FILED 

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 April 19, 2005 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-12307

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 01-00981-CR-KMM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

ORESTES DESOTO,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(April 19, 2005)

Before BIRCH, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Orestes DeSoto, a 20-year police veteran, appeals for the second time his

235-month and 84-month consecutive sentences imposed after his guilty plea to
Without a written plea agreement, DeSoto pled guilty to these eight crimes: (1) one count 1

of conspiracy “to possess with intent to distribute a Schedule II controlled substance, that is five (5)

kilograms or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine,” in violation

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(A)(ii); (2) one count of conspiracy to obstruct, delay, and affect

commerce by robbery using means of actual and threatened force, violence and fear of injury, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (Hobbs Act); (3) one count of conspiracy to use, carry, brandish, and

2

several drug and firearms offenses. In his first appeal, we vacated DeSoto’s

sentences and remanded for resentencing. United States v. DeSoto, Case No. 02-

15238, at *3 (11th Cir. Dec. 12, 2003) (hereinafter “DeSoto I”). DeSoto now

appeals his new sentences. 

In this appeal, DeSoto challenges the district court’s fact findings as to drug

quantity. He also challenges, for the first time, his sentences based on Apprendi v.

New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542

U.S. , 124 S.Ct. 2531 (2004). Because the Supreme Court recently extended

Blakely to the United States Sentencing Guidelines in United States v. Booker,

543 U.S. __, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), we consider DeSoto’s appeal under Booker as

well. After review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

A. DeSoto’s Plea Colloquy

DeSoto’s drug and firearms convictions stemmed from three robberies that

DeSoto planned and committed with Cecilio Nunez, Juan Castillo, and Alberto

Garcia. During the plea colloquy, the government set forth the following facts 1
possess a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o); (4) three counts of unlawfully obstructing, delaying, and affecting commerce

by robbery using means of actual and threatened force, violence, and fear of injury on or about

January 13, 2000, February 5, 2000, and February 15, 2000, respectively, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1951(a); (5) attempting to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine on

or about February 5, 2000, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(A)(ii); and (6) using, carrying,

and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence or a drug trafficking crime

on or about February 5, 2000, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i), (A)(ii) and 2.

3

about the robberies. The first robbery occurred on January 13, 2000, and involved

a 7-11 store manager. DeSoto went inside the 7-11 store to verify that the

manager was present. After DeSoto confirmed the manager’s presence, Castillo

and Garcia waited for the manager to leave, followed him, sprayed him with

pepper spray or mace provided by DeSoto, and stole $10,000. 

The second robbery occurred on February 5, 2000, and involved a restaurant

owner that DeSoto and his co-conspirators believed was a drug dealer. Nunez,

posing as a police officer, conducted a traffic stop of the restaurant owner. Garcia

and Castillo, also acting as police officers, drove up and Garcia flashed a police

badge provided by DeSoto. Garcia and Castillo then took the restaurant owner to

a warehouse where DeSoto pointed a gun at his head, beat him, and threatened to

harm him further if he did not disclose where the drugs could be found. As it

turned out, the victim had no drugs, so DeSoto and his co-conspirators stole the

victim’s money and jewelry. 
4

According to the government, DeSoto had told his co-conspirators (Garcia

and Castillo) that the restaurant owner would have 5 kilograms of cocaine. 

However, the government acknowledged that DeSoto disputed that drug quantity

in that DeSoto “has repeatedly been interviewed and eventually he admitted his

involvement in this crime, [but] he has stated it was only ounces that they were

after, not five kilos.” 

The third robbery occurred on February 15, 2000, and involved a female

bakery owner. DeSoto recruited Castillo and Garcia to rob the victim, whom

DeSoto told his co-conspirators would make a good target. The three watched the

bakery owner, followed her home, and robbed her of her bakery proceeds. To

ensure the robbery’s success, one of the conspirators waited in a police car down

the street from the victim’s home so that he could pretend to be chasing the

robbers.

During the plea colloquy, the government also proffered facts about a failed

attempted robbery that took place on February 19, 2000. DeSoto and his cohorts

planned to rob persons whom they believed had won the lottery. This robbery

plan was foiled, however, when real police officers found Garcia and Castillo in

the vicinity with burglary tools, a walkie talkie, and gloves. Although the police

stopped DeSoto as he was driving by, they released him because he identified
5

himself as a police officer. The police later discovered a matching walkie-talkie in

the path DeSoto took to leave the scene. 

At the end of the government’s recitation of the facts, the district court

asked DeSoto if the government’s evidence was correct, to which DeSoto replied

“Yes, sir.” The district court then asked if there was “[a]nything you want to add

or anything I left out?” DeSoto replied, “No, sir.” DeSoto then pled guilty to all

eight counts in the indictment, including count 1, which charged conspiracy “to

possess with intent to distribute a Schedule II controlled substance, that is five (5)

kilograms or more of a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of

cocaine . . . .”

After DeSoto pled guilty, the government asked for “an additional question

to avoid sentencing issues.” Specifically, the government asked the district court

to confirm that the conspiracy was for 5 or more kilograms of cocaine. DeSoto’s

counsel responded that “[t]he Court already asked him specifically those

questions. . . . [and] [y]ou have done a sufficient job to make sure he is pleading

guilt[y] to the charges.” The district court then acknowledged that there may be

some factual disputes that DeSoto would “take up at sentencing,” including the

drug quantity issue. The district court adjudged DeSoto guilty of all counts in the

indictment.
The PSI recommended that DeSoto’s eight offenses be grouped into three separate groups 2

based on the January 13, February 5, and February 15 robberies. Group 2, relating to the February

5, 2000 robbery of the restaurant owner, produced the highest adjusted offense level. Group 2 was

thus used to compute DeSoto’s Guidelines range. 

6

B. Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) and Sentencing

The PSI recommended a base offense level of 32 because DeSoto’s drug

offense involved at least 5, but less than 15, kilograms of cocaine. The offense 2

level of 32 was increased: (1) two levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3A1.3, because

the restaurant owner was physically restrained during the robbery; (2) four levels,

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), because of DeSoto’s role as a leader or organizer;

and (3) two levels under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3, because as a police officer DeSoto

abused a position of trust. After a two-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility, DeSoto’s total offense level was 38. His criminal history category

of I and offense level of 38 produced a Guidelines range of 235 to 293 months’

imprisonment. 

DeSoto objected to the PSI and again at sentencing to the role and abuse-oftrust enhancements. The district court overruled these objections. DeSoto also

objected to the PSI’s recommended drug quantity but he did not raise the drug

quantity issue at sentencing. 
7

The district court adopted the PSI calculations and sentenced DeSoto to 235

months’ imprisonment (the low end of the Guidelines range), to run consecutively

to an 84-month sentence on the firearm conviction. The district court also ordered

DeSoto to pay $22,169.93 in restitution. 

C. DeSoto’s First Appeal

DeSoto appealed his convictions and sentences. As to his sentences,

DeSoto argued that the district court erred in ordering restitution and in

determining the enhancements for his role as a leader, his abuse of trust as a police

officer, and for a drug quantity of 5 or more kilograms of cocaine.

In the first appeal, this Court concluded “there is no merit to any of the

challenges DeSoto makes concerning his convictions and sentences, with the

exception of the issue involving drug quantity.” DeSoto I, at *3. After affirming

DeSoto’s convictions, this Court then said, “because the district court failed to

make findings regarding the five or more kilograms of cocaine for which it held

DeSoto responsible at sentencing, we vacate DeSoto’s sentences and remand this

case for resentencing. Id. 

D. DeSoto’s Resentencing

On remand, the district court restricted all arguments and evidence at

resentencing to the drug-quantity issue, finding that we had issued a limited
8

remand. At the resentencing hearing, the government presented a transcript of the

sworn testimony of robbery-participant Garcia who testified at Nunez’s trial that

DeSoto told them that the February 5, 2000 robbery victim would have 5

kilograms of cocaine. Specifically, during Nunez’s trial, Garcia testified regarding

what the co-conspirators planned to take from the restaurant owner. Garcia stated:

“It was a large amount of money, what’s supposed to be five kilos, some money. I

eventually gave in.” Garcia was also asked: “Mr. Desoto told you it would be five

kilos of cocaine?” Garcia responded “yes.” Later in the trial, on crossexamination, Garcia reiterated that the goal was to get 5 kilograms of cocaine from

the restaurant owner. 

At the resentencing hearing, DeSoto disputed the drug quantity by pointing

to his own testimony from Nunez’s trial in which he (1) denied having any

detailed information about the amount of drugs and (2) denied telling Garcia that

the restaurant owner would have 5 kilograms.

The district court found that DeSoto was responsible for 5 kilograms of

cocaine because he had pled guilty to that amount. The district court also found

that Garcia’s trial testimony was reliable and credible, that DeSoto’s testimony

was “ambivalent” and “self-serving,” and thus, that the government successfully

proved by a preponderance of the evidence that DeSoto was responsible for 5
9

kilograms of cocaine. The district court then reimposed the same sentences it had

entered at the original sentencing. DeSoto timely appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

In this second appeal, DeSoto argues (1) that the district court erred in

limiting resentencing to the drug-quantity issue; and (2) that the district court erred

in its fact-finding as to the amount of cocaine. DeSoto also raises for the first time

Apprendi/Blakely arguments as to his sentencing enhancements. We discuss each

issue in turn.

A. Limited Resentencing

Although DeSoto’s original sentence was vacated, the DeSoto I panel

clearly stated that none of the sentencing issues DeSoto raised in the first appeal

had any merit, except the drug-quantity issue. Because, for judicial economy

purposes it is better for the district court not to redo that which was done properly

at the first sentencing, this Court has held that there is “nothing improper” in the

district court limiting the scope of the resentencing proceeding. United States v.

Tamayo, 80 F.3d 1514, 1520 (11th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and
In limiting the resentencing to the drug quantity issue, the district court explained that: “the 3

way I would interpret the letter and spirit of the remand is that they don’t want me revisiting the

issues that were previously raised before the district court in the first sentencing and have been

reviewed on appeal and anything more than that would undermine their prior appellate

determinations.”

10

citation omitted). Consequently, the district court did not err in limiting its

resentencing consideration to the drug-quantity issue. 

3

B. Cocaine Fact-Finding

Given co-conspirator Garcia’s testimony, we also find no reversible error in

the district court’s fact-finding that the drug quantity was more than 5 kilograms

but less than 15 kilograms. We recognize that DeSoto emphasized that no drugs

were actually stolen during the February 5, 2000 robbery. However, DeSoto was

punished for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of

cocaine, and not for actually completing the crime. The fact that no drugs were

actually stolen does not preclude the enhancement. See United States v.

Ramsdale, 179 F.3d 1320, 1325 (11th Cir. 1999) (concluding there was no error in

attributing 15 kilograms of methamphetamine to defendants convicted of

conspiring to manufacture methamphetamine when defendants had not actually

manufactured that amount, but “would probably” buy 15 kilograms of the

necessary ingredient “every three weeks” in order to do so). 
11

We also reject DeSoto’s claim that the district court used the wrong legal

standard. Although the district court did state that DeSoto was responsible for 5

kilograms of cocaine because this amount was reasonably foreseeable, it also

stated that it was basing its drug-quantity finding on the preponderance of the

evidence, namely, Garcia’s testimony. In doing so, the district court stated: “I

think the record clearly establishes by a preponderance of the evidence based on

the credible and reliable and the specific testimony of Mr. Garcia that the deal was

supposed to involve five kilos or more of cocaine.” 

C. Booker Error

For the first time on appeal, DeSoto argues that his sentences violate

Apprendi/Blakely because the district court applied several sentencing

enhancements based on facts neither admitted by him nor found by a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt. Because Booker extended Blakely to the Sentencing

Guidelines, we review DeSoto’s claims under Booker. We conclude that there is

no Sixth Amendment violation as to any of DeSoto’s sentencing enhancements.

In Blakely, the Supreme Court held that the imposition of a sentencing

enhancement under the state of Washington’s mandatory guidelines system based

upon facts neither admitted by the defendant nor found by the jury violated the

defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. 124 S. Ct. at 2534-38. In
To establish plain error, the defendant must show “‘(1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that 4

affects substantial rights.” Rodriguez, 2005 WL272952, at *6 (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535

U.S. 625, 631, 122 S. Ct. 1781, 1785 (2002)). “‘If all three conditions are met, an appellate court

may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error seriously affects

the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting Cotton, 535 U.S.

at 631, 122 S. Ct. at 1785). 

12

Booker, the Supreme Court extended this holding to the Sentencing Guidelines. 

Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 746. Determining that it was the binding nature of the

Guidelines that offended the Sixth Amendment, the Supreme Court in Booker

excised the provisions of the Sentencing Reform Act making the Guidelines

mandatory and providing for de novo review of sentences on appeal. Id. at 756-

57. Thus, the Supreme Court effectively made the Guidelines advisory. 

Booker issues raised for the first time on appeal are reviewed for plain error. 

United States v. Rodriguez, – F.3d – , 2005 WL 272952, at *6 (11th Cir. Feb. 4,

2005).4

DeSoto does not meet the first prong of the plain-error test because during

the plea colloquy he admitted the facts that supported the district court’s following

sentencing enhancements. See Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756. 

As to the § 3A1.3 enhancement for physically restraining the victim, the

facts at the plea colloquy established that during the February 5, 2000 robbery,

DeSoto and his co-conspirators beat the restaurant owner and threatened him

while holding a gun to his head. 
13

As to the § 3B1.1 enhancement, the facts at the plea colloquy established

that DeSoto: (1) recruited his co-conspirators to rob various persons during four

different robberies; (2) provided some of the tools necessary, such as pepper spray

and a police badge; and (3) studied the victims. 

As to the § 3B1.3 abuse-of-position-of-trust enhancement, the facts at the

plea colloquy established that in the February 5, 2000 robbery, DeSoto and his coconspirators posed as police officers, conducted a traffic stop of the restaurant

owner, took him to a warehouse, and beat him in an effort to learn where the drugs

could be found.

As to drug quantity, DeSoto pled guilty to the indictment, which set forth a

specific drug quantity of 5 or more kilograms of cocaine, and thus DeSoto

admitted to this drug quantity as well. Our earlier remand for a drug-quantity

finding in DeSoto I was because the district court technically failed to make the

requisite fact finding, not because of insufficient evidence of the 5 kilograms. 

Thus, given DeSoto’s guilty plea admitting to a drug quantity of 5 or more

kilograms of cocaine and the fact that he was sentenced only for 5 kilograms of

cocaine, there is no Sixth Amendment violation in his sentence. 

Alternatively, if the initial remand implicitly found DeSoto’s guilty-plea

admissions insufficient to establish drug quantity, a Sixth Amendment violation
14

under Booker exists as to the judicial fact finding of drug quantity. In such a

situation, the Sixth Amendment violation under Booker would be because the

district court applied the drug quantity enhancement under a mandatory Guidelines

system. See Rodriguez, 2005 WL 272952, at 9; see also United States v. Shelton,

2005 WL 435120, at *5 (11th Cir. Feb. 25, 2005). If a Sixth Amendment violation

exists, DeSoto has established the first two prongs of plain-error review. Shelton,

2005 WL 435120, at *5 (stating that “it is enough that the error be plain at the time

of appellate consideration” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

However, as to the third prong, DeSoto has not established that the Booker

error affected his substantial rights. The third prong of the plain-error test “almost

always requires that the error must have affected the outcome of the district court

proceedings.” Rodriguez, 2005 WL 272952, at *7 (quotation marks and citations

omitted). “The standard for showing that is the familiar reasonable probability of

a different result formulation, which means a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). 

In this particular case, the sentencing record provides no basis for a

conclusion that DeSoto has shown a reasonable probability of a more lenient

sentence under an advisory Guidelines regime. Given the seriousness of these

violent crimes, his convictions for eight different crimes, including three separate
15

robberies, the physical restraint of the victims, and DeSoto’s abuse of his position

of trust as a police officer, we conclude that DeSoto has not satisfied the third

prong.

D. Restitution Order

DeSoto argues that the restitution order is unconstitutional under Blakely

(now Booker) because it is based on a judicial finding of loss neither admitted by

him nor found by a jury. Because DeSoto failed to object on this basis in the

district court, we review this claim also for plain error. See Rodriguez, 2005 WL

272952, at *6. 

Because neither the Supreme Court nor this Court has addressed whether

Booker applies to restitution, any error cannot be plain. See United States v.

Gerrow, 232 F.3d 831, 835 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that “where neither the

Supreme Court nor this Court has ever resolved an issue, and other circuits are

split on it, there can be no plain error in regard to that issue.” (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted)). Moreover, at least one circuit has held that Blakely

does not apply to restitution. United States v. Swanson, 394 F.3d 520, 526 (7th

Cir. 2005) (“The decisions in Blakely, Booker, and Fanfan, . . . do not affect the

manner in which findings of restitution or forfeiture amounts must be made.”). 

Accordingly, no plain error has been shown as to the restitution.
16

Upon careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we find no

reversible error and affirm DeSoto’s sentences.

AFFIRMED.