SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 21 
Polynesian Plant Studies 1-5 
F. Raymond Fosberg 
and Marie-HeleneSachet 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 
City of Washington 
1975 
ABSTRACT 
Fosberg, F. Raymond, and Marie-Helene Sachet. Polynesian Plant Studies 1-5. 
Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 21, 25 pages, 1975.-Systematic, 
nomenclatural, and distributional observations on various genera of Polynesian 
vascular plants, both indigenous and exotic, with new species, varieties, and 
nomenclatural combinations in Myrsine, Geniostoma, and Ipomoea. The island 
groups on which the plants occur are the Hawaiian, Marquesan, Society, Tua- 
mom, Austral, Cook, Fiji, and Tonga islands. 
OFFICIAI. I~UHLICATION DA?rE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copics and is recorded 
in the Institution?s annual report, Srnithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMHER 5216. SERIES COVER DESIGN: 
Leaf clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllurn japonicum Sicbold and Zuccarini. 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 
Fosberg, Francis Raymond, 1908- 
Polynesian plant studies 1-5 
(Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 21) 
Bibliography: p. 
Includes index. 
Supt. of Docs. no.: SI 1.29:21 
1. Botany-Polynesia, I. Sachct. Maric-Helene. ioint au ,_I or. 11. Ti 
Institution. Smithsonian contributions to botany, no. 21. 
QKl.SZ747 no. 21 [QK473.P75] 581?.08s [581.9?96] 74-20539 
8. 111. Series: Smic sonian 
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office 
Washington, D.C. 20402 . Price 85 cents (paper cover) 
Contents 
Introduction ................................................. 
1 . Vaccinium cereum (L.f.) Forster f . in Tahiti and the Marquesas ..... 
2 . Myrsine L . in Eastern Polynesia ............................... 
3 . Three Species of Geniostoma J . R . & G . Forster ................. 
4 . Ipomoea tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy in the Pacific ................. 
5 . Annotations to the Hawaiian Flora ...................... 
Literature Cited ............................................... 
Index ....................................................... 
Page 
1 
1 
3 
11 
14 
15 
23 
25 
... 
111 

Polynesian Plant Studies 1-5 
F. Raymond Fosberg 
and Marie-Helene Sachet 
Introduction 
In the course of work on island floras many 
problems of a taxonomic, nomenclatural, morpho- 
logic, ecologic, or phytogeographic nature are 
brought to light and solved, or at least studied 
critically. New discoveries are made and new data 
are accumulated-undescribed taxa, new geo- 
graphic records, new habitat or ecologic relation- 
ships, and new facts on dispersal, especially by 
human agency. Inclusion of this material in treat- 
ments of the floras would unduly delay the avail- 
ability of the information and would tend to make 
the floras cumbersome and inconvenient to use 
for plant identification. 
This series is initiated to present this sort of 
information on plants of Polynesia. The term 
Polynesia is used in the classical sense, for a vast 
island-strewn triangle in the central Pacific Ocean 
with its apices marked by the Hawaiian Archipel- 
ago in the north, Easter Island and Sala y Gomez 
on the east, and New Zealand on the south. The 
limits are not necessarily adhered to rigidly, as the 
plant distributions do not necessarily follow them, 
and information from farther afield may con- 
tribute to our understanding of occurrences in 
Polynesia. 
The present paper contains the first five sepa- 
rate studies, pertaining respectively to eastern 
Polynesian Vaccinium, Geniostoma, and Myrsine, 
eastern and western Polynesian Ipomoea, and 
Hawaiian species of several genera. Herbarium 
symbols, given in parentheses after each specimen 
F. Raymond Fosberg and Marie-Helene Sachet, Department 
of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 
citation, are in accord with the Index Herbariorum 
(Lanjouw) system, except that the symbol ?Fo? is 
used for plants still in possession of the authors 
and not yet deposited in a herbarium; the symbol 
?UH? is for the herbarium of the University of 
Hawaii and not yet included in the system, and 
the symbol ?PTG? is for the new herbarium of the 
Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden at Lawai, Kauai, 
Hawaiian Islands. 
Elevations recorded on collectors? labels are 
normally only estimates or, at best, altimeter 
readings to the nearest 100 feet or other gradua- 
tion. Wherever original data are recorded in the 
English system, they have been converted to their 
nearest metric approximations, which are noted 
in brackets. 
Thanks are due the authorities of the herbaria 
of the Laboratoire de Phanerogamie, Museum 
d?Histoire Naturelle, Paris, the Bernice P. Bishop 
Museum, the New York Botanical Garden, the 
California Academy of Sciences, the University of 
California at Berkeley, and the Universite de Mont- 
pellier for the privilege of examining many of the 
specimens on which these studies are based, and 
to staff members of these institutions for various 
courtesies and assistance. 
1. Vaccinium cereum (L. f.) Forster f. 
in Tahiti and the Marquesas 
Vaccinium cereum (L.f.) Forster f., Prodr. 28, 1786. 
Andromeda cerea L.f., Suppl. 238, 1781. 
Vaccinium adenandrum Decaisne, Voy. Venus 23, 1864, pl. 17, 
Vaccinium cereum var. adenandrum (Decaisne) F. Brown, 
1846. 
Bishop Mus. Bull. 130:215, 1935. 
1 
SMITHSOXIAN CONTRIBUTIOXS TO BOTANY 
Most of the eastern Polynesian Varrkium are 
considered to belong to V. cereum (L.f.) Forster 
f., an extremely variable species found on several 
high island groups. In spite of treatments by 
Skottsberg (1933, 1934), F. Brown (1935), and 
Grant, Fosberg, and Smith (1974), some confusion 
still lingers in the interpretation of the variation 
in this species. The following remarks are a step 
toward clarifying it. 
Skottsberg (1933) made a detailed study of 
V. cereum and related species, in which he de- 
scribed various specimens from Tahiti that he 
considered to be V, cereum ?var. typicum? or 
?var. genuinum,? i.e. var. cereum, with glabrous 
flowers. Among these, however, he recognized 
(1933:87) a form with hairy filaments, f. eriostemon. 
Aside from var. cereum, Skottsberg described 
another variety from Tahiti, with pubescent flow- 
ers, var. pubiflorum (1933:89). Still among the 
Tahiti plants, he separated within var. pubiflorum 
a form with hairy filaments, which he also called 
f. eriostemon (1933:90). Thus Skottsberg described 
two formae eriostemon, one in V. cereum var. 
tereum, one in V. cereum var. pubiflorum; this 
is contrary to the provisions of the 1972 Znter- 
national Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Article 
64, paragraph 3,which says, in part: ?The names 
. . . of two infraspecific taxa within the same species, 
even if they are of different rank, are treated as 
homonyms if they have the same epithet and are 
not based on the same type.? Thus one of the two 
formae had to be renamed. This was done without 
explanation by Grant (in Grant, Fosberg, and 
Smith, 1974:8). The names of the Tahiti plants 
may be treated as follows: Vaccinium cereum var. 
cereum f. eriostemon Skottsberg [Acta Horti 
Gotoburgensis, 1933, 8:87; lectotype: ?Society Is- 
lands, Tahiti, WILKES, U.S. Expl. Exped.? (P); 
designated by Grant in Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, 
1974:8; isolectotype (US) seen by us] and Vac- 
cinium cereum var. pubiflorum f. skottsbergii 
Grant [in Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, 1974:8; 
type: Tahiti, 4000 ft [1220m], Moseley in 1875 
(K); isotype (BM) seen by Fosberg; based on 
Vaccinium cereum var. pubiflorum f. eriostemon 
Skottsberg, Acta Horti Gotoburgensis, 1933, 8:90]. 
For the Marquesan plants, Skottsberg could 
find no significant difference between V. adenan- 
drum Decaisne and his f. eriostemon, and con 
sidered the correct name to be Vaccinium cereum 
var. cereum f. eriostemon Skottsberg. However, 
he examined only one Marquesan collection, 
Herbier S.F.Z.M. 168 (P). On the basis of more 
specimens, F. Brown took up the epithet adenan- 
drum but changed its status to that of a variety. 
He discussed Skottsberg?s treatment at great length, 
as well as his own observations. We agree with F. 
Brown?s conclusion, but more on the basis of 
habit and leaf form than on the detailed measure- 
ments cited by him. 
We find the Marquesan plants to have the 
flowers glabrous externally, as in var. cereum, 
young stems glabrous or more rarely puberulent, 
or still more rarely, both types on the same plant 
(Le Batard in 1844), usually subentire stiff oval 
to broadly obovate shortly acuminate leaves, and 
filaments more strongly pilose than in the Tahi- 
tian forms. The Marquesan plants with glabrous 
stems and subserrulate to subentire leaves certainly 
form a population distinguishable at the varietal 
level. A very few plants with puberulent stems 
have also finely serrulate leaf margins. These 
could perhaps be referred to var. cereum, but only 
additional field study will reveal if they form a 
separate population or are merely extremes in the 
variation of var. adenandrum. 
For the present we regard the correct name of 
the Marquesan population to be Vaccinium cereum 
var. adenandrum (Decaisne) F. Brown. 
The question remains as to the type of V. 
adenandrum Decaisne. This was not located in 
Paris during several recent visits. However, an old 
specimen sent from the Paris herbarium to the 
U. S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, with neither locality nor collector given, 
but merely bearing the data ?No. 42 Bis Toatoa? 
could, on the basis of the vernacular name ?toa- 
toa,? perhaps be a duplicate of the du Petit-Thouars 
specimen that Decaisne described, for which he 
gave ?Toa-Toa? as the Marquesan name. If this 
is the case, the type falls among the plants men- 
tioned above with puberulent stems and finely 
serrulate leaves. The teeth on this specimen are 
almost spinulose but tend to be appressed forward 
along the margin. Decaisne?s plate 17 (1846) 
shows definitely serrulate leaves, but the scale of 
the drawing is such that the details of the teeth 
are not clearly shown. His description indicates 
cinereous vestite branches and serrate leaves. If 
these toothed-leafed plants should prove to be a 
NUMBER 21 
3 
separate population, then a new name would 
have to be applied to that with subentire leaves. 
2. Myrsine L. in Eastern Polynesia 
The species of Myrsine L. (or Rapanea Aublet) 
of the Marquesas have previously been referred to 
the Fijian Kapanea myricifolia (A. Gray) Mez 
(=Mywine myricifolia A. Gray) or to one or more 
Tahitian species, without very close comparison. 
A. C. Smith (1973:286) has indicated that Ra- 
panea myricifolia is related to a group of seven 
Tahitian species, but does not unite them. He re- 
gards stigmatic characlers as indicative of this 
relationship. 
Close study of the available material from the 
Marquesas, as well as that from other eastern 
Polynesian islands, suggests a choice between rec- 
ognizing a vast coenospecies, whose geographic and 
morphological limits would be difficult to de- 
termine without a monographic study of this 
enormous pantropical genus, and the delimitation 
of a large number of ?microspecies? based on an 
assemblage of individually minor characters. Some 
of these species, however, would be strikingly 
different in appearance. We have chosen the 
latter course, though it is contrary to our usual 
inclination to keep specific limits broad and to 
recognize minor units as varieties and forms. 
Having the characters of these species pointed out 
may aid a future monographer to determine what 
their affinities are; and may also lead to a better 
understanding of the phytogeographic relation- 
ships between the islands within eastern 
Polynesia. 
There has been much discussion of the advis- 
ability of merging Aublet?s genus Rapanea (type 
R. guianensis Aublet) with the older Myrsine L. 
(type M. africana L.). The latest contribution to 
this is by A. C. Smith (1973:278). He says that 
Degener (1939:240 R.v.) ?refuted? the view that 
the two genera should be united. Actually Degener 
merely stated that he and his colleague failed to 
see eye-to-eye on this matter and would hence- 
forth publish their respective findings separately, 
scarcely an effective refutation. Smith, himself, 
points out a single character whereby the two 
genera can be separated; that the stamina1 tube 
and filaments in Rapanea are completely fused to 
the corolla while in Myrsine ?the filaments are 
connate into a tube that is only proximally adnate 
to the corolla-tube, being dorsally free from the 
corolla [?flange?] and distally produced into 
obvious filaments.? This, to us, seems scarcely to 
justify maintaining two genera. Actually, there 
are certain habit or appearance differences between 
Myrsine africana L. and its close relatives, on the 
one hand, and most of the plants of this group in 
the Pacific on the other, that are very hard to define, 
and that may not hold up if the entire large pan- 
tropical genus is considered. If these characters are 
found to separate, even vaguely, the same groups 
as defined on the androecium difference, these 
groups could very well be given sectional rank. 
We have far too little information to attempt 
this, and will follow Hosaka, Walker, Bakhuizen 
and Li in placing all the eastern Polynesian 
species in Myrsine, where a number of them were 
originally described by the 19th century French 
workers on the flora of Tahiti. 
In addition to describing eight species and two 
varieties as new, we present critical remarks on 
several known species, combine some of them, and 
provide a complete listing of the recognized Myrsine 
species in eastern Polynesia (the island groups 
east of Niue and excluding Hawaii and New 
Zealand), making the required new combinations 
for those described in Rapanea that appear to be 
separable. Certain of these species have not been 
critically studied. They are maintained with the 
reservation that further study, especially with 
more abundant specimens, may well result in the 
reduction of some of them. Such further investi- 
gation should especially be centered on the species 
of the Society and Marquesas islands, which pre- 
sent much of the difficulty, as the islands reach 
higher elevations and their floras are more complex 
than those of the other groups. 
It is unfortunate that publication of Prof. Martin 
L. Grant?s treatment of the Society Islands mem- 
bers of this group (Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, 
1974) was delayed for over 35 years, so that it has 
not yet been available for scrutiny by subsequent 
workers. We have had to differ from it in a number 
of particulars after examining most of the col- 
lections available to Grant, as well as many of the 
older ones, which he was not able to see and those 
accumulated since. 
In all, we recognize 24 species, two of which 
4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
each have two well-marked varieties, of Myrsine 
in the region covered. We also consider 22 names 
used by earlier workers as synonymous with some 
of those used here, or in one case (M. myricifolia 
A. Gray), as applying to a species not found in 
this area. 
Myrsine adamsonii Fosberg & Sachet, new species 
Rapanea rnyricifolia f. marquesensis F. Brown, Bish. Mus. 
Bull, 130:219, 1935. 
Frutex gracilis foliis late ellipticis maxime 10 X 
4.5 cm, chartaceis, petiolis gracilibus curvatis 8-13 
mm longis 1 mm crassis; calyce prope basin lobato 
lobis ovatis, corollae lobis 2 mm longis ciliolatis, 
antheris anguste ovatis, stigmatis anguste pyrami- 
dalibus 2 mm longis, in fructibus persistentibus, 
fructibus globosis vel subglobosis maxime 5 X 4.5 
mm, stylis brevissime persistentibus. 
Rather slender shrub 3-4 m tall, glabrous, 
branchlets about 3 mm thick, cataphylls tightly 
wrapped around terminal buds, which are stoutly 
subulate, 4-5 mm long, leaves not especially 
crowded, blades broadly elliptic, rather thin, up 
to 10 X 4.5 cm, apex bluntly acute to obtusish, 
both surfaces obscurely but rather densely 
papillate-punctate, venation not prominent but 
distinct, main veins 16-20 on a side, variously 
spaced, rather widely divergent from a slender 
midrib, neither precisely parallel nor opposite, 
one or two fainter and shorter ones in most inter- 
vals, main ones anastomosing about 3 mm from 
margin to form a somewhat undulating submar- 
ginal vein, network obscure, base acutish, slightly 
decurrent into a slender curved petiole 8-13 nim 
long; persisting dried flower 4-merous; calyx lobed 
nearby to base, lobes ovate, obtuse or appearing 
acutish because infolded, with one to several 
prominent black spots dorsally, margins thin, 
glandular, ciliolate, lobes spreading in fruit; co- 
rolla with very short tube, lobes elliptic, to about 
2 mm long, granulate ciliolate; anthers narrowly 
ovate, blunt, apically papillate; stigma narrowly 
pyramidal, fleshy, about 2 mm long, 4-sulcate when 
dry; fruits on short thick pedicels about 1 mm long 
and thick, in clusters of 3-5 on very short 
tubercle-like inflorescences about 2-3 mm long, 
drupe globose or subglobose, up to 5 X 4.5 mm, 
surface when dry rugulose with a mixture of ob- 
scure pale and dark dots, crowned with a broad 
disk-like very short style and, until fairly mature, 
a subulate, sulcate, obliquely projecting stigmatic 
beak about 1 mm or so long, immature fruits with 
a subpersistent lanceolate-subulate, somewhat 
strap-shaped stigma over 1 mm long, caducous 
before complete maturity, fruit surface with some- 
what obscure pale punctation. 
Myrsine adamsonii is probably most closely al- 
lied to IM. niauensis, new species, which is de- 
scribed below, and its relationship discussed. Myr- 
sine adamsonii also seems related to M. collina 
Nadeaud or its var. falcata, of Tahiti, but has 
broader thinner leaves, thicker branchlets, more 
prominent inflorescences, and much shorter 
petioles. 
F. Brown?s name ?Rapanea myricifolia f. mar- 
quesensis? is not used as basionym for the new 
species because he designated no type and gave no 
characters that could be used to tell what he had 
in mind. The species is named for the late Dr. A. 
Martin Adamson, entomological explorer of the 
Marquesas. 
SPECIMENS SEEiv.-Marquesas Islands: Nukuhiva 
I.: s.1. Quayle 1320 (BISH); 900 m, Brown 496 
(BISH); Tapuaooa, 3100 ft [950 m] fruit said to 
be purple, Mumford Q Adamson (NY sheet as 
Adamson Q Mumford) 577 (BISH, NY); Toovii Val- 
ley, 800 m, near the Tapuaooa shelter, Gillett 2200 
(BISH, US, type, P); Tovii, 1000 m, Herb. S.F.I.M. 
107 (P), Marquesan name Kautai. 
Myrsine andersonii Fosberg & Sachet, new species 
Arbuscula glabra foliis laminis oblongo-obovatis 
subcoriaceis sparse nigro-punctatis supra papil- 
latis vix venosis, apicibus rotundis basibus sub- 
cordatis, petiolis 4 mm longis 1.5 mm latisque vix 
alatis; floribus masculis subsessilibus, calycibus 
acetabuliformibus lobis triangularibus, corollis 
valde lobatis marginibus dense glandulo-ciliolatis, 
antheris et lobis calycis corollaeque valde nigro- 
notatis. 
Shrub to 2 m, branchlets glabrous, about 4 mm 
thick; leaves oblong-obovate, to 9.5 X 4.5 cm, 
blades subcoriaceous or thinly coriaceous, rounded 
at apex, subcordate at base, venation not prom- 
inent 12-16 main veins on a side, some lesser ones 
between them, anastomosing into a rather irregular 
submarginal vein, network rather obscure, both 
NUMBER 21 5 
surfaces sparsely black punctate, upper surface 
sparsely papillate, both surfaces also very finely 
black marked (possibly due to fungus infection), 
petiole 4 mm long, 1.5 mm thick, very slightly 
winged by very narrowly decurrent blade tissue; 
staminate flowers whitish, subsessile in 3-7 flowered 
fascicles, flowers subtended by broad rounded 
scales, calyx saucer-shaped, strongly black-dotted 
without, divided about y3 into 4 triangular erose 
to ciliate lobes about 1 mm long; corolla divided 
nearly to base into 4 oblong-ovate lobes about 
2-2.5 mm long, strongly marked on back with 
prominent black dots and lines, margins densely 
glandular-ciliolate, apexes obtuse to acutish; sta- 
mens 4, anthers broadly ovate-subsagittate about 
1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, obtuse with a broad 
blunt terminal umbo, with 1 or 2 rows of prom- 
inent very black dots or short lines, filaments flat, 
shorter than anthers; pistillode low conic or ovoid, 
with disk- or collar-like stigma. Pistillate flowers 
and fruits unavailable. 
This species differs conspicuously in leaf shape 
and texture from the other Rapa species, M. 
rapensis. It may be most closely related to M. 
taitensis A. Gray, but differs notably in the smaller, 
narrower, thinner leaves, and especially in the 
subsessile rather than long-pedicellate flowers. 
It is named for Mr. Donald Anderson, 
co-collector of the type, our long-time collaborator 
in Pacific natural history, and stimulating field 
companion. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Austral Islands: Rapa: slope 
above Area, 75 m, Fosberg Q Anderson 11421 
(BISH, type). 
Myrsine brownii Fosberg & Sachet, new species 
Rapanen species.-F. Brown, Bishop Mus. Bull. 130220, 1935. 
Arbor 4 m alta glabra, folis ellipticis vel obovatis 
1-3 X 1-2 cm, petiolis 5 mm, laminis infra nigro- 
punctatis, vix venulosis venis 8-12 jugatis, fructibus 
solitariis axillaribus brevipedicellatis, in sicco 4 mm 
longis 5 mm latisque, nigro-lineo-punctatis, calyci- 
bus 4-lobatis, lobis valde nigropunctatis. 
Brown described this about as adequately as the 
material permitted. The species seems adequately 
distinct, and probably closest to M. gracilissima of 
the Marquesas, from which it differs conspicuously 
in the less numerous broad obovate to rhombic or 
broadly elliptic very obtuse leaves. Brown?s descrip- 
tion may be quoted: 
Tree 4 meters in height; trunk 10 cm in diameter; bark 
gray marked with prominent corky lenticels: twigs glabrous. 
Petioles 5 mm; leaf blades elliptical to obovate, 1-3 cm 
long, 1-2 cm wide, obtuse or subacute at the apex, cuneate 
or acutc at the base, glabrous, rcsino-punctate, the margin 
slightly incurved, subcoriaceous. Pcdicels commonly single, 
axillary, 1 mm long; calyx 4-lobed, 1 mm broad, glabrous, 
the lobes broadly triangular, obtusc, or subacute. Fruits 
spherical, 5-6 mm in diameter, red, edible. 
To Brown?s description may be added, from a 
study of the type: Leaf-blades drying dark above, 
prominently black-punctate beneath, venation not 
prominent, main veins varying in strength, 8-12 on 
a side, anastomosing to iorm an irregular to obscure 
submarginal vein; calyx lobes notably black- 
punctate, minutely erose-ciliolate; dried fruit de- 
pressed globose, 5 mm wide, 4 mm high, black- 
punctate, the punctations irregularly arranged in 
indistinct lines. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Austral Islands: Raivavae Is- 
land, on sheltered side of top of ridge east of 
Matotea, 300 ft [90m], A. M. Stokes 75 (BISH, 
tY Pe)* 
Myrsine cheesemanii (Mez) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea cheesernanii Mez, Pflr. 9(236):371, 1902. 
Mez cited a herbarium name by Hemsley in 
Mynine as a synonym of his Rapanea cheesemanii 
and treated the latter name as a combination by 
himself. Since it was published in synonymy only, 
M. cheesemanii Hemsley is not valid and the epi- 
thet dates only from Mez publication. As we are 
treating these as Myrsine, the above combination 
is necessary and dates from the present publication. 
The species seems closest to M. collina Nadeaud, 
or to M. falcata Nadeaud, of Tahiti. The avail- 
able material is neither very adequate nor very 
uniform, so no amplification of the description will 
be attempted here. It is probable that two species 
are confused in the material cited. We have not 
seen the type. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Cook Islands: Rarotonga: s.1. 
Parks and Parks 22329a (US), 22340 (US, BISH); 
Avana stream, 900-1 100 ft [275-335m], Wildel. 
774 (BISH, US, part). Rarotonga was incorrectly 
considered by Mez as a part of New Zealand. 
6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
Myrsine collina Nadeaud 
Myrsine collina Nadeaud, Enum. P1. Tahiti 61, 1873. 
Rapanea collina (Nadeaud) Mez, Pflr. 9(236):372, 1902.- 
Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:20, 
1974. 
Described from Tahiti and endemic to the So- 
ciety Islands. 
Myrsine falcata Nadeaud 
Myrsine falcata Nadeaud, Enum. P1. Tahiti 61, 1873. 
Rapanea rhomboidalis J. W. Moore, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 
Rapanea falcata (Nadeaud) Mez, Pflr. 9 (236):372, 1902. 
Rapanea collina var. falcata (Nadeaud) Grant in Grant, Fos- 
16:16, 1940. 
berg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:21, 1974. 
Although M. falcata is undoubtedly close to 
M. collina, it seems about as distinct in habit, leaf- 
form, size, and texture, as well as in its glabrous 
young growth as are many others of the exasper- 
atingly close species in this genus. We are main- 
taining it as a species until some sound criteria 
are found for grouping the numerous microspecies 
of this genus into reasonably broad more convinc- 
ing ?real? species. Rapanea rhomboidalis does not 
seem to differ perceptibly, nor did its author point 
out any distinctions. Described from Tahiti and 
endemic to the Society Islands. 
Myrsine fasciculata (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea fasciculata Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102:36, 1933. 
Rapanea viridis, Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102:38, 1933. 
Rapanea fusca var. fasciculata (Moore) Grant in Grant, Fos- 
berg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:22, 1974. 
Described from and endemic to Raiatea. 
Myrsine fwca (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea fusca Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102:37, 1933.-Grant, 
Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:21, 1974. 
We have not been able to locate with certainty 
the type-specimen of this species which was de- 
scribed from Raiatea. Material referred to it in 
the Bishop Museum herbarium differs in aspect, 
as well as leaf size and shape, so we are maintain- 
ing it as distinct from both M. fasciculata and 
M. falcata, to which it may be too close. A 
collection from Borabora, Grant 4951 (BISH), and 
one from Huahine, Grant 5302 (BISH) represent 
larger-leafed plants, but similar to M. fusca in 
leaf outline. The relationship of these Leeward 
Society Islands plants, including M. fasciculata 
and the Tahitian M. falcata and M. collina should 
be further investigated when more and better 
specimens become available. 
Myrsine gracilissima Fosberg & Sachet, 
new species 
Arbor parva ramulis gracilissimis vix 1 mm 
crassis, foliis late lanceolatis maxime 4.5 cm longis 
1 cm latisque acuminatis infra dense papillato- 
punctatis, petiolis gracilis 8-12 mm longis; 1-2 
floribus in folii axilla 4-meris, calycibus ad dimi- 
dium lobatis lobis ovatis carinatis, corollae lobis 
oblongis cucullatis in anthesi erectis, antheris 
ovatis vel ovalis mox dehiscentibus. 
Small, much-branched tree, foliage mostly at 
top, branchlets extremely slender, ultimate ones 
1 mm or less thick, when older strongly lenticel- 
late; cataphylls lanceolate, closely wrapped around 
terminal buds; leaves loosely scattered on branch- 
lets, blades broadly lanceolate, up to 4.5 X 1 cm, 
sharply acuminate or even slightly caudate at 
apex, attenuate at base, margins somewhat revo- 
lute, crispate, venation very obscure, on young 
leaves faintly impressed above, main veins 8-10, 
at a small angle to the slender prominent midrib, 
network scarcely visible, lower surface densely 
papillate-punctate, punctation scarcely visible 
above, petiole very slender, 8-12 mm long; inflo- 
rescence like a small globose scaly bud, axillary, 
about 1.5 mm across, very few flowering at this 
season, pedicels 1-2 from an inflorescence, slender, 
2-3 mm long; staminate flowers 4-merous, calyx 
lobed about half way, lobes ovate, slightly acumi- 
nate, carinate; corolla tube very short, completely 
included, lobes about 2 mm long, oblong, cucul- 
late, black-punctate dorsally, almost erect at anthe- 
sis, margins strongly papillate; anthers ovate or 
oval, about 1.5 mm long, dehiscent while corolla 
lobes are still not spreading, apex papillate, pistil- 
late flowers and fruits unavailable. 
A very striking species, not related to any known 
NUMBER 21 7 
eastern Polynesian species but possibly closest to 
M. brownii Fosberg & Sachet, described above, or 
possibly to Myrsine fasciculata (Moore) Fosberg 
& Sachet of Raiatea, or M. myricifolia A. Gray of 
Fiji. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Marquesas Islands: Hiva?oa 
I.: Atuona-Feani Trail, ridge crest and top of lee- 
ward slope in cloud-forest, 1200-1300 m, Sachet 6. 
Decker 1154 (US, type, P, Fo, K, MO, UH, A, 
BISH); north side of Mt. Temetiu, 1100 m, 
Mumford 6. Adamson 148 (UC). 
A plant that may be the closest relative of this 
species is represented by a sterile piece mounted on 
the same sheet as a fertile specimen of Wilder 774, 
which seems to be M. cheesemanii from Rarotonga. 
This sterile specimen is coarser throughout and 
with wider, stiffer, not acuminate leaves. The 
material is too incomplete for description, but 
probably represents an undescribed species. 
ellipticis vel oblongis non valde venulosis; floribus 
subsessilibus in fasciculis paucifloris squamosis, 
antheris sagittatis apicibus muticis papillatis; stig- 
matibus coroniformibus lobatis; fructibus globosis 
vel subglobosis 5-7 mm longis. 
Shrub or small tree, glabrous; leaves chartaceous 
to coriaceous, small to moderate sized, elliptic or 
obovate, veins not prominent; flowers subsessile in 
scaly-bracteate clusters of 3-5 (-7), bracts, calyx- 
lobes and corolla-lobes glandular-ciliolate; anthers 
sagittate, apex blunt, papillate, stigma corona-form, 
irregularly lobed; fruit globose or subglobose, 5-7 
mm long. 
This new species is notable for its short, thick 
petioles, firm medium-sized punctate leaves, sub- 
sessile flowers in small scaly-bracteate fascicles, 
the bracts, calyx and corolla glandular-ciliolate; 
fruit 5-7 mm long. It is dedicated to the late Dr. 
Martin L. Grant, long-time worker on the Poly- 
nesian flora, who had indicated it in the herbarium 
Frutex vel arbor parva, foliis chartaceis vel 
coriaceis maxime 13.5 cm longis 6 cm latisque 
first described as separate species, hence they are 
described rather fully. 
Key to the Varieties of Myrsine grantii 
var. grrmtii 
var. touiinrris 
Leaves mainly obovate, mainly less than 10 cm long 
Leaves mainly elliptic-oblong, mainly 9-13 cm long 
Myrsine grantii Fosberg & Sachet var. grantii 
Frutex vel arbor parva, foliis obovatis vel vix 
ellipticis vix venulosis coriaceis vel subcoriaceis, 
petiolis 3-4 mm latis 3-6 mm longisque. 
Glabrous shrub or small tree 3-6 m tall; cata- 
phylls caducous, oblong to somewhat obovate, 
obtuse, 4-13 mm long; leaves coriaceous or sub- 
coriaceous, broadly obovate to broadly oblong or 
elliptic, blades 4-13 cm X 3-6 cm, apex obtuse 
to rounded, base acute to obtuse, obscurely 
punctate beneath, more obscurely so above, veins 
moderately prominent above, less so beneath, 
somewhat irregular, 1.5-10 mm apart, depending 
on size of leaf, anastomosing near margin, merg- 
ing there into obscure secondary network but not 
forming a distinct marginal vein, margin slightly 
revolute, petiole 3-4 mm wide, 3-6 mm long 
(rarely, in no. 1789, leaves subsessile); flowers 
subsessile in few-flowered clusters, subtended by 
scale-like bracts, tetramerous; calyx 1.3-1.5 mm 
long, lobes ovate, about 1 mm long, acute to obtuse, 
usually with a large central dark spot or several 
dark lines; corolla lobes spreading, broadly ellip- 
tic or obovate, obtuse or rounded at apex, some- 
what narrowed at base, notably black-punctate, 
margins irregularly papillate, 1.5-2 mm long, tube 
1 mm long; anthers about 1 mm long, curved, 
narrowly triangular sagittate, apex blunt, papil- 
late; lower lobes rounded at bases; pistillode some- 
what ovoid, somewhat over 1 mm long, stigma 
crownlike, spreading, irregularly undulately lobed; 
pistillate flowers not available; fruits globose or 
subglobose, about 5-7 mm diameter, black marked, 
subtended by spreading persistent calyx, crowned 
by scar of caducous stigma. 
SPECIMENS SmN.-Marquesas Islands: Uahuka I.: 
s.l., Whitney Expedition 1837 (BISH), 1789 (BISH). 
Hiva?oa 1.: Tenatinaei, 3620 ft [I100 m], Mumford 
d7 Adamson 492 (BISH, type, NY) (NY sheet as 
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS To BOTANY 
Adamson & Mumford); Kopaafaa, 2800 ft [850 m], 
Mumford & Adamson HO I008 (BJSH, NY) (NY 
sheet as Adamson & Mumford); Atuona-Feani trail, 
ridge crest, 1200-1300 m, Sachet &Decker 1180 (US, 
P, UH, Fo). Fatuhiva I.: Omoa, 700 m, Brown 915 
(BJSH). Brown 915 has leaves narrower than 
usual, veins more distinct, petioles rather slender. 
Myrsine grantii var. toviiellsis 
Fosberg & Sachet, new variety 
Frutex, foliis elliptico-oblongis chartaceis vel 
subcoriaceis, petiolis 5-10 mm longis 2 mm la- 
tisque, venis in costam decurrentibus. 
Shrub to 4 m, branchlets 2-4 mm thick, brown; 
cataphylls obovate rounded at apex; leaves 
elliptic-oblong to slightly obovate, 9-13.5 X 4-5.5 
cm or smaller, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, apex 
acute to obtusish in general outline, tip blunt to 
rounded, base from strongly contracted to cuneate 
or slightly attenuate to a very slightly winged 
petiole, 5-10 mm long, 2 mm wide, variably dark 
punctate and lineate beneath, less so but papil- 
late above, especially when young venation not 
prominent, less so beneath, main veins rather 
irregularly spaced, 12-15 (-17) on a side, usually 
curved downward (or divaricate) to join midrib, 
anastomosing near margin to form a weak undu- 
lating submarginal vein, weaker veins in some 
intervals not reaching submarginal vein, network 
rather obscure; inflorescences reduced to very low 
scaly-bracted tubercles, bracts broadly ovate obtuse 
with erose brown glandular-ciliate margins; flowers 
3-5 (-7) in a cluster, subsessile, calyx united about 
G, lobes 4, ovate, obtuse to acutish, glandular- 
ciliolate, dark punctate-papillate, corolla in bud 
broadly ovoid, lobes about 1.5 mm long, ovate sub- 
acute, with black papillae dorsally, or these fused in 
lines, margins densely glandular-puberulent, in a 
band both inside and outside the actual margin: 
tube in bud extremely short; anthers or antherodes 
broadly sagittate, 1.5 mm long, blunt at apex, which 
is densely glandular-puberulent; pistil scarcely de- 
veloped, style flattened, blade-like, ovate, less than 
1 mm long; immature fruit on a pedicel 1.5 mm 
long, 1 mm thick, crowned with a disk-shaped 
coroniform stigma with several obscure lobes in- 
cluding an elongate 1-1.5 mm long subulate, 
angled one, caducous before full maturity; mature 
fruit globose, 5 mm in diameter when dry, crowned 
with a disk-like stigma scar, surface thickly beset 
with pale slightly elongate papillae, mixed with 
scattered black glandular dots. 
Differs from var. grantii especially in the longer, 
narrower petioles, distinct submarginal veins in 
the thinner usually elliptic-oblong leaves with veins 
curving downward to join the midrib. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Marquesas Islands: Nuku- 
hiva I.: Plateau de Tovii, savane, 2 Mar. 1973, 
F. Halle 2077 (US, type, P, MPU). 
Myrsine hartii (Grant) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea harlii Grant in Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smith- 
sonian Contr. Bot., 17:16, 1974. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine longifolia Nadeaud 
Myrsine longifolia Nadeaud, Enum. PI. Tahiti 61, 1873. 
Rapanea longifoh (Nadcaud) Mcz, Pflr. 9 (236):373, 1902. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine niauensis Fosberg & Sachet, new species 
Folia laminis oblongis supra minutissime punc- 
tatis infra papillatis, petiolis gracilibus 6-3 mm 
longis, venis 12-18 jugis obscuris; fructus globosus 
valde nigro-punctatus, calyce lobis 4, valde glandu- 
loso-puberulis, pedicillo 2 mm longo 0.5 mm crasso. 
Branchlets pale brownish straw-color, about 2.5 
mm thick; leaves oblong, to 10 X 4.5 cm, rather 
stiff, subcoriaceous, densely but minutely black 
punctate on upper surface, only obscurely and 
sparsely so beneath, but sparsely papillate beneath, 
apices rounded, bases acute, main veins 12-18 on 
a side, uneven in strength, opposite to alternate, 
anastomosing into a strongly undulate submarginal 
vein 2-3 mm from margin, network rather obscure, 
venation not strong, about equally visible above 
and beneath, base rather abruptly decurrent into 
a rather slender petiole 6-8 (-10) mm long, 
about 1 mm thick; flower-bearing tubercles or 
inflorescences very reduced, 2 mm or less wide 
and high, scaly bractlets broadly triangular, 
strongly glandular-puberulent, glands reddish 
NUMBER 21 9 
brown, pedicels slender, few, 2 or 3, about 2 mm 
long, 0.5 or less mm thick; fruiting calyx lobes 4, 
united in basal part, broadly ovate-obtuse to 
almost orbicular, glandular-puberulent, erose- 
ciliolate, obscurely dark dotted, fruit globose, 
3-4 mm diameter strongly black-dotted. 
Closely related to the new species M. adamsonii 
of the Marquesas, differing in the broader, more 
oblong leaves less punctate beneath, apices more 
rounded, petiole shorter, venation less prominent, 
fruits smaller, black-dotted, on longer and thinner 
pedicels, fruiting calyx strongly glandular- 
puberulent, pedicels less so. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Tuamotus: Niau, s. 1. H. F. 
Moore 286 (US, type); H. F. Moore s. n. in 1899 
(NV 
Myrsine nukuhivensis Fosberg & Sachet, 
new species 
Frutex vel arbor glabra; foliis vix coriaceis 
ellipticis vel elliptico-oblongis maxime 25 X 11 cm, 
apicibus et basibus acutis subvenulosis utrinque 
punctatis, petiolis 7-15 mm longis 2-10 mm 
latisque in sicco; fructibus magis 15-20 mm dia- 
metro pedicellis 2-3 mm longis. 
Glabrous shrub or tree up to 10 m tall, branch- 
lets 3-5 mm thick; cataphylls ovate strongly 
acuminate, up to at least 7 mm long; leaves thin 
coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, large, up to 
25 cm X 11 cm (mostly 15-20 X 6-8 cm, except 
Halle 2077a, which has much smaller leaves, 
narrowly elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 10-14 X 
3-4 cm, petiole 9-12 mm), acute at both ends, apex 
blunt, blade somewhat black-punctate on either 
side, veins not very prominent, 5-15 mm apart, 
proximately curving downward to fuse with mid- 
rib, some weaker ones between, anastomosing 
distally into a looping submarginal vein from 3 to 
10 mm from margin, network of 2-3 orders of 
prominence between veins, petiole 7-15 mm long, 
2-10 mm thick when dried; dried fruits on pedi- 
cels 2-3 mm long, subglobose, to 6 mm long, 
somewhat narrower when dry (only present on no. 
2224, on label said to be red, 1.5-1.7 cm diameter 
when fresh; in no. 2180, said to be bright red, 
2 cm, seeds 5 mm diameter). 
Possibly related to M. Zongifolin Nadeaud of 
Tahiti, but differs in the much larger fruit, as well 
as generally smaller leaves. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Marquesas Islands: Nuku- 
hiva 1.: s. slopes of Mt. Tapuaooa, Gillett 2180 
(BISH, US);Toovii Valley near Tapuaooa shelter, 
900 m, Gillett 2214 (BISH, US, type, P); Ooumuu 
Mt., 3500 ft [1160m], Mumford dr Adamson 581 
(BISH); plateau de Tovii, savane, Halle 2077a (US). 
Myrsine obwata (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea obovata J. W. Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102:37, 
1933.-Crant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 
17:18, 1974. 
Described from and endemic to Raiatea. 
Myrsine orohenensis (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapatlea orohenensis J. W. Moore, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 
16:16, 1940. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine oualis Nadeaud 
Myrsine ovalis Nadeaud, Enum. P1. Tahiti 61, 1873. 
Myrsine coriacea Nadeaud., Enum. 1?1. Tahiti 61, 1873 (non 
R. Brown 1810) [nomen illegit., superfluous]. 
Rapanea nadeaudii Mez, Pflr. 9(236):372, 1902.--Grant, Fos- 
berg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:18, 1974. 
Rapanea ovalis (Nadeaud) Mcz, PBr. 9 (236):373, 1902.--Grant, 
Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17: 17, 1974. 
From the material available to us, cited below, 
there seems to be little or no difference between 
these two species. Although a number of sheets 
are available, a clear picture of the species cannot 
be obtained from them, and should be realized 
from a proper study in the field or of a suite of 
carefully collected specimens completely repre- 
senting at least one population. There is no way 
of being certain that the various fragments avail- 
able represent a single entity except their super- 
ficial similarity. 
Drake del Castillo (1892:118) associated M. 
ovaZis and M. taitensis A. Gray (as tahitensis), 
which does not seem to us a justified reduction 
as the type of M. taitensis (Tahiti, U. S. ExP1. 
Exped.), which is before us, is a plant with far 
heavier coriaceous, subcordate leaves. More mate- 
rial of both of these species is greatly needed. 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Society Islands, Tahiti: Ma- 
rau, 1000 m, Nadeaud (P, type? ); d., vallees 
profondes, Lepine 222 (P, 2 sheets); Sentier de 
I?Aorai, audessus du col d?Hamuta, 1150 m, Sachet 
6. Maclet 1022 (US); s.1. Nadeaud 399 (P); 
?Novella?, Nadeaud 39Y (P) (these two probably 
not same gathering); Tearapau, Nadeaud ?1896? 
(P); s.1. Nadeaud ?1896? (P). The last three are 
marked ?coriacea? in what is probably Nadeaud?s 
hand. Vaita Valley, Tautira, 300 m, MacDaniels 
1665 (BISH); Lake Vaheria, 500 m, MacDaniels 
1271 (BISH); 650 m, MacDanieZs I609 (BISH); 
Paea Distr., Orofere, 1810 ft [550m] Grant 4617 
(BISH); Huahine I.: Mt. Turi, 400 m, St. John 
6. Anderson 17174 (BISH). 
The var. ovalis was described from Tahiti and 
is endemic to the Society Islands. 
Myrsine ovulis var. wiMeri Fosberg & Sachet, 
new variety 
Folia laminis chartaceis obovatis 9-11 cm longis 
5-6.5 cm latis apicibus rotundatis vel vix emar- 
ginatis, basibus cuneatis, petiolis 3-6 mm longis; 
fructus subglobosus 3-4 mm longus, calyce lobis 
4, oblongo-ovatis, 1 mm longis minute glandulo- 
ciliatis. 
Tree to 5 m tall, leaves chartaceous, broadly 
obovate, 9-11 X 5-6.5 cm, apex rounded to some- 
what emarginate, base rather cuneate, petiole wide, 
3-6 mm long, veins obscure above distinct beneath, 
anastornosing near margin but no clear marginal 
vein; calyx lobes 4, oblong ovate, about 1 mm long, 
obtuse, margin rather erose, minutely glandular 
ciliolate, pedicel in fruit 1-5 mm long 0.5 mm 
thick, fruit (probably immature) subglobose, 3-4 
mm long, densely marked with black raised dots 
and short lines arranged longitudinally. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Makatea I.: 200 ft [6Om], 
sJ., Wilder 1201 (NY, P, US, BISH, type). 
Myrsine raiateemb (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea rainteensis J. W. Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 226:30, 
32-34. 1963. 
Described from and endemic to Raiatea. 
Myrsine rapensis (F. Brown) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea myricifolia f. rapensis F. Brown, Bishop Mus. Bull. 
130:220, 1935. 
This plant does not even resemble M. myrici- 
folia A. Gray, but seems closest to the new species 
M. grantii Fosberg 6. Sachet of the Marquesas, 
from which it differs somewhat in leaf shape and 
in the more abundant finer black markings on the 
fruit surface. When its flowers are known it may 
prove too close to the latter species. 
Described from and endemic to Rapa. 
Myrsine ronuiemb (Grant) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea ronuiensis Grant in Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, 
Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 17:19, 1974. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine st.-johnii (Grant) Fosberg & Sachet, 
new combination 
Rapanea st.-johnii Grant in Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smith- 
sonian Contr. Bot. 17:19, 1974. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine tuhuatensis Fosberg & Sachet, 
new species 
Frutex robustus foliis in intervalliis congestis 
maxime 22 X 11 cm obovatis cordatis subcoriaceis 
sessilis minute punctatis; inflorescentiis basi ramosis 
facsiculatis; M. taitensis valde affinis. 
Shrub 4 m tall, glabrous, young branchlets 5-7 
mm thick with leaves crowded at intervals, more 
widely separated between the crowded portions, 
leaf scars transversely elliptical with a broad de- 
pression above; leaves obovate, sessile, up to 22 
X 11 cm, apex obtuse to slightly bluntly acuminate, 
base somewhat auriculate or cordate, blade 
minutely and irregularly black-punctate, espe- 
cially beneath, becoming stiff and subcoriaceous, 
main veins 14-22 on a side, visible above and 
beneath, irregularly placed, opposite to alternate, 
diverging at somewhat different angles, decurrent 
into the broad midrib, forking distally and anas- 
NUMBER 21 11 
tomosing in arches that do not reach the margin, 
network obscure, especially beneath, older branch- 
lets mottled light gray (possibly from lichens), 
bearing, below leaves, irregularly spirally disposed 
fascicles of 4-7 thick scaly divergent inflorescence 
branches up 10 5 rnm long and 2.5 mm thick. 
Flowers and fruits unavailable, except for a sin- 
gle detached fruit with mottled, dark and pale 
minutely pebbled surface, obviously immature- 
its sides rather collapsed, presumably subglobose 
when fresh, S mm long, on a thick short pedicel, 
1.5 mm long, 1 mm thick, fruit subtended by a 
whorl of 3 thick calyx-lobes (another perhaps 
abortive), connate at base, broadly triangular, 
papillate, apex of fruit crowned by a short coroni- 
form stigma of 3 or 4 lobes (one perhaps damaged 
or poorly developed), from an extremely low ring- 
like tube, lobes bluntly acuminate, irregularly 
incurved. 
This species is represented by rather inadequate 
material but seems closest to M. taitensis A. Gray 
of Tahiti. It differs in larger, somewhat thinner, 
completely sessile leaves and in the much longer 
and conspicuously fasciculate (branched at base) 
inflorescences, as well as in having the leaves tend- 
ing more to be crowded into intervals on the 
branchlets (?croissance rythmique nette? Halle). 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Marquesas Islands: Tahuata: 
?Region du sommet de Tahuata,? 17 Mar. 1973, 
HaZZt 2171 (US, type, P, MPU). 
Myrsine taitensis A. Gray 
Myrsine taitensis A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5:330, 1862.- 
Seemann, F1. Vit. 149, 1866 [as M. tahitensis, orth. mut.]. 
Rapanea tahitensis (A. Gray) Mez, Pflr. 9(236):373, 1902 [orth. 
mut.1.-Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 
17:15, 1974. 
This species has been variously interpreted, but 
has been fairly well clarified by Grant (1974:15). 
It is the plant with large stiff leaves with cordate 
or subcordate bases and thick short petioles. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
Myrsine vescoi Drake del Castillo 
Myrsine vescoi Drake del Castillo, 111. FI. Ins. Pac. 7:227, 1892; 
F1. Poly. Fr. 119, 1893. 
Rapanea vescoi (Drake del Castillo) Mez, Pflr. 9(296):372, 
1902.-Grant, Fosberg, and Smith, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 
17:18, 1974. 
What may be the type of this species is an un- 
annotated sterile sheet in the Paris Museum. It is 
described below, as neither Mez nor Grant saw it. 
Leaves narrowly obovate to oblong, bluntly 
acute to obtuse at apex, cuneate-attenuate at base, 
about 14 X 5 cm, some slightly wider or slightly 
longer, mostly smaller, venation not prominent but 
distinct, main veins up to 25 or more on a side, 
irregularly spaced, decurrent into the midrib, 
anastomosing distally into an undulating, not 
prominent submarginal vein, network fine, rather 
prominent on both sides, some intervals between 
main veins with weaker veins that do not reach 
margin, both surfaces scarcely punctate, blade de- 
current at base into a slightly winged (at least 
above) petiole 5-6 mm long, 2 mm thick; sterile. 
It may be distinguished from the similar M. 
ovalis by its narrower leaves and less prominent, 
more closely spaced veins. 
Described from and endemic to Tahiti. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Society Islands: Tahiti, s.1. 
M. Vesco in 1847 (P, type? US, loose fragments). 
3. Three Species of Geniostomu J. R. & G. Forster 
Geniostoma (Loganiaceae) is another genus 
(vide supra Myrsine) where there seems to be a 
choice between recognizing a vast indefinable 
coenospecies (G. rupestre Forster) or admitting a 
large number of ?microspecies? based on assem- 
blages of minor characters. Smith and Stone (1962) 
have taken the latter course, Leenhouts (1962:370) 
the former. We have, in this genus also, chosen to 
recognize a number of segregate species rather than 
lumping everything in G. rupestre, which was 
based on a rather different-looking plant from the 
New Hebrides. 
The two new species described here bring the 
Geniostoma species in eastern Polynesia to six, the 
others being G. astylum A. Gray of Tahiti (clarified 
below), G. rapense F. Brown of Rapa, G. clavaturn 
Moore of Raiatea, and G. hendersonense St. John 
of Henderson Island. All the records of G. rupestre 
from eastern Polynesia have been disposed of ex- 
cept that by Cheeseman (1903:288) from Raro- 
tonga, of which we have not seen a specimen. 
Cheeseman says ?Geniostoma rupestre Forst.?- 
Southern slopes of Maungaroa, not seen elsewhere. 
I do not feel quite sure that this species is cor- 
rectly identified.? We would expect it to be close 
12 
SMITHSONIAS CONTRIBUTIOKS TO BOTANY 
to our G. quadrangulare. An attempt should be 
made to recollect it. We do not think that G. 
rupestre, sensu stricto, occurs in eastern Polynesia 
at all. 
Geniostoma astylum A. Gray 
Geniostoma astylurn A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 4:321, 1860. 
This Tahitian species has apparently hitherto 
only been known from the original collection, 
U. S. Exploring Expedition (US), and was only 
very briefly described by Gray. The type-specimen 
is excellent except for lack of flowers and of mature 
fruit. It is probable that a flowering specimen once 
existed in the Gray Herbarium, as there is a set of 
drawings of the flower there, presumably drawn 
by Gray from the original material. A copy of these 
has been furnished us by Dr. William T. Gillis, 
but he was unable to locate the specimen (in litt., 
1974). 
Duplicates of two old collections, kindly sent by 
the authorities at the Paris Herbarium, identified 
by Kadeaud as G. rupeslre Forster f., and cited as 
such by Drake del Castillo (1892:126), appear to 
belong to this species. They, with one other, 
Lepine 208, which we have not seen, form the 
basis for the reports of G. rupestre from Tahiti. 
In all probability the latter species does not occur 
at all in Tahiti, and probably not in southeastern 
Polynesia. 
The following somewhat amplified description, 
based on the type and the two specimens men- 
tioned, all cited below, is offered to make possible 
a better understanding of the relationship between 
this species and the new Marquesan one described 
below. 
Branchlets smooth, terete, 2-3 mm diameter, 
not conspicuously nodose, internodes 1-4 cm long, 
leaves oblong to oblong-elliptic, up to 11 X .i cm, 
veins inconspicuous, (7-) 8-11 on a side, nearly 
opposite, network quite visible on upper surface, 
apex bluntly slightly acuminate, base acutish to 
rounded, petiole 2-8 mm long; stipular collar 
early splitting down the sides in the type, but not 
notably so in other material; inflorescences loosely 
thyrsoid, to 3 cm long, main axis with 3 or 4 nodes, 
each ramification with 2 scale-like bracts, these 
ovate, recurved, acute, mucronulate, basally en- 
closing the inflorescence branch, ultimate rami- 
fications tending to be irregular, each lower and 
middle branch trichotomous or at least with a pair 
of bracts part way up, rarely with a single addi- 
tional outer dichasium near base, pedicels 1-33 
mm, puberulent, center ones tending to be short, 
uppermost branchlets (pedicels?) rarely bearing a 
pair of reduced ciliolate bractlets under the calyx 
or a single such bractlet part way down; calyx 
1-1.5 mm long, lobed about half-way, lobes ovate- 
triangular, obtusish to acute, tending to be folded 
and to appear acuminate, margins papillate- 
ciliolate; corolla glabrous, or somewhat pilosulous 
within throat, tube shorter than lobes, lobes 
imbricate, ovate, obtuse to rounded, faintly 5- 
nerved, about 1.5 mm long and wide; anthers 
very broadly oblong-sagittate, rounded at apex but 
with a very short blunt mucro, on short filaments; 
ovary broadly ovoid, style almost none, stigma 
ovoid, slightly bilobed; fruit 8 X 2.5-4 mm, fusi- 
form to oblong, slightly compressed, furrowed 
along septum, slightly beaked, valves hard, re- 
curved and widely spreading after dehiscence; 
seeds oval, somewhat irregularly compressed but 
not at all angulate, about 1 mm long, surface 
areolate reticulate, embedded in dried remains of 
soft fleshy placenta, this almost completely 
shrunken away at dehiscence, the network, or 
boundaries of the areolae, very minutely crinkly 
or very closely undulate, the bottoms of the areolae 
slightly convex. 
This species has hitherto been principally char- 
acterbed by the absence of a style, with little atten- 
tion paid to other characters. This lack of a style 
is not altogether unambiguous, as the ovary is 
gradually narrowed to a point which bears the 
capitate slightly bilobed fleshy, persistent stigma. 
As long as the fruit is not fully mature it is grad- 
ually narrowed and even at maturity there is an 
abrupt short beak, which could be interpreted as 
a very short persistent stvle. That it has been so 
interpreted is shown by the placing, by Nadeaud 
and Drake del Castillo, of the two additional 
collections cited below in G. rupestre rather than 
in G. astylum, where they belong. 
The so-called bifid $tipules likewise do not 
effectively separate this species from its congeners, 
as this is only a rupturing of the stipular collar, 
which is not evident in the other collections and 
may be merely a function of vigorous enlargement 
of the young branchlets on the tvpe-collection. 
NUMBER 21 13 
Although the reduction of the style is a useful 
character for recognition of this species and its 
closest relative, described below, a more funda- 
mental feature of G. izstylum is the thyrsoid in- 
florescence. Thyrsoid is here used in the sense of 
having the central axis with more than 2 nodes 
versus the usual condition in the genus of a 
dichasium or a compound dichasium. This feature, 
as well as others noted below, distinguish it from 
the Marquesan species described below, which on 
other grounds seems to be its closest ally. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Tahiti: s.1. u. s. Exploring 
Expedition (US, type); Nadeaud 363 (US, 2 
sheets, one flowering, the other with mature fruits, 
probably not of the same gathering, the number 
merely that used by Nadeaud in his Enumeration); 
Vesco in 1847 (US) (inflorescence somewhat more 
complex than those of the other collections). 
Geniostoma hallei Sachet & Fosberg, new species 
A G. astylum A. Gray foliorum venis alternis 
obscurioribusque, reticulo obscuriore, dichasio 
parviore non thyrsoideo, pedicel10 bracteolato 
calycis lobis acuminatis ciliatis, corolla intus valde 
barbata differt. 
Shrub to 3 m tall, glabrous, nodes enlarged, inter- 
nodes irregular in length, 4-20 (-25) mm long; 
leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, up to 7 X 3.5 (-4) 
cm, acute or rarely somewhat acuminate and 
mucronulate at apex, broadly acute at base, vena- 
tion faint above, not prominent beneath, main 
veins (7-) 8-9 (-10) on a side, not in regular 
pairs, bending slightly upward, becoming fainter 
and anastomosing near margin, network obscure, 
blade narrowed to a petiole 4-5 mm long, stipular 
collar truncate, 1.2-1.5 mm long very early ruptur- 
ing down the interpetiolar sides; inflorescence a 
compound dichasium about 1-1.5 cm long, rather 
congested, twice trichotomous on a very short 
peduncle (very rarely, on the longest inflorescences, 
the central axis with an extra internode and the 
lateral dichasia each with a single extra outer 
pedicel from near base), a pair of ovate acuminate 
scale-like bracts at each ramification, the lowest 
connate, margins of bracts ciliolate, pedicels 2-4 
(-5) mm long, with or without 1-3 scattered 
scale-like ovate-triangular ciliolate bracteoles; flow- 
ers white, foetid; calyx 2 mm long, lobed about 
?/* way, lobes triangular acuminate, ciliolate, 
slightly imbricate at base, corolla about 3 mm long, 
tube 2 mm, throat densely bearded, lobes suborbicu- 
lar, imbricate in bud, obtuse, spreading at maturity, 
inner basal surface crinkly pilose, margins strongly 
ciliate, edges papillate without, stamens just over 
1 mm long, anthers broadly ovate or triangular to 
broadly oblong, slightly longer than broad, about 
0.8 X 0.6 mm, apex rounded, connective conspicu- 
ous, filaments very short, ovary broadly ovoid, 
stigma capitate, fleshy, sessile, constricted vertically 
and very slightly bilobed; fruit (immature) cylindric- 
fusiform, 8 X 3 mm, slightly beaked, beak tipped 
by shrunken stigma. 
Very closely allied to G. astylum A. Gray of 
Tahiti, differing in the smaller less oblong leaves, 
much smaller, more contracted inflorescences, which 
are not or scarcely thyrsoid, in the more usual 
presence of bracteoles on the pedicels, in the some- 
what acuminate much more ciliate calyx lobes, and 
in the corolla more densely bearded within. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Marquesas Islands: Tahuata 
I.: ?Region du sommet de Tahuata, 17 Mars 
1973,? F. Halle 2170 (US, holotype, P, MPU, 
isotypes). 
Apparently very rare, one plant only seen by 
collector. A sterile specimen collected on Hivaoa, 
Feani, at 700 m, F. Blown 1096 (BISH) may 
probably be the same. 
Geniostoma quadrangukare Fosberg, new species 
Arbor parva, glabra, ramulis quadrangularibus 
nodosis, internodis 5-20 mm longis; foliis ellipticis 
tenuibus petiolatis; dichasiis compositis sub- 
thyrsoideis internodis 3-4; fructibus ovoideis 5-6 
mm longis, valvis sclerosis. 
Tree to 5 m tall, glabrous, branchlets notably 
quadrangular, nodes prominent, internodes 5-20 
(-30) mm long, leaves thin, blades to 7.5 (-9) X 
2-3.5 (-4,5) cm, elliptic, rarely ovate or oblong, 
apex obtusish, slightly acuminate, base cuneate, 
decurrent to a slender petiole 5-9 (-10) mm long, 
veins about 4-5 pairs, subopposite, strongly as- 
cending, forking and anastornosing near margin, 
network rather obscure; stipular collar with lobes 
very low, broadly rounded; inflorescences, in bud 
axillary among leaves, in flower among lower 
leaves and on several nodes below lowest leaves, 
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
in fruit persisting on 3-5 nodes, 4-7 internodes 
below leaves, compound decussate dichasia thyrsoid 
to the extent that the main axis has 3 or 4 nodes 
and internodes below the terminal dichasium, the 
lateral branches strongly ascending, lower ones on 
welldeveloped inflorescences each with an extra 
outer branch arising just above the base, each 
ramification subtended by a pair of broadly ovate 
scale-like bracts enclosing the base of the lateral 
branch, pedicels 3-5 mm long, with a tiny tri- 
angular scale-like minutely ciliolate bractlet slightly 
below the receptacle; calyx lobed about half-way 
into 5 triangular bluntly mucronate papillate- 
ciliolate lobes about 0.7-0.8 mm long; corolla 
with tube about as long as calyx, lobes about as 
long again, ovate, with 3 slightly branching veins, 
margins papillate-ciliolate, inner surface distally 
minutely puberulent, basally prominently bearded; 
anthers broadly oblong, about 0.7 mm long, 
rounded at apex, with short rounded lobes at base, 
sessile in sinuses of corolla; stigma capitate, on a 
very short style, included in corolla, exserted 
from calyx after corolla has fallen. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-AUStral Islands: Rapa: Mt. 
Tepiahu, 150 m, Fosberg 11502 (NY, BISH); 
southeast ridge of Mt. Pukunia, 350 m, Fosberg 
11431 (BISH); Pake, 100 m, A. M. Stokes 384 
(BISH, type); Titivake, east side of Mt. Vaitau, 
St. John 6. Maireau 15392 (US, BISH); Area, 
140 m, St. John 6. Fosberg 15332 (BISH, US). 
4. Zpomoea tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy 
in the Pacific 
Ipomoea tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy in de Candolle, Prodr. 
9:375, 1845.-Yuncker, Bishop Mus. Bull. 220:227. 1959. 
Convolvulus tiliaceus Willdenow, Enum. P1. 203, 1809. 
Convolvulus fastigialus Roxburgh, Hort. Beng. 13, 1814. 
Ipomoea fastigiata (Roxburgh) Sweet, Hort. Brit, 288, 1826. 
Two Pacific Island morning-glories, one of them 
mistakenly placed in the genus Merremia, are de- 
scribed as varieties of the tropical American 
Ipomoea tiliacea. They may represent an extension 
of the natural distribution of this species, or they 
may be old, well established introductions by 
human agency. 
This species has previously been known from the 
Pacific only from Fiji and Tonga, where it was 
formerly usually called Zpomoea fastigiata (Rox- 
burgh) Sweet. Otherwise it is tropical American. 
The Marquesan collections, reported here, and the 
Fijian-Tongan ones, seem to represent distinctive 
populations, with a few characters uncommon or 
absent in the variable, widespread American 
species. 
Zpomoea tiliacea var. merremioides Fosberg, 
new variety 
Herba scandens, foliis triangulo-ovato-cordatis 
valde acuminatis integerrimis, cymis valde pedun- 
culatis umbelloideo-condensatis, sepalis mucronatis, 
corollis infundibuliformibus limbo distale vix ex- 
panso 3-3.5 cm longis. 
Glabrous climber but not very conspicuously 
twining, leaves thin, blades triangular-ovate, much 
longer than wide, up to 10 X 5 cm, apex tapering- 
acuminate, base broadly and strongly cordate with 
a U-shaped sinus and rounded basal lobes, petioles 
slender, notably shorter than blades; inflorescence 
umbelloid in appearance but a condensed, once to 
twice ramified, cymose panicle on a long peduncle, 
to 13 cm, pedicels much longer than branches, 
these 1-1 6 mm, bracts minute, scale-like, sepals 
elliptic or elliptic-oblong to slightly obovate, about 
8 mm long, obtuse, outer ones mucronate, corolla 
funnelform, 3-3.5 cm long, limb only slightly 
flaring, 2.5-3 cm wide, ?rose-mauve,?? stamens 
included in basal ?/s of throat, unequal in length, 
shorter than style, anthers very narrowly sagittate, 
straight, 2-2.5 mm long, filaments subulate, gla- 
brous apically, increasingly beset with short gland- 
tipped hairs below, pollen grains globose, very 
shortly spinulose; pistil 16 mm long, ovary sub- 
globose, glabrous, style filiform, glabrous, stigma 
irregularly capitate, fruit globose, about 5 mm 
high, subtended by an entire disk, usually some- 
what asymmetric, glabrous, beaked with persistent 
short style-base, this somewhat off-center, only one 
seed developed, this shot-like, 4 mm across, with 
2 basal somewhat flattened areas edged on outer 
parts with sparse brown wool, scar light brown, 
obovate, surrounded by horse-shoe-shaped very 
low ridge, general seed-surface dull sooty brown. 
This plant was placed with little hesitation in 
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hall. f., which it re- 
sembles closely in habit and appearance, espe- 
cially when dried. Its straight anthers, purple 
flowers, and almost glabrous seeds, however, cast 
NUMBER 21 
15 
some doubt on this identification. On examination 
the pollen grains proved to be spinulose, suggest- 
ing Zpomoea. In van Ooststroom?s key (1940: 
485-490) to Malaysian species of Zpomoea the 
plant runs readily to I. gracilis sensu van 
Ooststroom, non R. Brown (=Z. littorah Blume), 
which it is clearly not, because of the long many- 
flowered peduncles. It falls within the range of 
variation of I. tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy, a 
principally American species, which occurs also 
(possibly as an adventive) in Fiji and Tonga. The 
Marquesan specimens differ from those of Fiji and 
Tonga, as well as from the vast majority of the 
American ones, in being glabrous, in the much 
smaller much more funnel-form, less flaring corol- 
las, enlarging abruptly above the calyx, the 
abruptly short-mucronate rather than more grad- 
ually acuminate-aristate sepals, the usually much 
longer peduncles, and the entire, long-acuminate 
leaves rather than more or less orbicular, dentate 
or lobed. 
All of the characters of this variety appear in 
I. tiliacea as represented in the U. S. National 
Herbarium, but not in this combination and not 
frequently. We have, at present, no opinion as to 
whether this and the following variety are in- 
digenous or adventive. The distribution of Z. 
tiliacea in the Pacific roughly parallels that of 
Cordia lutea Lamarck which occurs in the Mar- 
quesas and Tonga. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Hivaoa I.: Atikoua valley, 
above Atuona, 20-100 in. Sachet 1300 (US, type, 
P, UH); upper Puamau-Atuona trail, 500450 m, 
Decker I I57 (US); Puamau-Eiaone divide, top of 
ridge, 300 m, Decker 932 (US): Central Puamau, 
800-1000 ft [250-300m] common, Decker 2072 
(US, P, Fo, UC). 
Zpomoea tiliacea var. smithii Fosberg, 
new variety 
Herba scandens foliis orbiculari-cordatis saepe 
grandi-dentatis vel lobatis longi petiolatis, cymis 
pedunculatis congestis, sepalis orbicularibus 
caudato-aristatis inaequalibus, corollis 4-5 cm 
longis limbo expanso. 
Differs from var. merremioides in the usually 
larger, more orbicular, less long-acuminate, usu- 
ally remotely coarsely dentate or at least somewhat 
irregularly margined, rarely lobed leaves, up to 
10 X 12 cm, usually much smaller, pilose beneath 
on lower parts of main veins, petioles much longer; 
peduncles strong, 2-6 cm long, pedicels 3-5 in a 
crowded cyme or pseudo-umbel; sepals somewhat 
unequal, orbicular, gradually caudate-aristate, tend- 
ing to be very sparsely pilose or long ciliate, 
corolla 4-5 cm long, white, or ?pink-lavender? or 
?red-pink? with darker center. 
The specimens cited below are not very uniform. 
The Tongan ones have larger leaves and the U. S. 
Exploring Expedition one has notably lobed 
leaves. The Tongan ones have colored flowers, the 
Fijian white; however, they seem to belong to- 
gether. The U. S. Exploring Expedition collection 
shows that the plant is probably indigenous, at 
least not a recent arrival, in the Pacific Islands. 
The variety is named for Professor A. C. Smith, 
collector of the type. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Fiji: s.l., U. S. Exploring Expe- 
dition (US). Viti Levu Island: Mba: Slopes of Mt. 
Nairosa, eastern flank of Mt. Evans Range, 700- 
1050 m, edge of dense forest, Smith 4057 (US); shores 
of Mba River near mouth, sea level, Smith 4740 
(US): vicinity of Nalotawi, eastern base of Mt. Evans 
Range, 550-600 m, Smith 4468 (US, type, BISH). 
Tonga: Lifuka Island: North of Pangai Village, 
Yuncker 15, 723 (US, BISH), 15,798 (US, BISH). 
Eua Island: Ha?aluma on southwestern end of 
island, near sea, Yuncker 15,587 (US, BISH). Ton- 
gan names are Fue or Fue hina. 
5. Annotations to the Hawaiian Flora 
Over the past 35 years the senior author has 
published several series of miscellaneous notes, 
which either have dealt exclusively with Hawaiian 
plants (Fosberg, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1948, 1962, 
1966b, 1969), or have contained some material on 
Hawaiian plants along with notes on other Pacific 
island groups (Fosberg, 1943, 1966a, 1968). 
This is essentially a continuation of these obser- 
vations on the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. In- 
cluded are distributional records, field and her- 
barium observations, comments directing atten- 
tion to items of interest to Hawaiian botany 
published in literature not primarily concerning 
Hawaii, and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes 
and keys to certain groups adventive in Hawaii. 
The genera included are Adiantum, Carex, 
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
Cyperus, Salicornia, Dianthus, Bocconia, Rubus, 
Crotalaria, Lotus, Polygala, Melochia, Waltheria, 
Frankenia, Dissotis, Thevetia, Heliotropium, Ste- 
nogyne, Solanum, Parentucellia, Tetranema, Plan- 
tago, and Hedyotis. 
Since the greater part of this paper was written, 
Professor Harold St. John?s magnificent List and 
Summary of the Flowering Plants in the Hawaiian 
Islands (1973) has appeared. Certain of the new 
records appeared there, but since no details of 
occurrence are given it seems desirable to give 
these here, also, to provide verified references to 
the places of publication and certain subsequent 
papers of interest. 
Adiantum L. 
Adirrntum raddirrnum Red 
Adianthurn raddianunr Presl, Tent. Pterid. 158, 1836.-Tryon, 
Contr. Gray Herb. 144: 169, 1964.-Hoshuaki, Baileya 17: 
154,1970. 
Adiantum cuneatum Langsdorff & Fischer, Ic. Fil. 23, t. 26, 
1810.-Fosberg, Bull. Tom. Bot. C1. 70:387, 1943; Occ. Pap. 
Bishop Mus. 24:11, 1969 [non A. cuneaturn Forster, Prodr. 
84, 17861. 
According to Hoshizaki this is the plant com- 
monly known in cultivation as A. cuneatum, and 
undoubtedly the plant widely escaped and natu- 
ralized in the Hawaiian Islands. Her illustration 
shows precisely the pinnule shape and the veins 
terminating in the sinuses between the lobes on 
sterile portions of the distal margins of the pin- 
nules shown by the plant introduced in Hawaii. 
There are numerous horticultural varieties of this 
species, some of which ,are illustrated by Mrs. 
Hoshizaki. 
Tryon was apparently the first to indicate that 
A. ruddianum Presl is the earliest available name 
for this species, since A. cuneatum is antedated by 
A. cuneatum Forster. We may further point out 
that A. cuneatum Langsdorff 6. Fischer and A. 
raddianum Presl are nomenclaturally equivalent, 
as the latter is based on a supposed A. cuneatum 
Raddi (1825: [59, 1001 pl. 78, 2a, b). Raddi was 
merely using Langsdorff?s and Fischer?s name, 
though ascribing it to Willdenow (1810:450). Will- 
denow merely included A. cuneatum Langsdorff 
& Fischer in his account of the genus, Raddi?s illus- 
tration, though not showing venation, seems clearly 
to apply to the plant described by Langsdorff and 
Fischer. 
Carex L. 
Carex ooalis Goodenough 
Carex ovalis Goodenough. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2:148, 1794. 
The collection cited below is a member of 
Carex sect. Ovules, close to C. leporina L., but the 
perigynia have shorter beaks and are more strongly 
winged. It matches material of C. ovalis from New 
Zealand where it is usually thought to be intro- 
duced. It may have been brought into Hawaii 
from New Zealand with forage grass seeds, al- 
though it was collected in forest. It does not seem 
to have been reported previously from the Hawai- 
ian Islands. Goodenough?s description was of a 
British plant and Europe is doubtless its original 
home. No exact locality was cited with the 
description. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: Kohala Mts., Kahua 
Ranch, 3300 ft [1000m], Rubtrofl2720 (US). 
Cyperus L. 
Cyperus niger Ruiz & Pavon 
Cyperus niger Ruiz & Pavon, F1. Peruv. 1:47, 1798. 
This species is found from the southwestern 
United States to Andean South America in several 
forms. This collection matches some specimens 
from South America in its black spikelets aggre- 
gated into single heads. These are generally in- 
cluded in var. niger. Other South American 
material has more open inflorescences, but it is 
not generally separated taxonomically. I have seen 
no previous record of C. niger from the Hawaiian 
Islands. The blackish single heads of spikelets 
distinguish it from other species found in Hawaii. 
My attention was called to its proper identity by 
Mr. Peter Rubtzoff, keen amateur student of the 
California flora and collector of the specimen 
cited. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: Kohala Mts., Ka- 
hua Ranch, 3300 ft [ 1000 m] marsh, Rubtrofl2723 
(US). 
NUMBER 21 
Salicornia L. 
17 
Dianthus L. 
Salicornia virginica L. 
Salicornia virginica L., Sp. PI. 4, 1753 [as S. virginia].-Herbst, 
Pac. Sci., in press, 1975. 
We are accepting Fernald and Schubert?s in- 
terpretation of this species (1948:162-163) as the 
plant that occurs in saline marshes along the 
Atlantic coast of North America (and South 
America) generally called S. ambigua Michaux or 
S. perennis Miller. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Hawaiian Islands: Leeward 
Group: French Frigate Shoals, Tern Island. ?One 
small colony on crushed coral between ?gas dump? 
and the ocean, center of north side of island,? 
Herbst 1213 (US, UH). 
This collection seems to correspond best with 
S. uirginica, though the spikes of that species seldom 
reach the length shown by this specimen, about 
5 cm. Fernald (1950:599) says they can be 1.5-6 
cm long. The width of the joints, as wide as or 
usually wider than their. length, excludes other 
species with which it might be compared, includ- 
ing S. subterminalis Parish (Arthrocnemum sub- 
terminale (Parish) Standley), which it resembles 
in having the spikes occasionally continuing as 
vegetative branches. The essential distinction of 
the latter lies in its glabrous seeds. This could not 
be checked as this specimen, though flowering 
abundantly and bearing old, opened-up parts of 
spikes, seems to have no seeds at all. Possibly it is 
self-sterile, and only one plant was seen. It was 
doubtless introduced in some manner during the 
U. S. Coast Guard activity on the island. The genus 
is not known from Polynesia or other parts of the? 
oceanic central and western Pacific, nor have we 
encountered records of it from any Pacific coral 
atoll. It is a leafless succulent with jointed stems, 
opposite branching, prostrate to ascending, each 
joint about 1 cm long or less, sheathing at the top 
with two opposite low scale-like projections on 
the sheath; flowers borne in threes on shortened 
joints compressed into a spike, the perianth re- 
duced and closely appressed to the side of the 
joint, stamens 1 or 2, exserted slightly, seeds 
pubescent (lacking on our material). 
Dianthus armeria L. 
Dianthus armeria L., Sp. PI. 410, 1753. 
This was reported by Neal in Gardens of Hawaii 
(1948:346) but as an annual. Fernald (1950:636) 
also refers to it as an annual or biennial, and so it 
generally behaves in the eastern United States. 
However, the following collections appear more 
like a perennial, branching profusely from a root 
crown and deep tap root. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii I.: 
Kukaiau Ranch, 5000 ft [1500m], Rubtzofi 
2622 (US); N. W. slope of Mauna Kea, Puu 
Makahalau, 4000 ft [1200 m], Kawasaki in 1964 
(BISH). The Kawasaki specimen is also heavy 
and almost woody at base, though most of it is 
broken off. 
Dianthus prolifer L. 
Dianthus prolifer, L., Sp. PI. 410, 1753. 
An annual with several stems from base, linear 
leaves, several flowers in a terminal involucre of 
broad papery mucronate bracts. It has apparently 
not been reported from Hawaii previously. 
SPECIMEN SmN.-Hawaii I., S. Kohala, Waimea, 
Puu Holoholoku, 2600 ft [800m], Hosaka ~2110 
(BISH). 
Bocconia L. 
Bocconia frutescens 
Bocconia frutescens L., Sp. PI. 505, 1753. 
L. 
In 1961 this species was very sparingly and 
locally naturalized, a few plants only, in East 
Maui, just south of Ulapalakua Ranch, as reported 
by Fosberg (1969:17). 
On 14 April 1974, it was seen to have spread 
some distance from the locality noted in 1961. 
Many well-grown shrubs were seen for some dis- 
tance along the road south. A single seedling several 
decimeters tall was seen in the fenced nature pre- 
serve at Auwahi, and a mature shrub was growing 
in Kula, along the road to Haleakala Crater some 
hundreds of meters above the junction with the 
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
Upper Kula Road at perhaps 1200 m elevation. 
It would seem to be still possible to eradicate this 
shrub if desired. The fleshy aril or caruncle of its 
seed probably assures its wide distribution by 
mynahs and other introduced frugivorous birds. 
Rubus L. 
Rubus eUiptb Smith 
Rubus ellipticus Smith, in Rees Cycl. 30, n. 16, 1815. 
SPECIMENS S~~~.-Hawaii I.: Wright Road Farm 
lots, just below Kilauea, 1140 m, Fosberg 41609 
(US, BISH, Fo). 
Rubus moluccanus L. 
Rubus moluccanus L., Sp. PI. 1197, 1753. 
In 1971, this plant was very locally established 
in pastures. It is not known how it was introduced. 
The plant is a rhizomatous, coarse, tangled prickly 
shrub, growing to a height of 3-4 m or more, and, 
in other countries, overgrowing small trees and 
bushes. It is found from Madagascar to New 
Guinea, Fiji, and Kusaie; in parts of this area, 
such as Mauritius and Madagascar at least, it is 
probably introduced. In Mauritius and Madagascar, 
it is regarded as a serious pest in forests. It should 
be eliminated from Kauai without delay, lest it 
get completely out of hand. The Kauai plant 
belongs to var. moluccanus. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Kauai I.: Lawai Valley, 200 m, 
3 April 1971, Fosberg 53650 (US, BISH, Fo, PTG). 
Crotalariu L. 
Crotalaria pallida Aiton 
Crotalaria pallida Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3:20, 1789.-Polehill, 
Crotalaria mucronata Desvaux, Dew. Jour. Bot. 3:76, 1814. 
Crotalaria striata de Candolle, Prodr. 2:131, 1825. 
Kew Bull. 22262, 1968. 
According to Polehill this widespread species, 
in recent years generally known as C. mucronata 
Desvaux, must be called C. pallida Aiton. Besides 
the more or less brown striate keel, which is the 
usual identifying mark, it may be distinguished 
from C. incana L. (a very similar species), by 
appressed pubescence on rachis and pods (rather 
than spreading, as in C. incana) and by narrower 
pods. 
Lotus L. 
Lotus hispidus Desfontaine ex Loiseleur 
Lotus hispidus Desfontaine ex Loiseleur, F1. Callica 2:4% 
491, pl. 16, 1807. 
This is a native of Eurasia and has been known 
from Hawaii since 1933. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Hawaiian Islands: s.l., Rip 
perton in 1937 (US). Hawaii I.: Kukaiau Ranch, 
slopes of Mauna Kea, 3500 ft [lo50 m], Rubtzofl 
2612 (US); Parker Ranch, Kaola, 2750 ft [850 m], 
Ewart 296 (BJSH), ?planted in Hilo grassland 
1933.? ?E. Hawaii,? Lyman in 1950 (BISH). 
Maui I.: ?Makawao, Ulupalakua, Mohopilo,? 3200 
ft [975m], 1937, Hosaka 1714 (BISH); Makawao, 
Haleakala Br. Sta. 2100 ft [640 m], Hosaka 2672 
(BISH, 2 sheets); ?Olinda, Makawao,? Hosaka 
3576 (US); N.W. slope of Haleakala Massif, east 
of Olinda, 3700 ft 
[1125 m], Zltis H-440 (US). 
PolygaIa L. 
Polygak paniculata L. 
Polygala paniculata L., Syst. ed. 10:1154, 1759. 
This widespread tropical weed has apparently 
not previously been reported from the Hawaiian 
Islands. A small colony was found on 15 April 
1974 near the north coast of East Maui. It is a 
slender herb with short linear leaves and panic- 
ulately arranged racemes of tiny white flowers. 
The roots smell strongly of wintergreen, as do 
those of many other species of Polygala. The genus, 
also, is not previously known from the state. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Hawaiian Islands: Maui: Ka- 
kipi Gulch, 6 km east of Haiku, 40 m, Fosberg 6. 
Sylva 55450 (US, UH, Fo, MO, L). 
Melochia L. 
Melochia umbellata (Houttuyn) Stapf 
Melochia umbellata (Houttuyn) Stapf, Kew Bull. 1913:317, 
Visenia umbellata Houttuyn, Handleidung 8309, 1777. 
1913.-Goldberg, Contr. U.S.N.H. 34 (5):220-222, 1967. 
NUMBER 21 
19 
This species was apparently reported under this 
name first from the Hawaiian Islands by Neal 
(1948:503). Goldberg (1967:221) reports it only 
from Oahu in his monograph. He gives its indig- 
enous range as India to New Guinea. It is probably 
the same plant reported from Hawaii by L. W. 
Bryan (1947334) as M. indica A. Gray. It has for 
a number of years been increasingly abundant 
along the lower stretches of the Volcano Road 
above Hilo and along the Stainback Highway. I 
saw it there in 1961, but did not collect it. It has 
been in the state at least since 1929 and was prob- 
ably first introduced around Honolulu, possibly in 
the Manoa Arboretum. It is a very aggressive plant 
in disturbed or cleared areas and soon forms a tall 
secondary scrub. It has large hirsute cordate leaves 
and cymose panicles of pink flowers. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Oahu I.: Kapalama ?Tip?, 
2000 ft [600m], Ewart in 1929 (BISH); Punaluu 
Valley, Judd in 1931 (RISH); near Puu Kaui, 
Kaunala, Koolau Range, 1500 ft [450m], Webster 
1197 (BISH); Kahuku Mauka, Degener et al. 
I5548 (US, BISH); Manoa Valley, Arboretum, 
Caum et al. in 1930 (RISH). Lanai, Waiakeakua, 
2300 ft [700m], Munro 270 (RISH) (undated), 
said to have been obtained from Haiku Board of 
Agriculture and Forestry Nursery. East Maui I.: 
Hamakuapoko, Crosby in 1939 (BISH). Hawaii I.: 
South of Glenwood, Mueller-Dombois H-I43 
(UH); Stainback Highway, 800 ft [250m], Herbst 
882 (RISH). 
Waltheria L. 
Waltheria indica L. 
Wartheria indica L., Sp. Pl., 673, 1753. 
This species was published by Linnaeus simul- 
taneously with W. americana. The two were com- 
bined by R. Brown, as detailed below. Var. indica 
does not occur in Hawaii. 
Walthericr indica var. americana (L.) 
R. Brown ex Hosaka 
Waltheria indica var. americana (L.) R. Brown ex Hosaka, 
Waltheria americana L., Sp. P1. 673, 1753. 
Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 13:224, 1937. 
SPECIMEN SmN.--?Owhai-hee? (Hawaii) David 
Nelson (MO). 
This specimen, collected on Captain Cook?s 
Third Voyage, shows that this species is either 
indigenous in Hawaii or was brought by the 
Hawaiians (or the Spaniards, if they really visited 
Hawaii earlier than 1776). 
Hawaiian material agrees with that from Amer- 
ica in being densely velutinous rather than thinly 
so, as is that from the western Pacific and southern 
Asia. The two forms are often regarded as be- 
longing to one species for which Waltheria indica 
L. is the correct name, or to two distinct species. 
We are accepting the view that one pantrop- 
ical species is involved. The rather conspicuous 
difference in density of indument may be recog- 
nized by maintaining var. americana for the pre- 
dominantly American densely hairy form and var. 
indica for the more thinly pubescent Old World 
plant. Over its wide geographic range Waltheria 
indica produces many local forms distinguishable 
by other characters,. but these have usually not 
been afforded taxonomic recognition. 
Robert Brown (1818:484) said, ?Waltheria indica 
L. I consider W. americana to be a variety of this 
sportive species, which seems to be common to all 
equinoctial countries.? Although this satisfies Arti- 
cle 57 of the International Code of Botanical 
Nomenclature on choice of name when two simul- 
taneously published species are united, and, indeed, 
is cited as one of the examples to illustrate the 
application of this article, it does not constitute 
valid publication of the required combination for 
var. americana according to Article 33, as it does 
not indicate that the epithet indica is to be used 
in the combination W. indica var. americana. Ap- 
parently the first usage of this combination was by 
Hosaka as cited above. He did not cite the basionym 
but according to Article 33 this only seems to have 
been a requirement for valid publication of a new 
combination since 1 January 1953. Citation of R. 
Brown as author with ?L.? in parentheses can be 
considered a sufficient indirect reference. 
Guillemin (1837:365) made the reverse re- 
duction, making the combination ? Waltheria ame- 
ricana indica Linn. Spec. 941.? This was done 
later than Robert Brown?s publication, so may be 
disregarded except in .synonymy of Waltheria 
indica var. indica. 
20 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS To BOTANY 
FrankenM L. 
Frankenia grandiflora Chamisso & Schlechtendal 
Frankenia grandiflora Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnaea 1 : 
35, 1826. 
This is a depressed herb with small pink flowers, 
native to salt marshes of the Pacific Coast of North 
America. It is pubescent, has opposite obovate 
leaves with axillary fascicles, appearing verticillate, 
prismatic ribbed calyces and 5 free petals. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-French Frigate Shoals: Fern 
Island, ?On crushed coral around the barrels in 
the ?gas dump,? Herbst 1217 (US, UH). 
Dissotis Bentham 
Dissotis rotundifolia (Smith) Triana 
Dissotis rotundifolia (Smith) Triana, Trans. Linn. SOC. 28:58, 
Osbeckia rotundifolia Smith, in Rees Cycl. 25: 1813. 
Melastoma plumosa D. Don, Mem. Wern. SOC. 4:291, 1823. 
Heterotis plumosa (DoDon) Bentham, F1. Niger 348, 1849. 
Dissotis plumosa (D.Don) Hooker f., in Oliver, F1. Trop. 
1871. 
Africa 2:452, 1871. 
This is planted occasionally as an attractive 
ground cover. It forms a loose mat up to several 
decimeters high. The leaves are ovate and tri- 
nerved, the veins not prominent. The flowers are 
rose-pink and have 5 long purple anthers and 5 
shorter yellow ones. We hope it will not get out of 
hand as have several other Melastomaceae. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-Kauai I.: Lawai Valley, seen 
but not collected, planted as ground cover in 
Botanical Garden, 1974. Oahu I.: Foster Gardens, 
Potter in 1960 (RISH), Potter d- Neal in 1958 
(RISH); H. L. Lyon Arboretum, Manoa, Nagata 
399 (BISH). Maui I.: Kahului Airport, Fosberg 
50524 (US). 
Theuetia L. 
Thevetia peruviana ( Persoon) K. Schumann 
Theuetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann, in Engler and 
Cmbera peruviana Persoon, Syn. PI. 1:267, 1805. 
Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4(2):159, 1895. 
This species has long been known in cultivation 
in Hawaii, but does not commonly become natur- 
alized. It is present here in substantial numbers, 
apparently naturalized. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Kauai 1.: Lawai Valley (Pa- 
cific Tropical Botanic Garden), ?Big Valley,? 
3 Apr. 1971, Fosberg 53654 (US, Fo, PTG, BISH). 
Heliotropium L. 
Heliotropium anomalum Hooker & Arnott 
Heliotropium anomalum Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey?s 
Voyage in Blossom, 66, 1832. 
This is certainly not the normal variety of 
Hawaii, but resembles var. mediale (Line Islands) or 
var. anomalum from southeastern Polynesia. It is 
only thinly strigose, leaves are linear-oblanceolate, 
cymes long-pedunculate. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-oahu 1.: Honolulu, tip of Lani- 
loo Point, ?/2 mile [.8 km] east of Laie, on bare 
rock, Zltis H-395 (US). 
Stenogyne Bentham 
Stenogyne scrophukzrioides Bentham 
Stenogyne scrophularioides Bentham, Bot. Reg. 15, no. 1292, 
n. 88, 1830. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: Hilo, in woods, 28 
Feb. 1887, Rev. T. S. Lea (BM). 
This sterile sheet is of a slender herbaceous 
climber, tending to root at the nodes, with op- 
posite exstipulate leaves, palmately tripartite to 
the base, the segments deeply lobed and the lobes 
of the lateral segments lobed again; stems squarish, 
pilose in lines. The long petioles conspicuously 
hirsute pilose, blades pilosulous and beset with 
sessile glands, At first this specimen was not placed 
even to family, but on a hunch was compared with 
Stenogyne. At Kew a specimen, Hillebrand 351, 
shows a series of stages from having the leaves 
ovate and undissected, with crenate-serrate margins, 
to almost as dissected as those of the Lea specimen, 
indicating that the latter is probably a juvenile 
plant of S. scrophularioides. 
NUMBER 21 
SoZunum L. 
21 
Tetranema Bentham 
Solanum repandum Forster f. 
Solanum repandum Forster f., Prodr. 18, 1786. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: s. I., Hillebrand 112 
This specimen has leaves narrower than is 
usual for this species and more unequal at base, 
but otherwise seems to match New Zealand mate- 
rial of this species. It has not recently been found 
in Hawaii, at least no material was found in the 
Bishop Museum herbarium in 1971. It was de- 
scribed from the Marquesas and Society Islands. 
(4 
Parentucellia Viviani 
Parentucellia uiscosa (L.) Caruel 
Parentucellia uiscosa (L.) Caruel, in Parlatore, F1. Ital. 6:480, 
Bartsia uiscosa L., Sp. P1. 602, 1753. 
1885. 
This is a Eurasian species but introduced into 
Oregon and various other cool parts of the world. 
It has apparently not been found previously in 
Hawaii. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: Kukaiau Ranch 
north slopes of Mauna Kea, 4800 ft [1450 m], 
Rubtzofl 2609 (US). 
Tetranemu mexicanum Bentham 
Tetranema mexicanum Bentham, Bot. Reg. 29, t. 52, 1843. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-oahu: Old Pali Road, Neal 
in 1953 (BISH); Clay in 1956 (BISH); Manoa, 
Neal in 1940 (BISH). (This sheet is named by the 
collector Mazns japonicus). 
These three specimens are identical and cer- 
tainly seem to be Tetranema, rather than MUUS. 
Apparently the Manoa specimen is the only basis 
of Neal?s (1965:158-159) report of Mazus japo- 
nicus from Hawaii. Therefore, Mazus should be 
deleted from the flora unless other material exists. 
The leaves are in rosettes, obovate, crenulate, 
with scapes up to 15-20 cm, inflorescence umbel- 
loid with proliferations, corolla violet with the 
three large lobes whitish at least at tips. It is a 
native of Mexico. 
Plantago L. 
Plantagos found in ruderal situations and pas- 
tures in the Hawaiian Islands are almost certain 
to be introduced species. Of these there are at least 
5 species which may be distinguished by the fol- 
lowing key: 
Key to the Introduced Species of Plantago in the Hawaiian Islands 
1. Leaves linear, bracts linear, stiff, straight, ascending, conspicuously protruding from spike 
1. Leaves broader, bracts not as above. 
2. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate. 
P. mistata Michaux 
3. Spikes short, cylindric, very densely flowered, on long peduncles, leaves entire 
P. lanccolata L. 
3. Spikes slender, long, sparsely flowered, peduncles relatively short, leaves remotely lobed 
P. debilis R. Brown 
P. major L. 
P. australis Lamarck 
to subentire 
4. Plants essentially glabrous, seeds 6 or more 
4. Plants more or less pubescent, seeds 3 
2. Leaves ovate. 
Plantago aristata Michaux 
Plants very large for this species, up to 35 cm 
tall, leaves erect, linear, spikes to 9 cm long, on 
peduncles to 20 cm long. These plants are more 
caulescent than is usual in the eastern U.S., where 
the species is usually acaulescent. Here they have 
above-ground stems several centimeters long. 
Plantago arislata Michaux, F1. Ror. Am. 1:95, 1803. 
SPECIMEN SEEN.-Hawaii I.: Kapapala, rare in 
pasture, dry locality, 5000 ft [I500 m] 19 June 1941, 
HOSU~Q 2595 (BISH). 
22 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
Plantago australis Lamarck 
Plantago australis Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. Genres 1:339, 1792. 
Examination of the Hawaiian material that has 
been generally called Plantago virginica L. shows 
that it has 3 seeds in a capsule, rather than 2 as in 
P. virginica, and is generally less hirsute. In general 
aspect it is much like P. virginica. Of Pacific Island 
plants this resembles very much a species in New 
Zealand referred to the American P. australis. 
The latter is found in many slightly differing 
forms, from Mexico to Chile and Argentina. Many 
of these have been given names. Rahn (1964) has 
described a number of them as subspecies, but has 
provided no key to them. Until he does the 
Hawaiian plants can be called P. australis Lamarck, 
sensu lato. Several of the specimens cited below in 
the Bishop Museum herbarium bear undated an- 
notations as P. australis by M. F. Tessene, 
showing that he arrived independently at this 
determination. 
Two quite distinguishable forms can be recog- 
nized, one from Hawaii, one from Maui. 
The Hawaii form has elliptic to oblanceolate 
leaves on winged petioles 1-8 cm long, blade ovate 
remotely denticulate, glabrous to somewhat ap- 
pressed hirsute; peduncle elongate in maturity to 
as much as 22 cm, appressed hirsute, especially 
above to almost glabrous, especially below, florif- 
erous part of spike 10-15 cm long, rachis loosely 
woolly; corolla lobes erect, ovate-lanceolate, acum- 
inate or mucronate, capsule oblong-ellipsoidal, 
circumscissile just below middle, seeds 3, dull 
black. The Maui speciinens are larger and much 
more robust, with leaves up to 38 cm long, spikes 
more conspicuously woolly, peduncles to 36 cm 
long, spikes to 45 cm, denser, flowers tending to be 
subverticillately arranged. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.-HaWaii I.: Kohala Mts., 
Kahua Ranch, 3900 ft [1200 m], Rubtzofl 2726 
(US); Parker Ranch Paauhau, Kauahi?okaoka, 
Rock 3138 (BISH), Rock 3139 (BISH); Parker 
Ranch, Puu Kapu, 2700 ft [825 m], Ewart 265 
(BISH); Halealoha, Forbes 799.H (BISH); South 
Kohala, Puukapu, Waimea, Hosaka 2140 (BISH); 
Volcano Kilauea, Forbes el al. in 1908 (BISH); 
Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu, 4000 ft [I220 m], Mee- 
bold in 1932 (BISH); 1-3 miles [1.5-5 km] to left 
of Chain of Craters Road about 4 miles [6.5 km] 
down, Newel1 241 (BISH); Paauhau No. 1, Rock 
3246 (BISH); Paauhau No. 2, Rock in 1909 
(BISH); E. of Humuula below Kalaeeha, 6200 ft 
[I900 m], Neal 6 Hart 691 (BISH); Volcano 
Road, Forbes 1042.H (BISH); top of Kulani, 
Forbes 984.H (BISH). Maui I.: Kaupo Gap, 
Crater of Haleakala in 1919, Forbes 1249.M 
(BISH); Ukulele, Forbeb 169.M (BISH); ?/4 mile 
[.4 km] south of Paliku Cabins, Haleakala Cra- 
ter, 6200 ft [I900 m], Henrickson 38936 (US, 
BISH); Waikomoi, 4250 ft [1300 m], Neal 6 
Hartt in 1933 (RISH); along Olinda Flume, 
Waikamoi, 4000 ft [I220 m], Crosby 6 Anderson 
1783 (BISH). 
Pluntago debilis R. Brown 
Plantago debilis R. Brown, Prodr. 425, 1810. 
Apparently not reported from the Hawaiian 
Islands previously. Matches Australian material 
reasonably well but lobes on the Degeners? speci- 
men much more developed. Leaves oblanceolate 
to elliptic with remote blunt lobes, spike very 
slender, rather sparsely flowered. This material 
has previously mostly been confused with P. major 
and P. virgininnu. 
SPECIMENS SEEN.- Oahu I.: Waialua, ?locally 
naturalized weeds,? Degener 6- Degener 30730 
(NY); Honolulu, Bishop Museum grounds, Byyan 
in 1952 (BISH). Anderson in 1949 (BISH); 
H.S.P.A. Experiment Station grounds, s. coll. in 
1934 (BISH). 
Plantago lunceoluta L. 
Plantago lanceolata L., Sp. P1. 113, 1753. 
Known from all the major islands and Midway. 
Very common in lawns and weedy places generally. 
Pluntago major L. 
Plantago major L., Sp. Pl., 112-113, 1753. 
This species is found occasionally, in places 
abundantly, in paths, lawns, roadsides, and dis- 
turbed places generally, even on Midway Island, 
Meagher in 1933 (BISH). A specimen from Maui, 
Puu Ouli, south slope of Haleakala, 6 April 1920, 
Forbes 21h3.M (BISH), looks like a giant P. major 
NUMBER 21 
23 
with leaf blades up to 18 X 11 cm, on broadly 
winged petioles to 18 cm long, spikes a little 
shorter than leaves, peduncles ephemerally 
appressed-pilose, with several scattered bracts be- 
low the main part of the?spike, the lowest of these 
1 cm long, obtuse. The fruits are too young to have 
any seeds. The corolla lobes are triangular 
lanceolate. 
Pluntago psyllium L. 
Plantago psyllium L., Sp. P1. 115-116, 1753. 
This plant was mentioned by Neal (1948:694, 
1965:791) as used medicinally. Careful reading 
suggests that she did not intend to imply that this 
species was found in Hawaii, nor have we found 
any Hawaiian specimens. It should be deleted from 
lists of the Hawaiian Flora. It is a bushy branched 
plant, not easily confused with ordinary plantains. 
Hedyotis L. 
Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamarck 
Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. 1:272, 1792. 
Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Sp. P1. 119, 1753. 
The drawing of Heyolk biflora (L.) Lamarck 
in Haselwood and Motter (1966:370-371) is cer- 
tainly H. corymbosa (L.) Lamarck. The latter 
species was hitherto known from the Hawaiian 
Islands only from a collection from the 1955 lava 
flow in Puna, Fosberg 46025, but apparently occurs 
elsewhere in the islands, according to Haselwood 
and Motter. Hedyotis biflora is not, to the best of 
our knowledge, found in the State of Hawaii, 
though it is common in the western Pacific. The 
shall axillary 3-flowered cymes and linear ob- 
long or linear lanceolate leaves distinguish H. 
corymbosa. 
Literature Cited 
Brown, F. B. H. 
1935. Flora of Southeastern Polynesia, 111: Dicotyledons. 
Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, 130: 1-386. 
Observations . . . on the Herbarium Collected by 
Professor Christian Smith, in the Vicinity of the 
Congo. Pages 420-485 in Captain Tuckey . . . Nar- 
rative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire. 
London. [Reprinted in R. Brown, 1866, Miscella- 
neous Botanical Works, Volume 1, pages 97-173, 
London: Hardwick.] 
Twenty-five Years of Forestry Work on the Island 
of Hawaii. The Hawaian Planters? Record, 51 (1): 
Brown, R. 
1818. 
Bryan, L. W. 
1947. 
1-80. 
Cheeseman, T. F. 
1903. The Flora of Rarotonga, the Chief Island of the 
Cook Group. Transactions of the Linnenn Society, 
series 2 (Botany), 6:261-313. 
Flora Hawaiiensis, or New Illustrated Flora of the 
Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu. [A continuing, loose- 
leaf flora, systematically and alphabetically ar- 
ranged, each leaf separately printed and dated, 
begun in 1932.1 
Degener, 0. 
1939. 
Drake del Castillo, E. 
1892. Flore de ln Polynisie franqaise. xxivi-352 pages. 
Paris. 
Fernald, M. L. 
Gray?s Manual of Botany. 8th edition, 1632 pages. 
New York. 
1950. 
Fernald, M. L., and B. G. Schubert 
1948. Studies of American Types in British Herbaria. 
Rhodora, 50:149-176. 
Fosberg, F. R. 
1936: 
1937. 
1942. 
1943. 
1948. 
1962. 
Miscellaneous Hawaiian Plant Notes-1. Occasional 
Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 7(15): 
1-1 1. 
Immigrant Plants in the Hawaiian Islands, I. Uni- 
versity of Hawaii Occasional Papers, 32:l-11. 
Miscellaneous Notes on Hawaiian Plants-2. Occa- 
sional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 
Notes on Plants of the Pacific Islands-111. Bidletin 
of the Torrey Botanical Club, 70:386397. 
Immigrant Plants in the Hawaiian Islands, 11. Uni- 
versity of Hawaii Occasional Papers, 46:l-17. 
Miscellaneous Notes on Hawaiian Plants-3. Occa- 
sional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 
23:29-44. 
16:337-347. 
1966a. Critical Notes on Pacific Island Plants, 1. Micro- 
nesica, 2:143-152. 
1966b. Miscellaneous Notes on Hawaiian Plants4. Occa- 
sional Papers of the Bernice P. Rishop Museum, 
1968. Critical Notes on Pacific Island Plants, 2. Micro- 
nesica 4:255-259. [Actual year of publication is 
1969.1 
1969. Miscellaneous Notes on Hawaiian Plants-5. Occa- 
sional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museitni, 
23:129-138. 
24: 9-24. 
24 
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 
Goldberg, A. 
1967. The Genus Melochia L. (Sterculiaceae). Contribu- 
tions from the United States National Herbarium, 
341191-361. 
Grant, M. L., F. R. Fosberg, and H. M. Smith 
1974. Partial Flora of the Society Islands: Ericaceae to 
Apocynaceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 
17 : 1-85. 
Guillemin, J. B. A. 
1837. Zephyritis Taitensis. Enumeration des plantes de- 
couvertes par les voyageurs, dans les Iles de la 
Societe, principalement dans celle de Tahiti. Annales 
des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, series 2, 6 (1836): 
297-320; 7 (1837):177-192, 241-255, 349-370. [Re- 
printed in Paris, 1837, and repaginated, pages 1-84.] 
Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. 479 pages. Honolulu: 
Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association. 
Loganiaceae. Pages 293-387 of volume 6 in C. G. 
G. J. van Steenis, editor, Flora Malesiana. Leiden. 
In Gardens of Hawaii. 805 pages. Honolulu. 
In Gardens of Hawaii. Revised edition, 924 pages. 
Honolulu. 
The Convolvulaceae of Malaysia, 111: The Genus 
Ipomoea. Blumea, 3:481-582. 
Haselwood, E. L., and G. G. Motter 
1966. 
Leenhouts, P. W. 
1962. 
Neal, M. C. 
1948. 
1965. 
Ooststroom, S. J. van 
1940. 
Raddi, G. 
1825. Plantarum Brasiliensium Nova Genera et Species 
Novae, uel Minus Cognitae. 101 pages, 84 plates. 
Florence. 
Plantago sect. Novorbis Subspecies et Combinationes 
Novae. Botanisk Tidsskrift, 60:47-57. 
List and Summary of the Flowering Plants in the 
Hawaiian Islands. 519 pages. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. 
1933. Vaccinium cereum (L.fi1.) Forst. and Related Spe- 
cies. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis, 8:83-102. 
1934. Additional Notes on Santalum and Vaccinium from 
the Pacific. Acta Hod Gotoburgensis, 9:185-192. 
Rahn, K. 
1964. 
St. John, H. 
1973. 
Skottsberg, C. 
Smith, A. C. 
1973. Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XXV: The Myr- 
sinaceae of the Fijian Region. Journal of the Arnold 
Arboretum, 54: 1-292. 
Smith, A. C., and B. C. Stone 
1962. Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XVII: The Genus 
Geniostoma (Loganiaceae) in the New Hebrides, 
Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Contributions from the 
United States National Herbarium, 37: 141. 
Caroli a Linne Species Plantarurn . . . . 4th edition, 
volume 5, part 1, 542 pages. Berlin. 
Willdenow, C. L. 
1810. 
ADDENDUM 
Of the specimens cited by Brown under his Rapanea myricifolia f. marque- 
sensis, we have referred Brown 496 to Myrcinsine adamsonii Fosberg & Sachet 
(p. 4) and Brown 915 and Mumford and Adamson 492 to Myrsine grantii Fos- 
berg & Sachet var. grantii (p. 7). 
Index 
(Names in italics arc thosc of new taxa or new combinations) 
Adiantum raddianum Presl, 16 
Bocconia frutescens L., 17 
Carex ovalis Goodenough, 16 
Crotalaria pallida Aiton, 18 
Cyperus nigcr Ruiz & Pavon, 16 
Dianthus L., 17 
armeria L., 17 
prolifer L., 17 
Dissotis rotundifolia (Smith) Triana, 20 
Frankcnia grandillora Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 20 
Geniostoma J. R. & G. Forster, 11 
astylum A. Gray, 12 
hallei Sachet & Fosberg, 13 
gundratzgulare Fosberg, 13 
Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamarck, 23 
Heliotropiirm anomalum Hooker & Arnott, 20 
Ipomoea tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy, 14 
var. tnerremioides Foshcrg, 14 
var. stnithii Fosberg, 15 
Lotus hispidus Desfontaine cx Loiseleur, 18 
Melochia umbcllata (Houttuyn) Stapf, 18 
Myrsine L., 3 
adamsonii Fosberg & Sachet, 4 
nndersonii Fosberg & Sachet, 4 
brownii Fosberg & Sachet, 5 
cheesernanii (Me7) Fosbcrg & Sachet, 5 
collina Nacleaud, 6 
falcata Nadeaud, 6 
fasciculatn (Moore) Foshcrg & Sachet, 6 
fima (Moore) Fosbcrg & Sachet, 6 
graci[issima Fosbcrg & Sachet, 6 
granlii Foslierg & Sachet, 7 
var. grantii, 7 
var. toniien.iis Posberg tk Sachet, 8 
hartii (Grant) Foslxrg & Sachet, 8 
longifolia Nadeaud, 8 
niauensis Fosberg & Sachet, 8 
nukuhivensis Fosberg & Sachet, 9 
obovata (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 9 
orohenensis (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 9 
ovalis Nadeaucl, 9 
raiateensis (Moore) Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
rapensis (F. Brown) Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
ronrciensis (Grant) Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
st.-johnii (Grant) Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
Lahuatensis Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
taitensis A. Gray, 11 
vescoi Drake del Castillo, 11 
var. wilderi Fosberg & Sachet, 10 
Parcntucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel, 21 
Plantago L., 21 
aristata Michaux, 21 
australis Lamarck, 22 
debilis R. Brown, 22 
lanceolata L., 22 
major L., 22 
psyllium L., 23 
Polygala paniculata L., 18 
Rubus I.., 18 
ellipticus Smith, 18 
moluccanus I.., 18 
Salicornia virginica L., 17 
Solanum repandrim Forster f., 21 
Stcnogyne scrophularioides Rentham, 20 
Tetranema mexicanum Bentham, 21 
Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann, 20 
Vaccinium cereum (I<.f.) Forster f., 1 
Walthcria indica L., 19 
var. amcricana (I,.) R. Brown ex Hosaka, 19 
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: IS75-586-377/10 
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