[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. No. 15-14832

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 0:15-cr-60107-JIC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

KEYIONA MARVETTE WRIGHT, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(July 14, 2017)

Before HULL, MARCUS and ROGERS,

* Circuit Judges.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

 *

Honorable John M. Rogers, United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by 

designation.

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From 2014 to 2015, defendant Keyiona Wright participated in a conspiracy 

to file fraudulent income tax returns and obtain tax refunds by using other people’s 

personal identifying information, including social security numbers. After being 

found in an apartment with thousands of people’s personal identifying information, 

Wright pled guilty to the crimes of identity theft and conspiracy to commit wire 

fraud. Wright appeals her sentences for those crimes. After review, and with the 

benefit of oral argument, we affirm in part and reverse in part as to her sentences.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Indictment and Guilty Plea

On May 21, 2015, an indictment charged defendant Wright with

(1) conspiring to commit wire fraud by filing fraudulent tax returns in the name of 

identity theft victims in order to obtain the refunds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1349 (Count 1), (2) possessing 15 or more counterfeit and unauthorized access 

devices with the intent to defraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(3) (Count 2), 

and (3) during and in relation to the felonies alleged in Counts 1 and 2, knowingly 

using the means of identification of another person without lawful authority, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (Counts 3-7). For Counts 3 through 7, the 

indictment charged that Wright possessed the names and social security numbers

of five different people.

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Defendant Wright pled guilty to Counts 1 and 6, which respectively charged 

her with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and aggravated identity theft. In 

exchange, the government agreed to dismiss the other five counts.

B. Factual Proffer for the Guilty Plea

With the plea agreement, defendant Wright and the government submitted a 

written factual proffer recounting the facts that “the government would have 

presented at trial.” Like the district court, we use the admitted facts in the written 

proffer in considering Wright’s sentences.

In April of 2015, the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) began 

investigating the filing of certain fraudulent tax returns. The IRS had discovered

several fraudulent returns coming from the same Internet Protocol (“IP”) address. 

Specifically, between March 25, 2014 and October 14, 2014, at least 21 federal 

income tax returns, claiming $70,704 in refunds, were transmitted to the IRS from 

that same IP address.

By subpoenaing Comcast, the IRS learned that the IP address was assigned 

to a Florida apartment (“Apartment 104”) from at least October 25, 2014 to April 

22, 2015. Between January 19, 2015 and April 26, 2015, another 23 federal 

income tax returns, claiming $63,518 in refunds, were transmitted to the IRS from 

that IP address. At least two more tax returns, claiming $974 in refunds, were 

transmitted from that IP address between April 26, 2015 and May 6, 2015. These

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46 returns, filed from March 25, 2014 to May 6, 2015, came from the same IP 

address, were accepted by the IRS, and claimed refunds totaling $135,196.1

Of those 46 accepted tax returns, 36 contained similarly formatted email 

addresses from yopmail.com. Yopmail.com is a free email address service that 

allows users to create temporary email addresses.

In addition, between September 16, 2014 and May 5, 2015, 688 federal 

income tax returns, seeking refunds totaling $733,276, were sent from that same IP 

address associated with Apartment 104 but were rejected by the IRS. As discussed 

later, defendant Wright admitted that she lived at Apartment 104 during this time.

On May 7, 2015, the government executed a search warrant at Apartment 

104. Defendant Wright, the sole lessee of Apartment 104, was present when the 

IRS agents arrived. During their search of Apartment 104, IRS agents found 

personal identifying information (“PII”) for thousands of people in a number of 

places, including four notebooks with PII in them, piles of paper with PII scattered 

throughout Apartment 104, and pictures of PII including spreadsheets and 

documentation and text messages containing PII on a smartphone that Wright 

identified as hers. 

 1

One victim, whose name and social security number appeared on a 2014 tax return sent 

from that same IP address at Apartment 104, confirmed that she (1) had not filed a tax return 

since 2012, (2) had never lived at the address listed on the return, and (3) had not earned the 

wages listed on the return.

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The IRS agents also found “[t]wo unlocked electronic Notebook/Notepads 

computers on top of the dresser, with one evidencing on the screen numerous 

social security numbers and other PII information.” During the search, “the 

electronic Notebook with the PIIs automatically locked.” At the request of an IRS 

agent, defendant Wright provided the password, which unlocked the electronic 

Notebook.

In addition, the IRS agents found (1) a black trash bag and a maroon 

suitcase, which contained papers showing the PII of thousands of people, (2) 331

debit and credit cards, and (3) hundreds of pages of PII information, including 

applications for the Department of Labor. During the search, defendant Wright 

provided the IRS agents with the password for her laptop and smartphone. On one 

laptop, the agents viewed a video of Wright counting money.

Defendant Wright agreed to speak with the IRS agents. Wright told the 

agents that she (1) had rented Apartment 104 since September 2014; (2) had called 

Comcast to set up internet service about one week later; and (3) had paid her 

Comcast internet bill each month in cash.

The factual proffer explains that all items seized were sent to the IRS for 

analysis. That IRS analysis determined that the documents found in Apartment 

104 contained: (1) “12,124 identities,” (2) “331 debit or credit cards containing 

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account information,” and (3) “2,090 identities . . . found on the computers and a 

flash drive.” Thus, a total of 14,545 identities were compromised in the offense.

C. Presentence Investigation Report

In calculating defendant Wright’s offense level, the Presentence 

Investigation Report (“PSI”) held Wright responsible for $7,773,972 in intended 

losses. This intended loss amount included (1) $135,196 in total refunds on the 46

fraudulent income tax returns accepted by the IRS, (2) $733,276 in total refunds 

sought on the 688 fraudulent income tax returns rejected by the IRS, and 

(3) $6,905,500, representing $500 for each of the remaining 13,811 compromised 

identities found in Apartment 104.

2

 In reaching this loss amount, the PSI relied on, 

and repeated, the facts set forth in the written factual proffer.

The PSI set defendant Wright’s base offense level at seven, pursuant to 

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1) (2014). The PSI increased Wright’s offense level by 20 

levels, pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K), because the loss was more than $7,000,000 

but less than $20,000,000. The PSI then applied a six-level increase, pursuant to 

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(C), because the offense involved 250 or more victims. The PSI 

recommended against any offense level reductions for acceptance of responsibility

or for a minor role. This resulted in a total offense level of 33.

 2

The 46 returns, the 688 returns, and the remaining 13,811 identities combined to total 

the 14,545 identities in the factual proffer.

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 In calculating defendant Wright’s criminal history category, the PSI 

awarded one criminal history category point for each of the following 

misdemeanors: (1) driving with a suspended license on August 10, 2011, 

(2) driving with a suspended license on October 24, 2011, (3) driving with a 

suspended license on November 26, 2011, (4) possession of 20 grams or less of 

marijuana on March 3, 2013, and (5) possession of 20 grams or less of marijuana 

on September 17, 2015. This fifth crime occurred while Wright was on pretrial 

release for the instant federal identity theft and wire fraud crimes.

The PSI noted that U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c) (2014) provides for one additional 

criminal history category point for each prior sentence, other than those with at 

least 60 days of imprisonment, up to “a maximum of four points.” All five of 

defendant Wright’s criminal history category points fell under this section, so the 

PSI counted only four of them. Four criminal history category points gave Wright

a criminal history category of III.

Based on a total offense level of 33 and a criminal history category of III, 

the PSI calculated an advisory guidelines range of 168 to 210 months’ 

imprisonment. The PSI also explained that Count 6 carried with it a statutorily 

required prison term of 24 months to run consecutively to any other sentence. See

18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1).

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D. 2015 Sentencing Guidelines Reduced Wright’s Guidelines Range

Defendant Wright’s sentencing occurred on October 23, 2015, only eight 

days before the effective date of new Sentencing Guidelines that would provide

Wright a more favorable guidelines calculation. As a result, the parties and the 

district court agreed to use the revised Sentencing Guidelines, which reduced 

Wright’s total offense level from 33 to 25 and cut her advisory guidelines range by 

more than half to 70 to 87 months’ imprisonment.

Specifically, the application of the 2015 Sentencing Guidelines reduced 

defendant Wright’s loss amount increase from 20 levels to 18. Under the 2015 

guidelines, a 20-level increase now applied only if the loss amount was over 

$9,500,000 and an 18-level increase applied if the loss amount was between 

$3,500,000 and $9,500,000. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J)-(K) (2015). Under the 

2014 Sentencing Guidelines, a loss amount over $7,000,000 would have resulted in 

a 20-level increase. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K) (2014). Because the loss amount 

attributed to Wright was $7,773,972, she now qualified only for the 18-level 

increase under the 2015 Sentencing Guidelines. Accordingly, Wright’s offense 

level attributable to the loss amount was two levels less than what the PSI had 

calculated.

The 2015 Sentencing Guidelines also contained a revision about victims in

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(C). The 2014 version of § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C) provided for increasing 

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defendant Wright’s offense level by six if her offense involved 250 or more 

victims. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C) (2014). The 2015 version replaced that 

provision, which was based solely on the number of victims, with a six-level 

increase if her offense “resulted in substantial financial hardship to 25 or more 

victims.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C)(2015). At the sentencing hearing, the 

government conceded that it could not prove substantial financial hardship to 25 or 

more victims. The district court thus did not apply this six-level increase, even 

though the PSI had done so.

In short, under the 2015 Sentencing Guidelines, defendant Wright had a total 

offense level of 25 consisting of (1) a base offense level of seven and (2) an 

18-level increase for the loss amount being over $3,500,000.

E. Objections to the Loss Amount of $7,773,972.

At sentencing, defendant Wright made two objections to the loss amount of 

$7,773,972. First, Wright objected to having any culpability for the 21 or so 

fraudulent tax returns from the same IP address that were filed before she moved 

into Apartment 104 on September 6, 2014. Second, Wright contended that the

black trash bag and maroon suitcase were already in Apartment 104 when she 

moved in and that she was not responsible for the PII contained therein. In 

response to those two loss-amount objections, IRS Agent David Strager testified 

for the government.

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Agent Strager had contacted Comcast about the IP address in question, and 

Comcast informed him that IP addresses are assigned to a cable modem and not to 

a location address or user. Comcast also told him that the IP address in question 

here “could have been assigned to another cable modem prior to October 25, 

2014,” but Comcast’s records only went back to October 25, 2014. Strager further 

learned that, even though an individual can move with their cable modem, “most of 

the time” the IP address would change when the same modem was set up at a new 

address, although it does not always change.

Agent Strager also had contacted the property manager for Apartment 104 

and discussed the procedures that occur before a new resident moves in. The 

property manager told Strager that when an apartment is vacated it is cleaned, 

repaired, and painted before a new tenant moves in. The property manager also 

told Strager that something left behind by a prior tenant would “absolutely not” 

still be in the apartment when a new tenant arrives. According to the property 

manager, defendant Wright’s lease began on September 1, 2014, and she moved in 

on September 6, 2014.

Ultimately, the district court concluded that even excluding the 

approximately 21 tax returns filed before defendant Wright moved into Apartment 

104, which claimed $70,704 in returns, the intended loss amount, which totaled 

$7,773,972, would still be well in excess of the $3,500,000 needed for the 18-level 

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increase under § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J)-(K) (2015). While the district court did not 

expressly rule on Wright’s objection about the trash bag and suitcase, the district 

court included the PII identities in those containers in its loss calculation.

F. Objections to the PSI’s Denial of Reductions for Minor Role and 

Acceptance of Responsibility

Defendant Wright further sought to reduce her offense level through a 

two-level minor role adjustment and objected to the PSI’s recommended denial of 

that minor role reduction. The government stressed that Wright refused to discuss 

who else was involved. The district court denied Wright’s minor role request 

because Wright failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that she was 

less culpable than the average participant in the conspiracy.

Defendant Wright also objected to the PSI’s denial of a three-level reduction 

for acceptance of responsibility. Wright argued that it would be unfair to lose that

3-point offense level reduction because of her September 17, 2015 possession of a 

small amount of marijuana despite the fact that she was cooperative during the 

investigation, made admissions, and pled guilty. While acknowledging that Wright 

cooperated during the investigation and saved the government time and money by 

pleading guilty, the probation office still recommended denying Wright an 

adjustment for acceptance of responsibility because Wright violated her bond 

conditions by engaging in criminal activity. The government similarly pointed out 

that Wright was convicted of possessing marijuana while on pretrial release and 

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violated the specific conditions of that release. The district court overruled 

Wright’s objection but indicated it “could consider” her cooperation and the fact 

that her marijuana possession crime was only a misdemeanor when it weighed the 

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.

G. Objections to the Criminal History Category

As to her criminal history category of III, defendant Wright objected to 

consideration of this same new September 17, 2015 arrest for misdemeanor

possession of marijuana on the basis that there was an inadequate description of the 

contraband, an inadequate plea colloquy, and because Wright was unrepresented. 

The government responded by pointing out that Wright was arrested and convicted 

through a nolo contendere plea. The district court overruled Wright’s objections to 

the consideration of her September 17, 2015 marijuana possession.

The PSI recommended that defendant Wright receive one criminal history 

point for each of her three convictions for driving with a suspended license. 

Wright objected on the ground that she served only one sentence for all three 

citations and thus should receive only one criminal history point total. The district 

court did not directly rule on this objection but calculated Wright’s criminal history 

category as category III, which included three points for the suspended license 

convictions.

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The district court calculated defendant Wright’s total offense level as 25 and 

criminal history category as III, resulting in an advisory guidelines imprisonment 

range of 70 to 87 months on Count 1, plus the mandatory consecutive 24 months 

on Count 6. The district court found that a criminal history category of III 

overrepresented the seriousness of Wright’s criminal history because all of her past 

convictions were misdemeanors. The district court also took into account the fact 

that Wright was denied acceptance of responsibility only because she possessed a 

small amount of marijuana on pretrial release. The district court sentenced Wright 

to 84 months in prison, consisting of 60 months on Count 1 and 24 months on 

Count 6, served consecutively, followed by three years of supervised release. In 

doing so, the district court varied downward by ten months (70 to 60) on the term 

of imprisonment for Count 1. The district court also ordered restitution in the 

amount of $3,884.

Defendant Wright timely appealed her sentence.

II. LOSS AMOUNT

For crimes involving fraud or deceit, such as this one, the Sentencing 

Guidelines increase the offense level based on the amount of the loss. U.S.S.G. 

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§ 2B1.1(b) (2015). The “loss is the greater of actual loss or intended loss.” 

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A).3

Defendant Wright’s loss amount was calculated based on an intended loss of

$7,773,972. The PSI calculated the intended loss amount by adding (1) $135,195 

in refunds on 46 returns actually paid by the IRS, (2) $733,276 in refunds sought in 

688 returns but rejected by the IRS, and (3) $6,905,500, representing $500 for each 

of the 13,811 remaining compromised identities found in Apartment 104. Those 

13,811 remaining identities included identities on 331 debit or credit cards.

The intended loss amount on all the tax returns totals $868,472. Thus, the

attributed loss amount in this case—over $3,500,000—depends on whether $500 is 

applicable to each of the remaining 13,811 compromised identities, or at least 

enough of them to increase the total loss over $3,500,000. We thus review the 

relevant rules about this $500 calculation.

A. $500 Per Access Device

This $500 calculation is found in the “Special Rules” in the guidelines, 

which apply to calculating the amount of loss. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(F). The 

Special Rules state that if the case involved any counterfeit or unauthorized 

“access device,” the loss includes any charge made with the device but at least 

 3

“Commentary and Application Notes to the Sentencing Guidelines are binding on the 

courts unless they contradict the plain meaning of the text of the Guidelines.” United States v. 

Murrell, 368 F.3d 1283, 1288 n.4 (11th Cir. 2004).

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$500 per access device. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(F)(i). The guidelines 

commentary then explains that a counterfeit or unauthorized “access device” has 

the meaning given to these terms in 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(2)-(3). U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 

cmt. n.10(A). In turn, § 1029(e)(2) and (3) define “counterfeit access device” as 

“any access device that is counterfeit, fictitious, altered, or forged” and an 

“unauthorized access device” as “any access device that is lost, stolen, expired, 

revoked, canceled, or obtained with intent to defraud.” 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(2)-(3).

Furthermore, § 1029(e)(1) provides the definition for the term “access 

device” and defines “access device” (used in § 1029(e)(2)-(3)) to include not only 

credit cards but also “any . . . personal identification number” that can be used to 

obtain anything of value:

any card, plate, code, account number, electronic serial number, 

mobile identification number, personal identification number, or other 

telecommunications service, equipment, or instrument identifier, or 

other means of account access that can be used, alone or in 

conjunction with another access device, to obtain money, goods, 

services, or any other thing of value, or that can be used to initiate a 

transfer of funds (other than a transfer originated solely by paper 

instrument)

§ 1029(e)(1). Given this broad definition, the question here is whether the 13,811 

compromised identities qualified as “access devices” under any part of this 

definition.

The factual proffer established that the 13,811 identities included 331 debit 

or credit cards. This Court has concluded that “access device” in § 1029(e)(1)

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includes credit cards, debit cards, usernames and passwords, routing and bank 

account numbers, and merchant account numbers. United States v. Taylor, 818 

F.3d 671, 680 (11th Cir.) (credit cards), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 387 (2016); United 

States v. Klopf, 423 F.3d 1228, 1240 (11th Cir. 2005) (credit cards); United States 

v. Baldwin, 774 F.3d 711, 722 (11th Cir. 2014) (debit cards); United States v. 

Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1202 (11th Cir. 2011) (usernames and passwords); 

United States v. Williams, 790 F.3d 1240, 1250 (11th Cir. 2015) (routing and bank 

account numbers, but only if not used on a paper check), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 

918 (2016); United States v. Dabbs, 134 F.3d 1071, 1079-80 (11th Cir. 1998)

(merchant account numbers).

4

Thus, the loss amount of $165,500 from those 331 debit and credit cards 

($500 times 331) was properly attributed to defendant Wright. This increases the 

loss amount from $868,472 (from the tax returns) to $1,033,972.

B. Social Security Numbers

The factual proffer also establishes that “numerous” social security numbers 

were on one of defendant Wright’s computers. Although not binding, unpublished 

decisions of this Circuit have concluded that “[a] Social Security number can be an 

 4

A merchant account number, for instance, is an “access device” because it is a “means of 

account access” that can be used in conjunction with another access device to obtain money, 

goods, or something of value. Dabbs, 134 F.3d at 1080. In Dabbs, the merchant account number 

allowed the defendants to deposit credit card sales into the account and then to access those 

funds. Id. at 1079-80; see also United States v. Morris, 81 F.3d 131, 134 (11th Cir. 1996) 

(suggesting that the term “access device” should be limited “to those devices which access an 

individual account, such as a credit card or a long distance calling card”).

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access device” because § 1029(e)(1) lists a “personal identification number” as an 

access device. United States v. Siler, 624 F. App’x 990, 991 (11th Cir. 2015), cert. 

denied, 136 S. Ct. 1395 (2016); see also United States v. Wilson, 649 F. App’x 

827, 829 (11th Cir. 2016) (duplicating social security numbers constituted 

production of unauthorized access devices), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1064 (2017); 

United States v. Johnson, 645 F. App’x 904, 907 (11th Cir. 2016) (preparing and 

filing false tax returns using unauthorized social security numbers and other 

identifying information constituted production of unauthorized access devices);

United States v. Kannell, 545 F. App’x 881, 886 (11th Cir. 2013) (explaining that a 

claim number was an access device used “in combination with another access 

device, such as a social security number”).

Other circuits also have held that a social security number qualifies as a

“personal identification number” and thus as an access device under § 1029(e)(1). 

See United States v. Sorensen, 937 F.2d 614 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. 

Oladimeji, 463 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. 2006); United States v. Komolafe, 246 F. App’x 

806, 811 (3d Cir. 2007).

We now hold that a social security number qualifies as an “access device”

under the definition in 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(1) and for purposes of the Special 

Rules in the Sentencing Guidelines. There was thus no error in including in the 

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loss amount $500 for each of the “numerous” social security numbers shown on 

defendant Wright’s computer.

C. “Personal Identifying Information”

While the 331 debit or credit cards and “numerous” social security numbers 

are “access devices,” the remaining thousands of compromised identities are 

described only as “personal identifying information.” Neither the factual proffer 

nor the PSI defined or described the term “personal identifying information” or 

otherwise specified what types of information that term included. That personal 

identifying information could be names and addresses, or it could be social security 

numbers, birthdays, telephone or cell phone numbers, or some combination of 

these or many other types of personal information. We recognize that a “personal 

identification number” qualifies as an access device, but the problem is that the 

factual proffer and the PSI both used the term “personal identifying information” 

without describing what that information was. Therefore, we agree with defendant 

Wright’s argument on appeal that the record does not show what types of personal 

information were in the thousands of other PII found in Apartment 104.

Furthermore, only $1,033,972 of the total loss amount was attributable to the 

tax return refunds ($868,472) and debit or credit cards ($165,500), while 

$6,740,000 of the total loss amount came from the other thousands of PII

multiplied by $500. With a value of $1,033,972, the requested refunds and debit 

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or credit cards alone were insufficient to support defendant Wright’s 18-level 

increase that was based on a loss amount over $3,500,000. See U.S.S.G. 

§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(J)-(K) (2015). To increase the loss amount over $3,500,000, the 

government needed to show approximately 4,900 more of the 13,811 PII had 

“personal identification numbers” of some type or otherwise constituted access 

devices under the broad definition in § 1029(e)(1). The factual proffer stated 

“numerous” social security numbers but, even liberally construed, we cannot say 

that meant approximately 4,900 social security numbers or other types of access 

devices, which was needed to get the loss amount to over $3,500,000.

We also recognize that “[t]he guidelines do not require a precise 

determination of loss, and a court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, 

given the available information.” United States v. Moran, 778 F.3d 942, 973 (11th 

Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied sub nom. Huarte v. United 

States, 136 S. Ct. 268 (2015). However, there must be at least some evidence on 

which to base a reasonable estimate of how many remaining PII fell within the 

definition of an “access device” in order to trigger the $500 multiplier and to 

exceed the $3,500,000 loss threshold. The lack of description or definition for PII 

in the factual proffer or PSI means there is insufficient evidence to trigger that 

multiplier and make a reasonable estimate of the loss.

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Accordingly, we must remand this case to the district court to address again, 

and make fact findings about, the loss amount. While defendant Wright objected 

to the loss amount, Wright did not articulate this specific evidentiary objection 

about the PII until on appeal. Thus, on remand, both the government and Wright

may submit additional evidence as to what types of personal information were in 

the PII found in Apartment 104. See United States v. Washington, 714 F.3d 1358, 

1362 (11th Cir. 2013) (explaining that this Court has discretion to permit the 

government to present evidence at resentencing in situations where the issue was 

not previously before the district court). 

D. Black Trash Bag and Maroon Suitcase

As in the district court, defendant Wright contends that she is not responsible 

for the PII found in the black trash bag and maroon suitcase because those items 

were in Apartment 104 when she moved in.

“When the government seeks to apply an enhancement under the 

Sentencing Guidelines over a defendant’s factual objection, it has the burden of 

introducing ‘sufficient and reliable’ evidence to prove the necessary facts by a 

preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 1361.

The evidence sufficiently showed defendant Wright was responsible for the 

PII contained in the black trash bag and maroon suitcase. Wright lived in 

Apartment 104 for about eight months before the IRS agents executed the search 

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warrant. The agents found Wright in Apartment 104 with PII scattered everywhere 

throughout the apartment as well as on her laptop and cell phone. The property 

manager told Agent Strager that management cleaned out all apartments before 

new tenants arrived. Based on those facts, the government proved, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, that the black trash bag and maroon suitcase 

belonged to Wright or her co-conspirators and was used as part of their fraudulent 

tax return scheme. See Moran, 778 F.3d at 974 (“A district court may hold 

participants in a conspiracy responsible for the losses resulting from the reasonably 

foreseeable acts of co-conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy.”). 

As noted earlier, the district court implicitly, and properly, included the PII 

identities found in these containers in its calculation of the 13,811 compromised 

identities for which defendant Wright was accountable. Nonetheless, as with the 

other PII, there was no description or definition of the types of PII in these 

containers, and thus we remand to the district court for fact findings about the 

types of PII in these containers, about which both parties may present additional 

evidence on remand. See Washington, 714 F.3d at 1362.

5

 5

Wright also argues that she cannot be found responsible for fraudulent tax returns filed 

from the IP address before she moved into Apartment 104 in September 2014. The district court 

declined to rule on the objections to the tax returns filed prior to September 2014 because doing 

so would not impact the guidelines calculation. There were 21 tax returns filed before October 

14, 2014 which sought refunds totaling $70,704. On remand, and depending on the outcome of 

other calculations on remand, the district court may need to make fact findings about this issue 

too.

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III. MITIGATING ROLE ADJUSTMENT

The Sentencing Guidelines provide for a decrease from two to four points in 

a defendant’s offense level if the defendant had a mitigating role in the offense. 

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 (2015). Defendant Wright, claiming she feared for her safety, 

refused to discuss who else was involved in the fraudulent tax return conspiracy 

and what their roles were. The district court denied Wright’s request for a twolevel minor role reduction because Wright “failed to establish by a preponderance 

of the evidence that she is less culpable than the average participant.”6

A minor participant is one “who is less culpable than most other participants 

in the criminal activity, but whose role could not be described as minimal.” 

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n.5. “In determining whether a minor-role adjustment 

applies, the district court should consider, first, the defendant’s role in the relevant 

conduct for which he has been held accountable at sentencing, and, second, his role 

as compared to that of other participants in his relevant conduct.” Moran, 778 F.3d 

at 980. Defendant Wright bears the burden of proving her minor role by a 

preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Bernal-Benitez, 594 F.3d 1303, 

1320 (11th Cir. 2010).

 6

We review a district court’s denial of a role reduction for clear error. Moran, 778 F.3d at

980.

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The evidence in the record supports the district court’s finding that 

defendant Wright did not meet her burden of proving her minor role. Wright kept 

thousands of people’s PII in her apartment, on her cell phone, and on her laptop. 

See United States v. Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 943 (11th Cir. 1999) (en 

banc) (explaining that the amount of contraband is relevant to the minor role 

analysis). Wright texted the PII to other, unknown people. The IRS agents also 

found a video of Wright counting the money. Wright admitted to her involvement 

in the conspiracy and her possession of PII for thousands of people. While Wright 

herself may not have filed the fraudulent tax returns, that fact does not necessitate 

the district court’s finding that Wright had only a minor role. See id. at 944 

(instructing courts not to grant a minor role reduction if the defendant only shows 

she had a minor role in the larger criminal conspiracy, instead of the relevant 

conduct).

Despite having the burden of proof, defendant Wright did not put forth 

evidence showing who else was involved or what their roles were. Without such 

evidence, the district court could not compare the roles of the other conspirators or 

“determine that the defendant was less culpable than most other participants in her 

relevant conduct.” Id. The district court did not have to believe Wright’s 

self-serving testimony as to her role, particularly given the evidence showing her 

extensive involvement.

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The district court did not clearly err by denying defendant Wright a minor 

role reduction.

IV. ACCEPTANCE OF RESPONSIBILITY

The Sentencing Guidelines allow for a three-point reduction in the offense 

level when (1) the defendant “clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility,” 

(2) the offense level was otherwise at least 16, and (3) the government files a 

motion in support:

(a) If the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of responsibility 

for his offense, decrease the offense level by 2 levels.

(b) If the defendant qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a), the 

offense level determined prior to the operation of subsection (a) is 

level 16 or greater, and upon motion of the government stating that 

the defendant has assisted authorities in the investigation or 

prosecution of his own misconduct by timely notifying authorities of 

his intention to enter a plea of guilty, thereby permitting the 

government to avoid preparing for trial and permitting the government 

and the court to allocate their resources efficiently, decrease the 

offense level by 1 additional level.

U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 (2015). 

While out of jail on pretrial supervision, defendant Wright was arrested, 

convicted, and sentenced for the crime of possession of marijuana. Although 

Wright had cooperated and entered a guilty plea in this current federal case, the 

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district court denied Wright a reduction for acceptance of responsibility because of 

her marijuana conviction during pretrial release.

7

“The determination of whether a defendant has adequately manifested 

acceptance of responsibility is a flexible, fact sensitive inquiry.” United States v. 

Smith, 127 F.3d 987, 989 (11th Cir. 1997) (en banc). “The defendant bears the 

burden of clearly demonstrating acceptance of responsibility and must present 

more than just a guilty plea.” United States v. Sawyer, 180 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th 

Cir. 1999).

One of the (many) factors to consider under the guidelines is whether the 

defendant voluntarily terminated or withdrew from criminal conduct or 

associations. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.1(B). In United States v. Pace, 17 F.3d 341, 

342, 344 (11th Cir. 1994), this Court affirmed the district court’s denial of an 

acceptance of responsibility reduction for a defendant, who was convicted of filing 

false individual income tax returns and claiming the refunds, when the defendant 

used marijuana while out on bond prior to pleading guilty. In doing so, this Court 

held “that a district court is authorized to consider subsequent criminal conduct, 

even if it is unrelated to the offense of conviction, in determining whether a 

 7

This Court will not reverse the district court’s determination that a defendant is not 

entitled to an acceptance of responsibility reduction “unless the facts in the record clearly 

establish that a defendant has accepted personal responsibility.” United States v. Sawyer, 180 

F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 1999); see also U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.5 (“The sentencing judge is 

in a unique position to evaluate a defendant’s acceptance of responsibility. For this reason, the 

determination of the sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on review.”). 

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decrease for acceptance of responsibility is appropriate.” Id. at 343. In Pace, this 

Court concluded that “the district court did not err in considering Pace’s 

subsequent marijuana use in declining to grant a decrease pursuant to § 3E1.1.” Id.

at 344. Thus, evidence of continued, but unrelated, criminal conduct after an arrest 

supports denial of a § 3E1.1 reduction.

Pace is materially the same as this case. Like the defendant in Pace, 

defendant Wright participated in a conspiracy to submit fraudulent individual tax 

returns to the government in order to obtain the refunds. While on pretrial release, 

Wright illegally possessed marijuana. Wright admitted to committing this crime. 

Even on appeal, Wright candidly admits that the district court could, and should, 

have weighed the fact of her marijuana conviction. The facts that Wright’s arrest 

was a misdemeanor and that it was for marijuana possession do not establish that 

the district court erred in denying a § 3E1.1 reduction. To the contrary, the district 

court has “great deference” to determine Wright’s acceptance of responsibility, and 

this Court has upheld a district court’s denial of an acceptance of responsibility 

reduction in factual circumstances similar to these. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 cmt. n.5;

Pace, 17 F.3d at 344; see also United States v. Scroggins, 880 F.2d 1204, 1205,

1216 (11th Cir. 1989) (concluding that the district court did not err in denying a 

reduction under § 3E1.1 when the defendant continued to use cocaine after his 

arrest for stealing from postal stamp vending machines). The district court thus did 

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not err when it denied Wright the benefit of an acceptance of responsibility 

reduction.

V. CRIMINAL HISTORY CATEGORY

A criminal history category of III applies when a defendant has four to six

criminal history category points. The guidelines assign one criminal history point, 

but only up to a total of four, for each prior sentence where the sentence of 

imprisonment was less than 60 days. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c) (2015). A “prior 

sentence” is “any sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, whether 

by guilty plea, trial, or plea of nolo contendere.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1) (2015).

The district court found defendant Wright had a criminal history category of 

III based on five points for five misdemeanors, only four of which counted under

§ 4A1.1(c). Three criminal history category points resulted from Wright’s driving 

with a suspended license on three separate occasions. The other two criminal 

history category points resulted from Wright’s twice possessing small amounts of 

marijuana. Both sets of criminal history category points raise their own issues,

which we address in turn.

A. Two Marijuana Possessions

The PSI stated that on September 17, 2015, a police officer found a bag of 

marijuana in defendant Wright’s purse. Wright was arrested for possessing 20 

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grams or less of marijuana. The PSI stated the result: “Adjudication withheld; fine 

and costs.” 

Furthermore, in discussing defendant Wright’s acceptance of responsibility, 

the PSI states that not only did Wright commit the crime but also that Wright pled 

nolo contendere, adjudication was withheld, and she was sentenced. But that is not 

all. In her amended response to the PSI, Wright admits that she entered a nolo 

contendere plea for the September 17, 2015 possession of marijuana.8

“A diversionary disposition resulting from a finding or admission of guilt, or 

a plea of nolo contendere, in a judicial proceeding is counted as a sentence under 

§4A1.1(c) even if a conviction is not formally entered.” § 4A1.2(f); see also

United States v. Tamayo, 80 F.3d 1514, 1522 (11th Cir. 1996). Because “prior 

sentence” means a sentence imposed upon adjudication of guilt, a sentence where 

adjudication of guilt is withheld does not fall under the definition of “prior 

sentence” in § 4A1.2(a)(1). United States v. Rockman, 993 F.2d 811, 813 (11th 

Cir. 1993). However, if a defendant pled nolo contendere to the prior offense and 

the state court withheld adjudication of guilt, the prior offense is a diversionary 

disposition that is properly counted as a “prior sentence” under § 4A1.1(c). Id. at 

814; see also Tamayo, 80 F.3d at 1522.

 8

Wright’s response to the PSI argues that considering the nolo contendere plea would be 

unfair because she was unrepresented when she entered the plea, there was no adequate plea 

colloquy, and because there was no proper description of the contraband. This argument is 

unpersuasive.

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Because defendant Wright’s September 17, 2015 crime involved a 

diversionary disposition resulting from a nolo contendere plea, that diversionary 

disposition counts as a sentence under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c) even though 

adjudication of guilt was withheld. The district court properly assigned one 

criminal history category point to that 2015 crime. 

In contrast, the record is unclear as to what transpired with respect to

defendant Wright’s March 3, 2013 possession of marijuana, specifically whether 

there was a plea of some sort or an adjudication of guilt. There is an insufficient 

factual basis and no fact finding in the current record about this offense. On 

remand, the district court should make fact findings about this March 3, 2013 

possession offense and whether a criminal history category point should be 

assigned to this crime.

B. Three Convictions for Driving with a Suspended License

Defendant Wright received one criminal history category point for each of 

her three sentences for driving with a suspended license, for a total of three points. 

See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(c) (stating “[a]dd 1 point for each prior sentence not counted 

in (a) or (b), up to a total of 4 points for this subsection”). The question before us 

is whether those prior sentences were properly counted separately or should be 

treated as a single or two sentences.

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The guidelines instruct that, for purposes of calculating the criminal history

category, if a defendant has multiple prior sentences, the court must “determine 

whether those sentences are counted separately or treated as a single sentence.” 

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2). “Prior sentences always are counted separately if the 

sentences were imposed for offenses that were separated by an intervening arrest 

(i.e., the defendant is arrested for the first offense prior to committing the second 

offense).” Id. “If there is no intervening arrest, prior sentences are counted 

separately unless (A) the sentences resulted from offenses contained in the same 

charging instrument; or (B) the sentences were imposed on the same day.” Id.

An intervening arrest is one that comes in between the commission of the 

first criminal act and the second. See United States v. Hunter, 323 F.3d 1314, 

1323 (11th Cir. 2003). For example, in United States v. Wilks, a case where this 

Court had to determine whether prior offenses were separate for purposes of the 

career offender enhancement, this Court counted Wilks’s past offenses as separate 

because of an intervening arrest:

Although consolidated for sentencing on the same day, Wilks’ first 

conviction was for a charge of aggravated assault on a law 

enforcement officer stemming from an arrest on July 31, 1996. Wilks’

second conviction stemmed from an arrest on August 15, 1996 for 

three separate crimes—grand theft, burglary with assault and 

strongarm robbery. Sixteen days separated the arrests for these two 

convictions. Because an intervening arrest separated the underlying 

predicate offenses, the district court did not err in counting them 

separately and enhancing Wilks’ sentence under § 4B1.1.

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31

464 F.3d 1240, 1244 (11th Cir. 2006).

9

While each of defendant Wright’s three offenses for driving with a 

suspended license occurred on a different date, Wright was simultaneously 

adjudicated guilty on February 28, 2012, for all three and simultaneously sentenced 

to time served of 38 days. Because Wright was sentenced for each offense on the 

same day, her sentences for driving with a suspended license should be counted 

separately only if there were intervening arrests. U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(2).

The PSI sets forth the following facts about defendant Wright’s three

convictions for driving with a suspended license. On August 10, 2011, an officer 

issued a citation to Wright for driving while her license was suspended. Wright 

was not taken into custody at that time. On September 20, 2011, a capias, or arrest 

warrant, was issued. On October 24, 2011, Wright was arrested on the capias.

The PSI also states that, on October 24, 2011, an officer arrested defendant 

Wright for driving with a suspended license. A capias issued on November 23, 

2011, and Wright was arrested on the capias on January 22, 2012.

 9

We review for clear error a district court’s determination that prior sentences (and 

underlying offenses) are not related under § 4A1.2. See United States v. Hernandez-Martinez, 

382 F.3d 1304, 1306 (11th Cir. 2004). Thus, a district court’s factual determination that a 

defendant’s prior sentences are independent for purposes of determining the criminal history will 

not be disturbed unless clearly erroneous. See id. at 1306 n.1.

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On November 26, 2011, an officer issued a citation to defendant Wright for 

driving while her license was suspended. A capias issued, and Wright was arrested 

on the capias on January 22, 2012.

In sum, defendant Wright was arrested on October 24, 2011 on the second 

offense, and she committed the third offense on November 26, 2011. Thus Wright 

had an intervening arrest between the second and third offenses. These two 

sentences should be counted separately and qualify Wright for two criminal history 

category points. 

The dispute here then is whether “the citation” defendant Wright received 

for the first violation constitutes “an arrest” under § 4A1.2(a)(2), so that she has an 

arrest between the first and second violations, which would make the first violation 

count separately as well. The Eleventh Circuit has never decided this “citation”

issue. Two other circuit courts have and are divided on the issue.

The Ninth Circuit squarely held that a traffic citation is not an arrest under 

§ 4A1.2(a)(2), while the Seventh Circuit reached the opposite conclusion. 

Compare United States v. Leal-Felix, 665 F.3d 1037, 1044 (9th Cir. 2011) (en 

banc) (driving with a suspended license) with United States v. Morgan, 354 F.3d 

621, 624 (7th Cir. 2003) (driving with a suspended license).

10 

 10We recognize that the Sixth Circuit has addressed a summons to appear in court on a 

criminal charge (aggravated assault) and concluded that the distinction between a summons and 

a traffic citation is “immaterial” and that a summons is not an arrest under another guideline. 

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After reviewing these decisions, we hold only that defendant Wright’s traffic

citation for driving with a suspended license is not an arrest under § 4A1.2(a)(2) of 

the Sentencing Guidelines for several reasons.

First, the Sentencing Guidelines do not define the term “arrest.” “When a 

statutory term is undefined, courts give it its ‘ordinary meaning’ or ‘common 

usage.’” United States v. Lopez, 590 F.3d 1238, 1248 (11th Cir. 2009) (citations 

omitted). Indeed, the “starting point for all statutory interpretation is the language 

of the statute itself.” United States v. DBB, Inc., 180 F.3d 1277, 1281 (11th Cir. 

1999). Courts generally “assume that Congress used the words in a statute as they 

are commonly and ordinarily understood.” Fed. Reserve Bank of Atlanta v. 

Thomas, 220 F.3d 1235, 1239 (11th Cir. 2000).

The term “arrest” ordinarily means that someone has been seized and taken 

into custody, however briefly. See, e.g., Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113, 117, 119 

S. Ct. 484, 487-88 (1998) (using “arrest” to mean “custodial arrest” and 

distinguishing the issuance of a citation from a custodial arrest). 

Second, an arrest is usually “indicated by informing the suspect that he is 

under arrest, transporting the suspect to the police station, and/or booking the 

suspect into jail.” Leal-Felix, 665 F.3d at 1041. In contrast, if someone, like 

defendant Wright, is pulled over, issued a traffic citation, and then allowed to 

 

United States v. Powell, 798 F.3d 431, 438, 440 (6th Cir. 2015). We have no occasion to address 

a summons to a felony criminal charge here.

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leave, that traffic-law violator would say she got a ticket, not that she had been 

arrested. The person would have only been stopped temporarily, not arrested, and

then allowed to go on her way. 

The concurring opinion to the Ninth Circuit’s Leal-Felix decision aptly 

explained why the ordinary and common meaning of “arrest” does not include a 

traffic citation, more often called a “traffic ticket”:

I am confident that an average citizen—with or without a law 

degree—would not believe he had been arrested if pulled over, briefly 

detained and issued a traffic ticket. Indeed, if a traffic citation 

constituted an arrest in ordinary parlance, then aspiring police officers 

and prison guards might have a lot more to disclose on their job 

applications. Young drivers would need to be more concerned about 

getting into college, and those filling out employment applications, 

background checks, visa applications, and adoption papers would 

need to employ an entirely different “truth-o-meter” than commonly 

understood. It seems unlikely, however, that police departments, 

prisons, colleges, government agencies and adoption organizations 

mean—or are even concerned about—speeding tickets when they ask 

if applicants have ever been arrested. In other words, treating an 

ordinary traffic ticket as an arrest defies our common experience and 

would be a paradigmatic shift.

. . . .

The ordinary person’s expectations when being taken into police 

custody, on the other hand, include hearing phrases like “you’re under 

arrest” or “you’ll need to come to the station” and perhaps being 

handcuffed and spending some time in the back of a squad car, if not 

in jail. That brief, embarrassing moment when a driver is stopped and 

given a ticket for speeding or driving with a broken tail light surely is 

not perceived as an arrest. Accordingly, I have no trouble concluding 

that the average driver in the United States does not believe he’s in 

custody when he is pulled over and asked for his license, and the 

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“ordinary, contemporary, common meaning” of the term arrest does 

not include a traffic citation.

Id. at 1045-46 (McKeown, J., concurring).

“Limiting ‘arrest’ to a formal arrest (rather than a mere [traffic] citation) is 

consistent with common usage, case law, and the context and purposes of the 

Sentencing Guidelines.” Id. at 1041. Furthermore, the Sentencing Commission 

easily could have used a term broader than “intervening arrest” in § 4A1.2(a)(2) if 

it meant to include traffic citations. We conclude that the meaning of “arrest” for 

purposes of § 4A1.2(a)(2) does not include being pulled over, briefly stopped, and 

issued a traffic citation. 

Here, defendant Wright’s first citation on August 10, 2011 for driving with a 

suspended license does not constitute an intervening arrest under § 4A1.2(a)(2),

and thus no intervening arrest occurred between her first and second offenses. 

Because the first and second offenses were not separated by an intervening arrest 

and the sentences for each were imposed on the same day, these two offenses 

should be treated as a single sentence. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a)(2).

As explained above, Defendant Wright’s third citation for driving with a 

suspended license occurred on November 26, 2011. The October 24, 2011 arrest 

separated her first and second offenses (resulting in a single sentence) from her 

third. These were thus two separate offenses and were correctly treated as separate 

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sentences for which she should receive two total criminal history category points. 

See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a)(2). 

Even with one less criminal history category point for the three driving with 

a suspended license convictions, defendant Wright would still have four criminal 

history category points and a criminal history category of III. But if Wright’s 

March 3, 2013 marijuana possession does not count, Wright would have three 

criminal history points, which would yield a criminal history category of II. 

Therefore, on remand the district court must make additional fact findings and 

determine whether the 2013 marijuana possession counts or not.11

VI. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing reasons, we vacate defendant Wright’s sentences and 

remand to the district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

 11Given the procedural errors in calculating Wright’s criminal history category, we do not 

reach Wright’s arguments regarding the substantive reasonableness of her sentence.

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