; S L ' n c f

Injuries in Oil and Gas Drilling

and Services

U.S. Department of Labor 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

August 1983

Bulletin 2179

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Injuries in Oil and ©sis Drilling

and Sewiees

U.S. Department of Labor 

Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner

August 1983

Bulletin 2179

For sale by th e Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U.S. G overnm ent P rin tin g Office, W ashington, D.C. 20402

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This bulletin summarizes the results of a survey of 

workers who were injured performing well-drilling and 

servicing activities during the period from May through 

August of 1982. The findings will assist the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (O S H A ) in 

developing safety standards, compliance strategy, and 

training programs for reducing work-related injuries.

The survey was conducted by the Bureau’s Office of 

Occupational Safety and Health Statistics, William 

Mead, Associate Commissioner, in cooperation with the 

Department of Labor’s Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, and the following States: Alaska, 

California, Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and 

Wyoming. The b l s regional offices coordinated State 

operations and the Dallas office collected data for offshore drilling and servicing operations in the Gulf of 

Mexico. The Offices of Compliance, Standards 

Development, Statistical Studies and Analysis, and 

Training of o s h a and the Office of Safety Research of 

the National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health contributed to the planning and development of 

the survey. Maryrose Cline-Buso developed the questionnaire and editing program and assisted in the survey 

planning and analysis of the survey findings. Lyn

Pearson developed the computer programs. The survey 

was directed by Helen McDonald under the supervision 

of Herbert Schaffer. We wish to acknowledge the contribution of Ron Baker, of the Petroleum Extension 

Service of the University of Texas at Austin, who provided valuable technical information and assistance.

The data collected in the survey are valid for 

understanding how and why injuries occurred among 

the workers studied. However, the user should exercise 

caution in extrapolating the data to population 

estimates because of limitations of the survey. States 

participating in data collection may not represent the 

country as a whole; reporting requirements for workers’ 

compensation reports, which are the source for selecting 

injuries for study, vary among States; and the data collection period is not intended to represent the entire 

year.

For analytical purposes, incidence rates of the injuries 

studied were not generated nor can they be inferred 

from the data because information on hours of work 

during the survey period is not available. See appendix 

A for scope and methodology of the survey.

Material in this publication is in the public domain 

and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced 

without permission.

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C o n s o r t s

Page

Summary...................................................................................................................................... 1

Tables:

Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982:

1. Industry classification.................. 4

2. Occupation and length of service............................................................................... 4

3. Worker activity ......................................................................................................... 5

4. Location of w orker...................... 6

5. Source of injury......................................................................................................... 7

6. Events leading to the accident.................................................................................... 8

7. Type of accident......................................................................................................... 9

8. Selected types of accidents in detail ........................................................................... 10

9. Type of accident by events leading to the accident............... 12

10. Falls from elevations................................................... 12

11. Estimated days away from work ...... ............. ................................... 13

12. Length of hospitalization required........................ 13

13. Nature of injury....................................................................................................... 14

14. Part of body affected................................................................................................. 14

15. Age and sex of worker............................................................................................... 15

16. Training ....................................................................................... 16

17. Protective equipment............................................................................. 17

18. Conditions or factors contributing to accident.................................. ..................... 17

Appendixes:

A. Survey explanatory note.............................................................................................. 19

B. Participating State agencies........................................................................................ 21

C. Survey questionnaire ................................................................................................. 22

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Injuries ors Oil and Gas

Drilling and Ser¥iees

Summary

The Bureau of Labor Statistics conducted a survey of 

injuries to workers directly involved with the drilling 

and servicing of oil and gas wells during the period from 

May through August 1982.1 These operations are subject to a variety of working conditions which are potentially hazardous. Drilling is often continuous, requiring 

three shifts or tours daily, 7 days a week. The rig floor is 

frequently slippery from drill fluid, and floor space is 

limited. Drill pipes, tubing, tongs, and elevators are 

heavy and cumbersome. Teamwork is essential in many 

of the activities. Crews are exposed to adverse weather 

conditions ranging from subzero cold to heat soaring 

over 100 degrees, as well as snowstorms and hurricanes.

The potential high risk of injury is reflected in the injury incidence rate for oil and gas field services, in 

which 89 percent of the workers are employed in drilling 

oil and gas wells and providing field services.1 2 The industry injury rate per 100 workers was 19.4 in 1981, 

more than twice the rate of 8.1 for all industries.3 

Similarly, the lost workday rate for injuries was 197.3, 

more than three times the equivalent rate of 60.4 for all 

industries.

The Bureau’s survey of approximately 1,000 injured 

workers showed that nearly two-thirds were involved 

with drilling operations and the remainder in well services (table 1). Floorhands, also called roughnecks or 

rotary helpers, were injured more frequently than 

workers in any of the other occupations studied, accounting for about one-half of the injured workers 

(table 2). While floorhands in both drilling and services 

experienced more injuries than any of the other occupations shown in text table 1, the occupational mix of the 

other injured workers varied due to differences in the 

nature of their work. For example, servicing included 

such diverse activities as acidizing, bailing, cementing, 

chemically treating, cleaning, and swabbing wells. 

Thus, well-servicing equipment operators and 

roustabouts ranked high as hazardous occupations in 

services, while derrickmen, motormen, and drillers 

ranked similarly in drilling.

1 See appendix A for scope of survey.

1 County Business Patterns, 1978, CPB-78-1 (Bureau o f the Census, 1981),

table IB, pp. 5-6.

3 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry, 1981,

Bulletin 2164 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1983), table 4.

T e xt table 1. O ccupation and op eratio n

(Percent of injured workers)

Occupation Drilling Services

Total...................................................... 100 100

Derrickman.................................................. 20 11

Driller........................................................... 10 -

Motorman or electrician............................ 12 2

Roughneck, floorhand, or rotary helper... 50 46

Roustabout or laborer............................... 3 14

Well servicing equipment operator.......... - 20

Other ........................................................... 5 7

- Indicates no data were reported.

The activity most frequently being performed by injured workers at the time of the accident was pulling the 

drill stem out of or lowering it into the wellbore (22 percent), referred to in the industry as “tripping out or in” 

(table 3). Half as many workers, 11 percent, were pulling or removing rods or tubing. From 7 to 9 percent 

were adding a joint; handling materials; repairing or 

servicing pumps, engines, generators, and motors; and 

maintaining and repairing other equipment or part of 

the rig structure. As shown in text table 2, the activities 

at the time of the accident, like occupations, differed 

between drilling and servicing. Workers involved in 

drilling were primarily tripping out or in, adding a joint, 

or setting up rig or rigging down; while those in servicing were pulling rods or tubing or handling material at 

the time of the accident.

T e xt table 2. A ctivity at tim e o f accident by typ e o f

operation

(Percent of injured workers)

Occupation Drilling Services

Total...................................................... 100 100

Adding a joint............................................. 12 4

Casing .........................................................

Manual or mechanical materials’

3 6

handling....................................................

Mixing or working with mud or other

7 13

drilling fluids............................................. 5 -

Pulling rods or tubing ................................

Repairing or servicing pumps, engines,

- 29

generators, or other motors..................

Repairing, cleaning, or servicing other

equipment, work materials, or rig

8 5

structure...................................................

Setting up, installing, or dismantling

9 4

equipment or machinery........................ 4 8

Setting up rig or rigging down.................. 11 6

Tripping out or in ....................................... 32 5

Other ........................................................... 9 20

- Indicates no data were reported.

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Inherent to activities were the equipment or work 

materials being used or handled at the time of the accident. More than one-third of the injured workers were 

working with pipes, tubing, or related objects (table 3). 

Nearly one-fifth were working with some part of the 

hoisting apparatus, and one-fourth of the workers were 

using either tongs or handtools, such as wrenches or 

hammers.

At the time of the accident, more than two-fifths of 

the injured were working on the rig floor or the rotary 

table (table 4). Nearly one-fourth of the workers were at 

ground level. Numerous other locations on or near the 

rig were identified, but by smaller numbers of workers. 

For example, from 2 to 4 percent of the accidents occurred on catwalks, derricks, monkeyboards, mud pits, 

pipe racks, stairs or ladders, or walkways.

The accident profile continues taking shape in examining the sources of injury, that is the object, 

substance, exposure, or bodily motion which directly 

produced or inflicted the injury (table 5). Structures and 

working surfaces; pipes, tubing, and related objects; 

and breakout or makeup equipment were the most common general categories of sources cited, 19, 17, and 14 

percent, respectively. Focusing on specific sources, 

tongs produced more injuries than any other equipment 

(10 percent), followed by nonpowered handtools, mostly wrenches and hammers (7 percent). Other sources 

noted, but less frequently, were the ground (6 percent) 

and drill pipes (5 percent).

Accidents were often described by injured workers as 

a series of unusual or unexpected events rather than a 

single, isolated event. For example, the brakes on the 

drawworks broke, causing the block to fall. The block 

struck the worker who, subsequently, fell from the rig 

floor. In classifying such events, unexpected or sudden 

shifting or slipping of equipment or work materials was 

described more frequently than any other event (table 

6). Ranking next in frequency were workers slipping or 

tripping, and equipment or work materials falling or 

breaking.

The significance of the source of injury and events 

leading to the injury become evident when linked to the 

eVent directly producing the injury, also referred to as 

the type of accident. More than two-fifths of the 

workers were injured as a direct result of being struck by 

objects, which was the predominant type of accident 

reported (table 7). Objects were identified as pipes, tubing, and related items (26 percent); breakout or makeup 

equipment, usually tongs (20 percent); and nonpowered 

handtools, mostly wrenches and hammers (14 percent) 

(table 8). All but 20 percent of the workers struck by objects described at least one preceding event. Equipment 

or work materials shifted or slipped unexpectedly in 56 

percent of the cases and fell or broke in 27 percent of the 

cases (table 9).

Falls from elevations resulted in one-tenth of the injuries. Nearly three-fourths of the workers fell from

structures, usually the rig floor (25 percent), or stairs, 

steps, or ladders (21 percent). More than one-half of the 

workers fell at least 5 feet, and over one-fourth, 10 feet 

or more (table 10). Almost two-thirds of the workers 

who fell from elevations indicated one or more 

preceding events. Workers slipping or tripping led to 27 

percent of the falls; equipment or work materials shifting or slipping unexpectedly, 20 percent; workers struck 

by an object, 12 percent; and equipment or work 

material breaking, 11 percent.

About one-tenth of the injuries resulted from a body 

part, usually the hands, being pinched, squeezed, or 

caught in or between objects. The most common 

sources of these injuries were breakout or makeup 

equipment, mostly tongs (32 percent); multiple objects, 

such as winch cable and pulley, elevator and slips, 

elevator and bail (27 percent); and hoisting apparatus 

(13 percent). More than one-half of these types of accidents were accompanied by preceding events. Unexpected shifting or slipping of equipment or work 

materials accounted for 34 percent of the events; being 

struck by an object, 10 percent; and equipment 

malfunctioning or jamming, 9 percent.

Overexertion while lifting, handling, or using objects 

accounted for slightly more than one-tenth of the injuries. The major objects identified were pipes, tubing, 

or related objects (41 percent); miscellaneous objects 

such as barrels, kegs, ropes, chains, etc. (15 percent); 

and breakout or makeup equipment, mostly slips or 

tongs (13 percent). Unlike the other types of accidents 

described above, overexertion injuries were, for the 

most part, not precipitated by a preceding event.

Injuries tended to be severe, often resulting in lost 

time and, to a lesser extent, hospitalization. Seven out 

of ten workers responding to the survey reported 1 or 

more days away from work because of their injuries 

(table 11). Of the workers who reported the number of 

days lost, almost 3 out of 4 lost more than 5 days, and 

about 3 out of 10 lost more than 30 days. The average 

lost-time case resulted in an estimated 26 days away 

from work, which exceeded the 1981 national average 

for all industries by 10 days.4 The lost-time average of 

29 days for workers in drilling operations was 5 days 

higher than that in servicing operations.

Slightly more than one-fifth of the workers indicated 

that they were hospitalized at least 1 night as a result of 

their injuries (table 12). Of the workers who reported 

the number of nights hospitalized, nearly 9 out of 10 

stayed more than 1 night and almost 1 out of 4 stayed at 

least 9 nights. The average hospital stay was 7 nights.

Muscle sprains or strains were experienced by onethird of the workers studied, which approximated the 

proportion found in all industries.5 Fractures, cuts, and

4 Ibid.

3 Supplementary Data System, 1980. Unpublished data (Bureau of Labor

Statistics, 1980). Eighteen States supplied cases involving disability.

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bruises were about equally reported by nearly threefourths of the workers (table 13). The proportion of 

fractures in this survey was three times that in all industries. Amputations accounted for 4 percent of the injuries, more than five times the percent in all industries.

Upper extremity and head injuries were proportionately higher for workers responding to the survey 

than for those in all industries. Back injuries were proportionately lower and lower extremity injuries were 

about the same for both groups.6 Upper extremity injuries, mostly to fingers, were suffered by one-third of 

the workers (table 14). Trunk injuries, usually in the 

back, were experienced by almost one-fourth of the 

workers; lower extremity injuries, by about one-fifth; 

and head injuries, by more than one-tenth.

Apart from the risk factors associated with the nature 

of the work and events linked to the injury, other factors may have contributed to the accident. According to 

a Monthly Labor Review article, “ ...occupational injuries occur at a lower rate to older workers than to 

younger ones.” 7 The survey of oil and gas well drilling 

and servicing injuries showed that most of the workers 

injured were in the younger age groups: About 3 out of 

8 were under 25 and a similar ratio were concentrated in 

the 25- to 34-year age group (table 15). Together, they 

exceeded the under 35 group of injured workers in all industries by about one-fourth.8

Length of service is often related to age. Injuries are 

likely to occur in the first year of employment.9 Seventenths of the workers studied were employed less than 1 

year in the job when injured (table 2). Of these, 2 out of

3 were employed less than 6 months, and 1 out of 4, less 

than 1 month. Furthermore, fewer than one-half of the 

workers indicated that they normally performed the activity at which they were injured on a daily basis (table 

3). Almost two-fifths reported performing the activity 

several times or about once a month, and most of the remaining workers, less than once a month.

Another b l s study showed that workers in unskilledlabor-type jobs “ ... had injuries at a level almost four 

times the average while operatives and craftworkers incurred injuries at about one and a half times the

4 Ibid.

7 Norman Root, “ Injuries at Work Are Fewer Among Older Workers,”

Monthly Labor Review, March 1981, pp. 30-34.

8 Supplementary Data System, 1980.

9 Norman Root, “ Injuries at Work Are Fewer Among Older Workers.”

normal.” 10 Virtually all of the workers covered by the 

survey were in the more hazardous unskilled labor 

groups (table 2).

Safety training is another factor to consider. Most 

workers reported that safety procedures were covered 

by their job training (table 16). However, more workers 

indicated that they had received their training from a 

previous supervisor or employer rather than from their 

current ones. Co-workers were another source of training frequently cited. Although on-the-job training was 

the most prevalent form of safety training indicated, 

substantial numbers of workers reported that training 

meetings and classroom instruction were widely used, 

along with distribution of printed materials. The subjects more commonly covered were the use of personal 

protective equipment; proper lifting, carrying, or handling methods; the use of a safety belt, lanyard, and 

lifeline; firefighting and blowout prevention procedures; and first aid.

Personal protective equipment was widely used 

among the injured workers studied. About nine-tenths 

of the workers wore steel-toed safety shoes or boots and 

hard hats, and almost the same proportion wore gloves 

(table 17). Substantially fewer workers reported wearing 

safety glasses, goggles, or other eye protection (11 percent).

Finally, workers’ perceptions of cause-related factors 

provided additional insights on why the accident occurred. One-fourth of the workers found fault with the 

condition of equipment or work materials, usually the 

weight and bulkiness of the object and, to a lesser extent, improperly secured equipment (table 18). Nearly 

two-fifths complained about the conditions of the 

worksite, most frequently slippery surfaces, limited 

work areas, and poor weather conditions. Other contributing factors reported were more general, reflecting 

work procedures and human factors. Most frequently 

reported were: The fast pace of work, the action of a coworker, not being aware of hazardous conditions, misjudging time or distance needed to avoid injury, and 

lack of concentration on the job. Although not as frequently cited as the factors noted above, workers complained about working two and, occasionally, three 

“ tours” without relief.

10 Norman Root and Deborah Sebastian, “ BLS Develops Measure of Job

Risk by Occupation,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1981, pp. 26-30.

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Table 1. Industry classification: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and

services, selected States, May-August 1982

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Number Percent \

Total ................................................................................................... 1,041 100

Drilling oil and gas wells (SIC 1381)..................................................... 667 64

Oil and gas field services, n.e.c. (SIC 1389) ....................................... 374 36

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. SOURCE: State workers’ compensation

NOTE: See appendix A for the scope reports.

of the survey.

Table 2. Occupation and length of service: Injuries in oil and gas drilling

and services, seiecfed States, May-August 1982

Occupation and length of service Number Percent

Occupation

T o tal................................................................................................... 1,041

171

100

Derrickman ............................................................................................... 16

Driller......................................................................................................... 67 6

Mechanic, mechanic’s helper................................................................ 9 1

Motorman or electrician.......................................................................... 88 8

Roughneck, floorhand, or rotary helper............................................... 506 49

Roustabout or laborer............................................................................ 73 7

Tool pusher.............................................................................................. 19 2

Welder, welder’s helper......................................................................... 13 1

Well-servicing equipment operator..................................... ................ 73 7

O ther......................................................................................................... 22 2

Length of time employed in Job when injured

Total ................................................................................................... 1,035

183

100

Less than 1 month.................................................................................. 18

1 month to 6 months.............................................................................. 296 29

6 months to 1 year.................................................................................. 241 23

1 year to 5 years..................................................................................... 266 26

5 years or m ore....................................................................................... 49 5

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages may 

not add to 100. See appendix A for scope of 

the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total number of 

responses may vary by question.

Source: Survey questionnaire.

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Table 3. Worker activity: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services,

selected States, May-August 1982

Activity at time of accident Number Percent

Type of operation at site

1,028

689

100

Drilling ....................................................................................................... 67

Well service or workover........................................................................ 339 33

Activity of injured worker

1,027

94

100

9

45 4

20 2

Manual or mechanical materials’ handling........................................... 93 9

Mixing or working with mud or other drilling fluids............................. 36 4

2 0

Pulling rods or tubing.............................................................................. 108 11

Repairing or servicing pumps, engines, generators, or other

motors .................................................................................................... 69 7

Repairing, cleaning, or servicing other equipment, work materials,

or rig structure....................................................................................... 76 7

Setting up, installing, or dismantling equipment or machinery.......... 55 5

Setting up rig or rigging down ............................................................... 91 9

Swabbing .................................................................................................. 11 1

Testing or inspecting equipment or tools............................................. 8 1

Tripping out or in ..................................................................................... 225 22

Well stimulation (using explosives, acid, etc.)..................................... 6 1

Well testing, surveying, or logging ........................................................ 24 2

Other activities.......................................................................................... 64 6

How often worker normally performed this activity

Total ................................................................................................... 1,010

40

100

First time worker did this type of work................................................. 4

Daily or almost every day....................................................................... 445 44

Several times a month............................................................................ 294 29

About once a month ............................................................................... 88 9

Seldom—less than once a month......................................................... 143 14

Equipment or work material worker was using ©r handling at

time of accident

Total 2................................................................................................. 1,027 O

Chemical, drill mud, or other drilling fluid............................................. 25 2

Welding or grinding equipment.............................................................. 20 2

Handtool (portable saw, hammer, etc.)................................................ 124 12

Packer, fish, or other downhole equipment or tool ............................ 39 4

Kelly, kelly bushing, or kelly bushing guard......................................... 12 1

Other rotary equipment........................................................................... 11 1

Pipes, collars, tubing, casing, rods, and related objects.................... 356 35

See footnotes at end of table.

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Tabs® 3. W@rk®r activity: Smjuiries on oil and gas drilling and servie®®, 

seteeted States, Hay-Aygysfl 1982—Conttinyad

Activity at time of accident Number Percent

Equipment @r work material worker was using or handling at

time of accident-Continusd

Elevator, block, swivel, hook, or slips .................................................. 95 9

Drawworks, cathead, other hoisting apparatus, or their parts .......... 83 8

Tongs ........................................................................................................ 130 13

7 1

Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns...................................... 13 1

Pumps, engines, generators, other motors, or their parts................. 54 5

Blowout preventer................................................................................... 30 3

Machines, equipment, or their parts, n.e.c. or uns............................... 37 4

Structures or structural pieces............................................................... 21 2

Barrels, kegs, drums, boxes, crates, cartons, sacks, buckets, etc. .. 30 3

Ropes, chains, cables, hoses, etc., n.e.c. or uns................................. 21 2

O ther......................................................................................................... 12 1

None.......................................................................................................... 109 11

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

2 Because more than one response is

possible, the sum of the responses and

percentages may not equal the total. Percentages are calculated by dividing each

response by the total number of persons

who answered the question.

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

uns. = unspecified.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Tabi© 4. Locafioomi @tf worker: injuries in ©IS and gas drilling and services, 

@©l@©ted States, Hay-August 1982

Location at time of accident Number Percent

Total ................................................................................................... 1,022

40

100

Catwalk..................................................................................................... 4

Derrick or mast (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard)........................ 20 2

Ground ...................................................................................................... 234 23

Monkeyboard ........................................................................................... 42 4

Mud p it...................................................................................................... 16 2

Pipe rack................................................................................................... 31 3

Platform on an offshore rig ..................................................................... 18 2

Rig cellar................................................................................................... 8 1

Rig floor.................................................................................................... 354 35

Rotary table.............................................................................................. 71 7

Stairs or ladder........................................................................................ 33 3

Standing on equipment............................................................................ 58 6

Substructure............................................................................................. 15 1

Walkway.................................................................................................... 17 2

O ther......................................................................................................... 65 6

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages number of responses may vary by quesmay not add to 100. See appendix A for tion.

the scope of the survey. Because incom- SOURCE: Survey questionnaire,

plete questionnaires were used, the total

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Table 5. Source of injury: injuries in oil and gas drilling and services,

selected States, ftiiay-August 1982

Source of injury Number Percent

Total .....................................................................................

Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds ......................

Drill mud .................................................................................

O il.............................................................................................

Water ......................................................................................

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ........................................................

Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds, n.e.c. or uns.

Handtools....................................... ...........................................

Powered handtools...............................................................

Nonpowered handtools ........................................................

Downhole tools or equipment ..................... ........................

Fish or fishing tools ..............................................................

Packers...................................................................................

Perforating guns....................................................................

Centralizers or stabilizers.....................................................

Testing tools or equipment..................................................

Downhole tools or equipment, n.e.c. or uns.......................

Rotary system equipment......................................................

Rotary table............................................................................

Rotary/master bushing..........................................................

Kelly bushing...........................................................................

Kelly ........................................................................................

Swivel.......................................................................................

Kelly hose...............................................................................

Pipes, tubing, or related objects................ .........................

Drill collar ................................................................................

Drill pipe...................................................................................

B it.............................................................................................

Subs........................................................................................

Casing.....................................................................................

Rods........................................................................................

Tubing......................................................................................

Other pipes or related objects, n.e.c. or uns......................

Hoisting apparatus...................................................................

Crown or traveling blocks .....................................................

Elevator....................................................................................

Bail ...........................................................................................

Drawworks, cathead, or their parts.....................................

Air hoist ...................................................................................

Cranes .....................................................................................

Hoisting lines or cables........................................................

Hoisting apparatus, n.e.c. or uns..........................................

Breakout or makeup equipment...........................................

Tongs .......................................................................................

Rod wrenches.........................................................................

Spinning chains .....................................................................

Slips ........................................................................................

Snub lines...............................................................................

Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns....................

Other equipment, machines, or their parts___________

Mud pump ..............................................................................

Engines, motors, or other pumps........................................

Well pumping unit..................................................................

Blowout preventer.................................................................

Wellhead (including casing head, tubing head, or

Christmas tree) ...................................................................

Miscellaneous or unclassifiable parts.................................

Other equipment or machines, n.e.c....................................

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces........

Derrick (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard)....................

Rig floor..................................................................................

Monkeyboard .........................................................................

Substructure...........................................................................

1,041 100

49 5

19 2

1 O

9 1

3 0

17 2

72 7

3 O

69 7

24 2

1 O

2 0

3 0

1 0

5 (')

12 1

22 2

7 1

1 0

2 (’)

2 0

3 0

7 1

182 17

19 2

54 5

6 1

6 1

18 2

13 1

27 3

39 4

88 8

5 (’)

36 3

3 (’)

7 1

5 0

2 0

27 3

3 0

150 14

108 10

9 1

9 1

18 2

3 O

3 0

60 6

8 1

10 1

8 1

11 1

7 1

12 1

4 0

194 19

8 1

27 3

1 0

4 (')

See footnotes at end of table.

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Table 5. S@ure© ©f injury: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services,

selected States, May-August 1982—Continued

Source of injury Number Percent

Structures, structural pieces, or working

surfaces-Continued

Handrails or guardrails........................................................................

Stairs, steps, or ladders.....................................................................

Catwalk.................................................................................................

Pipe rack ..............................................................................................

Ground or ground level surface ........................................................

Beams, plates, or structural m etal....................................................

Mud pits................................................................................................

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces, n.e.c. or uns...

3

9 

5

4

64

23

5

41

O

1

0

(1)

6

2

0

4

Miscellaneous...................................... .

Barrels, kegs, boxes, sacks, etc......

Flame, fire, or smoke.......................

Atmospheric heat or cold................

Particles.............................................

Ropes, cables, chains, hoses, n.e.c.

Bodily motion....................................

124 12

23 2

7 1

10 1

39 4

22 2

23 2

Multiple objects or substances..........

Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns.

40 4

36 3

Safety Sines on tongs 1 2

Total ..................................................

Tongs not equipped with safety lines

Tongs equipped with safety lines.....

Safety lines did not break...............

Safety lines broke............................

Not specified.....................................

101

11

90

78

8

4

100

11

89

77

8

4

Use of rotary table to break connection

Total ...............................................................

Did not use rotary table to break connection

Used rotary table to break connection..........

Don’t know .......................................................

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

2 Includes 4 cases involving rod

wrenches.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

91 100

83 91

5 5

3 3

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

TabS© 6. Everts leading to the aeeident:1 Injuries in oil and gas drilling

and services, selected States, May-August 1982

Events leading to the accident1 Number Percent

Initial event

Total .......................................................................................................... 629 100

Equipment @r work materials:

Fell.......................................................................................................... 33 5

Broke...................................................................................................... 60 10

Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly........................................... 271 43

Malfunctioned, jammed, or did not work properly............................ 41 7

Accidentally activated .......................................................................... 28 4

Tangled or caught in lines, wires, etc................................................. 30 5

Exploded or was expelled from pressurized equipment.................. 32 5

Other ...................................................................................................... 20 3

Worker:

Was struck by object........................................................................... 13 2

Fell from elevation................................................................................ 2 0

Was pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)............................... 2 (2)

Struck against or was pushed against object................................... 1 (2)

Slipped or tripped on object, substance, or surface........................ 96 15

See footnotes at end of table.

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Table 6. Events Heading to the accident:1 injuries in oil and gas driiiing

and services, selected States, ^Say-August 1982-—Continued

Events leading to the accident1 Number Percent

Second event

Total 161 100

Equipment or work materials:

Fell.......................................................................................

Broke...................................................................................

Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly........................

Accidentally activated .......................................................

Tangled or caught in lines, wires, etc..............................

Exploded or was expelled from pressurized equipment

Other ...................................................................................

Worker:

Was struck by object ........................................................

Fell from elevation.............................................................

Jumped from elevation .....................................................

Was pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)............

Struck against or was pushed against object................

Slipped or tripped on object, substance, or surface.....

42

7

69

6

1

1

2

26

4

43

4

1

1

1

21

4

1 

1 

1

5

13

2

1

1

1

3

Third event

Total ........... 39 100

Equipment or work materials:

Fell......................................................................

Broke..................................................................

Shifted position or slipped unexpectedly.......

Other ..................................................................

Worker:

Was struck by object .......................................

Fell from elevation....................... ....................

Struck against or was pushed against object

1 Based on workers’ reports of unusual

or unexpected events occurring prior to

the accident.

2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

10 26

1 3

8 21

2 5

16 41

1 3

1 3

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Table 7. Type of accident:1 Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, 

selected States, May-August 1982

Type of accident 1 Number Percent

Total ................................................................................................... 1,041

23

100

Bodily reaction ......................................................................................... 2

Contact with drill fluids or chemical(s) other than hydrogen sulfide .

Contact with hydrogen sulfide...............................................................

34

3

3

(2)

Fall from elevation................................................................................... 102 10

Fall on same level................................................................................... 49 5

Jump from elevation ............................................................................... 11 1

Object in eye(s) ....................................................................................... 32 3

Overexertion while lifting, handling, or using objects......................... 127 12

Pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)........................................... 114 11

Struck against or pushed against object.............................................. 67 6

Struck by object....................................................................................... 436 42

Multiple accident types........................................................................... 5 (2)

O ther......................................................................................................... 38 4

1 The type of accident identifies the

event which produced the injury.

2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

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Tab!® ©. S®te@S®dl types @f aeesd©nts in detaii:1 Injuries in ©ii and gas

drilling and ssrviees, @®l®et@d States, Riiay-August 1!>®2

Selected types of accidents 1 Number Percent

Fall from elevation

Total 102 100

Fall from:

Rotary system equipment...................................................................

Pipes, tubing, or related objects........................................................

Hoisting apparatus.................. .............................................................

Breakout or makeup equipment........................................................

Other equipment, machines, or their parts ......................................

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces..........................

Derrick (excluding rig floor or monkeyboard)................................

Rig floor..............................................................................................

Monkeyboard.....................................................................................

Substructure .....................................................................................

Stairs, steps, or ladders...................................................................

Catwalk...............................................................................................

Pipe rack............................................................................................

Mud pits .............................................................................................

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces, n.e.c. or uns.

Miscellaneous objects.........................................................................

Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns..................................................

1

2

4

2

12

74

1

25

3

3

21

7

2

4

8

2

5

1

2

4

2

12

73

1

25

3

3

21

7

2

4

8 

2

5

Fail @n sam® 5©v®I

T o tal.............................................................................

Faii ©m:

Rotary system equipment.......................................

Pipes, tubing, or related objects............................

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces

Rig floor..................................................................

Stairs, steps, or ladders.......................................

Catwalk...................................................................

Ground or ground level surface..........................

Other.......................................................................

Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns......................

49 100

3

2

43

15

4

3

8

13

1

6

4

88

31

8

6

16

27

2

Overexertion while lifting, handling, m using objects

T o tal....................................................................................... 127 100

White Sifting, handling, or using:

Handtools................................................................

Downhole tools or equipment..............................

Rotary system equipment.....................................

Pipes, tubing, or related objects..........................

Drill collar.............................................................

Drill pipe...............................................................

Tubing...................................................................

Other.....................................................................

Hoisting apparatus................... ..............................

Breakout or makeup equipment..........................

Tongs ....................................................................

Slips......................................................................

Breakout or makeup equipment, n.e.c. or uns.

Other equipment, machines, or their parts........

Structures, structural pieces.................................

Miscellaneous objects...........................................

Barrels, kegs, boxes, sacks, etc........................

Ropes, cables, chains, hoses, n.e.c..................

Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns...................

9

7

3

52

6

14

8 

24

6

16

5

10

1

7

6 

19

17

2

2

7

6 

2

41

5

11

6

19

5

13

4

8 

1

6

5

15

13

2

2

See footnotes at end of table.

10

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 8. Selected types of accidents in detail:1 Injuries in oil and gas

drilling and services, selected States, May-August 1982—Continued

Selected types of accidents Number Percent

Pinched, squeezed, or caught in object(s)

Total ........................................................................................................... 114 100

Pinched, squeezed, or caught in:

Downhole tools or equipment............................................................. 3 3

Rotary system equipment.................................................................... 3 3

Pipes, tubing, or related objects......................................................... 6 5

Hoisting apparatus................................................................................ 15 13

Elevator............................................................................................... 6 5

Air hoist............................................................................................... 3 3

Hoisting lines or cables..................................................................... 3 3

Other.................................................................................................... 3 3

Breakout or makeup equipment......................................................... 37 32

Tongs................................................................................................... 32 28

Other.................................................................................................... 5 4

Other equipment, machines, or their parts ....................................... 12 11

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces........................... 5 4

Miscellaneous objects.......................................................................... 2 2

Multiple objects or substances........................................................... 31 27

Struck by object

To tal.......................................................................................................... 436 100

Struck by:

Fluids, chemicals, or chemical compounds ...................................... 1 f)

60 14Handtools...............................................................................................

Powered handtools............................................................................ 1 (*>

Nonpowered handtools..................................................................... 59 14

Downhole tools or equipment............................................................. 13 3

Rotary system equipment.................................................................... 11 3

Pipes, tubing, or related objects......................................................... 112 26

Drill collar............................................................................................ 11 3

Drill pipe.............................................................................................. 32 7

Casing................................................................................................... 16 4

R ods..................................................................................................... g 2

Tubing................................................................................................... 17 4

Other.................................................................................................... 27 6

Hoisting apparatus................................................................................. 62 14

Elevator............................................................................................... 25 6

Hoisting lines or cables..................................................................... 23 5

Other.................................................................................................... 14 3

Breakout or makeup equipment......................................................... 87 20

Tongs ................................................................................................... 63 14

Rod wrenches..................................................................................... 8 2

Spinning chains.................................................................................. 7 2

Other................................ .................................................................... 9 2

Other equipment, machines, or their parts ....................................... 23 5

Structures, structural pieces, or working surfaces........................... 26 6

Miscellaneous objects or substances................................................ 29 7

Multiple objects...................................................................................... 4 1

Objects or substances, n.e.c. or uns................................................... 8 2

Struck against or pushed against object

67 100

Struck or pushed against:

2 3

2 3

9 13

5 7

10 15

8 12

2 3

10 15

20 30

2 3

7 10

1 The type of accident identifies the

event which produced the injury.

2 Less than 0.5 percent.

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified,

uns. = unspecified.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

SI

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
TafeS© 3. gyp© of accident1 by events2 leading to the accident: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected States,

May-August 1982

Events leading to the accident2

Equipment or work materials: Worker:

Type of accident1 Total

3

Fell Broke

Shifted

or

slipped

unexpectedly

Malfunctioned or

jammed

Accidentally activated

Tangled

or caught

in lines,

wires,

etc.

Exploded or

expelled

from

pressurized

equipment

Struck

by

object

Slipped

or

tripped

Other

4

None

reported

Total3 ................................................... 1,041 85 68 348 41 34 31 33 50 101 38 412

Bodily reaction ...........................................

Contact with drill fluids or chemical(s)

23 1 - 3 - - - - - 10 - 10

other than hydrogen sulfide.................. 34 - 2 1 - - - 4 - - 2 25

Contact with hydrogen sulfide.................. 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3

Fall from elevation..................................... 102 4 11 20 3 2 - - 12 28 5 37

Fall on same level..................................... 49 1 1 5 1 - - 1 - 31 - 14

Jump from elevation.................................. 11 3 1 2 1 - - 2 - - - 7

Object in eye(s).....................................................................

Overexertion while lifting, handling, or

32 “ 2 “ “ 3 1 - 1 27

using objects.......................................................................

Pinched, squeezed, or caught in

127 “ “ 16 1 “ 1 “ “ 4 “ 107

object(s) .................................................................................... 114 1 1 39 10 8 5 - 11 - 8 50

Struck against or pushed against object. 67 3 5 18 2 - 2 4 25 15 6 17

Struck by object......................................... 436 71 45 243 22 24 23 11 1 13 9 89

Multiple accident types................................................ 5 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 3

Other ............................................................ 38 “ 1 1 7 7 23

1 The type of accident identifies the event which produced the injury.

2 Based on workers’ reports of unusual or unexpected events occurring

prior to the accident.

3 Because more than one event is possible, the data may not be additive

across the rows.

4 Includes 24 events involving equipment and 14 events involving the

worker.

NOTE: See appendix A for the scope of the survey. Because incomplete

questionnaires were used, the total number of responses may vary by question. Dashes indicate that no data were reported.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Table 10. Falls from elevations: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and

services, selected States, iiay-Augusf 1982

Distance worker fell Number Percent

Total ................................................................................................... 102 100

Less than 3 fe e t...................................................................................... 11 11

3 to 5 feet ................................................................................................ 38 37

5 to 10 feet .............................................................................................. 25 25

10 to 15 fe e t............................................................................................ 15 15

15 to 20 fe e t............................................................................................ 9 9

20 feet or more........................................................................................ 4 4

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 11. Estimated days away ffrom work: Injuries in oil and gas drilling

and services, selected States, May-August 1982

Days away from work Number Percent

1,011 100

No days away from work ..................................................................... - 306 30

157 16

97 10

52 5

34 3

33 3

40 4

39 4

73 7

54 5

Lost time cases for which days away from work were not

126 12

Mean days away from work per lost workday case........................... 26

Median days away from work per lost workday case........................ 14

1 Excludes 12 workers for whom data

were not available because they retired,

were laid off, or put on permanent disability.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Table 12. Length off hospitalization required: Injuries in oil and gas 

drilling and services, selected States, £V9ay-August 1982

Length of hospitalization Number Percent

Total .................................................................................................... 1,022

795

100

No hospitalization required..................................................................... 78

1 night........................................................................................................ 26 3

2 nights...................................................................................................... 23 2

3 nights...................................................................................................... 30 3

4 nights...................................................................................................... 28 3

5 nights...................................................................................................... 21 2

6 nights...................................................................................................... 12 1

7 nights...................................................................................................... 16 2

8 nights...................................................................................................... 5 O

9 nights..................................................................................................... 12 1

10 nights................................................................................................... 9 1

11 to 20 nights ......................................................................................... 13 1

21 to 30 nights ......................................................................................... 10 1

More than 30 nights (') ................................................................................ 4

Hospitalized cases for which length of hospitalization was not

estimated............................................................................................... 18 2

Mean length of hospitalization per hospitalized c a s e ........................ 7

Median length of hospitalization per hospitalized case ..................... 4

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 13. Mature of injury: injuries in oil and gas drilling and services,

selected States, May-August 1982

Nature of injury Number Percent

Total 1................................................................................................. 1,041

282

(1)

Fracture..................................................................................................... 27

Cut, laceration, or puncture.................................................................... 299 29

Bruise or contusion................................................................................. 287 28

Muscle sprain, strain, or torn ligaments............................................... 343 33

Chemical burn.......................................................................................... 36 3

Concussion............................................................................................... 21 2

Heat burn.................................................................................................. 21 2

Amputation ............................................................................................... 40 4

Foreign body in eye(s)............................................................................ 32 3

O ther......................................................................................................... 85 8

1 Because more than one response is

possible, the sum of the responses and

percentages may not equal the total. Percentages are calculated by dividing each

response by the total number of persons

who answered the question.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Table 14. Part ©f body affected: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and 

services, selected States, May-August 19B2

Part of body Number Percent

Total ................................................................................................... 1,041

138

100

H ead.......................................................................................................... 13

Brain................................................................................................... 3 0

1

(’)

Ear(s).................................................................................................. 6

Ear(s), external............................................................................... 2

Ear(s), internal................................................................................ 4 0

56 5Eye(s) .................................................................................................

Face ................................................................................................... 51 5

Jaw .................................................................................................. 8 1

Mouth .............................................................................................. 19 2

N ose................................................................................................ 5 0

Face, multiple parts....................................................................... 7 i

Face, n.e.c. or uns.......................................................................... 12 1

Scalp .............................................................................................. 9 1

Head, multiple ................................................................................... 12 1

Head, n.e.c. or uns............................................................................ 1 0

N eck.......................................................................................................... 9 i

Upper extremities .................................................................................... 341 33

Arm(s)................................................................................................. 54 5

Upper arm ....................................................................................... 3 0

Elbow............................................................................................... 9 1

Forearm........................................................................................... 15 1

Arm, multiple .................................................................................. 6 1

Arm, n.e.c. or uns............................................................................ 21 2

Wrist ................................................................................................... 11 1

Hand................................................................................................... 56 5

Finger(s)............................................................................................. 211 20

Upper extremities, multiple.............................................................. 9 1

Trunk......................................................................................................... 239 23

Abdomen ........................................................................................... 28 3

Back ................................:.................................................................. 135 13

Chest.................................................................................................. 31 3

Hips .................................................................................................... 18 2

Shoulder(s) ........................................................................................ 13 1

Trunk, multiple .................................................................................. 12 1

Trunk, uns............................................................................................ 2 0

See footnotes at end of table.

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TalbS© 14. Fart of body afff©cted: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and 

services, selected States, May-August 1082“ =C®ntinued

Part of body Number Percent:

Lower extremities .............................

Leg(s) ..........................................

Thigh.........................................

K nee.........................................

Lower le g .................................

Leg, multiple............................

Leg, n.e.c. or uns.....................

A nkle...........................................

Fo ot.............................................

Toe(s)..........................................

Lower extremities, multiple.......

Lower extremites, n.e.c. or uns.

215

84

5

43

20

7

9

50

52

19

9

1

21

8

(’)

4

2

1 

1

5

5

2

1

0

Multiple parts

Body system.

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

uns. = unspecified.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

87 8

12 1

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey.

SOURCE: State workers’ compensation

reports.

Table 1S. Age and sex @f worker: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and 

services, selected States, May-August 1982

Age and sex Number Percent

Ag©

Total ................................................................................................ 1 041 100

16— 19 .................................................................................................. 68 7

20—24 ...................................................................................................... 313 30

25—34 .................................................................................... 393 38

35—44 ...................................................................................................... 109 10

45—54 ..................................................................................................... 53 5

55 or more................................................................................................ 19 2

Not available............................................................................................ 86 8

S©x

T o tal................................................................................................... 1,041 100

Men ........................................................................................................... 1,040 100

Women...................................................................................................... 1 O

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey.

SOURCE: State workers’ compensation

reports.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 16. Training: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services, selected

States, l^ay-August 1982

Worker training Number Percent

Source of training for present job

Total 1 ................................................................................................. 970 0

Current supervisor or employer............................................................. 330 34

Previous supervisor or employer........................................................... 494 51

Safety representative.............................................................................. 14 1

Co-worker (other than supervisor) ........................................................ 274 28

O ther......................................................................................................... 11 1

Training in safety procedures for job worker was doing when

injured

T o tal................................................................................................... 954 100

No, training did not cover safety procedures ...................................... 200 21

Yes, training did cover safety procedures ........................................... 676 71

Don't remember....................................................................................... 78 8

Other safety training received

Total 1................................................................................................. 920 O

When and how to use respirator........................................................... 255 28

When and how to use safety belt, lanyard, and lifeline................................... 485 53

Firefighting and blowout prevention procedures....................................................... 439 48

First a id ...................................................................................................................................................................... 412 45

Proper lifting, carrying, or handling methods................................................................ 506 55

When and where to use personal protective equipment................................ 687 75

O ther............................................................................................................................................................................. 45 5

Did not receive other safety training ...................................................................................... 123 13

How safety training was given

Total 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 915 O

Printed materials (safety manual, textbook, etc.)................................................... 285 31

In school or other type of classroom instruction................................................ 2 1 6 24

On the job ..............................................................................................................................................................

7 03 80

Safety meetings................................................................................................................................................ 50

O ther............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1

Never received safety training........................................................................................................ 73 8

1 Because more than one response is

possible, the sum of the responses and

percentages may not equal the total. Percentages are calculated by dividing each

response by the total number of persons

who answered the question.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

16

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 17. Protective equipment: Injuries in oil and gas drilling and

services, selected States, May-August 1982

Protective equipment worn or used at time of accident Number Percent

Total1................................................................................................. 1,014 o

Ear plugs or other hearing protection................................................... 14 1

Gloves....................................................................................................... 864 85

Hard h a t.................................................................................................... 905 89

Respirator.................................................................................................

Safety glasses, goggles, or other eye protection ............................... 108 11

Steel-toed safety shoes or boots.......................................................... 908 90

Welder’s hood.......................................................................................... 6 1

Tied off with safety belt, lanyard, and lifeline...................................... 48 5

Wearing safety belt but not tied off to lanyard and lifeline, etc.........

Guardrails or safety railing at exposed heights...................................

4

72

(2)

7

O ther......................................................................................................... 10 1

Not wearing or using protective equipment......................................... 17 2

1 Because more than one response is

possible, the sum of the responses and

percentages may not equal the total. Percentages are calculated by dividing each

response by the total number of persons

who answered the question.

2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question. Dashes indicate that no data werereported.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

Table 18. Conditions or factors contributing to accident: injuries in oil

and gas drilling and services, selected States, May-August

1982

Conditions or factors worker felt contributed to accident Number Percent

Condition of equipment or work materials

Total1................................................................................................. 865 (1)

Too heavy or bulky ................................................................................. 97 11

Not properly secured or tied down....................................................... 63 7

Not equipped with a safeguard ............................................................. 28 3

In bad condition....................................................................................... 26 3

O ther......................................................................................................... 15 2

Condition of equipment or work materials did not contribute to

accident................................................................................................. 646 75

Conditions at the worksite

897 (1)

Weather at time of accident (rain, wind, e tc.)..................................... 64 7

Slippery surface........................................................................................ 156 17

No guardrails or safety railings.............................................................. 16 2

Working in a limited area or space....................................................... 109 12

Poor lighting ............................................................................................. 25 3

Cluttered work area.................................................................................. 32 4

Unstable rig .............................................................................................. 3 0

0

3

No warning of sour gas (H 2S)............................................................... 1

O ther.......................................................................................................... 27

No conditions at the worksite led to injury.......................................... 559 62

See footnotes at end of table.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Table 18. Conditions or factors contributing to accident: Injuries in oil

and gas drilling and services, selected States, Wiay-August

1982— Continued

Conditions or factors workers felt contributed to accident Number Percent

Other contributing factors

Total 1................................................................................................. 931 O

Not paying full attention to work........................................................... 91 10

Not following instructions....................................................................... 4 (2)

Not given right instructions on how to do jo b ..................................... 19 2

Recent change in work routine or procedures.................................... 60 6

Tired or fatigued ...................................................................................... 76 8

In a hurry.................................................................................................. 262 28

Upset or under stress............................................................................. 22 2

Misjudged time or distance needed to avoid injury............................ 99 11

Not aware of hazardous conditions...................................................... 142 15

Co-worker activity.................................................................................... 200 21

O ther......................................................................................................... 48 5

No other factors contributed to accident............................................. 255 27

1 Because more than one response is

possible, the sum of the responses and

percentages may not equal the total. Percentages are calculated by dividing each

response by the total number of persons

who answered the question.

2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Due to rounding, percentages

may not add to 100. See appendix A for

the scope of the survey. Because incomplete questionnaires were used, the total

number of responses may vary by question.

SOURCE: Survey questionnaire.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Appendix A.

Surwef Explanatory Mot©

The survey was designed to develop information on 

injuries in oil and gas drilling and selected well services. 

Service operations were limited to well completion, servicing, and workover which involve the preparation of 

wells for production and maintenance or remedial work 

on producing wells to improve or maintain production, 

such as casing, cementing, perforating, stimulating, or 

swabbing of the well, and pulling rods or tubing. Motor 

vehicle accidents or assaults were excluded. Drilling and 

well service operations are classified in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual as SIC 1381—Drilling 

Oil and Gas Wells, and SIC 1389—Oil and Gas Field 

Services, Not Elsewhere Classified. Because of the focus 

of the survey, the following field services were excluded: 

Building of oil and gas well foundations on site; compressing of gas at the field; erecting, cleaning, and 

repairing of oilfield lease tanks; excavating slush pits 

and cellars; grading oil and gas well foundations; impounding and storing water in connection with 

petroleum production; oil sampling service for oil companies; pumping of oil and gas wells; and removal of 

condensed gasoline from field (gathering) lines.

Occupations selected for study paralleled the activities within the scope of the survey: Derrickmen; 

divers; drillers; engineers; mechanics; crane or mobile 

equipment operators; motormen or electricians; 

roughnecks, floorhands, or rotary helpers; roustabouts 

and general or specialized laborers; supervisors; technicians; tool pushers; welders; and well-servicing equipment operators. Excluded were workers such as painters 

or cooks who were not directly involved in drilling or 

servicing activities. Finally, cases were excluded from 

the survey if the injury resulted in a fatality or if more 

than 120 days had elapsed between the time of the injury 

and the beginning of the survey.

The survey covered injured workers in 12 States, 

which are listed in appendix B, and on offshore rigs in 

the Gulf of Mexico. To identify cases within the scope 

of the survey, staff of participating State agencies 

reviewed employers’ reports of injuries required by 

State workers’ compensation laws and mailed questionnaires to injured workers selected for the study. They requested cooperation on a voluntary basis. Through an 

agreement with the U.S. Department of Labor, Office 

of Workers’ Compensation Programs (QWCP), workers 

injured on offshore rigs were identified through 

workers’ compensation claims filed in the o w c p ’s New

Orleans area office and were surveyed directly by the 

b l s Dallas Regional Office. During the survey period, 

May-August 1982, 1,041 survey questionnaires were 

returned and found to be within the scope of the survey, 

resulting in a 45-percent response rate. Because worksite 

locations may require workers to live away from home, 

where the mail questionnaires were sent, coupled with a 

high degree of job mobility, contacting workers by mail 

was difficult, particularly where a response was requested in a limited time period.

Although data were aggregated for 12 States and offshore sites, it should be noted that the workers’ compensation cases selected for study reflect differences in 

reporting requirements. For example, some participating States require reporting of workers’ compensation cases involving medical treatment regardless of 

lost time, while others limit reporting to cases involving 

lost time ranging from 1 to 8 days.

No attempt was made to weight the data collected so 

that they would be representative of oil and gas drilling 

and well service injuries. Although the 12 participating 

States accounted for more than two-thirds of the rotary 

rigs drilling at the time of the survey, they were not 

selected statistically to represent the country as a 

whole.1 Moreover, data collection was terminated when 

responses exceeded 750 cases.

Questionnaires returned by the injured workers were 

reviewed for completeness and response errors. 

Responses provided to questions E, F, J, and parts of K 

(see appendix C for questionnaire) were coded by b l s to 

reflect the type of accident (the event which produced 

the injury) and any unusual or unexpected events 

leading to the injury.2 The codes for type of accident 

were modeled after the American National Standards 

Institute method of recording accident facts (ANSI Z16.2)

and were modified to account for unique industry 

characteristics. The codes describing events leading to 

the injury were developed by b l s specifically for this 

survey. Codes were also developed to classify the equip1 Based on rotary rigs drilling for oil and gas wells surveyed by the Hughes

Tool Company for the week beginning September 27, 1982.

2 The following texts were referenced in classifying injuring events, occupations, equipment, and in defining industry terms: Ron Baker, A Primer of

Oilwell Drilling, A Primer o f Oilwell Service and Workover, and A Dictionary o f

Petroleum Terms (Austin, Texas, Petroleum Extension Service, the University of

Texas at Austin, 1979); and Safety Information Profile, Oil and Gas Field

Operations (JRB Associates, Inc., for the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health, 1981).

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ment, objects, surfaces, and substances which produced 

the injury (source of injury) or which were associated 

with the type of accident or the events leading to the accident. With the exception of jumps or falls from elevations, the equipment, object, or substance listed as the 

source of injury (table 5) are identical to the equipment, 

object, or substance reflected in the detailed type of accident (table 8). In falls from elevations and jumps, the 

source of injury is the surface fallen to, while the detailed type of accident indicates the surface fallen from.

Where feasible, responses on the questionnaires falling into the “other” category of the multiple choice 

questions were classified by b l s to provide as much 

descriptive information as possible. Therefore, the 

responses tabulated for questions B (worker activity), D 

(location), I (equipment being used by the worker), N 

(occupation), and U (nature of injury) differ slightly

from those shown on the questionnaire.

Estimates of the mean and median lost workdays and 

nights of hospitalization do not include cases in which 

workers indicated lost time or hospitalization but failed 

to provide numerical estimates of the amount of time.

All usable responses of incomplete questionnaires 

were used in the tabulations. Consequently, response 

rates among questions vary. No attempt was made to 

adjust the data for nonresponse.

Information on the employer’s industry classification 

and the worker’s age, sex, and part of body injured were 

classified and tabulated for all respondents based on information furnished by the employer in the workers’ 

compensation report.

Numerical values shown in the tables were actual 

counts while percentages were rounded to the nearest 

whole number.

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Appendix B.

Participating Slat® Ag®nei®s

Alaska Department of Labor

California Department of Industrial Relations

Colorado Department of Labor and Employment

Kentucky Department of Labor

Montana Department of Labor and Industry

New Mexico Health and Environment Department

Oklahoma Workers’ Compensation Court

Ohio Industrial Commission 

Tennessee Department of Labor 

Texas Industrial Accident Board and Department of 

Health

Utah Industrial Commission

Wyoming Department of Labor and Statistics

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A p p e n d i x C .

Survey Questionnaire

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Work Injury Report

Injuries in Oil and Gas Extraction

U.S. Department of Labor

The inform ation collected on this form by the Bureau of This re p o rt is authorized by law 29 U.S.C. 2.

Labor Statistics and the State Agencies cooperating in its Y our voluntary cooperation is needed to make

statistical program w ill be held in confidence and w ill be the results o f this survey comprehensive,

used for statistical purposes only. accurate, and timely.

Form Approved 

O.M.B. No. 1220-0047 

Approval Expires 9/3 0 /8 2

State Case Numbei

Date of 

Accident

A. What type of well operation was being carried out at the time of

your accident? (Check one.)

1. □ D rill ing (m a k in g ho le , w e lt c o m p le tio n , etc.)

2. G W ell service o r w o rk o v e r (p u llin g rod s o r tu b in g , w ire lin e , etc.)

B. What kind of work were you doing when injured? (Check one.)

1. O A d d in g a jo in t

2. □ C asing

3. O C e m e n tin g

4. CD L o a d in g o r u n lo a d in g m ate ria l

5. O M ix in g o r w o r k in g w ith m u d o r o th e r d r illin g flu id s

6. □ P u llin g rod s o r tu b in g

7. O R e p a irin g o r servicing pu m ps, engines, ge n e ra to rs o r o th e r m o to rs

8. O S e ttin g u p rig

0. O W eil s tim u la tio n (using explosives, acid , etc.)

10. O S w a b b in g

11. O T rip p in g o u t o r in

12. □ O th e r: (Describej ________________________________________________

I. What were you working with or handling at the time of your

accident? (Check all that apply.)

1. O C he m ica l, d r ill m u d o r o th e r d r illin g flu id

2. □ Pipes, co lla rs, tubes, casing o r rods

3. O H an d to o l (p o rta b le saw , ha m m e r, e tc.)

4. O K e lly , k e lly b u sh in g o r k e lly b u sh in g guard

5. O Tongs

6. O W e ld in g o r g rin d in g e q u ip m e n t

7. O Pum ps, engines, ge ne rato rs, o th e r m o to rs o r th e ir pa rts

8. O B lo w o u t p re ve n to r

9. O E le va to r, b lo c k , sw ivel,

h o o k o r slips: (Describe)----------------------------------------------------

10. D D ra w w o rk s , cathe ad , o th e r h o is tin g a p pa ratu s o r th e ir pa rts

(such as clu tch e s,

cha ins, lines, e tc .): (D escribe)_________________________

11. D P acker, fish o r o th e r d o w n h o le e q u ip m e n t o r to o l

12. □ O th e r: (D escribe)------------------------------------------------------------------

13. D N o t w o rk in g w ith o r h a n d lin g an y o b je cts at th e tim e

C. How often do you normally do this type of work? (Check one.)

1. D F irs t tim e y o u d id th is ty p e of w o rk

2. □ D a ily o r a lm o s t every day

3. CD Several tim e s a m o n th

4. O A b o u t once a m o n th

5. D S e ld o m —less th a n once a m o n th

J. Identify any equipment or work materials which contributed to your

accident and explain how they were involved.

F o r e xa m p le : 1.) C ha in to to ng s go t s tu c k , reached to fix it, d rille r 

p u lle d w ro n g lever, cathead engaged, to n g s s tru c k m e. 2.) S tra in e d 

m uscle w h e n I p u lle d o n w re n c h . 3.) F lap on ra c k in g bo ard b ro k e 

loose and fe ll on me.

D. Where were you at the time of your accident? (Check one.)

1. □ C a tw a lk

2. CD G ro u n d

3. EH M o n k e y b o a rd

4. □ R ig flo o r

5. □ R o ta ry ta b le

6. EH S ta irs o r fix e d (n o n p o rta b le ) lad de r

7. □ W a lkw a y

8. O Pipe rack

9. EH S ta n d in g on e q u ip m e n t (such as w e ll head, e le va to r, etc.) 

10. □ O th e r: (Describe)

E. How d id your accident occur? (Check all the events that occurred.)

1. EH H it b y e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t(s ): (Describe)

2. □ F ell

3. EH S lip p e d o r trip p e d

4. EH Pinched or squeezed between parts o f m achinery or objects:

(Describe) ___________________________________________

5. □ S tra in e d m uscle w h ile liftin g , c a rry in g o r h a n d lin g o b je ct(s)

6. EH Pushed o r slam m ed in to e q u ip m e n t o r o b je c t(s )

7. EH In ju re d b y ch e m ica l, d r ill m ud o r o th e r d r illin g flu id s

8. EH O b je c t w e n t in to eye(s)

9. EH Poisoned o r a ffe c te d b y sour gas ( H jS )

10. □ O th e r: (Describe)

F. If you checked more than cue response in question E, indicate which

event occurred first. (Check one.)

1. O H it b y e q u ip m e n t o r ob ject(s)

2. □ F ell

3. G S lip p e d o r trip p e d

4. G Pushed o r slam m ed in to e q u ip m e n t o r o b je ct(s)

5. G O th e r: (D escribe)________________________________________

G. If you fell, how far did you fall? (Check one.)

1. Q Less th a n 3 fe e t o r to sam e level

2. □ 3 to 5 fe e t

3. G 5 to 10 fe e t

4. Q 10 t o 15 fe e t

5. G 15 t o 2 0 fe e t

6. G 20 fe e t o r m o re

H.a. If you were injured by tongs, was the rotary table used to break

a connection?

1. G N o

2. Q Yes

3. Q D o n 't k n o w

b. Were the tongs equipped with safety lines?

1. G N o

2. Q Yes — D id th e sa fe ty lines break?

1. Q Yes 2. G N o 3. Q D o n 't k n o w

3. G D o n 't k n o w

K. To your knowledge, why did the equipm ent o r work materials

contribute to your accident? (Check all th a t apply.)

E q u ip m e n t o r w o rk m ate ria ls:

1. G B ro ke

2. Q S h ifte d p o s itio n o r slip p e d u n e x p e c te d ly

3. Q W ere to o heavy o r b u lk y

4. Q M a lfu n c tio n e d , ja m m e d o r d id n o t w o rk p ro p e rly

5. Q A c c id e n ta lly a ctiva te d

6. Q N o t p ro p e rly secured o r tie d d o w n

7. Q N o t e q u ip p e d w ith a safeguard

8. Q O th e r: (Describe) __________________________________

9. Q E q u ip m e n t o r w o rk m a te ria ls d id n o t c o n trib u te

L. Were there any conditions at the worksite which you feel contributed

to your accident? (Check a ll that apply.)

1. Q W eathe r at tim e o f a c c id e n t (ra in , w ip d , etc.)

2. G - S I ippery surface

3. □ N o gu a rd ra ils o r sa fe ty railin gs

4. Q W o rk in g in a lim ite d area o r space (sta n d in g on a

m o n k e y b o a rd , etc.)

5. Q P o o r lig h tin g

6. Q C lu tte re d w o rk area (trash ly in g o n flo o r , etc.)

7. Q U n sta b le rig (such as rig sw a yin g du e to rou gh seas, w in d ,

im p ro p e r o r b ro k e n guys, e tc.)

8. Q N o w a rn in g o f so u r gas (H 2 S)

9. Q O th e r: (D escribe)-----------------------------------------------------------------------

10. G N o c o n d itio n s a t th e w o rk s ite led to in ju ry

M. Check any other factors which you feal contributed to your accident.

(Check a ll th a t apply.)

1. Q N o t p a y in g fu ll a tte n tio n to w o rk

2. Q N o t fo llo w in g in s tru c tio n s

3. Q N o t given rig h t in s tru c tio n s o n h o w to do jo b

4. Q R e ce n t change in w o rk ro u tin e o r pro ced ures

5. G T ire d o r fa tig u e d

6. Q In a h u rry

7. G U pse t o r u n d e r stress

8. Q M isju dg ed tim e o r d ista n ce needed to avo id in ju ry

9. Q N o t aw are o f h a zard ou s c o n d itio n (s )

10. Q C o -w o rk e r's a c t iv ity : (Describe) ___________________________

11. G O th e r: (D escribe)-----------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Q N o o th e r fa c to rs c o n trib u te d to accid e n t

CONTINUE ON REVERSE SIDE

B LS 98G (May 1982)

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N.

O.

P.

Q.

R.

S.

What was your job title at the time of your accident? (Check one.)

1. CD D e rric k m a n

2. □ D rille r

3. □ M o b ile e q u ip m e n t o p e ra to r (such

as crane o p e ra to r, e tc .): (D escribe) -----------------------------------------

4. CD M o to rm a n o r e le c tric ia n

5. CD R ou g h n e ck, flo o rh a n d o r ro ta ry he lpe r

6. CD R o u s ta b o u t o r la b o re r

7. □ O th e r: (D e scrib e ) ____________________________________________

How long were you employed in this job when you were injured?

(Check one.)

1. □ Less th a n 1 m o n th

2. CD 1 month to 6 months

3. CD 6 m o n th s to 1 year

4. CD 1 yea r to 5 years

5. CD 5 years o r m o re

Who trained you for this job? (Check all th a t apply.)

1. CD C u rre n t sup ervisor o r e m p lo y e r

2. CD P revio us sup ervisor oir e m p lo y e r

3. CD S a fe ty rep re sen tative

4. CD C o -w o rk e r (o th e r thain superviso

5. □ O th e r: (Describe)

Did your training cover safety procedures for the job you were doing

when injured?

1. CD N o 2. CD Yes 3. CD D o n 't rem em be r

What other safety training did you receive? (Check all that apply.)

1. CD W hen and h o w to use resp ira to r

2. CD W hen and h o w to use sa fe ty be lt, la n y a rd and life lin e

3. CD F ire fig h tin g an d b lo w o u t p re v e n tio n proced ures

4. CD F irs t aid

5. CD P rop er liftin g , c a rry in g o r h a n d lin g m e th o d s

6. CD W hen an d w h e re to use personal p ro te c tiv e e q u ip m e n t such as

gloves, h a rd h a t, etc.

7. □ O th e r: (D escribe)----------------------------------------------------------------------

8. CD D id n o t receive o th e r sa fe ty tra in in g

How was your safety training given? (Check a ll that apply.)

1. D P rin te d m a te ria ls (sa fe ty m an ua l, te x tb o o k , etc.)

2. CD In sch o o l o r o th e r ty p e o f classroom in s tru c tio n

3. CD O n th e jo b

4. CD S a fe ty m eetings

5. □ O th e r: (D escribe)------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. CD N ever received s a fe ty tra in in g

T. What type of protective equipment were you wearing or using st tho

time of your accident? (Check a ll th a t apply.)

1. CD H a rd ha t

2. CD S a fe ty glasses, goggles o r o th e r eye p ro te c tio n

3. CD Ear plugs o r o th e r h e a rin g p ro te c tio n

4. CD W elde r's hood

5. □ G loves

6. CD S te e l-to e d safety shoes o r b o o ts

7. CD R e sp ira to r

8. CD T ie d off with safety belt, lanyard and lifeline

9. □ W earing sa fe ty b e lt, b u t n o t tied o ff to la n y a rd a n d life lin e , etc.

10. CD G u a rd ra ils o r sa fe ty ra ilin g s a t e xp ose d h e ig h ts

11. D O th e r: (D escribe)__________________________________________

12. CD N o t w e a rin g o r using p ro te c tiv e e q u ip m e n t

U. What were your injuries? (Check a ll th a t apply.)

1. CD F ra c tu re (s )—In d ic a te bo ne (s) b ro k e n (leg, rib , a n kle , e tc.)

2. CD C uts, la ce ra tio n s o r p u n c tu re s

3. CD Bruises, co n tu s io n s

4 . CD M uscle sp ra in o r s tra in , to rn lig a m e n ts

5. CD Burns

6. CD B rain con cussio n

7. □ O th e r: (D escribe)________________________________________

V . How many workdays did you (or do you expect to) lose due to your

injury? (NOTE: Do not count the day of injury, days on light duty

work, normal days off or holidays.)

------------------------------W o rkd a ys

C heck h e r e ______ if y o u d id n o t lose tim e b e y o n d th e da y o f

in ju ry .

W. Did your injury require you to be hospitalized overnight?

1. □ N o

2. □ Yes

• f yes, h o w lo n g w e re y o u (o r do y o u e xp e ct to be) in th e 

h o sp ita l?

N ig h ts

In your own words, tell how the accident happened.

How could it have been prevented?

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