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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 46908

STATE OF IDAHO,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

CRYSTAL ANNE MAY,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Filed: September 16, 2020

Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk

THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED

OPINION AND SHALL NOT

BE CITED AS AUTHORITY

Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada

County. Hon. Richard D. Greenwood and Hon. Patrick J. Miller, District Judges. 

Judgment of conviction and sentence of eight years with one year determinate for 

grand theft, affirmed; order for restitution, vacated and case remanded.

Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Andrea W. Reynolds, 

Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. 

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jeffery D. Nye, Deputy Attorney 

General, Boise, for respondent. 

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BRAILSFORD, Judge

Crystal Anne May appeals from her judgment of conviction and sentence for grand theft 

and also from the district court’s order for restitution. We affirm May’s sentence, but we vacate 

the court’s order for restitution and remand this case for further proceedings.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The State charged May with two counts of grand theft, Idaho Code §§ 18-2403(1), 18-

2407(1)(b), 18-2409, for stealing and using her grandmother’s credit cards. May pled guilty to 

one count and, in exchange, the State agreed to dismiss the second count. At the sentencing hearing

in February 2019, the court imposed a sentence of eight years with one year determinate. 
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Additionally, during the sentencing hearing, the State requested $1,880.18 in restitution. 

May’s counsel stated that “the request lines up, except--I think I am missing the documentation as 

to about $300 of it.” As a result, May requested additional time to object to the State’s request,

and the court held open the issue of restitution until March 26. The court stated, however, that “if 

no objection to the restitution is filed and request for hearing by that date, the restitution will be 

ordered as requested.” 

Thereafter, on March 25, May filed an objection to the State’s restitution motion “for the 

amount of $1,629.42” and requested a hearing on the matter. In response, the State filed a written 

motion for restitution under I.C. § 19-5304. The motion requested restitution for three different 

banks in the amounts of $853.20 for Citibank, $836.91 for State Farm Bank, and $190.07 for Idaho 

Central Credit Union (ICCU), for a total restitution amount of $1,880.10. Although the State’s 

motion expressly stated the motion was “based upon the attached documentation,” the parties agree 

no documents were attached to the motion. Regardless, on May 24, the court entered an order for 

restitution in the full amount requested of $1,880.10 without either having a hearing on the matter 

or providing findings of fact in support of the order. May timely appeals the district court’s order 

for restitution and her sentence. 

II.

ANALYSIS

A. Order of Restitution

On appeal, May challenges the district court’s order for restitution. Idaho Code Section 19-

5304(2) authorizes a sentencing court to order a defendant to pay restitution for economic loss to 

the victim of a crime. The decision of whether to order restitution, and in what amount, is within 

the discretion of a trial court, guided by consideration of the factors set forth in I.C. § 19-5304(7) 

and by the policy favoring full compensation to crime victims who suffer economic loss. State v. 

Richmond, 137 Idaho 35, 37, 43 P.3d 794, 796 (Ct. App. 2002); State v. Bybee, 115 Idaho 541, 

543, 768 P.2d 804, 806 (Ct. App. 1989). Thus, we will not overturn an order of restitution unless 

an abuse of discretion is shown. Richmond, 137 Idaho at 37, 43 P.3d at 796.

When a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court 

conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine whether the lower court: (1) correctly perceived the 

issue as one of discretion; (2) acted within the boundaries of such discretion; (3) acted consistently 

with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (4) reached its decision 
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by an exercise of reason. Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 

(2018). To meet the second and third requirements of this analysis, the trial court must base the 

amount of restitution upon the preponderance of evidence submitted by the prosecutor, defendant, 

victim, or presentence investigator. I.C. § 19-5304(6); State v. Lombard, 149 Idaho 819, 822, 242 

P.3d 189, 192 (Ct. App. 2010).

The determination of the amount of restitution, which includes the issue of causation, is a 

question of fact for the trial court. State v. Corbus, 150 Idaho 599, 602, 249 P.3d 398, 401 (2011); 

State v. Hamilton, 129 Idaho 938, 943, 935 P.2d 201, 206 (Ct. App. 1997). The district court’s 

factual findings with regard to restitution will not be disturbed on appeal if supported by substantial 

evidence. Corbus, 150 Idaho at 602, 249 P.3d at 401; Lombard, 149 Idaho at 822, 242 P.3d at

192. Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support 

a conclusion. State v. Straub, 153 Idaho 882, 885, 292 P.3d 273, 276 (2013).

On appeal, May argues the record “does not contain substantial evidence supporting the 

State’s request for restitution,” noting the State did not provide any documentation to support its 

motion for restitution. Acknowledging this absence of evidence, the State partially concedes that 

this Court “should remand the issue of restitution as to Citibank and ICCU.” The State, however, 

asserts that “the record supports the district court’s award of $836.91 in restitution to State Farm 

Bank.” The State premises this argument on (1) a letter from State Farm Bank to May’s 

grandmother stating her account has been credited in the amount of $836.91 in response to her 

report of a fraudulent transaction and (2) a State Farm Bank credit card statement showing seven 

different transactions totaling $836.91. Both of these documents were included in the presentence 

materials, but the State did not present them at the sentencing hearing in support of its oral 

restitution request or attach them to its post-sentencing motion for restitution.

Although these documents tend to support the State’s request on behalf of State Farm Bank 

for restitution in the amount of $836.91, we decline to address the State’s argument that they 

constitute substantial evidence to support the court’s order in this regard for several reasons. First, 

it appears the district court may have simply been unaware of May’s March 25 objection and her 

request for a hearing. Shortly after May filed her objection, the sentencing judge retired and a 

newly appointed judge thereafter entered the restitution order, perhaps without knowledge of 

May’s objection. Second, May’s positions on the State’s request have been inconsistent. At the 

sentencing hearing, May appears to concede the evidence supports all but $300 in requested 
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restitution. In her written objection, however, May objects to the State’s restitution motion “for 

the amount of $1,629.42”--which amount is different than the State’s total request and does not 

appear to be a concession that any specific amount requested is correct. Third, because the State 

concedes this case must be remanded for further proceedings on restitution, we conclude the better 

course of proceeding is to allow the State and May an opportunity to be heard and present evidence 

and to allow the district court to consider that evidence and make factual findings regarding the 

State’s entire request for restitution.

B. Sentence

On appeal, May also challenges her sentence as excessive. An appellate review of a 

sentence is based on an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Burdett, 134 Idaho 271, 276, 1 P.3d 

299, 304 (Ct. App. 2000). Where a sentence is not illegal, the appellant has the burden to show 

that it is unreasonable and thus a clear abuse of discretion. State v. Brown, 121 Idaho 385, 393, 

825 P.2d 482, 490 (1992). A sentence may represent such an abuse of discretion if it is shown to 

be unreasonable upon the facts of the case. State v. Nice, 103 Idaho 89, 90, 645 P.2d 323, 324 

(1982). A sentence of confinement is reasonable if it appears at the time of sentencing that 

confinement is necessary to accomplish the primary objective of protecting society and to achieve 

any or all of the related goals of deterrence, rehabilitation, or retribution applicable to a given case. 

State v. Toohill, 103 Idaho 565, 568, 650 P.2d 707, 710 (Ct. App. 1982). Where an appellant 

contends that the sentencing court imposed an excessively harsh sentence, we conduct an 

independent review of the record, having regard for the nature of the offense, the character of the 

offender, and the protection of the public interest. State v. Reinke, 103 Idaho 771, 772, 653 P.2d 

1183, 1184 (Ct. App. 1982). When reviewing the length of a sentence, we consider the defendant’s 

entire sentence. State v. Oliver, 144 Idaho 722, 726, 170 P.3d 387, 391 (2007). 

The district court imposed a sentence of eight years with one year determinate. May asserts 

this sentence does not meet the objectives of criminal punishment. Specifically, she argues that 

her sentence is “not necessary to protect society,” is “not necessary to deter” her or others, will 

“decrease . . . the likelihood of her rehabilitation,” and “is not justified by the objective of 

retribution.”

Based on our independent review of the record, we cannot say the district court abused its 

discretion. During the sentencing hearing, the court addressed each of the sentencing objectives 

May challenges. The court noted retribution was appropriate stating, “I think there should be some 
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element of punishment to your sentence, and I intend to do that for what you did to your 

grandmother.” Further, the court noted May’s likelihood of rehabilitation was questionable, 

stating May’s “history on supervised release is sort of abysmal,” including “seven parole 

violations,” a previous dismissal from a rehabilitation program, and failures to accept opportunities 

for substance abuse treatment. The court also noted deterrence was appropriate commenting that 

“while it’s not the biggest theft in the world, it is certainly a massive betrayal of trust.” Finally, 

although May argues her sentence is not necessary to protect society, she conceded during the 

sentencing hearing that her conduct “put the community at risk.” Accordingly, the court properly 

considered the sentencing objectives of protecting society and of achieving punishment, 

deterrence, and rehabilitation. See Toohill, 103 Idaho at 568, 650 P.2d at 710 (identifying

sentencing objectives).

III.

CONCLUSION

We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when sentencing May. We vacate 

the court’s order of restitution, however, and remand this case for consideration of the State’s 

restitution request and May’s objection to that request. 

Chief Judge HUSKEY and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.