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DA 22-0159

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2023 MT 17N

PERKINS FAMILY HOLDINGS, LLC, 

a Montana Limited Liability Company,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

 v.

THE TILE GUYS, LLC, and MARSHAL

RAY BUTTERFIELD, an individual,

 Defendants and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,

In and For the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV-21-853(C)

Honorable Heidi J. Ulbricht, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Rufus I. Peace, Christian, Samson & Baskett, PLLC, Missoula, Montana

For Appellees:

Joseph R. Nevin, Attorney at Law, Helena, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: October 12, 2022

 Decided: January 24, 2023

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

01/24/2023

Case Number: DA 22-0159
2

Justice Ingrid Gustafson delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this 

Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana 

Reports.

¶2 Plaintiff and Appellant Perkins Family Holdings, LLC, (PFH) appeals from the 

deemed denial of its January 7, 2022 Mont R. Civ. P. 60(b) motion for relief from the 

December 23, 2021 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order on Motion to Set 

Aside Default and Default Judgment issued by the Eleventh Judicial District Court, 

Flathead County. We reverse and remand for the District Court to conduct an M. R. Civ. 

P. 55(c) good cause analysis of Butterfield’s motion to set aside default.

¶3 In early 2020, Defendant and Appellee Marshal Butterfield, under his business name 

The Tile Guys (collectively “Butterfield”), provided an estimate to PFH for tile work to be 

done at a residential property owned by PFH in Kalispell. Butterfield was paid by PFH 

and began doing both tile and drywall work on the property. After Butterfield began 

working on the property, the two sides had a falling out and PFH stopped payment on a 

check to Butterfield. On November 19, 2020, PFH sent Butterfield a Notice of 

Termination, which terminated Butterfield’s services and demanded a refund. Butterfield 

thereafter retained counsel, but fired his attorney a short time later. In 2021, Butterfield 

and the manager of PFH had a discussion regarding Butterfield paying back PFH 

$1,213.07, but did not come to a final agreement and no payment was made.
3

¶4 On August 2, 2021, PFH filed its Complaint in this matter, seeking damages of not 

less than $14,013.07 and for those damages to be trebled pursuant to Montana’s Consumer 

Protection Act. PFH served Butterfield with the Summons and Complaint on August 19, 

2021. On September 13, 2021, after Butterfield did not respond to the Summons and 

Complaint, PFH filed a Request for Entry of Default and Default Judgment. PFH requested 

the entry of a default judgment in the total amount of $43,386.71—representing $14,013.07 

in damages, trebled to $42,039.21 under the Consumer Protection Act, and $1,347.50 in 

attorney fees and costs. The Clerk of Court entered an Order of Default and Default 

Judgment, granting PFH a default judgment in the amount of $43,386.71, on September 15, 

2021. On September 21, 2021, the Clerk of Court issued a Writ of Execution on Default 

Judgment directing the Sheriff of Ravalli County to execute on the judgment. On 

October 12, 2021, the Clerk of Court issued a Writ of Execution on Default Judgment 

directing the Sheriff of Flathead County to execute on the judgment. On October 15, 2021, 

Glacier Bank notified PFH’s counsel it was responding to a levy on Butterfield’s bank 

account and would send $1,009.39. Butterfield contacted PFH’s counsel later that same 

day. 

¶5 On November 17, 2021, Butterfield, now represented by counsel, filed a Motion to 

Set Aside Default and Default Judgment, along with a brief in support and the Affidavit of 

Marshal Butterfield. The motion asserted the default and default judgment should be set 

aside pursuant to M. R. Civ. P. 55(c) and 60(b), though Butterfield’s brief only addressed 

the Rule 55(c) standard for setting aside a default. Butterfield’s affidavit asserted he 

contacted law firms after receiving the summons and complaint, but only heard back from 
4

one attorney who did not want to represent him and “didn’t know what else to do.” In 

addressing the Rule 55(c) good cause standard, Butterfield’s brief spent three sentences 

declaring his default was not willful and one sentence declaring PFH would not suffer 

prejudice from setting the default aside, before spending several paragraphs asserting 

Butterfield had meritorious defenses to PFH’s suit. In its response brief, PFH first 

addressed each of the Rule 60(b) standards in arguing the District Court should not set 

aside the default judgment, before turning to the Rule 55(c) good cause standard and 

asserting Butterfield’s default was willful, PFH would be prejudiced from setting aside the 

default, and Butterfield’s alleged meritorious defenses all failed. In reply, Butterfield again 

asserted there was “good cause” to set aside the default and, for the first time, specifically 

cited to Rule 60(b)(4) and contended it applied because the default judgment was void. 

Butterfield asserted the default judgment was void because PFH was not a consumer and 

therefore the Consumer Protection Act could not apply.

¶6 On December 23, 2021, the District Court issued its Findings of Fact, Conclusions 

of Law and Order on Motion to Set Aside Default and Default Judgment. Though 

Butterfield moved to set aside both a default and a default judgment, the District Court did 

not address M. R. Civ. P. 55(c) and its good cause standard for setting aside a default. The 

court’s order instead addressed only the Rule 60(b) standards for setting aside a default 

judgment and determined the default judgment entered by the Clerk of Court was void and 

therefore must be set aside pursuant to Rule 60(b)(4). The District Court determined the 

default judgment was void “for a different reason than that offered by Butterfield,” finding 

the Clerk of Court did not have authority to award treble damages on a default judgment 
5

under the Consumer Protection Act, because such awards are matters of discretion for the 

court. After determining the default judgment was void and must be set aside pursuant to 

Rule 60(b)(4), the District Court performed no analysis regarding the propriety of setting 

aside the default as well, but simply granted Butterfield’s motion to set aside both the 

default and default judgment in full, quashed the pending writs of execution, and issued an 

order allowing Butterfield to file an answer to the complaint within 21 days.

¶7 On December 28, 2021, Butterfield filed an Answer and Counterclaim. On 

January 7, 2022, PFH filed its Motion and Brief for Relief from Final Order under [M. R. 

Civ. P. 60(b)(6)]. PFH asserted the District Court erred by setting aside the default when 

the court did not find good cause to do so under Rule 55(c), but accepted the court was 

correct in setting aside the default judgment for the reasons given by the court in its order. 

In its brief, PFH repeatedly cited to our unpublished opinion in Rennick v. Sec. Mortg., 

Inc., No. 00-037, 2000 MT 245N, 2000 Mont. LEXIS 255, as an example of why the 

default should not be set aside even when a default judgment is properly set aside as void.1 

PFH’s brief then went on to assert Butterfield did not establish good cause to set aside the 

default. After Butterfield filed a brief in opposition and PFH filed a reply brief, PFH filed 

1

“[U]npublished orders and opinions from this Court are not to be cited as precedent.” State v. 

Oie, 2007 MT 328, ¶ 16, 340 Mont. 205, 174 P.3d 937. “We plainly and unambiguously state in 

the first paragraph of every unpublished opinion that such opinions ‘shall not be cited as 

precedent.’” State v. Ferre, 2014 MT 96, ¶ 15, 374 Mont. 428, 322 P.3d 1047. Once again, we 

“admonish counsel not to cite to or rely on such orders and opinions in the future” and reiterate 

that “when included in briefs, we give no regard to such citations.” Oie, ¶ 16. 
6

a Notice of Issue on February 23, 2022, informing the District Court the motion for relief 

was fully briefed and ripe for ruling.

¶8 The District Court did not rule on PFH’s motion for relief (or issue an extension of 

time for ruling) and it was deemed denied by the operation of law after 60 days. M. R. 

Civ. P. 59(f), 60(c)(1). PFH appeals. We restate the issue on appeal as follows: whether 

the District Court manifestly abused its discretion by not addressing the M. R. Civ. P. 55(c) 

good cause standard when setting aside Butterfield’s default.

¶9 We generally review a district court’s ruling on an M. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6) motion 

for an abuse of discretion. Essex Ins. Co. v. Moose’s Saloon, Inc., 2007 MT 202, ¶ 16, 338 

Mont. 423, 166 P.3d 451 (Essex v. Moose’s). An exception to this general rule exists when 

the motion implicates a district court’s ruling on a motion to set aside a default or default 

judgment. Essex v. Moose’s, ¶¶ 17-18. When the Rule 60(b) motion follows a district 

court granting a motion to set aside a default or default judgment, we review its ruling for 

a manifest abuse of discretion. See Essex v. Moose’s, ¶¶ 17-18. A manifest abuse of 

discretion is one that is obvious, evident, or unmistakable. Netzer Law Office, P.C. v. State 

ex rel. Knudsen, 2022 MT 234, ¶ 9, 410 Mont. 513, 520 P.3d 335.

¶10 As a preliminary matter, we note PFH’s Rule 60(b) motion for relief did not seek 

relief from the portion of the District Court’s order which set aside the default judgment 

against Butterfield because it was void under Rule 60(b)(4). On appeal, PFH again takes 

no issue with the propriety of setting aside the default judgment as void and we therefore 

need not address the District Court setting aside the default judgment in this case and do 

not interfere with that portion of the court’s order.
7

¶11 On appeal, both parties argue the facts of the case and whether good cause existed 

to set aside Butterfield’s default. As it did below, PFH asserts the good cause analysis is 

subject to a four-part test, first articulated by this Court in Blume v. Metropolitan Life Ins. 

Co., 242 Mont. 465, 791 P.2d 784 (1990), overruled in part by JAS, Inc. v. Eisele, 2014 

MT 77, ¶ 34, 374 Mont. 312, 321 P.3d 113 (determining the court in Blume erred to the 

extent that it imported the Rule 55(c) good cause standard into its analysis of a default 

judgment). Under the Blume test, which concerns itself with default judgments, a default 

judgment should be set aside under Rule 60(b)(1) “when: (1) the defaulting party proceeded 

with diligence; (2) the defaulting party’s neglect was excusable; (3) the judgment, if 

permitted to stand, will affect the defaulting party injuriously, and (4) the defaulting party 

has a meritorious defense to plaintiff’s cause of action.” JAS, Inc., ¶ 34 (citation omitted). 

Before the District Court, PFH additionally asserted that “[a] failure to meet any of the 

above elements dooms the defendant’s efforts to set aside an entry of default.” PFH’s 

contention that a Rule 55(c) good cause analysis is subject to the conjunctive four-part 

Blume test is simply incorrect, however, because the proper consideration for setting aside 

a default is in fact a three-part balancing test in which a court must consider:

(1) whether the default was willful, (2) whether the plaintiff would be 

prejudiced if the default should be set aside, and (3) whether the defendant 

has presented a meritorious defense to plaintiff’s claim. The court must also 

balance the interests of the defendant in the adjudication of his defense on 

the merits, against the interests of the public and the court in the orderly and 

timely administration of justice.

Essex Ins. Co. v. Jaycie, Inc., 2004 MT 278, ¶ 10, 323 Mont. 231, 99 P.3d 651 (Essex v. 

Jaycie) (quoting Cribb v. Matlock Communications, 236 Mont. 27, 30, 768 P.2d 337, 339
8

(1989)). “When the issue is the setting aside of an entry of default under Rule 55(c) . . .

the appropriate standard is Cribb[.]” Essex v. Jaycie, ¶ 12. “We apply the M. R. Civ. P. 

55(c) good cause standard flexibly and leniently because an entry of default is an 

interlocutory order that does not determine rights or remedies all by itself.” Hoff v. Lake 

Cty. Abstract & Title Co., 2011 MT 118, ¶ 20, 360 Mont. 461, 255 P.3d 137 (citations 

omitted).

¶12 With the appropriate standard before us, we briefly address the contentions of the 

parties. Butterfield argues his default was not willful because he contacted law firms 

seeking representation after being served with the summons and complaint; that PFH 

would not be prejudiced because it had no right to treble damages under the Consumer 

Protection Act; and that he had a meritorious defense because he asserts PFH “owed him 

money and had no legitimate reason to terminate their agreement.” PFH asserts the default 

should be reinstated because Butterfield did not demonstrate good cause to set aside the 

default.2 PFH contends making no attempt to respond to the summons and complaint 

beyond calling a few law firms and then giving up is “the very definition of willful”; that 

PFH has been prejudiced by the additional delays, legal costs, and attorney’s fees incurred; 

2 On appeal, PFH again cites to our unpublished opinion in Rennick v. Sec. Mortg., Inc., No. 

00-037, 2000 MT 245N, 2000 Mont. LEXIS 255, in support of its assertion the default should be 

reinstated even though the default judgment was properly set aside as void. In addition to being 

unpublished and nonprecedential, we note the analysis in Rennick focused on whether the 

defaulting party in that case could meet the “excusable neglect” standard, Rennick, ¶¶ 23-27, which 

is no longer applicable in the context of setting aside an entry of default under M. R. Civ. P. 55(c). 

Essex v. Jaycie, ¶ 12.
9

and that Butterfield simply made a conclusory statement alleging a meritorious defense but 

failed to support it with facts.

¶13 Completely unmentioned by the parties in their briefing before both the District 

Court and this Court, but controlling here, is our decision in Engelsberger v. Lake Cty., 

2007 MT 211, 339 Mont. 22, 167 P.3d 902. In Engelsberger, default was entered against 

Lake County after the County failed to appear in response to a wrongful discharge lawsuit. 

The County filed a motion to set aside the default, which the district court denied solely 

because it determined the County’s failure to appear was willful. The amount of damages 

was tried to a jury and a default judgment of $90,532.00 was entered against the County. 

The County then filed a motion to set aside the default judgment, which the district court 

denied. The County appealed the denial of both its motion to set aside the default and its 

motion to set aside the default judgment to this Court. Engelsberger, ¶¶ 4-7. On appeal, 

we addressed whether the district court abused its discretion by denying the County’s 

motion to set aside the default, applying Rule 55(c) and the Cribb test. Engelsberger, ¶ 11. 

We noted the district court in that case had conducted only a willfulness analysis when it 

denied the County’s motion to set aside the default and found the district court correctly 

determined the County’s failure to appear was willful. Engelsberger, ¶¶ 13-16. Even after 

determining the district court correctly concluded the County’s failure to appear was willful 

under the Cribb test, we reversed and remanded the matter to the district court to consider 

whether Engelsberger would be prejudiced if the default was set aside and whether the 

County presented the possibility of a meritorious defense. Engelsberger, ¶¶ 17-19.
10

¶14 “When considering a motion to set aside a default the [d]istrict [c]ourt is compelled 

in every case to consider all three factors of the Cribb test.” Engelsberger, ¶ 16 (emphasis 

added). When a district court does not consider all three factors of the Cribb test, the matter 

must be remanded to the court for consideration of the missing factors “[b]ecause a 

consideration and balancing of all three Cribb factors is required before making a decision 

on a motion to set aside a default[.]” Engelsberger, ¶ 17.

¶15 The District Court’s failure to conduct any analysis of the Cribb factors before 

setting aside Butterfield’s default is an obvious, evident, or unmistakable error, and 

therefore a manifest abuse of discretion. Netzer Law Office, ¶ 9. As in Engelsberger, this 

matter must be remanded to the District Court to consider the factors of the Cribb test.

Unlike in Engelsberger, where we upheld the district court’s willfulness finding before 

remanding, here there are no findings under the Cribb test for us to review on appeal 

because the District Court did not conduct an analysis of any of the Cribb factors in its 

Order on Motion to Set Aside Default and Default Judgment.3 Accordingly, we reverse 

the portion of the District Court’s order setting aside Butterfield’s default and remand for 

a consideration of all three Cribb factors in the manner discussed in Engelsberger. 

3 We recognize the District Court was disadvantaged and likely did not conduct an analysis of any 

of the Cribb factors as the parties did not bring Engelsberger to the District Court’s attention.

Additionally, we are unable to even apply the doctrine of implied findings in this case. This Court 

“adheres to the doctrine of implied findings which states that where a court’s findings are general 

in terms, any findings not specifically made, but necessary to the judgment, are deemed to have 

been implied, if supported by the evidence.” Interstate Brands Corp. v. Cannon, 218 Mont. 380, 

384, 708 P.2d 573, 576 (1985). While the District Court made findings that Butterfield was 

properly served and failed to appear, we cannot stretch the doctrine of implied findings so far as 

to determine the District Court has already determined the willfulness of Butterfield’s failure to 

appear in a case where the court neither conducted a Cribb analysis nor mentioned willfulness 

anywhere in its order.
11

Engelsberger, ¶¶ 16-17. Because Butterfield has already been allowed to file an answer 

following the District Court’s December 23, 2021 Order, should the District Court 

determine Butterfield’s default should be set aside after consideration of the Cribb factors, 

the matter may be reopened and proceed to trial on the merits. If the District Court 

determines Butterfield’s default should not be set aside after such consideration, the matter 

may proceed to trial on damages only as the default judgment has already been set aside as 

void. See Engelsberger, ¶ 18.

¶16 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our 

Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the 

Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of 

applicable standards of review.

¶17 Reversed and remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this Opinion. 

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR

/S/ JIM RICE