1 Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year in issue, and all

Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and

Procedure. 

T.C. Memo. 1998-276

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JOSEPH F. AND CAMILLE T. UDDO, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 16687-97. Filed July 29, 1998.

William A. Neilson and Joseph John Ecuyer III, for 

petitioners.

Linda K. West and Mary Beth Calkins, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

POWELL, Special Trial Judge: This case is before the Court

on petitioners' motion for award of reasonable litigation and

administrative costs pursuant to section 7430 and Rules 230, 231,

and 232,1 filed March 24, 1998. Neither party requested a
- 2 -

hearing, and the Court concludes that a hearing is not necessary

for the proper disposition of this motion. 

On their jointly filed 1994 Federal income tax return,

petitioners reported $57,285 as a taxable distribution from an

individual retirement account (IRA). For petitioners' 1994 tax

year respondent received a Form 1099-R from American Express

Trust Co. (American Express) reporting that petitioners had

received a gross distribution of $156,931. 

On January 6, 1997, respondent mailed a 30-day letter (Tax

Notice CP-2000) to petitioners. A copy of the letter was sent to

William A. Neilson (Mr. Neilson) as attorney for petitioners. 

The letter stated that respondent proposed to increase

petitioners' taxable income by $165,211. The proposed increase

produced an additional tax liability of $57,671. In addition,

the letter proposed an accuracy-related penalty of $11,534. The

letter stated that if petitioners did not respond within 30 days

respondent would issue a notice of deficiency. The letter

further stated that if petitioners did not agree with

respondent's proposed changes, petitioners should submit a signed

statement of explanation and include any supporting

documentation. Petitioners did not respond to the 30-day letter.

On May 9, 1997, respondent mailed the notice of deficiency

determining a deficiency in petitioners' 1994 Federal income tax

in the amount of $57,671 and an accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(a) and (d) in the amount of $11,534. Petitioners
- 3 -

filed their petition with this Court on August 8, 1997. At the

time their petition was filed, petitioners resided in New

Orleans, Louisiana.

Respondent filed an answer on September 11, 1997. Shortly

thereafter, the case file was forwarded to respondent's Appeals

Office in New Orleans, Louisiana, where the case was assigned to

Appeals Officer Gregory M. Berry (Mr. Berry). The administrative

file received by Mr. Berry bore no indication that petitioners

had provided respondent with any information or response to the

30-day letter.

On September 15, 1997, Mr. Neilson wrote to Mary Beth

Calkins at respondent's District Counsel office in New Orleans. 

Mr. Neilson asserted that the disputed amount of $156,931 was a

"direct rollover" by petitioners from American Express to an IRA

with Southwest Securities, Inc. (Southwest). Attached to the

letter were copies of documents purporting to support

petitioners' position, including an application by Mr. Uddo for

an IRA with Southwest, a letter requesting a transfer of Mr.

Uddo's accounts with IDS (American Express), and "portfolio

summary" statements from Southwest.

In a letter dated September 18, 1997, Mr. Berry wrote to

acknowledge respondent's receipt of Mr. Neilson's September 15,

1997, letter and the supporting documentation. Mr. Berry stated

that from his review of the supporting documentation he was

unable to tie the information to the disputed amount and
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requested additional clarification. Receiving no response to

this letter, Mr. Berry contacted Mr. Neilson by telephone on

November 4, 1997. During this conversation, Mr. Neilson stated

that he had just received information from petitioners'

accountant tracing the liquidated funds to the Southwest account

into which they were purportedly rolled over; Mr. Neilson further

indicated that he would shortly forward this information to Mr.

Berry.

Mr. Berry did not receive the promised information from Mr.

Neilson, so he followed up with another phone call on November

26, 1997. The two agreed to meet on December 2, 1997. At the

December 2d meeting, the documentation offered by Mr. Neilson was

largely duplicative of that previously provided. Mr. Neilson

still was unable to trace the amount at issue to any combination

of deposits in the Southwest account. Mr. Neilson had not

contacted either the payor, American Express, or Southwest. 

Further, Mr. Neilson presented no evidence or clarification to

establish that the $156,931 at issue had been rolled over taxfree. 

In an effort to resolve the matter, on December 3, 1997, Mr.

Berry wrote to American Express requesting that it provide

details to support the amount it had reported on the Form 1099-R,

specifically the date and amounts of the distributions, and

whether they were paid directly to Mr. Uddo or to a third party. 

On January 9, 1998, Mr. Berry received a response from American
- 5 -

Express providing a breakdown of the distributions from Mr.

Uddo's accounts by date, amount, and payee. Due to an obvious

date error in two of the entries, Mr. Berry called American

Express to request a correction. The corrected response was

received by Mr. Berry on January 16, 1998. 

Upon review of the documentation from American Express, Mr.

Berry concluded that $144,931 of the $156,931 had been rolled

over tax-free. On January 16, 1998, Mr. Berry mailed the

American Express documentation to Mr. Neilson along with a letter

requesting any additional information that would support a

finding that the final $12,000 was also rolled over tax-free. 

Mr. Berry spoke with Mr. Neilson by telephone on February

20, 1998, and Mr. Neilson stated that he needed to consult with

petitioners and their accountant. Mr. Berry followed up with a

phone call to Mr. Neilson on February 25, 1998, and was advised

that Mr. Neilson had not received his clients' approval to

concede the remaining $12,000. When Mr. Berry contacted Mr.

Neilson again on February 27, 1998, Mr. Neilson stated that he

had not received a response from petitioners' accountant. Mr.

Berry then advised Mr. Neilson that decision documents would be

prepared reflecting the $12,000 as taxable. The decision

document was prepared and faxed to Mr. Neilson on March 3, 1998.

At the call of the trial calendar on March 9, 1998, the

decision document executed by the parties was filed as a

stipulation of settlement. The stipulation of settlement
- 6 -

2 This requirement applies only to an award of litigation

costs. Sec. 7430(b)(1).

provided: (1) Petitioners' 1994 income tax liability is $31,374;

(2) the deficiency to be paid by petitioners is $27,824; and (3)

petitioners are not liable for the accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(a). On March 24, 1998, petitioners filed their

motion for award of reasonable litigation and administrative

costs in the amount of $2,763.

Discussion

A taxpayer who substantially prevails in an administrative

or court proceeding may be awarded a judgment for reasonable

costs incurred in such proceedings. Sec. 7430(a). A judgment

may be awarded under section 7430 if a taxpayer (1) was the

prevailing party; (2) exhausted the administrative remedies

available to the taxpayer within the Internal Revenue Service;2

and (3) did not unreasonably protract the proceedings. Sec.

7430(b). These requirements are in the conjunctive; each must be

met in order for the Court to consider awarding litigation or

administrative costs under section 7430. Minahan v.

Commissioner, 88 T.C. 492, 497 (1987); Renner v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1994-372. 

To be a "prevailing party" a taxpayer must establish the

following: (1) The taxpayer substantially prevailed with respect

to either the amount in controversy or with respect to the most

significant issue presented; and (2) the taxpayer met the net
- 7 -

worth requirements of 28 U.S.C. section 2412(d)(2)(B) at the time

the petition in the case was filed. Sec. 7430(c)(4)(A). 

However, a party shall not be treated as the prevailing party if

the United States establishes that the position of the United

States in the proceeding was substantially justified. Sec.

7430(c)(4)(B). 

Respondent contends that the position of the United States

was substantially justified and that petitioners have not proved

that they exhausted their administrative remedies. Respondent

concedes that petitioners have satisfied the other requirements

of section 7430.

To decide whether respondent's position was substantially

justified, the Court must first identify the point in time at

which the United States is considered to have taken a position

and then decide whether the position taken from that date forward

was substantially justified. In general, we bifurcate our

analysis and look separately at the dates that respondent took a

position in the administrative proceeding and in the proceeding

in this Court. Sec. 7430(c)(7)(A) and (B); Huffman v.

Commissioner, 978 F.2d 1139, 1144 (9th Cir. 1992), affg. in part,

revg. in part and remanding T.C. Memo. 1991-144. In the instant

case, however, we may dispense with the bifurcated analysis

because respondent's position on each of these dates was the

same. Swanson v. Commissioner, 106 T.C. 76, 87 (1996). 

Respondent took a position in the administrative proceeding when
- 8 -

3 An administrative proceeding is defined as any procedure or

other action before the Internal Revenue Service. Sec.

7430(c)(5). Sec. 7430(c)(7)(B) provides that the United States

takes a position in an administrative proceeding as of the

earlier of the date of the receipt by the taxpayer of the notice

of the decision of the Internal Revenue Service Office of

Appeals, or the date of the notice of deficiency. In the instant

case, no notice of decision of the Internal Revenue Service

Appeals Office was ever issued or received by petitioners prior

to the date of the notice of deficiency. Accordingly, the United

States took a position on the date the notice of deficiency was

issued.

4 Venue for appeal in this case lies to the Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit. Accordingly, precedent from that

jurisdiction controls our analysis of the issues. Golsen v.

Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742, 757 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985 (10th

(continued...)

the statutory notice of deficiency was issued to petitioners on

May 9, 1997. Sec. 7430(c)(7)((B).3 Specifically, in the notice

of deficiency respondent determined that petitioners had

unreported gross income of $156,931 from an IRA distribution

received from American Express in 1994. Respondent took a

position in the proceeding in this Court when respondent's answer

was filed on September 11, 1997. See Huffman v. Commissioner,

supra at 1148. In the answer, respondent denied petitioners'

allegation that they did not receive an unreported IRA

distribution in the amount of $156,931 in 1994. 

We analyze the Government's position on the date of the

notice of deficiency in the context of what caused the Government

to take that position. Lennox v. Commissioner, 998 F.2d 244,

247-249 (5th Cir. 1993), revg. in part and remanding T.C. Memo.

1992-382.4 This analysis may include events preceding the date
- 9 -

4(...continued)

Cir. 1971). 

5 The substantially justified standard is the same as the

reasonableness standard of prior law. Sher v. Commissioner, 89

T.C. 79, 84 (1987), affd. 861 F.2d 131 (5th Cir. 1988).

6 Sec. 7430 was amended by the Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, Pub.

L. 104-168, sec. 701(a) and (b), 110 Stat. 1463 (1996), to shift

the burden of proof on this issue to respondent. The amendment

is effective with respect to proceedings commenced after July 30,

1996. Id. at secs. 701(d), 702(b), 703(b), and 704(b), 110 Stat.

1464. 

the notice of deficiency was issued. Id.; Williford v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-135.

Respondent's position is substantially justified if it is

justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person and

has a reasonable basis both in law and fact.5 Pierce v,

Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988); Nalle v. Commissioner, 55

F.3d 189, 191 (5th Cir. 1995), affg. T.C. Memo. 1994-182. The 

assessment of reasonableness is based on all the facts and

circumstances surrounding the proceeding. Nalle v. Commissioner,

supra at 191. The burden of proof on this issue is upon

respondent. Sec. 7430(c)(4)(B).6

Respondent's concession of the case does not in itself

compel the conclusion that respondent's position was not

substantially justified. Hanson v. Commissioner, 975 F.2d 1150,

1155-1156 (5th Cir. 1992), revg. an unpublished order of this

Court; Swanson v. Commissioner, supra at 94. Rather, it remains
- 10 -

a factor to be considered in assessing respondent's

justification. Hanson v. Commissioner, supra at 1156.

Petitioners contend that in the notice of deficiency

respondent "merely alleged" unreported income based on a Form

1099-R issued by a third party. Essentially, petitioners argue

that there was an inadequate factual basis for the determination

and that, consequently, respondent's position was not

substantially justified. This argument is premised upon Portillo

v. Commissioner, 932 F.2d 1128 (5th Cir. 1991) (Portillo I),

affg. in part, revg. in part and remanding T.C. Memo. 1990-68,

and its companion case Portillo v. Commissioner, 988 F.2d 27 (5th

Cir. 1993) (Portillo II), revg. and remanding T.C. Memo. 1992-99. 

For the reasons that follow, petitioners' reliance on these cases

is misplaced.

In Portillo I, there was a $24,505 discrepancy between the

amount reported on the taxpayer's return ($10,800) and the amount

reported by a third party payor (Navarro) on a Form 1099

($35,305). During the audit, the taxpayer conceded his failure

to report $3,125 in income received from Navarro, but denied

receiving more than $13,925 from him. Respondent's agent then

contacted Navarro, who was able to produce copies of checks paid

to the taxpayer in the amount of $13,925, but did not have copies

of checks for the remaining $21,380 reported on the Form 1099. 

Thereafter, respondent issued a notice of deficiency. The Court

of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that respondent had
- 11 -

"arbitrarily decided to attribute veracity" to the "naked

assertion" of the third party payor. Without evidence to support

the notice of deficiency, the determination was held to be

arbitrary and erroneous, resulting in a decision in favor of the

taxpayer. Portillo v. Commissioner, 932 F.2d at 1133-1134.

In Portillo II, the taxpayer appealed this Court's denial of

administrative and litigation costs incurred from Portillo I. 

The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit relied upon the

conclusion in Portillo I that "the deficiency notice 'lacked any

ligaments of fact' and was 'clearly erroneous' as a matter of

law", and held this to be a clear indication that respondent's

reliance upon such an unsupported notice of deficiency was not

substantially justified. Portillo v. Commissioner, 988 F.2d at

29.

In Portillo I and Portillo II respondent was aware before

sending the notice of deficiency that the payor could not fully

substantiate the amounts reported on the Form 1099. We, however,

do not read Portillo II as holding that the Government may never

be substantially justified in relying upon a third party payment

report (Form 1099) in issuing a notice of deficiency that

determines unreported income. Portillo II does not address the

question presented herein; viz, whether respondent may be

substantially justified in relying upon a third party payment

report when the taxpayer fails to respond to respondent's

inquiries.
- 12 -

7 We recognize that Sher v. Commissioner, 861 F.2d 131 (5th

Cir. 1988), affg. 89 T.C. 79 (1987), arose in the context of a

motion for litigation costs; hence the focal point of the

analysis was respondent's position in the answer. Moreover, we

note that in dicta, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

stated that respondent's reliance upon the information from the

third party payor "would not have been sufficient if the petition

and the documents in the file demonstrated the need for further

investigation." Id. at 135. 

8 The opinion in Sher v. Commissioner, supra, was superseded

by statute on other grounds. See Hanson v. Commissioner, 975

F.2d 1150, 1152 n.2 (5th Cir. 1992), revg. an unpublished order

of this Court. 

In Sher v. Commissioner, 861 F.2d 131, 134-135 (5th Cir.

1988), affg. 89 T.C. 79 (1987), the Court of Appeals for the

Fifth Circuit held that respondent's position was substantially

justified where respondent relied upon apparently credible third

party payment information that had not been refuted by the

taxpayers.7 Even in the wake of its decisions in Portillo I and

Portillo II, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit continues

to cite Sher v. Commissioner, supra, for this proposition. See,

e.g., Nalle v. Commissioner, supra at 192.8 Furthermore, other

Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit cases suggest that

respondent's duty to investigate information provided by a third

party payor is not absolute. See, e.g., Parker v. Commissioner,

117 F.3d 785, 787 (5th Cir. 1997) (in context of a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court noted that

respondent has no duty to investigate a third-party payment

report that is not disputed by the taxpayer).
- 13 -

9 In their motion, petitioners argue that their accountant

responded to the 30-day letter by sending documentation to the

Internal Revenue Service Center in Chamblee, Georgia, to support

their position that the amount reported on the Form 1099-R by

American Express was a nontaxable rollover from an IRA. This

assertion is unsupported by the record. 

 Petitioners concede that they received the 30-day letter. 

The 30-day letter served upon petitioners specifically stated the

basis for respondent's adjustment and clearly requested a

response from petitioners and supporting documentation. 

Petitioners did not respond to the 30-day letter. Indeed,

petitioners' first contact with respondent concerning this matter

came through their counsel after the petition in this case was

filed.9 Approximately 1 year after respondent first requested

information from petitioners, respondent received information

from American Express establishing that petitioners had not

underreported their income in the amount originally indicated. 

Significantly, respondent received this information only after

respondent directly contacted the third party payor. Over a 5-

month period, respondent's Appeals Officer contacted petitioners'

counsel in repeated attempts to resolve this matter. Respondent

notified petitioners' counsel on January 16, 1998, that

respondent was conceding all but $12,000 of the disputed amount,

and stated that respondent was prepared to concede the remainder

if petitioners proffered the necessary documentation. Despite

repeated statements, petitioners' counsel failed to follow up

with the Appeals Officer. 
- 14 -

This conduct places petitioners squarely in the position of

the taxpayer in McDaniel v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-148. 

In McDaniel, respondent sent a letter to the taxpayer (Tax Notice

CP-2501) requesting an explanation as to why information reported

on the taxpayer's return did not match information provided by

third party payors. After the taxpayer failed to respond to the

letter, respondent issued a notice of deficiency. Six months

after the petition was filed, the taxpayer provided information

that enabled respondent to concede that there was no deficiency. 

In denying the taxpayer's motion for administrative and

litigation costs this Court stated

Although respondent ultimately conceded each of the

issues raised in the notice of deficiency, she was not able

to do so without the information from petitioner. A request

for such information was made before the statutory notice of

deficiency was issued. Any delay in this case was caused by

petitioner and petitioner's counsel. Had petitioner acted

promptly, this matter could have been resolved shortly after

petitioner received the Tax Notice CP-2501 * * *. We find

that respondent's position was not unreasonable * * * 

[McDaniel v. Commissioner, supra; emphasis added.]

In short, just as in McDaniel v. Commissioner, supra, any delay

in resolution of this case was caused by petitioners and their

counsel. If petitioners had responded to the 30-day letter, this

matter could have been resolved prior to the issuance of the

notice of deficiency. 

We conclude that respondent had a reasonable basis in fact

and in law for the issuance of the notice of deficiency. 
- 15 -

10 Petitioners bore the burden of proof to establish that they

exhausted the administrative remedies available to them within

the Internal Revenue Service. See Rule 142(a). Without ruling

on this issue, we note that petitioners have not alleged that

they requested and were denied an Appeals Office conference as

required by sec. 301.7430-1(b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. 

Accordingly, we hold that respondent's position was substantially

justified.

For similar reasons to those already discussed, we also

conclude that respondent's position respecting the accuracyrelated penalty was substantially justified. The original

indicated omission of income was substantial, and petitioners

offered no explanation for that omission. 

The requirements of section 7430 are in the conjunctive,

Minahan v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. at 497, and our holding that

respondent's position was substantially justified disposes of

petitioners' motion. Accordingly, we need not address whether

petitioners' had exhausted all the administrative remedies.10

To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order will be 

issued.