14 wind; hand ........................... do ................... do................ 18 

Soft; snl ............................................................. Stock................. 13 

Soft ..... Hand............... 22.00 3.00 Good ............... Dom; st.............. 19 

Hard;alk ..... do...................... 3.00 ..... do ................... do................ 12 ..... do ......... do .....• ~------ ....................... do .......•..••.. Dom .... .....• .....•. 11 

Soft ........... do.............. .... .... 3.00 ..... do .............. Dom; st.............. 11 

IRR 58-02-7 
80 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

In 1882 _Mr. C. E. Grunsky, then an assistant in the California State 

engineering department,, made a careful study of the Kings River 

water supply. In 1898 he made a further study of the district for the 

hydrographic division of the United States Geological Survey, the 

results of which are published as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper 

No. 18, which has previously been referred to and from which the 

f6)llowing extracts regarding the ground water are made: 

In no other irrigated region in California is the effect of irrigation on the elevation of the water table ~:;o plainly apparent as in the vicinity of Fresno. Here, 

notwithstanding the 6 feet per mile slope of the surface of the country, the subsoils have been and are being gradually saturated with water. When irrigation 

commenced the loss of water from canals in transit to lands to be irrigated was 

very great, and after reaching its' destination it was found that frequently enough 

water was put upon the surface of individual small tracts of land to have covered 

them to an average depth of· 15 to 20 feet in a season. Most of this water found 

its way into subsoils, together with the direct loss of water from the canals. 

When the first wells were dug at Centerville water was found at about 20 feet~ 

It is now at 10 to 15 feet below the surface, and will probably not rise much 

higher on account of ample drainage of subsoils and a comparatively free subsurface flow toward the low river bottoms. [The same in 1900.] 

Along Fancher Creek, where the creek is used as a canal, ground water was 

formerly at 50 to 75 feet below the surface; it is now at 12 to 20 feet along the 

upper portion of the creek, and still nearer the surface near the former sink 

of the creek, about 4 miles east of Fresno. In the Eisen vineyard, 5 miles east of 

Fresno, ground water is at 4 to 6 feet below the surface, and drain ditches have 

been constructed to prevent a further rise. Ground water is found at 4 feet 

pelow the surface in many parts of Temperance Colony, Nevada Colony, and 

Fresno and Central colonies. Throughout a considerable area near Fresno its 

surface is nowhere more than 16 feet below ground, though before irrigation commenced depth to water was 60 feet. Cellars which were in use until 1884 in 

Fresno have been condemned because ground water made its appearance in them. 

Near Selma and Kingsburg ground water was formerly foundtat about 30 feet. 

It is now at about 1.'> feet. [It was at 12 feet in 1900.] The so-called "Sand 

Hollow," which is a depression· 100 yards to one-fourth of a mile wide, 12 miles 

long, and about 16 feet deep, having a southerly course, and passing about midway between Selma and Kingsburg. was formerly as dry as the-surrounding plain. 

About 1880 the soil in its bed was found to require less moisture to produce crops 

than the adjacent plain; in 1885 water appeared at the lowest points of the bed, 

and in June of that year it had risen to the heads of ripening grain. Spots of 

black alkali now mar its bed and sides, which before were a light sand, apparently 

free from any excess of alkaline salts. 

Near Sanders and at points eastward from there toward Kings River ground 

water was at 50 to 60 feet before irrigation commenced; it is now at 20 to 30 feet. 

Here, as in the case of Centerville, proximity to the river, which lies 60 feet below 

the surface of the plain, may interfere with a much 'greater rise of the groundwater plane. 

In connection with this change in the elevation of the ground-water plane, it 

must be remembered that the effect of irrigation extends far beyond the points 

now under ditch. Owing to tho slope of its-surface and c9nsequent hydrostatic 

pressure, ground water has a slow but certain motion westward through pervious 

subsoils of the Fresno region, and may therefore ultimately contribute more or 

less toward the flow of Fresno Slough and San Joaquin River. 

At the time irrigation commenced near Fresno the soils and subsoils were dry; 

depth to ground wa.ter was 30 to 60 feet. The ground was porous, generally sandy, 

sometimes very hard on the surface. When wet it was converted into a bog. 
LIPPINCOTT.) GROUND WATER OF KINGS RIVER DELTA. 81 

Water passed through it readily into the lower strata. Thorough wetting compacted the soil and it was less liable to conversion into slush after the first and 

second wettings than before. It settled, as a result of the first wetting, about 8 

inches to 1 foot, on an average. Sometimes the full supply of a ditch would flow 

for hours into a hole formed by the breaking in of the surface. Cavities 20 feet 

in diameter and 6 to 10 feet deep were occasionally formed in this way, and had to 

be refilled after the first wetting. The stability of buildings was in danger when 

water was first brought near them. It is ~ot surprising, under these cir~umstances, that when irrigation commenced in this region sometimes enough water 

was run on small areas at one irrigation to have covered them 5 feet in depth, and 

that enough water was delivered to some of the 20-acre colony lots south of Fresno 

to have covered them to an average depth of 20 feet. After irrigation was practiced for a time the soils became more compact, absorbed water less rapidly, and 

a smaller amount of water passed into subsoils. At present the ground water near 

Fresno is so near the surface that the roots of alfalfa, vines, and trees readily penetrate to it and soils are kept moist by the water rising from below. Surface wetting has become unnecessary in many sections. 

By the rising of the ground-water plane near Fresno large tracts of land have 

been permanently moistened. Some are very thoroughly subirrigated, and in 

many instances injuriously so. Relief must be sought in some localities either by 

drainage or by proper regulation of the supply of water to the district whereby 

the elevation of the water table may be controlled. 

Without attempting to expre~s in detail the acreage irrigated per cubic foot per 

second of canal capacity or actual flow of water, it may be noted that the total 

volume of water brought to the vicinity of Fresno during the seventeen years 1879 

to 1896 would at a very low estimate have covered to an average depth of about 

0.8 foot per annum the entire 260,000 acres of the region through which the canals 

send their branches. It would have covered the 50,000 acres to whose surface 

water is actually applied to an average depth of 4t feet per annum, or to a total 

depth of 75 feet. Some of this water has of course been consumed in sustaining 

plant life, more has been evaporated, but the most of it still permeates the subsoils 

of the irrigated region and of the lands to the west. 

Pl. XXVI shows the regimen of the water plane near Hanford as 

determined by Mr. Grunsky. 

A study has been made of the amount of water that has been used 

for irrigation on the Kings River delta during the last five years. It 

has been assumed that 4,000 second-feet of water (the aggregate discharge of the canals), when available from the river, were diverted 

between March and October, inclusive, and that during the remaining 

four winter months 2,000 second-feet, when available from the river, 

were diverted for irrigation. From the tables of daily flow the following results were obtained, on the foregoing basis: 

Estimated seasonal diversion for irrigation from and seasonal jlo1p of Kings River. 

Season November 1 to October 31. 

1895-96-••••• -·-·· ·-·--------...... ·------. -------------- -·---- -- •• ---- ·----- 1896-97----------------------- -------· ------ . -----.--.---------- ------ ·----- 1897-98--------------------------- .... ---------- ------------------.------· -· 1898-99----- ------ --·----------- ------------.------------------------------- 1899-1900----- ..... -------- -----· ------ .... -- ------------ -----· -- ·- ----------

Five-year mean ___________ ------------ ____ --------------------------

Seasonal 

irrigation 

diversion. 

Acre-feet. 

1,070, 900 

1,198,691 

820,522 

996.307 

1,032,158 

1,023, 716 

Total flow. 

Acre-feet. 

1,852,425 

2,088,9'-U 

871J,079 

1,227,217 

1,281,051 

1,465,139 
82 STORAGE OF W .ATER ON KINGS RIVER, O.AL. [No. 58. 

Probably one-fourth of the amount diverted is lost by seepage from 

the main canals and their laterals. Prof. L. G. Carpente_r, of the 

Colorado Agricultural College, found that on Cache la Poudre River 

30 per cent of the water that was applied for irrigation returned to the 

river below by seepage. Still larger percentages have been found 

in Utah~ and the writer personally knows that similar conditions exist 

on Gila and Salt rivers in Arizona. If one-third of the remaining 

water applied on the fields for irrigation sinks to the water plane, we 

have a total seepage volume from losses in transit and from irrigation of 511,85l:S acre-feet annually. This great volume of ground 

water undoubtedly has a slow westerly movement in harmony with the 

surface slopes. This is indicated by the fact that there is a marked 

annual fluctuation in the elevation of the water plane, it being from 

2 to 4 feet higher about July 1, after the heavy spring irrigation, 

than in October, at the end of the season's drought. If a pumping 

system were put in to draw upon this water plane for irrigation purposes, a portion of the water pumped would be lost by evaporation, 

but probably one-third would return to the water plane. Thus if 

300,000 acre-feet of water were pumped the permanent withdrawal 

would be not more than 200,000 acre-feet, and the annual supply 

would be from two to three times that amount. 

From the foregoing facts it is believed that, a supply as great as 

300,000 acre-feet can be obtained with certainty by pumping from 

the water plane of the Kings River delta. 

The annual replenishment of the ground water is briefly discussed 

(pp. 87 to 88) in the accompanying report of Mr. Lewis A. Hicks on 

the generation and transmission of electric power and the installation 

of pumping plants. 

As there is a heavy loss in the diversion canals, as this loss increases 

with their length, and as the general movement of the ground water 

is with the slope of the country in a southwesterly direction, it is 

believed that the best location for the pumping plants is near the 

lower ends of the canal lines and at the westerly portion of the irrigated lands. If located there a portion of the loss from the canals 

would be obviated, owing to their shorter length, and at the same 

time the pumping plants would have an ample water supply and the 

lift for the pumps would be slightly less. If the pumping plants were 

located near the upper end or the center of the canal lines they would 

probably draw directly from the canals water which otherwise would 

flow to its destination by gravity. 

ALKALINE CONDITIONS. 

The water of Kings River is almost chemically pure. Its alkalinity 

is negligible. The alkali encountered in the valley comes from the 

soil, largely from a calcareous hardpan which is found in some localities. In rising the water plane reaches the point where capillary action 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

-----------_ ... , 

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL XXVI 

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PLAN AND GEOLOGIC SECTION SHOWING EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON WATER PLANE 

IN THE HANFORD AREA OF THE MUSSEL SLOUGH COUNTRY, CALIFORN lA. 
LIPPINCOTT.) ALKALINE CONDITIONS. 83 

continually draws water from below and evaporating leaves practically all of the dissolved salt on the surface of the ground. Anything 

that will lower the water plane will tend to the reduction of surface 

alkali. If the voids in the soil be taken as one-third of the mass and 

200,000 acre-feet of water are removed each year, then 600,000 acrefeet of soil are drained, equivalent to a depth of 2 feet over the entire 

irrigated area.. It has previously been shown that this amount will be 

resupplied from the river. Nevertheless the tendency of the pumping plants would be to prevent the water-logging of the land and its 

alkalinity. As the amount of pure river water that is added to the 

water plane each year is greater than the amount of water that would 

be pumped and partially evaporated, the tendency would be to continually dilute the salt ill' the ground water. It is believed that the alkali 

is caused by the rising water plane-, and it is likely that one of the 

principal provinces of the pump in the future will be to fight alkali by 

keeping down the water plane. 

Mr. Thomas Means, of the Division of Soils of the United States 

Departmentof Agriculture, has personally made a study of alkaline 

conditions of the soil and water of the Kings River delta. He has 

devoted a great deal of time and thought to the general study of the 

alkali problem, and his views are very valuable in considering this 

subject. He has kindly furnished the following for use in this report: 

The salt content of the waters near Fresno has been plotted. No marked lines 

of zones of underflow were found. The wells with the greatest amount of solids 

seem, however, to be in the alkali area and along the lower part of the valley. 

The wells in the portion of the valley north of Fresno are generally of lower salt 

content than the wells south of Fresno, yet an occasional well with a salt content 

as high as from 15 to 20 parts is found. 

The water table under the Fresno Plains before irrigation was commenced averaged from 30 to 120 feet below the surface. At present the average depth to standing water in the Fresno area, is ab::mt 10 feet, and during part of the year the level 

rises about 3 feet. Much of the area south and east from Fresno has the water 

table at about 6 feet, and during part of the year this level rises to within 2 or 3 

feet of the surface. The Hanford area of Mussel Slough eountry has the level of 

standing water about 8 feet below the surface of the ground. [See Pl. XXVI.] 

During the winter the level of this standing water rises about 4 to 6 feet, so that 

over a great deal of the country the water table is within from 2 to 4 feet of the 

surface. Here the salt content of the water is greater than around Fresno, averaging about 20 parts per 100,000, while a few wells contain over 100 parts per 

100,000. 

The salt content of the water of Kings River is about 8 parts per 100,000, the most 

of which is lime carbonate. The scheme proposed for the irrigation of the desert 

lands of the area with. the water pumped from below the land seems perfectly 

feasible to me and should. from the way I reason, lessen instead of increase the 

trouble with alkali. There is but one source of addition of alkali to the country, 

that is, the water which is taken out of Kings River for irrigation. This water is 

so pure and the salts which it does contain being lime salts are a benefit rather 

than a detriment to plant growth. For all practical purposes the only alkali 

with which we have to deal is the alkali which is at present in the soil. 

Alkali salts to be harmful to vegetation must be concentrated within the top 2 

feet of soil. Buried below this depth, or if evenly distributed through the soil in 
84 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. (N0. 58. 

quantities not greater than 0.4 per cent of the dry weight of the soil, no trouble is 

ever experienced in raising ordinary farm crops (except in the case of the carbonate 

of soda or black alkali, which is harmful if present in quantities greater than 0.1 

pet cent). If the alkali be allowed to accumulate near the surface of the ground 

the roots of the plants are unable to perform their proper functions and the plant 

suffers, fails to ripen the fruit or dies. 

There is a difference in the rate of upward and downward movement of the 

alkali salts. Experience has shown that the alkali salts move upward more readily 

than the same salts can be carried downward. This is because the upward movements are entirely capillary and the film around the soil moves, while the downward movement is largely gravitational and through the larger pores so that the 

film movement is small. This explains the reason why it is that even after large 

quantities of water are applied to a field of alkali salts may yet come to the surface. 

Since alkali rises mainly by virtue of the capillary movements of the soil moisture, 

the capillary powers of the soil and the clepth•to standing water are the controlling 

factors of the rise of alkali. By the capillary power is meant the rapidity with 

which the moisture will rise within the soil. A heavy clay soil will raise water 

by capillarity much higher than a sand or silt soil, but the rate with which the 

water is raised is so slow that the soil is said to be of low capillary powers. In the 

same way a sandy soil, although the capillary rise is rapid, the height to which 

the water rises is not great, and the soils are said to be of low capillary powers. 

Silt soils, soils composed of very fine sand, and loam soils with a medium percentage of clay are generally classed as soils of great capillary power. The alkali 

soils of the 8an Joaquin Valley are almost without exception soils of great capillary power. Other soils of the same area which had all the conditions necessary 

for the accumulation of the alkali salts at the surface, except the fact that the soils 

were of low capillary power, are to-day free from accumulation of alkali. The 

Fresno sandy loam, or white ash land as it is locally known, is of great and rapid 

capillary power. The greater part of the land has been injured by the alkali 

which it contained. On the other hand the Fresno white sand, which is found 

typically developed on the plaint;~ around Caruthers and which is of low capillary 

power, although it originally contained within 10 feet of the surface as much 

alkali as did the white ash land, is very seldom found tr@ubled with alkali. 

The second factor in the accumulation of alkali is the depth to standing water. 

So long as the level of water does not come closer than 4 or .5 feet from the surface 

of the ground, practicaUy none of the soils will become alkaline if cultivated. 

The reason for the accumulation of the alkali in the colony lands south of Fresno 

is that during part of the year the level of standing water comes so close to the 

surface as to permit continual upward movement and therefore rapid accumulation of the salts. White ash lands around Selma are found very fertile and give 

large returns where cultivated in fruit, yet an examination of these lands has 

shown that they contain within 10 feet of the surface as much alkali as do some 

of the alkali soils south of Fresno. The difference is this: the level of standing water 

at Selma never comes close enough to the surface (never closer than 6 feet) to permit rapid upward movement of the water. The consequence is that the salts 

either remain in the deeper subsoil or a.re distributed throughout the 10 feet. If 

ever the level of standing water around Selma is allowed to raise to within 3 or 4 

feet of the surface, large areas of now fertile land will be rendered barren. 

In this respect the scheme proposed for pumping promises to be of great assistance in the prevention of the further extension of the area of alkali land. but it 

promises also to be of great assistance in the reclamation of the lands already 

damaged. The pumps will be most active at the time the water table is ordinarily highest, and the amount of water taken from the soil will probably either prevent this rise or lessen its height. There is no question that if this annual rise of 
LIPPINCOTT.] ALKALINE CONDITIONS. S5 

the water table could be prevented and the level of the water kept at its lower 

position the reclamation of all but the lowest of the alkali lands would be possible 

without a great and expensive system of drains. 

Now the question is: Would the continued use of the water which lies below the 

land so concentrate the salt that it would in time contain too much salt for plant 

growth? My opinion is that it would not. You would be continually drawing 

the water from the depth of say 50 feet and applying the water to the surface of 

tbe ground. Part of this water would be evaporated, part used by the plant, and 

part would drain away to the rivers. The remainder would remain in the ground, 

but it would be continually diluted with the water which escapes from the irrigation canals and from irrigation and which now causes the annual rise of the water 

table. The absolute amount of alkali would diminish instead of increase, for the 

plants would take up some of the salts and another part would drain away into 

the country drainage. The concentration of the water would probably increase, 

but, as I have said before, I think the dilution of the irrigation water taken from 

the river would prevent this. If the water is drawn from a depth of 50 feet there 

are 15 feet in depth of water to be pumped before the same water is used the second 

time. Under ordinary pumping irrigation ten years would be required to effect 

this, and during thesE- ten years sufficient water would have filtered in from the 

gravity irrigation around and above to dilute this salt. Moreover, at seasons of 

very high flood the soils could be irrigated with flood water at a slight expense, 

since the grealr part of the country has been ditched. 

Most of this pplies directly to the Fresno country. Around Hanford the conditions would e slightly different, for here the rise in water table takes place in 

the winter; yet I can not see where this will affect the problem. 

To sum the atter up, I think the result of pumping, if the pumping be carried on only toiuch an extent as to move the water which is now lost by seepage, 

would be to i prGve the conditions rather than to increase the trouble from 

alkali. The w ter table would be lowered sufficiently to permit the washing down 

of the alkali sa ts, and the salts, instead of being confined to the surface layers of 

the soil, would~radually be distributed throughout the 50 feet of soil, and bythis 

dilution rende ed harmless. The lowering of the water table would be of the 

greatest assista ce to the reclamation of the lands already alkaline, and would 

probably perm"t this reclamation without extensive under-drains. 
GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND 

INSTALLATION OF PUMPING PLANTS.a 

INTRODUCTION. 

The generation of power from the waterfalls of the high sierras 

flanking the wide expanse of unused yet fertile lands which form so 

large a part of the broad San Joaquin Valley, and its utilization, 

through eh3ctric transmission, for pumping the irrigating water supply in the valley, is a subject which fascinates the physicist as an 

example, on a large scale, of the conservation of energy, and it does 

not lose in attractiveness when considered as an engineering possibility quite within the range of known experimental results and susceptible of exact statement as to the cost of developing and producing 

continuously a unit quantity of water. 

Several years ago the writer pointed out that the high load factor 

(the ratio of the average to the maximum load) which could be realized in the operation of a power plant handling a purely pumping 

load would reduce the cost of pumping sufficiently to make this 

method of water development economically possible, and as the result 

of the present investigation it is apparent t,hat the required investment per acre-foot produced compares favorably with the cheapest 

surface-catchment projects, and t,hat the annual cost of operating 

would be less than by any other method of extending the water supply, provided it is deemed advisable to operate the plant continuously 

throughout six or more months of the year. The very complete physical data which are available from the surveys, stream measurements, 

and photographs taken have made it possible to study the problem. 

in detail. It falls naturally into three subdivisions: (1) The possibility of power development on Kings River depending on the fall 

and minimum run-off available within reasonable limits of conduit 

length; (2) the -cost of generation, transmission, and application of 

sufficient power to pump 1,000 acre-feet of water daily for the irriga1;ion of lands between Fresno and Hanford; and (3) the possibility of 

developing that amount of water continuously from the gravel storage 

of the alluvial cone of Kings River. 

POWER AVAILABLE. 

The site selected for the power house is at the junction of the South 

and Middle forks of Kings River, at an altitude of 1,980 feet. rrhe 

diversion planned is from the Middle Fork, through 14,000 feet of 

continuous tunnel, with working adits at frequent intervals, delivering a maximum flow of 180 second-feet at the penstock, which is 680 

feet above the water wheels. 

a Report of Lewis A. Hicks. 

86 
HICKS.] ELECTRIC POWER AND PUMPING PLANTS. 81 

The watershed tributary to this diversion contains an area of 325 

square miles and rises to an altitude of 14,000 feet. The least mean 

monthly run-off during the last five years, which were years of drought, 

occurred in September, 1898, when the Red Mountain gaging records 

indicate an available mean flowage at the Middle Fork diversion of 85 

second-feet. Following is the mean monthly minimum flow during 

these five years: 

Mean monthly minimum flow of the Middle Fork of Kings River. 

September- Second-feet. 

1896 ----- ~ -----. -- -- -- ---- - . -. --- - -- . ----- ---- .. - --- --- -.. - -- . ---- 206 

1897 - ---- ------ - -.. --. ----- ----- - _·- -- . ----- -- -- . -- ------ --- - --- 138 

1898 ----- . - --- ---- ------ ---- - ----- -- -- -- . --- --- - -- --- --- - . -- -- 85 

1899 -- -- - -- - . -------- -.. -- ----- - ------ ------ . --. ---- -- . --- ---- -- 90 

1900---------- - -. -------- ----- ----- -- -- . --. ---. -- .. -. --- -- .... - 126 

In each year the minimum month was September. During the rest 

of the year the available flow was never less than 100 cubic feet per 

second, a quantity sufficient to generate the full load output contemplated. The recurrence of extremely dry seasons at more frequent 

intervals than ten or fifteen years is not propable and does not properly constitute a limitation of the plant to be installed. 

ANNUAL REPLENISHMENT OF GROUND WATER. 

A study of the water supply available for pumping, which has been 

fully considered by Mr. Lippincott, shows it to be ample to furnish 

the maximum of 328,500 acre-feet required annually by the pumping 

plants, and the supply will probably be much in excess of the demand. 

Experience in Kern County, on a scale relatively as great, shows 

that the water plane is maintained, notwithstanding continuous pumping, where the wells are in proximity to gra·v"ity canals, and that while 

the plane of saturation is lowered during seasons when the canals are 

deprived of water it soon regains its former level when the use of the 

canals is resumed. 

A careful study has been made of the data acquired by the extensive 

observations of the existing water plane in the Kings River delta, as 

revealed by more than 800 wells, supplemented by information given 

by wen borers familiar .with the district.. The average wells for 

irrigating purposes have a log similar to the following: 

Representative log of wells in Kings River delta. 

Feet. 

Soil . __ . _________ . _ _ .... __________ . __ .. _ . ___ . __ .. ____ .. _ . ___ . _ . _ . 7 

Hard pan or clay __ ... ____ . _. ___ . ______________ . ___ . _______ . __ . _ _ 2 to 8 

Coarse sand _____ . _ . ___________ . __ .. _. ___ . ______ .. ______ .. ____ . _ 10 to 50 

Heavy clay _ . ______ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ .. ________ . 30 to 60 

Coarse sand . _ ..•..... ___________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .. __ .. _ _ _ _ ____ . ___ . 4 to 6 

rrhe first layer of sand is generally found to be alkaline and is cased 

out, dependence being placed on the second stratum of sand, from 
88 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, OAL. [No. 58. 

which the supply is drawn through the open bottom of the casing. 

Under pumping such wells at first discharge considerable sand, m·eating around the casing a cavity of such dimensions that the entering 

'Velocity of the water is reduced to a point where its transporting 

power is lost. Where the clay roof is sufficiently thick to prevent 

caving these cavities may become very large and the capacity of the 

weHR be proportionately increased. A formation of this character is 

therefore exceptionally favorable to the development of large q nantities 

of water. 

The storage capacity of the area affected by the annual infiltration 

above the level to which the water plane might be reduced by continuous pumping is not less than 2,000,000 acre-feet. 

In the light of experience and of the data presented regarding 

storage capacity, rate of replenishment, favorable formations encountered, and the reabsorption of a part of the water pumped, the 

writer believes it entirely con~ervative to say that the quantity of 

water estimated upon in this report can be continuously developed 

from the gravel beds of the Kings River delta by the n1ethods outlined. 

PLANT PROPOSED. 

While the limits of this report make it necessary to omit many of 

the details, the general characteristics of the designs will be stated 

briefly before summarizing the estimates. The figures used for cost 

of intake, conduit, roads, bridges, and trails were prepared from preliminary surveys, and appear to the writer to be amply large to cover 

any probable modification of design or location. A description of 

the rest of the plant follows in order, from the intake to the pumps. 

SAND TRAPS. 

Ordinarily the water is very clear and carries but "little silt. Provision has been made, however, for trapping the granitic sand which 

is present in all streams of the upper sierras during the spring freshets, while the snow is melting. The saving effected in the erosion of 

wheel buckets and nozzles justifies this expense. The normal conduit 

velocity through the traps for full-load conditions has been reduced 

to a little more than 1 foot per second, and at the penstock the 

transverse velocity will be less than 0. 5 foot per second. rrhis has been 

cheaply effected by locating the structure in ~ne of the small lateral 

drainage lines intersected by the tunnel alignment at grade, and 

diverting the drainage around the open cut by means of a small 

training wall. Movable flashboard will make it possible to flush 

the settling chamber withou interferi wit~ the continuous flow of 

the conduit, and a by-pass wil equaliz the pressure on the flashboards. Flushing may be continuous when water is plentiful, and 

be intermittent or cease entirely when the flowage is less than 

required. A waste weir is provided for regulation and for use when 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XXVII 

LONGITUDINAL SECTION, PLAN, AND TRANSVERSE SECTION OF SAND TRAP. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER•SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 PL. XXVIII 

B 

DETAILS OF PROPOSED POWER PLANT. 

A, Section of tl,mnel; B, sectron of wasteway; G, plan of penstock. 
HICKs.] ELECTRIC POWER AND PUMPING PLilNTS. 89 

it is dtsirable to shut off entirely the flow from the penstock. Pl. 

XXVI shows a longitudinal section, plan, an.d transverse section of 

the sa d trap. 

PENSTOCK. 

As d signed, this structure is divided into three bays, from ~ach of 

which a pressure pipe is taken out. The bays can be separated by 

flashb ards placed in grooves in vertical buttresses, and the pressure 

pipes an be shut off by stop boards between the buttresses. rrhe 

tunnel enters the penstock in the center bay. The surface elevation 

of the ater in the penstock can be regulated by stop boards between 

the po tal buttresses. An overflow weir is provided to carry the 

m flow of the conduit when all outlets below are closed. Secthe tunnel and wasteway and plan of the penstock are shown 

XVIII. 

PRESSURE PIPES. 

hree pipe lines are designed to be 30 inches in diameter, of 

steel ates riveted in place, with full-load velocities of 7 feet per 

second and an effective head of 660 feet; requiring a flow of 100 

cubic feet per second to generate the rated output of the dynamos. 

Each pipe is equipped at frequent intervals with air valves of large 

area. The pipes are to be placed in a trench to a depth of half their 

diameter, anchored to rock in situ, and covered with rough rubble. 

A concrete thrust block is provided at the foot of each pipe, which 

tapers from a diameter of 30 inches at the thrust block to 18 inches 

at the gate valve (18-inch) in the power house immediately back of 

the nozzles. Each pipe feeds t,o a single generating unit, with 

practically no curvature in reaching the wheels. In case it is necessary, however, to feed two units from any one of the three pipe lines, 

this can be accomplished th:cough a 30-inch by-pass connecting the 

three pipes backof the thrust blpcks and not shown in the drawings. 

POWER HOUSE. 

In designing such a structure the endeavor should be to obtain, as 

cheaply as possible consistent with long life and utility, a safe and 

convenient assemblage of the necessary apparatus in such a manner 

that all working parts of the plant shall be easily accessible for repairs . 

and that possible future extensions can be made in conformity to the 

same general plan, also to concentrate the machinery, so far as is 

consistent with safety, in order to minimize the expense of attendance. This has been the aim in planning these works. 

The power house, as designed, is shown in plan, side elevatio11, 

end elevation, and transverse section in Pl. XXIX. It is believed 

that the intense summer heat justifies the substantial character of 

the design and that the use of the granite country rock will be 

cheaper than any alternative material offering results equally satisIRR 58- 02--8 
9t) STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, OAL. [No. 58. 

factory. Thorough ventilation will be obtained through louver openings in the roof ridge and by exhaust fans, connected with the cool air 

in the wheel pits. 

The pressure pipes and exciter branches are below the level of the 

switch-board floor, obviating the use of short goose necks on the main 

units. The tailraces provide a straight outlet for the waste water in 

direct line with the axis of the pressure pipes and offer head room for 

repair work under the wheel mounting. Work can be done on either 

unit without interference with the operation of the rest of the plant . 

. Wire conduits for the leads from the generators to the low-tension 

busbars and exciter circuits are designed with ample working dimensions. The reasons for t,he arrangements adopted will be taken up 

in connection with the several classes of apparatus to which they 

appertain. 

Hydraulic eq1tiprnent.-As designed, the water-wheel centers are 

mounted on the shaft on which the revolving fields of the generators 

are carried, dispensing with an intermediate coupling, and are fitted 

with interchangeable single tangential buckets. The shaft is carried 

in three bearings of the usual ring-oiling type. The wheel housings 

part horizontally at the axis of the shaft, permitting easy access to 

the entire wheel. The nozzles are interchangeable, equipped with 

deflecting hood actuated by means of rocker shaft and links from 

a Lombard governor belted to the generator shaft. ·rhe nozzles are 

also provided with a needle valve for hand regulation if desired. 

The exciter units, two in number, are connected directly to their 

respective water wheels, either being of sufficient capacity to provide 

exciting current for two generators. The exciter tailwater will discharge into the main tailraces. rrhe foundations for water wheels 

and generators to be excavated to solid rock, built up with concrete, 

and reenforced and tied together laterally with expanded metal and 

small I beams. 

Generators.-The generators proposed, three in number, are of the 

3-phase, 60-cycle, alternating-current, revolving-field type, with a normal capacity of 1,350 kilowatt~, or 1,800 horsepower, at 2,200 volts, at 

a speed of 200 revolutions per minute, and are on the shaft with 

the water wheel. The stationary armature in this form of generator 

dispenses with any adjustment of moving parts on the generating 

element of the machine, as the leads simply connect to terminal blocks 

on the armature frame to which the ends of the 3-phase windings are 

brought. The elimination of collector rings, made possible in this 

way, tends to higher generating pressures, with resulting economy in 

transformers. Machines of this type of 12,000 volts capacity have 

already been developed and are in successful operation. 

In designing these works moderate electric pressures have been 

adopted both for generation and transmission, with a view to keeping 

well within the limits of successful operation. As planned, the generating units are below the station floor, to permit the pressure pipes 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO, 58 PL. XXIX 

B 

PROPOSED POWER HOUSE. 

A, Side elevation and plan; B, tra"sverse section and end elevation. 
HICF:F' l 1_ -.EOTRIO POWER AND PUMPING PLANTS. 91 

to rL the wheels without unnecessary curvature, and plenty of 

working room has been provided around, under, and over the machines. 

A traveling crane provides means to lift and transport any part of the 

machines to any part of the building. The generator leads pass up 

from the subterranean working conduit behind the switch board to the 

busbars, where they are distributed to the transformers overhead. 

Wide passageways are provided around the switch board, which consists of a separate panel for each generator and one for the exciters, 

carrying the usual interconnecting switches, voltameters, ammeters, 

integrating wattmeters, fuse blocks, field rheostat, and synchronizing 

devices. 

Transjormers.-'"rhe floor or shelf on which the transformers are 

placed is of concrete and expanded metal, with working room between 

and around the transformers. The low-tension wires (2,200 volts 

potential} pass into the transformer coils on the rear, next to the 

wall of the building, and the high-tension wires (30,000 volts potential} are taken from the opposite side through a plug board equipped 

with long break switches, from which the wires pass back overhead, 

across the transformers, through glazed openings, to the external 

circuits. 

POLE LINES. 

The route seleeted for the pole lines follows in a general way the 

proposed wagon road from the power house to Millwood, and thence 

along the existing wagon roads to Centerville, in the valley below, 

for the purpose of insuring access to the lines during the winter, when 

the ground will be covered with snow. Beginning at au elevation of 

2,000 feet the line attains au altitude of 5,500 feet at Millwood, and 

then descends to Centerville, 45 miles from the power house. Experience in Colorado and British Columbia demonstrates that if the lines 

are structurally strong no interruption of operation need occur by 

reason of snow. Interruption has invariably been due to weak 

mechanical construction and not to electrical causes. Two pole lines 

carrying four R-phase circuits of No. 3 hard-drawn copper wire supported on suitable insulators to be built to Centerville, where a switch 

station will be located. The arrangement is such that each generator 

can be run separately on an independent circuit, or any number of 

circuits can be operated in multiple from a single generator, or all 

of the generators can be run parallel into any or all of the circuits by 

means of suitable connection at the busbars. From Centerville one 

line has been projected to Fresno and beyond and another to Hanford 

and the intervening lands. 

SUBSTATIONS. 

The extraordinary yield of the developed wells around Fresno, considered in conjunction with the depth to the :plane of saturation, the 

probable depth of exhaustion of the wells, and the economical output 

for Pach station, requires about 45 horsepower delivered to the motors, 
92 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

and the necessary size of the units suggests the use of 50-horsepower 

induction motors at 2,000 volts potential. The advantages of a large 

irriga~ing head have been obtained by grouping four pumping plants 

around a transformer st,ation 800 to 1,200 feet distant. Each substation consists of a neat wooden building provided with a radiation wall 

so arranged that the heating of the air in the roof space creates a draft 

through the vent provided at the top, which establishes a circulation 

through the walls of the building and prevents the air within from 

attaining more than the normal temperature outside. The transformer house proposed is shown in elevation and section in Pl. XXX, 

and a section of its wall in Pl. XXXI, B. 

The equipment proposed consists of 200 kilowatts of self-cooling, 

oil-insulated transformers wound to convert the line pressure of 

30,000 volts to a distribution pot,~ntial of 2,000 volts, at which it is fed 

direct to the motors without further transformation. An outside 

high-potential, triple-pole, double, long-break switch provides means 

of cutting out the suhstations for adjustment. 

PUMPING STATIONS. 

These buildings are of the same general construction as the transformer house (For elevation and section of proposed pump house 

see Pl. XXXII.) As designed, the equipment consists of a 10-inch 

centrifugal pump, with working vanes to suit the motor speed and 

height of lift, mounted in a steel frame, connected directly, with grip 

couplings, to the shaft of a vertical motor supported on the same 

frame above the level of the surrounding country, so that in case the 

pit is accidentally flooded the electric apparatus is safe from injury 

and the plant suffers no damage. The pits are curbed with concrete 

and expanded metal panels set in steel T-beam frames and bolted in 

place, with diagonal bracing at the ends to prevent racking. {See 

Pl. XXXI, D.) The wells are 12 inches in diameter, sealed into 

the concrete floor, and will probably require sinking to an average 

depth of 100 feet. The suction pipes are 8 inches in diameter, of 

hea·vy galvanized iron, riveted and soldered. Suction inlet to the 

pumps is provided in the form of a cross, so that four wells, 90 degrees 

apart, can be connected. If the two wells shown in the section of the 

pit fail to develop sufficient water, another well will be sunk 30 or 40 

feet away, laterally, and a fourth, on the opposite side, if it should 

prove necessary; these lateral wells to be connected by tunneling 

from the main pit, sinking a brick manhole over the well to the 

depth of the pit,, and connecting the wall of the pit and the manhole 

by standard screw pipe surrounded b.y 6 inches of concrete, back-filled 

solidly and terminating at either end inside of the pits with a bolt 

flange from which connection can be made . to the pump and vertical 

suction pipe. Priming is effected by closing the gate valve on the 

discharge pipe and exhausting the air from the suction pipes and 

pump with a mechanical primer operated with a taper friction from 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

I I FOUR 

SO K.W. 

UNITS 

ELEVATION AND SECTION OF PROPOSED TRANSFORMER HOUSE. 

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 68 PL. XXX 

1350' 

TO 

PVMI"HOVSE 

-~ 
Er" OGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. I 

c 

A B D 

DETAILS OF PROPOSED POWER PLANT. 

A, Friction gear for priming pump; B, section of wall of transformer house; C, plan of pump pit; D, details of construction of pump pit. 
iitcKs.j ELECTRIC POWER .AND PUMPING PLANTS. · 93 

the motor shaft. (See Pl. XXXI, A.) The motor starts idle, the weight 

of the motor and shaft being carried on a collar working on ball bearings on the pump head until the appearance of water at the discharge 

of the priming pump indicates the priming of the main pump. The 

opening of the gate valve on the discharge pipe permits discharge to 

begin, and the pump is so designed and adjusted that the static lift 

operates to balance the suspended parts. Each station is equipped 

-'ith an automatic device for cutting out the motors in case of a dis-

..Irbance of the line. Oilers are arranged to require attention once 

in twenty-four hours; more frequent inspection has been shown by 

experience to be unnecessary. 

COST. 

In the following estimate of cost wagon freight from Sanger to Millwood bas been figured at $9 a ton, and from Mill wood to the power 

house at $2 a ton. The figures used for the cost of the intake, 

conduit, roads, bridges, and trails were prepared from preliminary 

surveys, and appear to the writer to be ample to cover any probable 

modification of design or location. The delivery of constructicn 

material on the line of the tunnel and at the penstock requires the 

use of an inclined skidway and a small hoisting engine, which are 

included in the estimate. Several miles of difficult mountain wagon 

road and trails must be built, and a bridge be constructed across the 

South Fork at the power house. A screen of iron bars at the intake 

has been included in the estimate, also double screens at the penstock, to keep leaves and sticks from entering .the pressure pipes. A 

telephone line of No. 12 wire, strung on the power line poles and 

equipped with instruments and cut-out switches at each of the substations, has been estimated upon, while a comfortable bunk house, 

with double roof and walls, library, dining room, kitchen, bathroom, 

and complete sanitary plumbing, which has been included, is regarded 

as a necessary adjunct, and a small ice-making plant and cold room 

piped for direct ammonia expansion, which have also been included, 

would add to the comfort of the employees. 

Estimate of cost of power and pumping plants for generating and transmitting 

power from Kings River for the'utilization of ground water in the valley. 

Hydraulic works: 

Head works and intake_. ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $5, 500 

Conduits __ . __ . ________________ . ______ .. _ _ _ _. _____________ 184, 800 

Adi ts ____ . _____ . ________ . ____ . _________ ... ________ . . __ . ___ : 7, 700 

. Sand traps ____ . _______ . ___________ .. ________ . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ 1, 330 

Penstock and waste weir ___________________________ . __ _ _ _ _ 3, 478 

Pressure pipes (three steel pipes, each 30 inches in diameter, 3~ 200 feet in length, with gates and air valves) __ ... 59,691 

Hydraulic equipment (water wheels for the three generators 

and the two exciters, with governors, gates, and fittings)_ 27,000 

$289,499 
94 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. 

Buildings: 

Power house, foundations, and conduits_ .. ______________ . _ 

Mess and bunk house ____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ . ____ .. _. __ -

Refrigerating plant _______ . ____ . _______ . ______ . _- _______ -. _ 

Stable, workshop, and tools. __ . ____ . _. _________ . ____ . ____ . 

$15,738 

3,600. 

1,500 

2,900 

Roads and bridges __ . _ .._ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . __ . ___________ . _ . _________ . 58, 850 

Trails . _ . _________ . ___ . ___ . __________________________ . __ . _ _ _ _ _ 3, 300 

Electric generation and conversion: 

Generating equipment and control (three generators, 1,800 

horsepower each, two exciters for same, switch board,· 

instruments, and installation) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 59,705 

Transformers (ten of 600 horsepower each, 30,000 volts, with 

switches, etc.) _________ . ____________ . _ .. _ _ _ _ ... ______ . _ 33, 000 

Transmission: . 

Pole lines ( 45 miles of double pole line, four circuits to Centerville, 45 miles distant, and 40 miles of distribution lines)_ 267, 200 

Centerville switch house ___ . _____ .... _ . ____ . _______________ . 3, 000 

Substation transformation (25 substations, each containing 

four step-down transformers-onefor reserve-total capacity 266 horsepower, with switches, etc., complete, each 

station designed to furnish the power for .four pumping 

stations) _______ . ____________ . _____________ . ____ . ___ ... _ _ 73, 750 

Engineering and contingencies, 5 per cent ____ ...... __ _ 

(No. 58. 

$23,738 

62,150 

92,705 

343,950 

812,042 

40,602 

Total. _____ ._. ____ .. _ .. ___ .. _. _ _ _ ___________ . _ . ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 852, 644 

Pumping stations, 100 at $4,057 (consisting of 50-horsepower motor, 

10-inch centrifugal pump and attachments, cement-lined pump pit, 

four wells 90 feet deep, buildings, piping, etc.) . _____ .. __ 

Engineering and contingencies, 5 per cent. ______ ... _ .. ____________ . ___ ,,.. Total_ . __ . _. _______ . __ . ___ . __ • ____________ . _ . ____ .. ____ . ___ . _. __ 

Recapitulation: 

Power generation and transmission_. ____ .. __ . _ ... _______ . _ _ ____ _ 

Water development, i. e., 100 pumping stations_. _________ . _. _____ _ 

405,700 

20,285 

425,985 

852,644 

425,985 

Total. _____ . ________ . _ _ __ . _ . ______ . ____ . ___ . ______ . _____ .. ____ 1, 278, 629 

"rhe estimate on pumping plants is for a capacity of 5 second-feet 

each, or a total of 500 second-feet, per 24 hours, being 1,000 acre-feet 

per 24 hours from an average depth of '45 feet, equivalent to 365,000 

acre-feet per annum (365 days), making the cost of installation $3.50 

per acre-foot of annual capacity. 

The estimated cost of operating the plants is as follows: 

Estimated cost of operating power and pumping plants. 

Interest, G per cent on bonded indebtedness ____________ . ___ -_. ____________ $76,718 

Taxes, 2 per cent on 60 per cent valuation _ _ _ _ _ _____ ... ______ . _____ . _. _. 15,343 

Depreciation and maintenance __ . ___ . ____ . .. .. __ ....... ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25, 550 

117,611 
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 58 Pl.. XXXII 

PI.IMPHOI.ISE 

FUMF FIT I 

10' ---+------10'--

ELEVATION AND SECTION OF PROPOSED PUMP HOUSE. 
LIPPiNCOTT.] CONCLUSION. 95 

Power house: 

One superintendent ___________ .. ---· ---------------------- __ $1,400 

Three attendants at $1,000 ____ . _. _________ -- _ .. _________ ---. _ 3, 000 

Three helpers at $800 _____ . _____ . __ • __ .. __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ____ . 2, 400 

One laborer.___ _ __ . __ . _ _. ___ . __ . _ .. ___ ... _. ___ . __ .. _ .. __ -:. _ 750 

One watchman ______ . _ ..... ___________ . _. _______ . __ ... _. _ _ _ _ 750 

Horses and stable ______ . __ . __________ . ______ . __ .. _. ___ . _ _ _ _ _ 1, 300 

Oil, waste,andsupplies _________________ ---------·---------- 2,400 · ---a$12,000 

Pole line: 

Two linemen . _ . _ . __ .. ____ . _ .. ____ . ____ .. _________ . ____ .. __ . _ . . 1, 800 

Teams and supplies. __ . _____ . ____ . _______ . ___________ .. _ _ __ . 800 

Pumping stations: 

Ten attendants at $800. _____ . _____ . _ . ___ . ___ .. _____ . _______ . _ 

Two inspectors at $1,000 . ____ ..... _____ ... ____ ... _ ...... -.- .. . 

Horses, 20 at $150 ____ . _______ . _ . _______ . __ . __ . _______ . _ .. _ _ _ 

Oil, waste, and supplies_. _____ . _. _. ___ . _. _. __ .. ___ . _ . _ .. ____ _ 

8,000 

2,000 

3,000 

2,400 

Total operating expenses. ___ . __ . ____ . __ . ____ . _. __ . __ .. -- ....... __ . _ 

Administration and local·expenses: 

One general superintendent_. __ c .... __ • ____ • ___ ------ •• __ -- 2, 400 

One bookkeeper ___ . _____ . ___ . ___ . _. _______________ ..... __ . . . . 1, 200 

Office rent aud sundries .. _ .. __ . ___ . __ . ___________ ... _______ . _ _ 1, 400 

2,600 

15,400 

30,000 

5,000 

Insurance and contingencies __ .. _ . _ ... _. ____ . _______ . __ .. __ . ____ . _ . _ . __ . _ 5, 000 

10,000 

Total _ .. __ . _______ . . _______ . ________ ... ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ___ . _ _ _ _ _ 157, 611 

Considering the load factor of the pumping system, L e., the ratio 

of the average load to the maximum load, to .be 90 per cent, the annual 

pump output would be 328,500 acre-feet, on the basis of the use of 

the plant for 328-! days, and the total cost of operating woul~ amount 

to, in round numbers, $0.50 per acre-foot produced per annum. If 

the plant were operated fewer days each year the cost per acre-foot 

produced would be much greater. 

CONCLUSION. 

In order to appreciate the magnitude of the proposed development 

it may be compared with what has already been achieved with the 

gravity flow of Kings River. The flow available during dry years is 

the measure of irrigated acreage on which stable values can be main.: 

tained, since land with an uncertain water supply mm~t fluctuate in 

value as the seasons are favorable or otherwise. During 1898 the 

supply available was very deficient. I_.~ast year (1900) the profits from 

the raisin crop alone in the Fresno district are reported to have been 

more than $2,000,000, and this industry, as well as the fruit, stock, 

and general farming interests, is dependent on the riv~r, not partially 

but absolutely, for its existence. Practically all created values within 

the area served by the water of Kings River are sustained by its 

.. Operatives to pay cost of board a.t mess house out of salaries. 
96 STORAGE OF WATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAt. [No. 58. 

flowage, and the aggregate of these values runs into millions of dollars. 

Plenty of additional land, of even better quality than that now under 

cultivation, is available if an assured water supply can be provided. 

Making due allowance for seepage losses in conveying the pumped 

water, the annual amount available from the new supply would _be 

300,000 acre-feet, and the cost of supplying it would be only slightly 

in excess of the present charges for water from gravity canals in this 

locality. 

The conditions described exist at many other places along the eastern slope of San Joaquin Valley, where there are many square miles 

of unused land, much of it possessing as great natural advantageR 

as the tracts under cultivation at lower elevations, which a water 

supply would convert into a rich and productive country. Riverside 

is an example of what five years' development with water will accomplish. Notwithstanding the continued decreasing flow of the perennial supply due to the dry years 1895 to 1900, orange planting, which 

passed the natural limit of stream flow several years ago, has been 

steadily extended to outlying districts, and water development from 

well supplies has kept pace with the increasing requirements until 

the quantity available and the acreage served are much greater 

than ever before, and the best lands are now dependent on pump 

irrigation. 

General attention now being directed toward the advantages possessed by California, it seems probable, under t·he pressure of 

incre~sed population and the market demands which must follow, 

that another generation will witness the cultivation of every acre of 

laud susceptible of irrigation in San J oaq nin Valley, and in view of the 

possibilities herein suggested it does not appear unreasonable to 

believe that water will be provided for every acre that can be cultivated. 

SUMMARY. 

The import,ant results of the investigations on Kings River are summarized in the following table: 

Results of ·inve8tigations for water development along Kings River. 

Improvement. Description. 

Cost of installation. Annual 

Capacity, 1-~~~--c----~~-'1 cost, per 

iu acre- Per acre- f~~[.e~f feet per Total. foot interest annum. stored. and operation. 

Dusy Meadows reser- 125-foot dam ....•. ------------ 16,8f)0 $538,860 $32.00 $3.10 

voir. 

Pine Flat reservoir __ 140-foot dam-----------·------ 78,197 1, 750,000 22.38 2.06 Clar~s Valley reser- 85-foot dam ...... ------· ...... 120,499 1, 331, ()9...5 11.05 1.04 VOlr. 

Do---------------- 105-foot dam .................. 217,196 2,206,822 10.15 .92 

Long Meadow reser- 170-foot dam ........ : ........ 25,334 713,715 28.00 2.64 

voir. 

Pumping plants------ 328t days' operation per an- 328,500 1,278,629 3.50 .50 num. 

Do ---------------- 100 days' operation per an- 100,000 1,278,629 12.78 1.43 num. 
LIPPINCOTT.] UO.NOLUSION. · 97 

The last column of the foregoing table gives the cost per acre-foot 

per annum of water delivered to the lands to be irrigated, a deduction of 20 per cent of the water stored being made for losses by 

evaporation and seepage in transit. The pumping plants being 

located where the water will be used, no such deductions are made 

for them. 

The Dusy Meadows and I..~ong Meadow reservoir sites are not of 

special value, as better reservoir sites are available. The Pine Flat 

and the Clarks Valley sites, however, are both of great value to the 

Kings River irrigation districts. The storage work should be begun by 

building the Clarks Valley -1·eservoir with the 85-foot dam. This 

should be followed by the eonstruction of the 140-foot dam at the Pine · 

Flat site. The height of the dam at Clarks Valley can be inereased 

to 105 feet or more in the future. Water from these reservoirs eould 

most advantageously be applied to the foothill lands between elevations of 300 feet and 550 feet, where citrus fruits can be raised and 

where no water is now available. 

The estimates show that the cheapest supply in the valley can oe 

obtained by pumping with electric power generated by the river itself 

before it reaches points of diversion or storage, provided t.he pumping plants are operated at least half the time. ThiR pumped water 

could be obtained most cheaply in the lower valley lands, where the 

water plane has now risen to near the surfaee and where the longest 

diversions are necessary under existing canals. While the pumping 

plants might be used near the foothills the water supply there would 

not be so large and the lifts would be greater, but the lands redeem~d 

would be more valuable. 

During the high-water· stages of the river, which last from March 

until the middle of June or the first of July, an abundance of cheap 

water is now available by gravity for the irrigation of all· of the lands 

within reasonable limits which are under Kings River. At present 

the use of the water is needlessly wasteful during that season of the 

year. It is believed that if, in addition to this spring irrigation, water 

to a depth of 1 foot could be furnished to the irrigated lands between 

the first of July and the end of November it would be sufficient to maintain them in a condition for the production of any crop. Assuming 

that the pumping plants will produce 200,000 acre-fee' of water, there 

will be available from that source and from the Clarks Valley and 

Pine Flat reservoirs, with the lower dams, about 400,000 acre-feet of 

water. If all the water that is diverted by the pumping plants and 

the storage reservoirs should be put onto new areas it would mean the 

addition of 200,000 acres of irrigated land to the community. 

In concluding it may be stated-

(1} The capacity of the canals diverting water from Kings River is 

approximately 4, 000 en bic feet per second. 
98 STORAGE OF W .ATER ON KINGS RIVER, CAL. [No. 58. 

(2) Ten years' records of the river show that the average flow for the 

·month of August is 603 cubic feet per second and for the month of 

September 389 cubic feet per second. 

(3) The irrigable area is very great. 

(4) Probably the most valuable areas in Fresno·and Tulare counties 

are the foothill lands upon which citrus fruits can be grown between 

the 300-foot and the 600-foot contours of elevation. These lands are 

without water rights and can be irrigated from the reservoirs described 

herein. 

{5) Pumping plants can be established and operated which will 

furnish 1,000 acre-feet of water per day at a cost not much greater 

than that now paid for gravity water from the canals, to supplement 

the present summer supply or to extend the irrigated areas. 

( 6) The operation of the pumping plants will partially if not 

wholly prevent the rising of alkali to the surface of irrigated lands. 

(7) One hundred and ninety-eight thousand six hundred and ninety- -

six acre-feet of water now wasting annually can by storage be conserved at prices well within commercial limits. 

(8) A good water right will add $50 per acre to the value of dry 

lands in the valley and $90 per acre to the value of lands in the 

foothills. 

(9) All of the works included in the table on page 96 are feasible 

and safe from an engineering point of view. 

ACKNOWLEDGMEN.TS. 

Acknowledgments are due to Mr. H. E. Green, who had charge of 

one of the field parties and rendered excellent service in that 

capacity, especially in the arduous and dangerous survey of the 

canyon of the Middle Fork of Kings River, and who also assisted in 

the preparation of the estimates and plans for the dams and power 

conduit; to Mr. J. H. Quinton, who assisted, as consulting engineer, 

in preparing the plans and estimates; to Mr. Lewis A. Hicks, who 

made the estimates of the cost of installing the electrical machinery 

and the pumping plants, which from his experience in that line of 

work on Kern River are of special value; to Mr. Thomas Means, 

assistant in the Pivision of Soils of the United States Department of 

Agriculture, who has given valuable information concerning the alkali 

conditions; to Mr. E. G. Hamilton, topographer from the United States 

Geological Survey, who was in charge of the reconnaissance pa!·ty; to 

Mr. Louis Mesmer, who compiled the data concerning the wells and 

the tests thereof; and to Messrs. W. H. Ingells and L. A. Nares, who 

have furnished a great deal of general information concerning the 

local conditions and the irrigated areas. 
ADDENDA. 

In the summer of 1901 a series of measurements of some of the 

canals taking water from the north bank of Kings River and east of 

Centerville were made for Mr. L. A. Nares, general agent of the Fresno 

canal. This is nineteen years subsequent to the measurements made 

by Mr. Grunsky, and the results are in marked contrast with those 

obtained by him. Evidently the continued irrigation practiced during the interval has raised the ground-water level so th~t it is largely 

supporting the water in transit in the canals. While in some instances gains in t.he volume of water are reported, it is believed by 

the writer that these ... must be the exception instead of the rule, for 

the . canals are normally higher than the lands irrigated, and there 

can not be a gain unless the plane of saturation is higher than the 

surface of the flowing water. 

These measurements are of interest, but owing to continued diurnal 

fluctuations in both the river and the canals absolute results can only 

be obtained by continuous records of water heights at rating stations. 

Summary of measurements made in Kings River canals in August and September, 

1901, to determine loss or gain by seepage and e'L•aporation. 

No. of measurement. Name of canal. Locality. Distance. Gain or loss. 

Miles. Sec.-feet. Per cent. 1 CentervilleaudKingsburg Centerville to Sanger_______ 7 -20.00 - 5 

canal. 

2 Fowler Switch canal.------ Centerville to Collins Gate_ 9 + 6.00 + 2 

3 ..... do----------------------- Head gate to Centerville___ 2 + + 4 ..... do------------------- ____ Centerville to Collins Gate. 9 - 9.57 - 8 

5 CentervilleandKingsbnrg Centerville to Sanger....... 7 -33.00 -12 

canal. 

6 Gould canal---------------- Holland Flume to Kutner 11 + 2.25 + 1 

Colony. 

7 ____ .do_---------------·------ ----.do.----------------------- :!= ~ 8 Maincanal ----------------- Long Cut and Limbaugh 

11 + 1.50 10 -27.65 

Gate. 

NOTE.-All of the measurements except Nos. 4 and.5were made with a current meter. Pins 

sign ( +) indicates gain, and minus sign (-) indicates loss. 

99 

INDEX. 

Page. 

Acknowledgments........................ 98 

Alkali, occurrence and effect of_..... . . . . 82-85 

Bubbs Creek, reservoir sites on ____ ...... 27 

Canals, lands served by .................... 12-15 

Carpenter, L. G., cited .......... __ -------· 82 

Clarks Valley, reservoir project at. a:l-43, 96,97 

Dinkey Creek, features of................ 29 

Dusy Meadows,reservoirprojectat. 28-29,96,97 

EastLake, features of-------------------- 46-48 

Electric-power development, features of_ 48-98 

Evaporation and seepage ...•.... 22-24,81-82,99 

Forest cover, view showing----------.... 14 

F'ruits, character and production of._ 12,13-14 

Geologic section........................... 82 

Granite Basin, features of................ 48 

views of. ............................... 48,50 

Green, H. E., work of ...... ------------- 24,27,43 

Ground water, features of .......... 53-82,87-88 

Grunsky, C. E., cited and quoted. 15,22-23,80-81 

Hamilton, E. G., work of------------------ 24 

Hicks,L. A.,cited --------------------------- 82 

report of. ... ------- .................... 86-95 

Irrigation, effect of, on water plane .. ____ 80-82 

extentof. .. --·-----------------·------ 12-14 

need of. .................... ------ •..... 12-13 

water required for .............. ______ 81-82 

Kings River, drainage basin of, map of_. 11 

physical features of ....•...... ________ 11-15 

regimen of ............................. 17-22 

volume of ... 13, 17-22, 30-33, 39-42, 81-82, 95-96 

Kings River Canyon, profile and plan of. 52 

view of. .......................... ------ 52 

Kings River delta, features of------ ...... 11-12 

ground water of .••...• ---------------- 53-82 

map of ___ ............................... 14 

Lake Charlotte, features of._----- .... ____ 27 

LeConte, J. N.,acknowledgments to..... %5 

0 

Page. 

Long Meadow, reservoir project at. 44-46, 96,97 

Lumbering, destructive, view showing.__ 14 

Means, T.,quoted ...... -------------------- 83-85 

Middle Fork, map of·--------------------- 54 

views of. ........ ----------------------- 50,52 

Newell, F. H., letter of transmittal by .. __ 9 

Paradise Valley, fea~ures of------ ____ .... 27 

Pine Flat, features of--------------- 30-33,96,97 

weir proposed at------ ...... __________ 31 

Power, developmentof ------------------- 4S-98 

Precipitation, amount and character of._ 12, 

15-17 

Pumping plants, installation of _ .. ___ . 86-95, 96 

Pumping station, description of---------- 92-93 

elevation and section of ...... _____ ---- 94 

Red Mountain, gaging station at, view 

showing .... ______ .............. ____ lit 

river discharge at, diagrams showing------------------------------------ 18 

Reflection Lake, features of.............. 47 

view of. ...... -------------------------- 50 

Reservoir projects, summary of ........ _ 96 

Reservoir surveys, features of •..... 24-25,43-48 

Roaring River, features of .......... ------ 27 

Sand traps, features of. ..... -------------- 88-89 

views of. ................. -------------- 88 

Seepage and evaporation _____ ... 22-24,81-82,99 

oimpson Meadows, features of------------ 28 

South Fork, reservoir sites on .....•••.... 26,27 

!Sugarloaf Creek, features of------------- 27 

Temperatures, seasonal.------------------ 12 

Water plane, effect of irrigation on...... 82 

Water storage, need of. ..... -·------------- 12-15 

summary of projects for.............. 96 

Water supply, amount of ..... 17-22,30-33,39-42 

Wells, data regarding ...••....•.....••.... 53-85 

log of, representative.---·--·---······ 87 

101