Estimated Use of Water in the 

United States, J 960 

Estimated Use of Water in the 

United States, 1960 

By K. A. MacKichan and J. C. Kammerer 

CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract---------------------------- 1 

Introduction_________________________ 1 

Previous investigations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 

Present investigation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 

Definition of terms .. __________ .. _____ 3 

Withdrawal use______________________ 4 

Public supplies ___ ---- ___ --- __ ----- 4 Rural ___________________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 

Irrigation _______________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 

Self -supplied industrial use ______ .. __ 1 7 

Page 

Withdrawal use--Continued 

Self -supplied industri~l use--Continued 

Fuel-electric power (public utility).._ 17 

Air conditioning__________________ 29 

Waterpower ______ ------------------ 29 

Summary of withdrawal uses --------· 31 

Nonwithdrawal uses ------------------ 37 

Changes since 1955------------------- 37 

Supply versus demand ---------------- 39 

Selected references ------------------ 42 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

Figure 1. Map of the United States showing names and locations of wateruse regions------------------------------------------------------------ 2 

2. Water used for irrigation (including conveyance losses)'i by regions in the 

United States 1960 ____________________________________ ---- _ --- ___ ----- _ 18 

3. Use of self-supplied industrial water, by regions, in the United States 1960.......... 19 

4. Most industrial water is used for cooling------------------------------ 29 

5. How water was used in 1960----------------------------------------------- 32 

6. Where water is consumed ___________________________ ----- __ --------·---____ 32 

7. Trends in use of water for waterpower and all other uses -------------------- 37 

8. Trends in water used for public supplies, rural supplies, irrigation, and industry.. 38 

9. Supply and demand in the Nation _______________________ ------ ___ --_-------_ 41 

10. Supply and demand in the West -------------------------------------------- 42 

TABLES 

Page 

Table 1. Water used for public supplies, by States, 1960 ------------~------------------ 5 

2. Water used for public supplies, by regions, 1960 ------------------------------ 7 

3. Water for rural use, by States, 1960----------------------------------------- 9 

4. Water for rural use, by regions, 1960 --------------------------------------- 11 

5. Water used for irrigation, by States, 1960------------------------------------ 14 

6. Water used for irrigation, by regions, 1960 ---------------------------------- 16 

7. Self-supplied industrial water, by States, 1960-------------------------------- 20 

8. Self-supplied industrial water, by regions, 1960 ------------------------------ 22 

9. Water used for public utility generation of fuel-electric power, by States, 1960 ___ 26 

10. Water used for public utility generation of fuel-electric power, by regions, 1960 __ 28 

11. Water withdrawn for air conditioning, by States,l960 -------------------------- 30 

12. Water withdrawn for air conditioning, by regions, 1960 ------------------------ 31 

13. Water used for waterpower, by States, 1960 ---------------------------------- 33 

14. Water used for waterpower, by regions, 1960 _ .. __ .. _________ ------.. ______ ...... __ .. 33 

15. Summary of water withdrawn except for waterpower, by States, ].960____________ 34 

16. Summary of water withdrawn except for waterpower, by regions, 1960 ---------- 36 

17. Changes in withdrawals 1950--60_____________________________________________ 39 

18. Supply compared with demand ---------------------------------------------- 40 

III 

By K. A. MacKichan andJ. C- Kammerer 

ABSTRACT 

The estimated overage withdrawal use of water in the 

United States during 1960 was almost 270,000 mgd {mi Ilion 

gallons per day), exclusive of water used to develop water· 

power. This estimated use amounts to about 1,500 gpd {gal· 

Ions per day) per capita. An additional 2,000,000 mgd were 

used to develop waterpower. 

Withdrawal use of water requires that the water be removed 

from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake. In this 

report the use is divided into five types: public supplies, 

rural, irrigation, self-supplied industrial, and waterpower. 

Consumptive use of water is the quantity discharged to the 

atmosphere or incorporated in the products of the process in 

which it was used. Only 61,000 mgd of the 270,000 mgd with· 

drawn was consumed. 

Of the water withdrawn in 1960, 220,000 mgd {including 

irrigation conveyance losses) was taken from surface sources 

and 47,000 from underground sources. Withdrawal of water 

for uses other than waterpower has increased 12 percent 

since 1955. The amount of water used for generation of waterpower has! increased 33 percent since 1955. The use of saline 

water was almost twice as great in 1960 as in 1955. 

The upper limit of our water supply is the average annual 

runoff, nearly 1,200,000 mgd. The supply in 1960 was depleted 

by 61,000 mgd, the amount of water consumed. However, a 

large part of the water withdrawn but. not consumed was deteriorated in quality. 

INTRODUCTION 

The use of water generally reduces the 

water resources and frequently deteriorates 

the quality of the water, whether the use is 

withdrawal or nonwithdrawal, consumptive or 

nonconsumptive. The water quality may be 

deteriorated by the addition of the following: 

wastes containing high concentrations of dissolved solids, wastes containing organic 

matter, bacterial active wastes, and heat. 

Because the use of water affects the resource, an adequate evaluation of the water 

resources of the Nation requires a knowledge 

of the quantity of water used, where it is 

used, and the type of use. The purpose of this 

report is to evaluate the use of water during 

1960 in broad categories and in States and 

regions. (See fig. 1.) 

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 

Many Federal, State, and local agencies are 

interested in data on the use of water, and in 

recent years a number of agencies have compiled water-use data. The U.S. Public Health 

Service ( 1959), under the auspices of the 

Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources, 

Subcommittee on Hydrology, has compiled a 

report on Federal programs for collection of 

data on water use. Some investigators made 

inventories or estimates of water used in a 

single category. The U.S. Public Health 

Service ( 1948), in cooperation with the 

sanitary-engineering divisions of the State 

health departments, made inventories of public water-supply facilities in 1945 which included data on the quantity of water used. 

Similar inventories of facilities serving populations of 25,000 or more were made in 

1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, and 1960. The U.S. 

Public Health Service ( 1960-61) made a complete inventory again in 1958. The American 

Water Works Association ( 1948, 1953, 1957) 

has made several national surveys of municipal water works, including information on 

water use for about 500 water systems serving populations of 10,000 or more. 

The U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1955) made 

a survey of water used by the manufacturing 

industries in 1953, as part of their annual 

survey of manufactures. Additional data on 

use of water were collected with the 1954 

Census of Manufactures. Picton ( 1952, 1956, 

and 1960) made estimates of water used in 

the United States from 1900 to 1950 and 1955 

and forecast estimates of future use. Guyton 

( 1950) made an estimate of ground water used 

in the United States during 1945, and Langbein ( 1950) made an estimate of the quantity 

of water used in the United States in 1946 for 

the generation of hydroelectric power. An 

inventory made by Mangan and Graham ( 1953) 

1 
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Figure 1. -Map of the United States showing names and locations of water•use regions. 

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INTRODUCTION 3 

showed the quantity of water used in Pennsylvania in 1951, and Kammerer (written communication, 1961) estimated water use in 1955 

for the Delaware River basin. The U.S. Federal Power Commission ( 1957b) inventoried 

the water requirements of utility steam electric generating plants in 1954. MacKichan 

(1951 and 1957) made estimates of the quantity of water used in each of the 48 States 

during 1950 and 1955 for five major uses: 

rural, public supplies, industry, irrigation, 

and waterpower. He also gave the quantity 

used in 1955 in 19 major regions. MacKichan 

and Kammerer ( 1961) estimated water use in 

1959-60 for Georgia and parts of adjacent 

States as a contribution to the water resources investigations being conducted by the 

U.S. Southeast Area Study Commission. 

Woodward ( 1957) projecte.d water needs for 

rural supplies, public supplies, self-supplied 

industry, and irrigation to 1980. The Select 

Committee on National Water Resources, 

United States Senate ( 1959a, 1959b, 1960a, 

1960b, 1960c, 1960d, and 1960e) published information on current use of water and gave 

projections to 1980 and 2000. 

Among the many reports which give wateruse data for all the principal withdrawal uses 

within a single State are those for Arkansas 

(Wood, 1959), California (California Water 

Resources Board, 1955), Connecticut (Connecticut Water Resources Commission, 1957 ), 

Delaware (Smith and others, 1960), Georgia 

(Thomson and others, 1956 ), Indiana (Indiana 

Water Resources Study Committee, 1956), 

Kansas (Foley, Smrha, and Metzler, 1955), 

Kentucky (Kentucky Water Resources Commission, 1959), New York (Temporary New 

York State Commission on Water Resources 

Planning, 1960), Ohio (Rudnick, 1959), ., Tennessee (Tennessee Water Resources Division, 

1961), Virginia (Virginia Advisory Legislative 

Council, 1955), and Wisconsin (Wirth, 1959). 

PRESENT INVESTIGATION 

This report presents an estimate of the 

quantity of water withdrawn and the quantity 

consumed in 1960. It is similar in objective 

and scope to MacKichan's earlier estimates 

(1951 and 1957). Some water was withdrawn 

from a source, used, and discharged into a 

stream or the ground, only to be withdrawn 

again. Each time the water was withdrawn it 

was added to the accumulated total; therefore, 

the same water was withdrawn several times 

and was counted each time that it was withdrawn. However, if the water was withdrawn 

and recirculated so that it was used several 

times in the same plant before it was discharged into a stream or the ground, it was 

counted only once. Although the best information available was used, the estimates in 

this report are, in general, ·only approximations of the quantity of water used. The estimate for municipal use is probably the most 

accurate and that for industrial use the least 

accurate. 

District offices of the Water Resources 

Division of the Geological Survey supplied 

estimates of water used for public supplies 

and for manufacturing and nonmanufac turing 

industries. The estimates were based on 

data in the Geological Survey files and those 

furnished by State and local officials. The 

quantities of water used for power generation 

at fuel-electric utilities, for rural domestic 

and stock use, and for irrigation, were computed using statistics of the U.S. Bureau of 

the Census ( 1952, 1956, and 1960c), the U.S. 

Federal Power Commission ( 1957b, and 1960-

61), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(1960). Information on the sources of water 

(ground water, surface water, or sewage) was· 

furnished by the district offices of the Water 

Resources Division of the Geological Survey. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS 

Uses of water may be classified in several 

different ways: among them are withdrawal 

and nonwithdrawal, consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. Withdrawal uses require that 

the water be removed from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake. Irrigation, 

domestic, stock, public, and industrial uses 

are of this type. Generation of waterp9wer is 

also considered a withdrawal use; even in 

run-of-river plants the water is diverted 

through the turbines and frequently the generation of waterpower has a very definite effect on the rate of streamflow. The quantity 

of water withdrawn at a place is the entire 

quantity of water taken for use. This quantity is sometimes termed "pumpage," "water 

intake," "duty of water," or "water req'!lirement" (Am. Water Works Assoc. Task Group, 

1953 ). Nonwithdrawal uses do not require 

diversion. Navigation, recreation, waste disposal, and conservation of fish and wildlife 

are examples of nonwithdrawal uses. 
4 ESTIMATFD USE OF WATER IN THE UNITFD STATES, 1960 

The water user either purchases the water 

from a public-supply system or withdraws it 

directly from the source for his own use. The 

latter is self supplied. 

Consumptive use is the quantity of water 

discharged to the atmosphere (evaporated) or 

incorporated in the products of the process 

in connection with vegetative growth, food 

processing, or incidental to an industrial 

process (Am. Water Works Assoc. Task 

Group, 19 53). 

Saline water has been defined as water 

containing more than 1, 000 ppm (parts per 

million) of dissolved solids regardless of 

composition. Sodium chloride may not be the 

principal salt in the water. (Krieger, Hatchett, 

and Poole, 1956.) 

Quantities of water given in this report are 

generally in million gallons per day (mgd); 

however, some quantities are also given in 

acre-feet per year. An acre-foot of water 

will cover an acre to a depth of 1 foot; 1, 000 

acre-feet per year equals 0.89 mgd. 

WITHDRAWAL USE 

Withdrawal uses can be evaluated quantitatively because they require removal of the 

water from the ground, stream, lake, or reservoir. The total quantity of water withdrawn 

can be obtained by adding together the known 

amounts of withdrawals. The primary withdrawal uses are public supplies, rural domestic and stock, irrigation, self-supplied industrial, and waterpower. Fuel-electric utilities and air conditioning are important subdivisions of primary withdrawal uses and 

have been evaluated. Withdrawal use may be 

further subdivided into consumptive and nonconsumptive use. The water consumed has 

been estimated. 

PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

Public water-supply systems in the United 

States served about 136 million people an 

average of 151 gpd per person or nearly 

21,000 mgd. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

Water used for public supplies includes all 

water pumped into the system. This water 

may be used for fire protection, street flushing, irrigation of lawns and gardens, and by 

industry and commerce, as we.ll as for domestic supply. Because the water is measured at the source, leakage is also included. 

Industry and commerce used slightly more 

than 6,600 mgd from public supplies of which 

about 560 mgd was used for air conditioning. 

Of the 20,600 mgd withdrawn for public supplies, almost 3,500 mgd or about 17 percent 

was consumed. Public water-supply systems 

may be either publicly or privately owned. 

RURAL 

Rural use of water totaled about 3,600 mgd, 

of which 1,600 mgd was used by livestock and 

2,000 mgd was for domestic use. (See tables 

3 ~nd 4.) Rural homes are defined as those 

not served by public water-supply systems. 

About 2,800 mgd was obtained from wells and 

springs and only 850 mgd was obtained from 

lakes, streams, and ponds. The resource was 

depleted by almost 2,800 mgd by this use because practicalLy all the water withdrawn was 

evaporated or transpired after being discharged on or immediately below the surface 

of the ground. 

The 1,600 mgd of livestock water does not 

include large qQantities of water e~porated 

from stock ponds. In some areas wa.ter thus 

evaporated may equal or exceed the water 

consumed by the stock. For example, in 

North Dakota there are 35,000 stock-water 

ponds having anaverage surfacearea of about 

1.5 acres (Erskine, written communication). 

Assuming an evaporation loss of 2.8 feet per 

year, the average daily evaporation amounts 

to about 130 mgd. Water consumed by livestock in North Dakota amounted to only 28 

mgd. 

The rural use of water was computed by 

multiplying per capita uses by the human and 

livestock population. Of the 182 million people living in the United States, 48 million supply their own water. Of this 48 million, 36 

million have running water in their homes. 

Frank ( 1955) states that people living in 

the average electrified farm or· ·urban home 

in the United States use an average of 60 gpd 

or more per person for household purposes 

and watering of lawns, The corresponding 

average for homes without running water is 

only 10 gpd per person. Other investigators 

report that only 50 gpd per person is used in 

homes with running water. Quantities of rural 
Table 1.-Water used for public supplies, by States, 1960 

:Population served Water withdrawn Water delivered 

Industrial and commercial uses Ground Surface All Ground Surface All Per 

water water water water water water capita Air Except air All 

(thousands) (thousands) (thousands (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (gpd) conditioning conditioning uses 

(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) 

Alabama_----- 808 1,200 2,000 84 150 230 118 9-.4 69 78 

Alaska ------- 31 43 74 7.9 15 23 307 0 10 10 

Arizona ------ 697 283 980 100 42 150 150 6.4 15 21 

Arkansas----- 457 478 935 48 51 100 107 0 27 27 

California __ -- 5,800 7,310 13,100 1,200 1,400 2,600 201 76 300 380 

Colorado ___ -- 209 1,290 1,500 41 250 290 196 9.1 69 78 

Connecticut _-- 115 1,970 2,090 14 240 . 260 122 6.9 90 97 

Delaware----- 134 17'6 310 11 28 40 128 1.6 20 22 

Florida _______ 3,320 54 3,370 500 23 530 156 7.5 142 150 

Georgia ------ 711 1,600 2,310 110 260 370 161 8.1 71 79 

Hawaii __ ----- 511 70 581 74 11 85 146 5.0 25 30 Idaho _________ 352 97 449 91 28 120 264 1.5 54 56 

Illinois _____ - - 2,860 5,600 8,470 200 1,400 1,600 186 67 320 390 

Indiana------- 1,230 1,680 2,9.10 130 230 370 126 29 110 140 

Iowa --------- 943 555 1,500 91 68 160 106 5.1 67 72 

Kansas------- 734 583 1,320 120 81 200 150 .8 24 25 

Kentucky ----- 251 1,400 1,660 18 210 230 138 1.3 71 72 

Louisiana ___ -- 1,020 1,140 2,150 91 180 270 126 27 54 81 

Maine -------- 13~ 608 744 11 75 86 116 1.0 30 31 

Maryland _____ 190 2,200 2,390 21 280 300 127 12 100 110 

Massachusetts_ 1,300 3,640 4,930 120 470 590 119 8.3 170 170 

Michigan ___ -- 1,310 4,230 5,540 170 670 840 153 28 410 440 

Minnesota _--- 1,080 1,0 7.0 2,140 100 120 220 104 10 60 70 

Mississippi _-- 777 238 1,020 87 28 110 113 4.0 28 32 

Missouri ----- 460 2,300 2, 760 49 370 410 150 12 180 190 

Montana------ 96 356 452 24 89 110 250 1.0 18 19 

Nebraska----- 648 342 990 120 58 180 178 3.9 72 76 

Nevada------- 139 89 228 43 36 79 346 .7 13 14 

See footnote at end of table. 

Domestic 

use and 

losses 1 

(mgd) 

160 

13 

130 

73 

2,300 

220 

160 

18 

370 

290 

55 

62 

1,200 

220 

88 

170 

160 

190 

55 

200 

420 

400 

150 

83 

230 

94 

100 

65 

Water 

consumed 

(mgd) 

54 

.3 

74 

18 

370 

69 

77 

4.0 

140 

33 

25 

18 

160 

92 

16 

69 

23 

110 

17 

22 

59 

94 

29 

39 

80 

56 

8.3 

42 

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Table 1.-Water used for public supplies, by States, 1960-Continued 

Population served Water withdrawn Water delivered 

Ground Surface All Ground. SurfacE All 

Industrial and commercial uses Per 

water water water water water water capita Air .Except air All (thousands) (thousands) (thousands (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (gpd) conditioning ~onditioning :uses 

{mgd) (mgd) (mgd) 

New Hampshire- 222 292 514 18 36 54 106 0.8 16 17 

New Jersey---- 1,610 3,080 4,700 230 440 670 143 50 150 200 

New Mexico---- 556 105 661 84 24 110 163 .9 11 12 

New York ______ 3,360 11,900 15,300 330 1,700 ~.100 136 18 570 590 

North Carolina_ 355 1,860 2,220 34 260 290 131 2.9 55 58 

North Dakota ___ 182 172 354 14 19 32 91 .3 1.9 2.2 Ohio __________ 1,900 5,440 7,330 230 790 1,000 138 0 600 610 

Oklahoma ______ 568 1,250 1,820 56 150 210 115 15 51 66 

Oregon-------- 284 1,100 1,380 170 220 390 284 .4 130 130 Pennsylvania_~_ 736 8,460 9,200 110 1,200 1,300 144 32 640 670 

Puerto Rico ____ 350 1,400 1, 750 6.8 61 68 39 1.1 21 22 

Rhode Island .. __ 140 689 829 10 71 81 97 2.0 38 40 

South Carolina _ 411 967 1,380 35 150 190 137 2.9 55 58 

South Dakota ___ 341 71 412 46 8.6 54 132 .1 4.9 5.0 

Tennessee----- 1,220 1,190 2,410 150 190 340 142 4.2 96 100 

Texas--------- 4,420 4,160 8,580 530 600 1,100 132 37 320 360 Utah __________ 363 369 732 100 120 220 301 5.5 6 12 

Vermont _______ 70 160 230 8.1 24 32 140 .6 12 13 

Virginia_------ 304 1,900 2,200 43 220 260 129 14 110 120 

Virgin 'Islands __ 10 14 24 .3 .6 .9 37 0 .1 .1 

Washington --...,- 946 1,310 2,260 200 570 770 341 1. 7 310 310 

West Virginia __ 450 802 1,250 37 87 120 99 .3 46 46 

Wisconsin.- ___ - 1,390 1,040 2,430 160 210 370 152 20 150 170 

Wyoming ------ 93 124 217 33 26 59 271 2.2 10 12 

District of. 0 764 764 0 140 140 185 7.1 54 61 

Columbia. 

See footnote at end of table. 

Domestic 

use and 

losses1 

(mgd) 

37 

470 

96 

1,500 

230 

30 

410 

140 

260 

650 

46 

41 

130 

50 

240 

780 

210 

19 

160 

.8 

460 

78 

200 

46 

81 

Water 

consumed 

(mgd) 

2.8 

20 

49 

350 

29 

12 

120 

72 

36 

120 

11 

5.0 

19 

19 

81 

480 

45 

1.7 

29 

.7 

77 

6.6 

37 

34 

15 

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United States 45,700 87,700 133,000 6,240 14,100 20,400 153 556 6,020 6,580 13,800 3,430 

excluding 

Alaska, Hawaii 

Puerto Rico, 

and Virgin 

Island. 

United States __ 46,600 89,200 136,000 6,330 14,200 20,600 151 562 6,080 6,640 13,900 13,470 

1

Includes public use. 

Table 2.-Water used for public supplies, by reRions, 1960 

Population served Water withdrawn Water delivered 

Industrial and commercial usee Water 

Ground Surface All Ground Surface All :Per Domestic con- water water water water water water Gapita Air Except air All use and ~umed (thousands] (thousands) (thousands) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (gpd) qonditioning conditioning uses lossesl (mgd) 

(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) ~ ~ 

New England ___ 1,900 7,020 8,920 170 870 1,000 117 19 320 350 700 150 ~ t"' 

Delaware- 4,830 16,200 21,100 550 2,400 3,000 142 84 920 1,000 1,970 370 

Hudson. 

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Chesapeake ____ 936 5,460 6,390 120 760 880 135 32 340 370 500 82 

South Atlantic __ 4,200 4,780 8,980 590 690 1,300 145 24 390 410 900 200 

Eastern Gulf ___ 1, 710 2,160 3,860 220 280 490 128 17 93 110 390 100 

Tennessee- 600 1,570 2,170 73 240 320 146 4.5 80 84 230 60 

Cumberland. 

Ohio _________ - 3,640 8,720 12,400 400 1,100 1,500 122 27 590 620 880 190 

Eastern Great '912 9,090 10 .ooo 93 1,400 1,500 151 24 800 820 690 200 

Lakes-St. 

Lawrence. 

Western Great 2,700 7,210 9,900 270 1,600 1,900 192 92 520 610 1,300 200 

Lakes. 

Hudson Bay ____ 197 167 364 15 18 33 90 .8 4.2 5.0 . 28 9.0 

Upper 4,480 3, 700 8,180 410 600 1,000 123 34 350 380 630 130 

Mississippi. 

Upper Missouri. 1,620 2,100 3,720 280 380 650 176 14 170 180 470 180 

Lower Missouri 389 873 1,260 36 130 160 130 3.3 60 63 100 32 -:1 

See footnote at end of table. 
Table 2.-Water used for public supplies, by reAions, 1960-Continued - ---

Population served Water withdrawn Water delivered 

Industrial and commercial uses Ground Surface All Ground Surface All Per 

water water water water water uses capita Air Except air All 

(thousands) (thousand$) (thousands) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (gpd) conditioning conditioning uses 

(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) 

Lower 1,900 1,080 2,990 210 170 380 127 23 100 120 

Mississippi. 

Upper 1,310 1,210 2,520 180 170 350 139 14 59 73 

ArkansasRed. 

Lower 888 1,520 2,400 85 190 280 117 13 75 88 

ArkansasRed-White. 

Western Gulf __ 4,820 3,980 8,800 590 590 1,200 136 36 320 360 

Colorado ______ 898 508 1,410 160 110 270 193 8.5 25 33 

Great Basin .. __ 493 445 938 130 140 280 296 5.8 27 33 

South Pacific __ 5, 710 7,250 13,000 1,306 1,400 2,700 208 76 400 480 

Pacific North- 1,550 2,620 4,170 350 840 1,20C 286 3.2 390 390 

west. 

Hawaii ____ --- 511 70 581 74 11 8~ 146 5.0 35 30 

Alaska - ____ - _ 31 43 74 7.£ 15 2~ 307 0 10 10 

Puerto Rico 360 1,410 1, 770 7.1 62 6~ 39 1.1 21 22 

and Virgin 

Islands. 

United Sta'tes 45,700 87 J 700 133,000 6,240 14,100 20,400 153 556 6,020 6,580 

excluding 

Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puertc 

Rico, and 

Virgin Islam;is. 

United States __ 46,600 89,200 136,000 6,330 14,200 20,600 151 562 6,080 6,640 . 

1Includes public use. 

Domestic 

and use 

losses 1 

(mgd) 

260 

270 

190 

820 

240 

250 

2,200 

810 

5~ 

1~ 

41 

13,800 

13,900 

Water 

consumed 

(mgd) 

110 

110 

86 

520 

120 

67 

370 

150 

25 

.3 

11 

3,430 

3,470 

00 

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Table 3.-Water for rural use, by States, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Domestic use Livestock use 

With9rawn Withdrawn 

ConSurface Ground All sumed Surface Ground All 

water water water wate1r water water 

Alabama--------- 0 37 37 37 13 13 26 Alaska ___________ 1.2 4.9 6.1 .3 0 .1 .1 

Arizona---------- 1.5 27 29 28 4.9 9.1 14 

Arkansas _________ 0 23 23 23 18 10 28 

California ________ 18 200 220 130 25 61 86 

Colorado _________ 1.2 8.2 9.4 2.6 10 21 31 

Connecticut _______ .4 22 22 22 .6 2.4 3.0 Delaware _________ 0 6.1 6.1 .6 .2 1.6 1.8 

Florida __________ 0 86 86 86 6.5 16 23 

Georgia---------- 0 62 62 62 23 5.8 28 

Hawaii ______ ----- 2.0 6.0 8.0 6.4 1.9 .5 2.4 

Idaho _______ - ____ 1.2 19 20 5.0 11 10 21 

Illinois ___________ 12 61 73 51 18 60 78 

Indiana ____________ 12 84 96 67 16 28 44 

Iowa ________ ----- .5 55 56 14 69 69 140 

Kansas ___________ 3.0 34 37 37 25 32 57 

Kentucky __________ 5.6 18 24 14 28 2.7 31 

Louisiana--------- 2.4 38 41 41 13 10 23 Maine _____________ .7 6.7 7.4 2.2 2.0 1.4 3.4 

Maryland ___ -- _____ 0 30 30 30 .4 8.4 8.8 

Massachusetts--_-_ .1 4.6 4.7 4.2 1.8 1.2 3.0 

Michigan __________ 0 100 100 21 5.8 23 29 

Minnesota--------- 0 52 5-2 7.7 16 55 71 

Mississippi_--_-_-_ 0 36 36 32 22 14 36 

Missouri---------- 22 33 55 55 36 36 71 

Consumed 

26 

.1 

14 

28 

70 

28 

3.0 

.9 

23 

28 

1.9 

19 

78 

44 

130 

57 

31 

23 

3.4 

8.8 

2.7 

23 

71 

36 

71 

Domestic and livestock uses 

Withdrawn 

ConSurface Ground All sumed 

water water water 

13 50 63 63 

1.2 5.0 6.2 .4 

6.4 36 43 42 

18 33 51 51 

42 260 310 200 

11 29 40 30 

1.0 24 25 25 

.2 7.7 7.9 1.5 

6.5 100 110 110 

23 68 91 91 

3.9 6.5 10 8.3 

12 29 42 24 

30 120 150 130 

28 110 140 110 

70 120 190 140 

28 66 94 94 

34 21 54 45 

15 49 64 64 

2.7 8.1 11 5.6 

.4 39 39 39 

1.9 5.8 7.7 6.9 

5.8 130 130 44 

16 110 120 78 

22 50 72 68 

58 69 130 130 

~ 6 

~ 

~ I'"' 

~ tr:l 

co 
Table 3.-Water for rural use, by States, 1960-Continued 

Domestic use Livestock use 

Withdrawn Withdrawn 

Con- ConSurface Ground All sumed Surface Ground All sumed 

water water water water water water 

~ontana __________ 0.5 8.5 9.0 0.9 26 6.6 33 33 Nebraska __________ .3 18 19 19 3.6 68 71 71 Nevada ___________ 0 2.8 2.9 .9 3.2 3.6 6.8 6.8 

New Hampshire ___ .2 4.1 4.3 3.9 .5 1.2 1.8 1.6 

New Jersey ________ .8 82 83 25 1.9 2.8 4.7 3.3 

New ~exico ------ .6 11 12 4.4 3.9 11 15 9.3 

New York-------- 0 110 110 12 14 21 35 32 

North Carolina _____ 0 86 86 86 8.0 14 22 22 

North Dakota------ .2 10 10 10 21 7.1 28 28 Ohio ______________ 22 86 110 97 17 28 45 45 

Oklahoma--------- 1.8 15 17 16 38 4.2 42 42 Oregon ___________ .8 16 17 15 14 8.1 22 20 

Pennsylvania _____ 0 97 97 9.7 16 16 32 32 

Puerto Rico------ 8.6 1.5 10 9.1 3.2 .6 3.7 3.4 

Rhode Island _______ 0 1.2 1.2 0 .2 .2 .4 .3 

South Carolina _____ 0 29 29 29 5.9 4.6 11 11 

South Dakota _______ 0 8.7 8.7 7.0 26 25 51 41 

Tennessee _________ 0 28 28 28 21 9.2 30 30 Texas _____________ 0 29 29 29 42 79 120 120 

Utah-------------~ 2.1 5.8 7.9 3.1 6.6 5.1 12 8.7 

Vermont---------- .4 7.2 7.5 6.8 3.3 3.3 6.6 6.0 

Virginia ________ --- 1.3 64 66 39 13 9.4 22 17 

Virgin Islands _____ .1 .1 .1 .1 0 .2 .2 .2 

Washington ________ 27 2.3 30 3.0 13 4.3 17 17 

West Virginia ______ .4 19 19 .2 8.2 .7 8.9 8.9 

Wisconsin...:...; _______ 0 70 70 7.0 14 59 73 73 

Wyoming __________ .4 4.7 5.1 5.1 15 3.3 18 17 

District of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Columbia. 

Domestic and livestock uses 

Withdrawn 

ConSurface Ground All sumed 

water water water 

27 15 42 34 

3.9 86 90 90 

3.2 6.4 9.7 7.7 

.7 5.3 6.1 5.5 

2.7 85 88 28 

4.5 22 26 14 

14 140 150 43 

8.0 100 110 110 

21 17 39 39 

38 110 150 140 

39 20 59 57 

15 24 39 35 

16 110 130 42 

12 2.1 14 12 

.2 1.4 1.6 .3 

5.9 33 39 39 

26 33 60 48 

21 37 58 58 

42 110 150 150 

8.7 11 20 12 

3.7 10 14 13 

14 74 88 57 

.1 .3 .3 .3 

40 6.6 47 20 

8.6 20 28 9~ 1 

14 130 140 80 

15 8.0 23 22 

0 0 0 0 

...... 

0 

~ 

~ ~ 

e 

c:: 

(I) 

to:! 

~ 

~ ~ 

to:! 

!:1:1 

2 

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~ ~ 

~ 

~ CJ) 

0 
United States ex- 140 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto 

Rico, and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States ___ - _ 150 -

Region 

Surface 

water 

New England ______ 1.6 

Delaware-Hudson _ .9 

Chesapeake _______ .5 

South Atlantic _____ .4 

Eastern Gulf ______ 0 

Tennessee- 1.1 

Cumberland. Ohio _____________ . 31 

Eastern Great 8.6 

Lakes-St. 

Lawrence. 

Western Great 1.1 

Lakes. 

Hudson Bay _______ .1 

Upper Mississippi_ 17 

Upper Missouri ___ 2.7 

Lower Missouri_ __ 12 

Lower Mississippi 4.6 

Upper Arkansas- 2.5 

Red. 

1,900 

1,900 

2,000 1,200 700 890 1,600 

2,000 1,200 700 890 1,600 

Table 4.-Water for rural use, by reAions, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Domestic use Livestock use 

Withdrawn Withdrawn 

ConGround All sumed Surface Ground All 

water water water water water 

37 39 31 6.1 7.3 13 

160 160 37 8.1 14 22 

100 100 49 18 24 42 

210 210 200 29 40 69 

110 110 110 38 23 60 

57 58 54 28 9.9 38 

190 230 140 69 58 130 

130 130 54 15 23 38 

160 160 42 13 41 54 

-· 

9.7 9.8 6.'i 9.8 11 21 

160 180 73 91 200 290 

65 67 56 96 140 230 

33 45 33 41 42 83 

50 55 52 23 18 41 

29 31 28 43 32 74 

1,500 

1,500 

Consumed 

13 

19 

39 

67 

60 

38 

130 

36 

49 

21 

290 

2ZO 

81 

41 

72 

8140 2,800 3,600 2, 700 

850 2,800 3,600 2,800 

Domestic and livestock uses 

Withdrawn 

ConSurface Ground All sumed 

water water water 

7.7 45 52 44 

9.0 180 180 56 

18 120 140 87 

29 250 280 270 

38 140 170 170 

29 66 96 91 

100 250 350 260 

24 150 170 90 

14 200 210 90 

9.9 20 30 27 

110 360 470 360 

99 200 300 280 

53 74 130 110 

28 68 95 93 

45 61 110 100 

~ 

§ 

~ 

~ t" 

c:: 

(I) 

r-:1 

....... 

....... 
Table 4.-Water for rural use, by reP,ions, 1960-Continued 

Domestic use Livestock use 

Withdrawn Withdrawn 

Region Con- ConSurface Ground All sumed Surface Gr-ound All sumed 

water water water water water water 

Lower Arkansas- 3.2 40 43 42 43 24 67 67 

Red-White. 

Western Gulf------ .2 40 40 34 40 78 120 120 

Colorado __________ 3.7 39 43 35 14 18 32 29 

Great Basin------- 2.0 14 16 7.9 11 10 22 19 

South Pacific ______ 17 190 210 120 25 57 82 66 

Pacific Northwest-- 30 39 69 23 38 21 59 55 

Hawaii------------ 2.0 6.0 8.0 6.4 1.9 .5 2.4 1.9 Alaska ____________ 1.2 4.9 6.1 .3 0 .1 .1 .1 

Puerto Rico and 8.7 1.6 10 9.2 3.2 .8 3.9 3.6 

Virgin Islands. 

United States ex- 140 1,900 2,000 1,200 700 890 1,600 1,500 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto 

Rico and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States _____ 150 1,900 2,000 1,200 700 890 1,600 1,500 

-- ---

Domestic and livestock uses 

Withdrawn 

ConSurface Ground All sumed 

water water water 

46 64 110 110 

40 120 160 150 

18 57 75 64 

13 25 38 27 

42 250 290 190 

67 61 130 78 

3.9 6.5 10 8.3 

1.2 5.0 6.2 .4 

12 2.4 14 13 

840 2,800 3,600 2, 700 

850 2,800 3,600 2,800 

.... 

[.\,;) 

~ 

~ ~ 

~ 1":1 

0 

"'j 

~ o-i 

~ 

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o-i 

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~ 

~ ~ 

~ 

(I) 

0 
WITHDRAWAL USE 13 

domestic water were computed for this report using the following per capita rates: 

With Without 

running running 

water water 

(gpd) (gpd) 

Arizona------------~------ 100 10 

California ________________ o6 80 20 Florida ___________________ 60 5 Hawaii ____________________ 160 70 Idaho _____________________ 100 20 

Illinois ·- __________________ 60 10 

KentuckY------------------ 35 5 Minnesota _________________ 50 5 

New Jersey--------~------ 60 10 

New York------------~---- 75 10 

Puerto Rico _______________ 25 10 

All other States ____________ 50 10 

The quantity of water used by livestock 

ranges widely, depending on kind and age of 

the animal and the temperature of the air 

(Sykes, 1955 ). Several authorities (Sykes. 

1955; Marion, 1952; U.S. Inter-Agency Committee on the Arkansas-White-Red Basins, 

1957) have given the water requirements of 

livestock. The quantity of water used by 

livestock in most States was computed using. 

the following rates per head: 

Livestock 

Milk cows _____ -----------------

Horses and mules ____ ---------_ 

Beef cattle---------------------

Hogs ------------------------- SheeP--------------------------

Goats--------------------------

Chickens-----------------------

Turkeys ----------------------

Use per 

head (gpd) 

20 

10 

10 

3 

2 

2 

.04 

.06 

Major exceptions to the above rates per 

head are as follows: 

Livestock 

Arizona __ - Milk cows _______ ---.. Arkansas ________ do __________ _ 

Beef cattle----------

Use per 

head (gpd) 

30 

30 

15 

Horses and mules____ 15 

California_ Milk cows __________ _ 

Beef cattle----------

Horses and mules ___ _ 

Colorado __ Milk cows __________ _ 

Kentucky __ Beef cattle----------

Maryland_ Milk cows __________ _ 

Missouri_ ________ do __________ _ 

Nevada ___ Beef cattle----------

Virginia __ Milk cows __________ _ 

IRRIGATION 

25 

15 

15 

15 

8 

35 

30 

6 

25 

Water was withdrawn for irrigation in 1960 

at the rate of 94 million acre-feet per year 

(tables 5 and 6) to irrigate 39 million acres. 

An additional 26 million acre-feet was lost in 

conveyance between the points of diversion 

and use. About two-thirds of the water was 

obtained from lakes, reservoirs, and streams; 

the remaining third was obtained from wells 

and springs. 

Irrigation water is usually measured in 

acre-feet per year. However, in this report 

it is given also in average million gallons per 

day so that the quantities can be compared 

with and added to quantities of water used for 

other purposes. Irrigation water is applied 

during only a part of each year and at variable rates; therefore, the actual rate of application is much greater than the average daily 

rate given in tables 5 and 6. 

Irrigation varies greatly throughout the 

Nation. Of the 39 million acres irrigated, almost 36 million acres was in the 17 Western 

States, whereas only 3. 5 million acres was in 

the other 33 States and Puerto Rico. Therefore, the quantity of water used for irrigation 

in the Western States is much greater than in 

the remaining States and Puerto Rico. (See 

fig. 2). Furthermore, the water used for irrigation in the East is usually conveyed to the 

fields in pipes so the conveyance losses are 

very small compared to those losses in the 

Western States where the water is usually 

transported to the fields in ditches. 

About 60 percent of the irrigation water 

applied in 1960 was consumed by evaporation 

and transpiration. This percentage is more 

than 25 times the percent consumed by selfsupplied industry, and about four times the 

percent consumed by public supplies. 
Table s.~Water used (or irriAation, by States, 1960 

Water delivered to farms (-1,000 Con- Water delivered to farms (million Acres ac-ft per year) Convey- sump- gallons per day) irrigated anceloss tive use (l,OOO's Surface Ground Other All ( 1,000 ( 1, 000 Surface· Ground Other All 

of acres) water water water water ~c-ft/yr) ac-ft/ yr) water water water water 

Alabama _______ 27 11 2.7 0 14 0 14 9.8 2.4 0 12 

Alaska _________ .36 .03 .06 0 .09 0 .06 .03 .05 0 .08 

Arizona ________ 1,300 1,900 3,300 0 5,200 1,200 3,200 1, 700 3,000 0 4, 700 

Arkansas.. ______ 980 160 860 0 1,000 82 7·10 150 770 0 920 

California ______ 8,000 10,000 9,500 490 20,000 5,100 16,000 9,400 8,500 430 18,000 

Colorado _______ 3,200 8,000 2,100 43 10,000 1,000 5,400 7,100 1,800 38 9,000 

Connecticut ____ 5.5 1.1 .06 0 1.2 0 1.2 1.0 .05 0 1.0 

Delaware------ 8.0 1.4 1.2 0 2.6 0 2.6 1.3 1.1 0 2.4 

Florida ________ 680 440 300 0 740 22 740 390 270 0 660 

Georgia ________ 96 23 18 0 41 0 41 20 16 0 37 

HawaiL __ --- ___ 130 610 420 0 1,000 120 410 540 380 0 920 

Idaho __________ 3,200 9,600 2,600 0 12,000 5,600 5,100 8,600 2,300 0 11,000 

Illinois ____ ... ___ 11 1.4 1.2 .05 2.6 0 2.6 1.2 1.1 .04 2.4 

Indiana ________ 20 4.5 3.6 0 8.0 0 8.0 4.0 3.2 0 7.2 

Iowa _____ - __ --- 79 26 42 0 68 0 68 23 38 0 61 

Kansas ________ 1,000 1,000 1,000 0 2,000 350 1,800 900 900 0 1,800 Kentucky _______ 8.2 2.1 .58 .07 2.8 0 2.8 1.9 .52 .06 2.5 

Louisiana ______ 510 530 380 0 910 270 640 470 340 0 810 

Maine _________ 3.0 .98 0 .01 .99 0 .99 .88 0 .01 .88 

Maryland------ 13 4.2 1.6 .09 6.0 0 6.0 3.8 1.4 .08 5.3 

Massachusetts __ 15 7.9 .21 .29 8.4 0 3.7 7.1 .19 .26 7.5 

Michigan _______ 68 16 8.7 0 25 0 25 14 7.8 0 22 

Minnesota ______ 20 3.8 4.2 0 8.0 0 8.0 3.4 3.8 0 7.1 

Mississippi ____ 310 210 360 0 570 10 460 190 320 0 510 

Missouri_ ______ 41 8.5 22 0 31 0 31 7.6 20 0 28 

Montana _______ 2,000 5,600 38 0 5,700 1,900 2, 700 5,000 34 0 5,100 

Nebraska------ 2,600 1,000 1,500 0 2,500 1,300 1,200 900 1,300 0 2,200 

Nevada _ ----- __ 660 1, 700 300 1.1 2,000 430 1,100 1,500 270 .97 1, 700 

New Hampshire_ 3.6 1.1 .18 .24 1.5 0 1.4 .97 .16 .21 1.4 

New Jersey---- 66 11 29 0 40 0 40 9.5 26 0 35 

Conveyance 

loss 

(mgd) 

0 

0 

1,100 

73 

4,500 

930 

0 

0 

20 

0 

110 

5,000 

0 

0 

0 

310 

0 

240 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9.2 

0 

1, 700 

1,200 

380 

0 

0 

ConL. 

sumptive use 

(mgd) 

12 

.05 

2,900 

640 

14,000 

4,800 

1.0 

2.4 

660 

37 

370 

4.,500 

2.4 

7.2 

61 

1,600 

2.5 

570 

.88 

5.3 

3.3 

22 

7.1 

410 

28 

2,400 

1,100 

960 

1.3 

35 

..... 

~ 

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e 

~ ~ 

~ 

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~ 

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f5 

...:j 

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til 

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0 
New Mexico~~ __ ~ 930 1,000 1,000 10 2,100 640 

New York _______ 57 20 11 0 31 0 

North Carolina __ 60 23 7.5 0 30 0 

North Dakota_--- 62 94 .14 0 94 31 

Ohio ________ - - - 21 6.6 2.9 0 9.5 0 

Oklahoma _______ 310 94 210 0 300 18 

Oregon _________ 1,600 5,100 270 0 5,400 1,700 

Pennsylvania ____ 17 3.0 .28 0 3.3 0 

Puerto Rico ___ -- 100 130 190 0 320 38 

Rhode Island ____ .50 .19 .05 .o 1 .25 0 

South Carolina-- 68 30 21 0 51 0 

South Dakota_--- 140 130 38 0 170 97 

Tennessee ____ -- 26 11 2.0 0 13 0 

Texas __________ 7,100 1,300 8,600 37 9,900 2,600 

Utah----------- 1,200 s,4oo 270 54 3,700 840 

Vermont_ ____ ":'" __ 2.0 .81 .03 0 .84 0 

Virginia ________ 40 26 13 .80 40 0 

Virgin Islands_-- .10 .36 .04 0 .40 0 

Washington _____ 1,000 I 3,700 470 0 4,100 1,100 

West Virginia--_ 2.1 1.3 .07 .04 1.4 0 

j 

Wisconsin------ 41 3.7 14 .79 18 0 

Wyoming------- 1,400 3,400 64 0 3,500 1,400 

District of 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Columbia. 

United States ex- 39,000 59,000 33,000 630 93,000 26,000 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto 

Rico and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States ____ 39,000 60,000 34,000 630 94,000 26,000 

-L------

1,500 920 910 

31 18 9.5 

30 20 6.7 

63 84 .13 

8.6 5.9 2.6 

210 84 190 

3,100 4,600 240 

3.3 2.7 .25 

280 110 170 

.25 .17 ,04 

51 27 19 

130 120 34 

13 9.7 1.8 

7,000 1,200 7,700 

2,500 3,000 240 

.80 .72 .03 

39 23 12 

.36 .32 .04 

1,500 3,300 420 

1.4 1.1 .06 

18 3.3 12 

2,100 3,100 57 

0 0 0 

57,000 53,000 30,000 

58,000 53,000 30,000 

9.1 1,800 

0 28 

0 27 

0 84 

0 8.5 

0 270 

0 4,800 

0 3.0 

0 280 

.01 .22 

0 46 

0 150 

0 11 

33 8,900 

48 3,300 

0 . 75 

. 71 36 

0 .36 

0 3,700 

.04 1.2 

. 71 1'6 

0 3,100 

0 0 

570 83,000 

570 84,000 

570 

0 

0 

28 

0 

16 

1,500 

0 

34 

0 

0 

86 

0 

2,300 

750 

0 

0 

0 

1,000 

0 

0 

1,300 

0 

23,000 

23,000 

1,300 

28 

27 

56 

7.7 

190 

2,800 

3.0 

250 

.22 

46 

110. 

11 

6,200 

2,200 

• 71 

35 

.32 

1,300 

1.2 

16 

1,900 

0 

51,000 

52,000 

~ 

6 

~ 

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Cll 

tr.l 

...... 

CJ1 
New 

Del 

H 

Che 

Sou 

Eas 

Ten 

c 

Ohi 

Ea 

L 

L 

We 

L 

Hud 

Upp 

M 

Upp 

Low 

M 

Low 

M 

Upp 

A 

Lo 

A 

w 

We 

Co 

Gr 

Sou· 

England ___ 

.waredson. 

;apeake ____ 

h Atlantic __ 

:ern Gulf ___ 

1esseemberland. 

~----------

:ern Great 

kes St. 

wrence. 

tern Great 

kes. 

;on Bay ____ 

~r 

ssissippi. 

~r MissourL 

er 

ssouri. 

er 

ssissippi. 

~r 

kansas -Red. 

er 

kansas-Red 

Lite. 

tern Gulf ___ 

•rado ____ - _ 

:a.t Basin ___ 

h Pacific __ 

Acres 

irrigated 

(l,OOO's 

of acres) 

28 

120 

44 

840 

110 

30 

33 

34 

79 

12 

92 

71000 

61 

650 

2,300 

760 

81300 

3,100 

2,100 

7, 700 

Table 6.-Water used (or irri(4ation, by re(4ions, 1960 

Water delivered to farms (1~000 Con- Water delivered to farms (million 

ac -ft per year) Convey- sump- gallons per day) ::~nee loss r-- tive use Surface Ground Other All (1,000 ( 1,000 Surface Ground Other All 

water water water water ac-ft/yr) ac -ft/yr) water water water water 

11 0.51 0.55 13 0 7.8 10 0.46 0.49 11 

17 40 0 57 0 57 15 36 0 51 

21 14 .58 35 0 34 18 12 .52 31 

510 320 .30 830 22 830 450 290 .28 740 

29 35 0 64 .67 64 26 32 0 57 

13 1.7 .01 15 0 15 12 1.5 .01 14 

10 3.7 .11 14 0 14 9.4 3.3 .10 13 

19 1.6 0 21 0 21 17 1.5 0 19 

16 14 .33 30 0 30 14 13 .29 27 

15 .16 0 15 4.8 10 13 .14 0 13 

18 30 .51 49 0 49 16 27 .46 44 

12,000 2,500 26 141000 4,900 71700 11,000 2,200 24 13,000 

22 30 0 51 .39 51 19 26 0 46 

290 660 0 950 57 730 260 590 0 850 

21500 11900 17 41400 640 3,300 2,200 11700 15 3,900 

150 630 0 780 62 550 140 560 0 700 

31500 10,000 47 14,000 3,300 9,200 3,100 9,300 42 12,000 

8,900 3,600 2.1 12,000 2, 700 7,700 7,900 3,200 1.8 11,000 

5,000 710 53 51800 1,400 3,600 4,500 640 48 5,100 

8,700 9,200 490 18,000 4,400 14,000 7,800 8,200 430 16,000 

C.onveyance 

loss 

(mgd) 

0 

0 

0 

19 

.60 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4.3 

0 

4,400 

.35 

50 

570 

55 

3,000 

2,400 

1,200 

4,000 

Consumptive use 

(mgd) 

6.9 

51 

31 

740 

57 

14 

12 

18 

27 

9.0 

44 

61900 

46 

660 

21900 

490 

81200 

6,900 

3,200 

13,000 

..... 

en 

~ 

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WITHDRAWAL USE 17 

SELF·SUPI•LIED INDUSTRIAL USE 

Industry used an average of 140,000 mgd of 

self-supplied water during 1960, including 

100,000 mgd used for fuel-electric power 

(tables 7 and 8). About 95 percent of the selfsupplied industrial water was obtained from 

surface sources. In contrast to water used 

for irrigation, most industrial water is used 

ea-st of the Mississippi River (fig. 3), and only 

abput 2 percent of the industrial water withdrawn is consumed. 

Water has many industrial uses, including 

processing, cooling, washing, conveyance of 

material, boiler feed, and sanitation. The 

commercial fish growing (fish farms and 

minnow farms or bait hatcheries) is an unusual industry. This industry used 47 mgd in 

1960 in Arkansas. About 22 mgd or almost 

half this water was consumed. Fish hatcheries and log ponds in Oregon withdrew slightly 

more than 600 mgd, of which only 16 mgd was 

consumed. In, Oregon these uses require a 

water right. Some industries require water 

containing small amounts of dissolved solids, 

whereas other industries are relatively unconcerned about the dissolved-solids content 

of the water. Most industrial water is self 

supplied, although a small amount is pur-· 

chased from public supplies (tables 1 and 2). 

About 94 percent of the self-supplied in-

·dustrial water is used for cooling (fig. 4). 

Most water for cooling is returned to a stream 

or an aquifer unchanged except for an increase in temperature. Cooling water need 

not have a low dissolved-solids content; some 

cooling equipment is designed for use of sea 

water or other saline water. Almost onefourth of the water withdrawn by industry was 

saline. 

FUEL-ELECTRIC POWER (PUBLIC UTILITY) 

The amount of water used by public utilities 

for fuel-electric power was more than twice 

the amount of self-supplied industrial water 

used by other industries (table~ 7 and 8). Almost all the water used by public utilities for 

generation of fuel-electric power was for 

condenser cooling (tables 9 and 10). Water 

for other uses, such a-s boiler feed, sanitary 

services, cooling of machinery within the 

plant, and irrigation of lawns was a little 

more than 1 percent of the total. All water 

for these uses was fresh. 
~·· 

~ 

~. ~ /2 ALASKA . '\9 ; leut1an , 

Islands 4

00 MILES ~ 0 peP. 

HAWAII 

0 

6l {) Kauai (9 Oahu~ Molokai r;::::, 

~~Maui 

0 150 MILES ~. Haw•"V 

-----

Q) 

100 million aallons 

per day 

CD 

EXPLANATION 

QD 

1,000 million 

gallons per day 

Q)rtoomu~ 

10,000 million 1allons per day 

ArH of circle indicates water use 

0 400 MILES 

Figure 2. -Water used for irrigation (including conveyance losses), by regions in the United States, 1960. 

PUERTO RICO AND 

~ 

VIRGIN ISLANDS 

~ <t=t? 

L~:MILEb 0 

..... 

00 

~ ....:) 

~ ....:) 

e 

fi1 

tz2 

~ 

....:) 

~ 

tz2 

:= 

2 

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....:) 

~ 

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tn 

~ ....:) 

p1 

..... 

co 

0) 

0 
~--· 

r! 

~ 

? 0 

~~-

Aleutian 2 

Islands ~ 4

00 MILES 

{?""--~~--:: 

. 

" 

~ ALASKA ~~~ ~~ v 

'!J )-

pU> ~ CJ ,0 lJ ----

0 

100 million pllons 

per day 

EXPLANATION 

CD 

1000 million 

1allons per day 

~:;::m:: 

Area of circle indicates wate~Ou~ million l&llons per day 

CD 

HAWAII 

--~~ 

CJ (.)Kauai <:!) ;o .f\ Oahu~ Moloka1 c::::> 

':;)~MaUl 

0 150 MILES ~ HawaiiV; 0 400 MILES 

Figure 3. -Use of self-supplied industrial water, by regions in the United States, 1960. 

PUERTO RICO AND 

VIRGIN ISLANDS 

;----~ ['.r.., \ C) ~"' ~--'> 

L....----~ 0 80MILEb 

~ ~ 

~ t""' 

c:: 

(I) 

to! 

..... 

co 
20 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITID STATES, 1960 

T.able 7.-Self-suppliecl indus-

[Million galFuel-electric power (public utility) use 

Water withdrawn 

Ground and Sur- Water 

Ground water Surface water face water con-

'"'umed 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline 

Alabama------------------------- 1 0 3,000 140 3,000 140 0 Alaska_ __________________________ 0 0 86 0 86 0 0 

Arizona ------------------------- 18 0 33 0 51 0 12 

Arkansas------------------------ 7 0 270 0 280 0 7 

California ----------------------- 290 0 140 8,600 430 8,600 17 

Colorado ------------------------ 2 0 160 0 160 0 7 

Connecticut _ --- ___ ------- _ ------ _ 0 0 580 940 580 940 0 

Delaware _ ----- ___________ ------ _ 2 0 0 440 2~0 440 0 Florida __________________________ 8 0 1, 700 3,100 1, 700 3,100 2 

Georgia ------------------------- 3 0 1,400 320 1,500 320 0 

Hawaii -------------------------- 14 16 12 260 26 280 0 Idaho ____________________________ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Illinois __________________________ 8 0 9,700 0 9, 700 0 2 

Indiana _________________ ----- ____ 0 0 3,200 0 3,200 0 7 

Iowa ---------------------------- 0 0 1,500 0 1,500 0 2 

Kansas-------------------------- 24 0 510 0 530 0 12 

Kentucky ------------------------ 0 0 2,000 0 2,000 0 1 Louisiana ________________________ 28 0 3,000 1,700 3,000 1, 700 11 Maine ___________________________ 0 0 1 120 1 120 0 Maryland ________________________ 0 0 500 590 500 590 0 

Massachusetts _____ --- ____________ 0 0 160 1,600 160 1,600 1 Michigan ________________________ 0 0 3,900 0 3,900 0 1 

Minnesota ----------------------- 0 0 1,200 0 1,200 0 0 

Mississippi ____________ -- __ ...... __ -_ 6 0 110 160 110 160 10 

Missouri ---- _____ --- ____________ 1 0 1,300 0 1,300 0 1 

Montana ____ --- ________ -------- __ 0 0 58 0 58 0 0 

Nebraska------------------------ 0 0 640 0 640 0 2 Nevada __________________________ 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 

New Hampshire ------------------ 6 0 0 250 6 250 0 

New Jersey _______ --- ____________ 0 0 1,300 1,400 1,300 1,400 4 

New Mexico _______ --------_------ 5 0 18 0 23 0 8 

New York------------------------ 1 0 3,900 4,400 3,900 4,400 8 

North Carolina ________ --- ________ 0 0 2,000 32 2,000 32 0 North Dakota _____________________ 3 0 

8,10~ I 0 10 0 2 

Ohio----------------------------- 18 0 0 8,200 0 22 
WITHDRAWAL USE 21 

.trial water, by States, 1960 

lons per day] 

Other uses All industrial uses 

Water withdrawn Water withdrawn 

Water Water 

All water con- con- Ground water Surface water Sew- sumed Sew- All sumed 

Fresh Saline 

Fresh Saline Fresh :Saline age Fresh Saline age water 

79 0 810 0 0 890 0 87 31900 140 0 41000 87 

12 0 70 0 0 82 0 0 170 0 0 170 0 

62 0 16 0 0 78 0 24 130 0 0 130 36 

140 0 43 0 0 190 0 40 470 0 0 470 47 

310 140 42 510 .5 350 650 81 790 91300 .5 101000 98 

35 10 120 10 0 160 20 36 310 20 0 330 44 

40 0 210 66 0 250 66 20 830 11000 0 11800 20 

27 0 28 380 0 55 380 54 57 820 0 880 54 

680 0 79 260 0 760 260 300 21500 31300 0 51800 300 

230 0 76 100 0 310 100 6.E 11800 430 0 21200 7 

110 5.0 33 .1 0 140 5.1 13 170 280 0 450 13 

91 0 90 0 0 180 0 36 180 0 0 180 36 

280 40 11800 0 0 21100 40 44 121000 40 0 121000 46 

150 11 11900 0 0 2#000 11 78 51300 11 0 51300 85 

74 0 37 0 0 110 0 11 11600 0 0 11600 13 

120 0 60 0 0 180 0 8.9 710 0 0 710 21 

68 .6 180 .3 0 250 .9 24 21300 1 0 21300 25 

310 39 11700 0 0 2,100 39 540 51000 1,700 0 6,800 550 

12 0 340 3.0 0 350 3.0 25 350 120 0 480 25 

49 0 140 690 70 190 690 74 700 1,300 70 21000 74 

66 0 380 140 0 440 140 30 600 11800 0 21300 31 

99 14 11700 0 0 11800 14 51 51800 14 0 51800 52 

120 0 720 0 0 840 0 59 2,100 0 0 21100 59 

160 0 58 0 0 220 0 29 330 160 0 480 39 

55 3.0 110 0 0 160 3.0 9.0 11500 3 0 11500 10 

35 1.0 170 0 0 200 1.0 23 260 1 0 260 23 

12 0 32 0 0 44 0 4.2 680 0 0 680 6 

34 0 10 0 .2 44 0 8.8 44 3 .2 48 10 

2.0 0 150 0 0 150 0 8.0 160 250 0 410 8 

190 7.6 370 760 0 560 760 150 1,800 2,100 0 4,000 150 

18 .1 4.1 0 0 22 .1 4.5 45 .1 0 45 12 

150 15 11600 1,300 0 1#700 1,300 120 5#600 5#800 0 11 #000 130 

33 0 230 0 0 260 0 22 2#300 32 0 21300 22 

1.6 6.0 1.4 0 0 3.0 6_o .9 13 6 0 19 2.9 

270 0 2,300 0 0 21600 0 87 12#000 0 0 12#000 110 
22 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, 1960 

Oklahoma ________________________ 

Oregon _____________ - _ - - _ - _ - - - - - - Pennsylvania _____________________ 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands _____ Rhode Island _____________________ 

South Carolina ________ .. __________ 

South Dakota __________ ... __________ Tennessee _______________________ 

Texas---------------------------

Utah ----------------------------

Vermont-------------------------

Virginia------- ___ ----------- ____ 

Washington ---------------------- West Virginia--------------------

Wisconsin -----------------------

Wyoming ------------------------ District of Columbia __ .. ___________ 

United States excluding Alaska, 

Hawaii., Puerto Rico and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States _____________________ 

Region 

New England ___ ;.. _____________ ---- Delaware-Hudson _________________ 

Chesapeake __________________ ----

South Atlantic ____________________ 

Eastern Gulf_ _____________________ 

Table 7;~self--supplied'industr.ial 

Fuel-electric power (public utility) use' · ··-

Water withdrawn 

Ground water Surface water 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline 

6 0 180 120 

0 0 7 0 

0 0 6,600 0 

0 0 4 490 

0 0 0 300 

0 0 560 95 

0 0 1 0 

0 0 3,900 0 

470 0 2,000 1,300 

0 0 77 0 

0 0 29 0 

0 0 2,500 810 

0 0 0 0 

0 0 2,200 0 

0 0 2,900 0 

0 0 84 0 

0 0 270 0 

910 3 72,000 26,000 

920 19 72,000 27,000 

- .. ... ' L ~- ' -..:~ .. - _:;_ .. 

nTater 

Ground and Sur- con- face water sumed 

Fresh Saline 

. 190 120 8 

7 0 0 

6,600 0 4 

4 490 0 

0 300 0 

560 95 2 

1 0 1 

3,900 0 1 

2,500 1,300 52 

77 0 3 

29 0 0 

2,500 810 2 

0 0 0 

2,200 0 10 

2,900 0 0 

84 0 1 

270 0 0 

73,000 26,000 220 

73,000 27 ~000 220 

Table 8.--Self .. supplied indus .. 

[Million galFuel-electric power (public utility) use 

Water withdrawn 

Water 

Ground water Surface water Ground and sur- con- face water "'ur.ned 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline 

6 0 620 3,200 630 3.,200 1 

3 0 5,200 6,100 5,200 6,100 13 

0 0 2,900 1,200 2,900 1.,200 2 

10 0 5,20Q 3,600 5,200 3,600 3 

7 0 3,200 610 3.,200 610 4 
water, by States, i960-Continued 

Other uses 

Water withdrawn 

Ground water Surface water 

SewFresh Saline Fresh Saline age 

23 46 26 11 0 

140 0 1,000 0 0 

300 0 4,100 460 0 

29 1.6 130 160 0 

15 0 32 .3 0 

54 0 84 28 0 

6.7 3.9 5.8 0 0 

420 0 940 0 0 

330 11 430 3.6 0 

58 3.0 150 5.5 0 

9.1 0 25 0 0 

51 0 1,100 85 0 

170 0 520 48 0 

73 .4 2,200 0 0 

230 0 470 0 0 

8.5 0 56 0 0 

1.0 0 .8 0 0 

5,900 350 27,000 4,900 71 

6,000 360 27,000 5,000 71 

trial water, by reAions, 1960 

lons per day] 

Other uses 

Water withdrawn 

Ground water Surface water Sew 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline age 

130 0 1,100 210 0 

410 12 1,900 2,900 0 

220 0 930 780 ~0 

830 0 1,200 130 0 

310 0 770 260 0 

WITHDRAWAL USE 

! 

Water 

All water 

consumed 

Fresh Saline 

50 57 21 

1,200 0 33 

4,400 460 190 

160 160 6.9 

47 .3 2.2 

140 28 13 

12 3.9 4.4 

1,400 0 310 

760 15 100 

210 8.5 4.6 

34 0 2.0 

1,200 85 0 

690 48 14 

2,300 .4 120 

700 0 17 

65 0 7.3 

1.8 0 .7 

33,000 5,200 2,900 

33,000 5,400 3,000 

Water 

All water CODsumed 

Fresh Saline 

1,200 210 84 

2,300 2,900 340 

1,100 780 120 

2,000 130 260 

1,100 260 170 

23 

All industrial uses 

Water withdrawn 

Water 

conFresh Saline Sew- All sumed 

age water 

240 180 0 420 29 

1,200 0 0 1,200 33 

11,000 460 0 11,000 200 

160 650 0 810 6.9 

47 300. 0 340 2.2 

700 120 0 820 15 

14 3.9 0 17 5.4 

5,200 0 0 5,200 310 

3,300 1,400 0 4,600 160 

290 8.5 0 300 7.6 

63 0 0 63 2.0 

3,700 900 0 4,600 2.0 

690 48 0 740 14 

4,500 .4 0 4,500 130 

3,600 0 0 3,600 17 

150 0 0 150 8.3 

280 0 0 280 .7 

110,000 ~2,000 71 140,000 3,200 

110,000 ~3,000 71 140,000 3,200 

All industrial uses 

Water withdrawn 

Water 

conFresh Saline Sew- All sumed 

age water 

1,900 3,400 0 5,300 85 

7,500 9,000 0 16,000 350 

4,100 1,900 70 6,100 120 

7,200 3,800 0 11,000 260 

4,300 880 0 5,200 180 
24 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, 1960 

Table 8.-Self,suppJied industrial 

Fuel-electric power (public utility) use 

Water withdrawn 

Region Ground and Sur-. Water 

Ground water Surface water con- face water sumed 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline Fresh Saline 

Tennessee-Cumberland ___________ 0 0 5,600 c 5,600 0 0 

OhiO---------------------------- 19 0 15,000 ( 15,000 0 33 

Eastern Great Lakes -St. Lawrence_ 0 0 7,800 ( 7,800 0 9 

Western Great Lakes _____________ 0 0 9,700 ( 9, 700 0 3 

Hudson Bay __________ -.- _________ 3 0 0 ( 3 0 2 

Upper Mississippi --------------- 7 0 8,200 c 8,200 7 4 Upper Missouri __________________ 4 0 1,100 ( 1,100 0 12 

Lower Missouri -----..:----------- 1 0 1,100 ( 1,100 0 0 

Lower Mississippi--------------- 21 0 930 1,60( 950 1,600 19 

Upper Arkansas-Red _____________ 28 0 230 12C 260 120 17 

Lower Arkansas -Red-White _______ 9 0 2,900 ~ 3,000 3 12 Western Gulf ____________________ 480 0 2,000 1,40C 2,500 1,400 56 Colorado ________________________ 18 3 120 c 130 3 15 

Great Basin--------------------- 0 0 76 0 76 0 2 South Pacific ____________________ 290 0 140 8,600 430 8,600 17 

Pacific Northwest ________________ 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 Hawaii __________________________ 

Alaska 14 16 12 260 26 280 0 __________________________ 0 0 86 0 86 0 0 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands---- 0 0 4 490 4 490 0 

United States excluding Alaska, 910 3 72,000 26,000 73,000 26,000 220 

Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States-------------------- 920 19 72,000 27,000 73,000 27,000 220 
WITHDRAWAL USE 25 

water, by reAions, 1960-Continued 

Other uses All industrial uses 

Water withdrawn Water withdrawn 

Water Water 

Pround water Surface water All water con- conSew- sumed Fresh Saline Sew- All sumed 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline age Fresh Saline age water 

230 0 1,200 0 0 1,500 0 240 7,100 0 0 7,10C 240 

600 34 6,600 .3 0 7,200 34 310 22,000 34 0 22,000 340 

81 13 3,000 0 0 3,100 13 100 11,000 13 0 11,000 110 

340 12 4,200 0 0 4,600 12 180 14,000 12 0 14,000 190 

4.9 6.0 80 0 0 85 6.0 6.8 88 6.0 0 94 8.8 

480 20 1,200 0 0 1. 700 20 36 9,900 20 0 9,900 40 

140 13 220 5.0 0 360 18 49 1,500 18 0 1,500 61 

43' 0 60 0 0 100 0 6.1 1,200 0 0 1,200 6.1 

450 25 940 0 0 1,400 25 380 2,300 1,600 0 4,000 390 

110 20 91 15 0 200 36 35 460 150 0 610 52 

200 38 590 1.0 0 790 38 150 3,700 42 0 3,800 160 

430 14 830 3.4 0 1,300 17 270 3,700 1,500 0 5,200 330 

80 3.3 53 0 .2 130 3.3 37 270 6.3 .2 270 52 

110 6.0 200 5.5 0 310 12 9.1 390 12 0 400 11 

300 140 64 510 .5 360 640 80 790 9,300 .5 10,000 97 

400 0 1. 700 48 0 2,100 48 91 2,100 48 0 2,100 91 

110 5.0 33 .1 0 140 5.1 13 170 280 0 450 13 

12 0 70 0 82 0 0 170 0 0 170 0 

29 1.6 130 160 0 160 160 6.9 160 650 0 810 6.9 

5,900 350 27,000 4,900 71 33,000 5,200 2,900 110,000 32,000 71 140,00(] 3,200 

6,000 360 27,000 5,000 71 33,000 5,400 3,000 110,000 33,000 71 140,000 3,200 
Alabama------------

Alaska-------------

Arizona------------ Arkansas ___________ 

California __________ 

Colorado ___________ 

Connecticut _________ 

Delaware ___________ 

Florida _____________ 

Georgia------------

Hawaii _____________ Idaho _______________ 

Illinois _____________ 

Indiana _____________ 

Iowa ____ - - - ---- - - - -

Kansas _____________ 

Kentucky ___________ 

Louisiana ___________ 

Maine ______________ 

Maryland ___________ 

Massachusetts ______ 

Michigan-----------

Minnesota ______ --- _ 

Mississippi---------

Missouri-----------

Table 9.-Water used for public utility generation of fuel electric power, by States, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Condenser cooling Other uses 

Self -supplied Self- Self-supplied 

supplied 

Ground water Surface water Public and Ground Surface water Public 

supplies public wa.ter supplies 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline supplies fresh Fresh Saline 

0 0 2,900 140 0 3,100 1 91 0 0 

0 0 86 0 0 86 0 0 0 0 

18 0 33 0 0 51 0 0 0 0 

7 0 270 0 0 280 0 0 0 0 

290 0 140 8,600 100 9,200 0 1 0 13 

2 0 160 0 40 200 0 0 0 0 

0 0 580 940 0 1,500 0 0 0 1 

0 0 0 440 0 440 2 0 0 0 

6 0 1, 700 3,100 690 5,500 2 1 0 z 

3 0 1,400 320 0 1,800 0 0 0 0 

14 16 12 260 0 300 0 0 0 2 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 9,400 0 1 9,400 8 320 0 2 

0 0 3,200 0 0 3,200 0 41 0 0 

0 0 1,500 0 2 1,500 0 2 0 2 

23 0 510 0 0 530 1 3 0 0 

0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 1 0 0 

22 0 3,000 1, 700 5 4, 700 6 0 0 0 

0 0 0 120 0 120 0 1 0 1 

0 0 500 560 0 1,100 0 0 22 1 

0 0 160 1,600 9 1,800 0 0 3 6 

0 0 3,900 0 0 3,900 0 24 0 1 

0 0 1,200 0 0 1,200 0 22 0 0 

6 0 110 160 0 270 0 0 0 0 

1 0 1,300 0 2 1,300 0 4 0 2 

Selfsupplied 

and 

public 

supplies 

92 

0 

0 

0 

14 

0 

1 

2 

5 

0 

2 

0 

320 

41 

4 

4 

i 

6 

2 

2~ 

9 

25 

22 

0 

6 

Consumed 

0 

0 

12 

7 

17 

7 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

2 

7 

2 

12 

1 

11 

.0 

'0 

1 

1 

0 

10 

1 

r-:1 

0) 

~ ~ 

~ ~ 

f3 

c::: 

til 

tr:l 

~ 

~ ~ 

~ 

z 

~ 

~ ~ 

e 

til 

~ 

~ t:; 

0) 

0 
Montana ___________ 0 0 58 0 

Nebraska---------- 0 0 640 0 

Nevada------------ 0 3 0 0 

New Hampshire _____ 0 0 0 250 

New Jersey-------- 0 0 1,200. 1,400 

New Mexico-------- 5 0 17 0 

New York __________ 1 0 3,800 4,400 

North Carolina _____ . 0 0 2,000 32 

North Dakota _______ . 3 0 7 0 

OhiO--------------- 18 0 8,100 0 

Oklahoma---------- 6 0 180 120 

Oregon------------ 0 0 7 0 

Pennsylvania _______ 0 0 6,500 0 

Puerto Rico and 0 0 4 490 

Virgin Islands. 

Rhode Island-------· 0 0 0 300 

South Carolina ______ 0 0 560 95 

South Dakota------- 0 0 1 0 

Tennessee--------- 0 0 3,800 0 

Texas ------------- 460 0 2,000 1,300 Utah· _______________ 0 0 76 0 

Vermont ___________ 0 0 29 0 

Virginia----------- 0 0 2,500 810 

VVashington _________ 0 0 0 0 

VVest Virginia ____ - _. 0 0 2,100 0 

VVisconsin __ - ________ 0 0 2,900 0 

VVyoming ___________ 0 0 84 0 

District of Columbia . 0 0 270 0 

United States ex- 880 3 71,000 26,000 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto Rico 

and Virgin Islands. 

United States ________ 890 19 71,000 27,000 

---- -----

____ ....._ -------- -- -L0 58 0 0 

30 670 0 2 

0 3 0 0 

0 250 6 0 

0 2,600 0 17 

0 22 0 1 

1 8,200 0 77 

0 2,000 0 19 

0 10 0 0 

0 8,100 0 59 

2 310 0 0 

0 7 0 0 

0 6,500 0 140 

0 500 0 0 

9 310 0 0 

0 660 0 2 

1 2 0 0 

0 3,800 0 120 

9 3,800 6 3 

0 76 0 1 

0 29 0 0 

0 3,400 0 2 

0 0 0 0 

0 2,100 0 60 

0 2,900 0 0 

0 84 0 0 

0 270 0 0 

910 99,000 32 1,000 

910 100,000 32 1,000 

------ -------------

0 0 

0 1 

0 0 

0 0 

0 2 

0 0 

29 11 

0 0 

0 0 

0 4 

0 0 

0 0 

0 5 

0 1 

0 1 

0 0 

0 0 

0 1 

0 2 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 1 

0 0 

0 0 

54 59 

54 62 

0 

3 

0 

6 

19 

1 

120 

19 

0 

63 

0 

0 

150 

1 

1 

2 

0 

120 

11 

1 

0 

2 

0 

60 

1 

0 

0 

1,200 

1,200 

0 

2 

1 

-0 

4 

8 

8 

0 

2 

22 

8 

0 

4 

0 

0 

2 

1 

1 

52 

3 

0 

2 

0 

10 

0 

1 

0 

224 

224 

~ ~ 

~ t"' 

~ t'1'l 

1:-.:1 

-l 
Region 

New England--------------- Delaware-Hudson ___________ 

Chesapeake ----------------

South Atlantic --------------

Eastern Gulf---------------

Tennessee-Cumberland ______ 

OhiO-----------------------

Eastern Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence. 

Western Great Lakes ________ 

Huds.on Bay _______ .;.. _______ .., 

Upper Mississippi ---------- Upi>er Missouri... ... ___________ 

Lower Missouri------------

Lower Mississippi ______ -_ ... _ 

Upper .Arkansas-Red ________ 

Lower Arkansas-Red-White __ 

Western Gulf--------------- Colorado ___________________ 

Great Basin ________________ 

South Pacific _______________ 

Pacific !1orthwest_ __________ 

Hawaii ...... -_ ... --_--;..----------

Alaska---------------------

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands 

United States excluding 

Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico 

and Virgin Islands. 

United States---------------

Table 10.-Water used for public utility generation of fuel electric power, by regions, i960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Condenser cooling Other uses 

Self-supplied Self- Self-supplied 

supplied 

Ground water Surface water , Public and Ground Surface water Public 

supplies public water supplies 

Fresh Saline Fresh Saline supplies fresh Fresh Saline 

0 0 620 3,200 . 18 3,900 6 1 3 9 

1 0 5,000 6,000 1 11,000 2 150 29 13 

0 0 2,900 1,100 0 4,000 0 40 22 3 

9 0 5,200 3,600 690 9,500 1 23 0 2 

5 0 3,200 610 0 3,900 2 1 0 0 

0 0 5,400 0 0 5,400 0 210 0 0 

18 o· 15,000 0 0 15,000 1 120 0 1 

0 0 7,800 0 0 7,800 0 75 0 6 

0 0 9,500 0 0 9,500 0 170 0 3-

3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 

0 0 8,000 0 3 8,000 7 210 0 4 

4 0 1,100 0 70 1,200 o. 5 0 1 

l 0 1, 100. 0 2 1,100 0 0 0 1 

15 0 930 1,600 0 2,600 6 0 0 1 

27 0 230 120 2 380 1 0 0 0 

9 0 2,900 3 7 3,000 0 0 0 0 

470 0 2,000 1,400 8 3,900 6 3 0 2 

18 3 120 0 0 140 0 1 0 0 

0 0 75 0 0 75 0 1 0 0 

290 0 140 8,600 100 9,200 0 1 0 13 

0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 

14 16 12 260 0 300 0 0 0 2 

0 0 86 0 0 86 0 0 0 0 

0 0 4 490 0 500 0 0 0 1 

880 3 71,000 26,000 910 99,000 32 1,000 54 59 

890 19 71,000 . 27,000 910 100,000 32 1,000 54 62 

Selfsupplied 

and 

public 

supplies 

19 

190 

65 

26 

3 

210 

120 

81 

170 

0 

220 

6 

1 

7 

1 

0 

11 

1 

1 

14 

0 

2 

0, 

1 

1,200 

1,200 

Consumed 

1 

13 

2 

3 

4 

0 

33 

9 

3 

2 

4 

12 

0 

19 

17 

12 

56 

15 

2 

17 

0 

0 

0 

0 

224 

224 

t\.:) 

co 

.., 

~ 

.., 

~ 

~ 

~ 1:>2 

0 

~ 

.., 

~ 

~ 

z 

.., 

~ 

~ ~ 

(n 

;! 

-~ .... 

co 

0') 

0 
WITHDRAWAL USE 29 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/-

/ 

I 

Fresh 

76 percent 

I 

I 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

Figure 4. -Most industrial water is used for cooling. 

Almost all the water used for cooling condensers was obtained from surface sources, 

and about one-fourth was saline. Less than 

1 percent of the water withdrawn was consumed. The effect of differences in climate 

and availability of water in the West and in 

the East is reflected in the kind of water used 

and how it is used for generation of electric 

power. Although consumption is very small, 

the percent of intake consumed is several 

times greater in the dry West than in the humid East. About 5 percent of the water withdrawn in the West is from wells, whereas 

only about one-tenth of 1 percent of the water 

withdrawn in the East is from wells. About 

two-thirds of the water withdrawn in the West 

is saline, whereas in the East, where the 

supply of water is greater, only about onefifth of the water withdrawn is saline. 

AIR CONDITIONING 

About 560 of the 1,500 mgd of water used 

for air conditioning was taken from public 

supplies; the remainder was self-supplied 

(tables 11 and 12). The 560 mgd from public 

suppli:_es is part of the 6,600 mgd used by industry (tables 1 and 2). The 920 mgd of selfsupplied water for air conditioning is included 

in the 140,000 mgd self-supplied water which 

industry uses for all purposes (tables 7 and 

8). 

The quantities given in tables 11 and 12 are 

annual rates. Air conditioning is seasonal, 

most of the water being used in a 4- to 6-

month period. Therefore, during the airconditioning season, water is used at a much 

higher rate than that s:qown in tables 11 and 

12; during the rest of the year, little or no 

water is used. The effect of seasonal demand 

on self-supplied water supplies is usually not 

serious; however, it may have a serious effect on· public supplies. For example, the 

capacity to supply the air-conditioning demand becomes a problem. Seidel and Carpenter ( 1958) state that the air-conditioning 

season in Ames, Iowa, comprises possibly 10 

percent of the year and facilities provided to 

serve these unusual demands would be idle 

and unproductive the remaining 90 percent of 

the time. Because the facilities are idle such 

a great part of the time, air-conditioning demands do not carry their full share of the 

cost unless some kind of demand charge is 

applied. A study in Grand Rapids, Mich., 

showed that air-conditioning requirements 

were 22 percent of the demands on maximum 

days but required only 4 percent of the-annual 

demands (Am. Water Works Assoc. Committee on Water Use in Air Conditioning and 

Other Refrigeration, 1958). 

WATERPOWER 

About 2,200 million acre-feet of water was 

used during 1960 to generate waterpower 

(tables 13 and 14). The rate of use is variable 

and depends on the water available and the 

demand for power. The quantities of water 

used were computed with the aid of two publications of the U.S. Federal Power Commission ( 1957 a and 1960-61). The average plant 

efficiency was estimated. Much of the water 

was used more than once. 

Waterpower is considered a nonconsumptive use; however, many reservoirs are built 

to store water for power. The amount of 

evaporation from these reservoirs is very 

large, estimated at 9, 000 mgd during 1954. 

This is almost half the quantity of water withdrawn for all public supplies in the United 

States in 1960 and 2. 5 times the quantity consumed. 
30 

Alabama ----------- Alaska ____________ 

Arizona ____________ Arkansas ___________ 

California----------

Colorado __________ 

Connecticut_ ______ -_ 

Delaware __ ----- ____ Florida __ - _________ 

Georgia-----------

Hawaii _______ --- ___ 

Idaho ____ - ___ - _- - -- Illinois ________ - ___ Indiana _____________ 

Iowa _________ - ___ --

Kansas ____________ 

Kentucky-----------

Louisiana ---------- Maine _____________ . 

Maryland __________ 

Massachusetts-----

Michigan _________ -. 

Minnesota----------

Mississippi_ _______ 

Missouri-----------

Montana ____________ Nebraska ___________ 

Nevada _____________ 

New Hampshire----- New Jersey _________ 

ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES. 1960 

Table 11.-Water withdrawn for air conditioninq, by States, i960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Self- Selfsupplied Public All supplied 

indus- supplies water industrial trial 

10 9.4 20 New Mexico-------- 0.2 

0 0 0 New York __________ 61 

6.0 6.4 12 North Carolina----- 8.0 

0 0 0 North Dakota------ .3 

48 76 120 Ohio .. ____ ---------- 0 

15 9.1 24 Oklahoma---------- 2.2 

6.4 6.9 13 Oregon _________ - __ 48 

0 1.6 1.6 Pennsylvania------- 97 

50 7.5 58 Puerto Rico-------- 0 

1.7 8.1 10 Rhode Island------- • 1 

1.0 5.0 6.0 South Carolina ______ 6.6 

1.8 1.5 3.3 South Dakota------- .1 

3.4 67 70 Tennessee. .... __ .. --... - 67 

17 29 46 Texas------------- 97 

0 5.1 5.1 Utah--------------- 3.2 

0 .8 .8 Vermont_-------- __ 2.0 

18 1.3 20 Virginia ____ -- ___ -. 0 

100 27 130 Virgin Islands _____ . 0 

0 1.0 1.0 Washington ___ --_- __ .4 

19 12 31 West Virginia ----- .8 

28 8.3 36 Wisconsin __________ 30 

6.6 28 34 Wyoming __ -------- .3 

7.0 10 17 District of Columbia. .2 

9.1 4.0 13 

3.0 12 15 United States ex- 910 

eluding Alaska, 

0 1.0 1.0 Hawaii, Puerto 

0 3.9 3.9 Rico and Virgin 

1.0 .7 1.7 Isl~nds. 

6.0 .8 6.8 

130 50 180 United States------- 920 

Public All 

supplies water 

0.9 1.1 

18 7.9 

2.9 11 

.3 .6 

0 0 

15 17 

.4 ·49 

32 130 

1.1 1.1 

2.0 2.1 

2.9 9.5 

.1 .2 

4.2 71 

37 130 

5.5 8.7 

.6 2.6 

14 14 

0 0 

1.7 2.1 

.3 1.1 

20 50 

2.2 2.5 

7.1 7.3 

560 16500 

560 16500 
WITHDRAWAL USE 31 

Table 12.-Water withdrawn for air conditioninA, by reAions, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Selfsupplied Public All 

Region indus- supplies water 

trial 

New England ________ 41 19 60 

Delaware-Hudson __ 200 84 280 

Chesapeake ________ 34 32 66 

South Atlantic ______ 41 24 65 

Eastern Gulf ... _______ 36 17 52 

Tennessee- 58 4.5 63 

Cumberland. Ohio _______________ 88 27 120 

Eastern Great Lakes- 18 24 42 

St. Lawrence. 

Western Great Lakes ... 45 92 140 

Hudson Bay _________ 1.2 .8 2.0 

Upper Mississippi... ...... 7.0 34 42 

Upper Missouri _____ 13 14 27 

Lower Missouri... ____ 2.0 3.3 5.3 

Lower Mississippi __ 68 23 91 

Upper Arkansas-Red ... 13 14 26 

SUMMARY OF WI"I:HDRAWAL USES 

The estimated withdrawal of water in the 

United States amounted to 270,000 mgd during 

1960, exclusive of water used for waterpower 

(tables 15 and 16). This amounts to 1,500 gpd 

per person. Surface-water sources supplied 

220,000 mgd, and ground water supplied 

47,000 mgd. Industry used the largest part 

of the water withdrawn-140,000 of the 

270,000 mgd (fig. 5). Irrigation used the next 

greatest amount-110,000 mgd including conveyance losses. Rural, domestic, and stock 

use was the smallest-3,600 mgd. 

The withdrawal of water was the greatest 

in the eastern industrial areas and in western areas where irrigation is practiced 

Selfsupplied Public All 

Region indus- supplies water 

trial 

Lower Arkansas- 31 13 44 

Red-White. 

Western Gulf·------ 110 36 150 

Colorado ... __________ 7.9 8.5 16 

Great Basin ________ 3.5 5.8 9.3 

South Pacific _______ 47 76 120 

Pacific Northwest... __ 51 3.2 54 

Hawaii... ____________ 1.0 5.0 6.0 Alaska _____________ 0 0 0 

Puerto Rico and 0 1.1 1.1 

Virgin Islands. 

United States ex- 910 560 1,500 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto Rico 

and Virgin Islands. 

United States------- 920 560 1,500 

extensively. Withdrawals in the midcontinent 

region were the smallest. Only about onefourth of the water withdrawn was consumed; 

61,000 of the 27 0,000 mgd withdrawn. 

Most of the water consumed was used for 

irrigation, a fact of added importanc'e when 

we consider that most irrigation is practiced 

at times and places where the water supply 

is likely to be inadequate. Generally a 

greater percentage of the water withdrawn 

for any use is consumed in areas having a 

dry climate than in humid areas (fig. 6), and 

a greater percentage is consumed in the hot, 

dry part of the year. Irrigation consumed the 

largest quantity of water, 52,000 mgd; public 

supplies the next largest amount, 3,500 mgd; 

and rural uses consumed the least, 2,800 mgd. 
32 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, 1960 

Public supplies 

(8 percent} 

Rural (4 percent} 

Public supplies 

(6 percent} 

270 000 m iII ion go II ons 

p,er day withdrawn 

61 000 million gall~ns 

'per day consume 

Figure 5. -How water was used in 1960. 

F1gure . 6 • -Where water lS · consumed. 
WITHDRAWAL USE 33 

Table 13.-Water used for waterpower, by States, 1960 

1,000's of 1,000's of 

Mgd acre-ft Mgd acre-ft 

per year per year 

Alabama _______________ 120,000 130,000 New JerseY-- - - - - - - - - - - - 1,200 1,300 Alaska _________________ 370 410 New Mexico------------ 520 580 

Arizona ________________ 14,0o"O 16,000 New York ______________ 270,000 310,000 Arkansas _______________ 8,200 9,200 North Carolina--------- 50,000 56,000 California ______________ 67,000 7 5, 000 North Dakota ___________ 7, 700 8,600 Colorado _______________ 3,200 3,500 Ohio ___________________ 780 870 

Connecticut_ __ ------- __ 8,800 9,800 Oklahoma ______________ 9,300 10,000 Delaware ______________ 0 0 Oregon---------------- 180,000 200,000 

Florida __________ ----- 13,000 15,000 Pennsylvania ___________ 47,000 52,000 Georgia ________________ 41,000 46,000 Puerto Rico ____________ 780 870 Hawaii _________________ 

---------- --------- Rhode Island----------- 430 480 Idaho __________________ 120,000 130,000 South Carolina __________ 62,000 70,000 

Illinois ________________ 14,000 15,000 South Dakota----------- 11,000 12,000 

Indiana------~--------- 5,300 5,900 Tennessee ------------- 150,000 170,000 

Iowa __ ----_------... ___ -- 34,000 38,000 Texas ----------------- 17,000 19,000 Kansas ________________ 1,500 1,600 Utah ___________________ 1,800 2,000 Kentucky ______________ 55,000 61,000 Vermont _______________ 18,000 20,000 

Louisiana ___________ -- 0 0 Virgin Islands---------- --------- ---------- Maine _________________ 87,000 97,000 Virginia--------------- 31,000 35,000 Maryland _______________ 19,000 21,000 Washington _____________ 170,000 190,000 

Massachusetts __________ 25,000 28,000 West Virginia---------- 21,000 23,000 

Michigan ______________ 79,000 88,000 Wisconsin ______________ 99,000 110,000 Minnesota _____________ 25,000 28,000 Wyoming _______________ 4,500 5,100 

Mississi ppL ____________ 0 0 District of Columbia---- 27 30 

Missouri _______________ 13,000 14,000 United States excluding 2,000,000 2,200,000 Montana ________________ 46,000 51,000 Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Nebraska _______________ 19,000 21,000 Rico and Virgin Islands. Nevada _________________ 5,500 6,200 

New Hampshire--------- 30,000 34,000 United States----------- 2,000,000 2,200,000 

Table 14.-Water used for waterpower, by regions, 1960 

1,000's of 1,000's of 

Region Mgd acre-ft Region Mgd acre-ft 

per year per year 

New England ____________ 160,000 180,000 Lower Arkansas- Red- 22,000 24,000 

Delaware-Hudson------- 85,000 95,000 White. Chesapeake _____________ 71,000 80,000 Western Gulf ___________ 15,000 16,000 

South Atlantic ___________ 140,000 160,000 Colorado _______________ 43,000 48,000 

Eastern Gulf_ ___________ 62,000 7 0, 000 Great Basin ____________ 6,800 7,700 

Tennessee-Cumberland_ 290,000 320,000 South Pacific----------- 43,000 48,000 

Ohio ___________________ 45,000 51,000 Pacific Northwest_ ______ 470,000 530,000 

Eastern Great Lakes- 200,000 220,000 Hawaii _________________ 

--------- --------- St. Lawrence. Alaska _________________ 370 410 

Western Great Lakes---- 110,000 120,000 Puerto Rico and Virgin 780 870 

Hudson BaY-~---------- 2,500 2,800 Islands. 

Upper Mississippi_ _____ 140,000 160,000 United States excluding 2,000,000 2,200,000 

Upper Missouri ________ 76,000 85,000 Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto 

Lower MissourL ________ 8,900 10,000 Rico and Virgin ·Islands. 

Lower Mississippi------ 0 0 

Upper Arkansas-Red---- 2,900 3,300 United States----------- 2,000,000 2,200,000 
Per Popu- capita lation 

1,000's use 

(gpd) 

Alabama ________ 3,267 1,300 Alaska __________ 226 870 

Arizona ___ -----_ 1,302 4,700 

Arkansas ________ 1, 786 900 

California _______ 15,717 2,200 

Colorado ________ 1, 754 6,000 

Connecticut_ _____ 2,535 840 

Delaware ________ 446 2,100 

Florida _________ 4,952 1,400 

Georgia _________ 3,943 680 

Hawaii---------- 634 2,500 

Idaho ___________ 667 24,000 

Illinois __________ 10,081 1,300 Indiana __________ 4,662 1,200 

Iowa- __ - ___ - __ --. 2,758 740 

Kansas_--- ______ . 2,179 1,400 

Kentucky-------- 3,038 840 

Louisiana------- 3,257 2,50.0 Maine ___________ 969 590 

Maryland ________ 3,101 770 

Massachusetts ___ 5,149 570 

Michigan _______ -. 7,823 870 

Minnesota_------ 3,414 710 

Mississippi_ _____ 2,178 550 

Missouri-------- 4,320 470 

Table 15.-Summary of water withdrawn except for waterpower, by States, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Water withdrawn 

Excluding irrigation conveyance losses 

~~-------------

Ground water Surface water All sources Including 

conveySew- Fresh Fresh Fresh ance 

Fresh Saline and Fresh Saline and age Fresh Saline and losses 

saline saline saline 

22·0 0 220 4,000 140 4,100 0 4,200 140 4,400 4,400 

25 0 25 170 0 170 0 200 0 200 200 

3,200 0 3,200 1,800 0 1,800 0 5,000 0 5,000 6,100 

1,000 0 1,000 530 0 530 0 1,500 0 1,500 1,600 

11,000 140 11,000 11,000 9,100 20,000 .5 22,000 9,300 31,000 35,000 

1,900 10 1,900 7,600 10 7,700 0 9,600 20 9,600 11,000 

78 0 78 1,000 1,000 2,000 0 1,100 1,000 2,100 2,100 

50 0 50 58 820 880 0 110 820 930 930 

1,600 0 1,600 2,200 3,300 5,600 0 3,800 3,300 7,100 7,100 

430 0 430 1,800 430 2,300 0 2,300 430 2,700 2,700 

580 21 600 600 260 860 0 1,200 280 1,500 1,600 

2,500 0 2,500 8,700 0 8,700 0 11,000 0 11,000 16,000 

600 40 640 13,000 0 13,000 0 14,000 40 14,000 14,000 

400 11 410 5,400 0 5,400 0 5,800 11 5,800 5,800 

330 0 330 1,700 0 1,700 0 2,100 0 2,100 2,100 

1,200 0 1,200 1,600 0 1,600 0 2,800 0 2,800 3,100 

110 .6 110 2,400 .3 2,400 0 2,_500 .9 2,500 2,500 

820 39 860 5,400 1, 700 7,100 0 6,200 1, 700 7,900 8,200 

32 0 32 420 120 540 p 450 120 570 570 

110 0 110 930 1,300 2,200 70 1,100 1,300 2,400 2,400 

190 0 190 1,000 1,800 2,800 0 1,200 1,800 3,000 3,000 

400 14 420 6,400 0 6,400 0 6,800 14 6,800 6,800 

330 0 330 2,100 0 2~ 100 0 2,400 0 2,400 2,400 

620 0 620 400 160 560 0 1,000 160 1,200 1,200 

190 3.0 200 1,800 0 1,800 0 2,000 3.0 2,000 2,000 

Water 

consumed 

220 

.7 

3,000 

750 

15,000 

5,000 

120 

62 

1,200 

170 

410 

4,600 

340 

290 

230 

1-,800 

96 

1,300 

49 

140 

100 

210 

170 

560 

240 

w 

~ 

~ o-i 

~ o-i 

e 

c::: 

Cl) 

1:'11 

~ 

~ 

~ :;a:! 

2! 

o-i 

~ 

~ !:i 

e 

Cl) 

~ o-i 

-~ .... 

co 

en 

0 
Montana _________ 675 11,000 110 1.0 110 5,400 

Nebraska ________ 1,411 3,100 1,500 0 1,500 1,600 Nevada __________ 285 8,000 360 3.0 360 1,500 

New Hampshire --. 607. 770 32 0 32 190 

New Jersey ______ 6,067 780 530 7.6 540 2,100 

New Mexico -----· 951 2,700 1,000 • 1 1,000 970 

New York-------· 16,782 810 620 15 640 7,200 

North Carolina ___ 4,556 600 170 0 170 2,500 

North Dakota ---- 632 320 36 6.0 42 130 Ohio ____________ 9,706 1,200 630 0 630 11,000 

Oklahoma ____ - _- . 2,328 420 290 46 340 480 Oregon ___________ 1,769 4,500 570 0 570 5,800 

Pennsylvania----- 11,319 1,100 520 0 520 12,000 

Puerto Rico------ 2,353 510 210 1.6 210 320 

Rhode Island __ --- 859 500 27 0 27 100 

South Carolina - - _ • 2,383 460 140 0 140 830 

South Dakota ______ 681 540 120 3.9 120 i60 

Tennessee ________ 3,567 1,600 610 0 610 5,000 Texas ___________ ·9,580 1,800 9,100 11 9,100 4,300 Utah _ • ___________ 891 5,100 410 3.0 420 3,400 

Vermont--------- 390 280 28 0 28 82 

Virginia __________ 3,967 1,300 180 0 180 4,000 

Virgin Islands ____ 32 59 .8 0 .8 1. 

Washington _______ 2,853 2,200 790 0 790 4,400 

West Virginia ____ 1,860 2,500 130 .4 130 4,600 

Wisconsin _______ . 3,952 1,000 530 0 530 3,600 

Wyoming--------- 330 14,000 110 0 110 3,300 

District of 764 550 1.0 0 1.0 420 

Columbia. 

United States ex- 178,463 1,500 46,000 360 46,000 170,000 

eluding Alaska, 

Hawaii~ Puerto 

Rico and Virgin 

Islands. 

United States ____ 181,708 1,500 46,000 380 47,000 170,000 -·-- -

--

0 5,400 0 5,500 

0 1,600 0 3,200 

0 1,500 .2 1,900 

250 440 0 220 

2,100 4,200 0 2,600 

0 970 0 2,000 

5,700 13,000 0 7,900 

32 2,500 0 2,700 

0 130 0 170 

0 11,000 0 12,000 

130 620 0 780 

0 5,800 0 6,400 

460 12,000 0 12,000 

650 970 0 520 

300 400 0 130 

120 960 0 980 

0 160 0 280 

0 5,000 0 5, 700 

1,400 5,600 0 13,000 

5.5 3,400 0 3,800 

0 82 0 110 

900 4,800 0 4,100 

0 1.1 0 1.9 

48 4,500 0 5,200 

0 4,600 0 4,700 

0 3,600 0 4,100 

0 3,300 0 3,400 

0 420 0 420 

31,000 200,000 71 210,000 

32,000 200,000 71 210,000 

1.0 5,500 

0 3,200 

3.0 1,900 

250 470 

2,100 4,800 

.1 2,000 

5,800 14,000 

32 2,700 

6.0 170 

0 12,000 

180 960 

0 6,400 

460 13,000 

650 1,200 

300 430 

120 1,100 

3.9 280 

0 5,700 

1,400 15,000 

8.5 3,800 

0 110 

900 5,000 

0 1.9 

48 5,300 

.4 4,700 

0 4,100 

0 3,400 

0 420 

32,000 240,000 

33,000 250,000 

7,100 

4,400 

2,300 

470 

4,800 

2,600 

14,000 

2,700 

200 

12,000 

970 

8,000 

13,000 

1,200 

430 

1,100 

370 

5,700 

17,000 

4,500 

110 

5,000 

1.9 

6,300 

4, 700 

4,100 

4,600 

420 

270,000 

270,000 

2,500 

1,200 

1,000 

18 

240 

1,400 

550 

190 

110 

380 

350 

2,900 

360 

280 

7.7 

120 

180 

460 

7,000 

2,300 

17 

120 

1.6 

1,400 

150 

150 

2,000 

16 

60,000 

61,000 

~ ~ 

~ t""' 

~ to:! 

c,.:) 

rn 
Region 

New England ___________ .., _____ . 

Delaware-Hudson--------~---- Chesapeake __________________ 

South Atlantic ________________ 

Eastern Gulf _________________ 

Tennessee-Cumberland _______ Ohio ________________________ 

Eastern Great Lakes-St. 

Lawrence. 

Western Great Lakes--------- Hudson Bay __________________ 

Upper Mississippi ____________ 

Upper Missouri _______________ 

Lower Missouri ___________ -- _ 

Lower Mississippi_ ___________ 

Upper Arkansas-Red __________ 

Lower Arkansas-Red-White ___ 

Western Gulf_--_-------------

Colorado--------------------

Great Basin_-_---------------. South Pacific _________________ 

Pacific Northwest------------

Hawaii _______ ----- _---------

Alaska----------------------

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands_ 

~nited States excluding Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto Rico and 

Virgin Islands. 

United States-----------------

Table 16.-Sum"rary of water withdrawn except for waterpower, by regions, 1960 

[Million gallons per day] 

Water withdrawn 

Per Excluding irrigation conveyance losses 

Population ~a pita Grotmd water Surface water All sources use 1,000's (gpd) SewFresh Fresh Fresh 

Fresh Saline and Fresh Saline and age Fresh Saline and 

saline saline saline 

9,921 640 35C 0 350 2,600 3,400 6,00( 0 3,000 3,400 6,400 

23,796 830 1,20C 12 1,200 9,500 9,000 18,00( 0 11,000 9,000 20,000 

8,663 820 480 0 480 4,700 1,900 6,6 0( 70 5,200 1,900 7,100 

14,539 910 2,000 0 2,000 7,500 3,800 11, ooc 0 9,500 3,800 13,000 

6,933 860 700 0 700 4,400 880 5,20( 0 5,100 880 5,900 

4,184 1,800 370 0 370 7,200 0 7 ,20C 0 7,500 0 7,500 

17,950 1,300 1,300 34 1,300 22,000 .3 22,00C 0 24,000 34 24,000 

12,424 1,000 320 13 340 12,000 0 12,00C 0 13,000 13 13,000 

13,183 1,200 820 12 830 16,000 0 16,00( 0 16,000 12 16,000 

666 260 44 6.0 50 120 0 12( 0 160 6.0 170 

12,359 920 1,300 20 1,300 10,000 0 10, ooc 0 11,000 20 11,000 

5,382 3,700 2,800 13 2,800 12,000 5.C 12,00C 0 15,000 18 15,000 

2,451 640 180 0 180 1,400 0 1,40( 0 1,600 0 1,600 

4,735 1,100 1,300 25 1,400 23,000 1,600 3,90( 0 3, 700 1,600 5,300 

3,309 1,700 2,100 20 2,100 2,800 130 2,90C 0 4,800 150 5,000 

3,884 1,300 920 38 960 3,900 4.C 3,90C 0 4,800 42 4,900 

10,029 2,200 11,000 14 11,000 6,600 1,400 8,00( 0 17' ooc 1,500 19,000 

2,027 7,000 3,500 6.3 3,500 8,200 0 8,20( .2 12,00( 6.3 12,000 

1,204 580 910 6.0 910 4,900 5. ~ 4,90( 0 5.,80C 12 5,800 

15,412 2,100 10,000 140 10,000 9,400 9,100 19,00( .5 20,00C 9,300 29,000 

5,412 5,400 3,700 0 3,700 18,000 48 18,00( 0 22,00C 48 22,000 

634 2,500 580 21 600 600 260 86( 0 1,20( 280 1,500 

226 870 25 0 25 170 0 17( 0 20C 0 200 

2,385 510 210 1.6 210 320 650 97( 0 53C 650 1,200 

178,463 1,500 46,000 360 46,000 170,000 31,000 200,00( 71 210, ooc 32,000 240,000 

181,70S 1,500 46,000 380 47,000 170,000 32,000 200;000 71 210,000 33,000 250,000 

Including 

~onveyance 

losses 

6,400 

20,000 

7,100 

13,000 

5,900 

7,500 

24,000 

13,000 

16,000 

170 

11,000 

20,000 

1,600 

5,300 

5,500 

4,900 

22,000 

14,000 

7,000 

33,000 

29,000 

1,600 

200 

1,200 

270,000 

270,000 

Water 

consumed 

290 

830 

320 

1,500 

510 

400 

800 

420 

510 

54 

570 

7,400 

200 

1,300 

3,200 

850 

9,200 

7' 100 

3,300 

13,000 

8,300 

410 

.7 

280 

60,000 

61,000 

C..:l 

0':1 

1'!1 

en 

~ 

~ ~ 

e 

c:: 

en 

1'!1 

~ 

~ ~ 

1'!1 

!XI 

~ 

@ 

1'!1 

~ 

~ en 

~ ~ 

-~ .. 

co 

m 

0 
ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITFD STATES, 1960 37 

NONWITHDRAWAL USES 

Nonwithdrawal uses do not lend themselves 

to evaluation of the quantity of water used. 

· These uses, however, do have a very large 

economic value and may have an appreciable 

effect on the quantity and quality of water 

available for other uses. The most important 

nonwithdrawal uses are navigation, waste disposal, recreation, and conservation of fish 

and wildlife. 

The consumption of water by nonwithdrawal 

uses in·the United States has not been estimated; however, fresh water evaporation in 

the 17 Western States has been estimated. 

According to Meyers ( 1962 ), annual evaporation in the 17 Western States amounts to 

24,000 acre-feet per year or an average rate 

of 2 1, 000 mgd. This is an amount equal to 

the water used by all public supplies in the 

United States in 196.0 and equal to 18 percent 

of the fresh water withdrawn and 41 percent 

of the water consumed in these States. Evaporation from all water surfaces should be an 

approximate measure of consumption by nonwithdrawal use. 

>-

<( 

0 

a:: 

LLJ 

a.. 

250 

200 

~ 150 

0 

_J 

_J 

<( 

(!) 

LL 

0 100 

en 

z 

0 

_J 

_J 

al 50 

0 

rface 

water 

1950 1955 1960 

ALL USES (EXCEPT WATER POWER) 

CH.ANGES SINCE 1955 

The present survey is comparable to the 

1950 and 1955 survey·s (MacKichan, 1951 and 

1957) and the 1945 survey of ground water 

(Guyton, 1950). The 1950 survey did not include irrigation conveyance losses nor did it 

include water-use data tabulated by regions. 

The withdrawal of water for all uses except 

waterpower increased 12 percent since 1955 

(see table 17 ). The use of water for waterpower increased 33 percent. The use of selfsupplied industrial water increased 27 percent and the use of water for public supplies 

increased 23 percent. Rural use was about 

the same in 1960 as in 1955. 

During the last 5 years the use of surface 

water, exclusive of that for waterpower, increased from 190,000 to 220,000 mgd, and the 

use of ground water increased from 46,000 to 

47,000 mgd. The percentage increase for 

surface water was 16 percent as compared 

with 2 percent for ground water. Earlier 

surveys did not include estimates of water 

consumed, but trends in consumptive use 

would probably be similar to trends in 

2soo I 

I 

>-

<( 

0 

2000 ~ I Surface water a:: 

w 

a.. I en 

z L500 f-. 

0 

_J 

...J 

<( 

(!) 

LL 

0 I 000 fen 

z 

0 

-' ....J 

co 500 f-. 

0 L__ _ _J____L ___ _L__.L __ --~-L 

1950 1955 1960 

WATER POWER 

Figure 7. -Trends in use of water for waterpower and all other uses. 
38 

>- f5 ~ 

a 

a: 

w 

0... 

(/) 10 z 

0 

_. 

_. 

ct 

C) 

lL 

0 5 (J) 

z 

0 

~ 

..J 

m 0 

100 

>- 80 ~ 

a 

a: 

UJ 

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(I) 

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0 

_. 

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C) 

I.L.. 

0 40 

(I) 

z 

0 

...J 

~ 

m 20 

0 

ESTIMATFD USE OF WATER IN THE UNITFD STATES. 1960 

Surface 

er 

1945 1950 1955 

PUBLIC SUPPLIES 

Surface 

wate 

1945 1950 1955 

IRRIGATION 

1960 

>-

~ 

a 

a: 

w 

a. 

(I) 

z 

0 

...J 

...J 

~ 

C) 

I.L.. 

0 

(I) 

z 

0 

...J 

~ 

(J) 

1960 

>- 3 ~ 

0 

0:: 

w 

0... 

(I) 

z 2 

0 

...J 

~ 

ct 

C) 

lL 

0 

(/) 

z 

0 

::i 

_. 

Cii 0 

1945 1950 1955 

RURAL SUPPLIES 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

1945 1950 1955 

INDUSTRY 

Figure 8. -Trends in water used for public supplies 1 rural supplies. irrigation1 and industry. 

Note: Surface -water data not available in 1945. 

1960 

1960 
SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND 39 

Table 17.-Change in withdrawals, 1950·-1960 

Percent 

1950 1955 1960 increase 

(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) 1955 to 

1960 

Rural------------------------------------------ 3,600 13,600 3,600 0 

Public supplies- _______ - _________ -_- ____ -- ___ -- __ 14,000 17,000 21,000 . 23 

Self-supplied industrial-------------------------- 77,000 110,000 140,000 27 

Irrigation (except conveyance losses)-_-_-- _____ - __ 79,000 81,000 84,000 4 

Irrigation (including conveyance losses)---------------------- 110,000 110,000 0 

All uses (excluding conveyance losses)------------- 170,000 210,000 250,000 -------- All uses (including conveyance losses)----------------------- 240,000 270,000 12 

VVaterpower------------------------------------- 1,100,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 33 

1Revised. 

withdrawals. The trend in total water withdrawn has been upward. (See fig. 7.) However, there is some evidence that the rate of 

increase is declining in some areas and in 

some categories. (See fig. 8.) Although the 

accuracy of some parts of the 1950, 1955, and 

present estimates may be rather poor, the 

downward trends in surface water used for 

irrigation and in ground water used by industry are too well defined to be ignored. 

Ground water used for irrigation shows an 

equally well-defined upward trend. The great 

increase in surface water used by industry 

is mostly in cooling water for fuel-electric 

powerpla:o,ts. 

Part of the downward trend is caused by 

economies in the use of water. For example, 

many petroleum refineries in the Delaware 

River basin have installed cooling towers 

during the last few years, which reduce their 

water intake but increase the water consumed 

slightly. Rates of water use in some localities have declined because of reduced production, such as by the steel industry, or because industries using large .quantities of 

water have moved to other areas. 

SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND 

Much of the withdrawn water is not consumed but is returned to a downstream or 

underground source after use; therefore, the 

total supply is not depleted by the entire 

amount withdrawn. For this reason the quantity of water withdrawn is not directly comparable with the supply and, in fact, may exceed the total supply, owing to repeated use. 

On the other hand, water that is consumed in 

its use is no longer available; consequently, 

consumptive use can be compared with S\lpply. 

The dependable supply is not a fixed amount 

but can be increased by surface storage, artificial recharge of ground water, and by reducing evapotranspiration losses or other 

forms of waste. These measures increase 

the cost of water; therefore, the increase in 

dependable supply depends on the ability and 

willingness of the user to pay the higher cost. 

• The long-term average runoff of a river 

basin, with few exceptions, is the upper limit 

of possible production of the combined 

surface- and ground-water resources of the 

basin. The exceptions are in the narrow 

fringes along the coasts where some water 

that percolates underground directly into the 

ocean could be used without affecting runoff, 

provided such use does not cause contami-

·nation by sea water. Runoff is the total flow 

of a stream including outflow from groundwater storage through springs and seeps as 

well as the overland flow that follows hard 

rains. 

The runoff of all streams in the United 

States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, averages 1,2 00,000 mgd, but it is not uniformly 

distributed throughout the Nation (table 18). 

The average annual runoff ranges from less 

than one-fourth inch in.several places in the 

Southwest to more than 80 inches at some 

places along the Pacific Coast. In addition to 

this great areal variation, runoff varies 

widely from day to day and year to year in 
Table 18.-Supply compared with demand, 1960 

Average runoff 1 Estimated Water Streamflow avail- Fresh surface Area dependable 2 Withdrawals consumed· able 3 90 percent water with- Region (l~OOO's Inches 1960 supply~ 1980 1960 of the time drawn~ 1960 

sq mi) per Mgd (mgd) 

year 

New England-----------------~-- 59 24 67 ~000 

Delaware-Hudson __ -------------- 31 21 32,000 

Chesapeake--------------------- 57 19 51,000 South Atlantic-- _________________ 170 14 110,000} Eastern Gulf _____________________ 109 19 99,000 

Tennessee -Cumberland ___________ 59 21 59~000 

Ohio ___________________________ 145 16 110,000 

Eastern· Great Lakes -St. Lawrence • 47 18 40,000 

Western Great Lakes------------- 81 11 42,000} 

Hudson BaY---------------------- 60 1.6 4,600 

Upper Mississippi ____ ----_---- __ • 182 7.2 62,000 

Upper Missouri------------------ 458 1.0 24,000} 

Lower Missouri __________________ 62 7.8 23,000 

Lower Mississippi --------------- 64 16 49,000 

Upper Arkansas-Red ------------- 153 1.6 11,000"} 

Lower Arkansas -Red-White ______ • 117 14 79,000 

Western Gulf --------- _______ ---- 341 3.2 52,000 

Colorado_--------_-- ___________ • 258 1.1 13,000 

Great Basin _ --- __ --- _____ ,_ _____ • 200 1.1 10,000 

South Pacific ________ --- __ ,.. _____ • 112 12 64,000 

Pacific Northwest---------------- 257 13 159,000 

Hawaii_------ ____________ - _____ • 6.4 Alaska _________________________ • ------ -------- 586 ------ -------- Puerto Rico --------------------- 3.4 ------ -------- United States excluding Alaska, 3~022 ------ 1,200~000 

Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 

Grand total ____________________ 3,618 ------ -------- 1 Adapted from Langbein (1949) by James K. Searcy. 2 Woodward (1957) ~ p. 49. 

3 Computed using variability indexes furnished by Glennon 

Mesnier ... 

(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) 

22~000 6~400 290 9,500 

24,000 20,000 830 4,300 

12,000 4 7,100 320 8,000 

75~000 13~000 1~500 22,000 

5,900 510 10,000 

22,000 7 ~500 400 3,300 

40,000 24,000 800 4,000 

33,000 13~000 420 3,500 

36~ooo· 16,000 510 11,000 

170 54 360 

31,000 11,000 5'1() 12,000 

620,000 7,400 2,500 

33,000 

1,600 200 3,200 

25,000 5,300 1~300 2,800 

20,{)00 

7 5,500 3,200 540 

4,900 850 3,200 

20,000 822,000 9,200 3~300 

15,000 14,000 7,100 1,500 

9,000 9 7,000 3,300 1,400 

28,000 1033,000 13,000 1,500 

70,000 29,000 8,300 24,000 

---------- 1,600 410 ---------------- ---------- 200 .7 ---------------- ---------- 1~200 280 ---------------- 515~000 270,000 61,000 130,000 

---------- 270,000 61~000 ---------------- 6lncludes 320 mgd diverted from the Colorado region. 

7 Includes 52 mgd diverted from the Colorado region. 

8Includes 2 mgd diverted from the Colorado region. 

9 Includes 98 mgd diverted from the Colorado region. 

2,600 

9,500 

4 4,700 

5 7,500 

4,400 

7,200 

22,000 

12,000 

16,000 

120 

10,000 

6

12,000 

1,400 

23,000 

"2.800 

3,900 

8 6,600 

8,200 

94,900 

10 9~400 

18,000 

600 

170 

320 

170,000 

170~000 

4 Includes 21 mgd diverted from the Delaware -Hudson region. 5mcludes 1.5 mgd diverted from the Chesapeake region. 

10 Includes 250 mgd diverted from Colorado region and 270 mgd 

diverted from Great Basin region. 

H:>o 

0 

~ .; 

.; 

~ 

e 

c:: 

tn 

tr:l 

~ 

.; 

~ 

~ 

2! 

.; 

~ 

~ tn 

~ .; 

~ 

.... 

~ 

0) 

0 
SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND 41 

any one locality. Some of the runoff which 

occurs during times of flood cannot be made 

available for water supply for economic and 

sometimes technical reasons. 

There is no simple method of computing 

the combined dependable supply of surface 

water and ground water. The flow, available 

90 percent of the time without storage (table 

18), is used by some as an index to the 

practicable dependable streamflow; but even 

this quantity of water is not available 100 

days out of every thousand. This quantity of 

water can be made available all the time by 

supplementing the natural streamflow with 

releases from reservoirs. Even greater 

flows may be made dependable by increased 

storage; however, the benefits derived from 

storing water follows a law of diminishing 

returns (Langbein, 1959). Each increment of 

controlled flow requires a larger amount of 

reservoir storage space than the preceeding 

increment, and consequently each increment 

costs more than the preceding one. Furthermore, with each increment of controlled flow, 

the surface area of the reservoir is increased, which permits additional evaporation. Storage capacity in a basin may become 

sp great that the most recent increment of 

>-

<( 

0 

0::: 

w 

0.. 

en 

z 

0 

....J 

_J 

<( 

(.!) 

u.. 

0 

en 

z 

0 

...J 

....J 

:! 

1,200,000 ~ 

1,000,000 

800,000 

600,000 

400,000 

200,000 

0 

Average annual runoff 

Dependable 

supply(l955) 

SUPPLY 

stored water will be dissipated by evaporation. 

Woodward (1957) estimated that the economically dependable supply was 314,000 mgd 

in 1955. He also estimated that the probable 

dependable supply would be 515,000 mgd by 

1980. The increase in dependable supply 

from 314,000 to 515,000 mgd would be accom· 

plished by providing additional surface storage, by using artificial recharge, and by salvaging waste water by reducing evapotranspiration. 

Figure 9 shows that the Nation is far from 

running out of water. Consumptive use is 

only 20 percent of Woodward's estimated dependable supply in 1955. However, withdrawal 

uses in 1960 were approaching Woodward's 

estimate of supply. 

Although the outlook in the West is less 

promising (fig. 10) there is still room for 

further development. Present withdrawals 

are about equal to Woodward's estimate of 

the 1955 dependable supply but considerably 

less than the ultimate supply (average runoff}. Woodward estimates that the dependable 

supply by 1980 will be ;1lmost .200,000 mgd or 

Withdrawal 

use(l960) 

II 

USE 

Consumptive 

use(l960) 

SUPP-LY AND DEMAND IN THE NATION 

Figure 9. -Supply and demand in the Nation. 
42 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, 1960 

1,200,000 

10 > 10 <( en 01,000,000 

0:: 

w ~ a... 800,000 a... en a... 

:z :::l 

0 en 

0 0 

tD tD 

en ~ .::; 

w w en C/) 

:::l :::l 

_J 600,000 w _J 

<( _J 

(!) Ill 

<( 

z 400,000 0 0 :z ::i w 

a... ...J 200,000 w ~ 0 

_J w <( > ~· 1-

0:: 0.. 

0 ::E :t: :::l 1- (f) 

~ :z 

0 

0 

SUPPLY USE 

Figure 10. -Supply and demand in the West. 

about 70,000 mgd greater than in 1955. Present withdrawals are 12 0, 000 mgd, of which 

52,000 mgd is consumed. 

The fresh surface water used in theN at ion 

as a whole may be properly compared with 

the streamflow which is available 90 percent 

of the time. During 1960,170,000mgdof fresh 

surface water was used, whereas the streamflow available amounted to only 130,000 mgd. 

Some of the 170,000 mgd was. withdrawn from 

storage and some. of the water was used two 

or more times. The above comparison does 

not include water for developing waterpower. 

Table 18 shows that the streamflow available 

90 percent of the time was less than the 

quantity of surface water used in several 

regions. 

SELECTED REFERENCES 

American Water Works Association, 1948, A 

survey of operating data for water works 

in 1945: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour •• 

v. 40, no. 2, p. 167-260. 

---1953, A survey of operating data for 

water works in 1950: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 45, no. 6, p. 583-678. 

--1957, A survey of operating data for 

water works in 1955: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour •• v. 49, no. 5, p. 555-696. 

American WaterWorks Association Committee on Water Use in Air Conditioning and 

Other Refrigeration, 1958, Trends in airconditioning use regulation: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 50, no. 1, p. 75-

96. 

American Water Works Association Task 

Group, 1953, Water cons'ervation ih industry: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 45, 

no. 12, p. 124~1260. 

Arkansas-White-Red Basins Inter-Agency 

Committee, 1957, Developm€nt of water 

and land resources of the Arkansas-WhiteRed River basins: 85th Cong., 1st sess., 

S. Doc. 13. 

California Water Resources Board, 1955, 

Water utilization and requirements ofCalifornia: California Water Resources Board 

Bull. 2. v. I, 227 p.; v. II, 358 p. 

Connecticut Water Resources Commission, 

1957, Water resources of Connecticut, a 

report to the General Assembly: 200 p. 

Foley, F. c .. Smrha, R. V ., and Metzler, 

Dwigh~. 1955, Water in Kansas: Report to 

the 1955 State Legislature, 216 p. 

Frank, Bernard, 1955, The story of water as 

the story of man: U.S. Dept. Agriculture 

Yearbook-Water, 1955, p. 1-8. 

Guyton, W. F., 19 50. Estimated use of ground 

water in the United States,1945: U.S.Geol. 

Survey open-file report. 

Indiana Water Resources Study Committee, 

1956, Indiana water resources: 44 p •• 13 

figs •• 2 tables. 

Kentucky Water Resources Commission,l959, 

Kentucky water resources study: Dept. 

Conserv •• Div. Flood Control and Water 

Usage, 109 p. 

Krieger, R.A •• Hatchett, J .L •• and Poole, J .L., 

1957. Preliminary survey of the salinewater resources of the United States: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1374, 

172 p. 

Langbein, W. B •• 1950, An American survey: 

Water Power. v. 2, no. 6, London, p. 238-245. 

---1959, Water yield and reservoir storage 

in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 409, 5 p. 

Langbein, W.B., and others, 1949,Annual runoff in the United States: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Circ. 52, 14 p. 

Mangan, J. W., and Graham, J.B •• 1953, The 

use of water in Pennsylvania, 1951: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Circ. 257. 11 p. 

MacKichan, K. A •• 1951, Estimated use of 

water in the United States, 1950: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 115, 13 p. 

---1957. Estimated use of water in the 

United States. 1955: U.S. Geol. Survey CircQ 

398, 18 p. 

MacKichan, K. A •• and Kamn1erer, J. C., 1961, 

Preliminary estimates of water used, 

Southeast river basins, 1960: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Circ. 449. 

Marion, A. w .• 1952, The water situation and 

Ohio agriculture, in the Proceedings of the 

First Ohio Water Clinic, Ohio State Univ.: 

Eng. Expt. Sta. Bull. 147. p. 21-26. 
SELECTID REFERENCES 43 

Meyers, J.S., 1962, Evaporation from the 17 

Western States, witb a section on Evaporation 

rates, by Nordenson, T. J.: U.S.Geol.Survey Prof. Paper 272-D, 76 p., (in press). 

Piction, W.L., 1952, The national picture: Ill. 

State Water Survey Bull. 41, p. 127-130. 

-1956, Water use in the United States, 

1900-197 5: U.s. Dept. Commerce., Business 

and Defense Services Adm., Business Service Bull. 136, 6 p. 

-,.--1960, Water use in the United States, 

1900-1980: U.s. Dept. Commerce, Business 

and Defense Services Adm., 6 p. 

Rudnick; A. R., 1959, Water use in Ohio: Ohio 

Dept. of Natural Resources, Div. Water, 

Ohio Water Plan Inventory Rept. 6, 50 p., 

6 pls., 10 tables. 

Seidel, H. F., and Carpenter, J. M., 1958, Relationships of temperature and air -conditioning water use: Am. WaterWorks Assoc. 

Jour., v. 50, no. 2, p. 226-232. 

Smith, J. G., Haber~ R. A., Kaplovsky, A. J ., 

and Simpson, C. 0.', 1960, Intrastate water 

resources survey, 1959: Delaware members of the Delaware Basin Survey Coordinating Comm., 432 p. 

Sykes, J. F., 1955, Animals .and fowl and water: U.S.Dept.Agriculture Yearbook-Water, 1955, p. 14-18. 

Temporary (New York) State Commission on 

Water Resources Planning, 1960, Dynamic 

planning-First step in water resources 

development for New York State: Legislative Doc. 24, 260 p. 

Tennessee Water Resources Division, 1961, 

Tennessee's water resources: 128 p. 

Thomson, M. T.,Herrick, S.M.,Brown, Eugene, 

and others, 1956, Availability and use of 

water in Georgia: Georgia Dept. of Mines, 

Mining, and Geology Bull. 65, 316 p. 

U.s. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960, Livestock and 

poultry inventory, January 1 : Agr. Marketing Service, Crop Reporting Board, Ann. 

Rept. 30 p. 

U.S.Bureau of the Census, 1952, U.S. Census 

of agriculture: 1950; v. III, Irrigation of 

Agricultural Lands. 

--1955, Water use in Manufacturing: 1953: 

U.S. Bur. Census Rept. MAS-53-3. 

---1956, U.S. census of agriculture: 1954; 

v. I, Counties and State economic areas: 

--1957, U.S. census of manufactures: 1954: 

v. 3. 

---1960a, U.S. census of manufactures: 

1954; Industrial water use supplement: U.S. 

Bur. Census Bull. MC-209 (supp.), 51 p. 

---1960b, U.S. census of manufactures: 

1958. 

U.S.Bureau of the Census, 1960c, 1959,census 

of agriculture·. 

U.S. Federal Power Commission, 1957a, Hydroelectric power resources of the United 

States, developed and undeveloped, 1957: 

FPC P-32, 196 p. 

---1957b, Water requirements of utility 

steam electric generating plant.s-1954: 

Rept. FPC-DC-57. 

---1960-61, Production of electric energy 

and capacity of plants, section 1 ,. in Electric 

power statistics: FPC-DC, Rept. nos. 60-1A 

to 60 -12A. 

U.S. Public Health Service, 1948, Inventory of 

water and sewage facilities in the United 

States, 1945. 

---1954,Inventory of municipal and industrial waste facilities in the United States, 

1953. 

---1955a, Inventory of municipal water facilities for larger communities, 1954 revised. 

---1955b, Municipal water facilities, communities of 25,000 population and over, 

continental United States, as of December 

31, 1954, revised: 153 p. 

---1956, Municipal water facilities, communities of 25,000 population and over, 

continental United States, as of December 

31, 1955: 153 p. 

---1957, Municipal water facilities, communities of 25,000 population and over, 

continental United States and territorial 

possessions, as of December 31, 1956: 

163 p. 

---1959a, Federal programs for collection 

of data on water use: Subcomm. on Hydrollogy, Inter-Agency Comm. on Water Resources, Notes on Hydrol. Activities Bull. 

10, 43 p. 

---1959b, Municipal water facilities, communities of 2 5,000 population and over, 

continental United States and territorial 

possessions, as of January 1, 1958: Public 

Health Service Pub. 661, 83 p. 

---1960, Municipal water facilities, communities of 2 5,000 population and over, 

United States and possessions, as of January 1,1960: Public Health Service Pub. 661 

(1960 ed.), 91 p. 

---1960-61, Municipal water facilities ,inventory as of January 1, 1958: U.S. Public 

Health Service Pub. 775, v. 1-9. 

U.S. Senate, Select Committee on National 

Water Resources, 1959a, Water resources 

activities in the United States: U.s. 86th 

Cong., 1st sess., Comm. print 1, 59 p. 
44 ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES, 1960 

U.S. Senate, Select Committee on National 

Water Resources, 1959b, National water 

resources and problems: U.S. 86th Cong.;. 

2d sess., Comm. print 3, 42 p., 43 figs., 13 

tables. 

---1 960a, Future water requirements for 

municipal use: U.S. 86th Cong., 2d sess., 

Comm. print 7, 24 p. 

---1 960b. Future water requirements of 

principal water-using industries: U.S. 86th 

Cong., 2d sess., Comm. print 8, 101 p. 

---1 960c, Electric power in relation to the 

Nation's water resources: U.s. 86th Cong., 

2d sess •• Comm. print 10, 86 p. 

---1 960d, Estimated water requirements 

for agricultural purposes and their effects 

on water supplies: U.S. 86th Cong.. 2d 

sess., Comm. print 13, 34 p. 

U.s. Senate. Select Committee on National 

Water Resources, 1960e, Water supply and 

demand: U.S. 86th Cong .• 2d sess., Comm. 

print 32, 131 p. 

Virginia Advisory Legislative Council, 1955, 

Water resources of Virginia: Richmond, 

Va •• Rept.toGovernor and GeneralAssembly, 139 p. 

Wirth, H. E., 1959, Water use in Wisconsin: 

Wisconsin State Board Health, 36 p •• [bibliography]. 

Wood, Noel H., 1959, Arkansas water resources: Arkansas Univ. Coll. Business 

Adm., Indus. Research Ext. Center, 180 p. 

Woodward, D. R., 1957, Availability of water 

in the United States with special reference 

to industrial needs by 1980: Industrial College of Armed Forces.Washington,D.C., 74 p. 

INT.DUP.,D.C.62- 697