SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 77 

Flora of Dominica, 

Part 2: Dicotyledoneae 

Dan H. Nicolson 

with Robert A. DeFilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, 

and Others 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS 

Washington, D.C. 

1991 
ABSTRACT 

Nicolson, Dan H., with Robert A. DeFilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and others. Flora of 

Dominica, Part 2: Dicotyledoneae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 77,274 pages, 

1991.-This completes the coverage of the vascular plants of Dominica. The introduction 

recapitulates and updates botanical information of Part 1 (Hodge, 1954). The main text begins 

with an artificial (identification) key to dicotyledonous families. Taxa are arranged 

alphabetically within the hierarchy, families, then genera within families and species within 

genera. Keys are provided when more than one taxon is involved. Each species has a restricted 

synonymy, vernacular name@) (if known), short description, general distribution, local habitat 

with localities and collections. Notes are sometimes appended involving biology, nomenclature, 

usage, etc. The synonymy also references critical works concerning the species. 

Part 1 accounted for 32 families, 190 genera, and 382 species. Part 2 accounts for 123 

families, 482 genera, and 844 species. In other words, Dominica has a vascular flora of about 

155 families, 672 genera, and 1226 species. 

There is one novelty: a new combination, Ilex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (Grisebach) 

Nicolson. 

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is 

recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Leaf 

clearing from the katsura tree Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold and Zuccarini. 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Nicolson, Dan H. (Dan Henry), 1933- 

Flora of Dominica Part 2. Dicotyledoneae /Dan H. Nicolson, with Robert A. Defilipps, Alice C. Nicolson, and others. 

p. cm. - (Smithsonian contributions to botany ; no. 77) 

R. 1: Flora of Dominica, B.W.I., part 1 / W.H. Hodge, published in Lloydia, 1954 

Includes bibliographic references (p. 230) and index. 

Supr of Docs. no.: SI1.29:77 

1. Dicotyledons-Dominica. 2. Botany-Dominica. I. Title. 11. Series 

OKlS2747 no. 77 

aK23 1.D591 

[583’.09729481] 

581 s-dc20 90-10415 

CIP 

@ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American 

National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials 239.48-1984. 
Contents 

Page 

Introduction ....................................... 1 

Physiography .................................... 1 

Soils ......................................... 1 

Climate ........................................ 1 

Vegetation ...................................... 2 

Additional Plant Collectors on Dominica ...................... 4 

Old Locality Names ................................. 4 

Endemism in Dominica ............................... 5 

Comments on the Treatment ............................ 6 

Acknowledgments .................................. 6 

Keys to Groups and Dicotyledonous Families ..................... 7 

Family Treatments ................................... 15 

Literature Cited ..................................... 230 

Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names ....................... 250 

iii 

Flora of Dominica, 

Part 2: Dicotyledoneae 

Dan H, Nicolson 

Introduction 

As explained in “Acknowledgments,” I have summarized 

information from Dr. Hodge’s preface to Part 1 of the Flora of 

Dominica (1954). The summary covers environmental factors 

(physiography, soils, climate), vegetation (seven plant communities, including a key), and additions to his list of plant 

collectors. 

PHYSIOGRAPHY 

Dominica, lying between the French islands of Guadeloupe 

and Martinique, is about 28 miles (45 km) long and 15 (24 km) 

miles wide (304 sq. miles or 1088 km?, centered at 15025’N, 

61’20’W. It is very rugged with a central volcanic axis with 

several subdivisions. In the north, standing alone, is an old 

volcanic peak, Mome au Diable (2826 ft or 861 m), with loo0 

ft (305 m) cliffs to the north. Farther south is the highest 

mountain, Morne Diablotins (4700 ft or 1433 m) with 

associated peaks. The peak was named for the diablotins, 

Black-capped Petrels (Pterodroma hasitata), that used to nest 

in cliffs near the summit (cf. Wingate, 1964), now only known 

from Hispaniola. Morne Diablotins is relatively easy to climb 

(from Syndicate Estate) but the associated mountains are 

inaccessible. These taper to a central dissected plateau drained 

to the west by the Layou and, to the east, by the Pegoua and 

Castle Bruce rivers. 

The central area is dominated by the steep Morne Trois 

Pitons (4600 ft or 1402 m). To the south lies Morne Micouin 

(or Macaque) with the associated lakes, Boeri and Freshwater. 

A road goes from Roseau up the shoulder of Micotrin to 

Freshwater Lake, becoming a trail that descends to Rosalie Bay 

on the east coast. A trail leads from Laudat to the Valley of 

Desolation with its famous Boiling Lake. Farther south is the 

inaccessible Morne Watt (4075 ft or 1242 m), accessible Morne 

Anglais (3683 ft or 1223 m, also called Couliaboune) and 

Morne Plat Pays (2636 ft or 803 m). At the southern end are 

high sea-cliffs. 

Dan H. Nicolson, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural 

History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 

SOLS 

A Red Earth clay soil covers much of the wet interior. It is 

highly leached, acid, poorly aerated and water-logged (with 

tree roots mainly confined to a dense surface mat). It is, 

agriculturally, highly infertile. 

The Yellow and Brown Earths are commonest and most 

important for agriculture. The former is without stones and the 

latter a stony clay, but both are young and fertile. They are 

found on the slopes of Diablotins, the adjoining northem part of 

the Layou Valley, and south of a line drawn from Rosalie to 

Roseau. 

The Shoal Soils of the dry west coast have poor agricultural 

qualities. 

In some areas, such as north of Trois Pitons, there is a light, 

friable, stoneless clay underlaid by a cemented “hardpan” that 

results in very poor drainage and poor agricultural characteristics. 

CLIMATE 

In general, Dominica has a drier season from midJanuary to 

midJune and wetter season from midJune to mid-January. As 

the northeast trade winds move over the central mountain axis, 

rainfall increases, with the result that the eastern (Atlantic or 

windward) side gets more rain than the western (Caribbean or 

leeward) side, the latter being in the “rain shadow.” 

The wetter season tends to have an autumnal “break” 

(mid-September to mid-November), characterized by clear 

days with heavy showers at night. This “break” tends to be a 

windless, doldrum-type of weather. 

Rains are nearly always heavy, often short with intermittent 

sunshine. At times the rains are torrential and rivers rise to 

amazing and destructive heights. Dominicans comment that 

“the rivers have come down.” 

Humcanes are “in season” from July to September; they 

originate east of Dominica and usually miss the island or lack 

full strength. Nonetheless, Hurricane David of 1979 was the 

most destructive to ever hit Dominica. According to White 

1 
2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

(1979), David’s winds reached 240 km/hr (150 miles/hr), 

damaged 80% of the forests, destroyed 100% of the banana 

crop, felled or defoliated 95% of the coconut trees, and left 70% 

of the population homeless. 

VEGETATION 

The following key (from Hodge) is basically physiognomic 

and defines seven communities (woodlands, forests). It should 

be recognized that these communities intergrade and that the 

key defines well-developed communities. Two communities 

keyed out by Hodge have been dropped, Semi-evergreen 

Forests and Lower Montane Forests. The former is transitional 

between Deciduous Forests and Evergreen Forests. The latter is 

transitional between Evergreen Forests and Montane Forests. 

It should be noted that the key assumes that humans have not 

made changes. In many cases, human influence creates 

different communities of secondary or weedy nature that are, in 

effect, modifications of the otherwise primary, undisturbed 

communities that are keyed out. 

Key to Major Plant Communities on Dominica 

1. Tree growth c10 meters high. 

2. Trees microphyllous, often thorny , . . . 3. Dry Scrub 

2. Trees normal-leaved, rarely thorny, 

3. Windswept seashore with few epiphytes . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . -2. Littoral 

3. Windswept mountain summits and ridges with many 

epiphytes . , . . , . . . . , , , . . , . . . 7. Evn 

1. Tree growth >10 meters high. 

4. Deciduous trees forming >25% of top stratum 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . 4. Deciduous 

4. Forest evergreen (45% of top stratum deciduous). 

5. Inundated with fresh water . . . . . . . . 1. Swamp 

5. Non-inundated forest with continuous canopy >20 m 

high. 

6. Trees in 3-4 strata; dominants A0 m; leaves 

mostly compound . . . . . . . . . .5. Rainforest 

6. Trees in 2 strata; dominants c40 m; leaves mostly 

simple . . . . . . . . . . 6. Montane Rainforest 

The following discussion proceeds from the lower to higher 

elevations. 

1. Swamp Forest: This community is very localized because 

of the lack of extensive low swampland. In its climax form it is 

dominated by Pterocarpus officinalis, as along the Indian River 

oust south of Portsmouth) and near the beach along the north 

coast. 

Secondary (disturbed) swamp forests, such as that of the 

Cabrits Swamp, are dominated by Annona glabra and 

Chrysobalanus icaco and grade into sedges, a fern (Acrostichum danaeifolium), and, sometimes, an erect, thorny mid 

(Montrichardia arborescens). A few mangrove plants have 

recently been found in the Cabrits Swamp, the first record for 

Dominica. 

2. Littoral Woodland: Along the windward (Atlantic) coast 

is a narrow belt of shrubby woodland that is constantly swept 

by winds and salt-spray “training” branches down-wind. The 

dominants are Coccoloba uvifera (raisin-bord-de-mer), 

Chrysobalanus icaco (z’icaque), and Erithalis fruticosa (bois 

chandelle) . Elsewhere on the island, beachs have such pioneers as 

Ipomoea pes- caprae (beach morning-glory), Canavalia rosea 

(horse-bean), and Vigna luteola, not to mention the ubiquitous 

Chrysobalanus icaco, Coccoloba uvifera, and Thespesia 

populnea. In a few locations, such as Scotts Head in the 

southwest comer, Hippomane muncinella (manchineel) occurs. 

It has a virulent, miky sap that causes severe reactions on 

contact. 

3. Dry Scrub Woodland: Between the seashore and the 

inland rainforests along the leeward (Caribbean) coast, there is 

a low tropical woodland characterized by microphyllous, 

deciduous, often thorny species. This is well developed on the 

Cabrits, Morne au Diable, Scotts Head, and Pointe Ronde. This 

woodland is in leaf from June to January and “naked” from 

March, the beginning of the flowering season. Flowering ends 

by May and new vegetative growth begins. 

No other area has so many showy-flowered species, 

including such legumes as yellow Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood), red Sabinea carinalis (bois Carib, endemic to 

Dominica), pink Calliandra tergemina, and purple 

(Lonchocarpus benthamianus). One of the notable trees is 

Bursera simaruba (gommier rouge) with reddish exfoliating 

bark. A characteristic vine is yellow Stigmuphyllum puberum, 

also red-and black-seeded Abrus precatorius (crab’s eyes), and 

prickly Mimosa casta. True epiphytes are restricted to 

Ti1 landsia . Much of the Dry Scrub Woodland has gone to crops and 

grazing, resulting in a predominance of weedy grasses 

(Panicum, Paspalurn, and others), sedges, and legumes 

(Crotalaria, Desmodium, etc.). Other prominent genera are 

Lantana, Euphorbia, Phyllanthus, Sida, etc. 

The Grand Savanne (Grande Savane), midway on west coast 

above Salisbury, is probably the island’s most recent lava flow. 

It is a 1 square mile (2.59 km2) expanse of grasslands and open 

scrub. Fires and shallow, extremely porous soil Seem to control 

its open aspect. The sea-cliffs have a number of interesting 

plants, including Cactaceae, Agave, brilliant red-flowered 

Pitcairnia gracilis, and even the rare and primitive fern ally, 

Psilotum nudum. 

4. Deciduous Forest: This community is transitional 

between the lower Dry Scrub and the higher Evergreen 

Rainforest. Hodge notes that some of the “index” species, such 

as the palm Rhyticocos amara and large-leaved Coccoloba 

venosa, also occur on the windward (Atlantic) side, unlike the 

species of the me Dry Scrub. Hodge also refers to this as a 
NUMBER77 3 

secondary forest, noting it has been reduced by man and is not 

a climax community. Hodge notes diverse components as 

Pithecellobiurn jupunba (bois cicerou), Swartzia simplex 

(z'oranger), Andira inermis (angelin), Cedrela odorata (acajou), Myrcia splendens ('ti feuille), Daphnopsis caribaea (bois 

piment), Byrsonima spicata (bois tan), Calophyllum antillanum 

(galba), Buchenavia tetraphylla (z'olivier), and a fern, Blechnum occidentale, here a dominant. 

Hodge's key separates a Semi-Evergreen Seasonal Forest 

from the true Deciduous Forest, noting that the former has trees 

in three strata with less than 1/3 of the top stratum being 

deciduous. The latter has trees in only two strata with more than 

l/3 of the top stratum being deciduous. 

5. RaiMorest Proper: This is the most luxuriant and 

extensive of all forests on Dominica, lying roughly at 

1000-2500 ft (305-762 m). The luxuriance is the result of 

abundant rain averaging from 175 inches or 440 cm (Sylvania) 

to 300 inches or 760 cm (Laudat). Much of the soil is a heavy 

red earth underlaid by an impervious hardpan, reflected by the 

shallow root systems of the trees. The forest floor is quite open 

and easy to traverse, except for the exposed root systems of the 

big trees. The canopy is usually closed overhead by the highest 

trees, -100 ft (30 m). Beneath them is a layer of medium trees 

40-80 ft (12-24 m) tall. A lower stratum of small trees 15-40 

ft tall comes next. The bottom stratum is of herbs and shrubs, 

often dominated by suppressed (low light conditions) seedlings 

of the trees. 

Among the common canopy trees are Dacryodes excelsa 

(bois gommier), Sloanea caribaea (chataignier 'ti feuille), 

Sloanea dentata (chataignier grande feuille), Talauma dodecapetala (bois pin), Ormosia monosperma (caconier), Pouteria 

semecarpifolia (contrevent), Chimarrhis cymosa (bois riviere), 

and Dussia martinicensis (pommier). The forest is sometimes 

called a Sloanea-Dacryodes association after its most conspicuous dominants. 

Among the trees of second stratum are Tapura antillana 

(bois cote), Amanoa caribaea (carapite), Sterculia caribaea 

(mahot cochon), Licania ternatensis (bois diable), Symplocos 

martinicensis (graines bleues), Richeria grandis (bois bande), 

Guatteria caribaea (bois violin), and Inga ingoides (pois doux 

marron). The bois diable, so called because of its hard wood, is 

much sought for making the finest charcoal. 

Among the trees of the third stratum are Chrysophyllum 

argenteum (bouis), Faramea occidentalis (cafe marron), Ixora 

ferrea (bois pichette), Marila racemosa (cachiman falaise), 

Heisteria coccinea (bois perdrix), and Cordia laevigata (coco 

poule). 

The shrubs of the lowest stratum include common and 

showy Palicourea crocea, Psychotria uliginosa, Psychotria 

urbaniana (including Cephaelis swartziz), and Stylogyne 

canaliculata. Ferns abound (including a spiny tree-fern, 

Cyathea muricata, often supporting colonies of the filmy fern, 

Trichomanes polypodioides) and terrestrial orchids are to be 

found. 

There are many lianas, often difficult to identify because 

their leaves and flowers are high in the canopy. Among these 

are Marcgravia, Hillia parasitica, and Blakea pulverulenta, 

Epiphytes are abundant, also often out-of-reach, if not 

out-of-sight. One interesting one is Clusia major (kaklin), 

which begins as a epiphyte and sends down strong roots that 

eventually can strangle the host. 

In some poorly drained areas at higher elevations one finds 

stands of stilt-rooted trees known as mang, Tovomita plumieri 

(mang rouge) and Symphonia globulifera (mang blanc). 

When the rainforest canopy is opened by tree falls many 

species of forest edges and river banks move in. Among these 

are cre-cre (many species of melastomes, including Miconia 

and Conostegia), Inga laurina (pois doux), Inga ingoides @is 

doux marron), Cecropia peltata (bois canon), Simarouba 

amara (bois blanc), and Chimarrhis cymosa (bois riviere). 

The commonest shrubs include white-spiked Gonzalugunia 

hirsuta (bois cabrit), Palicourea crocea (with yellow flowers 

on showy red pedicels), and magenta-flowered Odontonema 

nitidum (bois crapaud), Piper (doctor bush), and Psidium 

guava (guava). 

Weedy herbs include Ageratum conyzoides, Emilia sonchifo - 

lia, Bidens, Desmodium, Stachytarpheta, and Alternanthera. 

Razor-grass (Scleria secans) can make impenetrable thickets. 

On bare slopes are several ferns, scrambling Dicranopteris 

bijida, Cyathea arborea (a weedy tree-fern), Lycopodium 

cernuum (club-moss), and the gold-fern (Pityrogramma 

calomelanos). 

6. Montane Rainforest: This community forms a transition 

from the midland Rainforest proper and the Elfin Woodland of 

windswept summits. It occurs on or near exposed mountain 

ridges or summits of lesser peaks. One of the characteristic 

species is Cyrilla racemiflora (bois rouge). Tree trunks are 

mossy but otherwise free of epiphytes. The dominant trees are 

Podocarpus coriaceus (raisinier montagne) and Richeria 

grandis (bois bande). Prominent species cited by Hodge are 

Byrsonima trinitensis (mauricif), Tovomita plumieri (mang 

rouge), and Ilex macfadyenii ('ti citron). A fiercely spiny fern, 

Cyathea imrayana, is a hazard to the stumbling botanist 

reaching for support. 

Hodge's key differentiates the Lower Montane Rainforest, 

with dominant trees -30 m tall, from the true Montane Forest, 

with dominant trees -20 m tall. 

7. E@n Woodland: This is a low, impenetrable thicket-like 

forest in which the leaves, branches, and tree trunks are covered 

with epiphyllous hepatics and dripping mats of mosses, 

sometimes called a Cloud Forest or Mossy Forest. It occurs on 

the summits and upper slopes of the highest mountains and is 

well-developed on the summits of Diablotins and Trois Pitons. 

On slopes one must climb through the trees and on the summits 

the woodland is virtually impassable without a path unless one 

can walk on upper branches. 

The Elfin Woodland probably has more species that are 

endemic or have extremely restricted distributions than any 
4 SMITHSO” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

other community on Dominica. The dominant tree is Clusia 

mangle (kaklin) which, unlike its strangler relation (C. major), 

is free-living. Trees include palms such as Prestoea mntana 

(including Euterpe globosa sensu auctt.) and Geonoma 

dussiana (including G. hodgeorum) as well as melastomes 

(Charianthus and Miconia), Araliaceae (Scheflera attenuata 

and Oreopanax dussii, the latter a new record), Weinmannia 

pinnata, and Ilex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (’ti citron). 

%mestrial herbs are Psychotria aubletiana (including 

Cephaelis axillaris) with axillary clusters of white flowers and 

blue hits, Viola stipularis, Relbunium guadalupense, and 

Lobelia stricta. Tiny Tibouchina ornata, with showy purple 

flowers, occurs here. 

There are several kinds of epiphytes. Among the woody 

kinds are Symphysia racemosa and Psychotria guadalupensis. 

Bromeliads are represented by the giant Glomeropitcairnia 

pendulijlora and the commonest is Guzmania plumieri. Many 

epiphytic fems are to be found. 

ADDITIONAL PLANT COLLECTORS ON DOMINICA 

Hodge (1954:44-50) reviewed the history of botanical 

exploration of Dominica up to Richard Howard‘s trip in 1950. 

The following list adds collectors known to me who were not 

mentioned by Hodge. The location of collections is noted so far 

as known. The abbreviation “(dupl.),” associated with some 

Bredin-Atchbold-Smithsonian collectors, denotes substantial 

numbers of duplicates at US still being distributed. 

Hodge mentions that Ramage (1888-1889) appears to be the 

first to ascend Dominica’s highest peak, Morne Diablotins. It is 

possible that the first was John Imray (on Dominica from 1837 

until his death in 1880), who collected Relbunium guadalupense (as Galium hypocarpium). No locality was given by 

Grisebach (1861:361) but the summit of Morne Diablotins is 

the only confirmed locality on Dominica. 

In the following list, collecting dates are approximate and an 

asterisk (*) denotes a resident of Dominica. 

Dudley, William Russell 

Elliott, W.R. 

Elliott, W.R. 

Evans, Alexander 

Stehle, Hmri & M. 

*Narodny, Leo 

Velez, Ismail 

*Dupigny, Peter 

smith. Albert c. 

Proctor. George R. 

Solheim, W.G. 

Cowan. Richard S. 

cowan, Richard s. 

Imschaug. Henry 

1777 

May 1792 

Mar 1890 

1896 

1926 

mid Apr 1946 

ca. 1949 

mid Nov 1949 

Jan 1950 

late Mar 1956 

early Apr 1958 

15 Jun 1958 

mid Apr 1959 

1 week 1962 

1 month 1963 

1891-1892 

K (Eugenia gregii> 

K (Polygonwn pwtaUS (few specimens) 

BM, TUR (lichens) 

BM. TUR (lichens) 

US (lichens) 

few at US (Carib plants) 

few at US 

very few at US 

some at US (from A) 

us 

some at US 

US (Wedelia frilobata) 

us 

US, if collections made 

MSC (lichens) 

twn) 

Kimber, Clarissa 

*Shillingford, Clayton A, 

Robinson. Harold E. 

Emst, Wallace R. 

Wilbur, Robert L. 

Dunn, E. Lloyd 

Hespenheide, Henry A. 

Wiseman, D. Reid 

Nicolson, Dan H. 

Webster, Grady L. 

Emst, Wallace R. 

Fisher, Jack B. 

Omduff, Robert 

Lellinger, David B. 

Chambers, Kenton L. 

Farr, Marie L 

Schuster, Rudolph M. 

Stem, William L. 

Wasshausen, Dieter C. 

Rhyne, Charles F. 

Taylor, William R. 

Fosberg, F. Raymond 

Wasshausen, Dieter C. 

Ayensu, Edward S. 

Krauss, N.L.H. 

King, Robert M. 

Emst, Wallace R. 

Read, Robert W. 

DeFilipps, Robert A. 

Hale, Mason E., Jr. 

Nicolson, Dan H. 

Burch, Derek 

Gillis, William 

Skog, Laurence E. 

Long, R.W. 

Norstog, K.J. 

Read, Robert W. 

Nicolson, Dan H. 

Krauss, N.L.H. 

Whitefoord, Caroline 

Whitefoord, Caroline 

Whitefoord, Caroline 

Whitefoord, Caroline 

Whitefoord, Caroline 

Hill, Steven R. 

1964 or? 1963 

1963 - 1966 

20 Jan-20 Apr 1964 

02 Apr-19 Tun 1964 

11 Jul-14 Aug 1964 

11 Jul-14 Aug 1964 

11 Jul-14 Aug 1964 

11 Id-15 Aug 1964 

21 Oct-14 D~C 1964 

28 May-28 Jun 1965 

22 Jun-30 Aug 1965 

22 Jun-27 lull965 

05 Jul-28 Jul 1965 

09 Sep-29 D~C 1965 

03 Jan45 Mar 1966 

M Jan-Ol Apr 1966 

07 Jan-Ol Feb 1966 

02 Jul-05 Aug 1966 

02 Jul-05 Aug 1966 

13 Feb-16Mar 1967 

15 Feb-03 Mar 1967 

ca. 11 Mar 1967 

19 May-24 Jun 1967 

22 May-19 Jun 1967 

early Nov 1967 

10 May-20 May 1968 

10 May-20 May 1968 

16 Jan45 Feb 1969 

16 Jan45 Feb 1969 

15 Dec-29 D~C 1967 

16 Jan45 Feb 1969 

late May-Jun 1969 

late May-Jun 1969 

late Jun 1970 

late Sep 1971 

late Sep 1971 

15 May-14 Jun 1977 

late Jul 1979 

17 Sep-07 Nov 1984 

11 Jan-16 Feb 1986 

18 Mar-18 Apr 1987 

25 Mar-23 Apr 1988 

20 Mar-27 Mar 1990 

11 Jun-15 Ju~ 1974 

28 Aug-19 Oct 1983 

A 

UCWI (Connarus gram 

djlorus) 

US (dupl.) 

A, DUKE, US (dupl.) 

Asst. to RLWilbur 

Asst. to RLWilbur 

Asst. to RLWilbur 

US (dupl.) 

US (dupl.) 

Asst. to WREmst 

CA 

US (esp. fems) 

Fungi 

Liverworts 

with %Stem 

Algae, with WRTaylor 

Algae 

us 

us 

with DCWasshausen 

few at US 

us 

with RWRead 

us 

US (lichens) Morden 

US (Morden Expd.) 

few at US 

few at US 

us 

few at US 

us 

US (Earthwatch) 

few at US 

BM (some at A, MO, US) 

BM (some at A, MO, US) 

BM (some at A, MO, US) 

BM (some at A. MO, US) 

BM (some at US) 

CLEMS 

us wophytes) 

us (dupl.) 

us (dupl.) 

us (dupl.) 

us (Morden Exped.) 

Exped. 

with KJNorstog 

OLD LOCA~Y NAMES 

La Soie: An early name for a town on northeast coast of 

Dominica, now known as Wesley. Eggers’ handwritten labels 

can be read as “La Joie” and I spent some time vainly looking 

for this. In one case, Ruyschia, I suspect that Wesley is not 

involved since the label says “ad 2000’.” Wesley is coastal and 

you’d have to walk halfway across the island to get to 2000 ft 

(607 m). The collection has no number and Eggers collected 

Ruyschia from Laudat (no. 787) and Boiling Lake (no. 1098). 

Perhaps the numberless collection was mislabeled as being 

from La Soie. Other La Soie collections are no. 729 

(Gymnanathes hypoleuca), 749 (Miconia tetrandra), and 1079 

(Miconia striata). 
NUMBER 77 5 

Sugar Loaf Estate: An estate just across the Indian River 

from Portsmouth. Eggers also collected here, e.g., no. 723 

(Blepharocalyx eggersii). Other collections are 717 (Connarus 

grandiflorus), 753 (Licania leucosepala), and 1084 (Byrsonima lucida). 

ENDEMISM IN DOMINICA 

The flora of Dominica is most similar to that of the nearby 

French islands, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Several factors 

affect supposed endemics of Dominica and/or the French 

islands, new records, changes in taxonomic concepts, and 

errors of identification or locality. 

New records of species thought endemic to Dominica have 

recently been found on the French islands, and species thought 

endemic to the French islands have been found on Dominica. 

The recent publication of Fournet (1978) enables one to check 

whether or not a given species, supposedly endemic to 

Dominica, actually is now known on the French islands. 

Examples: Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Ericaceae), thought to be 

endemic to Dominica, has been collected on Guadeloupe. 

Oreopanar dussii (Araliaceae), previously thought to be only 

on the peaks of the French islands, has now been collected on 

Dominica. 

Changing species concepts also affect endemism. As more 

specimens become available it becomes possible to recognize 

that something that seemed quite distinct, perhaps only known 

from one collection in a rather extreme aspect, is only part of a 

continuous range of variation observable when many collections are studied. Piper dominicanum cannot be maintained as 

distinct from the variable and wide-ranging species, Piper 

aequale. 

An example of an error in identification is provided by the 

supposed endemic of Dominica Morisonia imrayi (Capparaceae). Its type is a misidentified specimen of Styrar glaber 

(S tyracaceae). 

Errors in locality information arise from three sources: (1) 

confusing Dominica with the Dominican Republic, (2) assumption of occurrence in Dominica from published generalized 

distribution statements, and (3) mislabeling of collections from 

the French Islands as from Trinidad. 

Confusion between Dominica and the Dominican Republic 

(on Hispaniola) is occasionally found in monographs and 

revisions, i.e., citing an Imray specimen from the Dominican 

Republic, when it actually was from Dominica. The reverse 

rarely occurs, citing Dominican Republic material as if it were 

from Dominica. 

Some questionable records for species on Dominica have 

been traced to Velez’ compilation (1957), “Herbaceous 

Angiosperms of the Lesser Antilles.” Most of these questionable records proved to be based on generalized distribution 

statements in works like Britton and Wilson’s “Flora of Port0 

Rico” (1923-1925) such as “Anguilla to Barbados.” In such 

cases, Velez inserted a B (for Britton) in the column for 

Dominica. If a confiing specimen was not located, an 

arbitrary decision was made for handling the species involved. 

It was included if its occurrence on Dominica seemed 

reasonably probable or it was listed as excluded if its 

occurrence seemed improbable. 

According to C. Denis Adams (in litt.), there are some sixty 

records of Trinidad plants that are known only from Sieber “Fl. 

TMitatis” specimens and have not been recollected on that 

island. Franz Wilhelm Sieber financed collecting trips of Franz 

Kohaut to Martinique (1819-1821) and Franz Wrbna to 

Trinidad (1822) and distributed the specimens, labeling the 

former as Fl. Martinicensis and the latter as Fl. Trinitensis 

under his own name and numbers. It is supposed that the sixty 

anomalous records were actually collected by Kohaut and were 

inadvertently mislabeled as “Fl. Trinitatis,” possibly at least 

partially involving a confusion with the town of La Trinite on 

Martinique. Three of these are listed in the following list as 

restricted to Dominica and the French Islands, Rauvolfia 

biauriculata, Critonia macropoda, and Marcgravia trinitatis. 

The following list was prepared from information available 

to me for those interested in endemism involving Dominica and 

the French Islands. An asterisk (*) denotes a species possibly 

rare and endangered; species names in upper case are believed 

to be endemics of Dominica; species known to occur beyond 

Dominica and the French Islands are not normally included, 

unless they seem to be rare. There are a dozen or two species 

that also reach Montserrat, St. Lucia, and/or St. Vincent. 

Amonoa coriboeo (Euphorbiaceae): carapite, Dominica and Guadeloupe. 

Anibo romogeono (Lauraceae): Dominica and Martinique. 

Begoniu obliqua (Begdaceae): common on Guadeloupe to Madnique. 

BESLERIA PETIOLARIS (Gesneriaceae): only on Dominica, common. 

Charionthus corymbosus (Melastomataceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique, 

CHARIANTHUS PURPUREUS var. RUGOSUS (Melastmataceae): only on 

*Chiononthus dussii (Oleaceae): supposedly endemic to Martinique but known 

CHROMOLAENA IMPETIOLARIS (Asteraceae): only on Dominica, at higher 

CHROMOLAENA MACRODON (Asteraceae): only on Dominica but possibly 

Chromoloeno trigonmorpa (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but 

Clidemio guadalupensk Melastomataceae): Guadeloupe and Dominica. 

Clusio mangle (Clusiaceae): kaklin, a dominant in peak forests from 

Guadeloupe to Mamnique. 

*Critoniu mocropoda (Asteraceae): Once recently collected on Dominica, 

possibly earlier (by Eggen). Also known from NE Martinique. The 

attribution of the type to Trinidad is believed to be an error. 

Duronto stenostochya (Verbenaceae): Martinique and Dominica. Foumet said 

it was originally from Brazil. 

EUGENIA HODGEI (Myaaceae): only on Dominica but a dominant in the 

Mome Gay area. 

Eugenia octopleuro (Myrtaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique, possibly also in 

Central America. 

Exostemo sanctoe- lube (Rubiaceae): Dominica to St. Vincent. 

Freziero unduloto var. elegans (Theaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. 

possibly St. Lucia. 

Dominica. 

from at least one collection from Dominica. 

elevations. 

also on St. Kitts. 

possibly elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles. 

*Freziero cordato (Theaceae): mountain top from Guadeloupe to Martinique. 
6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Gonocalyx smilacifolius (Ericaceae): supposedly endemic to Dominica but 

now known from Guadeloupe. 

*Gyrotaenia crassifolia (Urticaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but rare. 

Heirteria coccinea (Olacaceae.): often collected from Guadeloupe to Martinique. 

*Helosia cayemensis (Balanophmceae): distributed from Cuba through 

northern South America but everywhere rare: a colorless root parasite 

collected only twice from Dominica. 

*INGA DOMINICENSIS (Fabaceae): only on wet uplands of Dominica, 

apparently rare. 

*Irlbachia frigida (Gentianaceae): showy herb with large yellow flowers in 

Dominica on montane cliffs but rare. Also known from Guadeloupe and St. 

Vincent 

Lobelia kaussii (Lobeliaceae): a common species on Dominica, believed to 

occur on Martinique but not mentioned by Fournet. 

Marcgravia rrinitatis (Marcgraviaceae): reported by Fournet from Guadeloupe and Martinique and collected twice on Dominica. The attribution of 

the type to Trhidad is believed an error. 

*Mars&nia dursii (Asclepiadaceae): known only from the original collection 

from Martinique and, now, from one Dominican collection. 

Miconia coriacea (Melastunataceae): also on Guadeloupe. 

MICONIA MORNICOLA (Melastomataceae): a small-leaved species on peaks 

MICONIA ERNSTII (Melastomataceae): a cre-cre only on Dominica. 

Mikonia ovalir (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique on summits. 

Myrcia ramageana (Myltaceae): Dorninica and St. Lucia. 

*Ocotea imrayana (Lauraceae): Dominica and Martinique. 

*OreopMx dussii (Araliaceae): known only from high peaks of the French 

islands and, now, Dominica. 

Ouratea longifolia (Ochnaceae): endemic of Guadeloupe and Dominica, once 

found on Martinique but recollection efforts unsuccessful. 

Parsiflora stenosepala (Passifloraceae): known only fran Dominica and St. 

Lucia but perhaps not different from P. andersonii. 

*PHYLLANTHUS MEGAPODUS (Euphorbiaceae): apparently rare on Dominica. Reported from Martinique but Webster (1958:171) felt this needed 

confiiation. 

Pilea forsythiana (Urticaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but perhaps not 

distinct from P. parietaria. 

Pipr dussii (Piperaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but perhaps not different 

from Piper hispidum Swartz. 

Pironia suborbiculata (Nyctaginaceae): supposedly endemic to the French 

islands but recently collected on the Grand Savanne of Dominica. 

*Prunus pleuradenia (Rosaceae): Lesser Antilles, only once collected on 

Dominica. 

Psittacunthus tnartinicensir (Loranthaceae): according to my notes, Guadeloupe to Martinique. Fournet credited it to the Lesser Antilles. 

Rauvolfa biauriculata (Apocynaceae): frequent in Dominica but otherwise 

only known from Guadeloupe. Anribution of the type to Trinidad is 

believed an error. 

Ruyschia clusiifolia (Marcgraviaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. It is 

common but, being a high climber in we tops, it is rarely collected. 

*SABINEA CARINALIS (Fabaceae): a showy species of the dry west coast, 

endemic to Dominica and wo& cultivating for its scarlet flowers. 

*ScNegelia axillarir (Bignoniaceae): collected twice on Dominica but known 

from Guadeloupe and Jamaica where it is also rare. 

Senecio lucidus (Asteraceae): higher elevations from Guadeloupe to Martinique, common around Freshwater Lake. 

Symplocos guaaialoupensir (Symplocaceae): previously known only from 

Guadeloupe but collected several times on the top of Morne Diablotins in 

Dominica. 

Tournefortia caribaea (Boraginaceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique but 

sometimes included in variable T volubilis. 

Verbesina gigantea (Asteraceae): Guadeloupe to Martinique. 

Verbesina howardiana (Asteraceae): high elevations of Dominica. 

of Dominica. 

*Voyria aphylla (Gentianaceae): a small, straw-colored saprophyte, widespread 

in neotropics but everywhere rare. 

Information on endemic monocots and ferns of Dominica 

can be gleaned from the first three volumes of Howard’s Flora 

of the Lesser Antilles (1974-1989; vol. 1 on orchids, vol. 2 on 

ferns and fern allies, vol. 3 on monocots). 

Information about endemics of Dominica in lower plants 

(algae, fungi, mosses, lichens, liverworts, hornworts) is not 

easy to establish. Bruce E. Webber’s 1973 thesis “Dominica 

National Park” has a list of “Plants Endemic to Dominica” @. 

57, table 3). The bulk of the lower plants listed are new species 

of lichens published by Hale (1974) and Wirth and Hale (1978). 

COMMENTS ON THE TREATMENT 

The basic format for handling taxa approximates that used by 

Hodge (1954) but differs in certain points; e.g., families, 

genera, and species are not assigned a numerical sequence but 

are in alphabetic sequence and short descriptions of species are 

added. 

Introduced genera are not keyed out but appear in an 

alphabetic discussion at the beginning of each family (introduced species at the beginning of the genus) unless it appears 

that they are naturalizing and can be treated as if they are native. 

Some commonly cultivated plants may have been overlooked, 

simply because I have seen no herbarium specimens. 

Citation of places of publication in synonymies is given in 

“short-form” (author, date, page), referring to Literature Cited. 

This replaces the usual format used in botanical synonymies, a 

“long-form” citation (author, abbreviated citation of place of 

publication, and date), often unsupported by Literature Cited. 

In cases that the same author published multivolume works 

with overlapping years, such as done by both Jacquin and Vahl, 

an abbreviated title is added. Vahl’s Eclogue appeared from 

1797 to 1807, his Icones from 1798 to 1799, and his 

Enurnratio from 1804 to 1805. Any Vahl reference cited here 

between 1797 and 1807 could be in either two or three of these 

works and for them an abbreviation is added. This makes them 

look like a “long-form” reference. 

Synonyms cited are those that have been applied to 

Dominican specimens or bear on the nomenclature of accepted 

names and those that previously have been applied to 

Dominican specimens. In short, the synonymies are not 

complete but bear on names applied to material from Dominica. 

Most citations in synonymy are only to the place of original 

publication but in some cases an additional reference is given. 

An additional citation usually involves a significant discussion 

of the taxon involved or a publication- citing Dominican 

material. 

Notes following a species discussion are frequently given. 

Most involve taxonomic or nomenclatural problems, with or 

without reaching a conclusion. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Dr. Walter H. Hodge published Part I of the Flora of 

Dominica, B.WL (1954), covering the Pteridophyta (ferns and 
 NUMBER^ 

fern allies), Gymnosprmae, and Monocotyledoneae. I have 

taken the liberty of summarizing his extensive (50 pages) 

prefatory comments in the preceding sections of the Introduction. 

Particular thanks are due to Bruce Bredin and John Archbold 

who, in 1964, established the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian 

Biological Survey of Dominica that financed about 60 

scientists (including assistants) to spend up to three months 

each working on their specialties. George Steyskal (USDA at 

the Smithsonian) is preparing a summary of results. 

I am grateful to the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica for permitting me to spend three 

months on Dominica at the end of 1964. In early 1969 Mrs. 

Irene Morden, through the Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to 

Dominica, enabled Robert DeFilipps, Mason Hale (lichens), 

and me to spend a month on Dominica. I am also grateful to the 

Earthwatch program that gave me another month, particularly 

in the Syndicate-Mome Diablotins area, on Dominica in 

connection with study of parrots by Holly and Thomas Nichols. 

I would like to thank Mr. Christopher Maximea, Chief 

Forester of Dominica. He took a personal interest and, on 

repeated occasions, arranged for guides. In appreciation for the 

unfailing courtesy and hospitality I dedicate this work to the 

people of Dominica. 

One of the goals of the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian 

Biological Survey of Dominica was to complete Part 2 of the 

Flora of Dominica, covering the rest of the higher plants, the 

Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida. This task fell to me. In 1964 

Richard Howard, former Director of the Arnold Arboretum of 

Harvard University, who was initiating the Flora of the Lesser 

Antilles, contributed a checklist of all dicots then known from 

Dominica. I want to thank Dr. Howard for this and also for 

continuing cooperation, such as sharing drafts of families and 

proof of his last two volumes. 

I also am deeply indebted to the reviewers of the first draft, 

Dr. C.D. Adams and F. Raymond Fosberg. Both took much 

time to provide many constructive suggestions. 

Various people contributed treatments of particular families: 

(1) W.G. D’Arcy of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis 

(Solanaceae); (2) the late P. Boiteau of the Museum National 

d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (Apocynaceae, initial treatment); 

(3) K. Chambers of Oregon State University in Corvallis (some 

Asteraceae); (4) R. DeFilipps, who assisted for a year 

(Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Bombacaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chloranthaceae, Cochlospermaceae, Connaraceae, 

Cunoniaceae, Cyrillaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Dilleniaceae, 

Erythroxylaceae, Hemandiaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Loganiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Myoporaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Olacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sabiaceae, Sterculiaceae, lkmeraceae, 

and Zygophyllaceae); (4) H.H. 11th of the University of 

Wisconsin (Capparaceae); (5) R. Kiger of the Hunt Botanical 

Institute in Pittsburgh (Caprifoliaceae and Flacourtiaceae); (6) 

Alice C. Nicolson, an able volunteer (Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrsinaceae, Sapotaceae, 

and Verbenaceae); (7) Dulcie Powell, formerly an assistant at 

the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Convolvulaceae); 

(8) C. Sastre of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle of 

Paris (Apocynaceae, final revisions); (9) L. Skog of the 

Smithsonian Institution in Washington (Lobeliaceae and 

Gesneriaceae); (10) John Utley now of the University of New 

Orleans (Marcgraviaceae); Katherine Burt-Utley of the Same 

(Begoniaceae); (12) D. Wasshausen of the Smithsonian 

Institution in Washington (Acanthaceae); (1 3) G. Webster of 

the University of California at Davis (Euphorbiaceae). 

Other specialists reviewed particular families, such as Alwyn 

Gentry of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis 

(Bignoniaceae) and John Wurdack of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. (Melastomataceae). All such conhibutions are recognized in the appropriate family treatment. 

Treatments not ascribed to a contributor fell to me. 

This is Contribution 1 of the Archbold Tropical Research 

Center, Dominica. 

Keys to Groups and Dicotyledonous Families 

This key is intended to assist in identifications of unknown 

vascular plants from Dominica. In short, the key aims to define 

native taxa as they occur only on Dominica. Cultivated and 

introduced plants may not key out correctly. 

1. Plants reproducing by spores, not seeds ..... Group 1 

1. Plants reproducing by seeds, not spores. 

2. Stigma none; the single ovule and drupe-like seed not 

enclosed in an ovary, borne on the face of a fleshy scale 

or bract ..................... Group 2 

2. Stigma(s) present; ovules and seeds enclosed in an 

ovary. 

3. Stem solid central pith with scattered vascular 

strands; flowers usually 3-merous; leaf-venation 

usually striate; cotyledon 1 ......... Group 3 

3. Stem hollow or with a central strandless pith; flowers 

usually 4-5-merous; leaf-venation usually reticulate; 

cotyledons usually 2. 

4. Perianth absent (achlamydeous) or uniseriate 

(monochlamydeous) ........... Group 4 

4. Perianth biseriate or multiseriate. 

5. Petals all united, at least at base .... Group 5 

5. Petals free or only some united. 

6. Ovary inferior or only half-inferior ...... .................... Group 6 

6. Ovary superior. 

7. Stamens more than twice as many as petals 

................... Group 7 

7. Stamens twice as many as petals or fewer 

................... Group 8 

GROUP 1. FERNS AND FERN ALLIW 

For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with 

195 species in 51 genera and 10 families. For a more recent and 
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

broader treatment see Pteridophyta by Proctor (in Howard, 

1977,2:1-414). 

GROUP 2. GYMNOSPERMS 

For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with 

one species, Fobcarpus coriuceus (L’Heritier) Persoon, the 

raisinier montagne, a common evergreen of mountain ridges. It 

is the national tree of Dominica and has been planted in the 

Roseau Botanic Garden. Other gymnosperms may be cultivated. 

GROUP 3. MONOCOTS 

For Dominica, this group is covered by Hodge (1954) with 

186 species in 138 genera and 21 families. For more recent 

treatments see Orchidaceae by Garay and Sweet (in Howard, 

1974, 1:l-235) and other Monocotyledoneae by Howard 

(1979,3:1-586). 

GROUP 4. ACHLAMYDEOUS AND MONOCHLAMYDEOUS DICOTS 

1. Leaves 0; root-parasites without chlorophyll ........ BALANOPHORACEAE 

1. Leaves present, sometimes reduced; plants not root-parasites, with chlorophyll. 

3. Branchlets jointed and green; leaves reduced to whorled scales (cult.) 

............................... CASUARINACEAE 

3. Branchlets not jointed; leaves usually normal. 

4. Plants parasitic on tree branches. ............ LORANTHACEAE 

4. Plants not parasitic on tree branches. 

5. Leaves trifoliolate; climbing with twisting petioles ............ ............................ RANUNCULACEAE 

5. Leaves simple; not climbing. 

2. Leaves opposite or whorled. 

6. Stipules present (sometimes minute in Chamaesyce). 

7. Ovary 3-locular; stipules usually free ................ 

7. Ovary 1-2-locular; stipules connate, at least at base. 

.................. EUPHORBIACEAE (Chamaesyce) 

8. S tipules connate at base; ovary 2-locular, woody ......... ................ RHAMNACEAE (Krugwdendron) 

8. Stipules connate; ovary I-loculw, herbaceous. 

9. Ovary inferior; calyx absent ....... CHLORANTHACEAE 

9. Ovary superior; calyx present ...... URTICACEAE (Pilea) 

10. Flowers in fleshy spikes; calyx absent. ............... ..................... PIPERACEAE (Peperomia) 

10. Flowers not in spikes or, if so, not fleshy; calyx present. 

6. Stipules absent. 

11. ovary inferior ........... MYRTACEAE (CUlyptrantheS) 

11. Ovary superior. 

12. 

12. Carpel($ solitary or united. 

Carpels several, free .............. MONIMIACEAE 

13. Fruit a circumscissile capsule; plants fleshy . . AIZOACEAE 

13. Fruit not capsular; plants herbaceous or woody. 

14. Floral bracts scarious; fruit an utricle ........... .................... AMARANTHACEAE 

14. Floral bracts not scarious; fruit an anthocarp. ...... .................... NYCTAGINACEAE 

2. Leaves alternate. 

15. 

15. Inflorescence not a spike or, if so, not fleshy. 

Inflorescence a fleshy spike ................... PIPERACEAE 

Base of petiole sheathing stem (ochreate) ........ POLYGONACEAE 

Stamens opening with 2-4 trapdoor-like valves ...... LAURACEAE 

16. 

16. Base of petiole not ochreate. 

17. 

17. Stamens opening by 1-2 longitudinal slits. 
 NUMBER^ 9 

18. Flowers unisexual (polygamous in Ulmaceae). 

19. Ovary 3-locular, rarely 2-locular . ........ EUPHORBIACEAE 

Fruit aggregated; sap milky. ........... MORACEAE 

22. Fruit a drupe .................. ULMACEAE 

22. Fruit an achene ................ URTICACEAE 

20. Stipules or stipular scars absent. 

23. Filaments of stamens free. ........ THYMELAEACEAE 

23. Filaments of stamens united, at least at base. 

24. Tree (cult.) ................. MYRISTICAEAE 

24. Herbs or shrubby herbs. ........ AMARANTHACEAE 

18. Flowers bisexual. 

19. ovary 1-locular. 

20. Stipules or stipular scars present. 

21. 

2 1. Fruits independent; sap clear. 

25. Locules 3 or more. 

26. Locules 5 or more; herbs or vines. 

27. 

27. Ovary superior; herbs. 

Ovary inferior, vines .......... ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

.................. TILIACEAE (Tn'umfetta) 

Fruit a berry; stipules absent. ................ ............. PHYTOLACCACEAE (Phytolucca) 

28. Fruit a prickly capsule; stipules deciduous ......... 

28. 

26. Locules 3-6; trees. 

29. Fruit a drupe ........ RHAMNACEAE (Krugiodendron) 

29. Fruit capsular or follicular. 

30. Leaves compound or palmately veined; fruit with free 

30. 

follicles ........... STERCULIACEAE (StercuZiu) 

Leaves pinnately veined, fruit capsular ........... ..................... ELAEOCARPACEAE 

S tipules present and persistent ................... ................ CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Licaniu) 

32. Ovary inferior ................ COMBRETACEAE 

Leaf pinnately compound ...... FABACEAE (Swart&) 

25. Locule solitary. 

3 1. 

3 1. S tipules absent. 

32. Ovary superior. 

33. 

33. Leaf simple. 

34. Ovules several to many. ...... FLACOURTIACEAE 

34. Ovule 1. 

35. Sap reddish, milky; leaves lobed ............ ............. PAPAVERACEAE (Bocconia) 

35. Sap clear; leaves unlobed. 

36. Flowers with scarious bracts ............. ................. AMARANTHACEAE 

36. Flowers bractless. 

37. Fruit a berry .......... PHYTOLACCAEAE 

37. Fruit a utricle ......... CHENOP~DIACEAE 

GROUP 5. SYMPETALOUS DICOT~ 

1. Stamens (fertile) more than corolla lobes. 

2. 

2. Leaves alternate; ovary of united carpels. 

Leaves opposite; ovary of 4 free carpels ............ CRASSULACEAE 

3. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; ovary 1-locular , . . . . CARICACEAE 
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

3. Leaves pinnately veined and unlobed; ovary several-locular. 

5. Flowers unisexual. ..................... EBENACEAE 

5. Flowers bisexual. ...................... THEACEAE 

6. Ovary inferior, stamens free from corolla, ......... ERICACEAE 

6. Ovary partly inferior; stamens borne on the corolla. 

7. Leaves lepidote; style branched ............ STYRACACEAE 

7. Leaves glabrous; style unbranched ......... SYMPLWACEAE 

4. Ovary superior. 

4. Ovary inferior or partly inferior. 

1. Stamens (fertile) as many as corolla lobes or fewer. 

9. "kndril-bearing vines .................... CUCURBRACEAE 

9. Plants not tendrilifemus. 

8. Ovary inferior or partly inferior. 

10. Anthers united around the style (syngenesious). 

11. Flowers (florets) in involucrate heads; ovary 1-loculat , , ASERACUE 

11. Flowers not in heads; ovary 2-more-locular . ...... LOBELIACEAE 

10. Anthers free from each other. 

12. Leaves alternate ............... GESNERIACEAE (Gesneria) 

12. Leaves opposite or whorled. 

13. Leaves compound; stipules absent ......... CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

13. Leaves simple; stipules present, ............. RUBIACEAE 

8. Ovary superior. 

14. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes. 

16. Staminodia absent ............... OLACACEAE (Schoepfia) 

16. Staminodia present (alternate with stamens) ....... SAPOTACEAE 

17. Staminodia present (alternate with stamens) .... THEOPHRASTACEAE 

17. Staminodia absent. 

18. Styles 5; calyx with stalked glands ........ PLUMBACINACEAE 

18. Style 1; calyx with imbedded glands ......... MYRSINACEAE 

19. Leaves borne on stems, alternate (Cuscuta, in Convolvulaceae, is a leafless 

15. Ovary several-locular, placentation mile. 

15. Ovary 1-locular, placentation free-central (basal). 

14. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes. 

parasite). 

20. Flowers irregular, stamens 4. 

21. Leaves broad; berry large ....... BICNONIACEAE (Enullugm) 

21. Leaves lanceolate; berry small ............ MYoPORACEAE 

22. Ovules numerous. 

Sap milky; carpels 2, free. ...... APOCYNACEAE (Plumeria) 

24. Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a dry capsule ............ ................ SCROPHULARIACEAE (Cupruria) 

24. Flowers conspicuous or, if not, then fruit a berry ......... .......................... SOLANACEAE 

25. Flowers borne on leaf-base .......... DICHAPETALACEAE 

25. Flowers not attached to leaves. 

27. Unarmed ................. CONVOLWLACEAE 

27. Armed with axillary spines ....... HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

28. Stigma sessile, 4-5-lobed; flowers fascicled. ......... ....................... AQUIFOLWCEAE 

20. Flowers regular; stamens 5. 

23. 

23. Sap clear; carpels united. 

22. Ovules 1-2 per locule. 

26. Fruit a capsule, usually dehiscent. 

26. Fruits various but not a capsule. 
NUMBER 77 11 

28. Stigmas on style; inflorescence scorpioid or corymbose .... ........................ BORAGINACEAE 

19. Leaves opposite, whorled, or basal. 

29. Flowers regulw, stamens usually 5. 

30. Plants acaulescenc corolla scarious ........ PLANTAGINACEAE 

30. Plants caulescent; corolla herbaceous. 

31. Ovules 1-2 per locule. 

32. Stamens 2. ...................... OLEACEAE 

32. Stamens 4-5 or, if 2 then with 2 staminodia . , VERBENACEAE 

33. Sap milky; carpels 2, free at least to style. 

31. Ovules many per locule. 

34. Carpels united at least by styles; stamens free; pollen granular 

........................ AP~CYNACEAE 

34. Carpels united only at stigmatic disk; stamens united; pollen 

aggregated in waxy masses (pollinia) , . ASCLEPIADACEAE 

33. Sap clear; carpels united. 

35. Inflorescence spicate; stipules present. .... LOCANIACEAE 

35. Inflorescence various but not spicate; stipules absent. 

Leaves entire; ovary 1-locular ....... GENTIANACEAE 

Leaves serrate; ovary 2-locular . ............... ............. SCROPHULARIACEAE (Scopuria) 

36. 

36. 

29. Flowers irregular, stamens 2 or 4. 

37. Ovary 4-lobed; style arising from between ovary lobes ........ .............................. LAMIACEAE 

37. Ovary entire: style apical. 

38. Plants acaulescent: anthers 1-celled ..... LENTIBULARIACEAE 

38. Plants caulescent; anthers 2-celled. 

39. Ovary 1-locular ................. GESNERIACEAE 

39. Ovary 2-4-lo~~lar. 

40. Ovules 1-several per locule. 

41. Ovules 2-several per locule; fruit a capsule ......... ....................... ACANTHACEAE 

41. Ovule 1 per locule; fruit drupaceous or of nutlets ...... ....................... VERBENACEAE 

42. Placentation parietal, vines, trees or shrubs ......... ....................... BIGNONIACEAE 

42. Placentation axile; herbs or shrubby herbs .......... .................... SCROPHULARIACEAE 

40. Ovules many per locule. 

GROUP 6. POLYPETALOUS DICOTS; OVARY INFERIOR 

1. Stamens many, more than twice as many as the petals. 

2. Aquatic plants ......................... NYMPHAEACEAE 

Styles more than 1; flowers unisexual ............. BECONIACEAE 

Plants fleshy and spiny .................... CACTACEAE 

2. Tkrrestrial plants. 

3. 

3. Style solitary; flowers bisexual. 

4. 

4. Plants not fleshy nor spiny. 

6. Leaves gland-dotted; stipules or stipular scars absent 

.............................. MYRTACEAE 

6. Leaves eglandular; stipules (large) or stipular scars present 

.......................... RHIZOPHORACEAE 

5. Leaves opposite. 

5. Leaves alternate. 
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

7. 

7. 

Fruit woody; stamens and petals over 4 cm long ............ 

Fruit fleshy; stamens and petals less than 2 cm long. ......... ........................... LECYTHIDACEAE 

............................ SYMPLOCACEAE 

1. Stamens few, twice as many as petals or fewer. 

8. Submersed aquatics; leaves whorled, pectinate ........ HALORAGACEAE 

8. 'Ikrrestrial plants; leaves opposite or alternate. 

10. Herbs; fruit dry, breaking into 2 mericaxps ........... APIACEAE 

10. Small trees; fruit drupaceous ................. ARALIACEAE 

11. Leaves opposite and palmately veined ....... MELASTOMATACEAE 

11. Leaves alternate. 

12. Herbs; flowers solitary .................. ONAGRACEAE 

12. Woody; flowers multiple. 

9. Inflorescence a simple or compound umbel (head in Eryngium). 

9. Inflorescence not umbellate 

13. Trees or shrubs; venation palmate ......... HERNANDIACEAE 

13. Vines with tendrils; venation pinnate ... RHAMNACEAE (Gouania) 

GROUP 7. POLYPETALOUS DICOTS; OVARY SUPERIOR; STAMENS MANY (>2X PETALS) 

1. Carpels several and free. 

2. Sepals free, hypogynous. 

3. Perianth 3-merous, valvate ................... ANNONACEAE 

3. Perianth 2- or multimerous, imbricate. 

4. Fruit fleshy, pendulous ................... DILLENIACEAE 

4. Fruit dry, erect. ..................... MAGNOLIACEAE 

2. Sepals united, at least at base. 

5. Leaves simple; stamens united by filaments (monadelphous) ......... ................................. MALVACEAE 

5. Leaves compound; stamens free. ................. ROSACEAE 

6. Leaves opposite ........................... CLUSIACEAE 

6. Leaves alternate. 

1. Carpels united or solitary. 

7. Stamens with filaments united (monadelphous). 

8. Carpel solitary .......... CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Chrysobulanus) 

8. Carpels united. 

9. Calyx truncate or shallowly and irregularly lobed, never subtended by an 

epicalyx ........................ BOMBACACEAE 

9. Calyx deeply and regularly 5-lobed or -toothed, often subtended by an 

epicalyx (deciduous when calyx truncate) ........ MALVACEAE 

7. Stamens free. 

10. Ovary stipitate ........................ CAPPARACEAE 

10. Ovary sessile. 

11. Plants epiphytic climbers .............. MARCGRAVIACEAE 

11. Plants not climbing. 

12. Venation palmate. 

13. 

13. Inflorescences terminal; placentation parietal. 

14. 

14. Leaf margins serrate; fruits smooth. 

Inflorescences (flowers) axillary; placentation axile . . TILIACEAE 

Leaf margins entire; fruits softly spinose ....... BIXACEAE 

15. Leaves deeply lobed; flowers and fruits large ......... ..................... COCHLOSPERMACEAE 

15. Leaves unlobed; flowers and fruits small ............ ................. FLACOURTIACEAE (Prockh) 
NUMBER 77 13 

12. Venation pinnate. 

16. Leavesserrate. 

17. Hirsute herbs; leaves narrow ........... TURNERACEAE 

17. Glabrous woody plants; leaves broad. 

18. Placentation parietal ............ FLACOURTIACEAE 

18. Placentation mile ........... THEACEAE (Freziera) 

Capsule woody; petals 4 ........... ELAEOCARPACEAE 

20. Stamens united by filaments ......... CANELLACEAE 

20. Stamens free ........... THEACEAE (Ternshoemia) 

16. Leaves entire. 

19. 

19. Capsule fleshy; petals 5. 

GROUP 8. POLYPETALOUS DICOTS; OVARY SUPERIOR; STAMENS FEW (I 2 X PETALS) 

1. Stamens opposite petals and equaling petal number. 

2. 

2. Plants vines; petals and stamens equal. 

Plants trees; petals and stamens unequal .............. SABIACEAE 

3. Vines without tendrils ..................... BASELLACEAE 

3. Vines with tendrils ......................... VITACEAE 

1. Stamens alternate with petals or not equaling the petal number. 

5. Leaves compound. 

4. Leaves opposite. 

6. Styles 2-3. 

7. 

7. 

8. Leaves glandular-punctate; odd-pinnate ...... RUTACEAE (Amyris) 

8. 

Styles 2; stamens 8-10. ................. CUNONIACEAE 

Styles 3; stamens 5. ................. STAPHYLEACEAE 

Leaves not glandular punctate; even-pinnate .... ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

Sepals each with a pair of glands ............ MALPIGHIACEAE 

Plants woody climbers; stamens 3 ......... HIPPOCRATEACEAE 

Calyx tubular, elongate ................. LYTHRACEAE 

6. Style 1. 

5. Leaves simple. 

9. 

9. Sepals without paired glands. 

10. 

10. Plants not climbers; stamens 5 or more. 

11. 

11. Calyx ovate. 

12. Leaves palmately veined ........... MELASTOMATACEAE 

12. Leaves pinnately veined. 

13. Leaves broad; plants weak herbs , . , . . CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

13. Leaves narrow; plants weakly woody .............. ............... MELASTOMATACEAE (Tibouchina) 

Leaves with pellucid glandular dots ................ RUTACEAE 

Carpels 5, free; vine with compound leaves ........ CONNARACEAE 

17. Style gynobasic ................ CHRYSOBALANACEAE 

4. Leaves alternate. 

14. 

14. Leaves without pellucid dots. 

15. 

15. Carpels 1 or, if more, united. 

16. Ovary l-lo~ular. 

17. Style terminal. 

18. Staminal filaments united; climbers with tendrils .......... ......................... PASSIFLORACEAE 

18. Staminal filaments free or at least one free; not climbing or, if so then 

rarely with tendrils (some legumes). 

19. Flowers unisexual ............... ANACARDIACEAE 

19. Flowers bisexual. 
14 SMITHSO" CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

20. Leaves simple. 

21. Flowers irregular; stipules conspicuous, fimbriate ...... ......................... VIOLACEAE 

21. Flowers regular, stipules inconspicuous, if any. 

22. Sepals 2, caducous; leaves spiny ............. .............. PAPAVERACEAE (Argemone) 

22. Sepals 4-5, persistent; leaves unarmed. 

23. Fruits leathery or, if capsular, elongate. ........ ..................... CAPPARACEAE 

23. Fruits capsular, ovoid ........ PORTULACACEAE 

24. Carpels 2-more; ovules parietal; petals 4 .......... .................. CAPPARACEAE (Cleome) 

24. Carpel 1; ovules on a suture; petals usually 5 ........ ......................... FABACEAE 

16. Ovary 2-more-locular. 

25. Flower irregular. 

20. Leaves compound. 

26. One sepal spurred; stamens distinct. ...... BALSAMINACEAE 

26. Sepals not spurred; stamens with filaments united ......... .......................... POLYGALACEAE 

25. Flower regular. 

27. Stamens with filaments united. 

28. Leaves compound. 

29. Trees or shrubs: leaves more than 3-foliolate . . MELIACEAE 

29. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate ............ OXALIDACEAE 

30. Petals short-clawed; ovary 3-locular . . ERYTHROXYLACEAE 

30. Petals tapering; ovary 5-locular ....... STERCULIACEAE 

28. Leaves simple. 

27. Stamens free. 

3 1. Leaves simple. 

32. Anthers opening by terminal pores ....... OCHNACEAE 

32. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 

34. Stamens equaling petal numbers. ... AQUIFOLIACEAE 

34. Stamens twice the petal number. ............. ................. OLACACEAE (Heisteria) 

35. Leaves petioled, flowers not racemose .......... ..................... CELASTRACEAE 

35. Leaves sessile; flowers in a raceme ... CYRILLACEAE 

36. Petals 4, clawed; stamens 6. ......... BRASICACEAE 

36. Petals tapered; stamens not 6. 

37. Style or stigmas branched. 

38. Drupe 2.5-5.0 cm long. . ANACARDIACEAE (Spondias) 

38. Drupes smaller or fruits not drupaceous .......... ...................... SAPINDACEAE 

39. Ovules 8-10 per locule; seed samaroid .......... ................. MELIACEAE (Cedrella) 

39. Ovules 1-2 per locule; fruit drupaceous. 

40. Plants aromatic; ovules usually 2 per locule ...... .................... BURSERACEAE 

40. Plants not aromatic; ovules usually 1 per locule 

................... SIMAROUBACEAE 

33. Fruit leathery. 

33. Fruit a dry capsule. 

3 1. Leaves compound. 

37. Style or stigmas unbranched. 
Family Treatments 

ACANTHACEAE 

(by D. Wasshausen) 

Asystasia gangetica (Linnaeus) T Anderson, which would 

here key to Ruellia tuberosa but has rounded leaf-bases, is 

cultivated at Baiac (Whitefoord 4218,4219). 

Crossandra infundibuliformis (Linnaeus) Nees from India, 

with leaves 4 in whorl, salmon flowers with only one (lower) 

lip, and four l-celled anthers, is commonly cultivated in the 

tropics, including Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 

966,982,3931). 

Graptophyllum pictum (Linnaeus) Griffith from New 

Guinea, with leaves yellow-mottled along midrib, large (8 cm 

long) reddish purple flowers, 2 fertile stamens and 2 

staminodia, is widely cultivated in tropical Americas, including 

Dominica: Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 3953). 

Hemigraphis alternata (N. Burman) T Anderson of Malesia 

was reported as subspontaneous from garden borders by 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985, pl. 1) as Hemigraphis colorata 

(Blume) Hallier. 

Pseuderantherum carruthersii (Seemann) Guillaumin var. 

atropurpureum (Bull) Fosberg of the Pacific, with leaves dark 

purple above, was collected on Dominica by Hodge (non vidi), 

probably at the Roseau Botanical Gardens. 

Many other genera of Acanthaceae are in cultivation but, as 

yet, have not been collected on Dominica. 

Excluded Acanthaceae 

Barleria lupulina Lindley, Dicliptera sexangularis (Linnaeus) Jussieu (as Dicliptera assurgens (Linnaeus) Jussieu), 

and Dicliptera martinicensis (Jacquin) Jussieu were attributed 

to Dominica by VBlez (1957:72) based on his own collections 

(now mostly lost). Dicliptera martinicensis was attributed to 

Dominica with an exclamation mark by Howard (1989,6:366) 

but I have not seen material. 

1. Plants vines; capsule abruptly beak&, retinacula none ........................ Thunbergia 

1. Plants herbaceous or shrubby; capsule oblong or clavate; 

seeds borne on hook-like retinacula. 

3. Calyx segments dissimilar, the posterior and anterior 

much larger than laterals; corolla 2-lipped 

3. Calyx segments similar, corolla k equally 5-lobed. 

2. Perfect (fertile) stamens 4. 

..................... Teliostachya 

4. 

4. 

Flowers in dense terminal spikes; bracts large, 

imbricate ................. Blechum 

Flowers in loose axillary or terminal cymes; bracts 

small, not imbricate. ........... Ruellia 

2. Perfect stamens 2. 

5. Staminodes absent. 

6. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes; anther 

cells i- equal, awnless, bearded at base ...... 

6. Flowers in terminal dense spikes or loose panicles; 

anther cells i- superposed, one or both apiculate or 

tailed.. ................. Justicia 

................... Andrographis 

5. Staminodes present. 

7. 

7. 

Bracts small (2-4 mm long), inconspicuous, not 

imbricate nor reticulate; corolla magenta or reddish 

purple ................ Odontonema 

Bracts large (15-25 mm long), conspicuous, 

imbricate and reticulate; corolla scarlet to reddish 

orange ................ Pachystachys 

Andrographis Wallich ex Nees 

Andrographis paniculata 

Andrographis panicdata (N. Burman) Wallich ex Nees in Wallich, 1832, 

Justicia panicdata N. Burman. 1768:9. 

3:116.--Lindauin Urban, 1900,2:211. 

Erect herb to 1 m with tap root; leaves lanceolate, to 9 cm x 

2.5 cm, glabrous; flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, 

these collected into panicles; bracts and bractlets small; corolla 

white below with dark purple markings above, -1 cm long, 

stamens 2, anthers bilocular, dark purple, anther cells k equal, 

awnless, bearded at base. 

Indian subcontinent but widely cultivated and escaping; in 

Dominica expected in disturbed areas but only collected by 

Eggers: Wallhouse (Eggers 503, same? (Eggers 753, teste 

Lindau). 

Blechum Browne 

Blechum pyramidatum 

Blechwn pyramidatwn (Lamar&) Urban, 1918b:323; 1921,8:650. 

Rueltia btechwn Linnaeus, f759a:1120, "blechnwn." 

Barleria pyramidafa Lamarck, 1783. 1:380. 

Blechwn brownci Jussieu, 1807:270.-Lhdau in Urban, 1900,2:186. 

Blechwn brownei f. puberulwn Leonard, 1942:184. 

Sprawling or erect perennial herbs with ovate leaves; flowers 

in dense terminal spikes; bracts imbricate, ovate, 1.0-2.5 cm 

long, puberulent; corolla white or purplish, slightly exceeding 

subtending bracts, limb f equally 5-lobed; stamens 4, fused in 

pairs at base of filaments; capsule 16-seeded. 

Neotropical weed of dry or moist habitats; common weed in 

Dominica to 530 m: between Capucin and Bellevue (Wasshausen & Ayensu 382), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3378), Clarke Hall 

15 
16 ACANTHACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

(Ernst 1300), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3691), Layou River Valley 

(Ernst 1521), Milton (Hodge 2561). Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 

2163). South Chiltern (Hodge 1463). Sylvania (Hodge 1343). 

Justicia Linnaeus 

Justicia betonica Linnaeus of tropical Asia and Africa, with 

showy white and green-veined bracts, was collected in 

cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 4225 at BM). 

1. Calyx segments 4 ........... J. androsaemtfolia 

1. Calyx segments 5. 

2. Flowers in loose terminal panicles; corolla <1 cm long ....................... J. pectoralis 

2. Flowers in dense spikes or panicles; corolla 3.0-4.5 cm 

long. 

3. Bracts large (15 mm long), spatulate; corolla reddish 

purple to violet .......... J. carthuginensis 

3. Bracts small (2 mm long), subulate; corolla dull 

crimson .................. J. secunda 

Justicia androsaemifolia 

Justicia ondraraernifolia (Nees) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV(3b):350; 

Rhytiglossa androsaernifolia Nees in A.P. Candolle, 1847, 11:352. 

Dianfhera androsaernifoh (Nees) Grisebach, 1857:98; 1862455. 

in Urban, 1900,2:244. 

Suffrutescent herb to 50 cm; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 cm 

x 1-4 cm, bluntish; flowers in distant, simple, terminal and 

axillary spikes 5-15 cm long; calyx segments 4; corolla 

magenta with white spots on lower lip, 2-lipped almost to 

middle, upper lip entire, slightly exceeding stamens, lower lip 

3-lobed; anther cells 2, obliquely affixed. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; occasional in Dominica on dry, 

wooded slopes: Cabrits (Nicolson 1904, Smith 10320, Webster 

13303, Chateau (Eggers 624), Colihaut (Ernst 2114), Grand 

Savanne (Errt 1652), Hampstead (Lloyd 618), Layou River 

Valley (Ernst 1543, Warshausen & Ayensu 303), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 852), Rivikre Douce (Eggers s.n.), sine loc. (Imray 47). 

Justicia carthaginensis 

Justicia carfhaginenris Jacquin, 1760:l l.-Grisebach, 1862:456. 

Suffrutescent herb to 1.5 m; leaves elliptic-ovate, decurrent 

on petiole; flowers in dense terminal spikes; bracts large, 

spatulate; calyx segments 5, linear-lanceolate; corolla reddish 

purple to violet, 3-4 cm long, upper lip erect, shallowly bifid, 

lower lip deeply 3-lobate, often with transverse white bands; 

stamens f equaling upper lip. 

Circumcaribbean; not recently collected in Dominica: sine 

loc. (Eggers 558 at GH), reported by Grisebach as collected by 

Imray. 

Jusricia pectoralis 

Jusficia pectoralis Jacquin, 1760:l l.--lindau in Urban, 1900,2241. 

Dianthera pecforalis (Jacquin) Murray, 178464.-Grisebach, 1862:455. 

Stems trailing and sparingly rooting at nodes, to 1 m; leaves 

linear to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm x 0.5-2.0 cm; flowers f 

unilateral on rather loose 13-20 cm x 4-12 cm panicles; calyx 

deeply 5-partd, corolla purple, 7-8 mm long, throat transversely plicate, sometimes spotted with dark purple; anther 

lobes equally attached or slightly superposed. 

Neotropical weed, sometimes cultivated; occasional in 

lowlands of Dominica: Layou River Valley (Chambers 2709), 

Madjini (DeFilipps 193). 

Infusions are used medicinally (Adjanohoun et al., 1985:35, 

pl. 2). 

Jusricia secunda 

Justicia secunda Vahl, 1791,27.--Lindau in Urban, 1900,2:238. 

Dianthera secunda (Vahl) Grisebach, 1857:98; 1862455 [excl. var. j3 et y]. 

Suffrutescent herb to 1.25 m; leaves ovate-oblong, 8-15 cm 

x 3-6 cm; flowers secund and crowded on branches of terminal 

10-15 cm x 3-6 cm panicles; calyx segments 5; corolla dull 

crimson, 3.5-4.5 cm long, lips f equal, upper erect, narrowly 

ovate, lower spreading, oblong, 3-lobed, stamens lying in upper 

lip and barely equaling it, anther lobes It parallel, k equally 

attached. 

Northern South America and Lesser Antilles; occasional in 

Dominica in northwest: Dublanc (Hodge 2555), Milton (Hodge 

2584), Montpellier (Lloyd 927bis), Syndicate (Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 342, Whitefoord 3499). 

Odontonema Nees, nom. cons. 

Odontonema curpidatum (Nees) Kuntze (misidentified as 

Odontonema tubiforme (Bertoloni) Kuntze) was reported as 

cultivated on Dominica by Howard (1989,6:374). 

Odontonema nitidum 

Odontonema nitidum (Jacquin) Kuntze. 1891,2:494.--Lindau in Urban, 1900, 

Justicia nit& Jacquin, 176O:ll. 

Thyrsacanfhus nitidus (Jacquin) Nees in A.P. Candolle, 1847, 11:327.- 

2220. 

Grisebach, 1862:454. 

Bois crapaud. 

Suffrutescent herb to 3 m; leaves anthocyanous, oblongelliptic, 10-25 cm x 3-7 cm; inflorescence pedunculate, 

simple or racemiform, flowers pedicellate, usually 2-more in a 

sessile fascicle but sometimes in pedunculate cymules; corolla 

magenta, tube 1.6 cm long, upper lip erect, 7-8 mm long, lower 

lip spreading, 6-7 mm long; stamens 2, included, anther lobes 

parallel; staminodes 2, tipped by rudimentary anthers. 

Antilles; common in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas: 
NUMBER 77 ACANTHACEAE 17 

Antrim Valley (Nicolson 1873), Bataka (Stehle 64OI), Cabrits 

(Smith 10307, Webster 13298), Carib Reserve (Taylor 154), 

Deux Branches (Ernst 1970), Hampstead (Lloyd 656), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3656), Layou River Valley (Ernst 1435, 

1547, Stern & Wasshuusen 2387, Webster 13162), Lisdara 

(Cooper 45, 151, Hodge 851, 2388). Magua (Stehle 6340), 

Melville Hall (Hodge 848, 849), Mero (Ernst 1764), Milton 

(Hodge 2580), Morne Cola Anglais (Webster 13421), Mt. Joy 

(Hodge 1288), Pagua Bay (Chambers 2628), Petit Coulibri 

(Whitefoord 4663, Petite Soufiibre Bay (Stern & Wasshuusen 

2743, Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2661), Ridgefield (Hodge 2146), 

Roseau Valley (Howard 11743, Salybia (Hodge 3184), 

Soufrikre (Lloyd 462), South Chiltern (Hodge 1453), Sylvania 

(Beard 637, Hodge 850, 1250), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3525), 

Vieille Case (Beard I472), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n. at GH), 

Wooten Waven (Eggers 599, sine loc. (Cooky 8766). 

Pachystachys Nees 

Pachystachys spicata 

Pachystachys spicata (Ruiz & Pavon) Wasshausen, 1986:175. 

Jusficia spicata Ruiz & Pavon, 1798b, 1:s. 

Pachystachys riedeliana Nees in Martius, 1847 [Jm], 99; in A.P. Candolle, 

Pachystachys coccinea sensu auca., non (Aublet) Nees.-Lindau in Urban, 

1847 [Nw], 11:319. 

1900,2:213.-Hodge & Taylor, 1957:609. 

C handeliere. 

Suffrutescent herb to 3 m; leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, 

11-20 cm x 5-12 cm; spikes solitary, 6-15 cm; bracts green, 

loosely imbricate, 1.5-2.5 cm x 0.7-1.1 cm; calyx campanulate, segments narrowly triangular, corolla scarlet to reddish 

orange, ringent, slenderly obconic, 5-6 cm long; stamens 2, 

anthers deeply sagittate; staminodes rudimentary; capsules 

2-seeded. 

Amazonian South America and cultivated elsewhere; naturalized in Dominica and locally common in shade: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3303, Grand Bay road (Eggers 641, Ernst 

1591, Nicolson 2172, Wilbur 8027), Lisdara (Hodge 2326), 

Morne Plat Pays road (Gillis 8118), Portsmouth (Hodge 843, 

Salybia (Hodge 846). 

Tea used by Caribs to treat headaches (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:609). 

True Pachystachys coccinea (Aublet) Nees, a name often 

misapplied to this species, has a very different calyx. 

Ruellia Plumier ex Linnaeus 

Ruellia coccinea (Linnaeus) Vahl was reported for Dominica 

(based on an Imray collection) by Lindau (in Urban, 1900, 

2197), confirming the same collection reported by Grisebach 

(1 862:452, as Stemonacanthus coccineus (Linnaeus) Grisebach). The species is regularly found in Hispaniola, Puerto 

Rico, and the Virgin Islands but the records from farther south 

(Guadeloupe and Dominica) may not be from the wild. 

Ruellia tuberosa 

Ruellia tuberara Linnaeus, 1753:635.-Grisebach, 1862:452.-Lindau in 

Ruellia picta Loddiges, 1829. 

Urban, 1900.2:191. 

Roots thick-fibrous or fusiform; erect herb, usually 

branched, leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, abruptly narrowed at 

base into short petiole; flowers l-several in f erect dichotomous cymes; corolla showy, mauve, 3-6 cm long, limb 2-4 

cm broad, lobes k orbicular, 12-15 mm wide; stamens 4, 

didynamous; capsules cylindric, with 20-more seeds per locule. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in open places: Grand 

Bay (Wilbur 7906), Marigot Bay (Ernst 1678). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:37, pl. 3) reported medicinal usages 

of infusions. 

Telwstachya Nees 

Telwstachya alopecuroidea 

Teliartachya alopecwoidea (Vahl) Nees in Martius, 1847,9:72. 

Ruellia alopecwoidea Vahl, 1798, Eclog. 249. 

Lpidagathir alopecwoidea (Vahl) R. Brown ex Grisebach, 1862:453.- 

Much-branched perennial herb to 50 cm; leaves ovateelliptic, 2-6 cm x 1.5-2.5 cm; flowers in many-flowered 

terminal spikes; bracts lanceolate-oblong, -6 mm long; corolla 

white or lavender, 5-6 mm long; stamens 4, free at base, anther 

sacs parallel; capsule sessile, 4-seeded. 

Northern South America, extending into Central America 

and Antilles; abundant in shade in Dominica: Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3229), Clarke Hall (Chambers 2698, Nicolson 2004), 

Harris Soulton Estate (Webster 13390), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3611,3689), Laudat (Hodge 1984, 2050, Lloyd 221), Lisdara 

(Hodge 841, 2364), Marigot (Hodge 840), Milton Estate 

(Hodge 2565), Rosehill (Eggers 89l), Salisbury (Stern & 

Wasshausen 2594). South Chiltern (Ernst 1303, Hodge 1445, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2494), Sylvania (Hodge 842, 843), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 3547). 

Caribs use tea to calm frightened children (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957:609). 

Lindau in Urban, 1900,2:200. 

Thunbergia Retzius, nom. cons. 

Thunbergia erecta (Bentham) T Anderson, the bush 

clock-vine, a suberect shrub, has been collected in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 969). 

1. Petioles winged; corolla yellow or orange, usually with a 

dark purple eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T alata 

1. Petioles not winged; corolla white to blue with a whitish or 

yellowish throat. 
18 ACANTHACEAE-AMARANTHCEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

2. Corolla 2-3 cm long ............ E fragrans 

2. Corolla 5-8 cm long. 

3. Leaves ovate to broad-ovate, 9-18 cm x 8-15 cm, 

cordate or hastate at base, pubescent, coarsely toothed 

or lobed below middle ........ T. grandflora 

3. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 10-13 cm x 4-5 

cm, truncate at base, glabrous, entire or sometimes 

obscurely repand and dentate. ..... T. laurifolia 

Thunbergia alata 

Thunbergio olato Bojer ex Sims. 1825 [Aug].-W. Hooker, 1825 [Sep], 3, pl. 

177.-Linda~ in Urban, 1900,2:181. 

Pubescent twining vine; leaves ovate, cordate-hastate at 

base; petioles winged; corolla 2-4 cm long, yellow or orange, 

usually with a dark purple eye. 

East Africa but now pantropically introduced and escaping; 

common in Dominica along roadsides: Baiac (Whitefoord 

3831), Glasham (Nicolson 2090), Hatton Garden (Hodge 

2952), Laudat (Gillis 8189), Lisdara (Hodge 845), Pichelin 

(Ernst 1618,1962), Ridgefield (Hodge 2131), Roseau (Cooper 

135), Soufriere (Lloyd 478), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2512), Springfield (Wasshausen & Ayensu 309, Sylvania 

(Hodge 844), sine loc. (ad vias et in fruticetis Eggers 594 at 

GH). 

Ed. Note: It is evident that Sims provided the validating 

description and accepted the name T alata Bojer that 

accompanied the seeds, hence the name should be attributed to 

Bojer ex Sims or simply to Sims, the publishing author, not to 

Bojer. 

Th u n bergia fragra ns 

Thunbergiofragrons Roxburgh, 17%, 1:47, pl. 67.-Lindau in Urban, 1900, 

2:180. 

Finely pubescent vine; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hastate or 

cordate at base, entire or remotely few-toothed toward base; 

flowers axillary; bracts ovate-lanceolate; corolla white, 2-3 cm 

long, lobes crenate, k equaling the tube; capsule depressedglobose, tipped by a stout subulate beak. 

Tropical Asia but now widely cultivated and escaping; 

occasional in Dominica: Soufriere Village (Hodge 1626 

“common on stone walls,” Lloyd 484), loc.? (Eggers 2926, 

teste Lindau). 

Thunbergia grandifora 

Thunbergia grondifloro Roxburgh [1814:45, nom. nud.; Loddiges, 1820 [Jan], 

nom. nud.. tab. sine analysis] in Ker, 1820 [Nov].-Roxburgh, 1832,3:34. 

Flcmingio grandiflor0 Roxburgh ex Rottler. 1803:202. 

Large vine; leaves ovate to broad-ovate, cordate to hastate at 

base, often coarsely toothed or lobed below middle; corolla 

white or light blue, campanulate, to 8 cm x 5 cm. 

India but widely cultivated and escaping; occasional in 

Dominica: Mome Cola Anglais (Webster 13412), Springfield 

(Skog 1550). 

Ed. Note: The nomenclature is still under consideration. 

Recent authors attribute the combination to (Roxburgh ex 

Rottler) Roxburgh or (Roxburgh ex Rottler) Roxburgh ex 

Loddiges. 

Thunbergia laurifolia 

Thunbergio lourifolio Lindley. 1856.-W. Hacker, 1857. 

Woody liana; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, longacuminate, truncate at base, glabrous, entire or sometimes 

obscurely repand and dentate; corolla pale blue or blue with 

whitish or yellow throat, campanulate, 5-6 cm x 4-6 cm. 

Malaysia, introduced and escaping elsewhere; recently 

collected in Dominica: above Laudat on road to Freshwater 

Lake (Erst 1751). 

AIZOACEAE 

Sesuvium portulacastrum 

Sesuvim portidocostrwn (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a:1058.-Howard, 1988, 

Portuhco portdocostrum Linnaeus, 175346. 

4:198. 

Howard (1.c.) reported this from Dominica with an exclamaTrianthema portulacastrum Linnaeus was cited for Domintion mark (!), meaning that he has seen material. I have not. 

ica by Vtlez (1957:72) but his material has not been seen. 

AMARANTHACEAE 

Gomphrena keys to Alternanthera but has a branched 

stigma. Velez (1957:73) attributed introduced Gomphrena 

globosa Linnaeus to Dominica. 

Lithophila muscoides Swartz, with basal leaves and two 

stamens, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:74). 

Philoxerus verm’cularis (Linnaeus) Smith, a fleshy herb of 

saline soils, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:74). 

The current name is Blutaparon vermiculare (Linnaeus) Mears. 

1. Leaves alternate. 

2. Flowers unisexual: ovule solitary; fruit a 1-seeded 

utricle ................... Amaranthus 

2. Flowers bisexual; ovules 2 or more; fruit a 3-8-seeded 

capsule ..................... Celosia 

1. Leaves opposite. 

3. Flowers in long spikes; anthers 2-celled, awned, fruits 

deflexed. 

4. 

4. Bracts pubescent; sepals with hooked spines 

3. Flowers in capitate or paniculate clusters; anthers 

Bracts glabrous; sepals with straight spines ..... ..................... Achyranthes 

....................... Cyathula 

1-celled, awnless; fruits not deflexed. 
NUMBER 77 AMARANTHACEAE 19 

5. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, capitate ...... ..................... Alternanthera 

5. Inflorescence a terminal panicle ....... Zresine 

Achyranthes Linnaeus 

A chyranthes aspera 

Achyronthes aspero Linnaeus, 1753:204.-Townsend in Dassanayake. 1980, 

Achyronthes aspem var. indica Linnaeus, 1753:W. 

Achyronthu indica (Linnaeus) Miller, 1768. 

Achyronthu obturifolia Lamarck, 1785, 1545. 

1:38. 

Weedy herb with opposite leaves; hits spinose, deflexed on 

elongate spikes. 

Pantropic weed; in Dominica in dry scrub and along roads: 

Canefield-Roseau (Hodge 44@, Colihaut-Coulibistri (Ernst 

1136), West Cabrit (Hodge 3708). 

Use of a root decoction against dysentery and an infusion 

against dyspepsia was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:37, 

According to Townsend, Achyranthes aspera Linnaeus and 

A. aspera var. indica Linnaeus are based on the same type. If 

true, the correct name for the ovate-leaved taxon on Dominica 

would be A. aspera. Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3(1):136) 

treated A. aspera as typified on a specimen in LINN 

(presumably 287.1) with lanceolate leaves but it is doubtful that 

this constituted formal lectotypification. 

pl. 4). 

Alternanthera ForsskPl 

A number of species names were called into question by 

Mean and Gillis (1977) with a promise of future publications, 

such as Mean (1977). Mears has annotated most of our New 

World holdings (US) and I generally accept his names, Several 

more species are expected but have not been reported. 

1. Inflorescences pedunculate, terminal. 

2. Bracts 0.4 cm, equaling or surpassing the perianth 

...................... A. brasilianu 

2. Bracts 0.2 cm, l/3 the perianth length . . A. flavescens 

3. Bracts and perianth segments spinulose to spinescent, 

pubescent with retrorsely barbed hairs ......... ...................... A. flavogrisea 

3. Bracts and perianth segments acute or acuminate, 

glabrous ................... A. sessilis 

1. Inflorescences sessile, axillary. 

Alternanthera brasilianu 

Alternonthero brasiliano (Linnaeus) Kuntze. 1891, 2527.-Mean & Gillis, 

Gomphreno brasiliano Linnaeus, 175613 (sp. no. 135). 

Gomphreno dentoto Moench, 1802:273, nom. superfl., “Gomphraena.” 

Alternonthero denlato Scheygrond in Pulle, 1932. 1:39, as to type, not as 

misapplied [combination often attributed to Stuchwc (1913:354) but, from 

his discussion, it is evident that “A. dentoto” is an emr for A. orgen&to]. 

1977:63.-Mar~, 1977:1l.-Kdl0gg in Howard, 1988,4148. 

Herbs to 2 m tall, with inflorescences on rather long (>5 cm) 

peduncles. 

Neotropics; common weed of disturbed places on Dominica: 

Cabrits Swamp (Whitefoord 4090), Clarke Hall (Chambers 

2701, Ernst 1514, Nicolson 2000, Webster 13196), Grand Bay, 

(Ernst 1600), Pointe Michel (Eggers 566), above Roseau 

(Whitefoord 4649), St. Paul Parish (Cooley 8787), Sylvania 

area (Cooper 70, Hodge 1045,1251), sine loc. (Zway 49). 

Minor medicinal usage was reported by Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:39, pl. 5). 

Mears (1977:13) stated that type illustration (Breyne) is 

unidentifiable to variety but does not mention how the type 

variety is distinguished from A. brasiliensis var. villosa. 

Gomphrena dentata Moench is treated as a superfluous 

renaming of G. brasiliana because Moench cites “Gomphraena brasiliensis Linnaei Sp. P1. I. p. 1312 [error for 

13221,” i.e., Willdenow (1797, 1: 1322). The unacceptable 

change from brasiliana to brasiliensis first appeared in 

Linnaeus (1759a:850), although later Linnaean works (1762, 

Amoen. 4:310; 1762:326) maintained the original spelling, 

brasiliana. 

I wonder if the illustrations published as “Gomphrena 

brasiliensis” by Jacquin (1788, Icon., 2, pl. 346) and Lamarck 

(1792, Tab., 1(2):289, pl. 180, fig. 1) are Alternanthera 

betttickiana, with laciniate bracts. 

Mogiphanes jacquinii, at least as used by Grisebach 

(1859:64), is A. brasiliana. 

Alternanthera jlavescens 

Alternontheroflavescens Kunth, 18 18,2:207. 

Alternonthero brasi1iano sensu auct., not as to type of basionp. 

Decumbent herb with inflorescences on rather short (2-3 

cm) peduncles. 

Neotropics; only once collected in Dominica on sea cliff 

facing Martinique: Pointe des Fous (Erst 1793). 

The species name adopted follows annotations by Mears. I 

believe that this is the species that was called Mogiphanes 

straminea by Grisebach (1859:64) and Alternanthera dentata 

by Scheygrond (in Pulle, 1932, 1:39). 

A lternanth era flu vognsea 

Alternontherof70vogriseo (Urban) Urban, 1907,5340. 

Telantherojlavogriseo Urban, 1899, 1:300. 

Alternonthera tenello subsp. j7ovogriseo (Urban) Mean & Veldkamp in 

Veldkamp, 1978:313. 

Stems pubescent all over; bracts usually 1-ribbed, densely 

short-pubescent; staminodia longer than filaments. 

Neotropics, including southern US; a common weed in 

Dominica: Canefield (Hodge 447, Nicolson 2149), Grand Bay 

road (Ernst I599), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3079), Lisdara 

(Hodge 448), Ridgefield (Hodge 2190). 

The species name adopted follows annotations by Mears, 

actually as A.Javogrisea subsp. diffusa, a name apparently not 
20 AMARANTHACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

yet validly published although it was accepted by Fournet 

(1978: 1001) without reference to Martius' basionym. Kellogg 

(in Howard, 1988,4:151) treated the name accepted here as a 

synonym of Alternanthera halimifolia (Lamarck) Standley but 

did not attribute the taxon to Dominica. The Dominican 

materials seem to be cited as Alternanthera tenella Colla. She 

pointed out the need for biosystematic work. 

This species is similar to A. caracasana (commonly called A. 

repes or A. peploides), a species with bracts usually 3-ribbed, 

loosely long-pubescent with glochidiate hairs and staminodia 

shorter than the filaments. 

There has been a flap over Alternantheraficoidea, subject of 

a proposal to reject (Taron, 27:310, 1978), barely approved 

(Taon, 31:540, 1982), then proposed for reconsideration 

(Taon, 323 16, 1983) but reconsideration rejected (Taxon, 

34x32, 1985). Ignoring the multiple issues, it seems that the 

result of the decisions is that the type of Alternantheraficoidea 

(Linnaeus) Palisot de Beauvois pertains to what is widely 

known as Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hilaire. Rejection 

ofA.ficoidea allows A. paronychioides to stand. What has been 

called A. ficoidea (or ficoides) is A. tenella Colla. The 

Dominican material can be called A. tenella subsp.flavogrisea 

(Urban) Mears & Veldkamp, but here I maintain it as a species. 

Alternanthera sessilis 

Alternanthera sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex A.P. Candolle, 1813:4, 

Gomphrena sessilis Linnaeus, 1753:225. 

77.-Melville, 1958: 172.-Mears, 1977:3. 

Stems with pubescence restricted to two lateral grooves; 

bracts 1-nerved, glabrous, to 2 mm, shorter than utricle. 

Pantropic weed; in Dominica near houses, in sand and 

pavement Carib Reserve (Hodge 3365), Lisdara (Hodge 449), 

Layou River mouth (Fosberg 48304), Portsmouth garden weed 

(DHN!), Roseau (Erst 2150). 

Amaranthus Linnaeus 

Amaranthus polygonoides Linnaeus and Amaranthus crassipes Schlechter differ from the following species by having 

strictly axillary inflorescences rather than both terminal and 

axillary. The latter was said to have been collected on 

Dominica by Velez (1957:73). 

1. Plant with stipular spines ........... A. spinosus 

1. Plantunarmed. 

2. Flowers pentamerous; utricle wrinkled, circumscissile 

........................ A. dubius 

2. Flowers trimerous; utricle smooth (or wrinkled), indehiscent. 

3. Leaf tips strongly emarginate, bilobed; utricles 

smooth, thin-walled ........... .A. blitum 

3. Leaf tips tapering to a small obtuse or truncate, 

mucronulate apex; utricle tuberculate ... A. viridis 

Amaranthus blitum 

Amaranthus blitwn Linnaeus, 1753:990.-Kellogg in Howard, 1988,4157. 

Flowers 3-merous. 

Pantropical; reported for Dominica by Kellogg (l.c.), 

probably involving some material cited below as Amaranthus 

viridis. 

Amaranthus dubius 

Amaranthus dubius Martius ex Thellung, 1913:203. 

Staminate flowers conspicuous, stramineous; flowers 5- 

merous. 

Pantropic weed; on Dominica in dry, scrubby places: Cabrits 

(Hodge 3711, 3712), Canefield (Nicolson 2144, Coulibistri 

(Ernst 1403, Layou River mouth (Fosberg 48302), LoubikreSolomon's Slide (Hodge 38.53, Portsmouth (Hodge 450), 

South Chiltern (Hodge 1511). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:39, pl. 6) reported usage against 

anemia. 

Amaranthus spinosus Linnaeus 

Amaranthus spinosus Linnaeus, 1753:991. 

Epinard. 

Weedy herb with alternate leaves and stipular spines; flowers 

in axillary clusters and clustered on terminal spicate inflorescences. 

Pantropic weed, in Dominica in dry areas: Canefield 

(Nicolson 2150), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1645), Portsmouth 

street weed (DHN!), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3736). 

Used as a potherb by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957555). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:41, pl. 7) reported usage 

against anemia and as laxative. 

Amaranthus viridis 

Amaranthus viridis Linnaeus, 1763:1405. 

Amaranthur gracilis Desfontaines, 1804:43. 

Euxolus viridis (Linnaeus) Moquin in A.P. Candolle, 1849, 13(2):273.- 

Grisebach, 1859:68. 

Epinard. 

Flowers 3-merous. 

Pantropic weed; in southwestern Dominica: South Chiltem 

Used as a potherb (Hodge and Taylor, f957:555). 

(Hodge 1613), Sylvania (Hodge 1244). 

Celosia Linnaeus 

Celosia argentea 

Celmia argentea Linnaeus, 1753:205.-Whitefoord, 1989:149. 

Annual to 1 m; leaves lanceolate; spikes to 12 cm long, 

crimson to silvery-white; seeds black, shiny. 
NUMBER 77 AMARANTHACEAE~~NACARDIACDIACEAE 21 

Widely cultivated but escaping; only once collected on 

Dominica: Cabrits Swamp (Whitefoord 4080). 

The cockscomb, likely cultivated on Dominica, belongs to 

the same polyploid complex, sometimes is treated as a species, 

C. cristata Linnaeus, aid sometimes as a variety of C. 

argentea . 

Cyathula Blurne, nom. cons. 

Cyathula prostrata 

Cyathula prostrata (Linnaeus) Blume, 1826:549. 

Achyranthes prostrata Linnaeus. 1762:296. 

Weedy herb with opposite leaves; racemes terminal and 

elongate; flowers finally nodding and developing hooked 

spines that catch on clothes. 

Pantropic weed; in Dominica usually in dry places: 

Belvedere (Eggers 533), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3373, Clarke 

Hall (Chambers 2706), Grand Bay road (Erst 1594), Laudat 

(Hodge 1793, Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2730), South ChilternScotts Head (Hodge 1641), SL Paul Parish (Cooley 8767), 

Wallhouse (Eggers 66). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198541, pl. 8) reported use against 

diarrhea. 

Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moquin was reported for 

Dominica by Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:135), but this is 

surely an error for the Dominican Republic. It is distinguished 

by its long-acuminate leaves and hooked spines that are twice 

as long as the fruiting perianth. 

Iresine Browne, nom. cons. 

Two perennial species are expected: I. angustifolia Euphrasen with glabrous bisexual flowers and I. argentata (Martius) 

D. Dietrich with tomentulose bisexual flowers. The former was 

attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:73). 

Iresine herbstii Hooker, zizier poule, a cultivated shrub with 

colored leaves was illustrated by Honychurch (19804) and 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:43, pl. 9) from Dominica. 

Iresine diffusa 

Iresine dims Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 1805,4:765.Shinners, 

Celosia paniculata Linnaeus, 1753:206. 

Iresine celosia Linnaeus. 1759a: 129 1, nom. supem. 

Iresine celosioides Linnaeus, 1763:1456. norn. supem.? 

Iresine paniculata (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891,2:542. non Poiret. 

1962 141. 

Weedy annual herb with opposite leaves. Differs from other 

Dominican Amaranthaceae in having a loosely paniculate 

inflorescence of small (to 1 mm long) unisexual flowers and 

being dioecious. 

Neotropics; on Dominica in dry coastal woodlands: South 

Chiltem-Scotts Head (Hodge 164O), Roseau Valley Waterfalls 

(Hodge 2003), sine loc. (Eggers 64). 

Mears and Gillis (1977:63) called this species Iresine 

canescens Willdenow without mentioning the equally priorable 

name I. diffusa accepted by Adams (1972:259) and other 

authors. 

ANACARDIACEAE 

Materials cited by Hodge (1954:20 and 28) as Rhus 

metopium or (gomme l'incense) are actually Protium attenuutum (Rose) Urban of the Burseraceae. Metopium brownei 

(Jacquin) Urban and Metopium toxiferum (Linnaeus) Krug & 

Urban, dangerous contact-poison plants, do not occur in the 

Lesser Antilles. 

1. Leaves compound . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Spondias 

1. Leaves simple. 

2. Leaves ovate, rounded to emarginate; fruit nut-like, 

curved, borne on an enlarged stalk . . . . Anacardiurn 

2. Leaves lanceolate, acute: fruit a large drupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . Mangifera 

Anacardium Linnaeus 

Introduced Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels, with a 

sigmoid hit pedicel and 4 stamens, was collected April 1988 

in flower and fruit from a 10 m tree in the Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Whitefoord 6119). 

Anacardium occidentale 

Anacardium occidentale Linnaeus, 1753:383.-Little & Wadsworth, 

1964:286, pl. l3O.-Mitchell& Mori, 1987:38. 

Cashew, wild almond, pomme noix. 

Spreading tree; leaves obovate; flowers reddish. 

Neotropics, often cultivated; apparently wild in Dominica 

but sometimes cultivated for fruit: Calibishie (Hodge 3135), 

Castle Bruce trail (Hodge 3344), Dublanc (Hodge 2519), Grand 

Savanne (Hodge 3789), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3060), Mahaut 

(Hodge 1307), Portsmouth (Hodge 660), Ridgefield (Hodge 

2124), Salybia (Chambers 2633, Stehle 6410), between 

Salisbury and Mero (Erst 1427, Stern & Wasshausen 2461). 

The fleshy fruit pedicel is edible raw. The leathery fruit coat 

has a caustic oil. The nut is edible after roasting (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957: 577). 

Mangifera Linnaeus 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera indica Linnaeus, 1753:200.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:288, pl. 

131.-Adjanohoun et al., 1985:45, pl. 11. 

Mango. 

Tree; leaves elongate; fruit with soft and juicy flesh. 

Native of tropical Asia, widely cultivated for fruit; cultivated 

in Dominica: Clarke Hall (Wasshausen & Ayensu 302), Lisdara 

(Hodge 656), Marigot (Hodge 658), Milton (Hodge 2530). 
22 ANACARLXACEAE-ANNONA~EAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Spondias Linnaeus 

Spondias mombin 

Spondias mombin Linnaeus, 1753:317.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:294, pl. 

SpondLas lufea Linnaeus, 1762:613, nom. illeg. 

134. 

Mombin, hog-plum. 

Tree to 13 m; leaves odd-pinnate, -7 pairs of leaflets; 

flowers fragrant, white; fruit a several-celled drupe. 

Pantropical; in lowlands of Dominica at south end of island 

Badineau (Hodge 2222), Grand Bay (Ernst 1062), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 3899 on US specimen, probably in error), Salybia 

(Hodge 3341). South Chiltern (Ernst 1301, Hodge 3876). 

Fruits and leaves have several medicinal uses among Caribs 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957578 and Adjanohoun et al., 198545, 

pl. 12). 

ANNONACEAE 

Canunga odorata (Lamarck) J. Hooker & Thomson, the 

source of the perfume oil ylang-ylang, with yellow, elongated 

(>5 cm) petals, is planted at Macoucherie Estate (Chambers 

2511) and at the Batali River bridge (DHN!). 

Monodora tenuifolia Bentham, the orchid flower tree, with 

showy yellow flowers marked with red (3 petals broad and 

spreading, 3 narrow and inflexed) is cultivated in the Roseau 

Botanic Gardens (Nicolson 4215). 

1. Pedicel to 0.5 cm long .............. Oxandra 

1. Pedicel >I cm long. 

2. Carpels free in fruit; petals 6, strap-shaped ....... ........................ Guatteria 

2. Carpels united in fruit; petals 3 or if 6 then mangular. 

3. Fruit various but not tuberculate and reticulate; petals 

not winged ................. Annona 

3. Fruit reticulate and tuberculate; 3 petals each with a 

conspicuous wing to 1 cm long ....... Rollinia 

Annona Linnaeus 

1. Leaves with hairy pockets (domatia) in axils of primary 

........................ A. muricata 

1. Leaves without domalia; petals 3 or 6. 

2. Petals 6; leaf thick-coriaceous, glabrous; fruit smooth 

.A. glabra 

2. Petals 3; leaf membranous, pubescent below; fruit 

smooth or tuberculate. 

3. Fruit smooth, of slightly dented, completely fused 

carpels ................. A. reticulata 

3. Fruit tuberculate, of rounded, loosely cohering carpels 

..................... A. squamosa 

lateral veins at midrib; petals 6; fruit spiny ........ 

........................ 

Annona glabra 

Annona glabra Linnaeus, 1753537.-Little et al., 1974:172, pl. 320. 

Annona palustrir Linnaeus. 1762:757. 

Branching shrub to 3 m tall with yellowish white flowers and 

a smooth green fruit. 

Neotropics in wet places; in Dominica a dominant in 

sea-level swamp with Dalbergia or Pterocarpus: Cabrits 

Swamp (Ernst 1179, Hodge 397, Whitefoord 4053, Indian 

River (DHN!), Woodford Hill River (DHN!). 

Annona muricata 

Annona mrrricata Linnaeus, 1753:536.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:100, pl. 37. 

Corossol, courasotte, soursop. 

Tree to 6 m; twigs pubescent; leaves light green beneath; 

hit with large, curved spines. 

Native of West Indies but widely cultivated; in Dominica in 

the lowlands: Cabrits (Hodge 398, Nicolson 1884), Dublanc 

(Whitefoord 5203), Eden River near airport (Erst 1680). Mt. 

Joy Estate (Nicolson 2124), Roseau (Morden 9), Salybia 

(Hodge 3092), South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2501). 

Fruit used for juice or to flavor ice cream; leaves used 

medicinally (Hodge and Taylor, 1957557, and Adjanohoun et 

al., 198547, pl. 13). 

Annona montuna Macfadyen, a similar species, has short, 

straight fruit spines and glabrous terminal twigs, while A. 

muricata has pubescent branchlets. 

Annona reticulata 

Annona reticdata Linnaeus. 1753:537.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964: 102, pl. 

38. 

Custard apple, cachima, bullock's heart, cachima langue 

Small tree 5-10 m with smooth, shiny fruit with yellowish 

Native to West Indies but widely cultivated for fruit; in 

Dominica: Salisbury (Nicolson 41 14), Salybia (Hodge 3338), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 165). 

Bark and leaves used medicinally by Caribs (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957558). Medicinal usages also reported by Adjanohoun et d. (198546, pl. 14). 

boeuf. 

Pulp. 

Annona squamosa 

Annona squamosa Linnaeus, 1753:537.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:104, pl. 

39. 

Sweetsop, sugar apple. 

Small tree 5-8 m with tuberculate, glaucous fruit with sweet 

white pulp. 

West Indian species widely cultivated for fruit; in Dominica 

near sea: Pointe Michelle (Ramage s.n.), Portsmouth (DHN!). 

The leaves are used by the Caribs to brew a medicinal tea 
NUMBER 77 ANNONACEAE-APIACEAB 23 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:558). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:49, pl. 

15) reported use as a component of medicines. 

Guatteria Ruiz & Pavon, nom. cons. 

Guatteria canbaea 

Guatteria caribaea Urban, 1905, 4:240.-Fries, 1939:480.-Little et al., 

Guatteria ouregou sensu Grisebach, 1859:7, non Dunal. 

Cananga caribaea (Urban) Brim in Britton & Wilsm, 1924,5:311. 

1974174, pl. 321. 

Mahaut noir, bois violin, bois anglais. 

Tree to 6 m with fragrant, cream-white flowers. 

Lesser Antilles to Puerto Rico; mid elevations in Dominica: 

Glasham (Nicolson 2122), Laudat (Hodge 2035), Pont Case 

(Nicolson 1132, Wilbur 8147), Salybia (Hodge 3250, Sylvania 

(Hodge 1314), Syndicate (Hodge 2629, Whitefoord 5703). 

Used by Caribs for boards and rope fiber (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:558). 

Oxandra A. Richard 

Oxandra laurifolia 

Oxandra laurifolia (Swartz) A. Richard in Sagra, 1845, 10:20.-Little et al., 

Uvaria lawifolia Swartz, 1800:1001. 

1974:178, pl. 323. 

Bois pian. 

Tree; leaves 8-19 cm long, villous when young, obscurely 

pellucid-dotted; berries long-stalked. 

Greater Antilles to Guadeloupe: in Dominica reported from 

provisionally determined sterile material (Taylor 28) by Hodge 

and Taylor (1957:559). 

Reputed useful for treatment of yaws (pians). 

Rollinia St. Hilaire 

Rollinia muscosa 

Rollinia mwcosa (Jacquin) Bdon, 1868:268.-Little et al., 1974:180, pl. 324. 

Annona muscosa Jacquin. 1764,1:16. 

A small tree with brown pubescent twigs. 

West Indies and Central America; in midlands to mossy 

forest in Dominica: Morne Micotrin (Wasshuusen & Ayensu 

333, Salybia-Hatton Garden Trail (Hodge 3358). 

APIACEAWMBELLIFERAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Cultivated Anethum graveolem Linnaeus, the dill or l’anise, 

has leaves pinnatifid into fdiform segments. It is used for 

flavoring (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:594): Salybia (Hodge 

3290). Adjanohoun et al. (1985147, pl. 113) reported 

medicinal uses. 

1. Plants erect; leaf-teeth spine-tipped; fruit papillate 

......................... Eryngium 

1. Plants creeping and rooting at nodes; leaves without 

spine-tipped teeth; fruit not papillate. 

2. Leaves pubescent; involucre of 2 ovate bracts ..... 

Centella 

2. Leaves glabrous; involucre absent or inconspicuous ....................... Hydrocotyle 

......................... 

Centella Linnaeus 

Centella asiatica 

Centella asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban in Martius, 1879, ll(l):287.-Adams, 

Hydrocotyle asiatica Linnaeus, 1753934. 

Hydrocotyle erecta Linnaeus f., 1782177. 

Centella erecta maws f.) Femald, 1940:295.-Howard, 1989, 620. 

1972558. 

Leaves cordate at base, shallowly to coarsely serrate. 

Pantropical; cited for Dominica (with exclamation mark, 

indicating voucher seen) by Howard (1.c.). To be sought in wet 

places. 

Eryngium Linnaeus 

Eryngium foetidurn 

Eryngiwn foetidm Linnaeus, 1753:232. 

Chardon beni. 

Glabrous rosette plants: leaves spiny-toothed; inflorescence 

an elongate head. 

Neotropics; a weed in Dominica, 50-400 m: Fond Baron 

(Ernst 1624), Ridgefield (Hodge 2155). 

Caribs make a cure-all tea from this foetid plant (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957:594). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:147, pl. 114) 

reported medicinal uses. 

Hydrocotyle Linnaeus 

Hydrocotyle umbellata Linnaeus, with peltate leaves and 

simple umbels, and Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunberg, with 

peltate leaves and flowers verticillate along an interrupted axis, 

were cited for Dominica by Velez (1957:74) on the authority of 

Stehl6. 

Hydrocotyle sibthorpwides 

Hydtocotyle sibthorpioides Lamarck, 1789. 3:153.-Mathias & Constance in 

Hydrocotyle rotunuifolia Raxburgh, 1832,2:88.-Mathias, 1936:220. 

Noh her. FI.. 1944,28B:55.--Eichler. 1987:275. 

Leaves k orbicular, crenate, lobed. 

Introduced from Old World tropics; a tiny weed of damp 

places of Dominica: Bellevue (Stehle 6356), S ylvania (Hodge 

662). 
24 AFOCYNACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONT~RIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

APOCYNACEAE 

(by P. Boiteau and C. Sastre) 

Alstonia scholaris (Linnaeus) R. Brown, an Asiatic tree with 

leaves 5-10-whorled, was reported cultivated on Dominica by 

Monachino (1949: 134). 

Beaumontia grandifora (Roxburgh) Wallich, a Himalayan 

woody vine with large flowers (to 12 cm long), was collected in 

1956 Antrim (Gates Clarke s.n.). 

Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A.L. Candolle, an African 

thorny shrub with edible berry-like fruits, has been collected in 

the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 973, 3907). It has corolla 

lobes overlapping to the left and obovate, eciliate sepals 5-6 

mm long. Carissa edulis (Forsskal) Vahl, another thorny shrub 

from Africa, with corolla lobes overlapping to the right and 

lanceolate, ciliate sepals 3 mm long, is commonly cultivated in 

the Lesser Antilles and may be expected in Dominica. 

Cerbera manghas Linnaeus from Malesia, with alternate 

leaves like Plumeria but differing by its acute and deciduous 

calyx lobes, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 3886). 

Ervatam’a, very similar to Tabernaemontana but differing 

by technical characters such as stigma as long as the style-head, 

flowers long- or short-styled in the same species, and anthers 

included in the corolla-tube, is often cultivated in Martinique 

and Guadeloupe but has not been collected on Dominica. 

Ervutam’a coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf, with broadly lanceolate 

leaves 17 cm x 6 cm, is well known, especially in its triploid 

double-flowered forms, such as cv. Rosebay. Ervatamia 

pandacaqui (Poiret) Pichon (or Ervatamia cumingiana (A.L. 

Candolle) Markgraf), with leaves oblong-lanceolate leaves 9 

cm x 2 cm, is also often cultivated in the French Islands. 

Leptopharyngia elegans (Stapf) Boiteau, sometimes treated 

in Tabernaemontana or Conopharyngia) from South Africa, 

flowered in the Roseau Botanic Garden in May 1940 (Hodge 

3926,3944). 

Nerium oleander Linnaeus, the oleander of the Mediterranean with linear u, oblanceolate, 3-whorled leaves, has been 

collected from cultivation at Chattanooga Estate (Hodge 995). 

Thevetia peruviana (Persoon) K. Schumann from the 

neotropics, with alternate, linear leaves (el cm broad) and 

showy yellow flowers, is widely cultivated. It undoubtedly is 

grown in Dominica but has not yet been collected. 

Excluded Apocynaceae 

Rhabdadenia biforu (Jacquin) J. Mueller, widely distributed 

in the Caribbean area, was attributed to Dominica by Vtlez 

(1957:75), apparently based on the report “Guadeloupe to 

Trinidad” by Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:93). The species is 

restricted to mangrove habitat that is not on Dominica. Like 

Prestonia it is a twining climber but is easily distinguished by 

its obovate leaves and white flowers about 6 cm long. 

Apocynaceae Incertae Sedis 

The following cultivated specimens from Dominica (at GH) 

were not identified with certainty: Hodge 3949, Hodge 898 

(collected as Kopsia fruticosa but with lateral inflorescences, 

cf. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wallich ex A.L. Candolle), 

Hodge 391 7 (dubiously Tabernanthe iboga). 

1. Leaves alternate but congested; branches thick-succulent 

.......................... Plumeria 

1. Leaves opposite or whorled; branches normal. 

3. Flowers much >1 cm long. ....... Allamanda 

3. Flowers el cm long ............ Rauvo&% 

4. Plants twining climbers .......... Prestonia 

4. Plants erect, not climbing. 

5. Inflorescences in forks of branchings; leaves of a 

pair often unequal; hit fleshy but finally dehiscent; seeds arillate ....... Tabernaemontana 

5. Inflorescences axillary; leaves of a pair equal; fruit 

dry (follicular). 

6. Perennial herbs or subshrubs; flowers pink or 

white, showy; seeds without plumose awn 

.................. Catharanthus 

6. Shrub or tree; flowers creamy, inconspicuous; 

seeds with plumose awn ....... Funtumia 

2. Leaves whorled (opposite on occasional nodes). 

2. Leaves strictly opposite. 

Allamanda Linnaeus 

The generic spelling is Allamanda on page 146 of the 

Mantissa AItera (Linnaeus, 1771), but Allemanda elsewhere (p. 

214,576). Linnaeus named it for Frederic Allamand, refemng 

to him as “Allemand.” We follow usage and accept Allamanda. 

Allamanda cathartica 

Allamandn cathartica Linnaeus, 1771 :214, “Allemanda”.Sakane & Shepherd, 1986:130. 

Climbing shrub with large, bright yellow flowers; leaves 

usually 4 per node; calyx rather large; corolla funnel-shaped, 

the cylindric lower part 1.5-3.0 cm long, the spreading upper 

part 3 cm x 2.5 cm, the lobes rounded; fruit capsular, echinate. 

Neotropical, now pantropically cultivated, frequently cultivated in Dominica and occasionally escaping: abandoned 

garden near Lmdonderry (Chambers 261 7), Brantridge Estate 

near Pont Casse (Ernst 1809). 

Catharanthus G. Don 

Catharanthus roseus 

Catharanthus roseus (Linnaeus) G. Don, 1837,4:95.--Stearn 1966:1%. 

Vinca rosea Linnaeus, 1759a:944. 

Lochnera rose0 (Linnaeus) Reichenbach ex Spach. 1839,8526. 

Caca poule, kakuti or ualukuti (Carib). 
NUMBER 77 A~”ACEAE 25 

Perennial herb or subshrub to 1 m; leaves opposite, oblong to 

obovate, obtuse but minutely apiculate; corolla white or pink, 

follicles 3.0 cm x 0.2 cm. 

Madagascar, now pantropically cultivated; cultivated in 

Dominica and escaping along dry west coasC Coulibistri (Ernst 

1405), Portsmouth (DHN!), Scotts Head village (Hodge 1608). 

Caribs make a medicinal tea from the leaves (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957:597). Adjanohoun et al. (198549, pl. 16) gave 

more medicinal information and said that the species probably 

originated in the Americas (not Madagascar) before becoming 

pan tropical. 

Funtumia Stapf 

Funtumia elastica 

Funtwnia ehtica (Preuss) Stapf, 1901.-Little et al., 1974326, pl. 664. 

Kicbria elasrica Preuss, 1899:353, pl. 1. 

Tree to 30 m; leaves opposite, oblong, shortly acuminate, 

attenuate at base, 16-18 cm x 5-7 cm; axillary cymes shortly 

peduncled. 

West Africa and cultivated there as a source of rubber; 

introduced into Dominica and apparently escaping: Red Gully 

(Hodge 251 1), Sylvania (Hodge 3820, roadside between 

Sylvania and Springfield (Wasshausen & Ayensu 395). 

Plumeria Linnaeus 

Cultivated Plumeria rubra Linnaeus, the frangipani, native 

to Central and South America, with flat leaves >4 cm broad and 

many cultivars, is cultivated but apparently does not escape: 

Lisdara Estate (Hodge 672), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 

3954). between Sylvania and Springfield Estates in orange 

grove (Wasshausen & Ayensu 396). 

Plumeria alba 

Plumeria alba Linnaeus, 1753:210.-Wdson, 1938:216.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:460, pl. 217. 

Tree to 8 m with succulent, f dichotomously branched 

stems; leaves alternate, terminal on branches, with suongly 

revolute margins, linear- lanceolate (25-30 cm x 3-4 cm); 

flowers fragrant, white with yellow eye, lobes -1 cm broad. 

Puerto Rico through Grenada; occasional in Dominica on 

dry west coast to 50 m: Grand Savanne to St. Joseph (Ernst 

1380, Nicolson 1940, Read 2007, Stern & Wasshausen 2434, 

Wilbur 8281). 

Prestonia R. Brown 

Prestonia quinquangularis 

Prestonia quinquangularis (Jacquin) Sprengel. 1825, 1 :637.-Wdsm in 

Echites quinquangularis Jacquin, 1760:13. 

North her. Fl.. 1938,29:181. 

Haedictyon venosiun Lindley, 1826a:70, nom. illeg.--Grisebach, 1862:413. 

Liana with lanceolate leaves 6-14 cm x 2-6 cm, acute to 

shortly acuminate, obtuse to rounded at base; inflorescence 

racemose; flowers yellow, -2 cm long; calyx with scales 

opposite the lobes, the lobes to 2 mm long, usually f reflexed. 

West Indies and northern South America; only once 

collected in Dominica, perhaps from cultivation: sine loc. 

(Inuay 70 at K, confirmed by Dr. Boiteau in letter to editor 

dated 23 Apr 1976). 

1. 

1. 

Rauvolfm Linnaeus 

Leaves 3-whorled, glabrous; lateral venation inconspicuous; wet midlands ............ R. biaurkulata 

Leaves 4-whorled; lateral venation conspicuous; dry 

lowlands. .................... R. viridis 

Rauvolfi biauriculata 

Rauvolfia biauriculata J. Mueller, 1860:396, “Rauwolfia”.-Rao, 1956:338. 

Bois lait de montagne. 

Shrub or small tree to 9 m; leaves 3-whorled, glabrous, 

oblanceolate to obovate, lateral venation inconspicuous on both 

surfaces; corolla salverform, tube 4-6 mm, much longer than 

1.5 mm lobes. 

Native only in Guadeloupe and Dominica; frequent in 

Dominica in interior 400-850 m: En Haut Jean (Webster 

13510), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2669, Eggers 

674, Ernst 1785, Webster 13236), Lisdara (Hodge 2360), 

Morne Couronne (Ernst 11 70), Pleasant Valley (Howard ?), 

Roche d‘Or Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 404), Sylvania 

(Hodge 1112), Syndicate (DHN!). Flowering January-June. 

The original publication gave two erroneous localities: 

Dominican Republic or Santo Domingo (based on Ritter s.n. at 

W) and Trinidad (based on Sieber s.n. at W). The identifications are correct but the first must have come from Dominica 

and the second also surely involves mislabeling. La TrinitC of 

Martinique could be involved (cf. notes under Marcgravia 

trinitensis) but the xerophilous forest there is not a likely 

habitat. 

Rauvolfi viridis 

Rauvoria viridis Rmer & Schultes, 1819, 4:805, “Rawolfia”.-Rao, 

Rauvolfia hmarckii A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 8:337, “Rau1956:291, fig. 4. 

woljii.” 

Bois lait, milky bush. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves quatemate, slightly anisophyllous, 

broadly ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, tapering at base, 

5-15 cm x 3-5 cm; corolla tubular or narrowly urceolate, tube 

2.0-2.5 mm long, equaling lobes. 

Puerto Rico through northern South America; frequent in 

Dominica along dry west coast from St. Joseph to the Cabrits: 
26 AWCYNACEAE-AQUIFOLIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Cabrits (Hodge 673, 674, 3719, Webster 13299, Whitefoord 

3987), Canefield (Whitefoord 6096), Colihaut (Wilbur 8230), 

Grand Savanne (Ernst 1039, Hodge 3776, Stern & Wasshausen 

2463, Wilbur 7652), Salisbury (Ernst 1434). 

Tabernaemontana Linnaeus 

Tabernaemontana citnfolia 

Tobernoemontono citrjColio haeus, 1753:210.-Lttle et al., 1974:832, pl. 

667. 

Bois lait, milkwood. 

Shrub or small tree to 6 m; leaves opposite, ovate-obovate, 

acuminate, cuneate, 9-20 cm x 4-8 cm, glabrous; flowers 

white and fragrant; fruit green, fleshy, bursting open to show 

orange seeds with red, fleshy aril. 

Central America and Antilles (originally Lesser Antilles); 

common in Dominica below 200 m from windswept eastern 

coast to mesophytic areas of west coast, often in disturbed 

areas: Cabrit swamp (Hodge 675, Whitefoord 4OO1), Calibishie 

(Hodge 3160), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1440, Nicolson 1822, Stern 

& Wusshuusen 305, 2410), La Plaine (Wilbur 8162), Lisdara 

(Cooper 186), Melville Hall (Ernst 1032), Ridgefield Estate 

(Hodge 2191), Salybia (Chambers 2629), sine loc. (Fishlock 

34). 

Milky sap of twigs used by Caribs to allay pain in toothache 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957597). 

AQUIFOLIACEAE 

Dr. T.R. Dudley (U.S. National Arboretum), long a student 

of Ilex, reviewed this and several of his comments were 

incorporated. 

Zlex Linnaeus 

This is a difficult genus. Loesener’s works, although 

monographic, are somewhat flawed by an overemphasis on 

extremes and ignoring of intermediates. The following treatment probably goes too far in emphasizing intermediates and 

ignoring extremes. I am particularly concerned that species 

treated here as excluded or dubious or not discussed may have 

been misidentified under I. sideroxyloides. As Dr. Dudley 

commented, “The genus desperately awaits the attention of a 

[new] monographer.” 

Excluded Species or Dubious Records 

Ilex nitida (Vahl) Maximowicz was cited for Dominica by 

Hodge (1954:40), along with I. sideroxyloides, as a characteristic tree of the elfin woodland. It is possible that Dr. Hodge 

meant to cite I. mucfadyenii, which is a characteristic tree of the 

summits. This species is similar to I. sideroxyloides but has 

larger, often subserrate leaves, is 4(-5)-merous rather than 

(4-)5-7-merous, usually has shorter pedicels and a flatter 

stigma. Dr. Dudley agrees that there is no evidence that I. nitida 

occurs on Dominica. 

Ilex guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze was attributed to Dominica 

by Grisebach (1860:147) under the synonym Ilex macoucoua 

Persoon, based on an Imray collection (non vidi). Dr. Dudley 

advises me that Eggers 643 (non vidi) is mixed, one specimen 

(G) being I. sideroxyloides and one (W) being I. guianensis. I 

have so much difficulty understanding this and similar species 

that I prefer to regard these, the only records of this species in 

the Lesser Antilles, as dubious and hope that a monographer or 

reviser will clarify this and other problems. 

1. 

1. 

Leaves serrate (teeth to 2.5 mm), long-acuminate, membranous; inflorescence (or flower) solitary in leaf axils ....................... Z. macfadyenii 

Leaves entire; obtuse to short-acuminate, coriaceous; 

inflorescences (or flowers) several in leaf axils 

...................... Z. sideroxyioides 

Zlex macfadyenii 

Ilexmocfadyenii (Walpers)Rehder, 1922215.-Liule et al., 1974:448, pl. 461. 

Prinar montonus Swam, 178858. 

Prinar lancedotus Macfadyen, 1837:206, non J. Hill. 

Prinar mocfodyenii Walpen, 1842, 1541. 

Ilex ~O&M (Swam) Grisebach, 186Ck147, non Tomy & Gray ex Gray. 

llex monto~ var. lonceoloto Grisebach, 1860:147. 

Ilex montono var. occidentolb Loesener in Urban, 1892:3 13. 

IIex mocfadyenii var. occidentolb (Loesener) Moscoso, 1943:33 1. 

The typical element of the species appears to be restricted to 

the Greater Antilles and Mexico and does not occur in the 

Lesser Antilles. It has thicker leaves on shorter petioles, fewer 

and smaller teeth, the leaf apices are not so strikingly 

acuminate, and the floral pedicels are much branched. 

Bornstein (in Howard, 1989, 5:llO) discussed but didn’t 

recognize infraspecific taxa, including this. 

Zlex macfadyenii subsp. ovata (Grisebach) Nicolson, comb. 

nov. 

llex mo&~ var. ovoto Grisebach, 18W.147. 

Ilex m~nt~~ var. orientolb Loesener in Urban. 1892:3 13. 

IIex macfadyenii var. coriboeo Stehle & Quentin in Stehle et al., 1937, 1:175. 

Ti citron. 

Glabrous shrub or tree to 2.5 m; twigs reddish purple; petiole 

to 2.8 cm long; leaves membranous, elliptic-lanceolate or 

ovate, serrate with teeth to 2.5 mm long, long-acuminate; 

inflorescences or flowers solitary @ axils; fruit black. 

St. Kitts, Nevis, Guadeloupe, Martinique; on summits or in 

exposed montane or elfin woodlands of Dominica, 900-1425 

m: Boiling Lake (Hodge 1942, Whitefoord 5470), Mome 

Anglais (Wilbur 7949), Morne Diablotins (Chambers 2646, 

Wasshamen & Ayensu 417, Webster 13357), Morne Nicholls 

(Nicolson 1951), Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst 1217, 1223), sine 

loc. (Eggers 855, Fishlock 6). 
NUMBER 77 AQVIPOUACEAE-ARALIAC~AE 27 

Ilex sideroxyloides 

Ilex sideroxyloides (Swam) Grisebach, 1857:224.-Little et al., 1974:454, pl. 

Prinar sideroxyloides Swam, 1788:58. 

Ilex occidentalis sensu Macfadyen. 1837204 [not as to type: nan. illeg., 

Ilex sideroxyloides var. occidentalis Loesener in Urban, 1899. 1 :345. 

464. 

renaming of I. obcordato Swam (1788), cited in synonymy]. 

Ti citron, ti citron montaigne, bois foumi, coco poule. 

Glabrous shrub to canopy tree to 3 m dbh; leaves coriaceous, 

entire, of variable shape, obtuse, retuse, acute or shortacuminate at apex; inflorescences or flowers several per axil; 

hits turning red. 

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and most of volcanic Lesser Antilles; 

widely distributed in Dominica from dry coastal woodlands (30 

m) to summits (1400 m): north and east coast (to 200 m) from 

Vieille Case to Delices-(Beard 239, 1417, Ernst 1367,1371, 

1559, 1834, Hodge 3023, 3215, Stehle 6097,6392, Whitefoord 

5390); interior peaks and westerly slopes from Syndicate Estate 

to Soufri&re-(Chumbers 2647,2650, Cooper 191, Eggers 20, 

Ernst 1108, 1166,1218, Hodge 647,1065,1407,1494, 2049, 

2090,2277,2718,2850, Lloyd 482, 768, Nicolson 2093, Smith 

10253, Stern & Wasshausen 25W, 2.571, Webster 13261, 

13371,13371, Whitefoord 3777,4414, Wilbur 7388,8302). 

This is an extremely variable species with many varieties and 

forms recognized, mainly based on leaf shape and size. The 

characters overlap in a large series of collections like this. Only 

one seems almost worthy of comment, I. sideroxyloides f. 

eggersii Loesener (1901:354), which has suborbiculate leaves 

only to 3.5 cm long and is restricted to summits (Chambers 

2647, Ernst 1218, Hodge 1407, 1065, Webster 13371, Wilbur 

8203), but even here gradations and other collections from the 

same localities suggest the taxon does not warrant recognition. 

The larger-leaved and taller forms occur at lower elevations, 

extending to the littoral at Vieille Case (teste Beard 141 7). 

Dr. TR. Dudley advised me that he recognized two varieties 

from Dominica as differentiated by the following key: 

1. Flowers all or mostly solitary and axillary or borne singly 

in leafless mils near base of present year’s branchlets . . ...................... var. occidentalis 

1. Flowers all or mostly fasciculate and axillary . . , . , . . 

Dr. Dudley also recognizes only two specimens as I. 

sideroxyloides var. occidentalis Loesener, the rest being I. 

sideroxyloides var. sideroxyloides. These are Lloyd 757 (NY, 

non vidi) from Imperial Road near Trois Pitons and Stehle 6398 

(US) from the Carib Reserve. 

The Stehl6 specimen and other Dominica specimens appear 

to exhibit two aspects of flowering, at least so far as the 

pistillate materials are concerned. Flowers are borne on new 

shoots arising in leaf (persistent) axils of the previous years’ 

wood (two, even three years old). In some cases an axillary new 

shoot remains short (~0.5 cm long), leafless, and bears several 

..................... var. sideroxyloides 

flowers, giving rise to the condition called “flowers fasciculate 

and axillary.” In other cases, even on the same specimen (as 

Stehlt! 6398), an axillary new shoot elongates (to 10 cm), 

bearing leaves without flowers at the upper end and a few, 

solitary flowers, not subtended by leaves, near the base, giving 

rise to the condition called “flowers borne singly in leafless 

axils near base of present year’s branchlets.” 

In short, I believe the situation involving solitary, leafless 

flowers borne at the base of this year’s shoots is an aspect of 

var. sideroxyloides rather than var. occidentalis. This does not 

mean I reject var. occidentalis, defied as having solitary, 

axillary flowers, only that I do not find that this variety occurs 

on Dominica. 

ARALIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Cultivated Polyscias cumingiana (Fresl) Fernandez-Villar, 

including Polyscias filicifolia (E. Fournier) L.H. Bailey, teste 

Lowry et al. (1989:7), an ornamental shrub with pinnately 

compound leaves often used in hedges, was reported as used to 

ease childbirth as an infusion by Adjanohoun et al. (198551, 

pl. 18). 

Ed. Note: Panax and its compounds (Didymopunax, 

Oreopanar, etc.) have been treated in all genders. Article 

76.2(a) of the ICBN states that “modem compounds ending in 

... -punax, ... and other masculine words are masculine 

irrespective of the fact that ... [they] were originally treated as 

neuter by their authors.” 

1. 

1. Leaves palmately compound; flowers and fruits pedicellate 

Leaves simple; flowers and fruits sessile ... Oreopanax 

......................... Schefflera 

Oreopanax Decaisne & Planchon 

1. Leaves entire, glabrous ............ 0. capitatus 

1. Leaves palmately lobed, stellate-pubescent below 

.......................... 0. dussu 

Oreopanax capitatus 

Oreopomx capitatus (Jacquin) Decaisne & Planchon, 1854:108.-A.C. Smith 

Arolio copitoto Jacquin, 1760:18. 

Sciodophyllum copitotum (Jacquin) Grisebach. 1860:3M. 

in North Am. FI., 1944,28B:36. 

Shrub or tree to 15 m (epiphytic?); leaves ovate; inflorescences stellate-pubescent. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in midland rainforest, 

450-800 m: Bells road (Whitefoord 6156), Lisdara (Hodge 

2374), Morne Cola Anglais (Webster 13422), Morne Micotrin 

(Ernst 1734), Syndicate (DHN!). Young flowers in March, 

fruits in late June. 
28 ARALIACEAE-ASCLEPIADACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Oreopanax dussu 

OreopaMx dussii Krug & Urban ex Duss. 1897:322. 

Tree to 6 m; leaves 5-7-lobed. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique; summits of Dominica above lo00 

m: Morne Diablotins (Nicolson 4173), Morne Micotrin 

(Nicolson 1977). New record for Dominica. Very young 

flowers in November, fruits in late May. 

Schefflera J.R. & J.G. Forster 

Scheflera attenuata 

Scheflera attenuata (Swaltz) Frodin, 1989 [Nov]:315.-Howard, 1989 [Dec], 

P~MX attenuatus Swam, 178854, “a!!entuata.” 

DidymopaMxattenuatus (Swartz)Marchalin Martius, 1878,11(1):234.-A.C. 

614. 

Smith in North her. Fl., 1944,28B:13. 

Aralie montagne. 

Glabrous shrub or tree to 12 m; leaflets 3-6, ovate, 

acuminate. 

Lesser Antilles; co-dominant with kaklin (Clusia mangle) 

near summits of Dominica, 750-1350 m: Boiling Lake (Beard 

247), Morne Anglais (Wilbur 7934), Morne Diablotins (Hodge 

2817, Wasshausen & Ayensu 414), Morne Micotrin vicinity 

(Chambers 2573, Ernst 1093, 1714, Eggers 625, Fosberg 

48282, Smith 10251, Stern & Wasshausen 2573, Webster 

13243, Whitefoord 5150, Wilbur 8199, 8252), Morne Trois 

Pitons (Chambers 2590, Hodge 661, 1422, Nicolson 1816, 

Wilbur 8083), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13532). 

Eggers 625 was distributed under a misidentification, 

Didymopanax glabratus. 

ARISTOLWHIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Aristolochia Linnaeus 

Aristolochia anguicida Jacquin has cordate leaves and 

flowers to 2.5 cm long. It occurs in neotropics and was 

questionably referred to Dominica by Hodge and Taylor 

(1957598). 

Arktolochia trilobata 

Ark!olochia trilobata Linnaeus, 1753:960. 

Liana; leaves trilobate, glabrous above, puberulent below, to 

15 cm wide; the petaloid calyx brown with purple stripes, 

bilobate, the lower lobe ending in a filiform extension 8-20 cm 

long; fruit a capsule. 

New World tropics; in Dominica near east coast at 300 m: La 

Plaine (Morne Jaune) (Narodny s.n.), Salybia (Hodge 3198). 

It is possible that this spectacular species is introduced. 

Medicinal usages were reported by Adjanohoun et al. (198553, 

pl. 19). 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

1. Plantserect. 

2. Leaves petiolate; corolla lobes deflexed, red/yellow or 

cream. .................... Asclepias 

2. Leaves sessile and clasping; corolla lobes spreading, 

violet. .................... Calotropis 

3. Venation pinnate; leaves acute to rounded at base. 

4. Leaf-blade >4 cm long; inflorescence stalk&, 

cymose ................. Marsdenia 

4. Leaf-blade c3 cm long; inflorescence f sessile, f 

umbellate. .............. Melastelma 

3. Venation palmate at base: leaves truncate to cordate at 

base. 

5. Plants glabrous: leaves truncate; inflorescence 

staked ................. Gonolobus 

5. Plants pubescent; leaves cordate; inflorescence f 

sessile ................... Matelea 

1. Plants twining. 

Asclepias Linnaeus 

Asclepias physocarpa (E. Meyer) Schlechter, with white 

flowers and inflated, softly bristly fruits, is cultivated at Baiac 

(Whitefoord 4224). 

Asclepias c urassa vica 

Asclepias cwassavica Linnaeus. 1753 :2 1 S.-Woodson, 195460. 

Asclepias nivea var. cwassavica (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891,2:418.-Schlechter 

in Urban, 1899,1:243. 

Erect herb with elliptic-lanceolate leaves; flowers showy, 

umbellate, with crimson, deflexed corolla and yellow, erect 

hoods, each hood with an inner, basal horn that arches over the 

gynostegium; fruit smooth, fusiform. 

Ubiquitous in neotropics; a weed in Dominica from 

100-600 m: Calibishie (Wilbur 8303, Delices (Whitefoord 

3779, Fond Baron (Ernst 1603), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3053), 

Mt. Joy (Hodge 1265), South Chiltern (Hodge 1476), Sylvania 

(Cooper 64, Hodge 1145). 

The root used for a febrifuge by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957597). 

Calotropis R. Brown 

Calotropb procera 

Calotropkprocera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, 181 1,2:78. 

Asclepias procera Aiton, 1789. 1:305.-Willdenow, 1797, 1:1263. 

Tall herb with sessile, obovate, glaucous leaves c2x longer 

than broad; bud globular; flowers umbellate, violet; coronal 

spurs not recurved. 

Dry areas of West Africa and South Asia, introduced and 

naturalizing; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:75) on the 

authority of Britton. 
NUMBER 77 ASCIEPJADACEAE-ASTERACEAE 29 

This questionable record is included because I remember 

seeing it growing as a weed along the highway north of Roseau. 

It is possible that the other species, C. gigantea, occurs, 

although I have seen only one specimen from the West Indies 

(Barbados). It has ovoid buds, reflexed coronal basal spurs, and 

the leaves are usually >2x longer than broad. 

Gonolobus R. Brown 

Gonolobus martinicensis 

Gonolobus martinicensis Decaisne in A.P. Candolle, 1844,8:595.--Schlechter 

Gonolobur scandens Urban, 1919c:151, nom. illeg. 

in Urban, 1899,1:285. 

Vine with palmately veined leaves, blade to 10 cm x 4 cm, f 

cordate; flowers f racemose, peduncle longer than petioles; 

corolla lobes glabrous, green. 

St. Vincent, Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in 

Dominica in disturbed areas at middle elevations: En Haut Jean 

(Webster 13505), Grande Baie (Eggers s.n.), Laudat (Eggers 

IIOO), sine loc. (Ramage s.n., Mar. 1882). 

Urban (1919c:151) considered he was making a new 

combination based on “Periploca scandens” Aublet (1775, 

2(Tabl. Nom. Lat.):23). Study of this and its reference to page 

273 satisfies me that this is not a validly published binomial 

with an epithet (what Linnaeus and Aublet called a ‘‘nomen 

triviale”) but a one-word abbreviation of the “nomen specificum legitimum” (what we loosely call a polynomial) of cited 

Periploca [Americana] scandens, foliis convolvu1i;fructu alato 

Plumier ex Tournefort (1700:93; Plumier, 1703, Cat. 2). 

Gonolobus scandens Urban is a superfluous renaming of G. 

martinicensis Decaisne, cited in Urban’s synonymy. 

Marsdenia R. Brown 

Marsdenia dussii 

Marsdenia dussii Schlechter in Urban, 1899, 1:275.-Rothe, 1915:425. 

Vine with pinnately veined leaves; blades to 13 cm x 6 cm; 

inflorescence cymose with small, white flowers; corolla 0.4 cm 

long; stamina1 scales only equaling the anthers, not divided. 

Rare; previously known only from a single Martinique 

collection; in rainforest of Dominica -570 m: near Pont Casse 

(Ernst 1810). 

Matelea Aublet 

Matelea maritima 

Matelea maritima (Jacquin) Woodson, 1941922. 

Asclepias maritima Jacquin, 1760:17. 

Cynanchum marithum (Jacquin) Jacquin, 176333, pl. 56. 

lbatia maritima (Jacquin) Decaisne in A.P. Candolle, 1844,8:599. 

Ibatia mwicata Grisebach, 1862421. 

Pubescent climber with deeply cordate, palmately veined 

leaves; inflorescence f sessile, flowers greenish, small; fruit 

muricate. 

Hispaniola through northern South America; in dry areas of 

Dominica: Grand Savanne (Ernst 1889,2126). 

Metastelma R. Brown 

Metastelma parv(florum 

Metastelma parviponun (Swartz) R. Brown ex Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 

Cynanchum pawiflorum Swartz, 1788:53.-Liogier, 1%3:191 .-Whitefoord, 

Melastelma suberosum Grisebsch, 1862:417. 

1820,6:120.--Schlechter in Urban, 1899,1:246. 

1989: 147. 

Small climber with apiculate, opposite or whorled, pinnately 

veined leaves; flowers umbellate, very small, whitish; gynostegium long-stipitate. 

Puerto Rico through northern South America; in drier places 

of Dominica: Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5298), sine loc. (Zmay 

17 at K). 

ASTERACEAE/COMPOSITAE 

It is vital to understand the composite nature of what appears 

to be a “flower” in Asteraceae. In a typical radiate head 

(“flower”) what looks like a calyx (sepals) is an involucre 

(bracts), what looks like petals (corolla) are ligulate ray-florets, 

and what looks like the center of the “flower” is composed of 

tubular disk-florets. Each of the supposed petals or central 

organs is a floret. 

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, sometimes 

radical, simple to compound; venation pinnate or 3-veined 

(with at least 3 major veins arising at or near leaf blade base); 

stipules absent; typical inflorescence a head (capitulum) 

enclosed in 1-more series of involucral bracts (phyllaries) with 

flowers (florets) on a common receptacle, floral bracts on 

receptacle reduced to bristles or scales (pales) or absent; florets 

gamopetalous with three corolla types: (1) tubular (disk-floret), 

with elongate tube and spreading teeth, (2) ligulate (ray-floret), 

with short tube and elongate, strap-shaped limb with 0-5 teeth 

or, rarely, (3) bilabiate, with elongate tube, a 3-lobed upper and 

2-lobed lower lip; heads of three basic types: (1) discoid, with 

all florets tubular, (2) radiate, with outer florets ligulate and 

inner florets tubular, or (3) ligulate, with all florets ligulate; 

heads also characterized by floret sex, e.g., homogamous, with 

all florets same sex (bisexual, pistillate, or staminate) or 

heterogamous, with some florets sexually different from others; 

calyx (pappus) none or superior, of capillary bristles (hairs) or 

scales (pales); corolla superior, of types described above as 

florets; stamens 5, epipetalous, alternate with petals, with 

anthers basifixed and connate (syngenesious), simple or tailed 

at base; pistil 1, inferior, unilocular with 1 basal ovule; style 

2-branched (unbranched in neuter florets); fruit an achene, 

crowned by pappus (capillary bristles or pales), if any. 
30 ASTERACEAE SMITHSOMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

I am grateful to Dr. H.E. Robinson who helped with the key 

and in other ways. 

Cultivated Genera of Asteraceae 

Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus and Artemisia vulgaris 

Linnaeus were cited as cultivated in the Antilles by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:71, pl. 37-38), suggesting both are on 

Dominica (new records, if true). 

Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) King & Robinson was attributed 

to Dominica as Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl by Vdez 

(1957:8 l), extrapolated from Britton and Wilson’s citation 

(1925, 6:289), “Martinique; Guadeloupe.” It has been cultivated on the French Islands and escaped but no material from 

Dominica has been seen. It has opposite, entire, lanceolate 

leaves tapering to a subsessile base. However, Adjanohoun et 

al. (198581, pl. 48) reported it as widely cultivated for its 

medicinal usages, another new record for Dominica if there. 

Cosmos caudatus Kunth, with pink ligules, was reported by 

Domin (1930d79) as collected by Imray. 

Cosmos sulphureus Cavanilles, with yellow or orange 

ligules, was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (198575, pl. 42). 

These have opposite, pinnatisect leaves and beaked achenes 

with barbed awns. 

Helianthus annuus Linnaeus, the sunflower, may be cultivated on Dominica but no specimens have been seen. It has 

alternate, dentate and rough leaves and a large head 30 or more 

cm across. 

Launaea intybacea (Jacquin) Beauverd is reported as 

“occasionally met in the Lesser Antilles” by Adjanohoun et al. 

(198585, pl. 51). This, if true for Dominica, would be a new 

record for the island. 

Tugeres erecta Linnaeus (African marigold) was reported as 

collected by Domin (193N79). Tagetes patula Linnaeus 

(French marigold) was illustrated by Adjanohoun et al. 

(198591, pl. 58). These species have opposite or alternate, 

pinnatisect leaves and connate involucral bracts. Howard 

(1989,6601) treated these as synonyms. 

Zinnia elegans Jacquin was collected in cultivation by 

Domin (193N73). This and other cultivated zinnias have 

opposite, sessile, and entire leaves. 

Excluded Genera of Asteraceae 

Borrichia arborescens (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle was ataibuted to Dominica by Velez (1957:80). No collections have been 

seen and it is unlikely that this shrubby coastal calciphile (with 

opposite, entire, oblanceolate leaves) survives on Dominica. 

Helenium quadridentatum Labillardiere was credited to 

Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:83, pl. 49) but no 

material has been seen. 

Lagascea mollis Cavanilles was attributed to Dominica as 

Nocca mollis (Cavanilles) Jacquin by Velez (1957:80), 

extrapolated from Britton and Wilson’s citation (1925,6:300), 

“Anguilla to Barbados.” Although it is weedy, the few 

collections made on the French islands indicate that it is 

introduced and rare there. No collections from Dominica have 

been seen. Its leaves are generally opposite. Like Rolandra it 

has 1-flowered heads gathered in head-like glomerules but, 

unlike Rolandra, with a pseudo-involucre. The true involucral 

bracts are partly united. 

1. Leaves opposite. 

2. Pappus bristles with prominent retrorse barbs .............. Bidens 

2. Pappus without retrorse barbs. 

3. Leaves compound or deeply pinnatifid ............... Ambrosia 

3. Leaves simple. 

4. Fruits spiny, at least one large terminal spine hooked ............ .............................. Acanthospermum 

4. Fruits not spiny. 

5. Leaf margins, near base, pectinate (with elongate bristles); lower leaf 

surface with large, dark glandular “dots” ............. Pectis 

5. Leaf margins not pectinate; lower surface without glandular “dots” or, if 

any, then inconspicuous. 

6. Heads with receptacular bracts (pales, sometimes bristles); heads 

heterogamous (outer florets female or neuter), corollas often yellow. 

7. Heads conspicuously radiate (ray-florets longer than involucre). 

8. Pappus of many plumose, capillary bristles ........ Tridux 

8. Pappus lacking or a cup of united scales. 

9. Involucral bracts erect, longer than achenes and receptacular 

9. Involucral bracts deflexing, shorter than achenes and receptacu7. Heads inconspicuously radiate (ray-florets shorter than involucre). 

pales.. ....................... Wedelia 

lar pales. ....................... Wulffia 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACEAE 31 

1. 

10. Heads sessile in leaf axils; ray-achenes with prominent, dentate 

10. Heads stalka ray-achenes without dentate lateral wings. 

lateral wings ..................... Synedrella 

11. Heads many, in corymbose panicles ........ Clibadium 

11. Heads few (1-3), often on long peduncles. 

12. Petioles >1 cm long; involucre multiseriate; achenes with 

many capillary setae .............. Melanthera 

12. Petioles 4 cm long; involucre 1-2-senate; achenes with few 

or no awns. 

13. Receptacle with bristle-like pales ......... EcZipta 

13. Receptacle with broad pales. 

14. Leaves glabrous; receptacle columnar in fruit ..... ........................ Acmella 

14. Leaves pubescent; receptacle nearly flat . . Galinsoga 

6. Heads without receptacular bracts (receptacle sometimes with short 

hairs); heads homogamous (only bisexual, disciform florets); corollas 

never yellow. 

15. Leaves pinnately veined; lamina with internal resinous “dots,” seen 

15. Leaves 3-veined from near base, without resinous “dots.” 

as pale against light. ................... Critonia 

Pappus of 5 scales (awned in ours) .......... Ageratum 

17. Climbers; heads with 4 major bracts enclosing 4 florets 

............................ Mikania 

17. Erect or lax herbs; heads with >4 bracts and 4 florets. 

18. Involucral bracts dark-tipped, none spreading with age or 

drying, all finally deciduous ........ Chromolaena 

18. Involucral bracts concolored, at least outer bracts spreading 

with age or drying, persistent. 

19. Plants pubescent, particularly on stems; achene bases 

20. Leaves much longer than wide; involucre with 15 bracts 

in 3 ranks; receptacles flat, naked; corolla limbs 

abruptly expanded ........... Condylidium 

20. Leaves about as wide as long; involucre with >15 

bracts, not ranked; receptacles strongly convex, 

hirsute .................. Hebeclinum 

2 1. Lax herbs; corolla lobes papillose inside; apical anther 

appendages longer than wide , . , . Flekchmannia 

21. Erect herbs; corolla lobes not papillose inside; apical 

16. 

16. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 

asymmetric. 

19. Plants glabrous; achene bases symmetric. 

anther appendages broader than long ......... ..................... Koanophyllon 

Leaves alternate or basal. 

23. Heads small (-5 mm long); inflorescence much longer than leafy part of plant; 

23. Heads longer; inflorescence much shorter than leafy part of plant; achenes 

22. Florets all ligulate with 5 lobes; sap usually milky. 

achenes k terete ........................... Youngia 

flattened. 

24. Achenes narrowed or beaked at apex; leaves unlobed ....... Lactuca 

24. Achenes truncate at apex; leaves lyrate .............. Sonchus 

22. Florets not ligulate with 5 lobes; sap usually clear. 

25. Female heads med with hooked spines in fruit. ......... Xanthium 

25. Heads not armed with hooked spines in fruit. 
32 ASTERACEAB SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

26. Inflorescence compounded of multiple involucrate heads (with secondary 

27. Compounded heads spheroidal; leaves petiolate, whitish beneath, pappus 

short, without awns ...................... Rolandra 

27. Compounded heads not spheroidal; leaves tapered to k sessile base, not 

white beneath; pappus of 5 long bristles. 

28. Pappus awns straight; secondary heads subtended by broad bracts 

Elephantopus 

28. Pappus awns contorted, secondary heads not subtended by extremely 

broad bracts ................... Pseudelephantopus 

heads). 

............................. 

26. Heads not compounded. 

29. Heads with receptacular bracts (pales) among the florets. 

30. Pappus of many capillary bristles ............. Neurolaena 

30. Pappus of scales, awns, or lacking. 

31. Heads solitary; peduncles swollen below heads ...... Tithonia 

31. Heads in branching panicles; peduncles not swollen below heads. 

32. Marginal florets only fertile (setting achenes); achenes attached to 

a pair of male florets and their pales, without lateral wings or 

apical awns ..................... Parthenium 

32. Florets all fertile (setting achenes); achenes not forming complexes with adjacent florets, with marginal wings and apical 

awns ......................... Verbesina 

29. Heads without receptacular bracts (pales) among the florets. 

34. Heads axillary; leaves finely serrate; pappus a smooth collar 

.............................. Struchium 

34. Heads terminal, subtended by several leaves; leaves coarsely dentate 

or lobed; pappus deciduous, lacking, or a serrulate fringe. 

35. Heads closely subtended by leafy bracts; achenes prismatic; 

35. Heads not closely subtended by leafy bracts; achenes biconvex; 

pappus a short, serrulate collar ............. Egletes 

33. Pappus of many capillary bristles. 

37. Heads solitary, >1 cm long; leaves entire ..... Porophyllum 

37. Heads in branching cymes or corymbs, much shorter; leaves lyrate 

33. Pappus without capillary bristles. 

pappus deciduous or lacking ........... Centratherum 

36. Involucre 1-seriate. 

to dentate. 

38. 

38. Heads without ray-florets (all florets disciform). 

Heads conspicuously radiate .............. Senecw 

39. Involucre without bracteoles; all florets bisexual . . Emilia 

39. Involucre subtended by linear bracteoles; outer florets 

pistillate ..................... Erechtites 

40. Heads few or solitary; leaves in a basal rosette; female florets with 

41. Leaves lobed or dentate; achenes prismatic and beaked; disk 

41. Leaves entire; achenes biconvex, not beaked; disk florets not 

40. Heads numerous in complex inflorescences; none of florets with 

36. Involucre 2-5-seriate. 

ligulate limbs. 

florets slightly bilabiate .............. Chaptalia 

bilabiate ....................... Erigeron 

ligulate limbs. 

42. Heads heterogamous (2 types of florets in each head). 

43. Heads small (to 0.5 mm long); achenes biconvex ...... ........................... Conyza 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACEAE 33 

43. Heads larger (to 1 cm long); achenes prismatic . . Pluchea 

44. Leaves 3-veined; plants dioecious . . . . , . . . Baccharis 

44. Leaves pinnately veined, plants monoecious . . . Vernonia 

42. Heads homogamous (only 1 type of floret in each head). 

Acanthospermum Schrank 

Acanthospermum hispidum 

Acanthospermwn hispidwn A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:522.-Blake, 1921:386. 

Annual pubescent herbs; leaves to 3 cm long, opposite, 

obscurely serrate, gradually tapered to base; heads axillary, 

sessile; involucre double, outer 5 bracts herbaceous and inner 

bracts becoming burr-like, each enclosing an achene; receptacle 

with pales; ray-florets yellowish, few and inconspicuous; 

disk-florets appearing bisexual but sterile; pappus 0; fruits 

(achene enclosed in involucral bract) armed with 2 elongated 

terminal spines and marginal hooks. 

Widely spread neotropical weed from U.S.A. to Argentina, 

now Africa and Hawaii; collected as “uncommon” in Dominica: Roseau city limits (King 6290). 

Acmella L. Richard 

Acmella uliginosa 

Acmella uliginosa (Swam) Cassini in Cuvier, 1822,24:331.-Jansen, 198555. 

Spilanthes uliginosa Swartz, 1788:llO.-A. Moore. 1907:537.--DOmin, 

1930d371. 

Small annual herbs; leaves opposite, lanceolate to narrowly 

ovate, sermlate; heads long-peduncled, terminal or in upper 

mils; involucral bracts 5-6, 1-seriate; receptacle elongated, 

pales stramineous, enclosing and longer than achenes but 

finally deciduous; ray-florets female, yellow, f equaling 

involucre; disk-florets yellow, 4-merous, bisexual; achenes 

black, compressed, ciliate on both margins, pappus 2-awned. 

Widespread in tropics; in disturbed areas of Dominica in wet 

places: Goodwill (Eggers 74), Grand Fond (King 6375), Pont 

Cass6 (Chambers2716), Portsmouth (Hodge 722), Rosalie Bay 

(Wilbur 8331), Soufriere (Lloyd 473), Sylvania (Hodge 721). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:91, pl. 57) reported medicinal usage 

(as Spilanthes uliginosa). 

Ageratum Linnaeus 

Ageratum conyzoides 

Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, 1753:839.--Domin, 1930d:63.-M.F. Johns~, 1971:26. 

Bouton. 

Herb; leaves opposite; florets mauve or white, all tubular 

(disk); involucre multiseriate; receptacle naked, achenes 5- 

ribbed, black with 5 (awned in ours) scales. 

Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in low to middle 

elevations: Bellevue (King 1603), Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 751), 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3394), Fond Baron Estate (King 6299), 

Freshwater Lake road (Chambers 2674,2675), Laudat (Hodge 

1805, 1806, King 6386), Lisdara (Hodge 755, 2337), Marigot 

(Hodge 752), Mount Joy (Hodge 1270, 1274), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2681), Pont Casd (Erst 1236, Hodge 1200, King 

6350), Portsmouth (Hodge 754, Ridgefield (Hodge 2185), 

Roseau (Hodge 753, King 6289, Lloyd 556), South Chiltem 

(Ernst 1321, Hodge 750, 1452), Springfield (King 6340), 

Sylvania (Cooper 2, 77, Hodge 750), Syndicate (Chambers 

2655, Whitefoord 3606), Tete Morne (King 6323). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:67, pl. 33) reported medicinal use of 

infusions and decoctions. 

Several collectors comment that white- and blue-flowered 

phases occur in the Same populations without intermediates. 

The species is sometimes confused with Fleischmannia 

microstemon but in that the achenes are toppi by a capillary 

pappus, not scales. 

Ambrosia Linnaeus 

1. Plants creeping; lower leaves tripinnatifid . . . A. hispida 

1. Plants erect; lower leaves bipinnatifid . . . A. peruviana 

Ambrosia hispida 

Ambrosia hispida Punh, 1814743.-Domin, 1930d59. 

Hispid, monoecious herbs; leaves alternate, finely lobed; 

pistillate heads clustered, 1-flowered, usually armed with 4-8 

tubercles or spines, corolla 0, stamens 0, pappus 0; staminate 

heads many-flowered, dense on undivided racemes, corolla 

tubular; achenes black. 

Weed of Caribbean strands, sometimes cultivated; on 

Dominica: sine loc. (Nicholls I1 cited by Domin, l.c., not seen). 

An infusion is used by Caribs as a vermifuge and febrifuge 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:69, pl. 

35) confirmed this. 

Ambrosia peruviana 

Ambrosia perwiana Willdenow, 1805,4:377. 

Ambrosia paniculata sensu auctt.. non Michaux, nom. superfl. pro Iw 

Ambrosia pniculata var. perrcviana (Willdenow) 0. Schulz in Urban, 19 11, 

Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth, 1820,4:216.-hin, 193W59. 

Ambrosia pniculaia var. cmnensis (Kmth) 0. Schulz in Urban, 191 1,7536. 

monophylla Walter [= A. artctnisiifdia Linnaeus].Stehle,1954b:77. 

7:m. 

Pubescent, erect plant; leaves less finely divided; male heads 
34 ASTERACEAB SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

lax on usually branched inflorescences. 

Caribbean into northern South America; apparently rarely 

collected on Dominica: Bataka (Hodge 3190, Stehlk 6388), 

Rosehill (Eggers 503). 

Caribs cultivate this for a febrifuge tea (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (198569, pl. 36) mentioned use 

in bath against evil magic. 

Plants with long hairs and more divided upper leaves are 

sometimes referred to A. cumunensis. 

Baccharis Linnaeus 

Baccharis pedunculata 

Baccharis pedunculata (Miller) Cabrera, 1959:240.-Cuatrecasas, 1%8:48. 

Conyza pedwculata Miller, 1768. 

Eupltoriwn cotinifoliwn WiUdenow, 1794:ll; 1803,3:1769. 

Baccharis specima A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:399.--Grisebach, 1861:366. 

Baccharis cotinifdia (Willdenow) Urban, 1903, 3:406.--Domin, 193Od:69; 

Stehl6, 1954b374. 

Branching dioecious shrub to 2 m; leaves alternate, 

coriaceous, 3-veined, 8-14 cm x 3-6 cm, apex shortly 

acuminate to mucronate, base cuneate: inflorescence corymbose, terminal; involucral bracts in 4-5 series; heads with 

whitish pistillate or functionally staminate flowers: pappus 

copious, longer on fertile than sterile flowers. 

Widespread in South America, north into Central America 

and Lesser Antilles: occasional at higher elevations (650 m to 

summits) in Dominica: road from Baiac (Whitefoord 4600), 

Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2736, Eggers 611, Ernst 1851), 

Morne Anglais (Hodge 746, Wilbur 7961), Mme Trois Pitons 

(Erst 2033, Pont Casse (King 6351, 6358, Webster 13458, 

Wilbur 7750), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3524). 

Bidens Linnaeus 

Bidens reptans (Linnaeus) G. Don was attributed to 

Dominica by Vt5lez (1957530) but no collections have been 

seen. It differs from the following species as a scrambling 

subshrub with terete stems, yellow ligulate flowers and 

long-ciliate achenes. 

1. 

1. Leaves 1-pinnate; achenes 2(-3)-awned. 

Leaves bipinnate; achenes (3-9-awned. ......... ....................... B. CynapirfoZia 

involucral bracts green (ours) .......... B. aZh 

......................... B. pilosa 

2. Ray-florets sterile, conspicuous; achenes 2-awned; inner 

2. Ray florets absent or fertile and inconspicuous; achenes 

2(-3)-awned, inner involucral bracts brown ...... 

Bidens alba 

Bkiens alba (Iinnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:605.-Ballad, 1986:1463. 

Coreopsis al& Linnaeus, 1753:908. 

Bidens alba var. radiata 

Bidcnr d& var. radiata (C. Schulu) Ballad in Melchert, 1975:295.-Ballad, 

Bidcnr pilosa var. radiata C. Schulu: in Webb & Bertholet, 1844,3(2,2):242. 

19861463. 

White daisy, baksa (Carib). 

Erect herb; leaves opposite (or upper alternate) usually with 

3 leaflets; involucre 2-senate; receptacle chaffy; ray-florets 

white, showy, sterile: disk-florets bisexual; achenes tipped by 

2-6 teeth or awns, variously barbed or hispid. 

Originally neotropical but now widely distributed; in 

disturbed places of Dominica: Pont Casse (Chambers 2714, 

Webster 13460), Salybia (Hodge 3285), St. Paul Parish (Cooley 

8750), Springfield (King 6334, 6333, Sylvania (Hodge 763, 

1141, King 6348, Nicolson 1869, Wilbur 7719). 

Leaf juice is used to treat eye problems (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:614). 

I tried to follow Ballard (1986) in dealing with B. alba and E. 

pilosa, although our materials do not match his descriptions of 

Central American taxa exactly. 

Bidens cynapiifolia 

Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth, 1820,4:185.--DOmin, 193Od:78. 

Erect herb; leaves bipinnate to tripinnatifid; ray florets 

inconspicuous, orange-yellow. 

Caribbean to northern South America: occasional in dry 

scrub thickets of Dominica: rocky hillsides near mouth of 

Batali River (Chambers 2794 at US), Fonde Hunte Estate 

(Whitefoord 4454). 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, 1753:832.--DOmin, 1930d:79.-Ballad, 1986 1464. 

Erect herb; leaflets 3(-5); ray-florets absent or white and 

inconspicuous. 

Widely distributed weed; sometimes associated with B. alba 

on Dominica: Grand Bay road (Ernst 1620, King 6319), Laudat 

(Lloyd 177), Morne Micotrin (Hodge 2086?), Pont Casd 

(Chambers 2715), Portsmouth (Hodge 764), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2187?), South Chiltern (Hodge 1518?). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198573, pl. 39) reported medicinal 

usages. 

Specimens (at Harvard) cited with ? may belong to B. alba 

var. rudiata. 

Centratherum Cassini 

Centratherum punctatum 

Centrathenun punctatm Cassini in Cuvier, 1817,7:384.-Kirlunan, 1981:15. 

Amperephis mutica Kunth, 1820,4:3 1. 

Amphebecis violacca Schrank in Homschuch, 1824,1:86. 

Centratherum muticwn (Kunth) Lessing, 1829:320. 

Centratherwn viohcewn (Schrank) Gleason in North Amer. Fl., 1922,33:49. 
NumER 77 ASTERACEAE 35 

Erect, pubescent herb with alternate, obovate, serrate leaves; 

inflorescence terminal, subtended by many bracts, including a 

few basal, foliose bracts; flowers all discoid, purple. 

South America into Panama, sometimes cultivated and 

escaping; new record for Dominica: Delices at base of stony 

bank, 300 m (Whitefoord 3679), Roseau in Mrs. Irma Didier’s 

garden (Nicolson 4209), sine loc. (Eggers s.n. Apr 1882). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198573, pl. 40) reported usage of an 

infusion against fever. 

Chaptalia Ventenat, nom. cons. 

Chaptaalia nutans 

Choptalia nufans (Linnaeus) Polakowsky, 1878:582.--Domin, 193M83.- 

Tursilago nutans Linnaeus, 1759a:1214. 

Simpson in North her. Fl. ser. 2, 1978, 10:6. 

Acaulescent herbs; leaves white-floccose beneath, k crenate; 

heads radiate, solitary on long peduncle, nodding in bud and 

hit but erect at anthesis; involucre multiseriate, bracts 

lanceolate, rather long; ray-florets white but turning purplish, 

pistillate; disk-florets bilabiate, bisexual; achenes shorter than 

whitish pappus. 

Florida to Argentina; occasional in Dominica: Baiac road 

(Whitefoord 4607), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1613), Morne aux 

Diables (Wilbur 8049), Lisdara (Hodge 732), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2127), Roseau along Jacks Walk (Hodge 731), 

Soufri5re (Lloyd 419), sine loc. (Eggers s.n. Mar. 1882). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198575, pl. 42) reported several 

medicinal usages. 

Chromolaena A.P. Candolle 

1. Leaves entire ................ C. integMolia 

1. Leaves serrate or dentate. 

2. Leaves conspicuously pubescent, coarsely dentate with 

few (<lo) broad teeth; plants of lowlands 

........................ C. odorata 

2. Leaves glabrous or k glabrous, finely serrate to dentate 

with many (>20) teeth; plants of midlands to mountain 

tops. 

3. Leaves sessile, rounded to obtuse at base .................... C. impetiolaris 

3. Leaves petioled, rarely k sessile, tapered at base. 

4. Leaves not gland-dotted beneath .......... .................... C. macrodon 

4. Leaves dark (to red) gland-dotted beneath 

.................. C. tngonocarpa 

Chromolaena impetiolaris 

Chromolaena impetiolarir (Grisebach) Nicolson, 1987. 

Eypltorium impetwlare Grisebach, 1861:357.--Domin, 193M65. 

Glabrous subshrubs; leaves opposite, sessile, ellipticaloblong to lanceolate, 3-veined, coriaceous, densely glanddotted beneath, margins cartilaginous, serrated with narrow, 

“horn-like” but blunt teeth; inflorescence corymbose, heads 

pedicellate; receptacle naked, produced into a short cylinder; 

involucre cylindric, with conspicuous “spots”; involucral 

bracts many, appressed, unequal in 4-6 series, each 3-5- 

veined and with a “spot” near tip, ultimately all deciduous; 

corollas tubular, white; anther appendage large; style without 

basal node; achene ribbe& carpopodium short; pappus of about 

40 capillary bristles. 

Endemic to Dominica in opened places at higher elevations: 

Freshwater Lake vicinity (Chambers 2572, King 6384, Nicolson 2109), Morne Diablotins (Whitefoord 5321), Rosehill 

(Eggers 628), near summit of Trois Pitons (Chambers 2754, 

Hodge 1381, Kimber 983). Flowering November-January, 

fruiting in February. 

Domin (193Od:65) cited the type as Imray 241 from 

Couliaboun Mountains (i.e., Morne Anglais). 

Chromolaena integrifolia 

Chromolaena integrifolia (Sprengel) King & Robinson, 1970b:202. 

Eupatorium integrifoliwn Bertero ex Sprengel, 1826. 3:41O.-Stehl6, 

1962d3348. 

Densely puberulent subshrubs; leaves succulent, entire, 

gland-dotted; corollas bluish. 

Northern Lesser Antilles along coasts; new for Dominica on 

north coast Calibishie (Hodge 3149), Capucin (Whirefoord 

5816). 

A number of specimens of this species from Guadeloupe and 

Martinique were found (US) misidentified as Eupatorium 

atriplicifolium Lamarck, a synonym of Chromolaena corymbosu (Aublet) King & Robinson. 

Chromolaena macrodon 

Chromolaena macrodon (A.P. Candolle) Nicolson, 1987. 

Euprtorium macrodon A.P. Candolle, 1836,5: 145.--Domin, 1930&65. 

Glabrous subshrubs; leaves petioled, ovate-elliptic, tapered 

to base, 3-veined, not gland-dotted beneath, coriaceous, 

margins cartilaginous, serrated with narrow, “horn-like” but 

blunt teeth; heads pedicelled but ultimate, heads sometimes k 

sessile (ternate). 

Endemic (? St. Kitts) to Dominica near summits or on ridges: 

Morne Anglais (Hodge 2312), Mome Diablotins (Fishlock 3, 

Hodge 2828, Webster 13341, Whitefoord 5729), Mome Plat 

Pays (Hodge 1713, Morne Trois Pitons (Chambers 2753). 

Flowering in March on ridges, June on summits. 

The type (G) reads “Habitat vertices montium in locis 

humidis Dominicae” (summits of mountains in humid places of 

Dominica). It is suspected that the collection (from L’Hbritier) 

was made by de Ponthieu. 
36 ASTERACEAE SMITHSOMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Chromolaena odorata (mononeura, asterisked) vs. open sun (trigonocarpa), rather 

than genetics. 

In a well-developed mononeura aspect one finds (1) whitish 

involucral bracts resulting in only 1 of the 3 bract-veins being 

Chromolaena odorata (Linnaeus) King & Robinson, 1970b:204. 

EyFwrtoriwn odoratwn haeus, 1759a:1205.--Domin, 193Od:64. 

Osmia odorata (Linnaeus) C. Schultz, 1866:251. 

Pubescent subshrub; leaves deltoid to rhombic, membranous, upper margin with a few (c10) large teeth, red 

gland-dotted beneath, often obscured to the naked eye by dense 

pubescence. 

Southeastern U.S. to Argentina, adventive in Old World; 

occasional in disturbed places on dry scrublands along west 

coast of Dominica, sometimes in interior: Carib Point (King 

6327), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5345), Grand Bay, Berekua (King 

6320), La Plaine (King 6372), La Ronde (King 6364), 

Macoucheri (Chambers 2733), Mero (Chambers 2784), Mt. 

Joy (Cooper 59, Hodge 1085), Pointe Michel (King 6308). 

Flowering December-February. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:81, pl. 47) reported the same 

medicinal usage as for Hebeclinum mucrophyllum. 

Chromolaena trigonocarpa 

Chromolaena trigonocarpa (Gnsebach) King & Robinson, 1978:207. 

Eypltoriwn trigonocarpwn Gnsebach, 1861 :359.--Domin, 193Od:65. 

Eypltoriwn mononewwn Urban, 1903,3:392.--Domin, 193Od:G. 

Chromolaena mononeura (Urban) King &Robinson, 1976:203. 

Pubescent to glabrescent subshrubs; leaves serrate, glanddotted beneath, smooth to bullate, acute at base, usually 

acuminate at apex; heads pedicelled; involucral bracts 3- 

veined, only one vein colored in pale-bracted aspects; achenes 

Guadeloupe, Martinique (possibly elsewhere in Lesser 

Antilles, such as St. Kitts); common in Dominica at mid- to 

highest elevations in disturbed places: Belle Fille (King 

6355*), Bellevue (King 6313*), Deux Branches (Chambers 

3-5-ribbed. 

colored, (2) plants more glabrous, (3) internodes rather longer, 

and (4) leaves rather larger and smoother. These tend to be from 

lower elevations, possibly better correlated with growing in 

shade. 

In a well-developed trigonocarpa aspect one finds (1) 

brownish involucral bracts, resulting in all 3 bract-veins being 

colored, (2) plants more pubescent, (3) internodes rather 

shorter, and (4) leaves rather smaller and strikingly bullate. 

These tend to be from higher elevations, possibly correlated 

with growing in exposed and sunny situations. 

The type of Eupatorium trigonocarpum is an Imray (no. 51 

teste Domin, 19W.65) collection from Dominica, at Kew, 

without locality. The type material of E. mononeurum is cited 

as Eggers 71 and 1451, from Morne Gombo, a locality 

unknown to me. However, Eggers 1451 was collected Dec 

1883 at Laudat (30003, on the way to Freshwater Lake. 

Clibadium Linnaeus 

1. Leaves conspicuously and irregularly incised-serrate 

(erose); central (male) florets subtended by pales, with 

short hairs at top. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. erosum 

1. Leaves inconspicuously serrate; central (male) florets not 

subtended by pales, with long, multicellular hairs at top 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. sylvestre 

Clibadium erosum 

Clibadiwn croswn (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:506.--0. Schulz in Urban, 

TriTir crow Swartz, 1788:llS. 

1911,7:81.--Domin, 193Od:71.--Stehlk, 1954b:75. 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACEAE 37 

Baillieria sylvestris Aublet, 1775807. 

Clibadiwn vargarii A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5506.4. Schulz in Uhan, 1911, 

Clibadiwn terebinthinacewn var. Weri A.P. Candolle, 1836,5506. 

Clibadiwn badieri (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1861:368. 

7:80.--Domin, 1930dz71. 

Enivre, nivrage, kunami (Carib). 

Similar to the above but leaf margins shallowly serrate to 5 

entire and aborted ovaries of central flowers with tuft of long 

hairs. 

Northern South America into Lesser Antilles; lower elevations of Dominica: Bells (Whitefoord 6145), Carib Reserve? 

(Hodge 3199, cult. Clarke Hall (Nicolson 2025), La Ronde 

(King 6362), La Plaine (Ernst 1584, King 6373), Salybia 

(Stehle 6113). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957:615) explained how Dominican 

Caribs pound bundles of leaves and throw them into pools to 

poison fish. At least one author is cited that believed this 

species was brought from South America by Caribs. Nicolson 

2025 reported that leaves are dried to make fish, insect, and rat 

poison. 

Condylidium King & Robinson 

Condylidium iresinoides 

Condylidiwn iresinoides (Kunth) King & Robinson, 1972b:881. 

Eupatoriwn iresinoides Kunth, 1820.4:83. 

Eupatoriwn iresinoides f. iniegrum Domin, 193Od:65, "integra." 

Pubescent, sprawling herbaceous subshrubs; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-veined, abruptly attenuated near base, darkglandular dots beneath, margins * entire to sermlate; inflorescence lax, often strongly divaricate; involucre of 15 unequal 

bracts in 3 series of 5 bracts, inner ones not quickly deciduous; 

receptacle flat, naked; florets tubular, few, 5-6; corolla 

narrowly campanulate above; anther appendages slightly 

longer than broad; style base with distinct enlargement above 

nectary, style appendages linear, densely papillose; achenes 

5-ribbed, base (carpopodium) strongly contorted. 

Northern South American into Central America and West 

Indies; occasional in Dominica on dry west coast: Gabriel 

(Wilbur 8232), Mero (Ernst 1934). 

Although I have not Seen the type (a Domin collection from 

Macoucherie), the forma with entire leaves does not seem 

different. 

Conyza Lessing, nom. cons. 

This genus is difficult. I have little faith in my key or 

identifications. 

1. Leaves very thinly pubescent and often with remote 

marginal and midrib hairs only, entire (to * entire); 

achenes glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. canadensis 

1. Leaves conspicuously pubescent, (* entire to) serrate; 

achenes villous. 

2. Leaves obovate or spatulate, rather abruptly narrowed to 

a winged petiole . . . . . . . . . . . . , C. apurensis 

2. Leaves oblanceolate, gradually attenuate to a sessile 

base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bonariensis 

Conyza apurensis 

Conyza apurensis Kunth, 1820,4:73.-Cuatrecasas, 1969:221. 

Erigeron spathulatus Vahl in West, 1793:303, "spathulatwn," non Conyza 

Erigeron chinensis Jacquin. 1798,3:30, non Conyza chinensis haeus. 

Conyza subspathdata Cmquist, 1943:632. 

Annual herbs; leaves alternate, pubescent, central and lower 

ones obovate, usually strongly serrate; inflorescences tending 

to be flat-topped (corymbose); involucral bracts in 2-3 series; 

receptacle naked; ray-florets pistillate, lower tube 1 mm long, 

tipped by an 2-toothed ligule (teste Cuatrecasas, 1%9:205), 

which is surpassed by the 2 stigmas; achenes villous, f 

flattened, tipped by a bristly 2-seriate pappus, outer series 

minute. 

Said by Cuaaecasas (1969:222) to have originated in Asia, 

now a pantropical weed; in disturbed places of Dominica at 

lower elevations: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2748), Grand Bay 

road (Ernst 1588), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3548), Pont Casse

(King 6357), Roseau (Hodge 771). 

spathulata Homemann. 

Conyza bonariensis 

Conyza bonariensis (Linnaeus) Cmquist, 1943:632.<uatrecasas, 1969:222. 

Erigeron bonariensis Linnaeus, 1753363, "bonarie?we".-~anin, 193&3:69. 

Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent, central and lower ones often 

serrate, gradually tapering to base; inflorescences tending to be 

thyrsoid (vertically spread); achene villous, pappus 1-seriate. 

Said by Cuatrecasas to have probably originated in Argentina, now a widespread weed; tending to occur at higher 

elevations in Dominica: Freshwater Lake (Hodge 1833, King 

6382), Pointe Michel (King 6310). 

Cuatrecasas (1968) annotated King 6382 as Conyza bormriensis var. leiotheca (Blake) Cuatrecasas. 

Conyza canadensis 

Conyza canadensis (Linnaeus) Cmquist, 1943:632.-Cuatrecasas, 1969:222. 

Erigeron canadensis Linnaeus. 1753:863. "canadense".-Grisebach, 

Erigeron pusillus Nuttall, 1818,2:148.--Domin, 193Od:68. 

1861 :365. 

Leaves linear-oblanceolate, sparsely pubescent, entire or 

essentially so; inflorescences tending to be thyrsoid (vertically 

spread); achenes glabrous, pappus 1 -seriate. 

Said to have originated in North America, now widespread; 

in disturbed places of Dominica: Belle Fille (King 6352), 

Delices (Whitefoord 3685), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1644), La 

Ronde (King 6361), above Laudat (Chambers 2742A, Chumbers 27428), Lisdara (Hodge 770), above Salisbury (Whitefoord 4519). 
38 ASTERACEA~ SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Smaller, linear-leaved plants with purple-tipped involucral 

bracts can be identified as Conyza canadensis var. pusilla 

(Nuttall) Cronquist. One Dominican specimen has rather 

broadly lanceolate leaves without purple-tipped bracts, Chambers 2742B. It was collected at the same time (same 

population?) as Chambers 2742A. 

Critonia Browne 

Critonia macropoda 

Critonia mropoda A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:140. 

Eupntoriwn macropus Urban, 1899, 1:460, non Enpatoriwn maeropodm 

Eupntoriwn magdalenae Stehle, 1%2d:349. 

Critonia donrinicensis King & Robinson, 1972a:405. 

Baker. 

Glabrous shrubs to 2 m; leaves opposite on 1.5-2.0 cm 

petioles, pellucid-punctate, long-attenuate at apex, narrowly 

cuneate at base, margin remotely sermlate, pinnately veined; 

inflorescence corymbose, heads with 5 tubular florets in 3-6 

fascicles; involucral bracts in 4-5-series, highly unequal, 

interior ones quickly deciduous; anther appendages about as 

long as broad; style base not enlarged, style appendages linear; 

achenes broadly ribbed, narrowed at base, crowned by a pappus 

of -35 capillary bristles. 

Martinique and Dominica: Fond Baron Estate along Grand 

Bay Road (King 6301). Past anthesis in December. 

The type material of Critonia macropoda A.P. Candolle, 

Sieber 184, was supposedly collected in 1826 from Trinidad. 

Sieber’s collectors (Kohaut in Martinique 1818-1821 and 

Wrbna in Trinidad 1822) were not in the West Indies in 1826 

(cf. Urban, 1902,3:14-158). Urban (1899, 1:460) suspected it 

(from the year) was from Martinique. Cheesman (in R.O. 

Williams, 1940, 2(2):70) treated it as a doubtful record for 

Trinidad. 

De Candolle’s species was renamed as Eupatorium macropus Urban (l.c.), indicating possible affinity of a defective 

Eggers specimen from Dominica. Urban was clear that he was 

providing a new epithet (macropus) in Eupatorium to avoid 

homonymy with earlier E. macropodum Baker but, under Art. 

64.3, Ex. 8 (ICBN) “heteropus and heteropodus,” the epithets 

are treated as homonyms. Stehle (1.c.) created yet another name, 

E. magdalenae Stehle (with its own designated type), including 

the type of De Candolle’s name. 

Eclipta Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Eclipta prostrata 

Eclipta prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1771:286.-Koyama & Boufford, 

Verbesina prostratu Linnaeus, 1753:902. 

Verbesina alh Linnaeus, 1753:902. 

Bellis ramasa Jacquin, 1760:28. 

Eclipta erecta Linnaeus. 1771:286. nom. illeg. [incl. type of Verbesina alba 

1981:505. 

Linnaeus. 17531. 

Eclipta punctata Linnaeus, 1771:286, nom. illeg. [incl. type of Bellis rwsa 

Eclipta alh (Linnaeus) Hasskarl, 1848:528.--Domin, 1930d:73.<mquist, 

Jacquin, 17601. 

1945b:398. 

Herbs, erect or prostrate; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 

sermlate to * entire and * sessile; inflorescences peduncled, 

1-3 per axil; involucral bracts ovate, in 2 series; receptacle flat 

to convex, with linear pales equaling achenes; ray-florets 

linear, 2 mm long; achenes rugose, brown below, the broad tip 

black, sometimes with 2 scales. 

Widespread weed, disturbed, open places of Dominica: Anse 

du Me (Wilbur 8293, Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4062), 

Hatton Garden (Hodge 3080), Melville Hall (Ernst 1574), Pont 

Casse (Webster 13468), Soufriere(Lloyd 400). 

The correct name for this variable taxon hinges on 

determining who was the fist to treat the two 1753 Linnaean 

species in a single species. Article 57 (ICBN) now lists 

Roxburgh as having first united them as E. prostrata in 1832, 

following Koyama and Boufford (1981505). 

Egletes Cassini 

Egletes prostrata 

Egletesprmtrata (Swartz) Kuntze, 1891, 1:334.shinners, 1950:242. 

Matricaria prmtrata Swartz, 1788:114. 

Bouton blanc. 

Low herbs with cottony pubescence at least on young 

growth; leaves alternate, obovate, rounded tip serrate-dentate; 

inflorescences usually solitary, long-peduncled; involucral 

bracts in 2-3 series, outer shorter than inner; receptacle naked, 

ovoid-conic; ray-florets bisexual, white, ligules narrow; disk 

florets numerous, yellow; achenes obovoid, tipped by a dentate 

ring. 

West Indies to northern South America, a calciphile usually 

near coast; apparently only once collected in Dominica: 

Portsmouth gravelly roads (Hodge 773). 

Reported as an ingredient of a ritual bath given a mother 

about a week after childbirth (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:615). 

Elephantopus Linnaeus 

Elephantopus mollis 

Elephantopus mollis Kunth, 1820, 426.--Danin. 193M61.40nts & 

McDaniels in North her. Fl. ser. 2, 1978, 1a199. 

Elephantopus mollis var. capitulatis Domh, 19306:62. 

Elephantopus mdlb var. bractemus Danin, 1930d:62. 

Erect herb usually >1 m; leaves alternate, crenate-serrate, 

elliptic to obovate, narrowed to a winged petiole; glomerules 

subtended by about 3 basally overlapping bracts; pappus of 5 

bristles. 

Neoiropics but now pantropically distributed; weed of 

disturbed places on Dominica: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2710), 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACEAE 39 

Cote d'Or (Nicolson 2062), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3288), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3694), Lisdara (Hodge 2423), Mt. Joy 

(Hodge 1279), Petit Coulibri (Whirefoord 4676), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2149), South Chiltern (Hodge I495), Sylvania (Cooper 

11, Hodge 1031). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198577, pl. 43) reported use against 

diarrhea. 

Although I have not seen the types of Domin's varieties, I 

doubt that the differences (bracts surpassing or equaling the 

capitula vs. bracts shorter than the capitula) is significant. 

Emilia Cassini 

1. Lower leaves entire to dentate; involucre broadly cylindric 

(2x longer than broad), about 3/4 corolla length; flowers 

brick red . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . E. fosbergii 

1. Lower leaves lyrate; involucre narrowly cylindric (3x 

longer than broad), f equaling corolla length, flowers pale 

purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. sonchifolia 

Emilia fosbergu 

Emilia fmbergii Nicolson, 1975:34; 1981b:395. 

Herb to 1 m; leaves alternate and basal, strongly dentate; 

peduncles 15-30 cm long; involucre 1-seriate; receptacle 

naked; florets tubular, brick red, distinctly longer than 

involucre; corolla lobes 1.1-1.5 mm long: pappus of many 

soft, white bristles. 

A widespread weed probably of African origin (allopolyploid), widely collected in neotropics since 1880; in 

disturbed areas (often in ditches) of Dominica, usually about 

500 m but sometimes near sea level: Baiac (Whitefoord 3835), 

La Ronde (King 6366). Lisdara (Hodge 728, 2437), Mero 

(Chambers 2785), Milton (Hodge 2928), Morne Jack (Nicolson 

2093, Pont Casse (Chambers 271 7, Ernst 1239), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2162), Roseau (Hodge 725), South Chiltern (Ernst 

1863, Hodge 1474), Springfield (King 6346, Wilbur 7681), 

Sylvania (Cooper 23 (mixed with sonchifoliu), Hodge 1135), 

Tete Morne (King 6324), Trafalgar Falls Road (Whitefoord 

4698). 

This taxon was often called Emilia coccinea, a different, 

sometimes cultivated species with broad heads and orange 

florets almost 2x the bracts. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:77, pl. 44) 

misnamed this species as E. coccineu, infused for a refreshing 

drink. 

Emilia sonchlfolia 

Emilia sonchifolia (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle in Wight, 183424.--Domin, 

193Od:82.-Nicolson, 1981b:398. 

Cacalia sonchifolia Linnaeus, 1753:835. 

Herb to 5 dm; lower leaves lyrate; peduncles to 15 cm long; 

florets pale purple (mauve or violet), equaling involucre; 

corolla lobes 0.5-0.7 mm long. 

Probably originally South Asian and now pantropically 

distributed, weed in Dominica usually of lower elevations but 

sometimes to 500 m: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2749), Grand Bay 

road (Ernst 1601), Layou (Hodge 727), Marigot (Hodge 720, 

Mome Plaisance (Whitefoord 61 71), Salybia (Hodge 3383, 

Sylvania (Cooper 23 (mixed withfosbergii), Hodge 1134). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198579, pl. 45) reported use of an 

infusion "for its refreshing properties." 

Erechtites Rafinesque 

1. Pappus white, florets yellowish; leaves sessile or, if shortly 

petiolate, petiole conspicuously alate . . E. hieracilfolia 

1. Pappus and florets pinkish; leaves petioled or only 

inconspicuously alate . . . . . . . . . . E. valerianlfolia 

Erechtites hieracilfolia 

Erechtites hieraciifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex A.P. Candolle, 1838,6:294, 

"hieracifolia" .-Domin. 1930d:82--Belcher, 195612. 

Senecw hieraciifdius Linnaeus, 1753:866, "hieracifolius." 

Erechtites hieraciCfolia var. cacalwides 

Erechtites hieraciifolia var. cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing ex Grisebach, 

Sonchus agrestir Swam, 1788:llO. 

Senecw cacalwides Fischer ex Sprengel, 1818:37. 

Erechtites cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing. 1832:395. 

Erechtites agrestir (Swartz) Standley & Steyermark, 1947265. 

1861:381. 

Medium annual herbs; leaves alternate, lanceolate, serrate to 

irregularly dentate or lobed; involucre with principle bracts in 

1 series, subtended by scattered bracteoles; receptacle naked; 

marginal florets pistillate; disk florets bisexual; achenes with a 

copious, white, capillary pappus. 

Neotropical, a weed in the Old World, often confused with 

African Crassocephalum crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore; 

occasional in disturbed habitats of Dominica at low to 

mid-elevations: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3393), above Deux 

Branches (Ernst 1663, Layou (Hodge 779, Lisdara (Hodge 

2475), Sylvania (Hodge 781, 782). 

Erechtites valerian ffolia 

Erechtites valerianifolia (Sprengel) A.P. Candolle, 1838, 6:294, "valerianSenecio ualerianifolius Link ex Sprengel, 1826,3:565. "valerianaefoliur." 

aefdia" .-Belcher, 195625. 

Leaves usually ovate in outline, lower leaves coarsely 

irregularly dentate, medial and upper leaves deeply pinnatifid; 

florets and pappus with distinct pink or mauve tinge. 

Widespread, sometimes aggressive weed; common in Dominica: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3379), Fond Baron (king 6302). 

Freshwater Lake (Wilbur 7465), Grand Bay road (Erst 1592), 

La Chaudibre (Hodge 3697), Laudat (Hodge 1840, Lloyd 44, 

49), Lisdara (Hodge 776), Morne Anglais base (Hodge 780), 
40 ASTERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Providence Valley (Hodge 20, Roche d’Or Estate (Stern & 

Wusshuuren 2579), Springfield (King 6332), Sylvania (Hodge 

777, 778,779). Syndicate (Chambers 2654, Whitefoord 3581). 

Our material falls in forma vuleriunifolia. 

As discussed by Belcher (195628), the basionym (Senecio 

vuleriunifoliur) was attributed to Wolf in an 1825 Berlin 

seedlist by Reichenbach (Halle) and Lessing (Berlin). Because 

no one has seen this publication, neither the validity (with 

description or nomen nudum?) nor the authorship of the name 

can be established. Sprengel’s publication, accepted here as the 

first known publication with a validating description, appeared 

between January and March of 1826, attributing the name to 

Link. At that time Link was in charge of the Berlin Herbarium. 

I find no trace of a Wolf, Wolff, Wulf, or Wulff associated with 

the Berlin Garden at that or any other time. 

Erigeron Linnaeus 

Erigeron kminskianus A.P. Candolle, a sprawling plant 

with elongate stems, was cited for Dominica (with exclamation 

mark) by Howard (1989,633). 

Erigeron polycladus 

Erigeron polycladm Urban, 1903,3:403.Stehle,1954b73. 

Leaves to 10 mm x 3 mm, narrowly spatulate, entire but with 

marginal hairs. Inflorescence shoots decumbent, appearing to 

be capable of rooting, then upturned with a single head. 

Involucral bracts in 2-3 series, deflexing from naked receptacle. One achene found, with bristly pappus in a single series. 

Lesser Antilles; a new record for Dominica on north coast 

“Small colony on bluffs above sea”: L’Anse Noire near Pointe 

Baptiste, alt. -50 ft [ 15 m] (Ernst 2079). 

Our material is referred here with doubt because of its 

incompleteness, “Cespitose and succulent composite about 2 

inches tall.” 

Fleischmannia C. Schultz 

Fleischmannia microstemon 

FIeirchmannia microslemon (Cassini) King & Robinson, 1970a:204. 

Eupatoriwn microstemon Cassini in Cuvier, 1822, 25:432.--Domin, 

1930d:66.-H.G. Baker, 1%7. 

Branched annual herbs to 1 m; leaves opposite (upper often 

f opposite), 3-veined, rhombic-ovate and small (to 4 cm x 5 

cm), upper margin crenate, lower surface inconspicuously 

gland-dotted; heads 20-35-flowered; involucral bracts in 3 

series; receptacle naked; corolla lobes puberulent outside, 

papillose inside (giving a granular aspect); anther appendages 

large, usually truncate; achene blackish with yellowish, 

setaceous ribs, crowned with pappus of 25-30 capillary 

bristles. 

Northern South America into West Indies and Central 

America to Yucatan; occasional weed, often on damp sites of 

Dominica: Carholm (King 6391), Clarke Hall (Chambers 

2700). Lisdara (Hodge 738), Montpelier (Lloyd 581), Portsmouth (Hodge 739), Ridgefield (Hodge 2199), Springfield 

(King 6341), Sylvania (Hodge 740, 1347), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3650). 

Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav6n 

Galinsoga quadriradiata 

Galinroga qucldriradiata Ruiz & Pavon, 1798a:198.-Catme. 1977:355. 

Vargasia caracasana A.P. Candolle, 1836,5676. 

Adventina ciliata Rafinesque, 1836, New H., 1:67. 

Galinroga caramam (A.P. Candolle) C. Schultz, 186580. 

Galinroga ciliata (Rafinesque) Blake, 1922:35.-Stehle, 1963:195. 

Erect, pilose herb with glandular hairs on young growth; 

leaves opposite, 3-veined, shallowly serrate; peduncles to 2 cm 

long; heads 3-5 mm wide: ray-florets white (ours), inconspicuous, ligules f equally 3-lobed. 

Avariable species apparently native to Mexico but now 

widely dispersed from Canada to southern South America, 

Europe, Africa, Asia, and Pacific: in midlands of Dominica 

-500 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3838), Lisdara (Hodge 2336J 

Magua (Stehle 6351). 

Hebeclinium A.P. Candolle 

Hebeclinium macrophyllum 

Hebecliniwn macrophyllwn (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:136.--Domin, 

1930d:64.-King & Robinson, 1971a:300. 

Eupztoriwn macrophyllwn Linnaeus, 1763:1175. 

Tomentellous erect subshrubs; leaves opposite, 3-veined, 

broadly ovate to deltoid, margins crenate to dentate; heads 

50-80-flowered; involucral bracts -30 in 4-5 series; receptacle hemispheric, densely hirsute; anther appendages large; style 

base without enlarged node, stylar appendages very narrow; 

achenes 4-5-ribbed, with pappus of 30-35 capillary bristles. 

Widespread in neotropics; occasional in Dominica as a 

weed Milton Estate (Hodge 2873), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3579, Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 700, South Chiltern (Hodge 

1557). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198579, pl. 46) reported medicinal 

usages. 

Koanophyllon Arruda da Camara 

The etymology of this generic name is obscure. It may be a 

lapsus for Kyunophyllon, indicating the leaves (phyllon) as a 

source of a blue dye (cyanin or mil), as discussed by the author. 

Koanophyllon celddvolium 

Kmnophyllon celtidifolium (Lamarck) King & Robinson, 1971b:149, “celtidifolia”.--i(ing & Robinson, 1975:255. 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACEAE 41 

Eupltorium celtidifoliwn Lamarck, 1788,2:406.--Domin, 193Od:M. 

Eupltoriwn plkatwn Urban, 1907,5:523. 

Sprawling glabrescent subshrubs; leaves opposite, shortly 

petiolate, 3-veined but often with a pair of veins below, 

conspicuously (with magnification) dark gland-dotted beneath, 

margins distantly sermlate, apex long-tapered, base obtuse to 

rounded; inflorescence loose; heads small, 7-20-flowered; 

involucral bracts 7-16, in 1-2 series; receptacle slightly 

convex, naked; anther appendages wider than long, very short; 

style base unenlarged, stylar appendages distinctly enlarged 

apically, smooth; achenes 5-ribbed, ribs setiferous, wpopodium short and narrowed below; pappus of many capillary 

bristles, 2-3 mm long. 

Northern South America into Antilles; occasional weed in 

Dominica, apparently in f drier sites: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1262, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2398), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4665, 

a)02), Riviere Douce (Eggers 68), Rosehill (Eggers 541), 

South Chiltem (Ernst 1876), Soufriere (Lloyd 737). 

Luctuca Linnaeus 

(by K. Chambers) 

Lactuca sativa 

Lactuca sativa haeus. 1753:795.-Adjanohoun et al., 1985:83, pl. 50. 

Lettuce. 

Glabrous annual herb with milky sap; leaves alternate, upper 

ovate to orbicular, lower variable, apiculate-sermlate, auriculate-clasping; inflorescence a large panicle, branchlets with 

numerous clasping bracts; involucre of several series; receptacle flat, naked; florets yellow, all ligulate and 5-toothed; 

achenes oblanceolate, flattened, with a slender beak to apex, 

pappus of silky bristles. 

Widely cultivated plant; new record for Dominica (perhaps 

escaping): Clarke Hall (Chambers s.n.). 

Melanthera Rohr 

Views on typification of the generic name were summarized 

by Nicolson (1981a:491), arguing that the generic name should 

rest on a Rohr collection (at C) from Martinique that has been 

variously identified as M. nivea (Linnaeus) Small, M. panduriform‘s Cassini and M. aspera var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks, 

not on the type of a species name. This is contrary to Art. 10 

(ZCBN), which says a generic name is typified on the type of a 

species name. 

Melanthera aspera 

Melanthera aspera (Jacquin) Steudel ex Small, 1909:164.-Fawcett in Fawcett 

Calea aspera Jacquin, 1788, Coll., 2:290, 1789, Icon., 3:13, pl. 583. 

Melonthera deltoidea Michaux, 1803. 2:107, “Melananthero,” nom. illeg. 

& Rendle, 1936,7(5):232.-Parks, 1973: 190. 

[incl. type of Calea aspera Jacquin].-Grisebach, 1861 :372. 

Herb; leaves opposite, dentate; capitula mostly solitary on 

peduncles to 10 cm long; involucral bracts in 2-3 series; 

receptacle convex, pales shortly aristate; corollas tubular; 

achenes 4-angled, with 2-4 caducous bristles. 

Weed of Caribbean and northern South America; apparently 

rarely collected on Dominica: Marigot (Hodge 774). 

The binomial is attributed to Steudel (1841, 2:113), but he 

didn’t accept the name, treating “M. aspera Rich.” as a 

synonym of M. deltoidea Michaux. The binomial also appears 

(attributed to L. Richard) in Sprengel(1821,2:135; 1822,3:40) 

apparently as a nomen nudum. 

Our material presumably falls in Melanthera aspera Steudel 

ex Small var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks. At least one recent 

worker, Nash (in Standley and Steyermark, 1976,12:264), feels 

that M. aspera is conspecific with Melanthera nivea (Linnaeus) 

Small. Domin (193Od:77) reported Imray 162 (K) from 

Dominica as M. nivea. 

Mikania Willdenow, nom. cons. 

A widespread species, Mikania cordifolia (Linnaeus f.) 

Willdenow, has been reported for Dominica by VBlez 

(1957:81) but no specimens have been seen. Medicinal usage 

for that species was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:85, pl. 

52). Specimens from Guadeloupe (Stehle 5466, Duss 2814) and 

Martinique (Duss 310) have been seen, the latter misidentified 

and cited by Urban as M. scandens (= M. micrantha here). It 

usually has cordate leaves with toothed margins of M. 

micrantha but is densely pubescent and has distinctly longer 

involucres (6-8 mm) and achenes (3-4 mm). 

1. Leaves thick-coriacous; heads small (involucre 2 mm 

long); plants of summits of high mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. ovalis 

1. Leaves thin-coriaceous to membranous: heads larger 

(involucre 4-8 mm long); plants of middle to lower 

elevations. 

2. Inflorescences ending in pedicelled heads: leaves membranous, usually cordate at base with toothed margins 

. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . M. micrantha 

2. Inflorescences ending in 3 sessile heads; leaves thincoriaceous, usually rounded at base with entire margins. 

3. Heads smaller (involucre 4-5 mm); achenes shorter 

(2-3 mm) . . . . . , . . . . . . . . M. hookeriana 

3. Heads larger (involucre 6-7 mm); achenes longer 

(4-5 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. iiatifolia 

Mikania hookeriana 

Mikania hookeriaw A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:195. 

Mikanicr badieri A.P. Candolle, 1836, 5:194.-Urban, 1907, 5:219.--DOmin, 

Mikania hap^ Grisebach, 1861:363. 

Mikania hookriano var. badieri (A.P. Candolle) Robinson, 1934x51. 

193Od:67.--Stehl6, 1954b371. 

Herbaceous, twining vines; leaves opposite, thinly coriaceous, base rounded, margins entire; heads C sessile; involucre 
42 ASTERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

4 mm long, subtended by a longish bracteole, bracts 4; 

receptacle small, naked; florets 4, discoid, 5-t00thed, teeth 1 

mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, crowned with capillary 

bristles. 

Northern South America into Central America and Lesser 

Antilles; rare in Dominica at midelevations: Couliaboun [M. 

Anglais] (Imray s.n. [type of M. imrayana], Nicolson 4100, 

4105), Grand Bay (Eggers 655). between Laudat & Valley of 

Desolation (Whitefoord 5486), Lisdara (Cooper 172). 

Although the Antillean materials are isolated from the 

mainland, they do not seem sufficiently differentiated for 

infraspecific recognition. This species may intergrade with M. 

latifolia, although not on Dominica. 

Mikania latifolia 

Mihnio latifdio J.E. Smith in Rees, 1813,23, no. 8.-Urban, 1907,5:222. 

Mihnio lotifolio f. dominicensis Urban, 1907,5:223.--Stehle,1954b:71. 

Mihnio lotifolio var. dominicensis (Urban) Domin, 193Od:68. 

Leaves thinly coriace~us, base rounded to k cordate or 

tapered, margins entire; heads sessile, with short bracteoles; 

involucre 6-7 mm; corolla lobes 3 mm long; achenes 4-5 mm. 

Lesser Antilles; occasional on Dominica, usually at midelevations or near east coast: Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2568), 

Laudat (Eggers 998 type of f. dom’nicensis), Morne Negres 

Marrons (Hodge 1069), Rosalie (Eggers 656). Woodford Hill 

(Chambers 2604). 

The question with this taxon is not whether infraspecific taxa 

should be recognized but whether it is bvly different from some 

South American species. 

Mikania micrantha 

Mihnia microntha Kunth, 1820,4:1M.-Robinson, 1934b:57. 

Mikonio scondens smsu Urban, 1907, 5229, et Domin, 193Od:66. not as to 

type of Mikmio scondens (Linnaeus) Willdenow. 

Glabrous; leaves thinly membranous, usually cordate at base 

and with margins undulately toothed; heads pedicelled; 

involucre 4 mm; achenes 2 mm. 

Neotropical, elsewhere an introduced weed; the commonest 

Mikania of Dominica: Baiac (Whitefoord 3829), Belle Fille 

(King 6354), Carholm (King 6393), Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3235), Clarke Hall (Chambers 2707, Ernst 1694, Deux 

Branches (Chambers 2772, Hodge 2989), Fond Colet (King 

6292), Fond St. John (King 6330), Freshwater Lake (Wilbur 

7476), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1619), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3579), Laudat (Gillis 8196), L’Imprevue (Narodny s.n.), 

Lisdara (Hodge 2340), Marigot (Hodge 765), Milton (Hodge 

2564), Pont Casse (Long & Norstog 3373, Wilbur 7773), 

Pointe Michel (King 6311), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2697), 

Rasade (King 631 7), Roche d’Or (Stern & Wasshausen 2580), 

near Rosalie (Chambers 2726), Roseau (Cooper 136), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1538), Sylvania (Cooper 89, Hodge 766, 

Nicolson 1863, Syndicate (Whitefoord 3588). 

Robinson (1934b) discussed M. scandens and its relatives, 

concluding that this species name should be restricted to a 

taxon of eastern and southeastern United States and M. 

m‘crantha used for the neotropical aspect. Fosberg and Sachet 

(1980b45) used Mikania scandens (Lhaeus) Willdenow for 

a broad concept, including M. micrantha. 

Domin (193W65) reported the local tradition that this weed 

arrived in Dominica in 1902 with the eruption of Mt. Pel& and 

arrived in its volcanic cloud. The earliest Dominica collection 

known (cited by Domin) is a Bryant collection in 1905. 

Mikania ovalis 

Mikonio ovalis Grisebach, 1861:363.-Urban, 1907, 5:217.-Domin, 

19306:67. 

Leaves thick-coriaceous, ovate to rotund, base rounded, 

margins with a few glandular “teeth”; heads pedicelled; 

involucre 2 mm; achenes 2 mm. 

Martinique and Guadeloupe; in Dominica on or near 

summits of higher mountains: Mome Anglais [Couliaboun, 

type locality] (Hodge 768, 2266), Morne Diablotins (Fishlock 

s.n., Hodge 2831, Wasshausen & Ayensu 407, Webster 13367, 

Whitefoord 5730), Morne Trois Pitons (Chambers 2755, Ernst 

1219, Hodge 767,1388, Wilbur 8100), sine loc. (Fishlock 4). 

Flowering April-June. 

Neurolaena R. Brown 

Neurolaena lobata 

Neurolcleno lohto (Linnaeus) Cassini in Cuvier, 1825, 34:502.--Domin, 

1930d:S 1 .-Stehlb, 1963: 1 85.-Turner, 1982: 134.-Khan & Jarvis, 

1989661. 

Conyza loboto Linnaeus, 1753362. 

Cony= synphytjfolio MUer, 1768. 

Plwko symphytifolio (Miller) Gillis, 1!V7:591. 

Z’herbes a pique. 

Coarse, erect herb to 2 m; leaves alternate, denticulate, 

sometimes lower ones lobed, corymbs terminal; involucral 

bracts 3-veined, imbricate, in 2-3 series, outer smallest; 

receptacle flat, with elongate, 1-veined pales; florets all tubular, 

bisexual, yellow; achenes narrowed at base, with pappus of 

many capillary bristles. 

Widespread in neotropics; occasional in Dominica, usually 

in midlands: Bellevue (Taylor 146), Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3231, Stehle 6418), Fond Baron (Ernst 1621, King 6296), 

Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2556). Grand Fond (King 6377), 

La Chaudiere (Hodge 3684), Lisdara (Cooper 146, Hodge 

2390,2483), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1253), Pont Casse (King 6349, 

Proctor 25762, Wilbur 7759), South Chiltern (Hodge 1454, 

1569), Syndicate (Ernst 204), Trou Cochon (Whitefoord 

5615), sine loc. (Hodge 1087). 

Caribs reported to use as a remedy for yaws, to use pounded 

leaves and stems as a mild fish poison or as wash for ticks, and 

to apply to breasts for weaning (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:615). 
NumER 77 ASTERACEAE 43 

The combination is usually attributed to R. Brown but he did 

not actually make it, as required by Art. 33.1 (XBN, cf. Ex. 2). 

Parthenium Linnaeus 

Parthenium hysterophorus 

Partheniwn hysterophorw beus, 1753:988.4risebach, 1861 :369.- 

Do&, 193od:72.--Rollins, 195052 

Erect annual herbs; leaves alternate, 1-2-pinnately parted (to 

simple above); heads many, small (to 0.5 cm across); involucral 

bracts in 2 series, k equal; receptacle small, convex, with pales; 

marginal florets white, female, ligules short, 2-toothed; central 

florets functionally male; achenes black, obovoid, keeled on 

inner face, with 2 scales. 

Apparently originally native to Caribbean area but an 

aggressive weed; common in disturbed, lowland areas of 

Dominica: Bataka (Hodge 3189), Canefield (Hodge 730), 

Goodwill (Erst 1277, King 6288), Grand Bay, Berekua (King 

6318), Marigot (Hodge 729), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3739), 

Scotts Head village (Hodge 1610, Soufrih (Lloyd 415). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198587, pl. 53) reported medicinal 

usages. Howard (1989, 6583) noted that the plant is often a 

contact poison, causing itching and swelling. 

Pectis Linnaeus 

Pectis lingolia Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by 

Urban (1907, 5286) as “Dominica et St. Lucia in litoralibus: 

Duss n. 201, 932.” These are the basis for Stehl6 (1963:182) 

citation. With Duss collections one can suspect a label error. 

The species was again attributed to Dominica by Vdez 

(1957:82), based on a statement by Britton and Wilson (1925, 

6319), “West Indies south to Grenada.” No Dominican 

specimens of this long-peduncled species have been seen. 

1. Plants erect; leaves linear, >1.5 cm long . . . P. elongata 

1. Plant prostrate; leaves oblanceolate, <1.5 cm long 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R humifusa 

Pectis elongata 

Pech elongata Kunth. 1820,4:262. 

Herbs erect, lemon-scented; leaves sessile, with dark 

gland-dots beneath (ours), linear, to 5 cm x 0.4 cm; peduncle to 

0.5 cm long; involucre 1-senate; receptacle naked, ray-florets 

small, pistillate, yellow; disk-florets bisexual; achenes linear, 

with pappus of 8 bristles -3 mm long. 

Central America, Antilles, and northern South America; new 

record for Dominica: East Cabrit (Whitefoord 4039). 

Our material is short-peduncled Caribbean Pectis elongata 

var.floribunda (A. Richard) D.J. Kiel(l976: 1229), as reported 

by Whitefoord (1989:147). 

Peclis humifusa 

Pectis humificsa Swartz, 1788: 114.-Urban. 1907, 5:271.-Domin. 

193od:80.Stehle,1963: 178. 

Plants prostrate; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, to 1.3 cm x 

0.3 cm; peduncle to 0.5 cm long. 

Antilles (south from Hispaniola); near sea on Dominica: 

Castle Bruce River mouth (Ernst 1465), Grand Savanne (Ernst 

2129), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3070), Marigot (Hodge 737), 

Melville Hall (Wilbur 8036), Petite Soufiere Bay (Nicolson 

1984), Salisbury (Hodge 3792), Woodford Hill (Hodge 3502). 

Pluchea Cassini 

Annual Pluchea odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini, medicinal 

usage reported by Adjanohoun et al. (198587, pl. 54) is a new 

record, if based on Dominica material. More uses were given 

for €! carolinensis, as I? symphitifolia, (I.c., p. 89, pl. 55). 

Pluchea carolinensis 

Pluchea carolinensir (Jacquin) G. Don m Sweet, 1839:350.-Khan & JarVis, 

Conyzu carolinensis Jacquin, 1789, Coll., 2:271. 

Pluchea odorata sensu auctt. as Britton & Wilson. 1925, 6:298 and Domin, 

193Od:70, not as to type of (Linnaeus) Cassini [incl. Pluchea purpwasccns 

(Swam) A. P. Candolle]. 

Cattle tongue. 

Perennial subshrub; leaves alternate, k entire; corymbs 5-10 

cm across or more; involucre several-seriate, tight; receptacle 

naked, florets white to lilac, outer pistillate, inner mostly 

sterile; achenes 4-5-angled, with pappus of a single series of 

scabrous bristles. 

Caribbean area into northern South America; occasional in 

disturbed places in low- to midlands of Dominica: Coulibistri 

(Wilbur 8115), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1014), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 2958), Mahaut (Morden 4), Milton (Hodge 2522), 

Point Michel (Gillis 8130, King 6309), south of Rosalie 

(Chambers 2722), South Chiltern (Hodge 1460), Spanish 

Mountain (Hodge 2754), bottom of Syndicate road (Whitefoord 

4325). 

The kne Morden collection reported that “cattle tongue” 

can be boiled in water, sweetened with a little sugar, and drunk 

very cold for colds. 

1989:661. 

Porophyllum Guettard 

According to Dandy (1%7:13 and 74), this was first validly 

published by Guettard (1754:377). According to ING, it was 

first validly published by Adanson (1763, 2122). There is a 

possibility that the latter publication constitutes an illegitimate 

renaming of Cacalia Linnaeus, cited in synonymy. 

Porophyllum ruderale 

Porophyllm rudemle (Jacquin) Cassini in Cuvier, 1826, 43:Sti.d.R. 

Johnson, 1969:234. 
44 ASTERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Cacalia porophyllwn Linnaeus, 1753:834. 

Kleinia rldoralis Jacquin, 1760:28. 

Porophyllwn ellipticwn Cassini in Cuvier, 1826, 4356 [based on Cacalia 

porophyllwn Linnaeus. 1753].--Danin, 193Od:80.--Stehl6,1963: 183. 

Annual herbs; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic to oblong, thin, 

to 6 cm x 2.5 cm on thin petioles; heads solitary, on long 

peduncles that are swollen towards apex; involucral bracts 5, in 

a single series, linear, -2 cm long; receptacle naked, small; 

florets green, purple-tinged at tip, all tubular, bisexual, with a 

thin, elongate tube and a short limb; achenes dark, linear, to 1 

cm long, with conspicuous light tan pappus of capillary 

bristles. 

Weed from southern US to Argentina; rarely collected on 

Dominica: Baiac (Whitefoord 5465) Eggers collection reported by Urban (1899, 1:467) and Imray and Domin 

collections reported by Domin (193Ock80)]. 

Pseudelephantopus Rohr, nom. et orth. cons. 

Pseudelephantopus spicatus 

Pseua'elephantopus spicatus (Aublet) C.F. Baker, 1902:45.-Nicolson. 

Elephantopus spicatus Jussieu ex Aublet, 1775:808.40nts & McDaniels in 

Dirtrephus spicatus (Aublet) Cassini in Cuvier, 1819, 13:367.--Domin, 

1981a:492. 

North her. Fl., ser. 2, 1978, 10:199. 

193Od:62. 

Erect perennial herb to 1 m; leaves alternate, lower 

oblanceolate, upper smaller and linear; glomerules 1-4-headed 

with 2-4 florets per head; achenes 10-ribbed, pappus with 

longer bristly hairs double-bent. 

Neoaopical weed now pantropical; common on Dominica in 

disturbed places: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2633, Fort Shirley of 

West Cabrit (Whitefoord 3978), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1593, 

Mt. Joy (Hodge 1277), South Chiltern (Hodge 1532). Trafalgar 

Falls road (Hodge 2014, Whitefoord 4581). 

Rolandra Rottb~ll 

RoIandra frutkosa 

Rolandrafruficasa (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891,1:360.--Domin, 193M62. 

Echinopsfruficasus Linnaeus, 1753:815. 

Rolandra argentea Rottboll. 1775258. 

TCte negresse. 

Virgate, stiff perennial herb; leaves alternate, entire, ellipticlanceolate, dark green above, white-tomentose beneath; inflorescence compounded of 1-flowered heads that are glomerate 

in sessile clusters subtended by a leaf; involucre of 2 bracts, 

outer larger than inner and aristate; florets all tubular, 

3-4-toothed; achenes angled, truncate, crowned with a lacerate 

pappus, shed in the 2 clasping involucral bracts. 

Northern South America to Honduras and Puerto Rico; 

occasional in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3278), Clarke Hall (Chambers 2750), La 

Chaudi6re (Hodge 3628), Layou River Valley (Ernst 1508), 

Lisdara (Hodge 2422), Morne Plaisance (Whitefoord 4508), 

near Newhall [?I (Eggers 516), Providence Valley (Hodge 

2039), Riversdale (Proctor 25792), South Chiltern (Hodge 

1483). 

Root infusion used by Caribs for medicine (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957:616), Adjanohoun et al. (198589, pl. 56) reported 

use of leaf infusion. 

Senecw Linnaeus 

Senecw lucidus 

Senecw lucidus (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1838, 6411.--Domin, 193M83.- 

Cineraria lucida Swsrtz, 1806:1360. 

Stehl6, 1%3:188. 

Large herbaceous shrub to 3 m, often reclining on other 

vegetation, stems strongly ridged, leaves alternate, fleshy, 

elliptic to lanceolate, denticulate; inflorescence much 

branched, terminal; involucre 1-seriate; receptacle flat, naked, 

florets yellow to orange, marginal florets ligulate, female and 

disk florets bisexual and tubular; achenes elongate, pappus of 

many silky bristles. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique; at higher elevations of Dominica, 

reported as common around Freshwater Lake: Freshwater Lake 

area (Chambers 2552, Eggers 680, Ernst 1103, Hodge 1871, 

King 6379, Smith 10244, Whitefoord 4179, 5152), Mome 

Anglais (Fennah 23), Valley of Desolation (Hodge 1943). 

A Trinidad record is probably a Sieber labeling error, as 

noted by Stehle (1%3:189). 

Sonchus Linnaeus 

(by K. Chambers) 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus, 1753:794.-Bodos, 1973:155. 

Sow-thistle. 

Stout, hollow-stemmed annual herbs to 1 m, sap milky; 

leaves alternate, lower lyrate-pinnatifid with a broad terminal 

lobe, acutely dentate, upper auriculateclasping; involucral 

bracts in several series, outer smallest; receptacle flat, naked; 

florets pale yellow, all ligulate and 5-toothed, achenes 

flattened, rugulose and grooved, with pappus of capillary hairs. 

Cosmopolitan weed, especially in temperate regions; new 

record for Dominica: En Haut Jean (Whitefoord5423), north of 

Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8118), Tee Morne (King 6325). 

Struchium Browne 

Struchium spargan ophorum 

Struchiwn sparganophorum (Limaeus) Kuntze, 1891,1:366. 

Ethdia sparganophora Linnaeus, 1763:1171. 
NUMBER 77 ASTERACME 45 

Sporgonophorus wilkonfii Crantz, 1766, 1:261, nom. illeg. [incl. type of 

Spargonophorus sporgonophorus (Linnaeus) Jeffrey, 1988:272, "spargonoBhub sporgonophoro Linnaeus, 1763].--Domin, 19306:60. 

phoro," nom. inadmiss. 

Herb; leaves alternate, elliptic -lanceolate, serrate; heads 

axillary, sessile, to 1 cm across; involucral bracts ovatelanceolate, acuminate to aristate; receptacle naked, florets all 

bisexual and tubular, white or pink; achenes 4-angled, topped 

by a whitish cartilaginous cupule to 1 mm long. 

Throughout neotropics, introduced elsewhere; apparently 

uncommon on Dominica in wet lowlands: Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 3100), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 788). 

Jeffrey (1s.) argued that Struchium Browne was not validly 

published, citing Art. 42 (ICBN) as if Browne's new generic 

names rested on species descriptions. As Dandy (1967:ll) 

pointed out, Patrick Browne's generic names rest on generic 

descriptions that are in the usual Linnaean format for generic 

descriptions. These appear within the text for the first (or only) 

species with three exceptions, the most critical being Phaelypea, the only one for which there is no generic description. 

The other two involve the generic description appearing on the 

page before or under the second species. 

I am not convinced that the epithet in Ethulia spurganophora 

is a noun in apposition. The original form was Sparganophoros, attributed to Vaillant. It appears that Linnaeus modified 

the original form to agree with Ethulia, suggesting that his 

usage was adjectival. 

Synedrella Gaertner, nom. cons. 

Synedrella nodflora 

Synedrello nodifloro (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 1791,2:246.--Domin, 193Od:78. 

Verbesino nodiJoro Linnaeus, 1755:B. 

Weak-stemmed and pubescent herbs; leaves opposite, 

3-veined, shallowly sermlate to k entire; heads crowded and k 

sessile in axils; involucre few-bracted, outer 1-2 green, inner 

dry and scarious; receptacle small, with scarious, elongate 

pales; inconspicuous ray-florets female, yellow, with filiform 

tube and short, 2-3-toothed ligule; disk-florets bisexual; 

achenes of two types: those from ray-florets compressed, 

2-winged, the wings with awns; those from disk-florets narrow, 

with 2-3 awns at tip. 

Neotropical, now widespread; common in disturbed places 

of Dominica at low to mid-elevations: Cabrits (Whitefoord 

3989), Canefield (Hodge 758), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3392), 

Clarke Hall (Chambers 2638), Delices (Whitefoord 3673), 

Fond Baron (Ernst 1963, King 6300), Fond St. Jean (King 

6328), Grand Bay road (Ernst I589), Layou River valley (Ernsr 

1527, 2186), Lisdara (Hodge 757, 2461), Mome aux Diables 

(Wilbur 8066), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2643), Pont Casse 

(Chambers 2719), Ridgefield (Hodge 2182), South Chiltem 

(Hodge 1510), Sylvania (Hodge 756). 

Tithonia Desfontaines ex Jussieu 

Tithonia diversjfolia 

Tirhonlio diversifolio (Hemsley) A. Gray, 1883:5.-L.a Duke, 1982498. 

Mirasollio diversifolio Hemsley, 1881,2:168. 

Coarse subshrub to 3 m; leaves alternate, usually 3-5-lobed, 

whitish beneath, base decurrent on petiole; inflorescence large, 

terminal, long-peduncled, involucral bracts in 2 series; receptacle convex, with 1 cm pales; outer ray-florets sterile, with large, 

3-toothed, showy yellow ligules 3-6 cm long; achenes pilose, 

-5 mm long, tipped by 2 unequal awns and 6-10 small scales. 

Central American, introduced elsewhere but naturalizing and 

sometimes a pess locally common in Dominica: Bataka 

(Hodge 3185), Carib Reserve (Stehle 6439, Castleton Estate 

(Webster 13411), King's Hill (King 6295), Springfield (King 

6336, 6343, Whitefoord 5838), Sylvania (Wilbur 7718). 

Tridax Linnaeus 

Tridax procumbens 

Tridaxprocwnbens Linnaeus, 1753:900.-Powell, 1965:80. 

Trailing herbs; leaves opposite, serrate; heads longpeduncled; involucral bracts in few series; receptacle convex, 

with pales; ray-florets female, 3-lobed, white to pale yellow; 

disk-florets bisexual, yellow; achenes villous, overtopped by 

pales, pappus of many aristate bristles. 

Central American but now a widespread weed; weed on 

Dominica, common along west coast: Batali River mouth 

(Chambers 2795), Canefield (Hodge 733), Goodwill (Ernst 

1296, Wilbur 7578), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7666), Loubiere 

(Hodge 3856), Pointe Michel (King 6388), Roseau (Hodge 

734), Salisbury (Whitefoord 5449). 

Verbesina Linnaeus 

1. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; heads 5-7 mm across; midlands 

1. Leaves denticulate; heads 12-15 mm across; montane ....................... V. howardiana 

......................... K gigantea 

Verbesina gigantea 

Verbesino gigontea Jacquin, 1784, Icon., 1(4):17, pl. 175; 1786, Coll.. 

1:53.-Uh, lW7,5:264.--DOmin. 1930d:73.--Stehle,1962d:365. 

Herb to 2 m, finely pubescent; leaves alternate, lower ones 

deeply 5-9-lobed, 4-16 cm x 2-8 cm; inflorescence corymbose; involucre multiseriate, light brown; receptacle convex 

with pales clasping achenes; florets white, ray-florets inconspicuous (absent?); achenes flattened, broad-winged, with 

pappus of 2 awns. 

Scattered in Antilles, also Panama; low to midlands of 

Dominica: Bellevue (King 6306, 6312), Fond Baron (King 
46 ASTERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

6297), Petit Coulibri (Whitcifoord 5996), South Chiltern 

(Nicolson 2167), Springfield (King 6333, 6338). Sylvania 

(Cooper 24), Tete Morne (King 6322). 

Verbesina howardiana 

Verbesi~ howardiana J. Olsen, 1989107. 

Subshrub with rather succulent stems; leaves clustered near 

branch ends, obovate, to 10 cm x 5 cm, the small teeth 

glandular; involucral bracts dark brown; ray-florets yellow, 

conspicuous, 1.2-1.5 cm long, disk-florets glabrous. 

Endemic and new far Dominica in elfm woodlands: Mome 

Diablotins (Whitefoord 5309 at BM), Morne Trois Pitons 

summit (Chambers 2588, Kimber 975, Nicolson 1815). 

Flowering in October, fruiting December. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Dominica now each have 

endemic montane species of Verbesina. The ariginal publication's attribution of Dominica's endemic to the Dominican 

Republic (Hispaniola) is an unfortunate error. 

Vernonia Schreber, nom. cons. 

1. Plants perennial subshrubs; heads sessile . . V. albicaulis 

1. Plants annual herbs; heads pedunculate . . . . V. cinerea 

Vernonia albicaulis 

Vernonia albuaulis Penoon, 1807,2:404.-Keeley, 1978:372. 

Vernonia longifolia Pencon, 1807,2:404.--Dcmin. 193M.61. 

Vernonia vahlianu Lessing, 1829:306. 

Suffruticose herbs to 2 m; leaves alternate, oblong-elliptic, 

2-15 cm x 1-5 cm; inflorescences cymose, condensed and 

little branched; heads sessile; involucre few -senate; receptacle 

flat, naked; corollas all tubular, lavender, pink to white; 

achenes -3 mm long with pale brown (rarely white) pappus. 

Puerto Rico through northern Lesser Antilles; in disturbed 

places of Dominica, usually in drier habitats: Cabrits (Hodge 

749, Nicolson 1906, Webster 13296, Dublanc (Hodge 2534), 

Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4446), near Londondeny 

(Chambers 2620), Point Carib (Wilbur 8009). Pointe Ronde 

(Ernst 1565), Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5188), South Chiltem 

(Ernst 1877, Hodge 1643, Stern & Wasshausen 2529), 

Sylvania (Cooper 88), sine loc. (Fishlock 57), Tete Morne 

(King 6321). Our specimens apparently fall in subsp. albicaulis. 

Vernonia cinerea 

Vernonia cinerea (Linnaeus) Lessing. 1829:291.-Damin, 1930d:a.- 

Conyza cinerea Linnaeus, 1753:262. 

Keeley, 1978:411. 

Annual herb to 0.5 m; leaves ovate (below) to oblanceolate 

(above), 2-5 cm x 1.5-2.5 cm; inflorescence loosely branched; 

heads peduncled; corollas purple, blue to white; achenes 

rounded, -1.5 mm long with deciduous, white pappus. 

Apparently Asiatic but now a pantropic weed; common in 

disturbed areas of Dominica, often on coconut hull dumps: 

Cabrits (Whitefoord 4079), Calibishie (Hodge 3144), Canefield 

(Hodge 747, Nicolson 2145), Kimber 1106), Colihaut (Kimber 

1059), Eden River mouth (Chambers 2603), Fond St. Jean 

(DeFilipps 168, King 6329), Mero (Chambers 2782), Pont 

Casse (Ernst 1236A, Wilbur 7732), Portsmouth (Hodge 748). 

Domin (193od: 1930) said he was the first to collect this on 

Dominica. Nicolson 2145 reports use as tea to provoke 

menstruation. 

Wedelia Jacquin, nom. cons. 

1. Erect subshrubs; leaves petioled, unlobed, peduncles to 2 

cm long . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . W. calycina 

1. Sprawling herbs, rooting at nodes; leaves k sessile, often 

3-5-lobed; peduncles 3-15 cm long . . . . W. tilobata 

Wedelia calycina 

Wedelia calycina L. Richard in Persoon, 1807,2:49O.-Domin, 193Od:75. 

Wedelia buphthalmoidcs var. dominuensis Grisebach, 1861:372. 

Wedeliajacquiniivar. calycina (I. Richard)O. Schulzin Urban, 1911,7:102. 

Wedelia calycina var. dominicenris (Grisebach) Domin, 19306:76. 

Wedeliajacqlcinl'i sensu 0. Schulz in Urban, 1911. 7:100, non L. Richard in 

Penoon, nom. superfl. pro Wedeliafruticara Jacquin. 

Hirsute subshrub 1-2 m; leaves opposite, 3-veined from 

above base, ovate to lanceolate, serrate; heads radiate; 

involucre 2-seriate, outer 2 foliaceous; receptacle with pales: 

ray-florets pistillate, bright yellow to golden orange; disk 

florets bisexual; achenes tipped by scales or a cupule. 

Antilles into northern South America and Panama; dry areas 

of Dominica, common near coast: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8046), 

Carholm (King 6394), ridge above Clarke Hall (Erst 1532, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2400, Webster 13183), Delices (Whitefiord 3755), Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4458), Grand 

Savanne (Hodge 3774), King's Hill (King 6294), Laudat (Lloyd 

229, Loubiere (Hodge 3868), Mero (Chambers 2778), Point 

Carib (Wilbur 8014), Pointe des Fous (Ernst 1794), Pointe 

Guignard (Wilbur 8133), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2636, Roseau 

(Hodge 745, Lloyd 737), St. Joseph (King 6389), Scotts Head 

(Hodge 1634), Tete Morne (King 6326). 

Smaller leaved plants, as Wilbur 8133, could be treated as 

Wedelia calycina var. parvifora (I-. Richard) Alain. 

Wedelia trUobata 

Wedelk trilobata (Linnaeus) Hitchcock. 1893:99.4. Schulz in Urban, 1911, 

Silphim trilobatwn Linnaeus, 1759x1233. 

Wedelia camma L. Richard in Persoon, 18U7,2:490, nom. iUeg.--<jrisebach, 

7:95.--Danin, 19306~74. 

186 1 :370. 

Trailing and rooting prostrate herb; leaves obovate, often 

lobed and irregularly serrate, 3-nerved from above base; 

ray-florets orange to yellow. 
NUMBER 77 A.STERACEA+BAUAMINACEAE 47 

Widespread weed, sometimes used as groundcover; usually 

in damp places of Dominica from strand to 500 m: Bellevue 

(Taylor 22), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3339), beach near Castle 

Bruce (Wilbur 7983), Hatton Garden beach (Hodge 3064), La 

Plaine (King 6371), Lisdara (Hodge 744), Morne Daniel 

(Kimber 1081), Pagua Bay (Chambers 2627, Wilbur 7531), 

Pont Casst5 (King 6356), Portsmouth (Hodge 742, Solheim 

5629), Rosalie (Ernst 1353), Roseau (Hodge 743), Soufribre 

(Lloyd 403), S ylvania (Hodge 3829), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3605). 

Caribs are reported to use the leaves as a poultice (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957:616). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:93, pl. 60) reported 

several medicinal usages. 

Wulffia Necker ex Cassini 

WuFffia baccata 

Wdffi hccara (Linnaeus f.) Kuntze. 1891,1:373.4. Schulzin Urban, 1911, 

Coreojasis hccata hams f., 1782:380. 

Wdffi stenoglossa A.P. Candolle, 1836,5:363.4risebach, 1861:372. 

Wdffi havanensis sensu Grisebach. 1861:373, non A.P. Candolle. 

7:91.--Domin, 193Od:73. 

Large subshrub, sometimes scrambling; leaves opposite, 

serrate-dentate, 3-veined above base; heads 1-3, terminal, 

radiate, with bracts in 2-3 series; receptacle with pales below 

fertile (disk) florets and exceeding florets and achenes; florets 

yellow to orange; achene without pappus, fleshy at maturity. 

Lesser Antilles into northern South America; occasional 

weed in Dominica: Baiac (Whitefoord 3823, Bellevue (King 

6314), Freshwater Lake (Gillis 8187), Grand Bay (Cooper 55, 

Ernst 1610, Eggers 699), Laudat (Lloyd 243), Lisdara (Hodge 

760, 762), Morne Colla Anglais (Webster 13413), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2180), Sylvania (Hodge 759, 761,3828). 

Xanthium Linnaeus 

Xanthium strumarium 

Xanthiwn strumariwn Linnaeus, 1753:987. 

Xanthiwn chinense MiUer, 1768.--Domin, 193Od:60 

Cocklebur. 

Coarse herb; leaves alternate, pedately veined, 3-5-lobed; 

corymbs with pistillate flowers near base, upper heads 

staminate; pistillate receptacle with pales subtending florets; 

fruits enclosed by woody involucre with hooked spines. 

Widespread weed; rarely collected on Dominica, the fist 

collection claimed by Domin (193Od:60): Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3295). 

This genus is sometimes split into many species. Xanthium 

chinense Miller, Xanthium echinatum Murray, Xanthium 

occidentale Bertoloni, and Xanthium orientale Linnaeus are 

often used on Antillean material but a broad species concept is 

used here. 

Youngia Cassini 

(by K. Chambers) 

Youngia japonica 

Youngio japonica (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle. 1838, 7:194.-Babcock & 

Premnhesjajwnico Linnaeus, 1767b:lW. 

Crepisjaponica (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1861a:194. 

Stebbins, 1937:94. 

Erect annual herbs with milky sap: leaves mostly basal, 

lyrate-pinnatifid with large terminal lobe; inflorescence scapose, paniculate; heads small, ligulate; involucre in 2 series, 

outer small and inner equaling florets; florets yellow, outer 

ones reddish-tinged, ligulate and 5-toothed, all fertile; achenes 

with pappus of white hairs. 

Widespread weed of tropical and subtropical regions, native 

to eastern Asia; often on banks near ditches at middle 

elevations of Dominica: Jean (Erst 1816), Pont CassC 

(Chambers 2718), Sylvania (Hodge 440[?], 769, 2502), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 3657), Trafalgar Falls road (Whitefoord 

4639). 

B ALANOPHORACEAE 

Helosis cayennensis 

Helaris cayennensis (Swam) Sprengel, 1826, 3:765.-Howard, 1959b81.- 

Cynomoriwn cayennense Swam, 1797:13, "cayenense." 

Hansen, 1980:35. 

Rhizomatous, achlorophyllous, leafless root-parasite; erect 

portion of plant to 5 cm, with globoid or ellipsoid monoecious 

capitulum of florets, each subtended by a ring of hairs; male 

florets with 3-lobed tepals, females with 2 styles. 

Cuba, Martinique, St. Lucia, Trinidad, northern South 

America; in Dominica in montane rainforest at 600-1OOO m: 

Morne Anglais (Fennah 24), Laurent River near Morne Negres 

Marrons (Hodge 1206). 

Hansen calls our H. cayennesis var. mexicana (Liebmann) 

Hansen but the varietal epithet andicola appears to have 

priority. 

B ALSAMINACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Impatiens balsamina 

Impatiens hlsomina Linnaeus, 1753:938. 

Garden balsam. 

Succulent herb; leaves serrate, alternate; flowers showy, 

magenta; capsules tomentose. 

Native of Southeast Asia, widely cultivated as an ornamental; escaping in Dominica on cleared land: Sylvania (Hodge 

459), roadside at Bomes (DHN!, flowering June). 
48 BASELLACEM-BIGNOMACUE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

BASELLACEAE 

Anredera leptostachys 

Anredera leptostachys (Moquin) Steenis, 1957,5:302.-Bogle, 1969:595. 

Bousingaultia leptostachys Mcquin in A.P. Candolle, 1849, 13(2):229. 

Glabrous vine; racemes slender, lax; pedicels jointed; outer 

bracteoles shorter than perianth and not winged. 

Neotropics; in Dominica, possibly escaping, at 30-60 m in 

coastal scrub-woodlands: Colihaut (Ernst 1149), Petit Coulibri 

(Whitefoord 4672), Salisbury (Nicolson 1941). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:53, pl. 20) reported use to treat 

inflammation. 

Recent annotations by Calvin R. Sperling (Harvard) indicate 

that he regards this as a synonym of Anredera vesicaria 

(Lamarck) C. Gaertner. 

BEGONIACEAE 

(by K. Burt-Utley) 

Begonia Linnaeus 

Begonia heracleifolia Chamisso & Schlechtendal of Central 

America, with pedatifid leaves and pubescent petioles, was 

collected in cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 5459). 

Excluded Begonia 

Begonia scandens Swartz (= Begonia glabra Aublet), a 

distinctive scandent species not known to occur in the Lesser 

Antilles, was reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1860:305) 

based on an Imray record. The type of B. dom’nicalis, Imray 

584 (K), has “B. scandentis proxime” written on it and may 

have been misread by Grisebach. 

1. Leaf blades to 10.5 cm long, doubly serrate; inflorescences 

few-flowered, to 10 cm long. . . . . . . . . . B. humilis 

1. Leaf blades 8-23 cm long, & entire; inflorescences 

many-flowered, >20 cm long . . . , . . . . . B. oblqua 

Begonia humilk 

Begonia hwnilis Aiton, 1789,3:353.Smith et al., 1986181. 

Annual herb; leaf blades 1.5-10.5 cm x 0.8-5.0 cm, 

short-pilose above, glabrous below, doubly serrate; inflorescences few-flowered, tepals white; staminate tepals 2, k 

orbicular to ovate; largest capsule wing rounded at apex. 

Grenada into northern South America; locally common in 

humid areas in Dominica 30-700 m: north (SyndicateCalibishie)+Ernst 1554, Hodge 3539, Whitefoord 351 0); 

interior (Pont Casse-o--(owan 1615, Hodge 1077, Nicolson 

2125); west slopes (Clarke Hall-Li&a)-(Cooper 66, Hodge 

2501, Stehle 6360, Stern & Wasshausen 2443A, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 307, Wilbur 7687). 

Begonia obliqua 

Begonia obliqua Linnaeus, 1753:1056.4olding, 1980245.4mith et al.. 

Begonia macrophylla Lamar&, 1785, 1:394. 

Begonia cdorata Willdenow [1814, hum. Suppl., 64. nun. nud.] ex Link, 

1822,2:3%.--smith et al.. 1986207. 

Begonia dominiccrlis A.L Candolle ex Grisebach, 1860:304.-A.L. Candolle 

in A.P. Candolle. 1864, 15(1):294.4mith et al., 1986:160. 

Begonia domingensis sensu Grisebach, 1860:304, non A.L. Candolle (fide 0. 

SchulzinUrban, 1911,7:19). 

Begonia suaveolens sensu A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1):294, 

non Loddiges. 

1986206.-Howard, 1989,5:395. 

Perennial herb; leaf blades 8-23 cm x 5-15 cm, glabrous 

above, sometimes weakly pilose below (especially on veins), 

margins entire to weakly denticulate or crenate; inflorescences 

many-flowered, tepals white to pink; staminate tepals 4, the 2 

largest k orbicular to ovate, the 2 smallest oblanceolate; largest 

capsule wing obtuse, acute or acuminate at apex. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in Dominica in 

woodlands and rainforests 30-900 m: east (Carib ReserveRosalie&(Hodge 3031, Stehle 6368, Stern & Wasshausen 

2471, 2472); interior (Micohin-Deux Branchest-(Beard 

1453, Chambers 2767, Cowan 1613, 1614, Fairchild 2924, 

Ernst 1489, Hodge 1800,1801, Smith 10239, Webster 13244, 

Wilbur 7471, 7820); west (Syndicate-Petit Coulibri& 

(Chambers 2699, Cooper 76, Eggers 612, Hodge 473, 1014, 

1174, 1356, 1471, 1543, 2022, 2305, 24%, 2570, 2581, 

Nicolson 1826,2156, Skog 1553, Webster 13190,13276,3489, 

Whitefoord 5894, 6023, Wilbur 7609, 7697), sine loc. (Imray 

584 at K). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:55, pl. 21) reported medicinal 

usages (as B. odoratu). 

The characters utilized by 0. Schulz (1.c.) and Smith et al. 

(1986:121) to separate B. macrophylla, B. dominicalis, and B. 

odorata are, at best, superficial. The shape of the bracteoles 

subtending pistillate flowers is frequently a variable character, 

even within an inflorescence. Moreover, it is common for the 

two bracteoles to have different shapes. The difficulty in 

distinguishing these taxa by bracteole characters is compounded by Schulz’s use of capsule wing characters. Wing 

shape varies within and among populations of Begonia. Even 

within an inflorescence there are subtle differences in wing 

shape, making it an unreliable character. The polymorphic 

species concept accepted by Howard (1.c.) is continued here. 

Although Schulz included Lamarck’s plate 778 in Begonia 

macrophylla, the plate is Begonia minor Jacquin, a species that 

does not occur on Dominica. 

BIGNONIACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

We acknowledge, with thanks, the prompt and constructive 

criticism by Dr. Alwyn Gentry (MO) of this text. 

Cultivated genera include the following: Amphitecna latifolia (Miller) Gentry (includes Enallagma latifolia Miller), a tree 
NUMBER 77 BIGNONIACEAE 49 

with simple, oblanceolate leaves and solitary, greenish flowers 

was reported by Hodge and Taylor (1957:607). 

Catalpa longissimu (Jacquin) Dumont de Courset, a tree 

with simple, ovate leaves and white flowers (Roseau Botanic 

Garden: Bailey 208, Hodge C). 

Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, a tree with bipinnate leaves 

and blue flowers (Roseau Botanic Garden: Hodge 3955). 

Parmentiera cereifera Seemann, the candle-tree, with 

hifoliolate leaves and elongate, white cauliflorous flowers 

(Roseau Botanic Garden: Hodge 931). 

Spathodea cumpanulata Palisot de Beauvois, the African 

tulip-tree, with pinnate leaves and large, scarlet flowers 

(Sylvania: Hodge 837). 

1. Trees or shrubs, not climbing. 

2. Leaves pinnately compound, margins dentate ..... ......................... Tecoma 

2. Leaves simple or palmately compound; margins entire. 

3. 

3. 

Leaves fascicled, simple, oblkceolate; inflorescence 

on old wood, 1-few-flowered; corolla greenish, lobes 

apiculate ................. Crescentia 

Leaves opposite, simple or palmately 3-5-foliolate, 

leaflets ovate-elliptic; inflorescence k terminal, 

many-flowered; corolla pink, lobes broadly rounded ....................... Tabebuia 

1. Climbers by tendrils or rootlets. 

4. Leaves simple, broadly ovate; flowers inconspicuous, 

appearing cauliflorous; fruit globose, indehiscent ... 

4. Leaves 2-3-foliolate, terminal leaflet sometimes replaced by tendril; flowers showy, not appearing cauliflorous: fruit dehiscent. 

........................ Schlegelia 

5. 

5. 

6. 

6. 

7. 

7. 

.. 

Ste 

inf 

fril 

Ste 

inf 

ma 

:m.s sharply 6-angled; leaflets broadly cordate; 

lorescence an elongate terminal panicle; calyx 

rgin double, the outer frilly and the inner thick 

.................. Amphilophiurn 

:ms terete to 4-angled; leaflets ovate to elliptic; 

lorescence not as above; calyx simple, without 

Ily outer margin. 

kndrils 3-clawed; flowers yellow, solitary to few 

at nodes; calyx thin and membranous, margin 

irregular ............... Macfadyena 

kndrils not clawed; flowers lavender-pink or 

white, in terminal or lateral inflorescences; calyx k 

:oriaceous, margin regularly truncate or 5- 

ienticulate. 

Corolla tubular, white, >10 cm long; fruit 

ellipsoidal, the seeds thick and unwinged; leaves 

densely tan-puberulous beneath . . Tanaecium 

Corolla infundibuliform- to campanulatetubular, usually lavender-pink, <8 cm long; fruit 

linear; seeds thin-winged, leaves glabrous or 

pubescent only in nerve axils beneath. 

8. 

8. 

Panicle many-flowered (>20); corolla <5 cm 

long; nectariferous disc present; seed wings 

hyaline, white; rare. ...... Armbidaea 

Raceme few-flowered (<20); corolla >8 cm 

long, nectariferous disc absent; seed wings 

firm, brownish; common ....... Cydista 

Amphilophium Kunth 

Amphilophium paniculatum 

Amphilophiwnpaniculatwn (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1819.3: 149. 

Bignonia panicdata Lirnraeus, 1753:623. 

Coarse vine; leaflets usually 2, cordate, acuminate, to 15 cm 

long; petioles to 5 cm long, petiolules to 4 cm; inflorescence 

terminal, to 15 cm long; pedicels 1 cm long; calyx doublemargined, urceolate, outer 5 lobes broadly spreading; corolla 2 

cm long, bilabiate, purple at maturity, fragrant; capsule 

oblong-elliptic, k flattened, to 9 cm x 5 cm; seeds to 2 cm x 3 

cm, puberulous. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica from sea level to 800 m: 

Antrim Valley (Nicolson 1874), Douglas Bay (Ernst 1930), 

Rosehill (Eggers 504), Syndicate (Ernst 21 04, Whitefoord 

4306), sine loc. (Imray 104). Flowering July-October. 

Arrabidaea A.P. Candolle 

Arrabidaea chica 

Arrabidaea chica (Humboldt & Bonpland) Verlot, 1868: 154. 

Bignonia chiccl Humboldt & Bonpland, 1807, 1:107. 

Vine; leaflets ovate, base rounded, apex acute to acuminate, 

to 12 cm x 5 cm; petiole to 7 cm, petiolules to 3 cm long, the 

petiole and tendril persistent after the fall of the leaflets, 

creating the appearance of cauline tendrils; inflorescence a 

terminal panicle, to 15 cm long; pedicel 5 mm, slender; calyx 5 

mm, teeth minute; corolla lavender-pink, 3-4 cm long, lobes to 

1 cm; pods 15 cm x 1 cm, linear and flattened; seeds flattened, 

4 cm x 1 cm, wings hyaline. 

Continental neotropics and Greater Antilles; rare (possibly 

escaped?) in Dominica: rocky flat along Douglas Bay (Ernst 

1929). Flowering and fruiting in July. 

Crescentia Linnaeus 

Crescentia cujete 

Crcscentia cujete Linnaeus, 1753:626. 

Calabash, calebasse coucou, calebasse rond. 

Tree to 10 m; leaves simple, sometimes clustered, apex 

rounded or short-apiculate, base long-tapering to 1 cm petiole; 

flowers solitary, lateral on old wood, pedicel to 1.5 cm; calyx 

2 cm, deeply bifid; corolla campanulate, 5.6 cm long, greenish, 

the lobes triangular, 1.5 cm long, long-apiculate to fimbriate; 
50 BIONONIA~AE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

fruit gourd-like, indehiscent; seeds unwinged, embedded in 

Neotropics, often semi-cultivated, occasional in Dominica at 

lower elevations: Bataca (Stehle 6369, 6372), sine loc. (Taylor 

118,119,120). 

As elsewhere, the hard-shelled fruits of various shapes are 

used to make containers (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:607). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198555, pl. 22) reported usage to treat 

wounds. 

Pulp. 

Cydista Miers 

Cydista aequinoctialis 

Cydirfa oequinocfialir (Linnaeus) Miers, 1863:191. 

Bignonia aequinocfialis hams, 1753:623. 

Vigorous vine; leaflets obovate, base rounded, apex tapered, 

to 12 cm x 4 cm; petiole 3-5 cm, petiolules 1.5 cm; pedicel 1 

cm; calyx 8 mm, truncate; corolla 7-9 cm, lobes 2.5 cm long, 

rounded, pink; fruit to 40 cm x 2.5 cm, flattened; seeds 

coriaceous, flattened, winged, 3.5 cm x 2 cm. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica along the west coast: 

Batali River (Erst 1395,1656), Cabrits (Hodge 836, Nicolson 

4198, Webster 13317), Canefield Estate (Ernst 1839), Douglas 

Bay (Finlay s.n. at K), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3072), 

Portsmouth (Hodge 3755, Whitefoord 4513), sine loc. (Iway 

26). Flowering April-June, fruiting in July. 

Macfadyena A.P. Candolle 

Macfadyena unguis-cati 

Macfadyem unguk- cati (Linnaeus) Gentry, 1973236. 

Bignonia unguis-cafi Linnaeus, 1753:623. 

Doxanfha unguis-cari (Linnaeus) Miers, 1863:190. 

Climber; short tendrils with 3 claw-like hooks; leaflets ovate 

to long-ovate, to 9 cm x 4 cm; petioles to 3.5 cm, petiolules to 

2.5 cm; flowers 1-several at nodes; pedxels 2 cm, slender; 

calyx to 1.5 cm, shallowly and irregularly round-lobed; corolla 

to 7 cm long, yellow with reddish lines in throat, lobes 2.5 cm, 

rounded; fruit linear, to 35 cm x 1 cm; seeds to 2 cm x 6 cm, 

wings membranous. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica along west coast: Batali 

River (Ernst 1649), East Cabrit (Whitefoord 5288), Mome 

Daniel cliffs (Hodge 3896), Rodney’s Rocks (Nicolson 1969), 

Roseau (Hodge 3896), sine loc. (Imruy 66). Flowering 

April-June, fruiting January. 

Schlegelia Miquel 

Schlegelia axillaris 

Schlegelia axilkaris Grisebach, 1862445. 

Epiphyte; leaves entire, leathery, ovate-orbicular, to 10 cm x 

8 cm; petiole 1.5 cm; inflorescence lateral, few-flowered, 3(-6) 

cm long; pedicels 5-15 mm; calyx 4 mm, irregularly lobed; 

corolla whitish, 1.5 cm, the rounded lobes 0.5 cm; fruit 

spherical, indehiscent, to 1 cm broad. 

Jamaica and Guadeloupe; in Dominican rain forests (type 

locality) at 500 m: Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4035). Flowering 

in January. 

This genus is sometimes put in the Scrophulariaceae 

(Armstrong, 1985). 

Tabebuia Gornes ex A.P. Candolle 

This genus is badly in need of revision. The taxa occurring in 

Dominica are remarkably distinct in morphology and habitat, 

perhaps more so than elsewhere. Because the taxonomy has 

long been unsettled, nomenclature is remarkably entangled, 

various authors using the same names for very different or 

broad senses or different names for the same senses. We 

decided to simply accept four more or less discrete taxa as 

species for a basic classification and work out the nomenclature 

(types) under that assumption. 

The four species accepted are (1) Tubebuiu roseu (Bertoloni) 

A.P. Candolle (1845,9:215), a native of Central America and 

northern South America, which is cultivated in the Antilles, 

including the Roseau Botanic Garden (Anonymous s.n. at K); 

(2) Tubebuiu riparia (Rafhesque) Sandwith (1955:44), endemic to Jamaica; (3) Tabebuia heterophyllu (A.P. Candolle) 

Britton (1915:48), a (3-)5-foliolate pan-Antillean species 

(excluding Jamaica); and (4) Tubebuiu pullidu (Lindley) Miers 

(1863:199), a 1(-3)-foliolate species endemic to the volcanic 

Lesser Antilles, but sometimes cultivated elsewhere. 

We do not give formal synonymies for the first two species 

since they are not known to occur naturally on Dominica. We 

will give formal synonymies for the last two species that are 

native to Dominica. However, an attempt to sort out all the 

different misapplications of names used by various authors for 

Dominican species results in such incomprehensible synonymies that we decided to minimize the citation of names “sensu 

auct.” and “pro park.” The following narrative account of 

various names that have been used is an attempt to express their 

disposition (typification) and to suggest the difficulties of 

accounting for their misapplications. 

The earliest legitimate name applicable to this group is 

Bignoniu leucoxylon Linnaeus (1753:624). Sandwith 

(1953:453; 195544) identified the Linnaean type with the 

Jamaican endemic species (T. ripariu (Raf&sque) Sandwith); 

the epithet is unavailable in Tubebuiu because of the existence 

of the binomial I: leucoxyla A.P. Candolle, based on Vellozo 

material. 

Bignoniu leucoxylon Linnaeus (1763:870) is interpreted by 

Sandwith (1953:453) as an illegitimate later homonym of B. 

leucoxylon Linnaeus (1753:624). The type of the later 

homonym is identified with what is here called T heterophylla. 
NUMBER 77 BIGNONIACBAE 51 

The binomial Tecomu leucoxylon Martius ex A.P. Candolle 

(1845, 9:219) is a legitimate name under Article 72 (Note) 

(ZCBN), with priority dating from 1845, not 1763. De Candolle 

and later authors (Grisebach, 1862447; Urban, 1911, 4565) 

also included elements of what would not only appear to be T. 

heterophyllu (pan-Antillean) but also T roseu (South America) 

and T ripuriu (Jamaica). 

Bignoniu pentuphyllu Linnaeus (1763:870) comes next. 

Sandwith (1953:453) argued that this constitutes an illegitimate 

renaming of Bignoniu leucoxylon Linnaeus (1753:624) and 

thus falls into the synonymy of Tubebuiu ripuriu (Jamaican 

endemic). The binomial Tecomu pentuphyllu Jussieu ex A.P. 

Candolle (1845, 9:217) is a legitimate name under Article 72 

(Note) (ZCBN) with priority from 1845, not 1763. It is possible 

that a lectotype of Tecomu pentuphyllu could be selected that 

could be identified with the pan-Antillean species (I: heterophyllu), but de Candolle apparently also included the Lesser 

Antillean endemic (I: pullidu). In any case, Grisebach 

(1861:447) and Urban (1911, 4565) indiscriminately used 

Tecomu pentuphyllu for elements of all four species. 

Ruputiu (Rutaceae!) heterophyllu A.P. Candolle 

(182k 153) is based on sterile material from Puerto Rico. The 

type (microfiche) corresponds to our concept of the panAntillean species, for which we accept the name Tubebuiu 

heterophyllu (A.P. Candolle) Britton (191548). 

Finally, Bignoniu pullidu Lindley (1826b) is based on 

unifoliolate material cultivated in St. Vincent. This is what we 

regard as the Lesser Antillean endemic, for which we accept the 

name Tubebuiu pullidu (Lindley) Miers. This name has been 

generally used for other taxa, particularly the pan-Antillean 

taxon (Britton and Wilson, 1925, 6:196, Gooding et al., 

1965389). 

We reemphasize that our acceptance of the species rank for 

the two Dominican taxa is provisional. On Dominica they are 

very distinct in aspect and habitat but material from other 

islands is not so easily divided. Stehl6 (1945338; 1946a:32) 

recognized three subspecies within a variable concept of I: 

heterophyllu. Little and Wadsworth (1964:498) went further 

and accepted I: heterophyllu as a variable species without 

subspecies. A revision of Antillean Tabebuieae, particularly 

accounting for the Cuban taxa, is needed. 

1. Leaflets (3-)5, west (leeward) coast . . . I: heterophylla 

1. Leaflets 1(-3); east (windward) coast . . . . . I: pallida 

Tabebuia heterophylla 

Tabebuia heterophylla (A.P. Candolle) Britton. 1915:18.-Little & WadRap& heterophylla A.P. Candolle, 1822~153; 1824, 1:734. 

Tecoma pentaphylla Jussieu ex A.P. Candolle, 1845, 9:217.-Urban, 1911, 

Tabebuia pentaphylla (A.P. Candolle) Hemsley, 1882, 2:495.-Urban, 1921, 

Tabebuia pallida subsp. pentaphylla (A.P. Candolle) Stehlb, 1945:329,338. 

swod, 1964:198, pl. 236. 

4565. 

8:641. 

Tabebuia heterophylla subsp. pallida sensu Stehlb. 1946a:32, as to description, 

not as to the Lindley type. 

White cedar, poirier blanc. 

Tree to 6(-20) m; leaves (3-)5-foliolate, leaflets to 9(-12) 

cm x 5.5 cm, apex obtuse to emarginate and base rounded, 

petioles to 5 cm, petiolules to 3 cm; calyx 1.5 cm long, 

irregularly lobed; corolla to 8 cm long, pale violet with 

yellowish center, lobes flattened, to 2 cm long; fruits terete, to 

20 cm x 1 cm, apex attenuate; seeds flattened, 0.6 cm x 1 cm, 

hyaline wings to 2 cm long. 

Antillean (except Jamaica); common in dry scrub along west 

coast of Dominica: Cabrit (Smith 10310), Grand Savanne 

(Beard 246), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4483,Loubiere (Hodge 

3864), Mero (Stern & Wusshausen 2437), Morne Bruce 

(Fuirchild 283I), Morne Daniel (Webster 13291), Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2660,2755), Salisbury (Chambers 2801), Scotts 

Head (Hodge 1603, Kimber 884, Wilbur 7589), Tarou Cliffs 

(Nicolson 1858). Flowering January-June, fruiting in July. 

Tabebuia pallida 

Tabebuia pallida (Lindley) Miers, 1863:199. 

Bignonia pallida Lindley, 1826b. 

Tabebuia Mnicensis Urban, 1924:308. 

Tabebuia pallida subsp. dominicensis (Urban) Stehlb,1945:330,338. 

Tabcbuia heterophylla subsp. dm’nicensis (Urban) Stehlb,196:33. 

Poirier. 

Tree to lo(-30) m; leaves usually simple with apex rounded 

to obtuse, to 20 cm x 9 cm, petioles to 5 cm, or when rarely 

3-fOliOhte, leaflets to 12 cm x 5.5 cm, petioles to 9 cm and 

petiolules to 3 cm; pedicels 3 cm, slender; flowers and fruits as 

above; seeds as above but perhaps k larger. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenadines, 

and St. Lucia; common in Dominica in the eastern (windward) 

coastal forests: Au Park (Red 20270), Bout Sable Bay 

(Nicolson 1983, L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 7518), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 3055), La Plaine (Rumuge s.n., type at K), Marigot 

(Hodge 839), Petit Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wusshuusen 2477), 

St. Davids Bay (Emst 1470, Wilbur 7987), St. Saveur 

(Chambers 2549), Salybia (Stehle 6091, 6387). Flowering 

January-May; fruit formed in many months, apparently mostly 

in July. 

Caribs use the wood of this (perhaps also the other species) 

for ship building and other purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957608). Adjanohoun et al. (198557, pl. 23) reported 

medicinal usage of what probably is a composite of the two 

taxa recognized here. 

Tanaecium Swartz 

Tanaecium crucigerum 

TaMeciwn crucigerwn B. Smann, 1856:27.4enuy, 1975: 122. 

Scrubby vine to 3 m; leaflets elliptic, apex rounded or 
52 BI~NONIACEAE-BOMBACACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

obtuse, 12 cm x 7 cm, petioles to 9 cm, petiolules to 3 cm; 

pedicel 1 cm; calyx to 1.5 cm, truncate; corolla to 16 cm long, 

white, lobes to 2 cm, rounded, fruit cylindric, 12 cm x 4 cm; 

seeds flattened, woody, 2 cm x 3 cm. 

Lesser Antilles and Venezuela; locally abundant along the 

west coast of Dominica (type locality): Canefield Estate (Ernst 

1838), Massacre (Webster 13476). Flowering June, flowers and 

hits in July. 

This species differs from T jurobu Swartz only in its 

puberulous leaf undersurface and may fall into synonymy 

(Gentry, pers. comm.). 

Tecoma Jussieu 

Tecoma cupensis (Thunberg) Lindley (includes Tecomriu 

cupensis phunberg) Spach), cape honeysuckle, a rambling 

shrub with scarlet flowers to 2 cm long (Hodge 1007, sterile). 

Tecoma stuns 

Tecoma slaw (Linnaeus) Jussieu ex Kunth, 1819,3:144. 

Bignonia stuns Linnaeus, 1763:871. 

Shrub to 4 m; leaves 5-7-pinnate; leaflets sessile, ovatelanceolate, margins crenate; pedicel 7 mm; calyx 5 mm, lobes 

acute, 1 mm; corolla campanulate, yellow, to 4.5 cm, rounded 

lobes to 1 cm; fruit terete, to 20 cm x 0.5 cm; seeds 0.5 cm, 

membranous wings 1.5 cm. 

Neotropics; infrequent to common along dry west coast: 

Batali River (Erst 1412), Colihaut (Hodge 3773, Loubiere

(Hodge 3862), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8132), Scotts Head 

(Wilbur 7592), South Chiltern (Hodge 1629), Tarou Cliffs 

(Nicolson 1859). Flowers and hits in March, May, June, and 

October. 

BIXACEAE 

Biwa orellana 

Bixa orellana Lirmaeus, 1753:512.-LiUle & Wadsworth, 1964:358, pl. 166. 

Rou-cou, annetto. 

Shrub or tree to 7 m; leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate; petals 

white; capsule spiny, seeds red. 

Neotropics, pantropically naturalizing; in Dominica cultivated and apparently spontaneous at lower and middle 

elevations on east coast: Cote d'Or (Nicolson 2054), Lisdara 

(Hodge 2478), Lmdonderry (Chambers 2624), Salybia (Hodge 

3303,3225). 

The red seed coat is used as a dye (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957588). 

BOMBACACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Durio zibethinus Murray, the famous durian of Southeast 

Asia, was collected in the Roseau Botanical Garden (Hodge 

941). It has a large, spiny, overwhelmingly fragrant fruit. 

1. mves palmately 5-9-foliolate; staminal filaments 5, free 

above; fruits dehiscent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceiba 

1. Leaves simple; staminal filaments many, connate above; 

fruit indehiscent or dehiscent. 

2. Leaves shallowly lobed; petals 11-15 cm long; anthers 

to 5 cm long; hit dehiscent . . . . . . . . , Ochroma 

2. Leaves unlobed; petals to 5 cm long; anthers to 2 mm 

long; fruit indehiscent . . . . . . . . , . . Quararibea 

Ceiba Miller 

Ceiba pentandm 

Ceih pentundra (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 1791, 2244.-LiUle & Wadsworth. 

Bornbarpenlandrum Linnaeus, 1753:511. 

Eriodendron anfiactucxrwn var. caribaewn A.P. Candolle, 1824,1:479. 

Bombax occidedale Sprengel, 1826,3:124. 

Ceih penturtdra var. caribuea (A.P. Candolle) Bakhuizen van den Brink, 

Ceih occidentulir (Sprengel) Burkill. 1935:317. 

1964:332. pl. 153. 

19241%. 

Fromager, pin tree, kumaka (Carib). 

Buttressed, enormous, deciduous tree, ours with stout spines 

on young branches and young trunks; leaves palmately 

compound; petals 2.5-4 cm long; woolly hairs of the endocarp 

are the kapok of commerce. 

Pantropical, in Dominica in dry west coast woodlands: 

Cabrits (Hodge 3703), Portsmouth (Hodge 543), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1649). Leafless March-May, hits ripe in 

Source of light wood and kapok (Hodge and Taylor, 

May * 

1957582). 

Ochroma Swartz 

Ochroma pyramidale 

Ochroma pyrm'&le (Lamarck) Urban, 1920123.-Linle & Wadsworth, 

Bombax pyramidale Cavanilles ex Lamsrck, 1788 [Apr], 2552. 

1964:334, pl. 154.-Bomstein in Howard, 1989,5:268. 

0chr0~ lagopw SWW, 1788 [J~n-J~1]:98. 

Bois flot, balsa. 

Unarmed tree to 20 m; leaves palmately lobed; endocarp 

with woolly hairs. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in lowland woods at 

30-210 m: Hatton Garden (Hodge 3058), Rosalie (Emst 1360, 

Nicolson 4128), Calibishie-Portsmouth-Spanish Mountain 

(Nicolson!). Flowers in January, hits in April-June. 

Source of light wood and kapok (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:582). 

Quararibea Aublet 

Quararibea turbinaka 

Quararitea turbiwtu (swartz) Poiret in Lamar&, 

4636.-Liule & Wadsworth, 1964:336, pl. 155. 

Myrodicl turbinafa Swartz, 1788102. 

1816. Encycl., Suppl., 
NUMBER 77 BOMBACACXAE-B~RAQINACEAE 53 

Lele, swizzle-stick tree. 

Tree to 6 m; branches whorled, leaves to 27 cm long, 

sparsely minutely lepidote below and pubescent in vein axils. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

low forests: Calibishie (Hodge 2733), Carib Reserve (Stehle 

6384), Deux Branches (Hodge 3101). sine loc. (Imray s.n., 

1859, Taylor 109). 

A source of stimng sticks (Hodge and Taylor, 1957582). 

BORACINACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

Argusia gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Heine, also known as 

Mallotonia gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Britton, has sessile, spatulate, tomentose leaves, 3-10 cm long and was reported for 

Dominica by V6lez (1957:76) based on a report by Stehle (non 

vidi). Howard (1989, 6189) reported it, with exclamation 

mark, but I have not seen the Dominica record. 

Rochefortia spinosa (Jacquin) Urban (including Rochefortia 

cuneata Swartz) has leaves clustered on short shoots and is 

sparingly spiny. It was first attributed to Dominica by Britton 

and Wilson (1925,6:130), perhaps based on material from the 

Dominican Republic, although Johnston (1949b: 128) cited 

Dominica. 

Symphytwn ofSicinale Linnaeus of Europe was reported by 

Adjanohoun et al. (198559, pl. 25) as cultivated around houses 

in the Lesser Antilles as a medicinal plant. Its presence on 

Dominica is unconfirmed. 

1. Style twice-branched, stigmas 4 .......... Cordia 

1. Style simple or wanting; stigma simple or 2-lobed. 

2. Inflorescence a branching corymb; flowers longpedicellate .................. Bourreria 

2. Inflorescence a branched or unbranched scorpioid spike; 

flowers sessile or k sessile. 

3. Inflorescence unbranched (rarely once-branched) 

3. Inflorescence 2-more-branched .... Tournefortia 

..................... Heliotropium 

Alternative Key 

1. Inflorescences corymbose. 

2. Inflorescence glabrous ............ Bourreria 

2. Inflorescence pubescent. ............ Cordia 

1. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or capitate. 

3. Inflorescence capitate ............. Cordia 

3. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. 

4. Inflorescence 2-more-branched; woody climbers 

or trees ................ Tournefortia 

4. Inflorescence unbranched or with 1 branch; erect 

shrubs or herbs. 

5. Calyx teeth shorter than calyx tube ... Cordia 

5. Calyx teeth longer than calyx tube ....... .................. Heliotropium 

Bourreria Browne, nom. cons. 

Bourreria succulenta 

Boweria succulenta Jaquin, 1760:14.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:466, pl. 

Boweria donu’ngenris sensu Mien, 1869,2233, non Grisebach. 

Bowerin recwva Mien, 1869,2234. 

220. 

Cotlette, tawai (Carib). 

Shrub or small tree to 8 m; leaves glabrous, elliptic-ovate, 

base tapering, apex k acute, to 12 cm 5 cm; petiole to 1 cm; 

inflorescence loosely corymbose, to 12 cm broad; calyx 

campanulate, pubescent within, tube 5 mm, lobes 2 mm, 

deltoid; corolla white, tube 6 mm, lobes 4 mm, rounded; 

stamens exserted; style 8 mm; stigma capitate; fruit an orange 

berry, 1 cm across. 

Neotropics; in Dominica common below 100 m: Cabrits 

(Nicolson 1902, 4196, Webster 13316, Whitefoord 4002), 

Calibishie (Hodge 31 40). Dublanc (Whitefoord 4297), Grand 

Bay (Wilbur 7999), La Plaine (Wilbur 8171), Layou Valley 

(Ernst 1525, Stern & Wasshausen 2420), Pointe Baptiste 

(Hodge 3740), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2635), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 790), Prince Ruperts Head (Finlay in 1792), Salisbury 

(Ernst 1431, Nicolson 2039, Stern & Wasshausen 2455, Wilbur 

7648,8112), Salybia (Hodge 3218, 3272, Taylor 17), Walkers 

Rest (Chambers 2773), Woodford Hill (Ernst 1684). 

The Caribs obtain an emollient fluid from the inner bark to 

use on inflamed eyes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957599). 

Cordia Linnaeus 

1. Inflorescence unbranched. 

2. Inflorescence capitate; sepals setaceous . . C. globosa 

2. Inflorescence spicate; sepals short-triangular. 

3. Leaves small, obovate, slightly crenate, rounded at 

apex .................. C. divancata 

3. Leaves large, ovate, serrate, acuminate at apex ... ................... C. martinicensis 

1. Inflorescence branched. 

4. Leaf margins serrate; leaf scabrous above. 

5. Inflorescence axillary, with ball-like flower clusters 

.................... C. polycephala 

5. Inflorescence terminal; flowers scattered ....... ..................... C. nesophila 

6. Calyx and corolla persistent, enveloping slender, 

elongate dry hit; calyx conspicuously 10-ribbed 

...................... C. alliodora 

6. Corolla withering and deciduous; calyx not conspicuously 10-ribbed; fruit fleshy, drupaceous. 

7. Leaves obovate; fruits red ..... C. collococcu 

7. Leaves ovate; fruit white. 

8. Leaves medium, glabrous; mature calyx campanulate, splitting irregularly .... C. reticulata 

8. Leaves large, scabrous; mature calyx appearing 

salverform .............. C. sulcuta 

4. Leaf margins entire; leaf scabrous or glabrous above. 
54 BORAGINACEAE SMITHSON" CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Cordia alliodom 

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) men. 1841,3:1098.--Liale & Wadsworth, 

Cerdam alliodora Ruiz & Pavon, 1799,2:47. 

Cordia germcanthus msu Grisebach, 1862:478, non Linnaeus. 

Gerascanthus alliodorw (Ruiz & Pavh) Bddi et al., 1988396. 

1964:468, pl. 221. 

Tree to 20 m tall; younger parts stellately f pubescent; leaves 

elliptic, 10-20 cm x 2.5-9 cm; petiole to 4 cm; inflorescence 

a stiff panicle to 22 cm broad; calyx tube 4.5 mm long, lobes 

0.5 mm, 10-veined, pubescent; corolla white, 1.1 cm, lobes 0.6 

cm; fruit fusiform, included in persistent calyx and corolla. 

Neotropics; rare in Dominica in dry coastal woodlandx 

Coulibisai (Whitefoord 5359), Scotts Head (Hodge 1627), sine 

loc. (Imray s.n.). 

Cordia sebestana Linnaeus, a similar species but more 

pubescent and with large red flowers, was reported from 

Dominica by Beard (1944:64), possibly from cultivation. 

Cordia collococca 

Cordia collococca Linnaeus, 1760 [Jan]:l4, "callococca"; 1760 [Sep], 

Arnoen. 5:377.-Johnston, 1949b:123.-Little et al.. 1974:842, pl. 672. 

Gerascanrhus collococcw (Linnaeus) Borhidi in Borhidi et al., 1988:399. 

Tree to 6 m; leaves obovate, apiculate, usually tapering at 

base, glabrous, to 12 cm x 6 cm; petioles 1 cm; leaf scars 

prominent on 1 year twigs; inflorescence cymose; flowers 

white, fragrant; calyx splitting irregularly; corolla tube 3 mm, 

petals 3 mm, reflexed, stamens conspicuously exserted, fruit a 

fleshy red berry, 1 cm across. 

Neotropics; near sea level in Dominica on west coast: 

Cabrits (Nicolson 4193), Morne Daniel (Hodge 3890), Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2735), Salisbury (Ernst 1423). Fruits MayJune. 

Cordia divaricata 

Cordia divaricata Kunth, 1818,3:74.-Johnston, 1949b121. 

Cordia cwassavica sensu (UICP, non Roemer & Schultes. 

Cordia cinerascens A.P. Candolle, 1845,9:492. 

Cordia cylindrirtachya var. cherascens (A.P. Canddle) Grisebach, 1862:480. 

Varronia diwricata (Kunth) Bohidi in Borhidi et al., 1988:391. 

Densely branching shrub to 2 m; leaves rugose, oblongovate, rounded at apex, tapering at base, epetiolate, to 5 cm x 

1.5 cm, margins crenate; inflorescence a terminal spike, to 8 cm 

long; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes 1.5 mm; fruit a red berry. 

Northern South America, Martinique; a fairly common shrub 

in Dominica in dry areas below 500 m on west side: Batali 

River (Webster 13171), Colihaut (Ernst 1137, Wilbur 8225), 

Dublanc (Whirefoord 4278). Grand Savanne (Hodge 3808, 

Lloyd 839, Nicolson 40S1, Stehle 6317, Wilbur 7631), South 

Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2534). 

Cordia curassavica Roemer & Schultes sensu strict0 seems 

not to occur in Dominica. Reports of its occurrence are based 

on a wider interpretation of the species that includes C. 

divaricata (see Johnston, 1949b:99- 102). Cordia curassavica 

is distinguished from C. divaricata in having larger (1 1 cm x 3 

cm), elliptic, dentate, short-petiolate leaves. Cordia curassavica may also have been confused with C. martinicensis or C. 

nesophila. 

Cordia globosa 

Cordia globma (Jacquin) Kunth, 1818,3:76. 

Varronia globosa Jacquin, 1760:ll. 

Varronia darycephala Desvaux. 1809:274. 

Cordia dagcephala (Desvaux) Kunth, 1818,3:76. 

Sprawling shrub to 2 m; leaves elliptic, base cuneate, upper 

2/3 of margins coarsely serrate, 3-8 cm x 1.5-4 cm; twigs, 

leaves and calyx strigose; inflorescence terminal, globose, 2 cm 

broad; calyx lobes setaceous, 3 mm; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes 

2 mm, white; berry ovate, red, 5 mm long. 

Northern South America, Lesser Antilles; occasional in 

Dominica, roadside thickets on west coast: Cabrits (Hodge 890, 

Nicolson 1195, Smith 10337), Colihaut (Kimber 1060), 

Dublanc (Whirefoord 4276), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7656, 

Stehlt 6396), Loubiere (Hodge 3861), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2769), Rosehill (Eggers 878), Salisbury (Ernst 1753), Scotts 

Head (Wilbur 8135), St. Joseph (Nicolson 4043, sine loc. 

(Eggers 818, Imray s.n.). 

Cordia martinicensis 

Cordia martinicensir (Jacquin) Roaner & Schdtes, 1819,4:461. 

Varronia martinicensis Jaquin, 1760: 14. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves slightly scabrous, ovate, apex 

acute-attenuate, base rounded to acute, 6-20 cm x 3-8 cm, 

margin coarsely toothed; inflorescence a stout terminal spike, 

densely flowered; calyx inflated, lobes with subulate tips; 

corolla tube 6 mm long, lobes 1 mm; fruit a drupe, included in 

calyx. 

Lesser Antilles; occasional in Dominica on west coast below 

300 m: Colihaut-Pointe Ronde-Milton Estate (Ernst 2063, 

Hodge 2543,2663, Lloyd 853, Whitefoord 4682). 

Cordia nesophila 

Cordia nesophika Johnston, 1956:289. 

Cordia salviifdia sensu auctt., non Jussieu ex Poket. 

Varronia nesophila (Johnston) Borhidi in Borhidi et al.. 1988:392 

Slender shrub to 3 m; leaves scabrous above, pubescent 

beneath, ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, base rounded to acute, 

6-15 cm x 1.5-6 cm, margins crenate; inflorescence a terminal 

corymbiform cyme to 7 cm across; flowers & sessile; calyx with 

10 veins visible; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes 2 mm, reflexed; 

hits frequently parasitized, 5 mm across. 

Lesser Antilles; infrequent in Dominica, dry western coastal 

slopes: Colihaut (Wilbur 8238, 8279), Dublanc (Whirefoord 

4277). 
NUMBER 77 BORAGINACIM 55 

Cordia polycephala 

Cordia polycephala (Lamar&) Johnston, 193533. 

Varronia polycephala Lamarck, 1792, Tab. 1:418. 

Cordia rcrmifolia Jussieu in Dumont de Courset, 1802,2:148, pro parte. 

Common scraggly shrub to 2 m; leaves slightly scabrous 

above, pale and slightly curly-pubescent beneath; elliptic to 

ovate, 8-14 cm x 3-6 cm, margins shallowly toothed, 

inflorescence an axial, spare, k capitate cyme; corolla tube 4.5 

mm, lobes 0.5 mm; fruit ovate, included in calyx. 

Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles to northern South America; 

common in Dominica in forest and shrubby areas to 600 m: 

Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2418, Webster 13163, 

Delices (Whitefoord 3754), Grand Bay (Ernst 1064), La Plaine 

(Wilbur 8168), Laudat (Gillis 8193, Lisdara (Hodge 792, 

2319, Cooper 141), Milton (Hodge 2915), Mome Colla 

Anglais (Hodge 793), Morne Jaune (Nicolson 2049), Morne 

Plat Pays (Wilbur 7853, Ridgefield (Hodge 2217, 3900), 

Soufrikre (Howard 11780, Soufriere Bay (Wilbur 8213, 

South Chiltern (Ernst 1878, Hodge 1451), Sylvania (Cooper 

22, Stehle 6314). 

Cordia rericulata 

Cordia reticulato Vahl. 1807, Eclog., 3:5.-Howard, 1989,6199. 

Cordia elliptic0 sensu auctt: Urban, 1903,3:357.-Johston. 1949b125, non 

Gerascanthus reticulatus (Vahl) Borhidi in Borhidi et al., 1988401. 

Cordia laevigata sensu awn., non Lamarck. 

Swartz 

Coco poule, mapou. 

Tree 8-10 m; leaves glabrous, broadly ovate, apiculate, base 

rounded, 15 cm x 7 cm, 4-5 pairs lateral veins prominent 

beneath; inflorescence a coarse cyme, 7 cm broad, cinereohispid; calyx tube 6 mm long, lobes 2 mm, broadly triangular; 

corolla white, tube 7 mm, lobes 4 mm, oblong, reflexed; fruit an 

ovate, succulent, white berry, 1.5 cm long. 

Lesser Antilles; occasional in Dominican midlands to 900 m: 

Central Forest Reserve (Ernsr 1669), Delices (Whitefoord 

3708), En Haut Jean (Webster 13515), Freshwater Lake 

(Whitefoord 3855), Hatton Gardens (Hodge 3012), Lisdara 

(Cooper 142), Morne Anglais (Hodge 2247), Mome Micotrin 

(Chambers 2679, Wasshausen & Ayensu 331, Wilbur 7413, 

8248). Mount Joy (Cooper 58, Webster 13384), Pont Casse

(Nicolson 1851, Stern & Wasshausen 2552, Wilbur 7761, 

8284), Salybia (Hodge 3359), South Chiltem (Stern & 

Wasshausen 2505), Sylvania (Beard 11 64, Hodge 791,1126J 

Syndicate (Hodge 2612, Whitefoord 3908). 

Leaves are believed by the Caribs to relieve headache 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957599). 

Cordia sulcata 

Cordia sulcata A.P. Candolle, 1845, 9:488.-Lale & Wadsworth, 1964:474, 

Gerascanthus sulcatus (A.P. Candolle) Borhidi in Borhidi et al., 1988:402. 

pl. 224. 

Bois bre, coco poule. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves scabrous above, (rusty) pubescent 

beneath and with prominent veins, oblong-ovate, acuminate, 

rounded at base, 30 cm x 15 cm; inflorescence corymbiform, 

terminal; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes 2 mm, reflexed; fruit a 

fleshy white berry, 8 mm across, subtended by 4 mm 

salverform calyx. 

West Indies; occasional in Dominica in forests: Calibishie 

(Hodge 3154), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2390), Eden 

River (Ernst 1681). Laudat (Eggers 829), L’Imprevue (Narodny I), Portsmouth (Hodge 3745), Syndicate (Ernst 2107, 

Whitefoord 4310), Upper Layou Valley (Beard 661), sine loc. 

(Imray 282). 

Heliotropium Linnaeus 

Heliotropium curassavicum Linnaeus, a glabrous, somewhat 

glaucous fleshy halophyte, was reported for Dominica by V6lez 

(1957:76) based on his own collection. The collection has not 

been located and the record is questioned. 

Heliotropium procumbens Miller (incl. Heliotropium inundatum Swartz), an annual with obovate to spatulate leaves, was 

reported for Dominica by V6lez (1957:76) based on his own 

collection. It may be in areas subject to periodic fresh water 

inundation. 

1. Woody perennial; leaves linear, c0.5 cm broad 

........................ H. ternatum 

1. Herbaceous annual; leaves >1.5 cm broad. 

2. Leaves attenuate at base, k entire; nutlets rounded 

2. Leaves k truncate at base, k undulate; nutlets pointed H. indicum 

.................... H. angiospermurn 

....................... 

Heliotrogium angiospermurn 

Heliotropium angiospcrmum Murray, 1770217.-Johnston, 1949b 138. 

Helwtropium pawi~orum Linnaeus, 1’771:201. 

Annual -1 m; leaves ovate, acuminate, base attenuate, to 8 

cm x 3 cm, margin entire; inflorescence sometimes forked, to 

15 cm long; fruit 2-l0bed, finely scaly. 

Neotropics; infrequent in Dominica, dry scrub areas on west 

coast: Colihaut (Ernst 1150, Wilbur 8274), Roseau (Hodge 

795). 

Heliotropium indicum 

Helwtropium indicum Linnaeus, 1753:130. 

Annual -1 m; leaves broadly ovate, irregularly undulatemargined; inflorescence to 30 cm; fruit 2-l0bed, glabrous. 

Tropical weed; occasional in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp 

(Whitefoord 4059), Hillsborough Estate (Hodge 3759). Laudat 

(Lloyd 243, Loubiere (Hodge 3872), sine loc. (Nicholls 37). 

Medicinal usages were reported by Adjanohoun et al. 

(198557, pl. 24). 
56 BORAGINACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Heliotropium ternatum 

Heliotropium ternatwn Vahl, 1794,3:21. 

Helwtropium fruticoswn sensu Grisebach, 1862486, nm Linnaeus. 

Helwtropium humile (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 1819,4:37, 

non Lamarck.-Urban, 1910.4527. 

Shrub to 0.5 m; leaves f sessile, often ternate, white-hairy 

beneath, linear, to 3 cm x 0.5 cm, margins often revolute; 

inflorescence short, to 6 cm; fruit 4-lobed, hispid. 

West Indies, Yucatan, northern South America; very 

common in Dominica, co-dominant in xerophytic scrub of west 

coast Batali River (Chambers 2789), Colihaut (Ernst 1140, 

Grand Savanne (Hodge 3790, Lloyd 827, Nicolson 1942, Stehle 

6315, Stern & Wasshamen 2538, Webster 13169, Wilbur 

7630), Mero Valley (Kimber 932), Wallhouse (Eggers 934). 

True H. fruticosum, of the Greater Antilles and Central 

America, is a smaller, more compact annual with large leaf-like 

bracts on an attenuate inflorescence. 

Tournefortia Linnaeus 

1. Leaves usually >4 cm broad; corolla white; corolla lobes 

triangular, acute; flowers sessile; fruit an ovoid, unlobed 

white drupe. 

2. Sprawling shrub or climber; leaves ovate (2x longer than 

broad), obtuse to acute at base; corolla tube constricted 

near middle; style none (stigma sessile) . . . T. bicolor 

2. Tree or shrub; leaves lanceolate (4x longer than broad), 

attenuate at base; corolla tube bulged near middle; style 

elongate . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. filiflora 

1. Leaves usually <4 cm broad; corolla greenish; corolla 

lobes filiform or acuminate; flowers f sessile to pedicellate; fruit a greenish or yellowish drupe with 2-4 lobes 

(stones). 

3. Corolla tube 5 mm or longer; corolla lobes broad at base; 

leaves glabrous beneath, fruits yellowish . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. maculata 

3. Corolla tube to 3 mm long; corolla lobes filiform; leaves 

hispid to pubescent beneath; fruits greenish-white. 

4. Plants hispid; pedicels to 2 mm; calyx lobes to 3 mm 

long; fruits hispid . . . . . . . . . . . . T. caribaea 

4. Plants curly-pubescent; pedicels el mm long; calyx 

lobes to 1 mm long; fruits glabrous . . . I: volubilis 

Tournefortia bicolor 

Tourneforfia buolor Swartz, 1788:40.-Johnston, 1949b133. 

Tourneforfia laevigata Lamarck, 1792. Tab., 1:416. 

Tournefortia bicolor f. laevigaka (Lamarck) Grisebach, 1862:483. 

Mirette. 

Sprawling shrub to tree to 4 m; leaves elliptic, to 15 cm x 7 

cm, 4-6 primary veins, f opposite, conspicuous beneath; 

stigma sessile, annular. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in cleared areas at lower elevations: 

Calibishie (Emst 1560, Hodge 31 76), Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3263), Lisdara (Hodge 2343, Melville Hall (Ernst 1029), 

Portsmouth (Hodge 3721,3759, Prince Ruperts Head (Finlay? 

May 1792), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2126). Sylvania (Cooper 

196, Hodge 1327, 3165), Syndicate (Ernst 2106, Whitefoord 

3930,4331), Wotten Waven (Eggers 688). 

Leaves of this plant are pounded with oil and used as a 

poultice for boils by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). 

Tournefortia hirsutissima Linnaeus would key to T. bicolor, 

but is conspicuously hairy. It was cited for Dominica by Velez 

(1957:77) based on Britton and Wilson (1925, 6:132). It has 

been collected on Guadeloupe and Martinique. 

Tournefortla caribaea 

Tourneforfia caribaea (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach. 1862:484. 

Townefortia psilostachy vat. caribaea A.P. Candolle. 1845,9525. 

Tourmfortia volubilis sensu Johnston (1949b:131) pep., as to Hodge collections 

cid below, nm Linnaeus. 

Hispid to strigose climber; calyx lobes 3 mm long; corolla 

tube and style 3-4 mm; fruit hispid. 

fles des Saintes (Stehle 259), Martinique (Stehle 4578); 

occasional in Dominica at lower elevations from northeast 

down the west coast Cabrits (Hodge 794, (Webster 13303), 

Calibishie (Hodge 3152), Salisbury-Men> (Emst 1765,1933), 

Salybia area (Hodge 3084, 3281), South Chiltern (Stern & 

Wasshamen 2537). 

Johnston (1949b:131) included this element in T. volubilis, a 

very variable species with phases appearing erratically in 

widely separated places and with gradations in the same 

locality. However, this hispid element occurs only in one 

contiguous area and without gradations. 

Tournefortia filiflora 

Tourneforfia firifora Grisebach, 1862:483.-Johnston, 1949b 132.-Little et 

Tourneforfia foetidissima sensu Grisebach. 1.c.. p.p., nm Linnaeus. 

al., 1974:852, pl. 6n.-hurteig, 198~~388. 

Coarse shrub to tree to 8 m; leaves oblong-elliptic, 20(-40) 

cm x 8(-15) cm, base tapering to 2(-3) cm petiole; 8-12 pairs 

5 opposite lateral veins k prominent; corolla tube slender, 

swelling slightly at midpoint; style 1.5 mm, with corolla often 

persistent. 

Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles; common in Dominican 

woodlands at low to mid-elevations: Clarke Hall (Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 304), Fond Baron (Ernst 1964), Layou Valley 

(Webster 13277), South Chiltem (Hodge 1592), Syndicate 

(Ernst 2105), sine loc. (Imray 322, TYPE). 

Grisebach’s citation of 1: foetidissima for Dominica apparently rests on his tentative identification of an Imray specimen 

(K), “an T, foetidissima? L. sed lobi calyci acuti.” This 

specimen is clearly Zfiliflora. burteig (1988a:388) discussed 

Tournefortia foetidissimum Linnaeus. 
NUMBER 77 BORAOINACEAE-BRASSICCEAE 57 

Tournefortia maculata 

Tournefortia maculata Jacquin, 1760:14.-Johnston, 1949b:l30.-Lourteig, 

1988a:384. 

Woody climber; leaves mostly glabrous, ovate, to 7(-8) cm 

Neotropics; rarely collected in Dominica at 500 m: Lisdara 

x 3(-3.5) cm; style 4.5 mm; fruit lobed, yellow. 

(Hodge 2385). 

Tournefortia volubilis 

Tournefortia volubilis Linnaeus, 1753: 140.-Johnstm, 1949b 13 1. 

Pubescent climber; calyx lobes 1 mm long; corolla tube and 

style 1.5-2.5 mm; hit glabrous. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica below 300 m from 

Salybia to Grand Bay: Colihaut (Nicolson 4171), above 

Dublanc (Hodge 2542), Grand Bay (Eggers 689), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 1636, 1892), Morne Daniel (Webster 13293), 

Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5186). Prince Ruperts Head (Finlay? 

Jun 1792), Salybia area (Hodge 3083). 

BRASSICACEAIKRUCIFERAE 

Cable, a genus of fleshy seaside herbs with indehiscent, 

2-jointed hits, occurs on beaches throughout the Caribbean. 

1. Plants pubescent; fruit orbicular (silicle); seeds 1 per locule 

..........................Lep idium 

1. Plants glabrous; fruit elongate (silique); seeds several per 

locule. 

2. Petals yellow; seeds in 1 row per locule; dry land 

Brassica 

2. Petals white; seeds in 2 rows per locule; wet areas 

....................... Nasturtium 

......................... 

Brassica Linnaeus 

Brassica oleracea Linnaeus, the cabbage, is cultivated in 

Dominica and sold in markets. 

Brassica juncea 

Brassica juncea (Linnaeus) Czemajew, 1859:8.-ALShehbaz in Howard, 

Simpis juncea Linnaeus. 1753:668. 

Sinapis integrifolia Vahl in West, 1793:296. 

Sinapis integrifdia Willdenow, 1804, Hort. 1:14, non Vahl. 

Sinapis cuneifolia Roxburgh, 1832.3:121. 

Brassica willdenovii Boissier, 184288.-Adams, 1972:308. 

Brassica integrifolia Ruprecht. 1860:96.-Bailey. 1922:95. 

Brassica iniegrifolia (Vahl) Schulz in Urban, 1903,3:509, non Ruprecht.- 

1988, 4:278. 

Schulz in Engler, 1919, IV.105 (Heft 70):57. 

Wild mustard. 

Leaves serrate, not amplexicaul, upper leaves oblong or 

wider near apex. 

Presumed originally Asiatic, now widely cultivated and 

escaping; field weed in Dominica: South Chiltem (Hodge 

1504). Dried leaves used as tobacco substitute. 

Specimens with lower leaves not or scarcely divided are 

commonly treated as a distinct species, a view not accepted 

here. This concept is commonly called Brassica integrifolia or 

B. willdenovii. 

There are questions about the author citation of Brassica 

juncea. Many workers cite Cosson (1859:605), who read his 

paper on 16 Aug 1859; publication was certainly late in 1859, 

at best. I follow Tutin et al. (1964, 1:337) in accepting 

Czemajew’s publication as valid and prior to Cosson’s. The 

romanization as Czemajew is questionable. A literal transcnption would be Chemyaev. Tscherniaieff was used by Pritzel. 

Again I follow Tutin et al. (1964), assuming that the rather 

irregular romanization was used by the author. 

Lepidium Linnaeus 

Lepidium virginicum 

Lepidiwn virginicwn Linnaeus, 1753645. 

Pepper grass. 

Small herb with white petals; stamens usually 2; beak of fruit 

absent. 

North American, now widely distributed; a weed of flower 

gardens and waste places in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp 

(Whitefoord 4085), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1272), South Chiltern 

(Hodge 1515, Nicolson 2170). 

Nasturtium R. Brown, nom. cons. 

Nasturtium offxinale 

Nasiwiiwn officinale R. Brown in W.T. Aiton, 1812, 4:llO.-Adams, 

Sisymbriwn nastwiiwn-aquaiicwn Linnaeus. 1753:657. 

Car&minc fontana harck. 1778,2527. nom. superfl. 

Nasturtium fontanwn Ascherson, 1860, 1:32, nom. superfl. 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticwn (Linnaeus) Hayek, 1905:22.-Green, 1962:32. 

1972307. 

Watercress, cresson. 

Aquatic herb with succulent, edible stems and leaves; fruit 

beak short. 

Old World, widely naturalized; in Dominica growing beside 

Gaulettre River in Carib Reserve: (Hodge 3322). 

The literature is full of articles on watercress because its 

generic disposition is debatable. Some authors include it in 

Rorippa. Recent major publications on Rorippa (Jonsell, 1968, 

and Stuckey, 1972) separate Nasturtium from Rorippa and 

regard it as a separate genus with one diploid species, N. 

@cinale, and a tetraploid taxon commonly recognized as a 

distinct species, N. microphylla. 

The logical combination, Nasturtium nasturtium -aquaticum, 

is specifically cited in the ICBN (Art. 23.4) as a tautonym. 

Nasturtium aquaticum Garsault (1764,3:241, pl. 403) is not 

validly published under Article 23.6(c) (ICBN), because 
58 BRASSICACEAE -CACTACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Garsault did not consistently use binomial nomenclature. The 

generic name was not validly published there because there is 

no generic description and the genus was not monotypic (Art. 

42). 

BURSERACUE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

1. Bark papery, sheeting: deciduous: stigma 3-lobed 

........................... Bursera 

1. Bark thick, flaking; evergreen: stigma unlobed or 5-lobed. 

2. 

2. 

Petals 3; stigma unlobed; leaflets obtuse; petiolules not 

distinctly geniculate at both ends ...... Dacryodes 

Petals 5; stigma 5-lobed. leaflets attenuate: petiolules 

distinctly geniculate at both ends ....... Protium 

Bursera Jacquin ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Bursem simaruk 

Bwsera slnarh (Linnaeus) Sargent, 1890.--Little & Wadsworth, 1964:236, 

Pirtacia simaruba Linnaeus, 1753:1026. 

Bursera gwnmifera Linnaeus, 1762:471. 

Elaphriwn simaruba (Linnaeus) Rose in North Amer. Fl., 1911,25(3):246. 

PI. 105. 

Gumbo limbo, gommier rouge. 

Deciduous tree to 10 m with reddish, sheeting bark leaflets 

Florida and northern neotropics; frequent in Dominica in dry 

areas of north and west coasts: Badineau (Hodge 2223), Cabrits 

(Hodge 3730, Whitefoord 5289), Calibishie (Hodge 3146), 

Grand Savanne (Ernst 1651,1885, Hodge 3805, Wilbur 8282), 

Macoucherie (Nicolson 2043), Mome Raquette (Webster 

13181), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2658). Deciduous in March, 

leaves and flowers in May, fruits in November. 

Caribs use the fragrant gum on wounds (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957568). 

5-9; ovw 3-10cular. 

Dacryodes Vahl 

Dacryodes excelsa 

Dacryodes exceisa Vahl, 1810:117.-Cuatrecasas, 1957:57.--Little & WadAmyrir hexandra Hamilton, 1825:34. 

Dacryodes hexandra (Hamilton) Grisebach, 1860:174. 

(straight boles), man gommier (lumpy boles). 

sworth, 1964:238, pl. 106. 

Gommier, bois gommier, gommier rouge, lady gommier 

Large, unbuttressed, aromatic trees; leaflets 5-7, obtuse, 

Puerto Rico to Grenada; a dominant in Dominican interior 

rainforests 250-950 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1891), Deux 

Branches (Hodge 2969), La Plaine (Ramage s.n.), L’Or River 

(Nicolson 2029), Pont Casd (Ernst 1793, Sylvania (Hodge 

653), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4384, 4404). 

revolute; ovary 1-locular. 

Whitish gum from wounds valued for starting fires. The 

wood is a prime source of lumber (Hcdge and Taylor, 

1957568). 

Protium N. Burman, nom. cons. 

Protium attenuatum 

Prdium attenuatwn (Rose) Urban, 1912,7:240.-Swan, 1942274. 

Icica aitenuata Rose in North Amer. Fl., 191 1,25(3):261. 

Gommier beni, gommier jaune, gomme l’incense, bastard 

gommier. 

Tree to 15 m; sap sticky, drying white (used as incense in 

church); leaflets 3-7; petiolules geniculate at both ends; ovary 

Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent: occasional 

in Dominican lowlands (to 360 m): Bells (Whitefoord 6154), 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3276), Governor (Nicolson 4183, 

Hatton Garden (Hodge 3011), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3592), 

Marigot (Hodge 659), Mt. Joy (Nicolson 2123), Petite 

Soufrikre Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2475). Sylvania (Hodge 

1315). Flowering and fruiting in July, fruiting in April. 

Specimens from Dominica have been distributed as Zcica 

heptaphylla Aublet and Rhus metopium Linnaeus (= Metopium 

brownei (Jacquin) Urban), both misidentifications of Protium 

attenuutum. 

5-10~~1~. 

CACTACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

This family needs study. Most of the few specimens 

available are from cultivation, making the records uncertain. 

Dendrocereus nudifrorus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose 

(1920, 2:113), endemic to Cuba, is tree-like with a woody 

trunk. A large clump cultivated at the Roseau Botanic Garden 

as “Cereus napoleonis” in 1922, represented by Bailey 804 

(US), was discussed by Britton and Rose (1923,4:275-276). 

Pereskia aculeata Miller was cultivated at the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 3936). It is a climbing vine with paired 

and curved spines, persistent leaves and pedicellate, white 

flowers. 

1. Plants barrel-shaped, unbranched ....... Melocactus 

1. Plants not barrel-shaped, branching. 

2. Branches flattened, not ribbed. ........ Opuntia 

2. Branches terete, ribbed or angled. 

3. Plants arching, clambering: branches 3-5-angled 

.................... Acanthocereus 

3. Plants erect; branches 6-13-ribbed . . Pilosocereus 

Acantherocereus Britton & Rose 

A canthocere us tetmgon us 

Acanthocereus tetragonus (Linnaeus) Hurnmelinck, 1938.-Howard, 1989, 

5401. 
NUMBER 77 CACCACEAE~ANELLACEAE 59 

Cactus tetragonus Linnaeus, 1753:466. 

Cactus pentagonus Linnaeus, 1753:467. 

Acanthocereuspentagonus sensu auctt., non (Lhnaeus) Britton & Rose. 

Plants arching or clambering, to 3 m tall; juvenile stems 

6-8-ribbed, mature plants with stems 3-5-ribbed, 5 cm broad 

spines 10-12, to 3 cm, gray; flowers white, 2.2 dm long, closed 

by mid-morning, style included. 

Native along coasts of the Caribbean; in Dominica on cliffs 

of dry west coast near sea level: Tarou Cliffs (Ernst 1707). 

Flowering in mid-June. 

Emst’s 1964 collection seems to be a new record for 

Dominica. 

Howard (1.c.) neotypified Cactus tetragonus Linnaeus but 

gave no reason why he accepted Hummelinck’s combination. 

So far as I can determine, the basionym (Cactus pentagonus 

Linnaeus) of Acanthocereus pentagonus is not a synonym but 

has been excluded as a nomen dubium of uncertain application 

(typification). 

Melocactus Link & Otto, nom. cons. 

Melocactus intortus 

Melocactus intortus (Miller) Urban, 1919b:35.-Marshall& Bock, 1941:165- 

Cactus intortus Miller, 1768. 

166.-Liogier. 1965:341.-Howard, 1989, 5:408. 

Unbranched barrel cacti to 1 m tall and 4 dm wide, 

surmounted by a flat or cylindric cephalium to 3 dm; flowers 

pinkish. 

Bahamas through Guadeloupe (incl. Saintes); cited for 

Dominica by Britton and Rose (1922, 3:231) based on a 

Kew-grown specimen from Dominica (Rose 17247, flowers 

only). 

This genus is very distinctive and the fact that it has not been 

collected recently on Dominica makes one wonder if the record 

of the Dominican origin at Kew was correct or, if correct, was 

actually from cultivated material introduced to Dominica from 

somewhere else. 

Opuntia Miller 

1. Areoles spineless (ours); flowers scarlet; stamens exserted 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. cochinelltfera 

1. Areoles with 1-10 spines; flowers yellow; stamens shorter 

than petals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. stricta 

Opun tia cochen illVera 

Opuntia cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Miller, 1768.-Howard, 1989,5:411. 

Cactus cochenillyer Linnaeus, 1753:468. 

Nopalea cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Salm-Dyck, 1850:64. 

Tall shrubs with flattened branches; joints oblong, 50 cm x 

25 cm; spines none or minute; flower to 7 cm, scarlet; stamens 

exserted 1-1.5 cm. 

Originally Mexican or Jamaican but now widespread in 

tropics; a single plant observed in Dominica in “thickets south 

of Salisbury” (Hodge 3813 at GH). 

Opuntia stricta 

Opunria srricta (Haworth) Haworth, 1812:191.-Howard, 1989,5412. 

Cactus sfricfus Haworth, 1803:188. 

Cactus dillenii Ker, 1817b. 

Opuntia dillenii (Ker) Haworth, 1819:79. 

Opuntia stricta var. dillenii (Ker) L. Benson, 1%9:126. 

Prickly pear, raquette, bata, pata (Carib). 

Much-branched, spreading plants to 2 m tall; branches (pads) 

flattened, obovoid or oblongoid, spines yellow, k banded; 

flowers yellow. 

Neotropics, now widespread: common coastal species in 

Dominica on the west coast: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2702), 

Grand Savanne (Hodge 3814), sine loc. (Lloyd [Rose?] 21850, 

w. 

The Caribs use the fleshy joints to treat an enlarged spleen 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957591). 

This is a widespread and serious pest in some parts of the 

world, such as Australia. 

Adjanohoun et al. (198561, pl. 27) reported medicinal usage 

of apparently cultivated Opuntia ficus-indica (Linnaeus) 

Miller. It would key here to 0. stricta, but it is like 0. 

cocheniUz$era in that it is essentially spineless. 

Pilosocereus Byles & Rowley 

Pilosocereus royenu 

Pilosocereus royenii (Linnaeus) Byles & Rowley, 1957:67 “royd’.- 

Cactus royenii Linnaeus, 1753:467, “royeni.” 

Cereus nobilis Haworth, 1812179. 

Pilocereus nobilis (Haworth) K. Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1894, 

Cephalocereus nobilis (Haworth) Britton & Rose, 1909:418. 

Cephalocereus royenii (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 1909:419 “royeni“.- 

Pilosocereus nobilis (Haworth) Byles & Rowley, 1957:67. 

Howard, 1989,5419. 

III(6a): 1 8 1. 

VClez, 1957:78. 

Long-branched, columnar plants to 8 m; stems 5-7 cm thick; 

flowers yellowish purplish; fruit purple-black at maturity. 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands to Grenada: apparently the 

most common columnar cactus in Dominica on rocky outcrops 

of the dry west coast: above Colihaut (Whitefoord 5966), Grand 

Savanne (Hodge 3815), Spanish Mountain (Hodge 2771), cult. 

Kew from Dominica (Rose 17246). In bud in mid-May. 

CANELLACEAE 

Canella winterana 

Canella winterana (Linnaeus) Gaenner, 1788, 1 :373.-Little & Wadsworth, 

Lourus winterana Linnaeus, 1753:371. 

1964:362, pl. 168. 
60 CANELLACEAE~APPARACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Winterana canella Linnaeus, 1759a:1045. 

Canella alba Murray, 1784:443, nom. illeg. [incl. Lawus winferana Linnaeus, 

17531. 

Tree or shrub to 10 m; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, 

minutely glandular-punctate; inflorescence a corymb; petals 

red, stamens connate into a tube surrounding pistil; berry red to 

purplish black. 

Southeast U.S. and West Indies; cited for Dominica by Beard 

(1949:40). 

This species has been included for Dominica with reservation. Specimens (US) indicate that this species tends to occur in 

coastal lowlands, particularly favoring a dry climate and a 

calcareous substrate. It is frequently collected in the Greater 

Antilles down the coralline outer chain of Lesser Antilles, 

including the Virgin Islands, Antigua, Barbuda, Guadeloupe 

(Grande Tern), Marie Galante, intermediate islands, and 

Barbados. Its Occurrence on the volcanic inner chain of the 

Lesser Antilles seems remarkable: Martinique (Duss 1501) and 

Montserrat (Shafer 493), collections made respectively in 1883 

and 1907. It is possible that the species persists and that Beard 

did find it, as he reported, on Dominica and St. Lucia but 

representing a waif or introduction rather than a native species. 

CAPPARACEAE 

(by H.H. Iltis) 

Steriphoma ellipticum (A.P. Candolle) Sprengel was collected in a yard in Roseau (Howard 11771), described as a bush 

to 16 ft with orange, 2-lipped, 4-lobed calyx; petals yellow 

inside, orange outside, 4, alternating with small nectaries; 

stamens 6; style green; gynophore slightly developed. 

1. Herb; leaves palmately compound; fruit dry, elongate 

capsule, dehiscing by 2 valves; seeds dry .... Cleome 

1. Woody; leaves simple; fruit woody, indehiscent or 

irregularly dehiscenc seeds imbedded in fleshy pulp. 

2. Sepals free, 4; inflorescences terminal; fruit usually 

elongate .................... Capparis 

2. Sepals united, irregularly rupturing into 2 parts; inflorescences cauliflorous; fruit globose ...... Morisonia 

Capparis Linnaeus 

Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, another widespread 

neotropical species, is cultivated in Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Ernst 1349, Nicolson 4210). It differs from C. indica by 

having sepals (-1 cm long) equaling the petals, petals lepidote 

outside, and glabrous gynophores. 

1. Plant silvery-lepidote; leaves cuneate at base ....... .......................... C. indica 

1. Plant essentially glabrous; leaves obtuse to k cordate at 

base. 

2. Sepals to 2 mm long; stamens short, slightly longer than 

petals; leaves often clustered, usually >10 cm long; 

petioles unequal .............. C. baducca 

2. Sepals 6-10 mm long; stamens long, >5x as long as 

petals; leaves f equidistant, usually el0 cm long; 

petioles f equal. 

3. Leaves membranous to k coriaceous; fruit k spheroid, 

3-5 cm thick at maturity, only slightly (to 2x) longer 

than broad .............. C. amplissima 

3. Leaves coriaceous; fruit torulose, to 2 cm in diameter 

at maturity, much (6-lox) longer than broad. 

4. 

4. 

Fruits smooth, to 1 cm diameter; gynophore longer 

than 7 cm; leaves usually 2-4 cm wide, oblong but 

variable; plants glabrous, even when young , . . , 

..................... C. flexuosa 

Fruits rugulose-papillose, to 2 cm diameter; gynophore 4-5 cm long; leaves usually 4-7 cm wide, k 

rotund but variable; sepals, pedicels, fruits and 

undersides of leaves often minutely papillose to 

short-pubescent under magnification, especially 

when young .............. C. hastata 

Capparis amplissima 

Capparis amplissima Lamarck, 1785, 1:607.-Little et al., 1974:218, pl. 313. 

Capparis cynophallophora [var.] acutifolia Bello, 1881,10:237. 

Capparis porforicensis Urban, 1899, 1:309.-Britton & Wilson, 1924,5:335. 

Glabrous, ample tree to 20 m; leaves thin and often broken in 

herbarium; fruits 5-10 (-15) cm long, 3-4 (-6) cm thick. In 

other characters similar to C. flexuosa. 

Antillean, possibly Central and northern South America; 

reported once from Dominica (Rhge in 1888, B). 

The type locality of this species is Santo Domingo, but the 

Puerto Rican materials seem scarcely distinguishable. An 

earlier name may be applicable to this species, Capparis 

eustachiana Jacquin (1760), treated as a synonym of C. 

flexuosa by Al-Shehbaz (in Howard, 1988, 4:297). Similar 

materials from northern South America with more coriaceous 

leaves and f larger fruits may represent a subspecies. 

Capparis baducca 

Capparis hducca Linnaeus, 1753:504.-Adams, 1972:305.-Al-Shehbaz in 

Capparisfrondosa Jacquin, 1760:24.--Little et al., 1974:222, pl. 345. 

Howard, 1988,4295. 

Glabrous shrub to 8 m; leaves tending to be clustered with 

sessile to long (6 cm) petioles; inflorescence a terminal 

few-flowered corymb; stamens to 2 cm long. 

Neotropics; cited for Dominica (in Howard, I.c.) without 

exclamation mark, possibly a locality error for Dominican 

Republic, although the species occurs elsewhere in the Lesser 

Antilles. 

Ed. Note: The following is summarized from Nicolson 

(1978a). The lectotypification of Capparis baducca Linnaeus 

has alternated between an illustration of an Indian plant, 
NUMBER 77 CAPPARACEAE 61 

Badukka (Rheede, 1686, 6:105, pl. 57), as done by Jacobs 

(1965:435), and a specimen from the New World in Clifford’s 

Herbarium, as cited by Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:233). 

Linnaeus (1753504) cited Rheede’s illustration and adopted 

Rheede’s name for his species epithet. Linnaeus also cited 

“Capparis inermis, foliis ovato-oblongis determinate confertis 

perennantibus Hort. Cliff. 204*,” the asterisk meaning that a 

good description is to be found at the place cited. The decisive 

phrase in Linnaeus (1753), “foliis.. . determinate confertis.. .” is 

a paraphrase of Linnaeus (1737:204), “foliis.. .per spatia 

confertis.. .” (both expressing leaves clustered after a space), a 

characteristic of the New World taxon, not the Old World taxon 

illustrated by Rheede. In addition Linnaeus (1737) commented 

that the Malabar material differs from the American by its 

slightly shorter petioles and discussed other characters not 

evident in Rheede’s illustration. 

It is clear‘that Linnaeus’ concept of the taxon was based on 

something other than Rheede’s illustration that he, by the light 

of present knowledge, misidentified with his taxon. There is a 

specimen in the Linnaean herbarium (664.7) that fits the 

Linnaean description, and Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3:233) 

reported a specimen in the Clifford Herbarium. One of these 

neotropical specimens (Al-Shehbaz in Howard, I.c., designated 

the Hort. Cliff specimen) must be accepted as the lectotype of 

Cuppuris baducca Linnaeus, not Rheede’s illustration. 

Rheede’s illustration is the type of Cuppuris rheedei A.P. 

Candolle, the correct name for the Indian element (see Nicolson 

et al., 1988:77). 

Capparis flexuosa 

Capparis flexuara (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762722.-Dugand, 1%8:220.- 

Morisoniaflexuara Linnaeus, 1759b314; 1760, Amoen., 5398. 

Capparis cynophallophora sensu auctt., non Linnaeus.-Grisebach, 

1859:18.-Eichler in Martius, 1865, 3(1):282.-Urban, 1910, 4:254. [See 

extensive synonymy in Brim & Wilson, 1924,5334.1 

Woody, glabrous plant to 9 m; leaves cuneate (to rounded); 

petioles 5-10 mm long; sepals and petals greenish white; 

stamens white; fruit smooth, torulose, linear (to 1.5 cm wide) 

with red pulp and white seeds. 

Neotropics, typically near coast; common in Dominica in 

west coast scrub to 65 m: Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 428), Dublanc 

(Hodge 2532), Grand Savanne (Hodge 3811, Wilbur 7664), 

lower Layou River area (Ernst 1501, Webster 13164, Wilbur 

7373, Mero area (Ernst 1377, 1883, Stern & Wusshausen 

2430), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2652, 2736), Rodney’s Rock 

(Nicolson 1965), Scotts Head (Ernst 1324, Hodge 1630, Wilbur 

7598). 

Flowers opening by 6:30 A.M. (visited by hummingbirds), 

petals and stamens falling by mid-morning. Chromosome 

count: n=14 (Ernst 1883). 

In the field this species can easily be distinguished by its 

light green leaves from Cuppuris hastutu, which has much 

Adams, 1972:305. 

darker green leaves. This species is invariably a scrambler, 

while C. hastatu becomes an erect shrub. 

Capparis hastata 

Capparis hastata Jacquin. 1760:23.-Dugand, 1%8:219.--Little et al., 

Capparis coccolobifolia Martius ex Eichler in Martius, 1865, 13(1):284.- 

Capparis cynophallophora var. latijolia Grisebach, 1859:18. 

Capparisj7exucM.a f. hastafa (Jaquin) Dugand, 194151. 

1974224, pl. 346. 

Dugand, 1968:228. 

Glabrescent erect shrub to 7 m; leaves rigid-coriaceous, k 

orbiculate to oblong-elliptic, typically cordate at base; fruit 

rugulose at maturity, to 2 cm thick. 

Hispaniola to northern South America; fairly common in 

Dominica in scrub woodlands to 150 m: Batali River slopes 

(Webster 13180), Cabrits (Nicolson 4203), Dublanc (Hodge 

2518), Grand Savanne (Hodge 3761), Layou River slopes 

(Ernst 1540), Mero (Ernst 1378,1379), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2651). 

This species is generally larger than C. j7exuosu and farther 

from the coast at slightly higher elevations. 

Capparis indica 

Capparis indica (Linnaeus) Druce, 1914 [Feb]:415.-Fawcett & Rendle, 1914 

Breynia indica Linnaeus. 1753:503. 

[Jun]: 144. 

Lepidote shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves dull above, with raised 

venation; sepals 2-3 mm long, much shorter than the petals; 

petals white, 1-1.4 cm long; stellate-tomentose; fruit linear, 

torulose; gynophore lepidote to stellate-pubescent. 

Neotropics; occasional in dry scrub woodlands on west coast 

to 400 m: Cabrits (Hodge 3718, Whitefoord 3993, Coulibistri 

(Wilbur 8113, Grand Savanne (Hodge 3773, Stern & 

Wasshamen 2464), lower Layou Valley slopes (Ernst 1266, 

Webster 13163), Mero (Ernst 1376), Scotts Head (Ernst 1326), 

South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshamen 2535). 

Cleome Linnaeus 

1. Stamens (lo-) 16-25, equaling petals; petals yellow; 

valves of hit persistent . . . , . . . . . . , . C. viscosa 

1. Stamens 6, longer than petals; petals white to pink or 

purple; valves of fruit deciduous. 

2. Stamens (or staminal scars on fruit) halfway between 

receptacle and gynoecium; petals white to yellowish, 

not covering stamens in bud (aestivation open) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. gynandra 

2. Stamens inserted at or near receptacle (androgynophore 

<l/8 the gynophore length); petals white, pink or purple, 

covering stamens in bud (aestivation closed). 

3. Flowers or fruits axillary, solitary (subtended by 

stalked 3-foliolate leaf that is essentially undifferentiated from foliage leaves) . . . . . . C. rutidosperma 
62 C APPARACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

3. Inflorescence racemose: individual flowers or hits 

subtended by a sessile, unifoliolate bract that is much 

smaller than foliage leaves, or bractless. 

4. Raceme bractless ............ C. serrata 

4. Raceme with bracts. 

5. Bracts equaling or slightly smaller than leaflets; 

inflorescence open, few (3-l0-)-flowered; 

leaves 3-foliolate .......... C. aculeata 

5. Bracts much reduced and smaller than leaflets; 

inflorescence dense, many-flowered; leaves 

typically 5-7-foliolate. 

6. Flowers typically purple, stamens attached -5 

mm above petals; plants glabrous, unarmed 

6. Flowers typically white; stamens attached at 

receptacle; plant usually glandular pubescent, 

typically with 2 stipular thorns at base of each 

petiole. .............. C. spinosa 

.................. C. speciosa 

Cleome aculeata 

Clem aculeata Linnaeus, 1768, 3:232. 

Minutely glandular pubescent herb, often with pairs of 

stipular spines at petiole attachment; leaflets typically 3; petals 

white; gynophore inconspicuous (to 0.8 cm long). Resembles 

Cleome rutidosperma A.P. Candolle. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a weed along dry west coast to 50 

m: Cabrits (Smith 10330), lower Layou Valley (Ernst 1524A), 

Mero (Stern & Warshausen 2426), Roseau area (Ernst 1276, 

Hodge 429,3869). 

Cleome gynandra 

Clem gynandra Linnaeus, 1753:671.-Iltis, 1960:284. 

Clem pentaphylla Linnaeus, 1763:938. 

Gynandropis pentaphylla (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1824,1:238. 

Gynandropsis gynandra (Linnaeus) Briquet, 1914:382. 

Viscid and fetid herb; leaflets 5-7; petals white; gynophore 

1-5 cm long, with stamens or stamina1 scars about halfway; 

floral bracts with 3 leaflets. 

Native of Old World, now pantropical weed, occasional in 

Dominica on dry west coastline: Goodwill (Emsf 1844, Wilbur 

7570), Mero (Ernst 1662). 

Cleome rutidosperma 

CIeome rutidosperma A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:21 1.-Iltis. 1960:290. 

Cleome ciliata Schumacher, 1827:296(?); 1829,4:68. 

Weak-stemmed herb with multicellular hairs; leaflets 3; 

flowers axillary; petals white or pinkish with yellow spot on 2 

central petals; anthers equaling petals; gynophore short, to 1.2 

cm long. Resembles Cleome aculeata. 

Native of West Tropical Africa, now pantropical weed; in 

Dominica along coast: W. Cabrit (Whitefoord 3982), Clarke 

Hall (Chambers 2800, Ernst 1271), Delices (Whitefoord 3700), 

Hatton Garden (Hodge 3043), Melville Hall (Burch 1330), 

Roseau (Nicolson 2080). 

Cleome serrata 

Clem serrata Jacquin, 1760:26. 

CIeoms polygama Linnaeus, 1763:939. 

Glabrous herb, leaflets 3, rarely unifoliolate, 

sermlate; flowers ebracteate; petals white, rarely 

gynophore short, to 1 cm long. 

minutely 

purplish; 

Neotropics, including Guadeloupe; cited for Dominica, 

without exclamation mark, by Al-Shehbaz (in Howard, 1988, 

4:303), perhaps based on an error for Dominican Republic. 

Cleome speciosa 

Cleome speciosa Rafiiesque, 1817:86.-Kunh, 1821,5:84, pl. 436. 

Glabrous or sparsely pubescent herb; leaflets 5-9; flowers 

showy; petals pink to purplish, rarely white; stamens inserted 

0.4-1.6 cm up the 4-5 cm long gynophore. 

Probable native of Mexico but now widely cultivated; in 

Dominica (cult. or escaped?): Laudat (Hodge 2001), Roseau 

(some Hodge 130, Eggers 888), South Chiltern (Hodge 1514). 

Cleome spinosa 

Cleome spinosa Jacquin, 1760:26. 

Glandular pubescent herb; petioles sometimes subtended by 

a pair of stipular spines; leaflets typically 5-7; petals white or 

(ours) flushed with pink, floral bracts obtuse to rounded; 

gynophore 1-5 cm long; ovary puberulous. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in weedy habitats (or cultivation?) 

along dry west coast: Roseau area (Ernst 1278, Hodge 430 

(some), 3858, Whitefoord 4700), South Chiltern (Hodge 1615). 

This is not "C. spinosa" of gardens (C. hasslerianu) with 

acute bracts, pink flowers and glabrous ovaries. 

Cleome viscosa 

Cleome viscosa Linnaeus, 1753:672.-Iltis, 1960:281. 

Cleome icosandra Linnaeus, 1753:672. 

Polanisia viscosa (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:242. 

Glandular pubescent herb; leaflets (3-) 5-7; flowers 

axillary; petals yellow, equaling the stamens; gynophore 

absent; fruit valves persistent. 

Originally Asian (Australian?), now pantropical; common in 

Dominica on dry west coast Batali River ridge (Webster 

13403), Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4069), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2695), Roseau area (Ernst 1275, 1295, Hodge 431, 

3855,3894, Nicolson 1801,2081, Wilbur 7574). 
NUMBER 77 

Morisonia Linnaeus 

Morisonia americana 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

63 

Morisonia americana Linnaeus, 1753:503. 

Woody plant to 10 m, lepidote-stellate, becoming glabrous; 

leaves (acute) obtuse to rounded, blade often minutely k 

peltate; flowers in cauliferous racemes; calyx closed in bud, 

irregularly bifid by rupture; petals to 1.2 cm long, lepidote 

without, pubescent within; fruit k globose, to 8 cm thick; 

gynophore short, 0.3-0.8 cm long. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in scrub woodlands along northwest coast: Cabrits (Ernst 1931, Nicolson 1903, Sm‘fh 10318, 

Webster 13295, Whitefoord 4008). Colihaut (DHN!), Coulibistri (Nicolson 4112). 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

(by R. Kiger) 

Sambucus canadensis 

Sambucus canadensis Linnaeus, 1753:269.-Howard, 1989,6473. 

Sambucus canadensis var. Iaciniata Gray, 1884. 1(2):9.-D’Arcy, 1973:160. 

Sambucus intermedia var. insularis Schwerin, 1909:38. 

Sambucus shpsonii Rehder in Sargent, 1911. 2187, pl. 175.-Little et al., 

1974:980, pl. 749. 

Elder, suyeau or suredu (Carib), du the pays. 

Shrubs or small trees to 5 m tall; leaves opposite, pinnately 

compound, leaflets (3) 5, 7 or 9, simple or the lateral leaflets 

trilobate or trifoliolate, serrate; inflorescence compoundcymose, peduncled; flowers numerous, small, white; ovary 

3-5-celled, inferior; mature hits reported as globose, black, 

-5 mm diameter. 

North America, West Indies; in Dominica only? cultivated 

at Bellevue (Taylor 5), Bells (Whitefoord 6141), Carib Reserve 

(Taylor 38B, 156). 

Leaves used as tea for colds and fever (Hodge and Taylor, 

1975613). Adjanohoun et al. (198563, pl. 30) gave similar 

usages. 

Ed. Note: Dr. Kiger followed D’Arcy’s treatment. I have 

taken the liberty of following Howard’s. 

CARICACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Carica papaya 

Carica papay Linnaeus, 1753:1036.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:374, pl. 174. 

Papaya, paw-paw. 

Unbranched, dioecious, herbaceous tree to 3 m with milky 

sap; leaves large, palmately lobed; fruit succulent, edible. 

Pantropically cultivated, cultivated in Dominica: Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 3891) and fruit available in markets. 

Adams (1972:497) described the four types of flowers. 

Caribs use the baked fruit as a poultice for local inflammations (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:590). 

Drymaria cordata 

Drymaria cordata (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Schultes in Roemer & %hulks, 

Holmtewn cordatm Linnaeus. 1753:88. 

1819,5:406. 

Prostrate herb; leaves orbicular to reniform, stipules lacerate, 

whitish; petals bifid, white. 

Pantropical weed; in Dominica in lawns, walls and roads to 

550 m: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2702, Ernst 1629, Fosberg 

48305), Lisdara (Hodge 438,2460), Portsmouth (Hodge 440), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 1519), Sylvania (Hodge 439). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198565, pl. 3 1) reported minor medicinal 

usage. 

CASUARINACEAE 

Casuarina equisetgolia 

Casuarina equisetifolia Linnaeus, 1759, Amoen. 4123, 143, “equisefolia”.- 

Casuarina litorea Linnaeus ex Fosberg & Sachet, 1975b:4, nom. illeg. (incl. 

J.R. & J.G. Fonter, 1775:104.-Friis, 1980. 

Casuarina equbetifoia Linnaeus). 

Beefwood. 

Monoecious tree to 35 m; branchlets linear, terete, jointed 

with whorled, scale-like leaves; staminate flowers in spikes; 

pistillate flowers in heads. 

Native to Australia but widely introduced; apparently only 

cultivated in Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden (Fairchild 

2740), Sylvania (Hodge 950). 

Friis’ position on the nomenclature was formalized by 

insertion of Ex. 2 in Art. 34 (ZCBN) concerning Linnaean vs. 

Rumphian names. 

C ELAST RACEAE 

1. Branchlet lenticels conspicuous; inflorescences racemiform; fruits f globose, 3-lobed and 3-locular ....... .......................... Celastrus 

1. Branchlet lenticels obscure; inflorescences f fasciculate; 

fruits ellipsoid, unlobed and usually 2-locular . ...... .......................... Maytenus 

Celastrus Linnaeus 

Celastrus racernosus 

Celastrvs racemosus (Reissek) Lxsener, 1898:199, “racema”.--Ding Hw, 

Maytenus racemosa Reissek in Martius, 1861, 11(1):30, pl. 4: fig. 15, 

Celastrvs grenadensis Urban, 1904,551. 

Celastrus racemosus var. trinitensis Urban, 1904,552. 

1955:279.-Whitefoord, 1989: 144. 

“racemus. ” 

Shrub with alternate leaves to 15 cm x 8 cm; fruits -1 cm x 
64 CELASTRAC~AE-CHRYSOBALANACEAE SMITHSON" CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1 cm, 3-lobed, on an accrescent pedicel 3-4 mm long. 

Widespread from Brazil through Central America; rare or 

overlooked new record for Dominica at 600 m: Freshwater 

Lake (Whitefoord 3869). Fruits in October. 

Previously reported in the Antilles as new taxa from Trinidad 

and Grenada (800 m) but those names treated as doubtful by 

Ding Hou (1955285). 

Maytenus Molina 

This generic name has been treated as feminine and 

masculine. Dr. Noel Robson (BM) pointed out that the epithet 

of the type, M. boaria, is adjectival (boarius, -a, -urn, referring 

to cattle, bos) and is feminine in the original publication of the 

generic name. 

1. Leaves -15 cm long, -3x longer than broad; venation 

slightly but clearly protuberant ...... M. guyanensis 

1. Leaves -4 cm long, -1.5~ longer than broad; venation 

slightly but clearly incised .......... M. laevigata 

Maytenus guyanensis 

Maytenusglryanensk Klotzsch ex ReissekinMartius, 1861,11(1):19.-Urban, 

1904, 555. 

Cachelain grand bois. 

Small tree with alternate, elliptic to oblong leaves to 25 cm; 

flowers unisexual, 5-merous; capsule 2-locular with 1-2 

arillate seeds. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, British Guiana; apparently rare in 

mesophytic forests of Dominica's east coast: La Plaine 

(Ramage s.n., flowering Jan). 

The epithet commonly appears as guianensis but I have 

retained the spelling used in the place of first valid publication. 

The name was published earlier by Schomburgk (1849,3: 1097, 

non vidi) but, according to Urban, as a nomen nudum. 

Maytenus laevigata 

Maytenus Iaevigata (Vahl) Grisebach ex Eggen, 1877:109.-Eggen, 

Rhamnus Iaevigatur Vahl, 1794,3:41. 

Senacia elliptica Lamarck, 1197, Tabl. 2:96. 

Maytenus elliptica (Lamarck) Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:145.-Urban, 

1879:39.-Bomstein in Howard, 1989, 5122. 

1904,5:65.-Little et al.. 1974:468, pl. 471. 

Evergreen tree to 10 m; leaves obovate, c8 cm long; flowers 

greenish and 1 or few in fascicles on old wood, 5-merous. 

Antilles from Hispaniola to Grenada; in dry scrub near coast 

(160 m) of Dominica: road to Syndicate from Spanish 

Mountain (Nicolson 4163), Pointe Michelle (Ramuge s.n. at K). 

Flowers in mid-hllay. 

New record for Dominica. There are nomenclatural difficulties with Maytenus elliptica as published by Duss. He made no 

reference to Lamarck's putative basionym and erroneously 

included M. gonoclada Grisebach, non Martius (= M. tetragona 

Grisebach), in synonymy. 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Chenopodium murale Linnaeus, a cosmopolitan weed with 

long-petioled leaves farinaceous beneath, was reported for 

Dominica (Velez, 1957:79), but his collection has not been 

seen. 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Chenopodiwn ambrosioides Linnaeus, 1753 :2 19. 

Wormseed, semen contre. 

Perennial weed with short-petioled leaves resin-dotted 

beneath. 

Pantropical; in Dominica in disturbed places to 550 m: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3364), Lisdara (Hodge 444), S ylvania (Hodge 

1247,445,1247). 

Caribs use a tea from this plant as a vermifuge (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957555). Adjanohoun et al. (198565, pl. 31) gave the 

same. 

CHLORANTHACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Hedyosmum arborescens 

Hedyosmwn arborescenr Swartz, 1788:84.-Little & Wadsworth, 196452, pl. 

13. 

Dioecious, aromatic shrub or tree to 6 m; leaves opposite, 

serrate, petiole sheath conspicuous, encircling the stem at each 

node; pistillate flowers in sessile to & sessile clusters on an 

interrupted rhachis; staminate flowers in several spikes on an 

interrupted rhachis, stamen 1. 

Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica 

frequent in montane woodlands and elfin forests 700-1350 m: 

Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1718, 1718A, Stern & Wasshausen 

2561, Webster 13237, Wilbur 7391), Morne Diablotins 

(Chambers 2649), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 7844, Mome 

Trois Pitons (Wilbur 8093). 

CHRYSOBALANACEAE 

1. Leaf underside with pustular-based hairs; flowers irregular 

........................... Hirtella 

1. Leaf underside glabrous or hairs not pustular-based; 

flowers regular. 

2. Shrub or small tree to 5 m; inflorescence a short, 

rounded, few-flowered cyme; stamens with hairy fiiaments, connate in groups ........ Chrysobahnus 

2. Tree to 35 m; inflorescence an elongated, manyflowered panicle; stamens with glabrous, free filaments 

......................... Licania 
NUMBER 77 CHRYSOBAIANACEAE~LUSIACEAE 65 

Chrysobalanus Linnaeus 

1. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate ........ ........................ C. cuspidatus 

1. Leaves broadly elliptic to k orbicular, apex retuse to acute 

........................... Cicaco 

Chrysobalanus cuspidatus 

Chrysolnlanus cuspidatus Grisebach [1864:711, nom. nud.] ex Duss, 

1897:258.-Howard. 1964:279.-Prance, 197&:20.-Howard, 1988,4:326. 

Z’icaque. 

Small tree; leaves acuminate, glabrate below with a strigose 

midvein. 

Lesser Antilles; apparently rather uncommon in Dominica in 

inland forests -700 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1893), Laudat 

(Eggers 618), Pont Casse (Ernst 1200). 

Chrysobalan us icaco 

Chrysobalanus icaco Linnaeus, 1753:513.-Prance, 1972a:15. 

Z’icaque, fat pork, coco-plum; Carib ikaku, hikaku, naluShrub or small tree; leaves k orbicular. 

Subcoastal neotropics; common in Dominica on coastal 

beaches, in swamps and dry scrub Anse du Me (Wilbur 8289), 

Cabrit Swamp (Nicolson 1898, Webster 13314), Castaways 

Hotel (Stern & Wusshuusen 2428), Castle Bruce (Ernst 1466, 

Wilbur 7989), Delices (Whitefoord 3776), Grand Bay (Ernst 

1063, Wilbur 8003), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshuusen 

2462), Hampstead (Lloyd 613), L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 7524), 

La Plaine (Nicolson 2069, Wilbur 81 74), hhigot (Hodge 584, 

Pagua River mouth (Hodge 3063, Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2696), Portsmouth (Hodge 583, 3750), Salisbury (Stern & 

Wusshuusen 2590), Salybia (Hodge 585), Vieille Case (Cowun 

1597). 

Caribs eat hits and pound wood for gommier torch wicks 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957560). 

buno. 

Hirtella Linnaeus 

Hirtella triandra 

Hirtella triandra Swam, 1788:51.-Prance, 1972a:301. 

Z’icaque, zi crab, bouis, bouis poil. 

Tree to 15 m; inflorescences erect, to 1.2 dm long; petals 

white, stamens 3, red, long exserted. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in forests to 700 m: 

Bagatelle (Nicolson 4043), Castle Bruce (Beard 657), Clarke 

Hall (Chambers 2711, Nicolson 1857, Stern & Wusshuusen 

2412), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3074), La Plaine (Ernst 1912), 

Laudat (Lloyd 338), Melville Hall (Ernst 1030), Milton Estate 

(Hodge 2569), Pont Casse (Wilbur 7708), Riversdale (Howard 

11 769), Roseau Valley waterfalls (Hodge 2000), Rosehill 

(Eggers 639), Sylvania (Hodge 579). 

The seeds are edible and eaten by small children. 

Licania Aublet 

1. Leaves glabrous below; petals present; stamens -30, 

exseaed .................. L. leucosepala 

1. Leaves white-tomentose below; petals absent, stamens 

3-5, included. ............... L. ternatensis 

Licania leucosepala 

Licania leucosepala Grisebach, 1857:198.-Prance, 1972a:52. 

Moquilea leucosepala (Grisebach) R.O. Williams, 1932, 1:315. 

Tree to 15 m; petioles >1.5 mm thick, 0.5-1.2 cm long; 

stipules to 4 mm long but quickly caducous. 

Lesser Antilles into Venezuela; apparently rare in Dominica 

in rather dry areas into forests to 450 m: Mahaut (Duss 153), 

west of Pointe Lo10 (Ernst 1203, 1954), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 

753). 

Licania ternatensis 

Licania ternatemis J. Hooker [in Rolfe, 1893:251, nom. nud.] ex Duss, 

Licania hypoleuca sensu Grisebach, 1860:230, non Bentham. 

1897:25S.-Pt~10~, 1972a:122. 

Bois diable, bad job (difficult to cut because of hard wood). 

Tree to 35 m; inner bark bright red and trees easily 

recognized by its “blaze” with a machete; inflorescence to 15 

cm long; leaves distinctively white beneath; stipules -1 mm 

long, adnate to petiole, erect. 

Lesser Antilles; one of the commonest trees in Dominica in 

rainforests and montane thickets from 100-1O00 m: Aux 

Delices (Nicolson 207I), Castle Bruce (Rumage s.n.), Dleau 

Gommier (Nicolson 4065), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3570), 

Laudat (Hodge 2063, Milton (Hodge 2672), Morne Diablotins 

(Hodge 2840), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 7886), Pont Casse

(Ernst 1201, Wilbur 7786, Webster 13465), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 

742), S ylvania (Hodge 578), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4403), 

Trois Pitons (Hodge 1237, Lloyd 761). 

The wood is valuable for posts and considered the best for 

charcoal (Hodge and Taylor, 1957561). The fruits are eaten by 

people, pigeons, and parrots. 

CLUSIACEAE/GUTTIFERAE 

Pentudesma butyruceu Sabine, an African species cultivated 

for butter-like tallow of the seeds, was collected near Dr. 

Wide’s home on Pointe Mulltre (Fischer 7023 at Fairchild 

Garden Herbarium). It has large flowers in terminal clusters, 

obovate-apiculate leaves with striate venation and petioles 

without the basal pit. 

1. Venation differentiated into primary and secondary, reticulate. 
66 CWSIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

2. Leaves lanceolate; petiole without a pit at the base; 

flowers in elongate axillary racemes; sap clear. .... .......................... Mariih 

2. Leaves ovate; petiole with margined pit at base; flowers 

in fascicles or short cymes; sap yellow. 

3. Flowers in lateral fascicles; non-prop-rooted trees of 

north & eastern slopes near sea. ..... Garcinia 

3. Flowers in terminal cymes; prop-rooted trees of 

interior rainforests ............. Tovomita 

4. Flowers in terminal cymes; leaves strongly obovate; 

petiole with a margined pit at base ....... Clusia 

4. Flowers axillary or in terminal fascicles; leaves elliptic 

to weakly obovate; petiole without margined pit at base. 

5. Leaves acute; flowers red, in terminal fascicles; trees 

with prop roots ............. Symphonia 

5. Leaves rounded; flowers white to yellow, axillary; 

trees without prop roots. 

6. Flowers in axillary cymes; leaves with inconspicuous glandular lines ......... Calophyllum 

6. Flowers in axillary fascicles or solitary; leaves 

1. Venation undifferentiated, striate. 

conspicuously glandular-punctate ... Mammea 

Calophyllum Linnaeus 

Calophyllum antillanurn 

Calophyllwn antillanurn Britton in Brinon & Wilson, 1924.5584. 

Calophyllwn calaba Jacquin, 1763:269, pl. 165, non Linnaeus. 

Calophyllwn brasiliense Cambessedes var. antillanwn (Brittm) Standley, 

Calophyllwnjacquinii Fawcett & Rendle, 1926,5200, nom. illeg. [incl. type of 

Calophyllwn calaba sensu aucn. non haeus.-Furtado, 1941.-Howard, 

1932:7.-Little & Wadsworth, 19M348, pl. 161. 

Calophyllwn antillanwn Britton, 19241. 

1962398.--Lourteig & Fosberg, 1985.-Howard, 1989,5320. 

Galba. 

Shrub or tree to 30 m; sap white; leaves elliptic or 

elliptic-oblong, to 15 cm x 6 cm; petals white; drupe globoid, 

to 2.5 cm wide. 

West Indies; common in coastal thickets along north and east 

coast of Dominica to 30 m, probably planted elsewhere: 

Calibishie area (Ernst 1552,1687,1828, Hodge 3180), Clarke 

Hall (Nicolson 2006, Stern & Wasshausen 2442), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 533), Rosalie-La Plaine (Chambers 2725, Ernst 191 7, 

Wilbur 8165,8327), Salybia (Hodge 3199). Flowering February-July, fruiting August-April. 

Used as windbreak and for timber. 

The name Calophyllum calaba Linnaeus has mixed usage in 

the sense of a neotropical element and as at least one Old World 

element. I think Stevens (in Manilal, 1980:168-176; 

1980:256) was correct in concluding that the name must be 

typified on an Old World element, essentially as previously 

concluded by Britton (l.c.) and Fawcett and Rendle (1.c). I do 

not see that the Plumier element (source of the species epithet), 

composed only of flowers and fruits, can support (be used as 

lectotype) for a name validated by a nomen specificwn 

legitimum that only pertains to leaf characters (“foliis ovatis 

obtusis”). Some have suggested abandoning the Linnaean 

name as a nomen dubium because of its mixed usage. For 

further discussion see Nicolson et al. (1988:81). 

Clusia Linnaeus 

1. Epiphytic shrub or tree (dry west coast or rainforest); 

petioles 1-2 cm long, fruit and flowers l(-3), individually 

pedicellate .................... C. major 

1. Shrubby tree (mossy forest); leaves k sessile; fruit and 

flowers many, individually sessile ....... C. mangle 

Clusia major 

Clusia major Linnaeus, 1753:509.-Howard, 1989,5:323. 

Clusia alba Jacquin. 1760:34.-Grisebach, 1860:107. 

Clvsia plukenetii sensu Hodge, 1954, pp. 33, 40, and Hodge & Taylor, 

1957585, non Urban. 

Caquelin, fige kaklin, pomme gros, lagalie, yabrico maron. 

Shrub or epiphytic strangler to 20 m; sap white or yellow, 

sticky; petals white; staminate material rare; fruit ovoid to 

ellipsoid, dark purple, 3.5-6.0 cm x 5-6 cm, on a peduncle to 

3 cm long, possibly indehiscent. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica common in dry coastal areas to 

montane rain-forests, 35-800 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3778), 

Clarke Hall (Nicolson 1828), Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 

2682, Ernst 1779, Smith 10218, Wilbur 7442), Grand Savanne 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2460), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3668), Pont 

Casd area (Ernst 1813, 1859, Hodge 1205, Wilbur 7846), 

Salybia (Hodge 3206, 3251), Sylvania (Cooper 63, Hodge 

535). Syndicate (Whitefoord 4386). Flowering and hiting 

appear to be continuous but Howard (1.c.) reports only one male 

specimen and no dehiscent fruits have been seen in the field or 

herbarium. 

Aerial roots used for basket making and the sap for bird lime 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:585). 

Clusia major Linnaeus was extremely heterogeneous, as 

published, but has been lectotypified (Howard, 1962392, fig. 

1) on Clusiaflore albo, fructu coccineo Plumier (1703:21, pl. 

87: fig. 1). This same plate was cited in the publications of 

Clusia alba Jacquin (1760 and 1763). Linnaeus (1763:1495) 

adopted Jacquin’s binomial and dropped his own earlier 

binomial, an illegitimate procedure under the present Code. 

Planchon and Triana misidentified Imray 358 (K) from 

Dominica as Clusia minor Linnaeus, a species of Central and 

northern South America and the Greater Antilles. Planchon and 

Triana’s misidentification is the source of erroneous subsequent citations of C. minor for Dominica. 

Clusia plukenetii Urban (1908, 5:432) of Martinique, St. 

Lucia and Barbados has a globoid fruit borne on a peduncle to 

13 cm long. 
NUMBER 77 CLUSIACEAE 67 

Clusia mangle 

Clusia mangle L. Richard ex Planchon & Triana, 1860:369.-Howard, 

Clusia venosa sensu Grisebach, 1860:107, non Jacquin. 

1962 397. 

Kaklin. 

Free-living (non-epiphytic) shrub to 2 m or tree to 8 m; sap 

white, sticky; leaves to 22 cm x 14 cm, coriaceous; petals 

greenish white or cream; fruits globoid, to 2 cm wide. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique; in Dominica a dominant in mossy 

woodlands: Morne Diablotins (Whitefoord 531 7), Mome 

Micotrin area (Chambers 2741, Ernst 1493, 2178, Smith 

10275), Mme Plat Pays (Hodge 1693), Mome Trois Pitons 

(Hodge 534,1427, Nicolson 1812, Wilbur 8104). 

Garcinia Linnaeus 

Garcinia edulis (Planchon & Triana) Exell was collected in 

Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3956). Howard (1989, 5:327) 

reported that Garcinia buchananii Baker, Garcinia mangostana Linnaeus, and Garcinia morella (Gaertner) Desrousseaux were once cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden. 

Garcinia humilis 

Garcinia humilk (Vahl) Adams, 1970312. 

Rheedia Iaterifora haws, 1753:1193, non Garcinia laterifora Blume. 

Mama hwnilis Vahl. 1798, Eclog., 2:40, pl. 20. 

Bois chica. 

Shrub or tree to 5 m; sap yellow; leaves elliptic or ovate, to 

28 cm x 13 cm; flowers in axillary fascicles; petals cream or 

yellow; berry ellipsoid, yellow. 

Mainland, Jamaica, Montserrat to Trinidad; in Dominica in 

north and east coastal woodlands to 60 m: Capucin (Whitefoord 

5809), Calibishie area (Ernst 1688, 2081, 1826, Hodge 31 78), 

Carib Reserve area (Hodge 3057,3360,3407, Nicolson 4135, 

StehlC 6386), Rosalie-La Plaine (Nicolson 1989, Ramage s.n., 

Stern & Wasshausen 2470). Apparently not seasonal. 

Children eat the fruit and the sap is used as a skin healer 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:586). 

Mammea Linnaeus 

Mammea americana 

Mama americana Linnaeus, 1753:512.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:354, pl. 

164. 

Mamey, mammee-apple, z’abricot. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves elliptic to obovate, to 2.5 dm long, 

pellucid glands numerous and conspicuous; fruit reddish 

brown, with edible yellow mesocarp. 

Neotropics and widely cultivated; in Dominica in coastal 

woodlands from sea level to 150 m: La Plaine (Ernst 1907), 

Pointe Baptiste (Ernst 1825), and cultivated at South Chiltem 

(Hodge 1601), Bense (DHN!), and Governor Estate (DHN!). 

Marih Swartz 

Marila racemosa 

Marila racemosa Swam, 1788:84. 

Cachiman falaise, cachiman marron. 

Tree to 9 m; leaves narrowly elliptic, to 23 cm x 6.5 cm; 

petals white; capsule linear, to 4 cm long, seeds many, minute, 

fusiform, comose on both ends. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica common in rainforests, 

400-750 m: Deux Branches (Hodge 3419), Freshwater Lake 

area (Burch 1370, Chambers 2739, Ernst 1473, Hodge 1964, 

Nicolson 2023), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3634), Pont Casse area 

(Ernst 1198, 1258, Webster 13459, Wilbur 7809), Riversdale 

(Howard I1 764), South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2518), 

Sylvania (Hodge 532, 1114, Nicolson 1875), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 4315), sine loc. (Cooper 50). Apparently nonseasonal. 

Symphonia Linnaeus f. 

Symphonia globulifera 

Symphonia globulifera Linnaeus f., 1782302. 

Moronobea coccinea sensu Grisebach, 1860:107, non Aublet [corrected to 

Symphonia globulifera by Grisebach, 1864:708]. 

Mang blanc, yellow mang (sometimes spelled mangle), 

mang jaune, kulura. 

Prop-rooted, light-barked tree to 20 m; blaze white; sap 

yellow; leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, to 12 cm x 4.5 cm 

(usually smaller), acuminate; flowers in fascicles; petals red; 

berry brown, ovoid or globoid, 3-4 cm long. 

Neotropics (not Puerto Rico), Africa; in Dominica common 

in poorly drained places of rainforest at 100-600 m: Aux 

Delices (Nicolson 2087), Boiling Lake (Hodge 1923). Belle 

Fille (Webster 13482, Wilbur 8313), Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 4190), Pont Casse area (Ernst 1799, Stern & Wasshausen 

2542, Wilbur 7825), Sylvania (Narodny sen.), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 4401). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957:586) have an interesting discussion 

of the collection by Caribs of mani sap of true Moronobea 

coccinea from beaches. 

Tovomitn Aublet 

Tovomita plumieri 

Tmomiro plumieri Grisebach, 186O:lM. 

Mang rouge. 

Prop-rooted, dark-barked tree to 25 m; blaze red; sap yellow; 

leaves to 3 cm x 1.6 dm; petals greenish: berry ovoid or 

globoid, scarlet, 4 cm long with several large, slightly curved 
68 CLIJSLACEAE~OMBRETACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

seeds with a thin reddish axil. 

Martinique and St. Lucia; in Dominica common in rainforest, particularly on wet slopes at 100-750 m: Belle Fille area 

(Nicolson 2028, Webster 13481), Breakfast River (Hodge 

1925), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3247, Taylor 38A), Deux 

Branches (Hodge 3463), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4054, 

Freshwater Lake (Wasshausen & Ayensu 332), Jean (Ernst 

1820), La Chaudiexe (Hodge 3672), L’Or River (Nicolson 

2068), Morne Couronne-Pont Casse area (Chambers 2762, 

Ernst 1980, Stern & Wasshausen 2549, Webster 13229, Wilbur 

7765), Sylvania (Hodge 536), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4378). 

COCHLOSPERMACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willdenow) Willdenow ex 

Sprengel (including Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilger), 

with glabrous leaves, doubled flowers, pubescent ovary and 

stamens red below, was also collected in the Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Fairchild s.n.). According to Bornstein (in Howard, 

1989, 5:341) Hodge 3950 (at GH) is C. vitifolium, not C. 

religiosum. 

COMBRBXACEAE 

Neotropical whitewood, Bucida buceras Linnaeus, is cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 944). This species 

keys to Buchenavia, from which it differs by calyx lobes 

persistent on hit or tardily deciduous, anthers versatile, and 

fruit to 6 mm long. It is native to Guadeloupe. Stehl6 et al. 

(1949,3: 112) report that it is not on Martinique although there 

is a specimen (Duss 4104 at US) collected Aug 1899 from 

“Case-Mote (sur le bord de la partie superieure de la rivibre de 

Case Pilote, sommet du Morne Laroche.. .alt. 160 m)” and was 

described as “Grand arbre.. .assez rare.” 

Combretum rotundifohm L. Richard was cultivated in 

Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3941) under the name 

Combretum laxum Aublet. This is a climber with opposite 

leaves and spectacular, red, bottle-brush-like inflorescences. 

Quisqualis indica Linnaeus, a vine with opposite leaves, 

fragrant, elongate, pink to white flowers (aging red) is reported 

from Dominica by Bornstein (in Howard, 1989,5460). 

1. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptic ...... Laguncularia 

1. Leaves alternate, obovate. 

2. Leaves <1 dm long; fruits k terete; interior ....... ....................... Buchenavia 

2. Leaves >1.5 dm long; fruits compressed; seashore 

........................ Terminalia 

Buchenavia Eichler 

Buchenavia tetraphylla 

B~he~via tetraphylla (Aublet) Howard, 1983:266. 

Cordia tetraphylla Aublet, 1775227, pl. 88. 

Bucirb capitata Vahl, 1797. Eclog., 1:50. 

Euchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichler, 1866: 164.-Little & Wadsworth, 

1964:386, pl. 180. 

Z’olivier. 

Large, deciduous tree to 30 m and 3 m dbh; leaves narrowly 

obovate-cuneate, to 9 cm long; calyx lobes early deciduous; 

anthers adnate to filament, immobile; fruit ellipsoid, to 3 cm 

long. 

Panama, Brazil, and West Indies; in Dominica common in 

rainforest to 550 m: Calibishie (Hodge 31 75), Dublanc (Hodge 

2538), La Plaine (Ernst 1909, Laudat (Hodge 2023). Lisdara 

(Hodge 2494), Magua (Stehle 3427), Milton Estate (Hodge 

2665), Sylvania (Hodge 1313), Syndicate (DHN!). 

Laguncularia Gaer tner 

Laguncularia racemosa 

Laguncularicl racemosa (Linnaeus) C. Gaertner, 1807:207, pl. 217: fig. 

Conocarpus racemosa Linnaeus, 1759a:930. 

3.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:392, pl. 183. 

White mangrove. 

Small, evergreen, prop-rooted tree: leaves with conspicuous 

open glands around outer leaf edge; petiole biglandular near 

apex; inflorescence spicate; calyx persistent, shortly 5-lobed; 

petals small. 

Coastal neotropics and West Africa; new record for 

Dominica at edge of Cludium jamaicense swamp with Annona 

glabra: Cabrit swamp (Nicolson 41 77, Whitefoord 4052, 

5924). 

This is one of the true mangroves, a group of plants not 

previously known from Dominica. 

Terminalia Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Termhalia arjuna (Roxburgh) Wight & Amott of India, 

with smaller, oblong-elliptic leaves and 5-winged fruits, was 

cultivated in the Botanic Gardens (Hodge 943). 

Terminalia catappa 

Terminah catappa Linnaeus. 1767a:674; 1767b:128.-Little & Wadsworth, 

1964:391, pl. 184. 

Sea almond, z’amande, zamandier, wild almond. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves obovate, to 25 cm long, with open 

domatia below and 2 glands at base; fruit ovoid to ellipsoid, 

laterally compressed, 5-6 cm long. 

Native to Asia; naturalized and common in Dominica near 

sea level: Calibishie (Hodge 3148), Canefield (Nicolson Ian), 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3337), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3065), La 

Plaine (Ramage s.n.), Mahaut (Morden 3), Marigot (Hodge 

531), Mero (Stern & Wasshausen 2432), Pagua Bay (Wilbur 

7530), Pointe Mulatre (Whitefoord 3729), Pointe Ronde 
NUMBER 77 COMB RETACEAE~ONVOLVUIACEAE 69 

(Hodge 2694), Rosalie River bridge (Ermr 1374). 

Taylor, 1957:592). 

Caribs use the wood and eat the ripe seeds (Hodge and 

CONNARACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Connarus grand(fo1ius 

Conmrus grandifolius F'lanchon, 1850:432.-SChellenberg in Engler, 1938, 

IV.127 (Heft 103):246. 

Liane caco, laica. 

Liana; branches, inflorescences and flowers red-tomentose; 

leaflets 3-5, to 28 cm x 12.5 cm, rounded, glabrous; flowers in 

large, axillary panicles, petals 5, stamens 10; hits follicular, 

woody, stipitate, laterally compressed, obliquely obovoid, 

3.0-4.5 cm long, 1-seeded; seeds black with bright yellow, 

fimbriate aril,.oblongoid, 2.5 cm x 1.0-1.3 cm. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Kitts; in Dominica (type 

locality) in woodlands 65-550 m: Castle Bruce, Dleau 

Gommier (Shillingford 520), upper Layou Valley (Nicolson 

4181), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 717). 

CONVOLWLACEAE 

(by D. Powell) 

Argyreia nervosa (N. Burman) Bojer, a heavy creeper with 

tomentose stems and large cordate leaves, the undersides of 

which are silvery white, velvety tomentose, the flowers lilac 

with dark centers in masses around Christmas. 

Evolvulus tenuis subsp. longifolius (Choisy) Ooststroom, a 

subshrub (usually potted) with numerous delicate sprays of 

bright blue flowers. 

Porana paniculata Roxburgh, a high climbing vine with 

large panicles of small creamy flowers in November and 

December. 

Turbina corymbosa (Linnaeus) Rafinesque would key here 

to Stictocardia or Zpomoea; there may or may not be dots on the 

undersurface of Twbina leaves and the fruit is ellipsoid, 

beaked, circumscissile at the base with 1-2 seeds instead of 

valvate with 4 or 6 seeds. Its large perfumed clusters of white 

flowers with dark centers attract numerous bees. The abundance of flowers and winter-flowering earned it the name of 

Christmas pops, Christmas vine, or Christmas wreath in other 

islands. 

1. Plants parasitic, stems yellow to orange, leaves reduced to 

scales ....................... Cuscuta 

1. Plants autotrophic, leafy. 

2. Subshrubs or small, prostrate, creeping plants with 

orbicular, oval or linear leaves; corolla c1 cm long; 

styles 2 .................... Evolvulus 

2. Shrubs or prostrate or climbing plants; leaves usually 

cordate or hastate; corolla 2 cm or more, style 1. 

3. Plants with branched hairs; capsule 8-valved or 

operculate. 

4. Stems without wings, pubescent at least at leaf 

mils; flowers blue or red-purple; fruit finally 

8-valved .............. Jacquemontia 

4. Stems usually winged, bearing very few microscopic hairs; flowers yellow, fruit operculate 

..................... Operculina 

3. Plants with simple hairs or glabrous, capsule 4- or 

3-valved, operculate, or indehiscent. 

5. Pollen spinulose, anthers straight; flowers lilac, 

red-blue or white; leaves entire to 3-lobed. 

6. Plants lacking glandular dots or, when present, 

6. Plants with black or brown glandular dots on 

under-surface of leaves, on sepals and corolla; 

fruit indehiscent .......... Stictocardia 

5. Pollen smooth, anthers twisted after dehiscence; 

flowers white or yellow. 

7. Leaves palmately compound or lobed; flowers 

white or with dark centers ...... Merremia 

7. Leaves entire or k 3-lobed; flowers yellow 

8. Stems without wings, often pubescent, especially at the nodes; inflorescence umbellate; 

capsule 4-valved ......... Merremia 

8. Stems often winged, glabrous or with very few 

hairs; flowers usually solitary; capsule operculate ............... Operculina 

restricted to leaves; fruits valvate ... Zpomoea 

Cuscuta Linnaeus 

Cuscuta americana 

Cuscufa americunu Linnaeus, 1753:121.--Yuncker, 1932:219; Powell, 

1979221. 

Common parasite with stems orange, the entire plant drying 

dark brown to black; flowers -2 mm long, creamy white; calyx 

about as long as corolla tube, sepals almost completely joined, 

lobes rounded; corolla lobes erect, rounded; fruit circumscissile. 

Lowland neotropics; in Dominica in coastal areas: Cabrit 

swamp (Nicolson 1899, Whitefoord 4083), Capucin (Wasshausen & Ayensu 386), Castle BNCe (Whitefoord SSOO), Lagon 

Village near Portsmouth (Ernst 1053, Morne Daniel (Hodge 

2504,3897). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:93, pl. 60) reported medicinal 

usage. 

Two other species are likely to occur in Dominica: C. 

globulosa Bentham, very much like C. umericana, but with 

larger and fewer flowers that do not turn dark in drying and C. 

campestris Yuncker with reflexed calyx and corolla, the calyx 

scarcely coming half-way up the depressed, globose, indehiscent capsule with its conspicuous intrastylar opening. 
70 CONVOLWIACEAE SMITHSONJAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Evolvulus Linnaeus 

1. Plants prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves orbicular to oval, 

1. Plants with numerous ascending wiry branches; leaves 

linear-lanceolate, sessile ........... E. sericeus 

petiolate ................. E. nummularius 

Evolvulus nummularius 

Evolvulus nummularius (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1762:391.-Stearn, 

Convolvulus nwMurlarius Linnaeus, 1753:157. 

l97%.647.-P0~ell, 1979:229. 

Prostrate plant rooting at the nodes; leaves distichous; 

flowers solitary in leaf axils, corolla white in Dominican 

specimen seen; ovary 1-celled, sometimes with remnants of a 

septum. 

Exposed areas pantropically; in Dominica: Cabrits swamp 

(Emst 1177). 

Evolvulus convolvuloides (Willdenow) Steam has not been 

reported from Dominica, but it is widespread in the West 

Indies. Growing in similar situations and with similar leaves, it 

could be confused with E. nummularius, but it is woodier, with 

stiffer, straighter stems with a tap root, and is trailing rather 

than prostrate. The flowers of E. convolvuloides are more often 

pale blue than white, and unlike E. nummularius, they are 

peduncled as well as pedicelled, occasionally bearing more 

than one flower on a peduncle. 

Evolvulus sericeus 

Evolvulus sericcus Swartz, 1788:55.-Powell, 1979230. 

Subshrub with numerous ascending branches -25 cm tall; 

stems, leaves, outer surfaces of sepals and parts of petals 

sericeous; leaves very small, sessile, narrow, erect; flowers 

usually white; ovary 2-celled. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in dry areas: Grand Savanne (Emst 

1048, Hodge 3799, Wilbur 7642). 

Dominican specimens are typical, being glabrous on upper 

leaf surfaces. 

Zpomoea Linnaeus 

1. Plants erect shrubs ............... I. carnea 

1. Plants climbing or prostrate. 

2. Leaves almost compound, with numerous pinnate 

2. Leaves entire or with few lobes. 

lobes. .................. I. quamoclit 

..................... I. pes-caprae 

3. Plants of beaches; leaves thick, notched or bilobed 

3. Plants otherwise. 

4. Stamens and pistils exserted; corolla tube usually 

curved, longer than radius of limb. 

5. Corolla white, tube 10-12 cm long, slender ..................... I. alba 

5. Corolla scarlet, cerise or pink, tube <10 cm 

long. 

6. Corolla scarlet, salver-shaped, limb scarcely 

lobed, tube -3 cm long; sepals short with 

linear appendage ....... I. hederifolia 

6. Corolla cerise to pink, not salver-shaped, 

limb conspicuously lobed, tube -5 cm long; 

4. Stamens and pistils included; corolla bell- or 

funnel-shaped, tube straight, about equal to radius 

of limb. 

7. Sepals hairy, acuminate; corolla pale blue or 

occasionally white; capsule 3-valved . . I. nil 

7. Sepals glabrous; corolla never blue, if white, 

with a dark center; capsule 4-valved. 

8. Bracts large and persistent; sepals conspicuously ribbed, becoming winged in fruit 

8. Bracts very small; sepals ribless. 

sepals rounded. ......... I. repanda 

.................. I. setlfera 

equal (outer larger than inner. ...... 9. Sepals rounded or obtuse, distinctly un- 

............... I. phyllomega 

9. Sepals acute or acuminate, k equal. 

10. Sepals <1 cm long; flowers white or 

cream with dark center. , . I. obscura 

10. Sepals >1 cm long; flowers pale lilac 

................ I. tiliacea 

Zpomoea alba 

Ipmoea alba Linnaeus, 1753:161.4u~, 1972a:151.-Powell, 1979:249. 

Convolvulus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1753:155. 

Ipomoea bona-nox Linnaeus, 1762:228. 

Calonyction aculmtwn (Linnaeus) House, 1904590. 

Glabrous creeper, often bearing small recurved prickles; 

flowers solitary to few, salver-shaped, white with pale green 

star and tube, primarily night-blooming. This species is easily 

identifiable by its slender-tubed white flowers and its longawned sepals. 

Neotropical lowlands, now pantropical; in Dominica: Sylvania (Hodge 811). 

Zpomoea carnea 

Ipomma carnea Jacquin, 1760:13. 

The typical subspecies, adapted to wetter conditions, is not 

known on Dominica, where the only representative is the 

following: 

Zpomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa 

Ipomoea cornea subsp. fitulosa (Choisy) D. Austin, 1977:237.-Powell. 

1979:268. 
NUMBER 77 CONVOLVULACEAE 71 

Ipomoeafitulara Martius ex Choisy in A.P. Candolle, 1845,9:349. 

Erect shrub to 4 m with showy, lavender flowers to 9 cm 

long. 

South American, widely cultivated; escaping from cultivation in Dominica along west coast Fond Colet, north of Roseau 

(Ernst 2153, road to Cabrits and in Portsmouth @€IN!). 

Ed. Note: Miss Powell’s typescript, submitted in 1969, 

was in agreement with and substantially anticipated Dr. 

Austin’s conclusions. 

Ipomoea heder(fo1ia 

lpomoea hederifolia Linnaeus, 1759a:925.-Hallier, 1899:415.4’Donell, 

Ipomoea coccinea sensu auct., non Linnaeus. 

lpomoea angulata Lamarck, 1791, Tabl., 1:164. 

1959:45.-Powell, 1979253. 

Herbaceous vine with scarlet, salver-shaped flowers; sepals 

rounded, f equal, subulate-appendaged near the apex, the 

appendage equal to or longer than the sepals; capsule erect, 

short-beaked, 4-seeded, the transparent septae persisting after 

the seeds have been shed. 

Neotropical but introduced into the Old World tropics; in 

Dominica on west coast in old citrus orchard: Colihaut (Ernst 

1118). 

This species is found throughout the West Indies. It can be 

distinguished by its calyx and capsule from I. coccinea, which 

is restricted to the American continent. In I. coccinea the sepals 

are larger, very clearly overlapping, decidedly unequal, and the 

appendage is very clearly shorter than the longest sepal. The 

mature capsule has a long beak (3 mm) and the pedicel makes 

an angle of 45” or less with the peduncle, and so the capsule is 

reflexed rather than erect. 

Ipomoea nil 

lpomoea nil (L.innaeus) Roth, 1797, 1:36.-Powell. 1979:255. 

Convolvulus nil Linnaeus, 1762:219. 

Convolvulus hederaceus Linnaeus, 1762:219. 

Herbaceous twiner, hairy; sepals densely pilose below, long 

and narrow above; corolla to 9 cm, clear blue; capsule 3-valved, 

3-celled with 6 seeds. 

Pantropical; an escape in Dominica: Sylvania (Hodge 1132). 

Ipomoea obscura 

Ipomoea obscwa (Linnaeus) Ker, 1817a.-Powell, 1979956. 

Convolvulus obscwa Linnaeus, 1762:220. 

Slender vine; leaves entire, cordate, to 8 cm long; peduncles 

1-3-flowered; corolla white or cream, dark-centered. 

Widespread in tropics; new record for Dominica on dry west 

coast: Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5500). Whitefoord (1989:148) 

reported another collection (5005) from Massacre. 

Ipomoea pes-caprae 

lpomoea pes-caprae (LInnaeus) R. Brown, 1818 [Mar]:477. 

Convolvulus per- caprae Linnaeus, 1753: 159. 

The typical subspecies occurs in the Old World. The species 

is represented in Dominica by the following: 

Ipomoea pes-caprae subsp. brasiliensis 

Ipomoea pes- caprae subsp. brasiliemiv (Linnaeus) Ooststroom, 1940533.- 

Convolvulus bradiemis Linnaeus, 1753:159. 

lpomoea bradiemis (Linnaeus) Sweet, 181 8 [Jun-Jul]:35.-Meyer, 1818 

Steam, 1%1:237.-Powell. 1979:257. 

”ovl:97. 

Beach morning-glory, patate bord la mer. 

Seaside plant, glabrous, prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves k 

coriaceous, emarginate to bilobed; corolla showy, funnelshaped, -5 cm long, lavender-pink. 

Tropical sea beaches; in Dominica common along sea coast: 

Marigot (Hodge 810), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2960), St. 

David’s Bay (Wilbur 7981), mouth of Layou River (Ernst 

1544). 

Leaves of this species are used by the Caribs in ritual baths 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957598). 

Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach (incl. Ipomoea stolonifera Gmelin, a similar prostrate plant growing in the same 

kind of habitat in the Caribbean area), has not been reported 

from Dominica. It has white flowers and is smaller in every 

respect. 

Ipomoea phyllomega 

Ipomoea phyllomega (Vellozo) House, 1908:246. “phillomega” .-Powell, 

Convolvulus phyllomega Vellozo, 1829:74. “philomega”; 1831, 2, pl. 63, 

lpomoea capparoides Choisy. 183959. 

lpomoea demerariana sensu Grisebach, 1862~471, non Choisy. 

1979257. 

“phillomega. ” 

Liane douce. 

High climbing forest twiner, with cordate leaves to 23 cm 

long, veins forming a conspicuous overall spider web pattern; 

inflorescence a lax cyme of magenta, bell-shaped flowers; two 

outer sepals larger and enclosing the other three. 

Tropical America; in Dominica at mid-elevations along west 

coast Deux Branches, Jean (Ernst 1815), Layou forest, Mt. Joy 

(Emst 1952), Sylvania (Hodge 809), Syndicate Estate 

(Wasshausen & Ayensu 313, Whitefoord 3902). 

A leafless fruiting (in Oct) specimen from northwest slopes 

of Morne Diablotins (Syndicate) seems to be this species 

(Whitefoord 4390). 

Ipomoea quamoclit 

Ipomoea quamoclit Linnaeus, 1753 : 159.-Powell, 1979258. 

Convolvulus pennatus Desrousseaux in Lamarck. 1789,3567. 

Quamoclitpennata (Desrousseaux) Bojer, 1837224. “pinmafa.” 

Glabrous, herbaceous vine; leaf blades ovate in outline, 

deeply pinnately partite, segments linear, the lowest pair 
72 CONVOLWLACEAE SMITHSONlAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

subdivided; flowers scarlet, salver-shaped; stamens and pistil 

exserted. 

Circumtropical, this frequently cultivated species often 

escapes, and it is not clear where it originated; in Dominica: E. 

Cabrit beach (Whitefoord 4035), Mome Bruce (Hodge 812). 

Ipomoea repanda 

Ipomea reponda Jacquin. 1760:13, “Ipomaea”.-PoweU, 1979:259. 

Exogoniwn repandwn (Jacquin) Choisy, 183950. 

Capi. 

High climbing twiner with tuberous roots; glabrous; flowers 

cerise to pink, usually in large showy clusters, sepals f equal, 

rounded, tinged cerise or pink, corolla limb completely lobed, 

tube, pedicel and peduncles curved; seed with two rows of 

long, silky hairs. 

Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles; in Dominica at low to 

mid-elevations on west slopes: Morne Cola Anglais (Lellinger 

6301, Glasham (Nicolson 2089). Imperial Road (Fairchild 

2675), near L’Imprevue (Narodny s.n.), Lisdara (Hodge 2440, 

Mero (Chambers 2500, north of Portsmouth (Wasshuusen & 

Ayensu 356), South Chiltern (Ernst 1126, Hodge 1571), lower 

Syndicate Road (Nicolson 4074). Flowering November-June, 

hiting January-June. 

Our material is the typical variety. A very attractive plant in 

full bloom, when several flowers are open together on a 

panicle. This is unlike most ipomoeas, where only one or two 

flowers open at once. 

Ipomoea setifera 

Ipomea setVera Poiret in Lamarck, 1804. Encycl., 6:17.-Powell, 1979:260. 

Convolvulus ruber Vahl, 1798. Eclog., 2:12. 

Ipomea rubra (Vahl) MiUspaugh, 1900:86, “ruber,” non (Linnaeus) Murray. 

Ipomeza rubra var. alboflavido Urban, 19oZ, 3:345. 

Ipomea rubra var. polustrir Urban, 1902,3:345. 

Ipomea palwtris (Urban) Urban, 1925.9:423. 

Trailing-twining vine with long, stiff, yellow hairs on stems; 

peduncles long, bearing two large bracts (2 cm long) 

surrounding an inflorescence of one to several flowers; sepals 

unequal, longitudinal veins of two larger outer ones prominently keeled; ribs become more prominent as sepals mature 

and surround the capsule. 

Neotropics and Africa; in Dominica near northeast coast: 

Hatton Garden pasturelands (Hodge 2953), Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5296). Flowering January to April. 

Ipomoea tiliacea 

Ipomea filiacea (Willdenow) Choisy in A.P. Candolle, 1845,9:375.-Powell, 

Convolvulus iiliaceus Willdenow, 1809, Enum. 203. 

Convolvulw fasiigiafus Roxburgh, 1824,2:48. 

Ipomea fasfigiaia (Roxburgh) Sweet, 1826~288. 

1979261. 

Caapi. 

Climbing or trailing vine; inflorescence a compact cyme of 

pale lilac flowers with dark purple centers; sepals aristate with 

scarious edges, the outer ones shorter and narrower; flattened 

capsule ripens with sepals turning back to show a wide disc 

surrounding the base of the capsule. 

Tropical America; common and widespread weed in 

Dominica: Cabrit swamp (Whitefoord 5286), Carholm Estate 

(Ernst 1940), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3318, 3323), Freshwater 

Lake (Hodge 1788, (Wasshuusen & Ayensu 310, Lisdara 

(Hodge 2445, Proctor 190), Mahaut (Morden 5), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2152), South ,Chiltern (Hodge 1479), Sylvania (Hodge 

807,808,1124,3965, 3966). Noted as a major weed covering 

hit trees at Syndicate Estate (DHN!, Whitefoord 4341). 

The compact inflorescence of slender, pointed buds, the pale 

lilac flowers and the fruits, quickly distinguish this from other 

climbers in Dominica. It is remarkably like Ipomoea batatas 

(Linnaeus) Lamarck, however, the common sweet potato, 

which is cultivated here as throughout the topics. Ipomoea 

batatas very often has palmately lobed leaves, which would 

differentiate it, but they are not always palmate. In the field it is 

fairly easy to tell them apart, the one being slender and 

climbing trees, setting fruit freely, rarely producing tubers; the 

other heavy and creeping on the ground, rarely if ever setting 

hit, cultivated for its tuberous roots. In the herbarium, 

however, it is more difficult. What seems to be a constant 

character difference is that whereas I. bututas has hairs on the 

stamens only at the base, in I. tiliacea there are hairs all the way 

to and on the anthers. In I. butatas the diploid number of 

chromosomes is reported as 90, in I. tiliacea as 60. 

Jacquemontia Choisy 

1. Trichomes on stem long, 2-armed; inflorescence hirsute ........................ J. tamnlfolia 

1. Trichomes on stem short, 3-armed; inflorescence not 

hirsute. 

2. Leaf apex acuminate or acute, outer sepals larger, ovate, 

foliaceous; corolla blue, flaring; seeds not winged ... ...................... J. pentanthos 

2. Leaf apex rounded and mucronate; sepals * equal: 

corolla reddish purple, tube narrow; seeds 3-winged 

...................... J. solanlfolia 

Jacquemontia pentanthos 

Jacquemontia penfanthos (Jacquin) G. Don, 1837, 4283, “penfanfha”.- 

Convolvulus pentanthar Jaquin, 1790, Coll., 4:210; 1792, Icon., 2:3 16. 

Powell, 1979234. 

Stems usually tomentose with stellate hairs; leaves sometimes tomentose; inflorescence a compact cyme of few to 

several flowers; corolla blue with white star, wide and shallow 

with stamens and pistil exposed; anthers oval. 

Tropical America; in Dominica along west coast: East Cabrit 

(Hodge 3722, Whitefoord 4253, South Chiltern (Stern & 

Wusshausen 2532). 
NUMBER 77 CONVOLVUIACEAE 73 

The correction from “pentantha” to pentanthos was discussed by Nicolson (1986326) in connection with Greek 

adjectives (-os, -on). 

Jacquemontia solanifolia 

Jacquemontia solanifolia (Linnaeus) Hallier, 1893:542.-Powell, 1979:235. 

Ipomoea solanifolia Linnaeus, 1753: 161. 

Ipomoea fdiformh Jaquin, 1760:13, “lpomaea.” 

Exogoniwn solanifoliwn (Linnaeus) Britton, 1918:82. 

Herbaceous vine with ovate leaves; stems often tomentose 

with ste1,late hairs, at least the petioles and peduncle bases 

tomentose; inflorescence lax with few to several flowers; 

corolla tube long and narrow, limb scarcely spreading, 5-lobed; 

stamens and pistil exserted; seeds 3-winged. 

Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica along road: 

Petite Soufrihre Bay (Nicolson 1986). 

Jacquemontia tamnifolia 

Jacquemontia tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Grisebach. 1862:474.-Powell, 1979:236. 

Ipomoea tamnifolia Linnaeus, 1753:162. 

Thyella tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Rafimesque, 1838, Fl. Tellur., 434. 

Hirsute or glabrate vine, hairs yellow to reddish brown; 

sometimes flowering before twining; peduncles sturdier and 

much longer than subtending petioles; inflorescence very 

hirsute, a head-like cyme surrounded by several lanceolate or 

ovate foliaceous bracts up to 4 cm long; corolla lavender-blue; 

seeds wingless. 

Tropical America, Africa, the Mascarenes, in Dominica: 

Freshwater Lake (Eggers 612 at GH). 

Merremia Dennstedt ex Endlicher, nom. cons. 

1. Leaves simple and entire; flowers yellow ......... ........................ M. umbellata 

1. Leaves palmate; flowers white. 

2. Leaves compound, leaflets entire; calyx hispid ..... 

2. Leaves lobed, lobes dentate; calyx glabrous ...... ....................... M. aegyptia 

....................... M. dissecta 

Merremia aegyptia 

Uerremia aegyptia (Linnaeus) Urban, 1910,4:505.-Powell, 1979:239. 

Ipomoea aegyptia Linnaeus, 1753:162 

Convolvulus pentaphyllus Linnaeus, 1762223. 

Ipomoea penkzphylla (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 1788, Coll., 2297. 

Twiner with hispid stems, leaves and calyx, hairs fewer and 

shorter on leaves; cyme lax, one- to several-flowered, corolla 

about twice as long as calyx, white, funnel-shaped. 

Tropics; in Dominica along roads: Mero (Nicolson 2047). 

Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4240). 

Merremia dissecta 

Merremia dissecta (Jaquin) Hallier, 1893:552, “disecta” .-Powell, 1979:240. 

Convolvulus dissectus Jaquin, 1767,2:4, pl. 28. 

Ipmoea dissecta (Jaquin) Persoon, 1797:207 [in note], non Willdenow. 

Ipomoea sinuata Ortega, 179834. 

Twiner with hispid stems, petioles and peduncle bases; 

leaves pedate, 5-lobed, the basal lobes divided into two; all 

lobes dentate to lobed, cymes 1-5-flowered, flowers erect, 

buds and fruits nodding; corolla white with dark center, 

funnel-shaped; capsule enclosed by enlarged sepals. 

Neotropics but widely naturalized; in Dominica: Castle 

Bruce trail (Hodge 3323, Mero (Ernst 1939, below Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 4441). 

It has, on occasion, been confused with other tropical 

American species: Merrem‘a quinquefolia (Linnaeus) Hallier 

and Merremia cissoides (Lamarck) Hallier, both smaller plants 

with compound leaves of five k dentate leaflets. M. quinquefolia has dainty, glabrous leaves and flowers, M. cissoides is 

coarse, hairy and viscid. 

Merremia umbellata 

Uerremia umbellata (Linnaeus) Hallier, 1893:552.-Ooststroorn in 

Convolvulus wnbellatus Linnaeus, 1753:155. 

Ipomoea wnbellata (Linnaeus) Meyer, 1818:99, non Linnaeus. 

Ipomoea pdyanthes Roemer & Schultes. 1819,4:234. 

Steenis,l953, Fl. Males., I, 4:449.-Powell, 1979:243. 

Glabrous or pubescent plant with cordate to k sagittate 

leaves; inflorescence umbellate, flowers many to few, yellow, 

corolla funnel-shaped, -3.75 cm long: capsule exceeding the 

persistent calyx; seeds tomentose. 

Neotropics, West Africa, and introduced in the Far East; in 

Dominica along west coast: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2688), 

Roseau River valley (Fairchild 2780), sine loc. (Eggers 1450). 

This is the typical subspecies, differing from the Old World 

subspecies, which has long hairs on the seeds and, generally, 

white flowers. 

Operculina Silva Manso 

Operculina hamiltonii 

Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) Austin & Staples, 1983:487. 

Convolvulus alatus Hamilton, 182524, non Sprengel, 1819. 

lpomoea hamiltonii G. Don, 1838,4268, “hamiltoni.” 

Ipmoea pterodes Choisy in A.P. Candolle, 1845,9361. 

Ipomoea altissima Martius ex Choisy in A.P. Candolle, 1845,9:359. 

Operculina altissima (Choisy) Meisner in Martius, 1869,7:213, pl. 75. 

Operculina pterodes (Choisy) Meisner in Martius, 1869,7:213. 

Operculina alata Urban, 1902, 3:343.-Powell. 1979:244. 

Petioles, peduncles and sometimes stems winged, glabrous 

or pubescent; flowers solitary, peduncle thicker and much 

longer than subtending petiole, bearing, at its apex, two bracts 

that fall after anthesis and a 5-angled, tapering pedicel that 

thickens as the fruit ripens; corolla yellow, -4.5-5 cm long; 
74 coNvoLwLAcEAE~cuRBmcEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

capsule surrounded by calyx, exocarp operculate, brown, 

endocarp thin, transparent, splitting irregularly. 

Neotropics; in Dominica: Grand Savanne (Nicolson 2042). 

Fruiting in November. 

A few stellate hairs and no simple ones were found on the 

Dominican specimen examined. Other West Indian specimens 

were glabrous or with simple hairs as in South American 

material. 

Stictocardia Hallier 

Stictocardh tilufolia 

Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desrousseaux) Hallier, 1894:159, “tilhefolia”.-Austin 

Convolvulur tiliifoliur Desrousseaux in Larnarck, 1789,3544, “tiliaefOrius.” 

Argyreh tiliifolia @esrousseaux) Wight, 1848.4(2):12, pl. 1358.-Grisebach, 

et al., 1978:195.-Powell, 1979,265. 

1862466. 

Creeper with large cordate to orbicular leaves bearing 

numerous small black or brown glands on lower surfaces and 

outside of sepals and corolla tube; peduncles shorter than 

subtending petioles; flowers usually solitary, the two outer 

sepals & enclosing the others: calyx becoming very much 

enlarged, covering the indehiscent fruit; corolla -9 cm long, 

rose-colored with a dark center. 

Circumtropical; in Dominica: La Plaine (Whitefoord 5400), 

Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6056). sine loc. (Imray 230 at K). 

This should not be confused with Ipomoea alba nor I. 

violacea, which are similar in size, but with white flowers, 

valvate fruits, and without glandular dots. 

Gunn (1972b) has an extensive discussion of this species. He 

reviewed the typification of Ipomoea campanulata, concluding 

that this binomial must be typified on an illustration (Adamboe 

of Rheede) rather than on the specimen in the Linnaean 

Herbarium, which is Thespesia populnea of the Malvaceae. We 

agree with this, but we disagree with the identification of 

Adamboe Rheede as a Stictocardia. It is Ipmoea campanulata 

Linnaeus (cf. Nicolson et al., 1988:91). Thus we exclude 

Ipomoea campanulata from Stictocardia and adopt what is, in 

our view, the oldest available and applicable epithet. 

CRASSULACEAE 

Kalanchoe integra (Medikus) Kuntze, with rather condensed 

inflorescences at ends of long peduncles, smaller flowers, and 

cuneate leaves was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 3930). 

Bryophyllum pinnatum 

Bryophyllwnpinnatwn (Lamarck) Oken, 1841,3:1966.-Howard, 1988,4:313. 

Coiyledon pinnata Lamarck, 1786,2:141. 

Bryophyllwn calycinum Salisbury, 1805, 1, pl. 3. 

Kolanchoe pinnola (Lamarck) Persoon, 1807, 2(2):446.-Jacobsen, 1960, 

2658. 

Succulent herb to 1 m; leaves simple or 3-5-foliolate; calyx 

inflated. Tiny plantlets develop in leaf notches. 

Originally Madagascar, now pantropical; in Dominica a 

naturalized weed along roadsides and in low, wet places: Cabrit 

Swamp (Hodge 433, Grand Savanne (Hodge 3789), Layou 

(Ernst 1519, Mt. Joy (Hodge 1268), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2644). Rodney’s Rock (DeFilipps 169), SoufriZxe (Hodge 

1642), Wooten Waven (Hodge 436). 

The leaves are used as a cooling tea and poultice 

(Honychurch, 1980:36). Adjanohoun et al. (198595, pl. 61) 

reported usage against dyspepsia. 

It is debatable that B. pinnatum was a new combination 

validly published by Oken. He seemed to recognize two names, 

B. pinnatum and B. calycinum, as one species, “Die Gemeine.” 

I assume that Oken was treating these as alternative names, 

acceptable before 1953 (Art. 34.4) (ICBN). All literature cited 

by Oken refer simply to B. calycinum Salisbury except one, 

“Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1409,” which cited the basionym, Cotyledon 

pinnata Lamarck. I accept B. pinnatum as a new combination 

through indirect reference (Art. 32.4, ICBN). 

CUCURBITACEAE 

This family has special difficulties: a lack of specimens of 

cultivated (and escaping?) species, a classification under 

revision, and a need for staminate and pistillate flowers and 

hits to be certain of determinations. 

Cucum‘s me10 Linnaeus, the cantaloupe or musk melon, may 

be cultivated in Dominica but it has not been collected. 

Cucum’s sativus Linnaeus, the cucumber, is cultivated on 

Dominica (at Bomes, Nicolson 4226). It has scabrous leaves 

shallowly Slobed, petioles glandless, simple tendrils, flowers 

small and yellow, anthers S-shaped, and a medium-sized, more 

or less prickly hit. It may escape. 

The genus Cucurbita includes a number of cultivated 

species, many of which include very different cultivars that are 

very difficult to define. The genus may be recognized by its 

yellow, bell-shaped corollas only lobed about half-way to the 

base and 3-branched tendrils. Cucurbita m‘ma Duchesne ex 

Lamarck, the autumn or winter squash (melon pumpkin), has a 

soft, round unexpanded fruit-stalk, weakly lobed leaves, obtuse 

corolla lobes and a plump white seed with obtuse, firm 

margins. Cucurbita mixta Pangalo, the cushaw or silverseed 

gourd, is like C. moschata but has linear calyx lobes and a 

unexpanded hit-stalk. Cucurbita moschata (Lamarck) Duchesne ex Poiret, the winter crook-necked squash, is a softly 

hairy vine with a hard, ridged fruit-stalk much expanded at the 

apex, often foliose sepals, and pale buff s&ds with a wavy, 

hyaline margin. Cucurbita pep0 Linnaeus, including the true 

pumpkin, as well as the zucchini squash, is a harshly hispid 

vine with leaves often prominently lobed, a hard, ridged, 

little-expanded hit-stalk, and pale buff, firm-margined seeds. 

I am unable to identify our one cultivated collection from 

Bornes (Nicolson 4225 called pumpkin) because it is only in 

staminate flower; it might be C. mixta Pangalo. 
NUMBER 77 CucuRBmCEAE 75 

Lugenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley , the sweet calabash 

or bottle gourd, was found grown as a vegetable at Bornes 

(DHN!). It is easily recognized by a pair of glands at the apex 

of the petiole. It has pubescent leaves, branched tendrils, white 

flowers, and a long, purple fruit. 

Luffa aegyptiaca Miller (see Heiser and Schilling (1988) for 

generic treatment, see Nicolson et al. (1988:97), for nomenclature), the vegetable sponge or torchon, has been seen in 

cultivation at Salisbury (DHN!) and on a dump at Portsmouth 

(Whitefoord 5294). The leaves are palmately lobed, the flowers 

are yellow (males racemose with 5 stamens, female solitary) 

and the dried fruit opens at the top, revealing the “sponge.” 

Sechium edule (Jacquin) Swartz, the christophine or chayote, 

is cultivated at Milton (Hodge 2884) and may be escaping near 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 3955). The flowers are white, the leaves 

are shallowly but sharply lobed, and the tendrils are 3- 

branched. The fruit is as large as an avocado or mango with a 

single, large, flat seed and the flesh makes a delicious 

vegetable. 

1. Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed (see also cult. Lfla). 

2. Plant parts (especially when young) woolly; tendrils 

bifid; leaves deeply trifid with segments pinnatifid to 

bipinnatifid; fruit green, smooth, sweet . . . Citrullus 

2. Plant parts glabrous; tendrils unbranched, leaves pedately 5-7-lobate; fruit becoming orange, warty, bitter 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Momordica 

3. Lower leaf blade and upper petiole with glands or 

glandular pockets; tendrils 2-3-branched; anthers Sshaped; ovules & seeds vertical . . . . . . Cayaponia 

3. Leaves glandless; tendrils simple; anther locules 

straight; ovules and seeds horizontal . . . . Melothria 

1. Leaves entire to shallowly lobed. 

Cayaponia Silva Manso, nom. cons. 

Cayaponia americana 

Cayaponia americana (Lamarck) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1881, 

Bryonia americana Lamarck. 1785, 1:458. 

Cionandra curpidata Grisebach, 1860:287. 

3:785.-Jeffrey, 197 1224. 

Leaves -10-15 cm long, 8-10 cm wide, acutely 3-lobed (in 

ours), with glands at base of blade; inflorescences racemose; 

calyx lobes 1-4 mm long; corolla greenish white, lobes 5-8 

mm long, almost as broad as long in staminate flowers, much 

longer than broad in pistillate flowers; seeds very few (1-3). 

Antilles; in Dominica locally abundant in openings, 550- 

700 m: Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1719, 2171, Nicolson 

4147, Webster 13248), Pointe Michel (Eggers 1045), Portsmouth (Wasshausen & Ayensu 374). 

Elsewhere this may have deeply lobed and more scabrous 

leaves. 

Citrullus Schrader, nom. cons. 

Citrullus lanatus 

Citrullus la~rus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai in Ancnymous, 1920:38.- 

Momordica I~MIC~ Thunberg, 1794, Prodr., 13. 

Citrdlus vulgaris Schrader in Ecklon & Zeyher, 1836:279.-hrader, 

Ham, 1969:347. 

1838:412. 

Watermelon. 

Young growth woolly; leaf blade >10 cm long, deeply lobed, 

scabrous; flower yellow. 

African but now widely cultivated for fruit; in Dominica a 

prostrate roadside weed: Cabrits (Whitefoord 4043, near 

Coulibistri (Emst 1633), probably escaped from cultivation. 

Jeffrey (1980:791) said this binomial was published in 1916 

but Hara (1969:346) said the basionym was not indicated. 

Melothria Linnaeus 

Melothria pendula 

Melorhria pendula Linnaeus, 1753:35.-Wunderlin, 1978:333. 

Bryonia guadalupensis Sprengel, 1826,3:15. 

Melorhria pervaga Grisebach, 1860:289. 

Melorhria guadalupensis (Sprengel) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle. 1881, 

3580. 

Leaves entire to shallowly lobed, -5 cm x 5 cm; flowers 

minute, yellow. 

Antillean but reported in Mexico and Guyana; in Dominica 

a common weed in disturbed areas: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1260, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2403), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3044), 

above Roseau (Whitefoord 4645). 

Jeffrey (1978:373) cited Imray 36 from Dominica as M. 

pendula. 

Momordica Linnaeus 

Momordica charantia 

Momordica chrantia Linnaeus, 1753: 1009.-Cogniaux & Harms in Engler. 

1924. IV.275 (Heft 88):24. 

Pomme coolie, pavecka, wild balsam apple. 

Leaves deeply and pedately 5-7-lobed, -5 cm x 5 cm; 

peduncle of staminate flower 5-6 cm long, with orbicular bract 

just below center; fruit warty, becoming orange and splitting to 

reveal horizontal seeds covered with red pulp. 

Originally Old World, now pantropical; in Dominica a 

common weed: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2703, Ernst 1259, Stern 

& Wasshausen 2405), Delices (Whitefoord 3667), Goodwill 

(Wilbur 7573), Salybia (Hodge 471, 3217, Nicolson 2011). 

Flowering in July. 

Seeds sucked by children (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:613). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198595, pl. 62) reported several medicinal 

uses. 
76 CUNONIACEAE-EBENACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

CUNONIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Weinmannia pinnata 

WeinmMnia pinnata Linnaeus, 1759a:1005.-Little & Wadswonh, 1964:138, 

pl. 56. 

Pubescent shrub 1-3 m; leaves opposite, pinnately compound, rhachis winged, leaflets dentate; flower in fascicled 

racemes, white. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in mossy forests of 

summits, 1000-1425 m: Laudat (Eggers 600), Morne Anglais 

(Wilbur 7952), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 2799), Mome Trois 

Pitons (Chambers 2587, Hodge 577, 1389, Kimber 969, 

Nicolson 181 7). 

CY RILLACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Cyrilla racemifora 

Cyrilla racemifora beus, 1767a:182; 1767b:50.-Thmas, 19m77.- 

Cyrilla anfillana Michaux, 1803, 1:158. 

Little & Wadsworth, 1964298, pl. 136. 

Bois rouge. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves elongate, coriaceous; inflorescence a 

raceme; flowers white. 

United States and neotropics; common in Dominica in 

montane thickets and elfin woodlands, 450-1 100 m: Morne 

Nicholls (Nicolson 1952), Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst 2029, 

Pont Casse (Wilbur 7746). Soufriere (Howard 11782), South 

Chiltern Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2522), sine loc. (Fishlock 

46). 

DICHAPETALACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Tapura htifolia 

Tapwa l0r;fOria Bentham, 1853:291.--Prance, 1972b:65. 

Tapwa antilla~ Gleason m North her. R., 1924,25382. 

Bob ck, bois cotelette. 

High tree with fluted trunk and blaze turning orange; leaves 

elliptic to ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate, coriaceous, 

glabrous; flowers fascicled, borne on the upper petiole; 

pedicels and sepals pubescent; petals 5, yellow, connate below, 

2 are hooded and broader; stamens 3, staminodes 2; hit a 

drupe, rarely 2-seeded. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia; common in Dominica in rainforests, 250-650 m: Bataka (Taylor 29), Bellevue 

(Taylor 25), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4064), Deux Branches 

(Hodge 2976, 2980 at GH), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3009 at 

US), Laudat (Eggers 1037), L’Or River (Nicolson 2030), 

Portsmouth (Wasshausen & Ayensu 365), Riversdale (Proctor 

25787), Sylvania (Hodge 1322), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4309, 

sine loc. (Fishlock 13-type of T. antillana). Flowering in 

October, fruiting June-October. 

The buttresses used to make canoe paddles; hit is edible 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957572). Campers in rainforest must 

know this species because its wood, once split, will burn when 

green. 

DILLENIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Dillenia indica Linnaeus, a large tree with white flowers and 

large fruit about 6 inches thick, is cultivated in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (DHN!). 

Dillenia suffruficosa (Griffith) Martelli, a Malaysian shrub 

with sheathing petioles, large, ovate, subserrate leaf blades and 

yellow flowers, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 3915). 

Pinzona coriacea 

Pinzona coriacea Madus & Zuccarini in Zuccarini, 1832371.-Kubitz,ki. 

Pinzona calineoides Eichlerin Martius, 1863,13(1):71. 

Doliocarpus corkaceus (Martius & Zuccarini) Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1893, 

Ddiocarpus calineoides (Eider) Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1893, III(6):114. 

1971%’. 

III(6): 1 14. 

Liana to 5 m or higher; stems angular; leaves coriaceous, 

glabrous except for pilosulous veins above and below, 

elliptic-ovate or elliptic-obovate, entire or k undulate; panicles 

pilosulous; petals 3, greenish white; carpels 2, fused at base; 

fruit indehiscent, 5-7 mm wide, bilobed. 

Belize and Hispaniola through northern South America, 

Guadeloupe & Puerto Rico; in Dominica rare in woods behind 

Salybia (Taylor 37). 

The specimen (GH) is sterile with a single leaf and pieces of 

stem (cited by Hodge and Taylor, 1957584, as a source of 

drinking water from cut stems). 

EBENACEAE 

Howard (1964, mss.) reported Diospyros blancoi A.L. 

Candolle (as Diospyros discolor Willdenow, nom. illeg.) and 

Diospyros ebenum Koenig on Dominica. Both would be 

introduced, perhaps in the Roseau Botanic Garden. Diospyros 

digynu Jacquin was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (J. 

Jones s.n. at K, introduced from Mexico). Diospyros mlaburica (Desrousseaux) Kosteletzky (as Diospyros embryopteris 

Persoon) was reported as recently cultivated on Dominica by 

Howard (1989,6:71) 
NUMBER 77 EBENACEAE-ELAECCARPACEAE 77 

Diospyros revoluta 

Diospyros revotufa Pairet in Lamar&, 1804, Encycl., 5:435.-Little et al., 

Diospyros ebenoster sensu auctt., non Rebus.-Urban, 1910,4:485. 

1974:794, pl. 648. 

Babara, bambarat, black apple. 

Small dioecious tree to 20 m with dark, scaly bark; leaves 

leathery, obovate, apex rounded; flowers white; fruit rather 

large, with a flat, square, persistent calyx. 

Puerto Rico to Dominica; common in E and NW Dominica 

from coastal woodlands to 400 m: Calibishie (Hodge 31 77), 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3282), Deux Branches (Nicolson 2132), 

Hampstead (Lloyd 662), Laudat (Hodge 2091), Madjini 

(Nicolson 4136), Milton (Hodge 2676), Pointe Baptiste (Ernst 

1831), Rosalie (Ernst 1364, Webster 13473), Trois Pitons 

(LZoyd 763), Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4239). 

Fruits or chipped bark are crushed for fish poison (Hodge 

and Taylor, 1957596). 

Howard (1961) clarified that Diospyros ebenaster Retzius 

(1788) had been applied to three species: Asiatic D. ebenum 

Koenig (1776), Central American D. digyna Jacquin (1798), 

and Antillean D. revoluta Poiret (1804). 

ELAEOCARPACEAE 

The Dominican species of chitaignier (Slounea) are dominant, high-buttressed canopy trees of major importance for 

timber. They are difficult to collect and vegetatively variable. 

Foresters generally recognize two species as ‘,ti fay” (little 

leaves, petites feuilles) and “grand fay” (big leaves, grandes 

feuilles) and some have noted a third species, ‘&ti coco” (little 

hit). These names are neither descriptive of the four species of 

Dominica nor are they discriminately applied to the same 

species. 

I believe that “ti fay” should probably be restricted to 

Sloanea caribaea, the smallest-leaved species with petioles el 

cm long and a naked fruit. “Ti coco” probably should be 

restricted to S. berteriana, a species with medium-sized leaves 

tapering to each end and a naked fruit. “Grand fay” most 

properly refers to the biggest-leaved species, S. dentata, with 

large, stiffly spiny fruits like a chestnut (French chhtaignier) but 

can refer to S. mussonii, a large-leaved species with small, 

softly and densely hairy fruits. 

It appears that fertile branches (with flowers or fruit) bear 

significantly smaller leaves than sterile branches, seedlings, 

and stump shoots, all of the latter bear larger leaves. This makes 

it difficult to rely on leaf size for determining sterile specimens. 

Fertile material is needed for certain determinations. 

1. Stipules persistent (at least on youngest, fully expanded 

leaves); fruit armed with many rigid spines to 3 cm long 

......................... S. dentata 

1. Stipules very quickly deciduous (even on unexpanded 

leaves); fruit hairy or naked. 

2. Leaves large, 1.5~ longer than broad, rounded at apex; 

fruit densely covered with hairs to 2 cm long 

....................... S. massonii 

2. Leaves smaller, 2x or more longer than broad, apex 

acute to obtuse; fruit naked or puberulent with tiny hairs. 

3. Petioles typically >2 cm long; leaves usually >10 cm 

long; inflorescence unbranched (racemose) 

..................... S. berteriana 

3. Petioles typically 4 cm long; leaves usually 40 cm 

long; inflorescence branching (cymose) ....... ...................... S. caribaea 

Sloanea berteriana 

Sloanea berteriano Choisy ex A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1516.4.E. Smith, 

1954 lOlt.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:324, pl. 149.-Bomstein in Howard, 

1989,5:180. 

Chitaignier ‘ti coco. 

Canopy tree; petioles usually -2 cm long; leaves tapered to 

both ends; inflorescence unbranched; capsules naked. 

Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, St. Kitts to Martinique; 

mid-elevations of Dominica but rarely collected: Aux Delices 

(Nicolson 2136), upper Layou Valley (Beard 662). cited by 

Hodge (1954:30) from Sylvania as “chataignier petit feuille” 

but possibly a misidentification of S. caribuea. 

Sloanea caribaea 

Sloaneo coriboeo Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:90.-C.E. Smith, 1954:78. 

Chitaignier ‘ti fay. 

Canopy tree; petioles to 1 cm long; leaves tapered to both 

ends but always small (usually <lo cm long); inflorescence f 

terminal, branching and cymose; capsules naked, seeds orange. 

Lesser Antilles and northern South America; in Dominica a 

dominant in rainforest (mid-elevations), pervasive but most 

common on flats: Breakfast River (Hodge 1920). Morne Colla 

Anglais (Hodge 533, Petit Macoucheri (Whitefoord 6168), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 4405,5920). 

Hodge 1920 reported “wood considered worthless because 

of susceptibility to dry rot but used for charcoal.” 

Sloanea dentata 

Slooneo dentoto Linnaeus, 1753512.4.E. Smith, 1954:64. 

Chitaignier grand fay. 

Dominant canopy tree; stipules persistent; petioles 3-6 cm 

long; leaves shallowly dentate, large (10-30 cm x 8-15 cm); 

inflorescence racemose, 5-8 cm long; sepals 5-6 mm long; 

capsule armed with many rigid, curved spines. 

Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica at mid-elevations: 

Carib Trail (Howard 11 768), Castle Bruce (Ramuge s.n.), Deux 

Branches (Hodge 2965), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 2016), 

upper Hampstead River (Nicolson 4220), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3657), Lisdara (Hodge 2356), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1736), 
78 ELAE~CARPACEAE-ERICAE-E~~U~~CBAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Roche d’Or Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 399), Rosalie 

Valley (Beard 238), Sylvania (Hodge 1440), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 4350). 

Considered an indicator of rich soil. A pervasive species, but 

most common on upper slopes. 

Sloanea massonii 

Sloaneo mawonii Swartz, 1788:82, “Massoni”.-C.E. Smith, 1954:47. 

Slooneo truncoto Urban, 1921a:26. 

Chfitaignier grand fay. 

Canopy tree; stipules deciduous; petioles 3-6 cm long, often 

with transverse epidermal cracks; leaves entire, large (8-25 cm 

x 7-20 cm); inflorescence 2-3 cm long, racemose; sepals 

3-3.5 cm long; capsules densely covered with soft hairs to 2 

cm long. 

Lesser Antilles; common and codominant with Dacryodes in 

Dominican rainforests: Castle Bruce road (Cowan 1671), Deux 

Branches (Hodge 2964, 2967, 2992). Dleau Gommier (DeFilipps 162, Nicolson 41 79). Fond Figues River (Ernst 1582), 

La Chaudibre (Hodge 3657), Lisdara (Cooper 162, Hodge 538, 

Proctor 539), Marigot (Hodge 539), Pagayer (Nicolson 2107), 

Pleasant Valley (Eggers 603), Riversdale (Howard I1 762), 

Sylvania (Hodge 1323), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3640), Wooten 

Waven (Eggers 885). 

Reported to indicate poor soil and be a good timber tree. 

ERICACEAE 

1. Ovary superior; pubescent shrub with small, sermlate 

leaves ..................... Gaultheria 

1. Ovary inferior; glabrous shrub or epiphyte with large, 

entire leaves. 

2. Racemes axillary, flowers 4-8, red ..... Gonocalyx 

2. Racemes terminal, flowers 10-30, greenish white ........................ Symphysia 

Gaultheria Linnaeus 

Gaultheria domingensis 

Godtheria domingensir Urban, 1902, 3:329.-Hersey & Vander Klcet, 

Brossoeo coccineo Linnaeus. 1753:1190. 

Epigoeo cordifolio Swartz, 1788:73, nm Godtheria cordifolio Kunth. 

Godtheria sphgnicolo L. Richard, 1792:109, nom. illeg. [cited Epigoeo 

Godtheria coccineo (Linnaeus) Urban, 1902,3:330, non Kunth. 

Godtheria swartzii Howard, 1975:241. 

1976:2471.-Whitefoordd, 1989: 147.-Howard. 1989,6:28. 

cordiforin Swartz].--Stehlt. 1962b:432. 

Small, erect shrub; leaves ovate, to 2 cm long; racemes 

Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; new record for 

terminal; flowers red; fruits blue-black, fleshy but drying. 

Dominica: Valley of Desolation (Whitefoord 4212,5482). 

Gonocalyx Planchon & Linden 

Nevling (1970:226) concluded that this name was first 

validly published in Linden’s “Prix-courant de l’establissement 

#introduction pour les plantes nouvelles” (p. 5-6), probably in 

late 1855. He did not clarify the authorship of the generic name, 

whether it should be Planchon, Linden, or both, nor was it clear 

who was the author of the catalog. His arguments seem sound 

and, therefore, I do not cite the author as usually done, 

“Planchon & Linden ex Lindley,” referring to the publication of 

8 Mar 1856 on p. 152 of the Gardeners’ Chronicle. 

Gonocalyx smilacjfolius 

Gonocolyx sm‘lacifoliur (Grisebach) A.C. Smith, 1932:354.-NevIing, 

Vocciniwn sm‘lacifoliwn Grisebach, 1860:144. 

Hornemannio smilocifolio (Grisebach) J. Hooker in Benh &Hooker, 1876, 

Cerotostema smilacifoliwn (Grisebach) Horold, 1909:276. 

1970222. 

2:567. 

Shrub, usually epiphytic; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, base 

rounded to cordate, apex acuminate, entire, coriaceous; raceme 

axis 0.5 mm thick; apical anther sac tubules 3.0-3.5 mm long; 

flowers and pedicels bright red; fruit green, finally dark purple. 

Guadeloupe; common epiphyte in rainforests of Dominica, 

550-1150 m: Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1604), Freshwater 

Lake Road (Gillis 81 67), Morne Anglais [Couliaboun, the type 

locality] (Fennah 20, Hodge 2278, Wilbur 7969), Pont Casse

(Chambers 2606, Nicolson 21 77), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4234), Valley of Desolation (Whitefoord 5488). 

Symphysia C.B. Presl 

Symphysia racemosa 

Symphysia rocemso (Vahl) Steam, 1972a:lll. 

Hornemnnia rocemoso Vahl, 1810:121.-A.C. Smith, 1935:10.--StehlC, 

Vocciniwn koyi W. Hooker, 1840. 

Vacciniwn rocemwn (Vahl) Wilbur & Luteyn in Luteyn & Wilbur, 1917:275. 

1962b3432. 

Scrambling shrub; leaves elliptic, lance-ovate or ovate, base 

cuneate to rounded, apex acute or acuminate, entire to 

crenulate, f coriaceous; raceme axis 1-2 mm thick; apical 

anther sac tubules 1 mm long. 

Jamaica to Martinique; often common in Dominica in 

rainforest and elfin woodlands, 126-1300 m: Deux Branches 

(Hodge 3453), Freshwater Lake (Chambers 2555, Ernst 1732, 

Gillis 8202, Hodge 1863, Smith 10242, Wilbur 7440), Mome 

Anglais (Hodge 664, 2295, Wilbur 7948), Morne Couronne 

(Webster 1321 0), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 2832, Whitefoord 

4543), Mome Nicholls (Nicolson 1949), Morne Plat Pays 

(Hodge 1664), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 1394,1425), Pont 

Cass6 (Cowan 1605, Ernst 1016, Stern & Wasshuusen 2550), 

Valley of Desolation (Hodge 1941). 

Recent transfers of this species, from Hornemnnia to 

Symphysia (nomenclature) and from Symphysia to Vaccinium 
NUMBER 77 ERICACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE 79 

(taxonomy), give an impression of instability. Wilbur and 

Luteyn were probably correct when they said, “It might seem 

premature to submerge Symphysia in Vaccinium since the range 

of diversity within that genus at present suggests that the much 

needed revisionary studies probably will result in its wholesale 

dismemberment.” 

ERYTHROXY LACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

See Plowman (1976) concerning the spelling and authorship 

of Erythroxylum. 

1. Leaves deciduous, obtuse to retuse; dry west coast 

....................... .E.havanense 

1. Leaves evergreen, acuminate; wet interior. ........ ....................... E. squamatum 

Erythroxylum havanense 

Erythroxylum hvanense kcquin, 1760:21.-F’lowman in Howard, 1988, 

Evthroxylwn ovatum Cavanilles, 1789, 8:404, pl. 233.Schulz in Urban, 

4545. 

1907,5:207. 

Deciduous shrub or tree to 6 m with white flowers before 

leaves in spring, fruits in June-July. 

Cuba and Central American into northern South America; 

common and dominant in xerophytic scrub thickets of 

Dominica: Batali (Chambers 2788), Cabrits (Webster 13297, 

Whitefoord 5768), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6039), Pointe 

Guignard (Wilbur 8124), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2650,2746). 

Erythroxylum squamatum 

Evthroxylwn squamalum Swam, 1788:75.--Schulz in Urban, 1907,5:191.- 

Plowman in Howard, 1988,4548. 

Ti feuille. 

Evergreen tree to 8 m. 

Lesser Antilles into South America; in Dominican rainforests 60-800 m: Clyde River (Erst 1031), Deux Branches 

(Hodge 2980 at US), Grand Bay (Eggers 623, Hatton Gardens 

(Hodge 3009 at GH), La Plaine (Ramage s.n.), Laudat (Eggers 

1003), Micotrin (Wilbur 7462), Milton (Hodge 2674), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13538), Sylvania (Beard 643). 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

(by Grady L. Webster) 

Aleurites moluccana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, the candlenut 

of Asia, a tree to 20 m with stellate-pubescence, 3-5-lobed 

leaves, white petals and a fleshy fruit to 6 cm across, is 

cultivated pantropically, including Dominica: Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 1433, Mt. Joy (Hodge 910). 

Antidesma bunius (Linnaeus) Sprengel, cultivated in Asia for 

bit, with evergreen, laurel-like leaves to 23 cm x 10 cm, is 

cultivated in Dominica: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1417, Nicolson 

1821), Roseau Botanic Garden (Nicolson 4217). Dr. J.J. Ochse 

stated that he introduced the species in 1959. 

Breynia disticha J.R. & J.G. Forster, the snowbush of the 

Pacific, a hedge plant with white or mottled leaves, has been 

collected along village roads in the Portsmouth area (Hodge 

887, Whitefoord 5192). 

Codiaeum variegatum (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, the garden 

croton of southeast Asia, is a glabrous, monoecious shrub with 

fascicled, peduncled flowers in axillary racemes. It is widely 

cultivated for its striking leaves of various shapes and 

variegation (red, yellow, etc.), including Dominica: Lisdara 

(Hodge 2439), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 988). 

Excoecaria cochinchinensis Loureiro, a much-branched 

shrub with subopposed leaves, has been collected in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 3951). 

Garcia nutans Rohr was attributed to Dominica without 

exclamation mark, indicating no material seen, by Howard 

(1989,5:52). 

Hevea brasiliesis (Kunth) J. Mueller, the ParA rubber tree, 

has compound leaves with 3 leaflets and has been collected in 

the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 938). The milky sap is used 

to make rubber. 

Hura crepitans Linnaeus, the sandbox tree, is a large tree 

with many prickles on its trunk, cordate leaves, and unisexual 

inflorescences. Dried fruits were used to hold sand to blot ink, 

hence its common name. It seems to occur as isolated 

individuals and is presumed introduced: East Cabrit (Fisher 

s.n., Whitefoord 5268), Mero (Ernst 1766), Fort Shirley ruins 

on West Cabrit (DHN!), Roseau (?). 

Manihot esculenta Crantz, known as the manioc, cassava, or 

tapioca plant, is pantropically cultivated for its starchy, 

tuberous roots, including Dominica: Carib Reserve (Tilor 

148, 149, 150). It is herbaceous but can grow 3 m high; the 

leaves are deeply 3-7-parted and glaucous below. Several 

cultivars and their preparation were discussed by Hodge and 

Taylor (1957:573-575). 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linnaeus) Poiteau subsp. tithymaloides, sometimes called the slipper plant, is a succulent 

shrub cultivated for its variegated, almost white leaves. 

Dressler (1957:156) reported that a wild subspecies, P. 

tithymuloides subsp. padifolius, occurs in xeric habitats, 

including Guadeloupe and Martinique. The one collection from 

Dominica (Hodge 3760), from beach near St. Joseph, is 

presumed to be the cultivated subspecies, although it is too 

incomplete to be certain. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:101, pl. 68) 

reported medicinal uses. 

Ricinus communis Linnaeus, the castor bean or carapate 

(from Carib karapa = oil), native to Africa, is now widely 
80 EUPHORBIACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

cultivated as an ornamental and for its valuable seed oil. Hodge 

and Taylor (1957576) discussed the extensive uses by the 

Caribs of Dominica Adjanohoun et al. (1985105, pl. 72) 

reported medicinal uses. The plants have an herbaceous stem, 

peltate 5-1 1-lobed leaves, and capsule to 2.5 cm across with 

soft spines. They tend to escape in disturbed areas and are quite 

common, although rarely collected: Canefield (Hodge 570), 

Goodwill (Wilbur 7582), SCOW Head (Hodge 1621). 

1. Ovules 2 in each locule; leaves without petiolar or laminar glands; latex never 

developed; styles bifid or dilated, not decompound. 

2. Stipules intrapetiolar-connivent (sheathing); petals present ...... Amanua 

2. Stipules interpetiolar, not connivent; petals absent. 

3. Flowers in racemiform inflorescences; staminate flowers with pistillodes. 

4. Leaves lepidote, pointed at tip; staminate flowers pedicellate; fruit 

drupaceous, 1-seeded, <1 cm long .............. Hyerunimu 

4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, rounded at tip; staminate flowers sessile; fruit 

capsular, >1 cm long ....................... Richeria 

3. Flowers glomerulate in axillary clusters; staminate flower without a distinct 

5. Leaves k coriaceous; staminate disk central; lobed carpels 1 or 2; fruit 

indehiscent ............................ Drypetes 

5. Leaves membranous; staminate disk not central; carpels 3-5; fruit 

dehiscent. 

6. Dioecious trees; carpels (3)4-5; fruit irregularly dehiscent; seeds fleshy ............................... Margarihria 

6. Monoecious herbs or shrubs; carpels 3; hit dehiscent into 3 cocci; seeds 

dry ............................. Phyllanthus 

1. Ovules solitary in each locule; leaves often with glands; milky latex often present; 

styles bifid to decompound or dilated. 

7. Perianth absent; inflorescence a bisexual pseudo-flower (cyathium) with a fused 

involucre of 4-5 glanduliferous bracts around a central pistillate flower and 

several to many staminate flowers. 

8. Leaves all opposite, usually clearly unequal (oblique) at base (or if equal then 

with stems jointed); cyathium with 4 glands .......... Chamuesyce 

8. Leaves whorled (ours) alternate below (sometimes opposite above), equal at 

base; stems not jointed; cyathium with 1-2 glands ....... Euphurbia 

7. Perianth present or, if rudimentary the inflorescences spiciform; glanduliferous 

9. Stamens inflexed in bud; indument at least partly of scales or branched 

(stellate) hairs ............................. Crutun 

9. Stamens not distinctly inflexed in bud; indument of simple or centrally 

attached hairs. 

pistillode. 

perianth parts absent. 

10. Leaves palmately veined. 

11. Perianth biseriate (petals present) ................ Jatrupha 

11. Perianth uniseriate. 

12. Perianth petaloid, united (gamophyllous); herbs. .... Cnidoscolus 

12. Perianth not petaloid, segments nearly or quite distinct; vines. 

13. Leaves deeply lobed; inflorescence subtended by 2-3-lobed bracts 

............................ Dalechampia 

13. Leaves serrate to entire; inflorescence not enclosed by bracts. 

Stinging hairs absent; leaves entire. ......... Plukenetia 

Stinging hairs present; leaves serrate ........... Tragiu 

16. Leaves opposite ...................... Sebastiania 

14. 

14. 

10. Leaves pinnately veined. 

15. Floral bracts lacking basal glands; sap not milky. 

16. Leaves alternate. 
NUMBER 77 EUPHORBIACEAE 81 

17. 

17. 

15. Floral bracts biglandular at base; sap milky. 

Herb; styles lacerate. ................... Acalypha 

Shrub; styles bifid .................... Bernardia 

18. Petiole with 2 cylindrical glands at apex; seed coat fleshy. ...... ................................ Sapium 

18. Petiole eglandular or uniglandular; seed coat dry. 

19. Leaves sermlate, ovate and with a single gland on upper petiole; sap 

a contact poison .................... Hippomane 

19. Leaves entire, elliptic; petiole eglandular. 

20. Fruit pedicel >1 cm long; leaves not glaucous beneath ...... .......................... Actinostemon 

20. Fruit pedicel <1 cm long; leaves glaucous beneath ........ ........................... Gymnanthes 

Acalypha Linnaeus 

Two ornamental species of Acalypha are cultivated in 

Dominica, both are shrubby and taller (>1 m) than the weedy 

species. Acalypha hispida N. Burman, the chenille plant, is 

cultivated for its showy, red to purplish pistillate spikes, which 

are 50 cm x 2.5 cm. Acalypha amentacea subsp. wilkesiana (J. 

Mueller) Fosberg (in Fosberg and Sachet, 198Oa.10), the 

beefsteak plant, is cultivated for its strikingly colored, 

variegated leaves: Chattanooga Estate (Hodge 571), Clarke 

Hall (Ernst 1700). The latter is widely known as Acalypha 

wilkesiana J. Mueller (see discussion by Howard (1989, 5:5) 

and Adjanohoun et al. (1985:97, pl. 63) reported medicinal 

external use of leaves. 

1. Spikes clearly peduncled, appearing plumose with hirsute, 

filiform bract lobes; leaves typically >2 cm wide ..... ........................ .A. arvensis 

1. Spikes k sessile, bract lobes not elongated and plumose; 

leaves typically <2 cm wide. ..... A. chamaedrifolia 

Acalypha arvensis 

Acalypha arvemir Poeppig in Poeppig & Endlicher, 1841. 321.-Pax & 

Hoffmann in Engler, 1924, IV.147 (Heft 85):99.-Webster in Webster & 

Burch, 1968:307. 

Annual, weedy, erect or spreading herb with coarsely serrate, 

obtuse to acute leaves; spikes axillary (in upper mils), bisexual 

or staminate. 

Neotropics; lowland Dominica along roadsides: Portsmouth 

(Nicolson 4191). 

Acalypha chamaedrjfolia 

Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lamarck) I. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 1866, 

Crofon chamaedrifolius Lamarck, 1786,2215. 

15(2):879.-Pax & Hoffmann in Engler, 1924, IV.147 (Heft 85):29. 

Perennial, erect or often decumbent herb; leaves serrate, 

mostly obtuse; axillary spikes pistillate, terminal spikes 

pistillate or bisexual with a few basal pistillate flowers and 

many terminal staminate flowers. 

Southern Florida to Dominica (absent from Martinique, teste 

Fournet, 1978); a weed in lowland Dominica: Roseau (Ernst 

2149). 

Actinostemon Klotzsch 

Actinostemon caribaeus 

Acfinosfemon caribaeus Grisebach, 1857:168.-Jablonski, 1969:221. 

Excoecaria caribaea (Grisebach) Grisebach, 1859:51. 

Acfinosfemon concolor var. caribaeur (Grisebach) J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 

1866, 15(2):1193. 

Monoecious, glabrous shrub 1.5(-4) m; leaf-blade entire, 

acute or acuminate, elliptic, to 13 cm long, with 2 sessile, 

cratenform glands at the base of the blade; inflorescences 

enclosed in a series of bracts 7 mm long when young, the bracts 

deciduous in age; fruiting pedicel 1.3-2.5 mm long; capsule 1 

cm wide. 

Lesser Antilles to northern Venezuela; in Dominica in dry 

forests on west coast to 350 m: above Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2684), West Cabrit (Webster 13300). Flowering in April. 

Amanoa Aublet 

Amanoa caribaea 

hnw caribaea Krug & Urban in Anonymous, 1897:326.-Pax & Hoffmann 

in Engler. 1922, IV.147 (Heft 81):198. 

Carapite. 

Large dioecious tree; leaves glabrous, elliptic, acuminate, 

5-10 cm long, the petioles with connivent stipules; inflorescence a simple or branched spike bearing fasciculate, whitish 

flowers; capsule thick-walled, 2.0-2.5 cm across. 

Guadeloupe; common in Dominican rainforests 450-950 m: 

Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4096), Laudat area (Eggers 694, 

Hodge 1889), Sylvania (Hodge 1326), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4314,5861), sine loc. (Eggers 603, Fishlock 32). Flowering in 

January, fruiting in March-May. 

This species is a major timber tree and is a co-dominant in 
82 EUPHORBIACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

the forests. Hodge and Taylor (1957572) described the wood 

as purplish black, filled with white flecks, exceedingly hard and 

heavy. 

Bernardia Miller 

Bernardia corensis 

Bernardia coreusis (Jacquin) I. Mueller, 1865:173. 

Acalypha coreusis Jaquin, 1760:32. 

Polyboea coreusis (Jacquin) Klotzsch ex Endlicher, 1850, Suppl., 4(2):88. 

Monoecious shrub to 3 m; stems glabrous or with a few 

scattered hairs; leaf-blade elliptic or rhombic, denticulate to 

crenate-serrate, the apex acute to rounded, to 15 cm long, often 

smaller, ciliate, glabrous or with scattered hairs mostly on 

veins; axis of inflorescence pubescent; flowers in fascicles 

along the spikes; pedicels of male flowers disarticulating below 

the middle; capsule 5-7 mm wide. 

West Indies, northern S. America; common in Dominica in 

dry scrub woodlands on west coast to 600 m: Belleville (Eggers 

581), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1268, Stern & Wusshausen 2397, 

Webster 13161, Wilbur 7374), Dublanc (Hodge 2525, Whitefoord 4296), East Cabrit (Nicolson 1903, Gabriel (Wilbur 

8229), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8346B), Mero (Chumbers 

2780), Morne Colla Anglais (Webster 13434), Pointe Guignard 

(Wilbur 8123), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2662). Flowering 

April-May. 

Chamaesyce S.F. Gray 

Hodge 3413 from Salybia is not one of the following species 

and may be Chumaesyce bulbisii (Boissier) Millspaugh. The 

specimen at hand (US) is very fragmentary and is so young that 

critical seed characters are unclear. This species has solitary 

flowers, glabrous ovaries, subentire to denticulate leaves, and 

rugulose seeds. 

1. Stems woody, conspicuously jointed . , , . C. articulata 

1. Stems herbaceous, not conspicuously jointed. 

2. Cyathia solitary; plants mostly prostrate. 

3. Ovary and plant ciliate in lines; stipules shorter, & 

connate at distal nodes ......... C. prostrata 

3. Ovary and plant appressed hirtellous; stipules discrete, slender, fimbriate-dentate, 1-1.3 mm long . . ..................... C. thym(fo1ia 

Stems tomentose; ovary strigose ...... C. hirta 

5. Cymes dense, appearing leafless (bracts greatly 

reduced); capsule & globose, c1.4 mm long .... .................. C. hypericifolia 

5. Cymes relatively lax, leafy (bracts less reduced); 

capsule more elongated, >1.6 mm long ...... ................... C. hyssopifolia 

2. Cyathia glomerulate or cymose; plants mostly erect. 

4. 

4. Stems glabrous or nearly so; ovary glabrous. 

Chamaesyce arriculata 

Chamesyce articulata (Aublet) Brim, 1916574.-Burch 19W:91. 

Euphorbia articulota Aublet, 1775:480. 

Shrub to 6 m; stems glabrous: leaves slightly oblique at base, 

glabrous or slightly canescent, blades of various shapes on 

Same branchlets, linear-lanceolate to ovate, to 6 cm long, often 

smaller. 

Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica 

along dry west coast to 400 m: Gabriel (Wilbur 8239), Mero 

(Ernst 1984), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3903), South 

Chiltern (Stern 2533). 

Chamaesyce hirta 

Chamaesyce hirta (Linnaeus) MiUspaugh. 1909:303.-Burch, 19-395; in 

Euphorbia hirta Linnaeus, 1753:454. 

Webster & Burch. 1968:340. 

Herb, decumbent to 3 dm; stems tomentose with multicellular hairs; leaf-blade serrate, lanceolate-rhombiform with acute 

apex, to 5.5. cm long, pubescent beneath, glabrate above; 

capsules strigose. 

Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in disturbed areas to 

500 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3839), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3301), 

Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 562), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3040), 

Melville Hall (Nicolson 2009), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8126), 

Portsmouth street weed (DHN!), Ridgefield (Hodge 2168), 

Roseau (Hodge 560, 561, Kimber Il08), Soufriere Village 

(Ernst 1340), South Chiltem (Hodge 1512). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198599, pl. 65) reported (as Euphorbia 

him) medicinal usage to treat constipation. 

Chamaesyce hypen'cifolia 

Chamesycc hypericifolia (Lmnaeus) Millspaugh, 1909:302.-Burch, 

1966b:91; in Webster & Burch, 1968:345. 

Euphorbia hypericifolia Linnaeus, 1753:454. 

Ma1 nomme, ma1 dormi, akuliarani (eye medicine), alauali 

aku lia (Carib). 

Herb, erect or ascending to 5 dm; stems glabrous 9r sparsely 

pubescent; leaf-blade mostly glabrous, serrate, often falcate, 

ovateelliptic to oblong or obovate, to 3.5 cm long; seeds 

wrinkled, reddish or light brown. 

Neotropics and adventive in Old World; in Dominica a weed 

of disturbed places: Melville Hall (Hodge 564), Point Ronde 

(Hodge 2642), Roseau (Hodge 563), Salybia (Hodge 3000 at 

GH?). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957572) reported fie use of an infusion 

of this for uterine pains and the we or expressed juice to treat 

eyes. 

Chamaesyce hyssopifolia 

Chamaesyce hyssopifoia (Linnaeus) Small, 1905:429.-Bumh, 1-91; in 
NUMBER 77 EUPHORBIACEAE 83 

Webster & Burch, 1968:345. 

Herb, erect to 6 dm; glabrous or sparsely pilose; leaf-blade 

often sparsely pilose when young, serrate, oblong-lanceolate or 

ovate-elliptic, to 3.5 cm long: seeds with 2-4 lateral ridges on 

each face, black. 

Neotropics and adventive in Old World; a roadside weed in 

Dominica in moist or dry coastal areas to 50 m: Calibishie 

(Hodge 3136), Castle Bruce Road (Ernst I35I), Coulibistri 

(Ernst 1409, 1410, Wilbur 8341), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 

7644), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3039), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 

4473, Melville Hall (Nicolson ZOOS), Salybia (Hodge 3300). 

Euphorbia hyssopifoh Linnaeus, 1759a: 1043. 

Chamaesyce prostrata 

Charnaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, 1903:713.-Burch. 1966b:93. 

Euphorbia prmtrata Aiton, 1789,2139. 

Prostrate herb; branches to 20 cm long, pubescent in lines or 

glabrate; leaf-blade oblong-ovate, 4-7 mm long, serrate; ovary 

& capsule pubescent only on angles; seeds with deep transverse 

furrows. 

Neotropics and adventive in Old World; in Dominica a lawn 

weed Clarke Hall (Ernst 1753, Roseau (Hodge 393). 

Adjanohoun et al. (198599, pl. 66) reported (as Euphorbia 

prostrata) medicinal uses. 

Chamaesyce thymifolia 

Chamaesyce thymifoIia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 1916:412.-Burch, 1966b393; 

Euphorbia thymifoIia Linnaeus, 1753:454. 

in Webster & Burch. 1968:341. 

Prostrate annual herb; stems pubescent above and naked 

below; leaf-blade oblong-elliptic, to 1 cm, usually glabrous 

above and sparsely tomentose below, serrate; capsule strigose; 

seed tan, strongly 4-angled, the faces concave and obscurely 

transversely ridged. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a weed in disturbed, often dry areas 

to 400 m: Cabrit swamp (Whitefoord 5279), Coulibistri (Ernst 

1399), Wilbur 8335), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7643), Hatton 

Garden (Hodge 3061), Point Michel (Gillis 8133), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 566), Ridgefield (Hodge 21 72), Roseau (Hodge 561), 

Scotts Head (Ernst 1337). 

Ed. Note: I understand that F.R. Fosberg calls this species 

Euphorbia rubricundu Blume. Wheeler (1941:252) did not 

designate a type (“Qpe: (?)”), noted that Asa Gray had 

identified material in the Linnaean Herbarium as what Wheeler 

called E. supinu, and maintained E. thymifolia in sense of 

Burman material that Linnaeus probably never saw. Burch 

(1966a: 164) confirmed that the Linnaean specimens, 630-10 

and 630-11, are prostrate E. muculutu. Bmh noted that the 

Linnaean citation [unnamed var. beta], “Burm. zeyl. 225, t. 

105, f.3,” included a synonym, “Chamaesyce, Sloane Cat. 83,” 

which ties to a Sloane specimen that “is cited by Fawcett & 

Rendle.. . even though Sloane’s plant was probably not seen by 

Linnaeus (Steam, 1957).” Dr. C.E. Jarvis (letter of 17 Jull989) 

said “Syntypes appear to be [l] 630.10 LINN, [2] 2 specimens 

in Herb. Hennann, no. 198, vol. 1:74 (BM), and [3] the cited 

Plukenet illustration (with apparently no voucher in Herb. 

Sloane).” No. 1 (LINN) is Euphorbia muculata Linnaeus 

according to Burch. No. 2 (Hermann) is E. hypericifolia, 

according to A.T. Gage (in notula, BM). No. 3 (Plukenet) has 

not been identified so far as Dr. Jarvis (in litt.) knows. Howard 

(1989,5:30) noted ‘‘W: Unresolved.” 

Cnidoscolus Pohl 

Cnidoscolus wens 

Cnidoscolur wens (Linnaeus) Arthur. 1921: 11 .-Webster in Webster & Burch, 

Jatropha wens Linnaeus, 1753:1007. 

1968:244. 

Herb or shrub to 1.5 m; vegetative parts with stinging, 

acicular hairs to 6 mm long; leaf-blade palmately 3-5-lobed, to 

17 cm x 27 cm; perianth lobes white; capsule pubescent with 

stinging hairs, 10-12 mm long. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in forest: Grand Bay (Eggers 853). 

Croton Linnaeus 

Croton astroites Dryander was reported for Dominica by 

Howard (1989,536). It is similar to C.Javens but lacks glands 

at the petiole to leaf-base juncture. Some Dominican material 

(Hodge 555) was distributed as C. astroites but is C. bixoides. 

Croton betulinus Vahl, attributed to Dominica by VClez 

(195799) on the authority of Britton, has not been documented. 

1. Trichomes lepidote (scale-like) . . . . . . . . C. bixoides 

1. Trichomes hair-like or stellate. 

2. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed . . . . . . . . . . C. lobatus 

2. Leaves unlobed. 

3. Leaves entire or denticulate . . . . . . . . C.flavens 

3. Leaves coarsely toothed. 

4. Shrub or tree; stamens 15-18 . . . C. corylifolius 

4. Annual herbs: stamens 10-11 . . . . . . C. hirtus 

Croton bixoides 

Croton bixoides Vahl in Geiseler, 180753. 

Croton helicoides J. Mueller, 1865:97.-J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 1866, 

Croton niveus sensu auctt. (as to Imray specimens), non Jacquin.4risebach. 

Croton astroites sensu Hodge (as to Hedge 559, 1954:23, non Dryander. 

15(2):552. 

1859:40.-Hodge, 1954:23. 

Lepidote shrub or tree to 4 m; leaf-blades ovate or 

lance-ovate, k entire, acuminate, f cordate and eglandular at 

base, to 8 cm long, greenish above and silvery beneath; stipules 
84 EUPHORBIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

attenuate-acuminate at tip, foliose-auriculate at base; stamens 

-12- 16, filaments hirsutulous; pistillate sepals reduplicatevalvate, styles multifid. 

Lesser Antilles (Dominica to St. Vincent) and Venezuela; in 

Dominica a dominant in xerophytic west coast scrub thickets to 

125 m: Batali River lava ridges (Webster 13404), Dublanc 

(Hodge 2520), Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4449), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 1047, Hodge 3802,3803, Wilbur 7638), Layou 

village (Ernst 1881), West Cabrit (Hodge 555, Webster 1330I), 

sine loc. (Imruy s.n.). 

The fact that Geiseler attributed the validating description to 

Vahl suggests that the authorship should be attributed to Vahl 

in Geiseler's work (Art. 46.2, ICBN). 

Croto n co ry lifo lius 

Crofon corylifolius harck, 1786,2:205. 

Aromatic shrub or tree to 5 m; leaf-blades ovate, lance-ovate 

or elliptic, irregularly serrate-dentate, acute or acuminate, to 13 

cm long, densely stellate-pubescent beneath when young, 

sparsely pubescent above. 

West Indies and northern S. America; in Dominica in dry, 

west coast scrub thickets to 180 m: Cabrits (Hodge 557, Smith 

10315, 10319, Webster 13304, Whitefoord 4045), Clarke Hall 

(Webster 13165,13184), Layou Village (Ernst 1506,1880). 

Croton jlavens 

CrotonJavens Linnaeus, 1759a:1276. 

Croton balsmifer Jacquin, 1760:32. 

Bitter shrub, copaie, copaiba. 

Shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules absent; glands at apex of petiole 

several, leaf-blades lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, acumi- 

~te, to 10 cm long, stellate-pubescent beneath, sparsely 

pubescent above; stamens 15-16, with glabrous filaments; 

seeds smooth. 

West Indies; in Dominica a dominant in xerophytic west and 

southeast coastal scrub-thickets to 190 m: Batali River lava 

ridges (Webster I31 79), Cape Melville (Chambers 2662), 

Cabrits (Hodge 556,558, 3723, Nicolson 1894, Smith 10309, 

Wilbur 7636, 8266), Carib Point (Wilbur 7909), Grand 

Savanne (Beard 245, Ernst 1046, 1891, 2144), Mero (Stern 

2435), Mome Daniel (Webster 13292), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 

1536, Hodge 2653), Salisbury (Chambers 2731), Scotts Head 

(Kimber 885, Webster 13438, Wilbur 7604), Tarou Cliffs 

(Nicolson 1861). 

Our material belongs to the Lesser Antillean taxon, Croton 

j7uvens var. balsumifer (Jacquin) J. Mueller, distinguished from 

the Greater Antillean var.flavens by having more pointed, less 

pubescent leaves. 

Honychurch (1980:38) said the wood is used for fences and 

the aromatic sap is distilled for toilemes. Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:97, pl. 64) reported several medicinal uses. 

Croton hirtus 

Croton hirtus L'H6ntier, 1785:17.-Webster in Webster & Burch, 1968:262. 

Crofon glandulosus var. hirfus (L'HCritier) J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 1866, 

15(2):684. 

Annual herb to 6 dm; stems stellate-pubescent, hispid; 

leaf-blade ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, stellate-pubescent 

above and beneath: 2 glands at petiole apex on slender stalks 

0.5-1.0 mm long; inflorescence bracts usually with glandtipped processes; stamens 1 1, filaments glabrous. 

Tropics; in Dominica a weed on west coast near sea level: 

Goodwill (Ernst 1847, Wilbur 7567), La Plaine (Whitefoord 

5413). 

Croton lobatus 

Croton lobatus Linnaeus, 1753:1005.-Webster in 

1968:263. 

Annual herb to 6 dm: branchlets pilose 

stellate hairs: petioles pilose with stellate 

Webster & Burch, 

with simple and 

hairs: leaf-blade 

deeply 3-5-lobed, serrate, lobes acuminate, to 8 cm long, 

pubescent with mostly simple hairs; stamens 12-15, filaments 

glabrous; ovary hispid; seeds tetragonal. 

Neotropics, Africa, Arabia; a new record for Dominica, on 

roadside at 15 m: Baiac road (Whitefoord 4622), Cabrit Swamp 

(Whitefoord 4082), Layou River Valley (Ernst 1132). 

Dalechampia Linnaeus 

Dalechampia scandens 

Dalechampia scandens Linnaeus, 1753:1054.-Webster in Webster & Burch, 

1968:309.-Webster & Webster, 1972. 

Pubescent vine resembling hops; leaf-blade deeply 3-lobed, 

denticulate or k entire; inflorescence bracts 2, each 3-lobed, 

glandular-ciliate; sepals of female flowers pinnatifid, not 

glandular-ciliate; capsule 7-10 mm wide, pilose. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands to 120 m: Layou 

River Valley ridges (Ernst 1512). This material falls in the 

typical variety. 

Drypetes Vahl 

Drypetes glauca 

Drypetes glauca Vahl, 1807, Eclog. 3:49.-Pax & Hoffrnann in Engler, 1922, 

IV.147 (Heft 81):229. 

Dioecious shrub or tree to 20 m; young twigs and flowers 

yellowish sericeous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or undulate, to 17 cm x 7 cm, acute or acuminate; male flowers 

fasciculate, stamens 6-8 with glabrous anthers; ovary l-celled 

with 1 stigma; drupe obovoid, symmetric, 1-2 cm long. 

West Indies; in Dominica in rainforest understory 300-550 

m: Bells (Whitefoord 6146), Glasham (Nicolson 2094), Mome 

Plat Pays (Wilbur 7869), South Chiltern (Ernst 1868, 1869, 
NUMBER 77 EUPHORBIACEAE 85 

Stern 2524, S ylvania (Hodge 3819), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3905). 

Euphorbia Linnaeus 

Three taxa are cultivated on Dominica: (1) Euphorbia 

pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotzsch (includes Poinsettia 

pulcherrima (Klotzsch) R.C. Graham) of Mexico, the poinsettia, a shrub cultivated for its showy, red, leafy bracts, (2) 

Euphorbia nu‘lii var. splendens (Bojer ex Hooker) Ursch & 

handri of Madagascar, the crown-of-thorns, cultivated as a 

spiny hedge, and (3) Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy of Central 

America, a small shrub with conspicuous white bracts and 

whorled leaves. 

1. Cyathial gland bilabiate; floral bracts often red at base; 

seeds scarcely angular . . . . . . . . . . E. cyathophora 

1. Cyathial gland round; floral bracts never red at base; seeds 

angular. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. heterophylza 

Euphorbia cyathophora 

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray, 1786. 

Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garckein Klotzsch. 1859:253.- 

Dressler, 1962:338.-Burch in Webster & Burch, 1968:338. 

Herb to 1 m; leaves variable, narrowly linear to pandurate, 

entire or dentate, alternate below, the upper leaves often red at 

base; cyathia glabrous or sparsely pubescent; gland solitary, 

flattened, strongly bilabiate; capsule glabrous; seeds scarcely 

angular, tuberculate. 

Neotropical weed; a garden weed in Dominica, to be 

expected in disturbed areas: South Chiltern (Hodge 3881). 

Euphorbia heterophylla 

Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus, 1753:453. 

Euphorbia geniculata Ortega, 1797:18. 

Poinsettia heterophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke in Klotzsch, 

1859:253.-Dressler, 1962339.-Burch in Webster & Burch, 1%8:336. 

Herb to 7 dm; leaves alternate below, variable, often 

long-petiolate, entire or dentate, glabrous or pubescent, linear 

to pandurate; cyathia glabrous outside, the gland with a circular 

opening; capsule glabrous; seed angular, tuberculate. 

Neotropical weed; in Dominica on roadsides and cultivated 

land to 600 m: Clarke Hall (Emst 1630, Webster I3193), 

Coulibistrie (Wilbur 8333, Delices (Whitefoord 3671), Hatton 

Garden (Hodge 3045), Milton Estate (Hodge 2931), Ridgefield 

(Hodge 2159), Roseau (Hodge 559), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4577). 

Gymnanthes Swartz 

Gymnanthes hypoleuca 

Gymnanthes hypoleuca Bentham, 1854325. 

Excoecaria farinosa Grisebach, 1857:169. 

Gym~nthes hypoleuca var. Iatifolia J. Mueller. 1863:103. 

Sebastiania hypoleuca var. farinosa (Grisebach) J. Mueller in A.P. Candolle, 

Gymnanthes hypdeuca var. farinma (Grisebach) Pax & Hofhann in Engler, 

Ateramnus hypoleucus (Bentham) Rothmaler, 1944:5. 

Gymnanthes farinosa (Grisebach) Webster in Webster & Huft, 1988:1131. 

1866, 15(2)1184, nun. illeg. 

1912, IV.147 (Heft 52):84, nom. illeg. 

Monoecious, glabrous shrub or tree; leaves whitish glaucous 

beneath, entire, acuminate, to 11 cm long; young inflorescences 

without enclosing bracts (as in Actinostemon); capsules 1 cm 

across. 

Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, northern S. America; apparently rare 

in Dominica in moist lowlands: La Chaudihre (Hodge 3514), 

La Soie (Eggers 729), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1066). 

Some authors have synonymized Gymnanthes under older 

Ateramnus Browne. Webster (1983:305) neotypified Ateramnus on Sapium jamaicense Swartz and made Ateramnus 

Browne a synonym of Sapium Browne. A challenge was made 

by Kruijt and Zijlstra (1989:325). 

There are uncertainties about the rank, specific vs. varietal, 

of this taxon. Our materials are too inadequate to determine 

whether the Lesser Antillean material is taxonomically distinct 

from the typical South American populations. Those interested 

in recognizing an Antillean variety should note that Mueller’s 

var. latifolia is the oldest available epithet at the rank and it is 

based on the same type as Grisebach’s Excoecaria farinosa. 

Hippomane Linnaeus 

Hippomane mancinella 

Hippomane mancinella Linnaeus, 1753:1191.-Burch in Webster & Burch, 

1968:328. 

Madjini, manchineel (from manzanilla, Spanish for “little 

apple”), balaubakuru (Carib for “sea venom”). 

Glabrous monoecious shrub or tree to 10 m; sap milky, a 

virulent contact poison; petiole with 1 gland at apex; leaf-blade 

ovate or lance-ovate, to 13 cm long, serrulate, acuminate; drupe 

green to red or yellow, apple-like, 3 cm across. 

Widespread and locally common on upper beaches from 

Florida and Bahamas through Central America and West Indies 

to Colombia and Venezuela; in Dominica localized on west 

coast rocky strands with Coccoloba and Thespesia: Mero 

(Ernst 1663), Point Ronde (Hodge 2701), St. Joseph (Nicolson 

2041), Scotts Head (Nicolson 1995, Webster 13446, Wilbur 

7594). 

Cited by Hodge and Taylor (1957572) as a Carib arrow 

poison. 

Hyeronima Allemiio 

Hyeronima laxiflora 

Hyeronima IaTiflora (T‘asne) J. Mueller, 1865:67.-Howard, 1989.559. 

Stilaginella laxiflora Tulasne, 1851:244. 
86 EuPHoRBIACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Hyeronimo clusiodcs sensu Uhan, 1905,4:341, “Hyeronimio,)) nm (’blame) 

Hyeronimo coriinaeo Urban, 1919c:139. 

J. Mueller. 

Tree to 20 m; most parts densely lepidote; stipules 

foliaceous, composed of petiole-like structure 3-6 mm long 

and an expanded blade-like structure to 1 cm long; leaf-blade 

ovate, to 21 cm x 12.5 cm, obtuse; fruit drupaceous, 2-3 mm 

long. 

Central America, northern South America into southern 

Antilles; cited for Dominica by Urban (1919c:139) based on a 

male Ramage specimen from Layou (Laiou) as type. 

Jatropha Linnaeus 

Jatropha integerrim Jacquin, with minute stipules, panduriform leaves and bright red petals, is a Cuban species cultivated 

in Dominica: Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 959, 3910, 

3932). 

Jatropha rnultifida Linnaeus, a neotropical species with 

stipules dissected into setaceous, eglandular segments and 

palmately 7-13-lobed leaves, is cultivated in Dominica and 

may escape: Canefield (Nicolson 2153), Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Hodge 3929). 

Jatropha podugrica W. Hooker, a Central American species 

with fimbriate, glandular stipules, peltate, suborbicular leaves, 

and red petals was once collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Fairchild s.n.). 

1. Leaves eglandular, entire to shallowly 3-lobed, capsule 

glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. curcas 

1. Leaves (margin, petiole & stipules) with viscid glands; 

capsule pubescent . , . . . . . . . . . . . J. gossypitfolia 

Jatropha curcas 

Jotropha curcos Lhnaeus. 1753:1006.--Dehgan and Webster, 197952. 

Shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules minute, quickly deciduous; 

leaf-blade glabrous or with a few hairs on veins beneath, 

cordate at base, to 15 cm wide; petals greenish or yellowish 

white; capsule to 4 cm x 2 cm. 

Probably native to Central America but widely distributed in 

tropics and hedge or medicinal plant and escaping; in Dominica 

locally common in dry scrub thickets of west coast to 60 m and 

cultivated by Caribs: Bataca (Stehle 6379), Grand Savanne 

(Wilbur 7658), Salybia (Hodge 3207), Scotts Head (Ernst 

1329, Hodge 1607, Nicolson 1997, Webster 13442, Wilbur 

7591). 

Seeds of this, and the following species, are used by the 

Caribs as an emetic or purgative (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957573). Adjanohoun et al. (1985101, pl. 67) indicated 

limited medicinal use. 

Jatropha gossypitfolia 

Jotropho gossypiifoIia Linnaeus, 1753:1006, “gossipifollia”.-Dehgan & 

Webster, 197954. 

Menoropiwn gossypiifoliwn (Linnaeus) Pohl, 1826, 1 :15, “gossypifoliwn.” 

Medicinier blanc, medicinier noir, medicinier rouge, physic 

nut. 

Shrub or tree to 3 m; stipules dissected, glanduliferous, 

persistent; petioles with branched, viscid glands along their 

length, leaf-blades pubescent above and beneath, ciliate with 

unbranched stipitate glands, to 15 cm wide, 3-5-lobed; petals 

purplish red; capsule to 1 cm in diameter. 

Widespread in disturbed areas of the New World and 

introduced into the Old World; in Dominica in dry scrub 

thickets of west coast and cultivated by the Caribs: Bataca 

(StehlC 6363), Goodwill (NicoIson 2142, Wilbur 7583), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 1886, Hodge 3779), Point Ronde (Hodge 

2739), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4527), Salybia (Hodge 3208), 

Scotts Head (Hodge 1611, Nicolson 1996, Webster 13439, 

Wilbur 7597), sine loc. [Salybia?] (Taylor 131,132). 

Margaritaria Linnaeus f. 

Margaritaria nobilis 

Morgoritorio nobilis Linnaeus f., 1782:428.-Webster, 1979:412. 

Cicco ontillono Adr. Jussieu, 1824108. 

Phyllonrhus ontillonus (Adr. Jussieu) J. Mueller, 186351, 

Phyllonfhus nobilis (Linnaeus f.) J. Muellerin A.P. Candolle, 1866, 15(2):414. 

Morgaritorio nobilis var. ontillono (Adr. Jussieu) Stehle & Quentin in Stehle et 

al., 1937, 1:47. 

Mille branche. 

Dioecious tree to 15 m; leaves elliptic, acuminate, to 14 cm 

x 4 cm; flowers fasciculate or borne singly on a short raceme; 

styles (3)4-5, each bifid; fruiting pedicel to 1.3 cm long: 

capsule 6-7 mm diameter; seeds with fleshy, bluish green coat. 

Neotropics; in Dominica common in coast scrub thickets and 

inland forests to 500 m: Cabrits (Howard 11752), Calibishie 

(Hodge 3161), Carholm Estate (Ernst 2949), Delices (Whitefoord 3772), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3076), Morne Colla 

Anglais (Webster 13432), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 3899), 

Salybia (Hodge 3202), South Chiltern (Ernst 1872, Stern 

2527), Sylvania (Wilbur 7714), Syndicate (DHN!), sine loc. 

(Fishlock 81). 

Phyllanthus Linnaeus 

Phyllanthus acidus (Linnaeus) Skeels, “acida,” monoecious 

trees to 10 m with broadly ovate-lanceolate leaves 5-9 cm long 

and edible drupes to 2.5 cm long (called goosebemes) is 

introduced into Dominica: roadside east of Roseau (Nicolson 

4141). 

Excluded Species of Phyllanthus 

Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, known from Guadeloupe and Martinique, has been attributed to Dominica by 

VClez (1957:90). This is a very large and distinctive species: a 

shrub to 2.5 m, without true leaves but the branchlets flattened 
NUMBER 77 EUPHORBIACEAE 87 

into flat phylloclades to 20 cm long and bearing flowers at the 

nodes, mostly found on limestone near the sea. The species 

probably is not on Dominica, else collectors would have picked 

up such a striking species. 

1. Leaves on main axes not reduced to scales; lateral axes not 

deciduous; herb .............. P. caroliniensis 

1. Leaves on main axes reduced to cataphylls; lateral axes 

deciduous. 

2. Shrubs. 

3. Leaf-blades acute, symmetric (elliptic), calyx 6- 

lobed; male disk cupuliform; female pedicel hirtellous ................ P. subglomeratus 

3. Leaf-blades rounded to obtuse (apiculate in P. 

mimosoides), assymetric; calyx 5-lobed; male disk of 

discrete segments; female pedicel glabrous. 

4. Leaf-blades obovate, f emarginate, 2-3 cm long; 

styles fused into massive column higher than ovary 

................... P. megapodus 

4. Leaf-blades falcately elliptic, apiculate, c2 cm 

long; styles free, spreading .... P. mimosoides 

2. Herbs. 

5. Stamens 5; pedicels capillary, >3 mm long ..... ....................... P. tenellus 

5. Stamens 3; pedicels usually thickened, c3 mm long. 

6. S tipules conspicuously auriculate; leaf-blade hispidulous beneath on margins; ovary bullaterugose; seeds transversely ribbed and laterally 

foveolate ................ P. urinaria 

6. Stipules not auriculate; leaf-blade not hispidulous 

beneath; ovary smooth; seed vermculose or longitudinally ribbed. 

7. Seeds with 5-6 longitudinal ribs; cymules 

bisexual, each of 1 male and 1 female flower; 

.................... P. amarus 

7. Seeds with 9-12 longitudinal striae (and many 

fine transverse striae); cymules unisexual, the 

proximal with several male flowers, the distal 

with 1 female flower; female calyx lobes obtuse 

or narrowed at apex ........ P. carilraeus 

female calyx lobes acute or apiculate ...... 

Phyllanthus amarus 

Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher, 1827:421 .-Webster, 1957:3 13. 

Graines en bas feuilles. 

Herb to 5 dm; leaves 5-11 mm long, elliptic-oblong, the 

apex obtuse to rounded; capsule 1.9-2.1 mm in diameter. 

Neotropical weed, now pantropical; in Dominica along 

roadsides to 150 m: Canefield (Nicolson 2146), Carib Point 

(Wilbur 7907A), Hampstead (Lloyd 640), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 3038), Layou (Hodge 574), Soufriere Village (Emst 

1339), St. Mark (Gillis 815.5). 

Used by Caribs as an abortive agent (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:575). Adjanohoun et al. (1985103, pl. 69) reported use to 

treat arterial hypertension. 

Phyllanthus caribaeus 

Phyllanthus caribaeus Urban, 1908,5:382.-Webster, 1957:318. 

Herb to 3.5 dm; leaves 4-8 mm long, ovate-oblong or 

elliptic, the apex obtuse; capsule 2 mm in diameter. 

Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, and Tobago; in 

Dominica a weed in pastures at 450 m: Lisdara (Hodge 2425), 

Petit Macoucherie (Webster 13540), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3658). 

Phyllanthus caroliniensis var. antillanus 

Phyllanthus carolinienrir var. aniillanus I. Mueller, 1863:36.-Webste.r, 

1956349.4tehl6, 1962a:323. 

Weedy herb to 4.5 dm; stipules cordate; leaves 8-22 mm 

long, elliptic to oblong or obovate, the apex obtuse or rounded; 

stamens 3, free; pedicels to 1 mm long; capsule 1.7-2.0 mm in 

diameter; seeds vermculose. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica a weed in disturbed woodlands 

to 400 m: Clarke Hall (Emst 1274), Fond Baron (Ernst 1623), 

Portsmouth-Mome Brules (Hodge 573A). 

Phyllanthus megapodus 

Phyllanthus megapodur Webster, 1955:62; 1958:171.-Stehle, 1962x326. 

Shrub or small tree to 5 m with slender, unbranched truck 

and a terminal crown of to 30 branchlets; leaves 2-3 cm long, 

oblong or obovate, the apex obtuse or rounded, pistillate 

pedicel markedly thickened; capsule 5 mm in diameter. 

Dominica and(?) Martinique; rare in Dominica in rainforests 

750-1000 m in Mome Diablotins area: ridge top E of 

Syndicate (Webster 13322), western ridge of Fon Pays (Hodge 

2841). 

Webster (1958:174) cited a Lloyd collection from Hampstead (north of Diablotins), presumably not Lloyd 640, cited 

above as Phyllanthus umarw. He also suggested that the 

Martinique record (type) needs confirmation. 

Phyllan th us mimosoides 

Phyllanthus mimosoides Swartz, 1788:27.-Webster, 1958: 174-Stehle.

1962a:326. 

Balier his, tamarind grand bois. 

Shrub to 5 m, the trunk slender, unbranched, with a terminal 

crown of leafy (30-60 leaves each) branchlets; stems fermginous at top; leaves 5-15 mm long, oblong or oblong-obovate, 

apex rounded; female pedicel not thickened; capsule 4-5 mm 

in diameter. 

Antigua(?), Montsemt, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad; in Dominica very common in rainforest to 800 m and on 

river banks: Calibishie (Hodge 3172), Carib Reserve (Hodge 
88 EUPHORBIACEAE SMITHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

3219, Stehle 6407, 6432), Castle Bruce Road (Ernst 1449), 

Clarke Hall (Webster 13398), Deux Branches (Hodge 3439), 

Dleau Gommier (DeFilipps 161), Green Hill Estate (Wilbur 

8283, Hatton Garden (Hodge 3075), Jean (Webster 13493, La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3558, 3662), Lancashire (Webster 13461), 

La Savanne (Whitefoord 4515), Laudat (Gillis 8204), Layou 

Park (Nicolson 2076), Layou River Road (Cowan I631), 

Morne aux Diables (Wilbur 8070), Point Lo10 (Webster 

13385), Pont Casse (Wilbur 8145,8283, Riversdale (Howard 

11779, Proctor 25785), Roche d'Or Estate (Stern 2583), St. 

Hilaire Trace (Beard 645,1460), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1064). 

Phyllanthus subglomeratus 

Phyllanthus subglcrneraius Poiret in Lamarck, 1804, Encycl., 5:304, "subglomPhyllanthus corn' sensu aucts., non Swam, 1788:28. 

Phyllanthus brasiliensis sensuStehle & Quentin in SStehleet al., 1937, 1:48, 

Phyllanthus brasiliensir var. oblong$olius J. Mueller, 1863:27. 

erato".-Webster, 1957:368. 

non (Aublet) J. Mueller. 

Shrub or small tree to 4 m, the trunk sparsely branched; 

leaves 14-26 mm long, elliptic, apex acute; capsule unknown. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, and Tobago; in Dominica apparently rare in thickets on southeast coast Grand Bay 

(Eggers 662). 

Phyllanthus tenellus 

Phyllanthus fenellus Roxburgh, 1832,3:668.-Webster, 1957:52. 

Annual herb to 5 dm; leaves 6-24 mm long, membranous, 

broadly elliptic to obovate, the apex acute to obtuse; pedicels 

filiform, the males 0.5-1.5, the females 2.5-7.0 mm, often 

pendant in fruit; capsule 1.7-1.9 mm in diameter; seeds 

roughened. 

Native to Mascarene Islands, introduced in neotropics; in 

Dominica a weed in disturbed woodlands 150-550 m: Baiac 

(Whitefoord 3836), Fond Baron (Ernst 1598), South Chiltern 

(Hodge 1539, 3878 ex pare), Springfield Wilbur 7683), 

Sylvania (Hodge 572). 

Caribs were said to use this as an abortifacient by 

Honychurch (1980:42). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:103, pl. 70) 

reported limited medicinal usage. 

Phyllanthus niruri Linnaeus, distinguished by its oblique 

leaflets and verrucose seeds, was reported for Dominica by 

Vklez (1957:90), apparently a misidentification of l? tenellus. 

Phyllanthus urinaria 

Phyllanthus winaria Linnaeus, 1753:982.-Webster, 1951:194. 

Graines en bas feuilles. 

Herb to 5 dm; leaves 8-20 mm long, tardily sensitive to 

touch, oblong or oblong-obovate, the apex obtuse to acute; 

capsule 2 mm in diameter. 

Native to Asia, now pantropical; in Dominica a weed in 

disturbed areas: Carib Reserve (Taylor 142, IS), Clarke Hall 

(Wilbur 7362), Deux Branches (Hodge 3109), Fern Villa 

(Hodge 576), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7907B, 8030), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 3283, La Chaudiere (Hodge 3643, La Plaine 

(Whitefoord 5403), Morne Plaissance (Whitefoord 4423), 

Ridgefield (Hodge 2160), Roseau (Hodge 576), Springfield 

(Wilbur 7686), Sylvania (Hodge 575). 

Used by Caribs as an abortive agent (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:575:4, out of the 6 collections cited). Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:105, pl. 105) reported medicinal use in baths of babies. 

Plukenetia Linnaeus 

Plukenetia volubilis 

Plukenetia volubilir Linnaeus, 1753: 1192.-Webster & Burch, 1968:294. 

Vine; petioles to 7 cm long; leaf-blade cordate at base, 

broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, k entire to crenulate, to 14.5 

cm long, with 2 sessile rectangular glands at base of blade; 

styles fused into a column 2 cm long; capsule 3.5 cm wide, the 

4 cocci spreading. 

St. Vincent, Central and South America; apparently rare in 

Dominica in rainforest at 600 m: Rosehill (Eggers 580), sine 

loc. (Imray s.n.). 

Richeria Vahl 

Richeria grandis 

Richeria grandis Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:30, pl. 4. 

Bois ban&, bois band6 rouge, mang blanc. 

Dioecious tree to 20 m; leaves glabrous, obovate or 

oblanceolate, usually rounded at apex, to 28 cm x 17 cm; 

flowers yellowish green; capsule 1-1.5 cm long; seeds orange, 

7 mm long. 

Antigua to Brazil; in Dominica a common second growth 

tree in rainforests and a dominant in montane thickets from 

125-700 m: Belle View (Cooper 177, Eggers 600, 677), 

Breakfast River (Hodge 1895), Brigandin (Nicolson 1863), 

Deux Branches (Hodge 3425), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 

4095), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1023), Layou Park Estate 

(Nicolson 2073, Lisdara (Cooper 189, Hodge 568, 2357, 

2441), L'Or River (Nicolson 2031), Morne aux Diables (Wilbur 

SOSO), Morne Couronne (Ernst 1169, Webster 13232), Morne 

Micotrin (Wilbur 7441), Morne Trois Pitons (Hodge 1241), 

Pont Casse (Ernst 1795, Nicolson 4092, Wilbur 7753, 7833, 

8178), Riversdale (Howard 11772, Websfer 13443, Roche 

d'Or Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2586), Sylvania (Cooper 82, 

Hodge 567, 569, 1090, 1318, 3821, 3825), Syndicate (Hodge 

2613, Whitefoord 3599). In early fruit in mid-May. 

A decoction of the bark is reported to be an aphrodisiac 

(Hodge and Taylor, 19.57576). 
NUMBER 77 EUPHORBIACEAE-F~ACEM 89 

Sapium Browne 

Sapium canbaeum 

Sopiwn caribaewn Urban, 1902,3:308.-Jablmski, 1%8:409. 

La glu, la gluie. 

Monoecious, deciduous, glabrous tree to 20 m with white 

latex; petioles biglandular at apex; leaf-blade elliptic -oblong, 

apex acute to acuminate (not cucullate), entire to crenulate, to 

19 cm long; racemes to 25 cm long; capsule 5 cm in diameter; 

seed coat fleshy. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica a scattered, deciduous element 

in humid areas to 800 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1714, Stern 2443). 

Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1781), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3616), 

Macoucherie River bridge (Ernst 1761), Magua (Taylor 133), 

Mome Micotrin (Wilbur 7461), Salybia (Hodge 3362), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3521). Leafs out in May, flowering soon after. 

The white sap is used by Caribs as a bird lime (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957576). 

The typification has been challenged by Kruijt and Zijlstra 

(1 989). 

Sebastiania Sprengel 

Sebastiania hexaptera 

Sebartiania hemptero Urban, 1902,3:3M.Stehl6, 1962a:321.-Whitefoordd, 

1989:149. 

Dioecious, slender shrub or tree to 3 m; leaves opposite, 

short-petioled, margins with shallow, glandular crenulations; 

male flowers in thin spikes to 3 cm long, usually with 3 sepals 

and 3 stamens; female flowers to 3, styles 3, entire. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; new record for Dominica from 

NW rainforest -800 m: Syndicate, i.e., slopes of Mome 

Diablotins (Whitefoord 3649,4333,4334). 

Tragia Linnaeus 

Tragia volubilis 

Trogio volubilis Linnaeus, 1753:980.-Webster in Webster & Burch, 

1968:29 1. 

Fireman. 

Monoecious, herbaceous twining vine with stinging hairs; 

leaf-blade lanceolate, serrate, acuminate; female flowers solitary on long pedicels (to 5 cm in fruit); male flowers shortly 

pedicellate on separate racemes; capsules covered with stinging 

hairs, to 7 mm across. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands near west coast, 

125-250 m: ridge above Clarke Hall (Ernsr 1267), Colihaut 

(Ernsf 21 15). 

FABACEAE~LEGUMINOSAE 

This family breaks into three subfamilies (sometimes rreated 

as families), Mimosoids, Caesalpinoids, and Faboids. In 

general, the Mimosoids have bipinnate leaves (not Znga), 

radiately symmetric flowers with showy stamens and inconspicuous petals. The Caesalpinoids also tend to have bipinnate 

leaves (not Bauhinia, Swartria, etc.) and more bilaterally 

symmetric flowers with showy petals. Faboids tend to have 

pinnate leaves and very bilaterally symmetric flowers with 

showy petals. The uppermost Faboid petal is called a standard, 

the two lowermost petals are generally more or less united on 

the lower margin to form a keel, and the lateral petals are called 

Amherstia nobilis Wallich (Caesalpinoid) of Burma grows in 

the Roseau Botanic Garden (Whitefoord 6124), flowering in 

April. It has 5-8 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets 1.5-3 dm 

long, glaucous beneath; pedicels with 2 red bracteoles 8-9 cm 

long; a long, narrow calyx tube and petals 5-7 cm long, red 

with a terminal yellow spot. 

Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus (Faboid), the peanut, pistache, 

or mali (Carib) is cultivated (Hodge 3328) and easy to 

recognize by its even-pinnate (2 pairs) leaves and big (to 3 cm 

long) stipules adnate to the petiole for 1 cm. Used by Caribs for 

eating, oil, and in rituals (Hodge and Taylor, 1957561). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985149, pl. 115) reported medicinal uses. 

Baikiaea insignis subsp. minor (Oliver) J. Leonard (Caesalpinoid) of Africa was in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Fairchild s.n., 28 Jan 1932; Hodge 2512). It has a brownvelvety hit and large white flowers (sepals to 8 cm, petals to 

12 cm x 7 cm). 

Brownea lafifolia Jacquin (Caesalpinoid), a native of 

Trinidad and Venezuela, was in the Roseau Botanic Gardens 

(Hodge 3885,3927: the latter as Brownea rosa Otto). It is a tree 

with coral flowers in showy, dense, pendulous clusters and 

evenly pinnate leaves. 

Butea monospermu (Lamarck) Taubert (Faboid), including 

Butea frondosa Koenig ex Roxburgh, was collected in the 

Botanic Garden in flower in May (Hodge 3908) and in fruit in 

July (Hodge 940). This Asiatic tree has a brilliant show of 

orange to scarlet flowers before leafing out. The leaves are 

trifoliolate. 

Calopogonium mucunoides Desvaux (Faboid), including C. 

orthocarpum Urban, was collected at the Botanic Garden in 

1932 (Fairchild 2785), the La Plaine Agricultural Station in 

1986 (Whitefoord 5399), and Petit Coulibri in 1988 (Whitefoord 6014). It is a trailing herb with blue flowers and hairy 

stems and petioles, reportedly used as a cover crop. Whitefoord 

(1989:145) regarded it as naturalized. 

Cassia (Caesalpinoid), defined in its narrow sense (excluding Chumuecrista and Senna) as having (1) 3 longest stamens 

with sigmoid filaments and (2) indehiscent fruits, is apparently 

only cultivated on Dominica. One yellow- and two red- to 

pink-flowered cassias have been collected or reported: 

Cassiafistda Linnaeus, the golden shower tree, flowered in 

the Botanic Gardens in May 1940 (Hodge 3912) and in Apr 

1987 beyond Mero (Whitefoord 5690). It has leaflets about 10 

cm long, a gland at the base of the petiole, and long, terete fruits 

wings. 
90 FABACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

(see also yellow-flowered cultivated Sennu multijuga). 

Cassia grandis Linnaeus f., the pinkshower cassia, has pink 

flowers, enormous woody hits, and hairy, oblong leaflets that 

are rounded at each end; apparently it is cultivated in the 

Roseau Botanic Garden. 

Cassia javanica var. indochinensis Gagnepain, the pink 

cassia, has distinctive stipules and no petiolar gland; it has been 

collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3909). 

Whitefoord (1989:144) reported another collection from the 

Botanic Garden. 

Copuifera guiunensis Desfontaines (Caesalpinoid) was 

reported in the Portsmouth area by Krause (1915). This could 

be a misidentification of Pterocarpus oficinalis Jacquin or 

Copaifera oficinulis Linnaeus, the latter reported as cultivated 

in Martinique (Dwyer, 1951:169), but no Dominica collections 

have been seen. 

Covillea racemosa Bojer ex W. Hooker (Caesalpinoid), a 

native of Madagascar, has spectacular congested racemes of red 

flowers and was collected in bud in August in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 956). 

Pachyrrhizus erosu (Linnaeus) Urban (Faboid), the yam 

bean, was reported for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:195) 

under the name Pachyrrhizus angulatus L. Richard, based on 

Zmruy 103 (K), presumably cultivated for its watery tubers. It is 

a twiner with 3 sublobed or toothed leaflets and the stigma is 

lateral and globose. 

Parkinsonia aculeata Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) is a showy 

and armed shrub with flattened rhachises, tiny and deciduous 

leaflets, showy yellow flowers and a narrowly cylindric pod. 

Hodge (1954:23) reported it in the dry scrub of the west coast, 

but this is not confirmed. It was collected in 1890 (Dudley s.n.) 

without locality, perhaps from the Botanic Garden. The only 

other collection seen (Hodge 907) is from the Botanic Garden. 

Peltophorum linnuei Bentham (Caesalpinoid) was noted as 

having been collected on Dominica by Kellogg (in Howard, 

1988,4:377). 

Phuseolus (Faboid), once a large genus but now with most 

species transferred to Vigna, is cultivated on Dominica. 

Phaseolus lunatus Linnaeus, the broad bean or lima bean, was 

cited for Dominica by Stehle et al. (1948, 2115). PhuseoIus 

vulgaris Linnaeus, the kidney bean, red bean, string bean, etc. 

(ma kuti in Carib), has been collected from cultivation at 

Peinville (Kimber 853,868). The latter species was discussed 

by Hodge and Taylor (1957:566), who pointed out several 

beliefs. 

Pongamia pinnata (Linnaeus) Pierre (Faboid) was collected 

in the Botanic Garden (Hodge 996), flowering in September. It 

is remarkably similar to Lonchocarpus, but the flower pedicels 

are not bifurcate (2-flowered). 

Samunea samun (Jacquin) Merrill (Mimosoid), the rain tree, 

is cultivated as a big tree at Antrim (Gates Clarke s.n.), 

Coulibistri (Whitefoord 5713), and elsewhere in Dominica. It 

has pink, powderpuff-like inflorescences, bipinnate leaves, 

each of 2-4 pinnae with up to 8 pairs of pubescent, 5 cm long 

leaflets (the outer being largest), and blackish, linear pods. It is 

known to naturalize elsewhere and may do so on Dominica. It 

would key here to Albizia but is pubescent. 

Sesbania grandiflora (Linnaeus) Poiret (Faboid) was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Bassett 9 at K), a small 

tree with large pink flowers. 

Sophora tomentosa Linnaeus (Faboid) was cultivated in the 

Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 921). The leaves are oddpinnate with 5-10 pairs of tomentose leaflets, stamens are 10, 

free, and the pod is strongly constricted between the somewhat 

globose seeds. 

Excluded Fabaceae 

Sesbania sericea (Willdenow) Link (Faboid) is Antillean 

and was reported for Dominica by V6lez (1957: 101) as Sesban 

sericea on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924, 5:395), 

who cited “Antigua to Martinique.” To be sought in wet or 

brackish areas. It would key to Sabinea but has more leaflets 

and yellow flowers. 

Excellent keys to the subfamilies and their genera appear in 

Howard (1988, 4:335-440) and are recommended for those 

wishing to master the subfamilies. Dominica has a rich legume 

flora but it may be small enough to accommodate an artificial 

identification key that groups similar tam rather than the usual 

classification key that groups related ma. 

1. Leaves unifoliolate (Bauhinia and Swartzia are Caesalpinoid, the rest Faboid). 

2. Leaves bilobed ............................. Bauhinia 

2. Leaves unlobed. 

3. Inflorescence conspicuously bracteate, the bracts persistent, papery, and 

enclosing the flowers and fruits .................. Flemingia 

3. Inflorescence not so. 

scandent shrubs ......................... Dalbergia 

Flowers violet; stipules scarious ............... Alysicarpus 

4. Inflorescence axillaxy, <2 cm long; leaves >5 cm broad; large sprawling or 

4. Inflorescence terminal, >2 cm long; leaves usually <5 cm broad; erect herbs, 

shrubs or trees. 

5. 

5. Flowers yellow; stipules not scarious. 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 91 

6. 

6. 

Herbs; petals 5; leaves tapered to base. .......... Crotalarh 

Trees; petal 1; leaves rounded at base. ........... Swart& 

1. Leaves 2-more-foliolate. 

7. Rowers mdially symmetrical, petals equal, valvate; leaves even-pinnate, 

bipinnate (except once-pinnate in Inga) (MMOSOIDEAE). 

9. 

9. Trees. 

8. Inflorescence spicate or racemose. 

High climbing vines. ........................ Entuda 

10. Leaflets alternate ...................... Adenuntheru 

10. Leaflets opposite. 

............................ Acacia muricata 

11. Leaves once-pinnate ........................ Znga 

13. Fruits unarmed. ......................... .Acacia 

13. Fruits armed. .......................... Mimosa 

Leaflets rhomboid-angular .......... Pithecellobium jupunba 

Leaflets tergeminate (6 per leaf) ............. Calliandra 

Leaflets 8-more per leaf. ................ Albtjia 

Leaflets geminate (4 per leaf) .... Pithecellobium unguis-cad 

11. Leaves bipinnate (see also cult. Mimosa arenosa) ........... 

8. Inflorescence capitate. 

12. Plants with straight stipular spines or recurved internodal thorns. 

12. Plant unarmed. 

14. Leaflets S.5 cm broad. 

15. 

15. Leaflets rounded. 

16. 

16. Leaflets 4 or 8-more per leaf. 

17. 

17. 

14. Leaflets c0.5 cm broad. 

18. Pinnae >10 cm long. 

19. Pinnae 20 or more; leaflets to 0.3 cm long .... Anadenanthera 

19. Pinnae 10 or fewer; leaflets to 1 cm long ........ Leucaena 

20. Erect shrub; flowers white; stipules linear, hair-like ......... ............................ Desmanthus 

20. Prostrate shrub or herb; flowers yellow; stipules broader ...... .............................. Neptunia 

7, Flowers bilaterally symmetrical; petals unequal, imbricate; leaves various, 

18. Pinnae 3-4 cm long. 

including digitate, pinnate (odd-, even-, and bi-). 

21. Leaves evenly pinnate (Caesalpinoids and a few Faboids). 

23. 

23. 

24. Leaflets2. 

22. Leaves bipinnate (all Caesalpinoids). 

Pinnae c10; petals to 3 cm long; fruit to 10 cm long .... Caesalpinia 

Pinnae >lo; petals to 5 cm long; fruit to 50 cm long. ..... Delonix 

Tree; leaflets >10 cm long; fruit unjointed. ........ Hymenaea 

Herb; leaflets to 2 cm long; fruit jointed ............ Zornia 

26. Twining climber ......................... Abrus 

Leaflets obcordate; hit flattened and papery ... Haemutoxylum 

Stamens 10; hit dry ................. Sabinea 

Stamens 3; fruit with fleshy edible pulp ..... Tamarindus 

dehiscent; androecium actinomorphic ..... Chamaecrista 

22. Leaves once-pinnate. 

25. 

25. 

24. Leaflets 4-more. 

26. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. 

27. 

27. Leaflets acute; fruit various but not flattened and papery. 

29. 

29. 

30. Inflorescence supra-axillary ; bracteoles 2;, legumes elastically 

28. Fertile stamens opening by lateral slits. 

28. Fertile stamens poricidal (see also cult. Cassia). 
92 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

30. Inflorescence axillary; bracteoles 0; legumes indehiscent or 

inertly dehiscent; androecium zygomorphic ...... Senna 

21. Leaves odd-pinnate. 

31. Lateral leaflets alternate. 

32. Woody vines; flowers purple to white; fruit unwinged .... Dulbergh 

32. Tree; flowers yellow; fruit winged on one side ....... Pterocurpus 

33. Leaflets 5-more. 

31. Lateral leaflets opposite (including digitate). 

34. Plants herbaceous. 

35. Plants not twining; leaflets many, to 0.3 cm broad ......... 

35. Plants twining; leaflets to 9, >1 cm broad. 

........................... Aeschynomene 

36. Pedicel to 2 cm; calyx to 1 cm; corolla yellow ... Chaetocaylx 

36. Pedicel to 1 cm; calyx to 2 cm; corolla blue-white , . . Clitorh 

34. Plants woody (shrubs or trees). 

38. Trees; leaflets 1 cm broad; pods globose, indehiscent ...... .............................. Andiru 

38. Shrubs; leaflets to 1 cm broad; pods elongate, dehiscent. 

39. Haiis basifixed ..................... Cruccu 

39. Hairs centrifiied .................. Zndigoferu 

37. Leaflets stipellate. 

37. Leaflets estipellate. 

40. Large trees; stamens free or only connected at base. 

41. Leaflets 3-5; primary lateral veins poorly differentiated; pistil 

(and fruit) stipitate ............ Swartzia caribueu 

41. Leaflets 7-13; primary lateral veins strongly differentiated; 

pistil (and fruit) sessile. 

42. Secondary lateral veins straight; stamens 9 united (at base), 

1 free; seeds soft, >2.5 cm long, green but covered with a 

42. Secondary later veins jagged, stamens all free; seeds hard, to 

1 cm long, red or red and black ......... Ormosia 

40. Shrubs or small trees; stamens united for most of their length. 

43. Leaflets to 1 cm broad; calyx round-lobed or long-toothed. 

44. Leaflets rounded at base; venation reticulate .... Cruccu 

44. Leaflets acute at base; venation striate ...... Tephrosh 

long. 

red skin (aril) .................... Dussia 

43. Leaflets >1 cm broad; calyx truncate or lobes about as broad as 

45. Pedicel bifurcate (2-flowered) or, if 1 flower has fallen, 

pedicel jointed; pod broad, 1-Zseeded .......... ....................... Lonchocarpus 

46. Leaflets >2x longer than broad; pods unwinged 

......................... Gliricidh 

46. Leaflets <2x longer than broad; pods 4-winged 

.......................... Piscidia 

47. Leaflets digitate, the terminal petiolule not jointed . , , . Crotulurh 

47. Leaflets pinnate, the terminal petiolule jointed. 

45. Pedicel unbranched, unjointed; pod 5-10-seeded. 

33. Leaflets 3. 

48. 

48. Venation reticulate; stipules free from petiole. 

Venation striate; stipules adnate to petiole ...... Stylosunthes 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 93 

49. Standard (top petal) or keel (bottom petals) much larger than 

others. 

50. 

50. Standard the largest petal; pods without stinging hairs. 

Keel the largest petal; pods often with stinging hairs ..... ............................ Mucuna 

51. Woody tree or shrub; flower red; pods constricted between 

51. Herbaceous twiner; pods linear. 

seeds. ...................... Erythrina 

52. Flowers blue ................. Centrosemu 

52. Flowers yellow .............. Clitoria falcata 

54. Shrubs ....................... Cajunus 

Fruit flat, breaking into joints ......... Desmodium 

56. Leaflets resin-dotted beneath; pods 1-2-seeded ..... ........................ Rhynchosiu 

56. Leaflets not resin-dotted beneath; pods several-many57. Inflorescence to 4 cm long; leaflets to 2 cm wide; 

58. Leaflets rounded, sparsely pubescent beneath; calyx 

4-lobed; stamens 9 (fertile & united) + 1 (free) 

....................... Galactiu 

58. Leaflets acute-obtuse, densely pubescent beneath; 

calyx 5-lobed, stamens all united, alternately sterile 

...................... Teramnus 

57. Inflorescence (at maturity) at least 5 cm long; leaflets 

59. Calyx lobes very unequal (upper 2 fused and large, 

lower 3 minute) ............. Canavaliu 

60. Pod with persistent style; style flattened ..... ...................... Lablab 

60. Pod without persistent style; style terete. 

61. Fruiting pedicels 0.4-3.0 cm long; bracts and 

bracteoles persisting into flowering; style 

coiled through 2 revolutions; seeds 3-10 (see 

cult. taxa) ............. Phuseolus 

61. Fruiting pedicels 0.1-1.7 cm long; bracts and 

bracteoles caducous before flowering; style 

various, if coiled then through 3 revolutions; 

seeds 6-27. 

62. Inflorescence nodes not swollen; upper calyx 

teeth free; wings much larger than other 

petals ............ Macroptilium 

62. Inflorescence nodes conspicuously swollen; 

upper calyx teeth usually partly connate; 

wings k equaling other petals .... Vigna 

49. Standard and keel k equal. 

53. Plants woody. 

54. Vines ........................ Dwclea 

55. 

55. Fruits various but not breaking into joints. 

53. Plants herbaceous. 

seeded. 

pubescent beneath. 

rarely <2 cm wide. 

59. calyx lobes k equal. 
94 FABACW SMITHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Abrus Adanson (Faboid) 

Abrus precatorius 

Abrus precatoriw Linnaeus, 1767a:472. 

GIycine abrus Linnaeus, 1753:753. 

Graines d’eglise, crabs’ eyes, jumbie bead. 

Slender twiner, becoming woody; leaves to 15 cm long with 

10-20 pairs of oblong leaflets, the rhachis ending in a bristle 

(even-pinnate); corolla pale purple; pod oblong, beaked, 

partitioned between the 3-5 seeds; seeds shiny, bright red with 

a basal black spot. 

Pantropical; common in Dominica near sea level: Cabrits 

(Whitefoord 4023). Dublanc (Hodge 2515), Grand Bay (Wilbur 

801 7), Layou (Hodge 587), Macoucherie (Hodge 3767), Mero 

(Ernst 1422), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2687), Portsmouth area 

(DHN!), Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 1970). 

The seeds are used in necklaces but should not be eaten 

(poisonous). 

Acacia Miller (Mimosoid) 

Woody plants, some armed; leaves bipinnately compound, 

stamens many, free; flower yellow (ours); pods thin or woody, 

not elastically dehiscent. 

This genus needs collecting on Dominica; more species are 

expected. 

1. Legume turgid, woody; small tree with stipular spines at 

each node. ................. A. farnesiana 

1. Legume flat, leathery or papery; unarmed tree or scrambler 

armed with interpetiolar recurved prickles. 

2. Unarmed tree; flowers on elongate spikes ....... ....................... A. muricata 

2. Scrambler with recurved prickles, flowers in heads 

........................ .A. retusa 

Acacia farnesiana 

Acacia farnesiana (Linnaws) WiUdenow, 1806, 4(2):1083.-Little & WadMimara farnesiana Linnaeus, 1753521. 

Vachellia farnesiana (Linnaeus) Wight & Amott, 1834:272. 

swoxth, 1964:142, pl. 58. 

Shrub or small tree armed with paired stipular spines; pinnae 

2-6 pairs, each pinna with 10-25 pairs of small, 3-5 mm long 

leaflets; inflorescence capitate; pod turgid, woody, _+ curved. 

Pantropical; common and sometimes dominant in dry 

woodlands along west coast of Dominica: Cabrits (Whirefoord 

4049), Colihaut (Kimber 1063), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4272), 

Grand Savanne (Ramage s.n.), Macoucheri (Chambers 2732), 

Point Ronde (Hodge 2700), Scotts Head (Hodge 1604, Webster 

1341 7, Wilbur 7602). Flowering from February-September. 

One specimen from near St. Joseph (Whitefoord 5686 at 

BM), identified as Acacia tortuosa (Linnaeus) Willdenow by 

C.D. Adams (Whitefoord, 1989:145), may well be that species 

and represent a new record for Dominica. Its fruits appear to be 

subpubescent and rather flatter than the glabrous, fat fruits of 

typical A. fwnesiana. 

Acacia muricata 

Acacia mwicata (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 1806, 4(2):1058.-Little et al., 

Mimosa muricata haeus. 1759a:1311. 

Senegalia wicata (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose in North Amer. Fl., 1928, 

1974246, pl. 356. 

23(2):113. 

Small, unarmed tree; pinnae 4-6 pairs, each pinna with 

8-16 pairs of large, 1-2 cm long leaflets; inflorescence on 

elongate spikes; pods flat, k leathery. 

West Indies; specimens not seen from Dominica but the 

species was attributed to Dominica by Britton and Wilson 

(1925, 5:352) and reported with an exclamation mark by 

Howard (1988,4:341). 

Acacia retusa 

Acacia retwa (Jacquin) Howard, 1973b:459; 1988,4:342. 

Mimosa retusa Jacquin, 176Q34. 

Mimosa panicdata Vahl [in West, 1793:239. nom. nud.], 186‘. Eclog., 3:39, 

Acacia guadallcpenris A.P. Candolle. 1825,2:464. 

Acacia westiana A.P. Candolle, 1825,2464. 

Senegalia guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Brittm & Rose in North Amer. Fl., 

Senegalia westiana (A.P. Candolle) Britton & Rose in North Amer. Fl., 1928, 

Acacia riparia sensu auctt., nm Kunth. 

non Acacia panicdata Willdenow. 

1928,23(2):119. 

23(2):119. 

Scrambling woody climber with recurved prickles on stems; 

pinnae 7-9 pairs, each pinna with 15-20 pairs of linear leaflets 

6-14 mm x 1.5-2.5 mm; flowers capitate; legume flat, papery, 

glabrous. 

South America and West Indies; dry localities on west coast 

of Dominica: West Cabrit top (DHN!), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4673), Scotts Head (Hodge 1633), sine lcc. (Zmray433 at 

GH). 

Adenanthera Linnaeus (Mimosoid) 

Adenanthera pavonina 

Ahnanthera pavonina haws. 1763:384.--Little & Wadsworth, 1964:144. 

pl. 145. 

Savonette, jumbie bead. 

Unarmed tree; leaves bipinnate with 2-5 pairs of pinnae, 

each with 10-20 alternate leaflets (1.5-4.5 em x 1-2.5 cm); 

flowers racemose, yellow; stamens.10, the anthers with a 

deciduous gland; pods 15-25 cm x 1-2 cm, papery, flat but 

twisting; seeds bright red, lenticular. 

Asian but widely introduced and naturalizing; rarely collected on Dominica: Syndicate (DHN!, fr.), sine loc. (Zmay 

119). 
NUMBER 77 FAB ACEAE 95 

Aeschynomene Linnaeus (Faboid) 

Herbs; leaflets many, odd-pinnate; stipules peltate (ours) 

extended below attachment; hit jointed, breaking up at 

maturity. 

1. Leaflets with several primary veins; pods deeply crenate on 

lower margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. americana 

1. Leaflets with a single midrib; pods slightly crenate on 

lower margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. sensitiva 

Aeschynomene americana 

Aeschynomene mricona haws, 1753:713.-Rudd, 195524. 

Flowers purplish; stipules and bracts persistent. 

Neotropics and Africa; weed of disturbed places in Dominica: L’Or River in gravel dump (Nicolson 2023, Roseau 

(Krauss 1245), Trafalgar Falls road (Whitefoord 4587). 

Our material seems to have fruits with glandular hairs and 

hispid stipules of Aeschynomene americana var. glandulosa 

(Poiret) Rudd. 

Aeschynomene sensitiva 

Aeschynomene sensitivo Swam, 1788:1CV.--Rudd, 1955:50. 

Flowers yellow; stipules and bracts deciduous. 

Neotropics and Africa; weed of wet disturbed areas of 

Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4055); Castle Bruce 

Road (Ernst 1458), Chaudiere (Hodge 3615), Pont Casse area 

(Webster 13467, Wilbur 7826), Portsmouth area (Hodge 589), 

Providence Valley near Laudat (Hodge 2053), Sylvania Estate 

(Cooper 67, Hodge 588). 

Albizia Durazzini (Mimosoid) 

Albizia lebbeck 

Albizio lebbeck &maws) Bentham, 1844a:W. 

Mimosa lebbeck Linnaeus, 1753516. 

Unarmed trees; leaves bipinnate with 2-4 pinnae, each with 

4-9 pairs of 1.5-5 cm x 0.5-2 cm leaflets; flowers umbellate, 

greenish white; petals united to middle; stamens many, united 

below, -3 cm long; pods 15-30 cm x 2-4 cm, flat, thin, 

shining, rattling in the wind; seeds light brown. 

Introduced from Old World and naturalizing; locality 

information for Dominica not available (cultivated?): (Dudley 

s.n., Mar 1890). 

Alysicarpus Desvaux, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Alysicarpus vaginalis 

Alysicorpur voginolis (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:353. 

Hedysorum voginale Linnaeus, 1753:746. 

Perennial herb with branches spreading; stipules scarious, 

4-6 mm, k united, enclosing 2 stipels; leaflet solitary, orbicular 

to lanceolate on the same plant; flowers purplish, in short 

terminal racemes, stamens 9+1; pod nearly terete, with several 

indehiscent joints. 

Old World but now widely naturalized; low weed in 

Dominica from sea level to 200 m: Carib Point (Wilbur 7911), 

Coulibistri (Erst 1393, Imperial Road (Hodge 591), Mome 

Daniel (Kimber 1105), Mome Plaisance Estate (Whitefoord 

4424,4505), Roseau (Hodge 590), St. David Bay (Ernst 1464, 

Scotts Head (Whitefoord 5131), Tarou Cliffs (Ernst 1706). 

Anadenanthera Spegazzini (Mimosoid) 

Anadenanthera peregrina 

Anadenonthero peregrina (Linnaeus) Spegazzini, 1923:313.-Reis-Altschal, 

Mimo peregrina Linnaeus, 1753:520. 

Piptodenio peregrina (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1841 :340.-Little & Wadswolth, 

Niop peregrina (Linnaeus) Britton &Rose, 1927:37. 

1964:46. 

1964:158, pl. 660. 

Unarmed tree; leaves bipinnately compound, pinnae pairs 

10-30, each with 25-80 pairs of leaflets 2-8 mm x 0.5-1.5 

mm; flowers capitate, white to creamy; stamens 10, without an 

apical gland; legume flat, straight to falcate, 5-35 cm x 1-3 

cm; seeds dark brown to black, shiny, flat. 

South America, believed introduced and naturalizing in the 

West Indies; said to be common in ravines of dry west coastal 

area of Dominica: Chateau Comer (Eggers 703), Grand 

Savanne (Wilbur 8347), Roseau vicinity (Stehle 6320), 

Springfield road (Whitefoord 5834). Flowering without leaves 

in April. 

This and other ma of the genus are the source of an alkaloid 

capable of producing profound and deep changes in perception, 

elsewhere called yopo, coholba, or vilca. 

Andira Jussieu, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Andira sapindoides 

Andira sopindoides (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 1860:123.-Howard, 1988, 

Pierocorpur sopindoides A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:475. 

Andira inermis var. sapindoides (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:202. 

4448. 

L’angelin, bastard mahogany, na kabu (Carib). 

Tall tree; leaves odd-pinnate, with 4-7 pairs of opposite, 

large (5-8 cm long) stipellate leaflets; flowers paniculate, pink 

to purple; pod globose, indehiscent; 3.5 cm drupe with a single 

pendulous seed. 

Lesser Antilles; cited for Dominica by Hodge (1954:27, as A. 

inermis) as a component of transition zone around Milton 

Estate: Layou River (Ramage s.n. 6 Jul 1888 at K), La Plaine 

(Ramage s.n. 10 Jan 1889 at GH). Rarely collected, possibly 

because of the size of the trees. Cut for valuable timber with 

durable, red-brown wood (Hodge and Taylor, 1957561). 
96 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

This element seems within the range of variable and 

widespread (neotropics and Africa) Andira inermis (W. 

Wright) Kunth ex A.P. Candolle. 

Bauhinia Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) 

R. Wunderlin (USF) kindly reviewed this text and the 

determinations. 

Several species have been identified from collections made 

in the Roseau Botanic Garden: Bauhinia acum'nata? Linnaeus 

(Hodge 899 at GH) with large white flowers, Bauhinia 

racemsa Lamarck (Hodge 3905) with small white flowers, and 

Bauhinia romentosa Linnaeus (Hodge 902,1000 at GH) with 

large yellow flowers. All have 10 stamens. 

Two pink-flowered species are also expected in cultivation: 

Bauhinia purpurea Linnaeus (with 3 perfect stamens) and 

Bauhinia variegata Linnaeus (with 5 perfect stamens). 

Woody; leaves mostly 2-lobed or 2-foliolate, with palmate 

venation. 

1. Cirrhiferous climber; corolla white to pinkish yellow; 

stamens 10 . . . . . , . . . , . , . . . . . B. guianensis 

1. Tree; standard conspicuously purplish red-blotched on 

yellow background, other petals pinkish; stamen solitary 

. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . B. monandra 

Bauhinia guianensis 

Bauhinia guianensis Aublet, 1775:377, pl. 145.-Wunderlin, 1976353. 

Bauhinia splendens Kunth, 1824,6321. 

Schnella splendens (Kmth) Bentham, 1840:97.-Britton & Rose in Nor~h 

Schnella exciso Grisebach, 1860:211. 

Bauhinia excka (Grisebach) Hemsley, 1880, 1:337. 

her. Fl., 1930,23(4):207. 

High and heavy climber with stems flattened; leaves 

coriaceous, coppery-sericeous below, leaves on juvenile 

growth mostly deeply 2-lobed; inflorescence racemose; calyx 

<1 cm long, Sribbed, persistent; petals to 1.5 cm with 10 

stamens included. 

Southern Mexico through northern South America and the 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica known only from a sterile 

specimen from Milton Estate at 500 m (Hodge 2924, DHN!). 

Bauhinia monandra 

Bauhinia monandro Kun. 1873:73. 

Small tree with bilobed leaves; inflorescence racemose with 

flowers on long (4 cm) pedkels; calyx spathaceous, deciduous; 

petals pinkish, the upper mottled and darker, to 4 cm long; 

stamen solitary. 

Introduced from Asia for showy flowers and escaping; in 

Dominica in scrub thickets near Massacre (Ernst 1627, Webster 

13290). Flowering in June. 

Caesalpinia Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) 

Trees, shrubs or climbers; leaves bipinnate; flowers orange 

or yellow, 5-merous; stamens 10, free, pods compressed, 

orbicular to linear. 

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacquin) Willdenow was cultivated in 

the Botanic Garden (Hodge 955, 985), flowering in August 

1937. It is an unarmed tree with an odd number of pinnae and 

many tiny (0.5-0.9 cm long) leaflets. 

Caesalpinia ferrea Martius, cultivated in Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Nicolson 4214), is a large tree with a short, thick trunk 

and sheeting bark. 

1. Branchlets glabrous; lower pedicels 5.8 cm long; petals 

long-clawed; filaments 6-8 cm long . . . C. pulchem'ma 

1. Branchlets puberulent; lower pedicels to 2 cm long; petals 

not long-clawed, filaments to 1.5 cm long. 

2. Stipules persistent, foliose; leaflets 1.5-3.0 cm wide; 

fruit armed, seeds (1-)2. . . . . , , . . . . C. bonduc 

2. Stipules caducous, not foliose; leaflets to 0.5 cm wide; 

fruit unarmed; seeds 6-8 . . . . . . . , C. decapetala 

Caesalpinia bonduc 

Caesalpinia bonduc (Lhaeus) Roxburgh, 1832, 2:362.-Dandy & Exell, 

Guilandina bonduc Linnaeus, 1753:381. 

Caesalpinia crista Linnaeus, 1753:380, partim. 

Guihdina bonducella Linnaeus, 1762545. 

Caesalpinia bonducclla (Linnaeus) Fleming, 1810:159. 

Guilandina crista (Lirmaeus) Small, 1903591, pa&. 

1938: 179.-Hattink, 1974: 17. 

L'epine. 

Armed, vine-like shrub to 6 m, often climbing; stipules 

compound, to 3 cm long; leaflets ovate or oblong-elliptic, 2-4 

cm long; petals yellow; pod oblong to orbicular, prickly; seeds 

gray, 1.5-2 cm diameter. 

Native to Asia?, widely naturalizing in tropics: in Dominica 

forming coastal thickets: Cabrits (Ernst 1932, Hodge 592, 

Nicolson 1882), Hatton Garden Estate (Hodge 2933, Pringles 

Bay (Whitefoord 3733). 

Caesalpinia decapetala 

Coesolpinia decapetalo (Roth) Alston, 193 1 :89.-Hattink, 1974:24. 

Reichardia decapetala Roth, 1821:210. 

Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxburgh [1814:32, nom. nud.], 1832,2:360. 

Biancaea sepiaria (Roxburgh) Todaro, 1876, 1:3. 

Mete negre. 

Armed shrub to 3 m, often climbing; leaflets oblong, 1.0-1.5 

cm long; petals yellow; pod oblong, flat, finely puberulent; 

seeds olive, 1 cm long. 

Native to Asia, naturalizing in the West Indies; in Dominica 

forming thickets in interior pastures and roadsides: L'Imprevue

(Hodge 1261), Ridgefield (Hodge 2135), Sylvania (Cooper 

W), sine loc. (Eggers s.n., Dec 1883,518, Nov 1881). 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 91 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima 

Caesalpinia pdcherrima (Linnaeus) Swartz, 1791:166.-Hattink, 1974:50. 

Poinciana pulcherrima Linnaeus, 1753:380. 

Usually armed shrub to 3 m, not climbing: leaflets oblong, to 

2.3 cm long; petals red, orange or yellow; pod oblong, flat, 

glabrous. 

New World tropics, widely cultivated in tropics for its showy 

flowers; in Dominica naturalized on the dry west coast near sea 

level and also cultivated inland Antrim (Gates Clarke s.n.), 

Clarke Hall (Erst 1692), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7654), 

Macoucherie (Hodge 3720). 

Cajanus A.P. Candolle, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Cajanus cajan 

Cajanus cajan (Linnaeus) Millspaugh. 1900:53, “Cajan(us) cajan”.-Maesen, 

Cytisus cajan Linnaeus, 1753:739. 

Cujan cujan (Linnaeus) Huth, 1893:133, nom. inadmiss. 

198665. 

Pigeon pea. 

Erect shrub to 3 m; leaves 3-foliolate, resin-dotted and 

silvery beneath: flowers yellow inside and out or red outside: 

pod flattened, obliquely depressed between the seeds. 

Said to have originated in India (Maesen, 1986:76) but now 

widespread in tropics; widely cultivated as hedge (and for 

seeds) in Dominica, apparently escaping: Mt. Joy (Hodge 

1299), Pickard River (Whitefoord 5243), Ridgefield (Hodge 

2133), Roseau Valley (Nicolson 2140,2141, Whitefoord 4591), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 1470), Walkers Rest (Chambers 2613). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985149, pl. 116) reported medicinal 

uses. 

Although I (1975390) argued for Huth instead of Millspaugh as the first to make the combination, I now realize that 

Huth’s “Cajun cajan” cannot be corrected to “Cajanus cajan” 

because Cajun Adanson is a validly published generic name, 

not a correctable misspelling of an earlier validly published 

frCajanus.” Cajanus is in the nature of a now conserved later 

orthographic variant of Cajun but is treated as a different name. 

Calliandra Bentham, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) 

Calliandra tergemina 

Calliandra tergemina (Linnaeus) Bentham. 1844a:96. 

Mimosa tergemina Linnaeus, 1753:517. 

Anneslia tergemina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose in North Amer. R., 1928,23:53. 

Madame ti poule. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves bipinnate with 6 leaflets, 3 on each of 

the two pinnae (the lower pair being reduced to a single leaflet); 

stamens >lo, showy, 2.5 cm long, white below and reddish at 

end; fruits green with thickened red margin elastically opening 

from end by recurving. 

Guadeloupe south into northeastern South America; abundant in Dominica in scrub along the west coast up to 350 m: 

Cabrits to Colihaut (Hodge 2659, Nicolson 1897, Whitefoord 

4422, Wilbur 8275, 8356), Grand Savanne to Layou River 

(Chambers 2779, Ernst 1041, Hodge 3775, 3791, Webster 

13289, Wilbur 7640), Layou to Roseau area (Eggers 519, 

Hodge 1305, Fairchild 2690, Stehle 6319). 

Howard (1988, 4:350) reported cultivated Calliandra 

huemutocephala Hasskarl on Dominica (with exclamation 

mark, indicating he had seen material). 

Canavalia A.P. Candolle, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Another species, Canavalia ensiformis (Linnaeus) A.P. 

Candolle, also known as horsebean, has been collected from 

Carib Reserve mulch plantings on Dominica (Hodge 3346). 

The leaflets are ovate to elliptic, the pods 30-35 cm long, and 

the seeds are white to ivory. 

Canavalia rosea 

Canavalia rosea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:101.- Verdcourt in GiUett et 

al. in Milne-Redhead & Polhill, 1971, Legum., 1(2):576.-Howard, 1988, 

4:457.-Nicolson et al., 1988:128. 

Dolichos maritimus Aublet, 1775:765. 

Dolichos obtusifolius Lamarck, 1786,2:295, non Jacquin, 1768. 

Dolichos roseus Swartz, 1788:105. 

Dolichos rotundifolius Vahl, 1791,281. 

Canavaliu maritima Du Petit-Thouan, 1813:80.Sauer, 1964:163. 

Canavalia obtusifolia A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:404, nom. superfl. [incl. Dolichos 

Canavalia maritima (Aublet) Urban, 1919a:400, non C. maritima Du 

rotundifolius Vahl, 17911. 

Petit-Thouars, 1813.-Adams, 1972:357. 

Horse bean. 

Perennial herbs with prostrate or scrambling stems; leaflets 

pinnately 3-foliohte, orbicular to obovate, obtuse to emargi- 

~te, 4-10 cm long; inflorescence nodose-racemose; calyx 

2-lipped; corolla pink to magenta; stamens monadelphous to 

middle; style glabrous; pods 5-15 cm x 2.5 cm; seeds oblong, 

brown, marbled. 

Tropical sea coasts; reported as common strand plant on 

Dominica: Cabrits (Whitefoord 4026), Hatton Garden (Hodge 

2961), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2752), Tarou (Ernst ISOO), sine 

loc. (Dudley s.n., Mar 1890). 

There is controversy on the nomenclature of this species. 

Adams (1972) accepted C. maritimu (Aublet) Urban, while 

Gillett et al. (in Milne-Redhead and Polhill, 1971) accepted C. 

rosea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle and Sauer (1964), and Lourteig 

(1988b:394) accepted C. muritimu (Aublet) Thouars. The 

solution to this problem lies in determining whether or not 

Dolichos muritimus Aublet and Canavalia maritimu Thouars 

are based on the same type. In my opinion, they are not. 

Dolichos muritimus Aublet is solely based on Phmeolus 

maritimus, fructu duro, semine variegato Plumier (as noted by 

Lourteig, 1988b:393), typified by Plumier’s unpublished plate 

99 in vol. 2 at Paris (cited by Aublet as “Mss. 99 t. 2”) of the 
98 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTIUBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

New World, even though Sauer (1964:163) lectotypified it on 

“Phaseolus maritimus purgans . . . Pluk. Phytogr. t. 5 1, fig. 2. 

1691,” a South Indian element from Bisnagar (more correctly 

Vijayanagar or Victory City), an element not mentioned by 

Aublet or Plumier. Canuvalia maritima Thouars may be 

typified by material from Madagascar or Reunion, but it clearly 

was considered by the author to be identical with Katu tsjandi 

(or Canavali in Hindi) Rheede (1688, 8:83, pl. 43) and 

Phaseolus maritimus purgans . . . Pluk. Verdcourt’s lectotypification on Plukenet’s illustration seems acceptable. The 

synonymy hinges on Dolichos maritima Aublet (New World) 

and Canavalia maritima Thouars (Old World) being nomenclaturally heterotypic, albeit taxonomically conspecific. 

Centrosemu (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Twining vine with 3-fOliOhte leaves; stipules and stipels 

persistenc nodes of inflorescence not swollen; flowers subtended by striate bracteoles, large, with standard spurred near 

base; stamens 9+1; style glabrous; pod linear, flattened but 

twisted in age, the 2 valves thick-edged. 

Centrosema plumieri (Persoon) Bentham was attributed to 

Dominica by Vklez (1957:99) on the authority of Britton and 

Wilson (1924, 5:412), who reported Bradburya plumieri “St. 

Kitts to Trinidad.” This species has conspicuous bracteoles in 

flower that are glabrous and longer than the calyx. The pods are 

larger and with definite wings about one-third from each valve 

margin. Howard (1988,4:459) listed this species for Dominica 

with an exclamation mark. 

1. Calyx teeth unequal, the lower one subulate and twice as 

long as other deltoid teeth; pod 5-7 mm broad 

. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . C. pubescens 

1. Calyx teeth f equal, the lower one only slightly longer than 

other linear teeth; pod c4 mm wide . . . C. virginianum 

Centrosema pubescens 

Centrosema pubescens Bentham, 183755. 

Bradburyo pubescens (Bentham) Kuntze, 1891, 1:163. 

Terminal leaflet usually >5 cm long; standard large, -4 cm 

Neotropical but widely introduced; vine over roadside 

long. 

shrubs in east Dominica: Rosalie (Ernst 1354). 

Centrosema virginianum 

Centrosema virginianum (Linnaeus) Bentham, 183756. 

Clitoria Virginian& Linnaeus, 1753:753. 

Bradburyo virginimo (Linmeus) Kuntze, 1891,1:164. 

%rminal leaflet usually <5 cm long; standard smaller, c3 cm 

long. 

Neotropics and introduced in Africa; usually low elevations 

in west and south Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord4064), 

Clarke Hall (Ernst 1704), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7905), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 1053, Nicolson 1945, Wilbur 7626), Roseau 

(Hodge 599), Scotts Head (Webster 13118), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3882), sine loc. (Imray 33). 

Chaetocalyx A.P. Candolle (Faboid) 

Chaetocalyx scandens 

Choetocolyx scandens (Linnaeus) Urban, 1900,2:292.-Rudd, 1958:231. 

Coronillo scondenr Linnaeus, 1753:743. 

Glycine vincentino Ker, 1824. 

Choetocolyx vincentino (Ker) A.P. Candolle. 1825,2243. 

Twining, herbaceous vines; leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets 

glabrous, obovate, usually c2 cm long, rounded or emarginate 

at apex with an apiculum; calyx with a few, equal, broad-based 

setae; corolla yellowish; stamens united; fruit an elongate, 

&more-jointed loment. 

Mexico, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, and northern South 

America; known from Dominica only from collections without 

locality: (Imray 21,367). To be sought in dry areas. 

Chamuecrista (Linnaeus) Moench (Caesalpinoid) 

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves evenly 1-pinnate; stamens 10 

or 7, often of various sizes and fertility; anthers basifixed, 

opening by terminal pores; pods elastically dehiscent, flattened. 

VBlez (1957:99) reported “Chamaecrista fasciculata 

(Urban) Britt.” for Dominica on the authority of Britton. 

Apparently this is Chamaecrista chamaecrista sensu Britton 

and Wilson (1924, 5:367), reported to occur in “West Indies, 

south to Grena da....” This is Chamaecrista nictitans var. 

difiusu A.P. Candolle) Irwin & Barneby, known from the 

Lesser Antilles but no specimens have been seen from 

Dominica. 

Chamaecrista glandulosa 

Chomoecristo glonduloso (Linnaeus) Greene, 1899:286.--Invin & Bameby, 

Cossio glonddoso Linnaeus, 1759a:1017. 

1982:780. 

Chamaecrista glandulosa var. swartzii 

Chomaecrism glonddoso var. swortzii (Wikstriim) bin & Barneby, 

Cassia polyodeno A.P. CandoUe, 1824a:132. 

Cossio swortzii Wikstrom, 1826:430. 

Chomaecristo swortzii (Wikstrom) Britton, 1917:9. 

Chamaecristo polyadeno (A.P. Candolle) Britton, 1917:JO. 

Cassia glonduloso var. swrtzii (Wikstrijrn) Macbride, 191926. 

1982784. 

Shrub to 3 m; leaflets 7-23 pairs, glabrous, narrowly oblong 

to f obovate, 1-2 cm long, rounded, petiolar gland sessile or on 

a stipe, glands along rest of rhachis 0-5, sessile; peduncle 

supra-axillary; fruit 3-5 cm long. 

Puerto Rico through Lesser Antilles, in Dominica common 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 99 

in scrub thickets and along roadsides to 550 m: west coast from 

Scotts Head to Cabrits (Chambers 2786, Hodge 593, 2176, 

2544, 2633, Kimber 904, Nicolson 2152, Stern & Wasshausen 

2593, Webster 13308, 13449, Wilbur 7623, 7629), interior 

from Sylvania to Pont Casse (Hodge 1257, Narodny s.n., 

Wilbur 7748,8140), north and east coasts (Hodge 594,3052, 

3277, Whitefoord 3699, Wilbur 7512,8037,8045). 

Clitoria Linnaeus (Faboid) 

leaflets stipellate; flowers large; style longitudinally bearded. 

Twiners or trailers; stipules persistent; leaves 3-9-pinnate, 

1. 

1. Leaflets 5-9; flowers blue to white ...... C. ternatea 

Leaflets 3; flowers yellow ........... C. falcata 

Clitoria falcata 

Clitoria falcata Lamarck, 1786,251. 

Clitoria rubiginosa Jussieu ex Persoon, 1807,2:303. 

Clitoria glycinoides A.P. Candolle, 1825,2234. 

Pubescent; stipules ovate; leaflets 3; peduncles 3-15 cm 

long; flowers yellow, subtended by ovate bracts; calyx villous, 

2-3 cm long; pod valves with conspicuous midrib; seeds 

globose, viscid. 

Neotropics; in NW Dominica along road: Mome Plaisance 

Estate (Whitefoord 4429). New record for Dominica, perhaps 

an escape. 

Clitoria ternatea 

CIiioria ternatea Linnaeus, 1753:753. 

Pubescent when young; stipules linear-lanceolate; leaflets 

5-9; flowers solitary, axillary, large, blue or white, subtended 

by orbicular bracts; calyx almost 2 cm long; seeds flat, black. 

Old World tropics, introduced in cultivation and escaping: 

Portsmouth (Nicolson 4201). 

Cracca Bentham, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Cracca caribaea 

Cracca caribaea (Jacquin) Bentham in Bentham & Oersted, 1853:9. 

Galega caribaea Jacquin, 1763:212. 

Benihamaniha caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze. 1898,3(2):53. 

Subshrubs; odd-pinnate leaflets to 7 pairs; stipules persistent, subulate; flowers pink, pod linear, sessile, 7 cm x 0.3 cm, 

Neotropical but scattered and often cited as rare, infrequent, 

very local; known from a single Dominica collection: sine loc. 

(Zmray 116 at K). To be sought in xerophytic scrub near the 

coast. 

10-25-~eeded, septate. 

Crotalaria Linnaeus (Faboid) 

Herbs or shrubs; leaves digitately 1-3-5-foliolate; flower 

yellow (or blue); stamens monadelphous; pod 2-valved, 

inflated. 

Crotalaria pumila Ortega was credited to Dominica by 

VBlez (19579) on the authority of Stehle. It is not mentioned 

in the treatment of Crotalaria (Stehle and Quentin in StehlC et 

al., 1948, 2536). This is a 3-foliolate species of very small 

aspect (leaflets 0.7-3.5 cm long) and a short pod. 

Crotalaria vasculosa Wallich ex Bentham was collected as 

an introduction in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Bassett 5 at K). 

It has elliptic leaflets like C. m'cans but a striking dark and 

densely pubescent fruit. 

Crotalaria ranzibarica Bentham was collected as an 

introduction at Mome Nurseries (Bassett 15 at K). It is similar 

to C. anagyroides in its acute leaflets but the calyx teeth are 

shorter than the rather long calyx tube. 

1. Leaves unifoliolate (appearing simple). 

2. Stipules absent or minute ........... C. retusa 

2. Stipules present and persistent. 

3. Stipules erect, decurrent on stem for 1 cm or more, 

free above with incurving apices; leaves <3 cm long 

..................... C. stipularia 

3. Stipules deflexed, not decurrent; leaves normally >3 

cm. 

4. Flowers yellow; leaves much longer than broad; 

stipules deltoid ........... C. spectabilk 

4. Flowers blue; leaves slightly longer than broad; 

stipules lunate ............ C. verrucosa 

5. Flowers 1-3, in short, axillary racemes ......... ........................ c. lotifolia 

5. Flowers many, in elongate, terminal racemes. 

6. Leaflets elliptic to lanceolate ....... C. micans 

6. Leaflets ovate to orbicular or obovate. 

7. Calyx lobes much longer than short calyx tube; 

keel equaling the wings, f included; pod with 

spreading pubescence .......... C. incana 

7. Calyx lobes a little longer than the calyx tube; keel 

much longer than wings, exserted, pod with 

appressed pubescence .......... C. pallida 

1. Leaves 3-foliolate. 

Crotalaria incana 

Crotalaria incana Linnaeus. 1753:716.--Senn, 1939:350. 

Pubescent annual; leaves 3-foliolate, often subtended by 

much smaller leaves; leaflets broad, usually shorter than 

petioles, inflorescence terminal, calyx pubescent, the lobes 

lanceolate and much longer than the calyx tube; pods pendant, 

pilose with spreading hairs. 

Pantropical; only one collected on Dominica: sine loc. 

(Zway 62 at K). 
100 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Crotalaria lotifolia 

Crotalaria lotifolia Linnaeus, 1753:349, "latifolia" .-Senn, 1939:349. 

Shrub with golden pubescence on young growth; leaves 

3-fOfiOlate, glabrous above; racemes axillary, few-flowered, 

pods with appressed pubescence. 

Neotropics but scatter&, mid-elevations in northwest Dominica: halfway between Colihaut and Syndicate Estate (Ernst 

1991), a new record. 

Crotalaria micans 

Crotalaria micans Link, 1822,2:228.-Whdler & McLaughlin, 1980606. 

Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth, 1824,6:404.4m, 1939:365. 

Shrubs, upper branches striate; leaves 3-fOfiOlate, about 3x 

longer than broad; calyx lobes considerably longer than calyx 

tube, inflorescence elongate, terminal, pod appressed, puberulent. 

South America, scattered in neotropics; introduced on 

Dominica as a cover crop: Morne Nurseries (Bassett 14 at K), 

sine loc. (Imray 201 at K). 

Crotalaria pallida 

Crotalaria pallida Aim, 1789,3:20.-Polhill, 1968:262. 

Crotalaria mucronata hvaux, 1814:76.4enn, 1939:355. 

Crotalaria striata A.P. Candolle, 1825,2130. 

Crotalaria pallida var. obovata 

Crotalaria pallida var. obovata (G. Don) Polhill, 1968:365. 

Crotalaria falcata Vahl ex A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:132.-Adams, 1972:346. 

Crotalaria obovaka G. Don, 1832,2:138. 

Shrubby herb; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, rounded to 

emarginate, -6 cm x 4 cm; inflorescence terminal, calyx 

pubescent, the lobes k longer than the tube, pod appressed, 

pubescent. 

Pantropical, scattered weed in Dominica: Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3343, Copt Hall (Basseft 4 at K), Delices (Whitefoord 

3701), Dublanc (Hodge 2550), Fond Figues River (Ernst 

1455), Goodwill (Wilbur 7581), Milton (Hodge 2922), Mome 

Daniel (Kimber 1074), Pont Casd (Ems? 1240), Roseau 

(Anderson s.n., 31 Aug 1965). 

The Dominican specimens, indeed most West Indian 

materials of this species (at US), fall into this variety. Typical 

C. pallida, with larger leaflets broadest near the middle and 

tapering to the apex, occurs mostly in Jamaica with a few 

specimens from Cuba. 

Crotalaria retusa 

Crotalaria retrcsa Linnaeus, 1753:715.-Senn, 1939:327. 

Glaucous subshrub with striate stems; leaves simple, 

oblanceolate, rounded to retuse at apex; stipules minute, 

deciduous; inflorescence terminal; calyx pubescent; pods erect 

or spreading. 

Pantropical; common field and roadside weed at low 

elevations all over Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 

4053), Castaways Hotel (Stern & Wasshausen 2423, Dublanc 

(Whitefoord 4284), Fond Figues River (Ernst 1454), Goodwill 

(Hodge 603, Wilbur 7579), Marigot (Hodge 601), Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2691), Ridgefield (Hodge 2141), Roseau 

(Hodge 600), Roseau Valley (Fairchild 2823), Scotts Head 

(Wilbur 7599), Sylvania (Hodge 1246), Wooten Waven 

(Hodge 602), sine loc. (Cooley 8770). 

Similar to C. spectubilis but lacking stipules. 

Crotalaria spectabilis 

Crotalaria spectabilk Roth, 1821 :34 l.Senn, 1939:326. 

Yellow sweet pea. 

Robust subshrub, leaf simple; stipules persistent, ovate to 

deltoid, reflexed; inflorescence terminal; pods spreading to 

declinate. 

Asia, introduced into neotropics; common roadside weed in 

lowlands of Dominica: Bibiay (DeFilipps 188), Coulibistrie 

(Wilbur 8136), Fond Figues River (Ernsr 1241), Mome 

Plaisance Estate (Whitefoord 4481), Ridgefield (Hodge 2142), 

Wmten Waven (Hodge 605), sine loc. (Basset? 3 at K). 

Similar to C. retusa but with persistent stipules. The Bassett 

specimen was collected as C. sericea Roth (non Burman) as 

introduced for a cover crop. 

Crotalaria stipularia 

Crotalaria stipularia Desvaux, 18 14:76.4enn, 1939:332. 

Plants pubescent; leaves simple; stipules large, foliaceous, 

decurrent below with free, incurving apices above; inflorescence axillary, elongate but few-flowered. 

South American species extending into Hispaniola; dry 

lowlands of Dominica: Bellevue (Eggers 830), Grand Savanne 

(Lloyd 835, Nicolson 1943), Soufri&re Village (Lloyd 432), sine 

loc. (Bryant s.n. 1905 at K (misidentified as C. sagittalis L.)). 

There are problems with the nomenclature of the infraspecitic ma. Even their taxonomy is suspect, largely involving size 

differences that may be more environmentally than genetically 

determined. 

Crotalaria verrucosa 

Crotalaria verrucosa Linnaeus, 1753:715.--Senn, 1939:325. 

Stem 4-angled, leaves simple, broadly ovate; stipules 

persistent, lunate, deflexed; flowers blue (ours); inflorescence 

terminal; pod many-seeded, stipitate. 

Old World, introduced in New World; roadside weed in 

Dominica: Imperial Road near coast (Lloyd 781), Lime Exp. 

Station (Bassett 8 at K), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3738), 

Roseau-Canefield (Hodge 604). 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 101 

Dalbergia Linnaeus f., nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum 

Dolbergka ecasiaphyllwn (Linnaeus) Taubert in Engler & Prantl, 1894, 

Hedysorum ecariophyllum Linnaeus, 1759a:1169. 

III(3):335. 

Heavy scrambling shrub with simple leaves (very rarely 

leaflets, 5 on same plant and alternate); flowers white; stamens, 

by my dissections, diadelphous (5+5), opening by a terminal 

slit; pod 1-seeded, leathery, orbicular, flat, indehiscent. 

Neotropics and west Africa; common in littoral woodlands 

of Dominica: Cabrits Swamp (Hodge 606,607,3729, Nicolson 

1881, Whitefoord 4068, Wilbur 8260). Castle Bruce (Ernst 

1467, Wilbur 7985), Castaways Hotel (Stern & Wasshausen 

2431), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2959), L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 

7514), La Plaine (Ernst 1922), Melville Hall Airport (Gillis 

8208), Rosalie (Chambers 2721). 

This species was reported for Dominica from an Imray 

collection under the misidentification “Hecastophyllum 

brownei Pers.” by Grisebach (1860:202). V6lez (1957:lOO) 

also cited this species under another misidentification, “Dalbergia monetaria Lf.” 

Similar Machaerium lunatum (Linnaeus f.) Ducke grows in 

similar habitats and could be found in Dominica. It would key 

here but the stems are armed with stipular spines and the fruit 

is curved. 

Delonix Rafinesque (Caesalpinoid) 

Delonix regia 

Delonix regio (W. Hooker) Rafiiesque, 1837, Fi. Tellur., 292. 

Poinciono regio Bojer ex W. Hooker, 1829a. 

Flamboyant, flame tree, royal poinciana. 

Trees with -15 pairs of pinnae, each with -20 pairs of 

leaflets; flowers showy, scarlet, -5 cm across; stamens 10; fruit 

pendant, woody, sword-like, -60 cm x 6 cm. 

Madagascar but widely introduced in tropics; cultivated and 

apparently naturalizing in dry areas of west coast on Dominica: 

slopes above Mero and Salisbury (Erst 1422A), Roseau 

Botanic Gardens (Hodge 932), Hatton Gardens (Hodge 3299). 

Flowering May-July. 

Desmanthus Willdenow, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) 

Desmanthus virgatus 

Desmnihus vugoius (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 1806,4(2):1047. 

Mimoso virgoio Linnaeus, 1753519. 

Herbaceous shrub to 1.5 m; leaves with 2-4 pairs of pinnae 

(with a conspicuous petiolar gland just below the first pinnae), 

leaflets -10 pairs; flowers white; stamens 10, about twice as 

long as petals, filaments free, anthers lacking an apical gland; 

pods clustered, narrowly linear, valves not separating from 

sutures; seeds lengthwise or very oblique to sutures. 

Neotropics but spread in Old World; locally common in dry 

slopes, woodlands, and roadsides of Dominica: East Cabrit 

(Hodge 3713), Coulibistrie (Wilbur 8336), Dublanc (Whitefood 4274), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7901), Cocoa Center ridges 

(Ernst 1533). 

We do not Seem to have the smaller, prostrate element, D. 

virgatus var. depressus (Willdenow) B.L. ”her, which may 

be an ecological form. 

Desmodium Desvaux, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Suffrutescent herbs with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves and a 

jointed pod (loment) with flat joints (segments). 

1. Flowers 1-4, axillary (or leaf-opposed); leaflets c1 cm 

1. Flowers many, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles; 

leaflets >1 cm long. 

2. Fruit unequally notched at joints (upper margin almost 

straight). 

long. ..................... D. trifZorum 

3. 

3. Fruit typically l-3-segmented. 

Fruit typically 4-more-segmented ... D. incanum 

4. Plants tap-rooted, leaflet apices rounded to emargi- 

~te; stipules persistent, free ... D. adscendens 

4. Plants rooting at nodes; leaflet apices acute to 

obtuse; stipules deciduous, united at first 

..................... D. axillare 

5. Fruit segments about 2x longer than broad 

..................... D. scorpiurus 

5. Fruit segments about as long as broad. 

6. Stem procumbent; stipules subulate; leaflets usually with midrib area distinctly paler above .... ................... D. procumbens 

6. Stem erect; stipules semicordate, broadly lanceolate; leaflets uniformly green .... D. tortuosum 

2. Fruits equally notched at joints. 

Desmodium adscendens 

Desmodiwn adreendem (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:332. 

Hedysorwn adscendem Swam, 1788:lM. 

Sweetheart. 

Taprooted, diffuse or ascending herb; stipules free, linear, 

persistent; leaflets rounded, the terminal petiolule longest; 

upper margin or loment straight, segments 4 or fewer, on a 

short pedicel. 

Neotropics, Asia, and Africa; common weed in disturbed 

areas of Dominica: Atkinson (Hodge 2471,3384), Grand Bay 

road (Erst 1625), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3550,3686), Laudat 

(Hodge 1852, 1872), L’Imprevue (Hodge 1286), Lisdara 

(Hodge 625, 630, 2471), Portsmouth swamp (Hodge 629), 
102 FABACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Ridgefield (Hodge 2174), South Chiltem (Hodge I468), 

Sylvania (Cooper 20, Hodge 1139, 3982), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3562), Wallhouse (Eggers 536). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957563) reported Hodge 3384 as used 

in a decoction for treatment of gonorrhea but under a 

misidentification, D. axillare var. axillare. 

Desmodium axillare 

Desmodiwn axillare (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2;333.-Schubert, 

Hedysarum au’llare Swartz, 1788:107. 

1963286. 

Stem repent, rooting at nodes; stipules connate; leaves 

long-petiolate, terminal petiolule short; loments with 2 large 

segments on a distinct stipe. 

1. Stems with long, conspicuous pubescence; leaflets acute 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . var. acutifolium 

1. Stems with short, inconspicuous pubescence; leaflets 

rhombic to orbicular . . . . . . . . . . . . . var. axillare 

Desmodium axillare var. acutifolium 

Desmodium axillare var. acutifoliwn (Kuntze) Urban, 1905,4:292.&hubert, 

Meibomia axillarir var. acutifolia Kuntze. 1891, 1:195. 

1941:83: 1963:287. 

Stems long-pubescent; leaflets acute. 

Central America and scattered in West Indies; reported as 

common along road at 900 m on south end of Dominica: above 

Pichelin (Wilbur 7608), Lisdara (Hodge s.n., 27 Aug 1937, 

Hodge 618). 

Desmodium axillare var. axillare 

Desmodiwn axillare var. axillare. 

Tick trefoil, cacoyer. 

Stems short-pubescent; leaflets rounded to obtuse at apex. 

Neotropics; weedy along roads in Dominica: Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3232), Deux Branches (Hodge 3005), Grand Bay 

(Eggers 537, Ernst 1604), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3689, Pointe 

Guignard (Wilbur 7621), South Chiltem (Hodge 3879), 

Trafalgar Falls road (Whitefoord 4585), sine loc. (Fishlock 23, 

Hodge and Taylor (1957563) reported this species and its 

common names as used in making a decoction for treatment of 

gonorrhea by Caribs, based on Hodge 3384. That collection is 

Desmodium adscendens, qv. 

60). 

Desmodium incanum 

Desmodiwn incanwn A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:332.-Bentham in Martius, 1859, 

15:98.4risebach, 1860:186.-Nimlson, 1978b:365.-Howard, 1988, 

4:480. 

Hedysarwn racernosum Aublet, 1775:774. non D. racemwn A.P. Candolle. 

Hedysarwn incanwn Swartz, 1788:107, non Thunberg. 

Hedysarwn supinwn Swartz, 1788:106, non Chau ex Villars. 

Hedysarwn canwn Gmelin, 1792:1125, nom. illeg. [incl. type of H. racernosum 

Aublet]. 

Hedysarwn racemiferwn Gmelin, 1792:1225, nom. illeg. [incl. type of H. 

racernostun Aublet]. 

Aeschynomene spicata Poiret in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4~452, “Aeschinomene,” non Desmodiwn spicaiwn Rehder. 

Desmodiwn supinwn A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:332, nom. illeg. [incl. type of 

Aeschynomene spicata Poiret]. 

Meibomia incana (A.P. Candolle) Vail. 1892 [Apr]:l18, nom. illeg. [incl. type 

of Hedysarwn racemoswn Aublet]. 

Meibornia supina Britton in Morong & Britton, 1892 [Dec]:83, nom. illeg. 

[mcl. type of Desdwn incanwn A.P. Candolle and Hedysarwn 

racernosum Aublet]. 

Desmodiwn cantun Schinz & Thellung in Schellenberg et al., 1913:371.- 

Thellung, 19 13:428.Schubert, 1943:423.-Exell, 1944: 156.sChubert in 

Milne-Redhead & Polhill. 1971, Legum. Subfam. Papil. 1:456, nom. illeg. 

[incl. type of Desmodiwn incanwn A.P. Candolle]. 

Suffrutescent, puberulent herb; stipules connate below, 

persistent; petioles short, usually <2 cm, terminal petiolule 

long, usually >0.5 cm; leaflets variable on the same plant, from 

rotund to lanceolate, mostly elliptic, pale beneath, sometimes 

mottled above; loments short stipitate, 4-7-johted, the upper 

margin straight, the lower deeply undulate. 

Pantropical weed; scattered in lowlands of Dominica: 

Atkinson (Hodge 3388), Baiac (Whitefoord 546I), Cabrits 

(Hodge 3877, Howard I1715), Grand Bay road (Ernst 1602), 

Layou mouth (Hodge 628), Lisdara (Hodge 626), Roseau 

(Hodge 629, South Chiltern (Hodge 1530) Syndicate (Whitefoord 4441). 

Our material is the 3-fOfiOhte broad-leaved typical form. 

Adjanohoun etal. (1985:151, pl. 118) reported (asD. canum) 

medicinal uses. 

Most authors dealing with this taxon for the past 80 years 

have attempted to adopt the epithet of the earliest available 

name. The Code, however, has three requirements for a correct 

epithet; it must not only be part of the earliest available name, 

but that name must also be legitimate (Arts. 11.3,45.3, and 67, 

Note 1, ICBN). This fact, coupled with the procedures for 

handling names with illegitimate “basionyms” of the Note 

under Article 72, establishes that D. incanum A.P. Candolle 

(1 825) is the earliest available legitimate name for this species 

(see Nicolson 1978:365) in Desmodium. 

Desmodium procumbens 

Desmodkm procwnbens @idler) Hitchcock, 1893:76.-%hubert, 1940. 

Hedysarwn procwnbens Miller, 1768. 

Hedysarwn spwale Swartz, 1788:107, nom. illeg. [incl. H. procwnbens Miller]. 

Desmodiwn spirale A.P. Candolle, 1825. 2332, nom. illeg. [incl. H. 

procwnbens Miller]. 

Slender annual herb; stipule free, filiform, persistent; petiole 

to 3 cm long, terminal petiolules -1 cm long, leaflets lanceolate 

to ovate; loment 2-8-jointed, both margins k equally notched. 

Scattered in the tropics; reported for Dominica by V6lez 

(1957:lOO) on the basis of a distribution note in Britton and 

Wilson (1925, 5194) “Cuba to Trinidad.” Not cited for 

Dominica by Schubert (1940), but collections from Martinique 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 103 

and Guadeloupe are at US. Expected on 

collections yet seen. 

Desmodium scorpiurus 

Desmodiwn scorpiwus (Swartz) hvaux, 1813:122 

Hedysarwn scorpiwus Swartz, 1788:107. 

Meibomia scorpiwus (Swartz) Kuntze, 1891, 1:198. 

Subshrub with prostrate to spreading 

Dominica, but no 

branches; stipules 

semicordate-acumi&te, c0.5 cm long, persistent; petiole to 2 

cm long, terminal petiolule c1 cm long; leaflets elliptic, 

rounded at both ends; pedicels c1 cm long; loment f sessile, 

margins equally notched into 4-7 joints that are about twice as 

long as broad. 

Neotropical weed, occasional in Dominica: Cabrit Swamp 

(Whitefoord 4048), Roseau (Ernst 2152). 

Desmodium tortuosum 

Desmcdium tortwswn (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:332. 

Hedysarwn pwpwcwn Miller, 1768. 

Hedysarwn tortwswn Swam, 1788:107. 

Meibomia toriuosa (Swartz) Kuntze, 1891. 1:198. 

Meibomia pwpwea (Mdler) Vail in Small, 1903:639. 

Desmodiwnpwpwewn (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 1920,4(2), non Hooker & 

Amoit 

Erect, branched herb, stipules deciduous, auriculate at base; 

petioles long, the terminal petiolule typically >1 cm; leaflets 

inconspicuously puberulent below, rounded, pedicels fiiiform, 

>1 cm long; loment f sessile, 3-6-jointed, often much twisted, 

both margins deeply undulate. 

Florida into northern South America and in A€rica; western 

lowlands of Dominica: Grand Savanne (Ernst 2124), lower 

Layou valley (Ernst 1505). 

Desmodium triflorum 

Desmodiwn triflorwn (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:334. 

Hedysarwn trijlorwn Linnaeus. 1753:749. 

Sagoiia trijlora (Linnaeus) Duchassaing & Walpers, 1850:738. 

Meibomia iriflora (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891. 1:197. 

Diffuse or prostrate, pubescent herbs; stipules lanceolate, 

persistent; petioles short, -1 cm; leaflets small, c1 cm long, 

obovate; loment sessile with upper margin straight and lower 

margin crenate, joints 3-6. 

Pantropical; roadside weed in Dominica in dry places: Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 2127), La Plaine (Whitefoord 5383, Morne 

[Bruce in Roseau?] (Fairchild 2782), Scotts Head (Whitefoord 

5130). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985151, pl. 118) reported medicinal 

uses. 

Dwclea Kunth (Faboid) 

Dwclea mollicoma 

Dioclea mollicoma Ducke, 1947: 19. 

Dioclea reflexa sensu Urban, 1900, 1:473, as to Dominican specimen, non J. 

Hooker. 

Woody vine; stipules peltate, acute; leaflets 3, large, 8-16 

cm x 5-10 cm, thinly pilose; inflorescence racemose and 

nodose; bracts linear-lanceolate, reflexed, 1.5-2 cm long, 

deciduous; calyx 4-lobed, 1.5 cm long, silky; petals f equal, 

standard reddish violet with yellow spot at base; vexillary 

stamen f united; pod f compressed, the upper margin 

thickened, 9-13 cm x 4-6 cm, l-4-seeded; seeds 2-3 cm 

long, rounded. 

Apparently scattered in tropics; only once collected on 

Dominica: Layou (“Laiod7) River Flats (Rmge s.n., 18 Jun 

1888 at K (det. R.H. Maxwell, 1968)). 

Sometimes cultivated for its rotenone concentration. 

Dussia Krug & Urban ex Taubert (Faboid) 

Dussia martinicensis 

Dwsia martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Taubert in Ehgler & Prantl. 1892, 

III(3): 193.-Rudd, 1963255. 

Pommier. 

Immense butuessed tree with smooth, tan bark and white 

interior; stipules and stipels lacking; leaflets 7-13,4-15 cm x 

3-8 cm, ovate, glabrous above, crisped-pubescent below; 

inflorescence f terminal, racemose; calyx f oblique, 5-toothed; 

petals whitish, standard pubescent on back, green at center 

surrounded by pink; stamens 10, 9 united at base; pods 

l-Zseeded, yellowish, usually persisting on tree after dropping the large (2.5-1.5 cm x 1.5-2 cm) red-skinned green 

seeds. 

Several Lesser Antilles and northeastern Venezuela; a 

common (but hard to collect) tree in interior rain forests: Deux 

Branches (Ernst 1760, Nicolson 2014), upper Layou Valley at 

460 m (Nicolson 4182), Syndicate Estate (DHN!). 

Flowers in late June. Seeds dropped in late May. Parrots (and 

agouti?) gnaw the thin, red seed cover and leave the green 

seeds. 

Chromosomes were counted as n = 14 on the Ernst 

collection. 

Entada Adanson (Mimosoid) 

High climbing vines with bipinnate leaves; flowers polygamous in spiciform racemes; calyx 5-toothed; petals equal; 

stamens 10, distinct, slightly exserted, the anther with a 

terminal gland; pod very large, flattened, transversely jointed 

within the continuous margins, the joints woody separating 

from each other and leaving the persistent border (replum); 

seeds large, orbicular. 

Entudu gigus (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle might be found 

on Dominica. It has an enormous, woody fruit and only 1-2 

pairs of pinnae, and a O-l-branched inflorescence. The above 

species have coriaceous pods, 2-more pairs of pinnae, and 

much -branc hed inflorescences. 
104 FABACEM SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Leaflets 10-20 pairs on each pinna, -1 cm long 

1. Leaflets 6-8 pairs on each pinna, -2.5 cm long 

........................ E. polyphylla 

....................... E. polystachya 

Entada polyphylla 

En~ada polyphylla Bentham, 1840:133. 

Entadopsispolyphylla (Bentham) Brittm in North Amer. Fl., 1928,23:191. 

Liane pak, liane paques. 

herto Rico to Brazil; 100-300 m on east side of Dominica: 

Carib Reserve (Stehlk 6376,641 7), sterile but a new record. 

Entada polystachya 

En@ polystachyn (haeus) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2424. 

Mimosa polystachyn Linnaeus, 1753520, “polystochia.” 

Entadopsis polystachya (Linnaeus) Britton in North Amer. Fl., 1928,23:191. 

Neompics; only once collected on Dominica: sine loc. 

(Imray I 85 at K) . 

Erythrina Linnaeus (Faboid) 

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) Cook has been collected in 

cultivation with cocoa at Clarke Hall (Chambers 2704) and 

below Springfield (Nicolson 4090, Whitefoord 5836). It has a 

rather narrowly obovate standard almost equaled by the narrow 

keel and tiny wings; the stipels are large; the pod is chartaceous 

with brown seeds. 

Erythrina corallodendron 

&thriM corallodendron Linnaeus, 1753:706.--Krukoff, 1939:212,- 

Krukoff & Barneby, 1914399. 

Bois immortelle, immortelle, coral tree. 

Tree to 3 m; leaflets 3, rhombic, stipels inconspicuous; calyx 

truncate; standard narrow, to 5 cm long, the free keel petals and 

wings -1 cm long; pods linear, strongly constricted between 

seeds; seeds solid red (in Ernst 1988, Whitefoord 5780, Wilbur 

8243). 

Supposed to be native to Jamaica and Haiti and believed 

cultivated in Bahamas; in dry areas along west coast of 

Dominica: ridge north of Cocoa Center (Ernst 1988), Gabriel 

(Wilbur 8243), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1648), Lisdara (Hodge 

2474, fl.), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2685, fl.), Portsmouth road 

(Whitefoord 5780), Providence Valley (Hodge 2054, fl.), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1585, fl.). Flowering February-June, seeds in 

I am surprised by the solid red seeds on three specimens, 

distinctive for the type variety of the species. The seeds are 

supposed to be bicolored, l/3 black and 2/3 red, typical of 

Erythrina corallodendron var. bicolor Krukoff, supposedly 

endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The information on our 

specimens gives no indication of cultivation, but of natural 

August- April. 

occurrence in uncultivated dry woodlands. 

Krukoff (1939:276) reported two Dominican collections as 

var. bicolor: Ramage s.n. at K and Lloyd 848 at NY. 

Hodge and Taylor (1957563) reported that the Caribs use 

the trees “as living and permanent (“immortal”) boundary or 

fence posts.” A tea is made from the leaves. This based on a 

Hodge collection (2054) identified by them as E. coralloden- 

&on var. bicolor. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 153, pl. 119) reported medicinal use 

of a leaf infusion to treat wounds. 

Flemingia Roxburgh ex W.T. Aiton, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Flemingia sb-obiltfera 

Flemingia strobilifera (Linnaeus) W.T Aitm, 1812,4:350. 

Hedysarum srrobiliferum Linnaeus, 1753:746. 

Moghania strobilifera (Linnaeus) St. Hilaire ex Kuntze, 1891, 1:199. 

Zeb crare. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves l-foliolate, gland-dotted beneath; 

inflorescence of small cymes enclosed by large, persistent 

bracts; calyx lobes f equal, lanceolate, almost including 

flowers; pod short, turgid, l-2-seeded. 

Native of Asia, widely naturalized; common in disturbed 

areas of Dominica: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2696), Lisdara 

(Hodge 2941), La Plaine (Whitefoord 5360, Mahaut (Morden 

2), Milton Estate (Hodge 2551), Ridgefield (Hodge 2122), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 1487), Wallhouse (Eggers 631). 

Galactia Browne (Faboid) 

Perennial vines (some shrubby) with pinnately 3-fOhOlate 

leaves; flowers racemose, axillary; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes 

acute, usually longer than tube; standard orbicular to obovate, 

appendaged with 2 inflexed auricles, equally keeled, wings 

narrow, adherent to the narrow, straight keel; stamens 9+1; 

styles glabrous; pod elongated, flattened, 2-valved, severalseeded. 

Galactia dubia A.P. Candolle was reported for Dominica by 

Vtlez (1957: 101) based on V6lez’s personal recognizance. 

This epithet seems eminently appropriate since it (and its 

differences from other “species”) seems quite dubious to me. 

Dr. V. Rudd (US) annotated the covers of G. dubia as = 

Galactia tenuiflora (Willdenow) Wight and Amott. Burkhart 

(1971:709) recognized Galactia dubia and reduced G. tenuiflora to Galactia striata (Jacquin) Urban var. tenuiflora 

(Willdenow) Burkart (1971:721). Gillett et al. (in MilneRedhead and Polhill, 1971, Legum. Papil., (2):579) accepted G. 

tenuiflora, warning that G. striura might be the correct name. 

1. Corolla 20-26 mm long; calyx lobes >0.5 mm long 

.......................... G. rubra 

1. Corolla 7-15 mm long; calyx lobes c0.5 mm long 

.......................... G.striata 
NUMBER 77 FABACEA~ 105 

Galactia rubra 

Galaciia rubra (Jacquin) Urban, 1900,2309. 

Dolichos ruber Jacquin, 1763:204, pl. 123. 

Flowers bright pink, standard 24-26 mm long; keel as wide 

Endemic to northern Lesser Antilles to Martinique; rarely 

collected on Dominica: Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6010), 

Riviere Douce (Eggers 118 at K), sine loc. (Zmray 30 at A, 

Zmray 192 at K). 

The Imray material was reported by Grisebach (1860: 194) as 

Galactia longflora Amott, a different species with standard 

only 16-18 mm long and keel almost 2x broader than wings. 

To be sought in exposed xerophytic and mesophytic locations. 

as wings. 

Galactia striata 

Galaciia siriaiu (Jaquin) Urban, 1900,2:320.-Howard, 1988, 4:496. 

Glycine striatu Jacquin, 1770, Hon, 1:32. 

Flowers mauve, standard -7 mm long. 

Lesser Antilles and a new record for Dominica: in aloe field 

in southwest comer of Dominica: Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 

6011). 

Gliricidia Kunth (Faboid) 

There is some controversy over the author and place of valid 

publication of this generic name. ING (Index Nominum 

Genericorurn) accepted Kunth (1824, 6:393) while Adams 

(1972:347) accepted Kunth ex Endlicher (18401273). On page 

393, Kunth (1824) said, “perhaps (forte) to be distinguished 

(present participle) as a genus under the name of Gliricidia of 

which the character will be (future) ...” and gave a full 

description. It is true that the wordforte (perhaps) indicates that 

Kunth might not actually accept this generic concept and it can 

be interpreted that he still regards Robinia sepium Jacquin, 

which he cites, as a member of Robinia. However, on the 

previous page he clearly stated that there are (present tense) 

only three species of Robinia: R. pseudacacia, viscosa, and 

hispiah and that the remaining species are to be excluded 

(present participle). ..citing them and the genera to which they 

belong, including “R. sepium Jacq. (Gliricidia).” In view of this 

statement, I believe that Kunth does not regard Robinia sepium 

Jacquin as a member of Robinia but of Gliricidia and accept the 

description as validating his new generic concept. 

Gliricidia sepium 

Gliricidia sepiwn (Jacquin) Kunth ex Walpers, 1842, 1:679.-Linle & 

Wadsworth, 1964:196, pl. 85. 

Robinia sepiwn Jacquin, 1760:28. 

Tree to 6 m; leaflets 9-more-pinnate, 3-6 cm x 1.5-3 cm; 

racemes axillary on leafless branches; calyx oblique, & 

truncate; standard pinkish white with yellow patch at base, 

wings oblong, curved, keel up-turned, blunc stamens 9+1; 

ovary stipitate; pod flat, linear. 

Continental neotropics, elsewhere introduced and capable of 

naturalizing: Cabrits (Smith 10326), Clarke Hall (Chambers 

2705), Grand Savanne (Nicolson 4111), Mahaut (Hodge 1308), 

Mt. Joy (Hodge 1255). Flowering January-March. 

Used as hedge or fence plant, also in citrus and cocoa 

plantations. Dried plants have a distinct smell of coumarin. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985153, pl. 120) reported several medical 

The combination is often attributed to Steudel but Steudel 

uses. 

used the combination as a synonym of bnchocarpus sepium. 

Haematoxylum Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) 

Haematoxylum campechianum 

Haemaioxylum campechianwn Linnaeus, 1753:384.-Little et al., 1974286, 

pl. 276. 

Logwood. 

Tree to 10 m, sometimes armed with single axillary spines; 

leaves evenly pinnate (sometimes bipinnate), leaflets in 3-4 

pairs, obcordate, 1-3 cm x 0.7-2 cm, closely veined; flowers 

yellow, in showy axillary racemes; stamens 10, free, pilose at 

base; pod flat, splitting in middle (not on suture), pointed at 

both ends, papery, 1-3-seeded. 

Native to Central America, supposedly introduced and 

naturalizing elsewhere; a dominant of dry scrub on west coast 

to 200 m: Cabrits Swamp (Hodge 608), Cabrits (Hodge 3732, 

Smith 10311), Grand Savanne area (Chambers 2712, Nicolson 

2151), Mahaut (Hodge 1306), Massacre (Whitefoord 5504, 

Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 4032), Wallhouse (Eggers 637). 

Flowering in winter (December-March). 

Hymenaea Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) 

Hymenaea courbaril 

Hymenaea courbaril Linnaeus, 1753:1192.-Iittle & Wadsworth, 1964:178, 

pl. 76. 

Courbaril, West Indian locust, kaurubali (Carib). 

Tree to 10 m with smooth bark; leaflets 2, very unequal, 6-9 

cm x 2-4 cm; corymbose panicles terminal; calyx 4-lobed, 

deciduous; petals 5, white; stamens 10, free, reflexed; pods 

10-15 cm x 4-6 cm and 3 cm thick-woody and indehiscent; 

seeds 2-6, bony, embedded in edible pulp. 

Neotropics; one of the largest trees in dry scrub woodlands 

of west coast of Dominica: Bataka (Hodge 3222), Canefield 

(Nicolson 2143, Carib Point (Wilbur 631), Grand Savanne area 

(Ernst 1383,1859, Hodge 3793), South Chiltern (Hodge 1654), 

Syndicate turnoff (Whitefoord 4322). Flowering in June, hits 

in October-May. 

Hodge and Taylor (1957514) discussed the timber (heavy 

but used for furniture), resin, and pulp (eaten by children and 

used to make a beverage). 
106 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTAhY 

Zndigofera Linnaeus (Faboid) 

Herbs or shrubs; hairs medifixed, leaves odd-pinnate with 7 

or more stipellate leaflets; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod 

terete or 4-angled, septate between seeds. 

1. Leaves 2-3(-5) cm long; leaflets alternate ........ .......................... I. spicata 

1. Leaves 5-10 cm long; leaflets paired. 

2. Pods short (1-1.5 cm), strongly curved; leaflets obtuse 

to acute ................. 1. suffruticosa 

2. Pods elongate (2.5-3.5 cm), slightly curved; leaflets 

rounded to emarginate ........... 1. tinctoria 

Zndigofera spicata 

Indigofera spicato Forsskau, 1775:138.4illett, 1958:119. 

Indigofera endecaphyllo Jacquin. 1788, Coll., 2358, "hendecophylla." 

Prostrate herb; flowers pink, on erect spikes; pods deflexed, 

slightly down-curved. 

Old World weed introduced into neotropics; new record for 

Dominica: Scotts Head (Whitefoord 5550). Whitefoord 

(1989: 145) reported this collection as Indigofera hartwegii 

Rydberg. 

Zndigofera slcffrutkosa 

Indigofero s~~ricmo Miller, 1768. 

Shrub to 1.5 m; leaflets 5-6 pairs, 1.5-3 cm x 0.5-1 cm, 

mucronulate; flowers salmon-colored. 

Neotropics, now widespread; lowlands and midlands of 

Dominica, often in damp places: Cabrit swamp (Hodge 609, 

Wilbur 8256), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3396), Colihaut (Ernst 

1134), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4289), Grand Savanne area 

(Chambers 2791, Hodge 3769, Wilbur 8342), Scotts Head 

(Hodge 1619, Wilbur 760I), South Chiltem (Stern & Wasshausen 2531). 

Zndigofera tinctoria 

Indigofera tinctorih Linnaeus, 1753:751. 

Shrub; leaflets 7-13, 1.5 cm x 1 cm, obovate, rounded at 

Paleotropics, formerly widely cultivated as a dye source, 

apex; pod slightly torulose. 

now naturalized: Pointe Michel (Gillis 8118). 

Znga Miller (Mimosoid) 

Trees with evenly pinnate leaves and a gland between the 

leaflet pairs; flowers spicate or racemose; calyx 5-parted; 

corolla tubular to middle or beyond; stamens many, long 

exserted, united below; pod flat or terete and ribbed, 

indehiscent. 

1. Petiolar rhachis winged; legume terete, grooved or ribbed I. ingoides 

1. Petiolar rhachis unwinged, fruit flattened. 

......................... 

2. 

2. 

Inflorescence to 5 cm long; calyx and corolla sericeous 

to strigose, staminal tube included in corolla tube; 

legume with markedly elevated borders ........ ..................... I. dominicensis 

Inflorescence >5 cm long; calyx and corolla glabrous; 

staminal tube exserted from corolla tube, legume with 

borders not markedly elevated ....... 1. laurina 

Znga dominicensis 

Ingo dominicenris Bentham. 1875:612.-Leon, 19W296. 

Small tree to 4 m; leaflets in 2 to 4 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, 

6-12 cm x 3-4 cm; flowers white, pedicels 1-2 mm long; 

calyx 2-4 mm long; pods 7-11 cm x 2-2.5 cm, the margins 

elevated. 

Endemic; apparently rare in wet interior uplands from 750 to 

lo00 m: Laudat to Micotrin area (Ernst 1171, 2164, Hodge 

1924, Whitefoord 4189), upper Layou drainage (Stehle 6330), 

sine loc. (Zmruy 336 at K, fl. (type)). Emst collections flowering 

in August, fruiting in May; Stehle collection flowering in April. 

The Imray collection was cited as I. murtinicensis Presl by 

Grisebach (1860:227), another high elevation endemic (of 

Martinique) that has broader and bullate leaves. 

Znga ingoides 

Ingo ingoidm (L. Richard) Willdenow, 1806.4:1012.-Leon, 1966:342. 

Mimo ingoides L. Richard, 1792:113. 

Poix doux marrons. 

Tree to 25 m; rhachis winged, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; 

flowers forming a rather flat-topped raceme, pedicels to 1 cm 

long; calyx c1 cm long, red-pubescent; pods elongate, terete, 

grooved to ribbed. 

South American species penetrating the Antilles to Guadeloupe; frequent tree in lowlands and midlands of Dominica: 

Bellevue (Eggers 644), Carib Reserve (Taylor 12), Clarke Hall 

area (Clarke 06, Ernst 1209, Hodge 610, Nicolson 1803), 

Indian River (Finlay? s.n., 16 Jul 1792 at K), La Chaudiere

(Hodge 3546), La Plaine (Whitefoord 5363), above Laudat, 

-700 m (Beard 654, Chambers 2684), Lisdara (Cooper 183, 

Hodge 2352), Mome Aux Diables (Wasshausen & Ayensu 

378), 2 miles [3 km] south of Pagua Bay (Long & Norstog 

3386), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 707), Soufriere (Eggers IlO), 

Sylvania (Hodge 1046), Syndicate (Hodge 2707, Whitefoord 

4342,5634,5958), sine loc. (Imray 340 at K). 

This species can be confused with Inga Vera Willdenow of 

Central America and the Greater Antilles, which has a 

spiciform raceme with almost sessile flowers and calyces 1 cm 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 107 

long or longer. Whitefoord (1989: 145) reported her second 

collection as first Dominica record of I. veru. 

Inga laurina 

Inga lawina (Swam) Willdenow, 1806, 4:1018.-Little & Wadsworth. 

Mimosa fagifolia Linnaeus, 1753516 [petiole marginate!]. 

Mimosa lawina Swam, 1788:85. 

Inga fagifolia (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Bentham, 1875:607, non G. Don, 

1964:150. pl. 62. 

1832.-h, 1966:283. 

Poix doux. 

Small to medium tree to 30 cm dbh; leaflets usually in 2 

pairs, 6-10 cm x 2-4.5 cm; inflorescence of axillary, spicate 

racemes with pedicels to 0.5 mm long; pods 10 cm x 2.5 cm 

and 1 cm thick (* terete), smooth. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in drier lowlands and 

midlands, sometimes planted as hedge row: Calibishie (Hodge 

3737), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3367, Stehlt! 6#37), La Chaudiere 

(Hodge 3524), Coulibistrie (Emst 1393), Clarke Hall (Ernst 

2154, Nicolson 21 79), Deux Branches (Hodge 3493), Dublanc 

(Hodge 2523, Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord MI), Lisdara 

(Cooper 185, Hodge 612), Macoucherie (Hodge 3766), west of 

Rosalie (Emst 1357), St. Aromant (Lloyd 564), Sylvania 

(Hodge 611), sine loc. (Imuy 188 at K). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957561) noted the use of this species to 

shade cacao and coffee. A tea is made with the bark. 

Leon (1966:284) pointed out that the type of Ingu fugifoliu 

(Linnaeus) Bentham is from Barbados and is applicable to this 

species (although I note that Linnaeus described the petioles as 

marginate, i.e., winged) and reduced I. luurinu. However, he 

overlooked the earlier publication of Ingu fugifolia G. Don 

(1832) for a different species, which makes Ingu fugifoliu 

(Linnaeus) Bentham (1875) an illegitimate later homonym. 

Lablab Adanson (Faboid) 

Lablab purpureus 

Lublab purpureus (Linnaeus) Sweet, 1826:481.-Verdcourt, 1970:410. 

Dolichos lablab Iinnaeus. 1753:725. 

Dolichos purpweus Iinnaeus, 1763:1021. 

hblab niger Medikus, 1787b354. 

Perennial twiner; leaflets 3, stipellate, to 10 cm x 8 cm; 

inflorescences k racemose; calyx campanulate, the upper two 

teeth united; petals white to purple; standard orbicular, wings 

obovate, curved and adnate to incurved keel; stamens 9+1; 

stigma penicillate below terminal style; pods rough, flattened, 

with warty margins; seeds dark with prominent white hilum. 

Probably native to Africa, now widely cultivated, apparently 

escaped in Dominica: Baiac (Whitefoord 3826), between 

Woodford Hill Estate and Calibishie (Erst 1837). 

Leucaena Bentham (Mimosoid) 

Leucaena leucocephala 

Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit, 196154; 1975:352.-Polhill & 

Mimosa Ieucocephala Lamar&, 1783, 1:12. 

Leucaena glauca sensu Bentham, 1842:416, not as to basionym.--little & 

Wadsworth. 19&1:156, pl. 65. 

Leucaena latisiliqua sensu Gillis in Gillis & Steam, 1974:190, not as to 

hsionym. 

Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves bipinnate, pinnae in 3-8 

pairs, leaflets 10-20 per pinna, oblique at base and acute at 

apex; heads terminal or axilIary: calyx 1 mm long, 5-toothed, 

petals 5, linear; stamens 10,3x longer than petals; pods flat, 

membranous, valves with raised margins: seeds ovate, transverse. 

Neotropical but naturalized in Old World; western lowlands 

and midlands of Dominica to 600 m: Cabrits (Hodge 3705), 

Canefield (Kimber 1095), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4275), Morne 

Bruce, Roseau (Hodge 613), Morne Daniel, Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2741), Pont Casse (Ernst 1233), Sylvania (Hodge 

3848). 

Steam, 1976:325.-Shaw & Schubert, 1976117. 

Lonchocarpus Kunth, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Trees or shrubs (ours); leaves pinnately 5-more compound, 

stipels none; inflorescence * paniculate, the pedicels bifurcate 

(2-flowered); calyx cupulate, truncate, or toothed; pod oblong, 

usually flat, membranous to coriaceous, indehiscent. 

1. Standard glabrous; leaves glabrous below, pellucidpunctate; pod coriaceous . . . . . . . . L. benthamianus 

1. Standard pubescent outside; leaves pubescent below: pod 

papery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. heptaphyllus 

Both these taxa have small, lanceolate bracts (or scars) near 

the middle of the floral pedicels, which serves to distinguish 

them from other taxa occurring in the Lesser Antilles that bear 

orbicular bracts (or their scars) immediately below the flowers. 

Mario Sousa (MEXU) is working on the genus but, as yet (Jan 

1990), he has not published. 

Lonchocarpus benthamianus 

Lonchocarpus benthamianus Pittier, 1917:86. 

Lonchocarpus caritueus Urban, 1921b:156. 

Savonette. 

Shrub or small tree to 4 m; leaflets usually 7 or more, 

glabrous, glandular-punctate, often acuminate and notched at 

end, ovate, to 9 cm x 3 cm; calyx truncate; corolla pink to 

lavender, >1 cm long: standard glabrous, with a green patch at 

base; pods leathery, usually 1-seeded but when 2-seeded, 

constricted between. 

Apparently northern South America north to Mexico and 
1 08 FABACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Antigua; common tree in dry scrub on west coast of Dominica: 

Cabrits (Ernst 2095, Hodge 614), Clarke Hall (Stern & 

Wasshausen 2419), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4299). Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7643, Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 1972), Scotts 

Head (Ernst 1325, Webster 13441, Wilbur 7603). Flowering 

May-July, fruiting August-November. 

Source of fish poison (Hodge and Taylor, 1957565). 

Pittier and Urban independently concluded that Robinia 

violacea Jacquin (from Colombia) could not be identified and 

each gave a new name for the taxon occurring in the Lesser 

Antilles. Correspondence in 1984 with Mario Sousa indicates 

that he regards the Lesser Antillean taxon as a subspecies of 

Lonchocarpuspunctatus Kunth. He did not respond to repeated 

questions about how he applied the name Robinia violacea. 

Howard (1988,4504) argued for restoring Jacquin’s name, 

pointing out the need for neotypification of Jacquin’s name to 

settle its application. He also indicated that Lonchocarpus 

roseus (Miller) A.P. Candolle might be a correct name for the 

Lesser Antillean element. 

Lourteig (1988b:396) accepted Lonchocarpus punctatus 

Kunth as the correct name for this species (including the 

Antillean material). She (l.c., 398) identified the included 

Plumier element with Lonchocarpus domingensis (Persoon) 

A.P. Candolle. She essentially lectotypified Robinia rosea 

Miller on Houston material from Campeche that she does not 

identify beyond quoting Miller’s diagnosis “, . .single winged 

leaves.” 

Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus 

Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:259.-Louneig, 

Dalbergiapentaphylla Poiret in Lamarck, 1812, Encyd., Suppl., 2445. 

Dalbergia heptaphylla Poiret in Lamarck, 1812, Encycl., Suppl., 2446. 

Lonchocarpus pentaphyllrrs (Poiret) A.P. Candolle. 1825, 2:259.-Johnston, 

Lonchocarpus lat~oliw Kunth ex A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:260.--Linle & 

1988b397. 

1949~154. 

Wadswonh, 1964:198, pL 86. 

Savonette. 

Tree to 6 m; leaflets puberulent below, obovate, to 15 cm x 

7.5 cm; flowers white, <1 cm long. 

Neotropics; scattered along west and north coast of 

Dominica at low elevations: Calibishie (Hodge 3733, Clarke 

Hall (Ernst 1436), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 996), South 

Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2521), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 

1070). Flowering April-July. 

Bark of roots crushed for fish poison (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957565). 

The name L. latifolius published by de Candolle is a 

legitimate new species name based on a Balbis collection from 

Puerto Rico. It is not a new combination based on the 

Willdenow epithet-bringing synonym (Amerimnum latifolium, 

an illegitimate renaming of A. pinnatum Jacquin), expressly 

excluded by de Candolle. I fear that Lourteig (1988b397) was 

the first to unite Poiret’s two equally priorable species names 

and chose one (L. heptaphyllus) over the other (L. pentaphyllus), upsetting usage initiated by Johnston (1.c.) who fist 

pointed out that L. latifolius couldn’t be used and revived L. 

pentaphyllus. 

MacroptiZium (Bentham) Urban (Faboid) 

Macroptllium lathyroides 

Macroptiliwn lathyroides (Linnaeus) Urban, 1928,9:457. 

Phaseolus lathyroidar Linnaeus, 1763: 101 8. 

Suberect herb; leaflets 3, stipellate, stipules scarious; calyx 

5-toothed; flowers dark red, keel twisted; stamens 9+1; stigma 

lateral; pods linear, to 10 cm x 0.2 cm, the valves twisting. 

Pantropical, common weed in fields and roadsides on north 

and west coasts of Dominica: Cabrits (Whitefoord 3991), 

Calibishie (Hodge 3145), Clarke Hall (Nicolson 2114), 

Goodwill (Wilbur 7569), Marigot (Hodge 622, as Vigna 

repens), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1562). 

Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosoid) 

Herbs or shrubs, ours armed, with bipinnate leaves (often 

sensitive); flowers 3-5-merous, ours in peduncled heads; 

petals connate below; stamens as many as petals or twice as 

many, exserted on filiform filaments; pod armed (along 

margin), often transversely jointed, 2-valved but with continuous margin persistent. 

Mimosa arenosa (Willdenow) Poiret, native to Venezuela, 

has been collected along the roadside near Coulibistri (Whitefoord 5360), a new record for the Lesser Antilles. It is a shrub 

with white, spicate inflorescences. The flowers have 4 petals 

and 8 stamens. I am grateful to Dr. R. Barneby (NY) for 

confiiing the identification. 

1. Leaflets rounded, pods not jointed, armed with curved and 

1. Leaflets acute; pods jointed, armed with straight and 

hair-like spines. 

flattened prickles .............. M. ceratonia 

2. Pinnae 2; leaflets in 3-5 pairs, -3 cm x 1 cm ..... 

M. casta 

2. Pinnae 4; leaflets in 15-25 pairs, -1 cm x 0.2 cm ........................ M. pudica 

......................... 

Mimosa casta 

Mimosa casta haws, 1753:518. 

Mimosa dominiciama Desvaux, 1826b424. 

Coc chien. 

Trailing shrub; flowers whitish; pods -3 cm x 1 cm, with -4 

joints. 

Neotropics, weed in Dominica: Canefield (Hodge 615), 

Dublanc (Whitefoord 5525), Grand Bay (Eggers 564), road to 

Jean (Nicolson 2154), bndonderry (Chambers 2695), Pointe 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 109 

Ronde (Hodge 2753), Ridgefield (Hodge 2140), Soufriere

Valley (Cooper 140), South Chiltern (Hodge 1576, mixed with 

M. pudica). Flowering November-December; fruiting February-August. 

Mimosa ceratonia 

Mimasa ceratonia Linnaeus, 1753523. 

Mountain l’epine. 

Trailing shrub; pinnae 6-10; leaflets -2 cm x 2 cm; flowers 

whitish; pods -4 cm x 2 cm, not jointed. 

West Indies; weed but apparently a new record for 

Dominica: Cabrit swamp margin (Webster 13314), Dublanc 

(Whitefoord 4293), Salisbury road (Stern & Wasshuusen 

2589), road near Sylvania (Nicolson 1864). Flowering June and 

August; fruiting October-January. 

Mimosa pudica 

Mimasa pudica Linnaeus, 1753 :5 18. 

Honteuse. 

Suffrutescent herb; pinnae and leaflets “sensitive” to touch; 

pods to 2 cm x 0.5 cm, constricted at joints. 

Neotropics but widely naturalized; weed in Dominica: Fond 

Figues (Ernst 1457), Lisdara (Hodge 61@, Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2647), Salybia (Hodge 3286), Sylvania area (Cooper 

85, Hodge 1143, 1284, Wilbur 772I), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3949). Flowering and fruiting continuously. 

Used as a “charm” plant by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957565). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:139, pl. 106) reported 

medicinal usage and possibly toxic. 

Mucuna Adanson, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Woody vines with 3-foliolate leaves and large flowers in 

axillary, long-peduncled clusters; calyx campanulate, the upper 

two teeth united; standard auricled at base, wings longer than 

standard, keel as long as wings or longer; stamens %1, 

alternately long and short; ovary sessile, usually villous, ovules 

few; pod thick, 2-valved, usually covered with stinging hairs; 

seeds orbicular, large, with a thick coat and a linear hilum. 

1. Leaflets glabrous beneath; stipels none; standard equaling 

wings. ..................... M. urens 

1. Leaflets pubescent beneath; stipels present; standard 

shorter than wings. 

2. Leaflets only apiculate; inflorescence a loose raceme; 

flowers purple; pod k terete; seed ovoid with short 

hilum .................... M. pruriens 

2. Leaflets acuminate; inflorescence a compact, k umbellate raceme; flowers creamy; pod flattened; seed globose 

with elongate hilum ............. M. sloanei 

Mucuna pruriens 

Mucuna prwiens (Linnaeus) A.P. Candone, 1825,2:405. 

Ddichos prwiens Linnaeus, 1754:23; 1759a:1162. 

Stizolobium prwiens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 1787b:399. 

Leaflets apiculate, pubescent below; flowers purple; seeds 

almost black with short hilum surrounded by a white ad. 

Widespread in tropics; once collected (leafless fruit) in dry 

scrub of northwestern Dominica: road to Dublanc (Whitefoord 

5562). 

A specimen (US) labeled Mucuna pruriens f. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Backer from Guadeloupe (Stehlk 5288) reported 

introduction from Dominica. The pods are white-velvety and 

without stinging hairs. The complex needs study and I confine 

myself to three observations: (1) Backer’s forma cochinchinensis (as well as f. utilis) was invalidly published in Backer and 

Bakhuizen (1963, 1:629) for lack of direct reference to place of 

publication of the basionym, (2) M. derringiana (Bort) Merrill 

sounds very much like another M. pruriens with nonurticaceous pod hairs, and (3) Lubis et al. (1979, not seen) has 

evidence that pod hairs are determined by two genes. 

Mucuna sloanei 

Mucuna slaanei Fawcett & Rendle, 1917:36. 

Leaflets acuminate, pubescent below; flowers cream-yellow. 

Neotropics and West Africa, including Guadeloupe and 

Martinique in the Lesser Antilles (US); reported for Dominica 

by VClez (1957:lOl) on the statement by Britton and Wilson 

(1924,5425) “Guadeloupe to Trinidad.” 

Mucuna urens 

Mucwra wens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 178%:399.-A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:405. 

Dolichos wens Linnaeus, 1759a:1162. 

Leaves acuminate, glabrous below; flowers purple. 

Neotropics, including St. Kitts, Marie Galante, and Guadeloupe (US) in Lesser Antilles; cited for Dominica by VClez 

(1957:lOl) on the authority of StehlC, but the place of this 

attribution was not located. 

Neptunia Loureiro (Mimosoid) 

Herbs (often aquatic) with bipinnate leaves; flowers yellow, 

borne on long-peduncled heads; stamens 10; pods flat, oblong 

to linear, commonly recurved, impressed between seeds, the 

valves thin-coriaceous. 

1. 

1. 

Vegetative parts glabrous; petiole with gland below 

attachment of lowest pinnae; stipules and peduncular 

bracts auriculate ................. N. plena 

Vegetative parts pubescent or ciliate; petiole glandless; 

stipules and peduncular bracts lanceolate ......... ........................ N. pukscens 
110 FABACEAB SMITHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Neptunia plena 

Neptunia plena (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1841:355.-Windler, 1966:398. 

Mimosa plena Linnaeus, 1753:519. 

Neotropics, including Guadeloupe and Martinique, and 

tropical Asia; attributed to Dominica by Vdez (1957:102) on 

the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924,5:358), who stated 

“Antigua to Grenada.” Howard (1988,4:370) reported this for 

Dominica with an exclamation mark. 

Neptunia pubescens 

Neptunia pubescens Bentham, 1841~356.-Windler, 1966:389. 

Neotropics, in Dominica on west coast: Grand Savanne 

Our material is of the typical subspecies with 3 pairs of 

(Erst 2130, Imray 26, Lloyd 825), sine loc. (Imray 28 at K). 

pinnae. 

Ormosia G. Jackson, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves; inflorescence paniculatel y 

racemose; flowers 5-merous, white to purple; standard orbicular, keel petals free; stamens 10, free, unequal; pod oblonglinear, woody, compressed between seeds; seeds shiny, red or 

red with black. 

1. 

1. 

Leaf large (rhachis 20-50 cm long); leaflets >5 cm broad, 

rounded at apex; pods minutely velvety, seeds 10-13 mm 

broad and long, red or red and black ...... 0. krugii 

Leaf small (rhachis to 15 cm long); leaflets to 5 cm broad, 

acute at apex; pods densely velvety to tomentose; seeds 

15-17 mm broad and long, red and black. ........ ...................... 0. monosperma 

Ormosia krugii 

Ormosia kugii Urban, 1899. 1:32O.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:200, pl. 

87.-Rudd, 1965~341. 

Caconnier blanc. 

Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe; occasional in rain 

forests of Dominica from 120-750 m: Bibiay (Nicolson 2072), 

Riversdale (Beard 240). 

Sterile material is confusable with Trichilia septentrionalis 

A.C. Candolle (Meliaceae). 

Ormosia monosperma 

Ormosia monosperma (Swartz) Urban, 1899,1:321.-Rudd, 1%5:355. 

Sophora monosperma Swartz. 1788:66. 

Ormosia ahyearpa G. Jackson, 181 1:362. 

Caconnier rouge. 

Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, and Venezuela; occasional in 

Dominica in rain forest: Deux Branches (Nicolson 2131), 

Laudat (Hodge 2037), Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1621), sine 

loc. (Eggers 924, Imray s.n.). 

Piscidia Linnaeus, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Piscidia carthagenensis 

Pbcidia carthagenensis Jaquin, 1760:27.-Rudd, 1969:490. 

Shrub or tree; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers pink, racemose to 

paniculate; calyx shortly 5-lobed; corolla with ? orbicular 

vexillum, wings falcate equaling vexillum, adherent to keel; 

stamens 10, united except the vexillary stamen at the base; pod 

1-10-seeded, with 4 longitudinal wings. 

Central America and northern South America into the Lesser 

Antilles; new record for Dominica on dry west coast: Bioche 

(Whitefoord 571 7), Coulibistri (Whitefoord 5710), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6034). Flowering and fruiting in April. 

Pithecellobium Martius, nom. cons. (Mimosoid) 

Shrub or tree; leaves evenly bipinnate; flowers clustered in 

heads; petals united above middle; stamens many, longexserted, united below; pods curved or coiled, the valves 

thin-walled, twisting. 

Pithecellobiwn duke (Roxburgh) Bentham was recently 

collected in the Botanic Garden (Whitefoord 6063). It is similar 

to P. unguis-cati but has a tomentose inflorescence and a longer 

corolla. 

1. Leaflets 3-4 pairs per pinna, rather quadrangular; seeds 

not arillate ................... P. jupunba 

1. Leaflets 1 pair per pinna, ovate; seeds black with red aril 

....................... P. unguis-cati 

Pithecellobium jupu n ba 

Pithecellobiwn jupunba (Willdenow) Urban, 1900,2257. 

Acacia jupunba Willdenow, 1806,4:1067. 

Pithecellobiwn micradeniwn Bentham, 1844:217. 

Bois cicerou, bois pipirit. 

Medium tree; pinnae 3-4 pairs; leaflets 1-2 cm x 0.6-1.5 

cm; pods red inside. 

Lesser Antilles and South America; frequent tree of rain 

forest in Dominica: northwest, Syndicate area (Ernst 2113, 

Hodge 2677), northeast (Hodge 3137, 3412, Ramage s.n.), 

Hatton Garden Estate (Hodge 3020), Sylvania area (Hodge 

617, 1013, Nicolson 1865), Laudat area (Eggers 771, 1047, 

Hodge 2074), southwest area (Hodge 1652,2314,2442). 

Several uses reported by Hodge and Taylor (1957:566), 

including fish poison, soap, dysentery, and boards. 

Pithecellobium ungubcati 

Pithecellobiwn unguis- cati (Linnaeus) Bentham, 1844:200.--Little et al., 

Mimosa unguis-cati Linnaeus, 1753517. 

1974262, pl. 365. 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 111 

Shrub or small tree; pinnae of 1 pair; leaflets -4 cm x 3 cm, 

rounded, flowers pink, glabrous. 

Neotropics; common in dry scrub along west coast of 

Dominica: Canefield (Whitefoord 6084), Grand Savanne 

(DeFilipps 172, Ernst 1043, Ramuge s.n.), Pointe Michel 

(Gillis 811 7). 

Pterocarpus Jacquin, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Pterocarpus officinalis 

Pterocarpus o~cinalis Jaquin. 1763 [Jul]:283. 

Pterocorpus draco Linnaeus, 1763 [Aug]:1662. 

Tree with fluted base; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets alternate; 

flowers yellow, standard orbicular; pod flat, indehiscent, 

obliquely orbicular, broadly winged on one side, 1-seeded. 

Neotropics; dominant along sluggish rivers on north end of 

Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Whitefoord 4067), Calibishie 

(Hodge 3147), Eden River (Chambers 2601, Ernst 2090), 

Indian River (Hodge 3752), near St. Johns (Eggers 777), 

Woodford Hill River (Howard 11748), sine loc. (Fishlock 15). 

Rhynchosia Loureiro, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Perennial vines with 3-foliolate, often resin-dotted, stipellate 

or estipellate leaves; stamens 9+1; ovules (1-)2; pod flat., 

1-Zseeded, sometimes constricted between seeds; seeds with 

red around the hilum and the rest black or only a tip black, or 

brown (with black spots) or black. 

1. Stipels present; calyx lobes all lanceolate; pods not 

2. Leaflets puberulent only on veins below; calyx c4.5 mm 

long; petals yellow with standard streaked with purple ........................ R. minima 

2. Leaflets tomentose below; calyx >5 mm long; petals 

yellow ................... R. reticdata 

1. Stipels absent; calyx lobes ovate, except for lower 

lanceolate lobe; pods constricted between red and black 

seeds. 

constricted between brown or black seeds. 

3. 

3. 

Leaflet puberulent below; bracts (soon deciduous) 

lanceolate, less than 1 mm broad; pods glabrous 

..................... R. erythrinoides 

Leaflet tomentose below; bracts (soon deciduous) 

oblanceolate, about 2 mm broad; pods puberulent 

..................... R. phaseoloides 

Rhynchosia erythrinoides 

Rhynchosia erythrinoides Schlechtendal & Chamisso, 1830587.--Grear, 

1978:SO. 

Leaflets puberulent below, slightly (1.2~) longer than broad; 

pod glabrous, often blackish; seed mostly black with red 

around the hilum. 

Mostly Central America, but also Jamaica, Hispaniola, 

Ecuador, and Colombia; known from Dominica only from 

flowering material (Zmray s.n. at GH) mixed with fruiting 

material of R. phaseoloides. 

This record is dubious. Could flowering Jamaican material 

been accidentally added to Imray’s fruiting Dominican material, say by Grisebach? 

This taxon is commonly treated as a synonym of R. 

phaseoloides (an older name) or R. pyramidalis (an even older 

name) but Grear separates it. What is called R. phaseoloides in 

Adams (1972355) is R. erythrinoides, although true R. 

pyramidalis also occurs there (Miller 1421). 

Rhynchosia minima 

Rhynchosia mind (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:385.-Grear, 1978:76. 

Dolichos minimus Linnaeus, 1753:726. 

Leaflets stipellate, conspicuously black-resin-dotted below, 

to 3 cm x 2 cm; calyx <4.5 mm long; pod not constricted; seeds 

black to brown. 

General in tropics; infrequent in dry scrub on west coast of 

Dominica: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4291) Grand Savanne (Wilbur 

8351), sine loc. (Zmray 22 at K). 

Rhynchosia phaseoloides 

Rhynchosia phaseoloides (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 1825, 2:385.-Grear, 

Glycine phaseoloides Swartx, 1788:lOS. 

197853. 

Leaflets estipellate, tomentose below, slightly (12) longer 

than broad; bracts -2 mm broad, oblanceolate; pods constricted, puberulent; seeds mostly black with red around hilum. 

Greater Antilles into South America; known from Dominica 

from few collections: Dublanc-Syndicate road (Whitefoord 

5704, fruiting in April), sine loc. (Imray 281 at K, s.n. at GH), 

the latter mixed with flowering material of R. erythrinoides). 

This taxon has been considered a synonym of R. pyramidalis 

(Lamarck) Urban, although Urban (1918b:318) separated them. 

R. pyramidalis has leaflets tomentose only on the veins 

beneath, the terminal leaflet is clearly (1.75~) longer than broad 

and the seeds are mostly red with a small black tip. 

Rhynchosia reticdata 

Rhynchosia reticdata (Swam) A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:385.-Grear, 1978:112. 

Glycine reticdata Swanz, 1788:lOS. 

Leaflets stipellate, to 6 cm x 3.5 cm; calyx about 1 cm long; 

pods not constricted; seeds brown to black. 

Neotropics; reported as collected on Dominica by VBlez 

(1957:lOO) under the name Dolicholus reticulatus (Swartz) 

Millspaugh . 
112 FABACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Sabinea A.P. Candolle (Faboid) 

Sabinea carinalis 

Sabinea carinalis Grisebach, 1860:183. 

Shrub to 3 m; leaflets in 6-8 pairs, -1.5 cm x 0.5 cm, oblong 

with mucro; inflorescences on old wood, just before leafing; 

calyx nearly truncate; flowers deep red to scarlet, showy, keel 

2.5 cm; stamens equal, 9+1; style subulate with stigma 

terminal, pod flattened, long-stipitate, the thin valves twisting. 

Endemic to Dominica, along west coast in dry scrub: Batali 

(Ramuge s.n., 28 Feb 1888), Canefield ravine (Whitefoord 

6100), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5705), Mero-Layou area (Chambers 2802, Imray 33 at K, Wasshausen & Ayensu 406, Webster 

13273), Spanish Mountain near summit (Whitefoord 5660), 

sine loc. (Imray 92,93,102 (type) at K). 

Flowering February-April (rarely June), the time appears to 

be controlled by rains during or after the dry season. A showy 

species, perhaps rather rare. 

A specimen (Atchison 98) cultivated at Atkins Garden, Cuba, 

gives the chromosome count as 2n = 16. 

Grisebach cited an Imray collection of Sabinia florida, 

apparently Imray 33, actually S. carinulis. Sabiniajlorida is an 

endemic of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and differs from 

S. carinalis by its lavender to pale purple flowers and having 

five stamens half as long as the other five. 

Senna Miller (Caesalpinoid) 

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves evenly 1-pinnate; stamens 10, 

3 sterile; anthers basifixed, opening by terminal pores; pods 

inertly dehiscent, flattened or terete. 

Rupert Bameby (NY) reviewed identifications and an early 

draft during a visit in 1977. I am most grateful for his 

invaluable help. 

Senna bacillaris (Linnaeus f.) Irwin & Barneby (incl. Cassia 

bacillaris Linnaeus f.) is shrubby and has only two pairs of 

leaflets with a gland between the lowest pair (Botanic Gardens, 

Fairchild 2765, Hodge 903). 

Spectacular, yellow-flowered Sennu multijuga (L. Richard) 

Irwin & Barneby is planted in the Antrim Valley (Nicolson 

1866) and has >15 pairs of leaflets that are 4 cm long with a 

gland only between the lowest pair. 

Senna sophera (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, is very similar to S. 

occidentalis and was reported for Dominica by Kellogg (in 

Howard, 1988, 4:428). It has longer (1 cm or more) floral 

peduncles, a recurved style strongly dilated at apex, and a 

subterete fruit. 

1. Petiole lacking glands; leaflets large (-10 cm x 4 cm), 

rounded at apex; fruits 4-winged ......... S. alata 

1. Petiole bearing 1-several glands, either below or between 

the leaflets; leaflets smaller (to 5 cm) or, if larger, then 

acute at apex; fruits unwinged. 

2. Petiolar gland at base of petiole, far below first pair of 

leaflets; leaflets acute. 

3. Petiole and leaflets pubescent ....... S. hirsuta 

3. 

2. Petiolar gland(s) between lowest pair(s) of leaflets; 

leaflets rounded to obtuse. 

4. Stipules deciduous, glabrous; leaflets rounded, not 

apiculate ............... S. bieapsularis 

4. Stipules persistent, pubescent; leaflets rounded to 

obtuse, apiculate. 

5. Areoles on both sides of seed linear (0.3-0.5 mm); 

the 3 larger anthers narrowed just below the apex, 

forming a bottle-like neck, pedicels longer (of 

flowers usually 1.2-3.5 cm, of fruits 1.5-4.5 cm); 

usually a single gland between only the lowest pair 

of leaflets but sometimes between both lower pairs .................... S. obtusifolia 

5. Areoles on both sides of seed broad (1.5-2.0 mm), 

almost as wide as the seed itself; the 3 larger 

anthers abruptly rounded at the apex; pedicels 

shorter (of flowers 0.5-1.0 cm, of fruits to 1.5 cm); 

a gland between both lower pairs of leaflets 

....................... S. tora 

Petiole and leaflets glabrous ..... S. occidentalis 

Senna alata 

Senna alata (Lirmaeus) Roxburgh, 1832,2:349.--Irwin & Bameby, 1982:460. 

Cassia ahta haeus, 1753:378. 

Herpetica alata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 1838 123. 

Ringworm shrub, desay (Carib). 

Shrub to 4 m; leaflets 6-12 pairs, the lowest pair widely 

separated from rest of pairs, minutely puberulent, oblong, the 

upper pair obovate, 5-17 cm long, retuse or obtuse; fruit 

pendant, 10-15 cm long, longitudinally undulate-winged, the 

wings 5 mm wide. 

Neotropics but widely naturalized; hillsides and waste 

ground in Dominica at lower elevations: Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3400), Mahaut (Hodge 1303). 

Caribs bathe themselves with the juice of crushed leaves to 

treat skin diseases (Hodge and Taylor, 1957561). 

Senna bicapsularis 

Senna bicopsuiaris (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832:342.-hin & Bameby. 

Cassia bicapsularir Linnaeus, 1753:376. 

Mipera bicopsukaris (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Brinon & Wilson, 1924, 

1982:399. 

5:370. 

Sou marque. 

Shrub k climbing, to 3.5 m; leaflets 3-5 pairs, glabrous, 

elliptic to orbiculate, 1-4 cm long, rounded; fruit pendant, 

6-15 cm long, k terete. 

Neotropical but widely spread; in dry scrub woodland at low 

elevations in Dominica: Bataka (Taylor 143), Cabrit Swamp 

(Whitefoord 5274), Dublanc (Hodge 2516), Hatton Estate 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE 113 

(Hodge 2930, Salisbury (Stern & Wasshamen 2592, Whitefood 4520), Scotts Head (Hodge 1620), sine loc. (Hodge 2936, 

Imray s.n.). 

Cultivated by Caribs for ritual use (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:562). 

Senna hirsuta 

Senna hirsuia (Linnaeus) Invin & Bameby, 1979:499; 1982:425. 

Cassia hirsuta Linnaeus. 1753:378. 

Diiremexa hirsuta (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, 1924. 

5:372. 

Zepiante marrow, z’herbes puantes (male), kulabule (Carib), 

nhakere haho (Carib women talk, meaning ants’ hammock). 

Herb to 1.5 m; leaflets 3-5 pairs, hirsute, ovate to lanceolate, 

4-7 cm long, acute or acuminate, fruit 8-15 cm long, curved, 

erect. 

Neotropics; in disturbed areas of Dominica: Carib Reserve 

(Stehlt 6370, Taylor 122), without locality (Eggers 522,814). 

This is considered as male by Caribs, S. occidentalis being 

female. An infusion of the ground seeds of either species is 

used as a coffee substitute and a febrifuge, the preparation from 

the “female” species being preferred (to coffee) by pregnant 

women (see Hodge and Taylor, 1957562). 

Senna obtusifolia 

Senna obtusifolia (Linnaeus) Irwin & Bameby, 1982252. 

Cassia obiusifolia Linnaeus. 1753:377.-Brenan, 1958:248. 

Herb to 1 m; leaflets in 3 pairs, a clavate gland between the 

lowest pair, obovate, to 5 cm long; fruit to 20 cm long, usually 

falcate, erect; seed dark, with a linear areole on both sides. 

Originally neotropical, now widely distributed; Dominica: 

Dublanc (Whitefoord 4290), Belmont in St. Georges Parish 

(Broadway s.n. 17 Apr 1966 at NY), Roseau-Canefield (Hodge 

595). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:63, pl. 29) warned against 

confusing this “male” taxon with S. occidentalis, the “female.” 

This originally neotropical species is easily confused with 

introduced Old World S. tora Linnaeus. 

Senna occidentalis 

Senna occidenialb (Linnaeus) Link, 1831, 2140.-Invin & Bameby, 

Cassia occidenialis Linnaeus, 1753:377. 

Ditremexa occidenialis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Brim & Wilson, 1924, 

1982436. 

5:377. 

Coffee senna, jumbie coffee, wild coffee, negro coffee, 

stinking weed, z’herbes puantes (female), kulabule (Carib). 

Herb to 2 m; leaflets 4-5 pairs, glabrous, ciliate, ovate to 

lanceolate, 3-7 cm long, acute or acuminate; floral peduncles 

el cm long; styles slightly dilated and only gently recurved; 

hit 6-12 cm long, compressed, erect. 

Pantropical; in disturbed lowlands of Dominica: Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 1693), Colihaut (Kimber 1065), Delices (Whitefoord 

3684), Goodwill (Wilbur 7580), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3030, 

3189, Lisdara (Hodge 598), Portsmouth (Hodge 596), Pointe 

Michel (Gillis 8156), Roseau-Canefield (Hodge 599, Scotts 

Head (Hodge 1618), Soufrikre (Lloyd 408), West Cabrit (Smith 

10328), Bot. Gard. (Hodge 989), sine loc. (Taylor 123). 

Stehlk 6370 from Bataca in the Carib Reserve is mixed, the 

leaves are S. hirsuta and the fruits are S. occidentalis. 

Hodge and Taylor (1957563) discussed the use of this 

species by the Caribs. See discussion above under S. hirsuta. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:61, pl. 28) reported medicinal usages. 

Senna tora 

Senna tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 1832, 2:340.-Ixwin & Bameby, 1982255 

Cassia tora Linnaeus, 1753:376.-Brenan, 1958:249. 

[sub Senna obtusifolia]. 

Shrubby herb to 1 m; leaflets in 3 pairs, a clavate gland 

between the two lowest pairs, obovate, to 3 cm long; young 

hits to 15 cm long, usually falcate, erect; seeds not collected 

on Dominica. 

Asia to Pacific but now a widespread weed; in Dominica 

reported to form a low thicket: Canefield Estate (Whitefoord 

3740). 

This species is easily confused with Senna obtusifolia. 

Adams (1972325) reported that true S. tora occurs on Jamaica 

(one collection) and on Guadeloupe. At US, Proctor 19847 

(Guadeloupe) and Smith & Smith 824 (St. Vincent) are true S. 

tora. 

Stylosanthes Swartz (Faboid) 

Stylosanthes hamata 

Stylosanihes hamaia (Linnaeus) Taubert, 1890:22.-Mohlenbrock, 1957:324. 

Hedysarwn him Linnaeus, 1759a:1170. 

Herbs; stipules adnate to petioles, with subulate apices; 

leaflets 3, estipellate, narrow to 17 cm x 5 mm, strongly 

striately veined; flowers small, capitate, terminal; upper 4 calyx 

lobes k united; stamens united; style elongated, lower part 

persistent and hooked (hamate); pod 1-2-jointed. 

Neotropics, attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:lOl) 

based on his own observation. To be sought along littoral on 

west coast. 

Swart& Schreber, nom. cons. (Caesalpinoid) 

Trees; leaves odd-pinnate, 1-5-foliolate; calyx reflexing; 

corolla none or of one petal; stamens 2-many; pod orange, 

rounded 1(-2)-seeded; seed black with a large white aril. 

1. Leaflets (3-)5-7; petals absent; inflorescence -15 cm 

long; pedicel 1 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . S. caribaea 

1. Leaflets 1; petal 1; inflorescence -5 cm long; pedicel 2 cm 

long. . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . , . , S. simplex 
114 FABACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Swarkia canbaea 

Swartzio cariboeo Grisebach, 1860:212.--Cowan, 1%8:147. 

Towrotco coribaeo (Grisebarh) Tauten, 1891:390. 

Z’oranger blanc, coco negre hebrew. 

Straight tree to 20 m; leaflets acuminate, 7-12 cm x 2-3.5 

cm; seeds black, ovoid, with white aril covering upper 

one-fourth of the seed. 

Guadeloupe and St. Lucia; scattered canopy tree in Dominica in rainforest at middle elevations: Glasham (Nicolson 

2113, Laudat (Hodge 2038), Sylvania (Cooper 48, Hodge 

I1 69), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4399). Apparently flowering in 

winter, fruits January-June. 

Swartzia simpler 

Swartzio simplex (Swam) Sprengel, 1825,2:567.-Cowan, 1968: 170. 

Possiro simplex Swartz, 1788:82. 

Rittero grondifloro Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 237. 

Swortzio grandifloro (Vahl) Willdenow. 1800,21220. 

To~noteu simplex (Swam) Taubert, 1891:391. 

Swartzio simplex var. genuino Urban, 1908.5:364. 

Abricotier bois, wild orange, z’oranger rouge. 

Tree to 35 m; leaflet solitary, emarginate, 5-21 cm x 2-8 

cm; petal yellow, 15-35 mm broad; seeds glossy black, 

ellipsoid to reniform, white aril covering central one- to 

two-thirds of the seed. 

?Lpical subspecies in Lesser Antilles and northern South 

America; common in Dominica in dry scrub woodland and rain 

forest from near sea level to 500 m: Anse Du Me (Wilbur 

8302), Aux Delices (Nicolson 2139), Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3250, Stehld 6421), Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1612), Clarke 

Hall (Stern & Wusshausen 2356), Clyde River Valley (Ernst 

1035), Deux Branches (Hodge 3480), La Chaudi5re (Hodge 

3529, Londonderry (Chambers 2614), Marigot (Hodge 586), 

Pointe Ronde (Ermt 1567, Hodge 2683), Ravine Sonde (Ernst 

1924), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3902), sine loc. 

(Fishlock 14). 

Primary flowering in July-September, secondary in Janu- 

*-December. Our specimens annotated by Cowan as the 

typical subspecies. 

Tamarindus Linnaeus (Caesalpinoid) 

Tamarindus indica 

Tmrindus indico Linnaeus. 1753:34.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:186, pl. 80. 

Tamarind. 

Thick-trunked tree; leaves evenly pinnate, -12 cm long, 

leaflets 1-2 cm x 0.3-0.6 cm; flowers racemose; calyx 

4-lobed; corolla with 3 large and 2 minute petals; stamens 3, 

united; pod oblong, indehiscent with hard skin, pulpy flesh and 

leathery endocarp septate between fat seeds. 

Cultivated and naturalized pantropically; in dry areas along 

west coast of Dominica: Canefield (Hodge 620), Chattanooga 

(Hodge 619), above Colihaut (DHN!), Macoucherie (Chambers 2734), Massacre (Whitefoord 4635). 

Pulpy hit good in chutney, drinks, etc. 

Tephrosia Persoon, nom. cons. (Faboid) 

Shrubs or herbs; leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets 4-12 pairs, 

apiculate; inflorescence terminal, racemose; pod dehiscent, not 

septate. 

1. Flowers 2 cm long; leaflets acute; calyx lobes rounded; 

style bearded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. candida 

1. Flowers c2 cm long; leaflets rounded to emarginate; calyx 

lobes acute, style glabrous. 

2. Calyx and pod densely villous with brownish hairs, 

calyx teeth broad, shorter than tube except for the 

elongate, lowest lobe , . . . . . . . . . . T. nocttflora 

2. Calyx and pod thinly villous or puberulent with grayish 

hairs; calyx teeth all narrow and equaling or longer than 

tube . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. purpurea 

Tephrosia candida 

Tephrosio cad& A.P. Candolle, 1825,2:249.-Wd, 1949:374. 

Robinio candida (A.P. Candolle) Roxburgh [181456, nom. nud.], 1832,33327. 

Ti frosia, a pun on the generic name meaning little (petit) 

Frosia. 

Shrub to 3 m, branches velvety-pubescent; leaflets acute, 

9-12 pairs, 1-5 cm x 0.7-1 cm; flowers white or rarely 

yellow. 

Asian but widely introduced for windbreaks and escaping; in 

western lowlands and interior of Dominica: Clarke Hall 

(Nicolson I854), Mome Anglais (Hodge 2255), Pointe Michel 

(Ernst 1343, Pont Casse (Wilbur 7782), Wooten Waven 

(Hodge 395). 

De Candolle validly published his binomial before Roxburgh’s, thus the epithet was transferred from Tephrosia to 

Robinia, not the other way around. 

Tephrosia noctCfZora 

Tephrosio noctijl4ro Bojer ex Baker in Oliver, 1871,2: 112.-Wd, 1949:379. 

Herb or undershrub to 2 m, brownish-pubescent; leaflets in 

6-9 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm x 0.5-0.8 cm; 

corolla white, marked with purple lines and a spot; pod 3-4 cm 

long, covered with spreading brownish hairs. 

African but widespread in tropics; cultivatg as cover crop 

and fish poison and escaping along dry,west coast of Dominica: 

Layou (Ernst 1526), Lisdara (Hodge 620, Pointe Guignard 

(Wilbur 7614), Pointe Michel (Gillis 8135), Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Bassett 10, Fairchild 2658, 2770), Syndicate turnoff 

(Whitefoord 4320). 
NUMBER 77 FABACEAE-FLACOURTIACEAH 115 

Tephrosia purpurea 

Tephrasia purpureo (Linnaeus) Penoon, 1807, 2328.-Wd, 1949:379.- 

Crocco purpureo Linnaeus, 1753:752. 

Undershrub; leaflets 4-6(-9) pairs, linear-oblanceolate, 

glabrous above, 1-2.5 cm x 0.3-0.7 cm; flowers reddish 

purple to white; pod 3-4 cm long. 

Asiatic but widespread; on dry west coast of Dominica: 

Soufri&re (Lloyd 448), sine loc. (Zmray 29 at K). The Imray 

specimen was misidentified by Grisebach (1860:182) as 1: 

cinerea. 

Bnunmitt, 1968:240. 

Teramnus Browne (Faboid) 

Teramnus labialis 

Eromnus Iobialis (Linnaeus f.) Sprengel. 1826,3:235. 

Glycine lobialis Linnaeus f., 1782325. 

Slender twiner; stems villous; leaflets 3, ovate, k acute, 

1-5.5 cm x -3 cm; calyx 5-lobed, corolla white or pink; 

stamens united, alternately sterile; pod 3-5 cm x 0.3 cm, the 

glabrous style bent at right angle to pod; seeds dark brown. 

Pantropical; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:101), 

confirmed by vegetative elements mixed with Rhynchosia 

minima from Grand Savanne (Wilbur 8351). 

This taxon was named Teramnus labialis subsp. arabicus 

Verdcourt (1970272), the subspecies (Africa and Neotropics) 

being defined by granulate rather than shining seeds. 

Vigna Savi (Faboid) 

1. Style coiled through 3 revolutions . . . . . K adenantha 

1. Style erect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K luteoh 

Vigna adenantha 

VigM odenonth (Meyer) Msrtchal et al., 1978:202. 

Pheolus adenonthus Meyer. 1818:239. 

Perennial; leaflets 7-12 cm x 4-6 cm; peduncle stout, -10 

cm long; flowers short-pedicelled, aggregated in short racemes 

with swollen nodes; corolla showy, pink or mauve, variegated; 

pod 8-10 cm x 1 cm, straight or a little curved; seeds 10-15, 

-2 mm long. 

Pantropical; southwestern Dominica at 500 m: South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1577). 

Vigna luteoh 

VigM Iuteolo (Jacquin) Bentham in Martius, 1859, 15(1):194. 

Dolichos repens Linnaeus, 1759a:1163. 

Ddichos lutedus laquin, 1770, Hort., 1:39. 

VigM repens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 1891, 1:212, non Baker. 

Trailing vine; stems glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate, stipellate; 

stipules not auricled, leaflets 3-9 cm x 1-5 cm, rounded; 

flowers yellow, clustered in short raceme on a long peduncle; 

standard -1.5 cm long; stamens 9+1; style bearded along inner 

side, stigma oblique; pod turgid, elongate, 2-valved. 

Pantropical; common strand plant in Dominica along coasts: 

Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 624), Castle Bruce (Ernst 1468, Wilbur 

7991), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2962), Layou (Fosberg 48305), 

Marigot (Hodge 622,623), Melville Hall (Wilbur 8039), Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2733, Rosalie Point (Whitefoord 3732), 

Salybia (Chambers 2636). 

Lackey and D’ Arcy (1980:797-799) noted that Vigna 

marina (Burman) Memll may be the correct name for this 

species. Alston (1931) separated V. marina from V. luteola. 

Other species may be found on Dominica. Vigna unguiculata 

(Linnaeus) Walpers, the black-eyed pea, with auricled stipules, 

was collected on road beside the Macoucheri River (Whitefoord 

5970). 

Zornia Gmelin (Faboid) 

Zornia microphylla 

Zornio microphyllo Desvaux, 1826a:324.-Mohlenbmkock. 1%1:123. 

Herbs; stipules persistent, attached above base; leaflets 2, to 

1.5 cm x 0.7 cm; bracts -2 mm broad, -3x longer than broad; 

calyx campanulate, upper 2 lobes united; corolla yellow; 

stamens united, alternately long and short; loment articulated, 

upper suture straight, the articles indehiscent, armed. 

Cuba, Hispaniola, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Grenada, reported as common in one locality on east coast and an 

occasional weed along west coast of Dominica: Colihaut 

(Wilbur 8270), Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4455), Hatton 

Garden (Hodge 2963), Mero (Ernst 1936, 2143). Flowering 

April-July, fruiting August. 

FLACOURTIACEAE 

(by R. Kiger) 

Flacourtia jangomas (Loureiro) Raeuschel (including 

Flacourtia cataphracta Roxburgh ex Willdenow), is a dioecious shrub with thorny stems and a berry-like fruit. It was 

cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden and has been collected 

as a hedge at Clarke Hall (Ernst 1416, 1978, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2421), in thicket at Morne Daniel (Whitefoord 

6060), and beside the Canefield River (Whitefoord 6112). 

Hydnocarpus pentandra (Hamilton) Oken (incl. Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume and Hydnocarpus laurifolia Sleumer, see 

Nicolson et al., 1988: 147) is a large tree with woody, spherical 

hits, the source of chaulmoogra oil once used to treat leprosy. 

Several rows were found in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Nicolson 4216). It has 5 stamens and serrate leaves. 

Scopolia chinensis (roureiro) Clos collected in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 908, 968) but was misidentified as 
116 FIACOIJRTIACEAE~ENTIANACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Flacourtia sepiaria Roxburgh (= Flacourtia indica (N. 

Burman) Merrill). 

1. Leaves palmately veined, biglandular above petiole apex; 

inflorescence terminal; sepals 3-4, valvate; fruit baccate, 

3-5-celled, seeds numerous ........... Prockia 

1. Leaves pinnately veined, without glands above petiole 

apex; inflorescence axillary; sepals 5-6, imbricate; fruit 

capsular, l-celled, seeds few. 

2. 

2. 

Laves pellucid-glandular; inflorescence fasciculate; 

pedicels jointed below middle; sepals 5; petals absent; 

stamens inserted singly with staminodes alternating; 

style 1; ovary superior; seeds arillate ..... Casearia 

Leaves opaque, not pellucid-glandular, inflorescences 

racemose or paniculate; pedicels jointed above middle; 

sepals 6; petals present; stamens in fascicles with short 

glands alternating; styles 3; ovary half-inferior; seeds 

without ads. ................ Homalium 

Casearia Jacquin 

Casearia decandra 

Casearia decandra Jacquh. 1760:21; 1763:133, pl. 85.-Little & Wadswoxth, 

Casearia parvifora Jacquin. 1780:66, pl. 127, nm. superfl. 

Casearia parvifolia Willdenow, 1799,2:629, nom. superfl. 

1964:366, pl. 170. 

Shrub or tree to 8 m; flowers greenish white to white, 

fragrant; calyx 4-6 mm long, sepals reflexed in anthesis; style 

simple; mature fruits 8-12 mm broad, white, arils deep yellow. 

Hispaniola through Antilles to northern South America; in 

Dominica in west coast woodlands from near sea level to -200 

m: Cabrits (Hodge 469, Webster 13315), Petit Coulibri 

(Whitefoord 6036), sine loc. (Duss s.n.). 

It is remarkable that no collections have been made of 

Casearia sylvestris Swartz, a species to be expected on 

Dominica. It has a calyx 2-3 mm long, sepals erect at anthesis, 

a trifid style, and a mature fruit only 3-4 mm broad. 

The nomenclature of these two species is excessively 

intertwined, involving easily (and frequently) confused epithets 

parviflora and parvifolia (discussed by Kiger, 1984:458) under 

Samyda parvijlora. 

Homalium Jacquin 

Homalium racemosum 

Homaliwn racemoswn Jacquin. 1760:24; 1763:170, pl. 183.-Little & 

Wadsworth, 1964:372, pl. 173. 

Acomat blanc. 

Shb or tree to 20 m; leaves 5-15 cm long; inflorescence to 

20 cm long; petals greenish white to white or cream; mature 

hit conic. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in dry west coast 

woodlands from near sea level to -500 m: Badineau Estate 

(Hodge 2211), Batali River (Ernst 1394), Laudat (Eggers 640), 

Manicou River (Ernst 1056), Milton (Hodge 2926), Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2770), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4339), sine loc. 

(Nicholls 24). 

Prockia Browne ex Linnaeus 

Prockia crucis 

Prockia crucis Linnaeus, 1759a:1074.-Little et al., 1974588, pl. 513. 

Trilir crucis (haeus) Grisebach, 1857:165. 

Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves 3-15 cm long, serrate; flowers 

fragrant; sepals reflexed; petals present or absent, yellowish; 

stamens numerous, yellow; mature fruit k globose, black. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in rainforest 400-700 m; Mome 

Colla Anglais (Webster 13431). 

GENTIANACEAE 

Other herbaceous and leafless saprophytes like Voyria of 

Dominica are in the Orchidaceae (Wullschlaegelia) and 

Burmanniaceae (Gymnosiphon and Apteria). All have more 

than one flower, alternate scale-leaves, and inferior ovaries. 

1. Plants colorless saprophytes, leafless ....... Voyrz’a 

1. Plants green, leafy. 

2. Flowers small, white, sessile, many and axillary 

....................... Enicostema 

2. Flowers large, yellow, stalked, 1-2 and terminal 

......................... Irlbachia 

Enicostema Blume, nom. cons. 

Enicostema verticillatum 

Enicmtema verticillatwn (Linnaeus) Engler ex Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1895, 

Gentiana verticillata Linnaeus, 1159a:952. 

IV(2):67, “Enicostemma” .-&pal, 1969:79. 

Balier wane bAtard, balier verveine. 

Herb to 1 m; leaves succulent, triplinerved, petals greenish 

white, inconspicuous, persistent; calyx lobes lanceolate. 

Introduced from Asia, also reaching Venezuela and Panama; 

common in Dominica in open places near sea or roads to 650 

m: Anse Du Me (Wilbur 8299), Cabrits (Webster 13311), 

Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7990), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3028), 

L’Anse Noire (Wilbur 7532), Marigot (Hodge 783), Pagua Bay 

(Wilbur 7529), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1571, Hodge 2679), Pont 

Casd (Ernst 1244, Rodney’s Rock (Nicolson 1%7), Rosalie 

(Chambers 2723), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3912). 

Used by Caribs for ritual baths to unbind spells (Hodge and 

Taylor, 19 57: 596). 

Irlbachia Martius 

Irlbachia fngida 

Irlbachiafrigida (Swam) Maas. 1985:410.-Howard. 1989,6:92. 

Lirianthilcrfrigidlcr Swam. 1788:40, Zisianthlcr.” 
NUMBER 77 GENTIANACEAE~ESNERIACEAE 117 

Calolbian!husfrigidus (Swartz) Gilg in Ehgler & Prantl, 1895, IV(2):lOl. 

Cheionanlhusfrigidw (SwarrZ) urban, lW,3:334. 

Wurdackanthwfrigidus (Swartz) Mag& & Boom, 1989:9. 

Herb to 0.5 m; leaves succulent, with pinnate venation; 

flowers yellow, showy (-5 cm long), deciduous; calyx lobes 

rounded. 

Guadeloupe and St. Vincent; rare in Dominica above 700 m: 

cliff edge on Mome Diablotins (Whitefoord 5315), cliff 

overlooking Valley of Desolation (Nicolson 1953), upper 

slopes of Mome Anglais (Fennah 16). Flowering November to 

January. 

VoyM Aublet 

Voyria aphylla 

Voyria aphylla (Jacquin) Persoon, 1805. 1:284, "Vohiria".-Maas et al., 

Gentiana aphylla Jacquin, 1760:15. 

Liphairnos aphylla (Jaquin) Gilg in Engler & Prantl, 1895, IV(2):104. 

198639. 

Leafless, straw-colored herbs to 10 cm; flower single, 

terminal, with yellow, persistent corolla. 

Widespread in neotropics; rare in Dominica in dense, humid 

forests 200-800 m: Carib Reserve (Stehle 6429), Mome Au 

Diable (Nicolson 1929), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1741), 

Roseau River hot spring (Howard 11738), upper Hampstead 

River (Nicolson 4233). 

We follow Raynal(l967) in including this species in Voyria 

and restricting Leiphaims to its Mexican type. 

GESNERIACEAE 

(by L. Skog) 

Achimenes longifora A.P. Candolle, a native of Central 

America, is widely cultivated and has been found on Dominica 

near Lisdara (Hodge 833) and at Mt. Joy (Ernst 1280). The 

leaves are purple beneath and subsessile, as are the violet 

flowers. 

Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn ex Sims) Decaisne of 

northern South America was recently collected, presumably as 

an escape, in a banana plantation at Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3638) and in the garden of a deserted house at Petit Coulibri 

(Whitefoord 6047). It is a large terrestrial herb from tubers with 

opposite, equal leaves that are purple beneath, axillaxy and 

umbellate inflorescences, showy orange calyces, and a superior 

ovary. 

Gloxinia perennis (Linnaeus) Fritsch, sometimes called 

canterbury bells, of South America was collected in cultivation 

at Baiac (Whitefoord 5458). It has opposite leaves that are red 

below, a lavender corolla, a persistent, large 5-lobed calyx, and 

an inferior ovary. 

Kohleria cultivars, probably derived from Kahleria bogotensis (Nicholson) Fritsch, a species native to northern South 

America, are cultivated at South Chiltern (Hodge 1542) and 

Baiac (Whitefoord 4134, 4220) and would key here to 

Nautilocalyx melittifolius but have velvety-hirsute leaves and 

stems and an inferior ovary. Howard (pers. comm.) identified 

Whitefoord 4220 as Kohleria hirsuta (Kunth) Regel. 

1. Epiphytic subshrubs or woody vines, rarely terrestrial; 

flowers usually solitary in the leaf axils; ovary superior. 

2. Fruit a fleshy capsule; pedicel 2-4 cm long; corolla c2x 

as long as the calyx, yellow, 2-3 cm long ....... ........................ Alloplectus 

2. Fruit a berry; pedicel 6 cm long; corolla >3x as long as 

the calyx, scarlet, 4-8 cm long ....... Columnea 

1. 'Ibrrestrial herbs or shrubs; flowers 2 or usually more in the 

leaf axils, rarely solitary (in Besleria), often on elongate 

flower stalks; ovary superior or inferior. 

3. Leaves alternate; stamens long-exserted ... Gesneria 

3. Leaves opposite or whorled; stamens included. 

4. Shrubs; corolla yellow to orange, limb small; fruit a 

berry. .................... Besleria 

4. Herbs; corolla red, pink, magenta, or purple, limb 

broad; fruit a capsule .......... Nuufilocalyx 

Alloplectus Martius, nom. cons. 

Alloplectus cristatus var. brevicalyx 

Alloplectus cristatus (Linnaeus) Martius var. brevicalyx Morton, 1944: 17.- 

Besleria crirtata Linnaeus, 1753:619. 

Stehle, 1962c:32.-Morley, 1974:418. 

Pendent or creeping epiphytes, rarely terrestrial; stem 

pubescent near the apex; leaves of a pair nearly equal, petioles 

pubescent, blades ovate to elliptic, 2-8 cm long, serrate, 

pubescent, green on both sides; sepals reddish, ovate to deltoid 

or elliptic, to 2 cm long, usually shorter, serrate; corolla tubular, 

to 3 cm long, yellow and pubescent; stamens not exserted; 

capsule fleshy, white. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica at borders of and in rainforests 

and mossy forests, 450-1000 m: Boiling Lake (Eggers 602), 

Laudat & Freshwater Lake area, the type locality (DeFilipps 

141, Fosberg 48283, Hodge 1757, Lloyd 191, Smith 10214, 

Wilbur 7408). Pont Casse area (Chambers 2540, Cowan 1610, 

Ernst 1193, 1283, Hodge 1214, Stern & Wasshausen 2551, 

Webster 13213, Wilbur 7747,8180A), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 

1670), Sylvania area (Hodge 825, 3987, Narodny s.n.), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 3637), sine loc. (Cooper 43). 

Materials from Dominica and other islands of the Lesser 

Antilles fall into var. brevicalyx Morton, distinguished by 

having serrate sepals c2 cm long. Variety crenatus (St. 

Vincent) has crenate sepals c2 cm long. Variety cristatus 

(Martinique and St. Lucia) has laciniate sepals >2 cm long. 

Howard (1989,6:343) did not recognize these varieties. 

Besleria Linnaeus 

1. Flowers densely clustered on stem, pedicels to 0.5 cm long; 

leaves and stems densely pubescent ..... B. petiolaris 
118 GESNERIACEAE SMITHSON” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Flowers loose on pedicels >1.5 cm long; leaves and stems 

rarely pubescent. 

2. Leaves with petioles 1-5 cm long; pedicels >2 cm 

1ong;calyx lobes united only at the base . . . B. filipes 

2. Leaves usually 2 sessile, petioles rarely to 1.5 cm long; 

pedicels to 2 cm long; calyx lobes united beyond middle 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. lutea 

Besleria filipes 

Besletiajilipes Urban, 1901,2:350. 

Besletia filipes f. latior Morton, 1939:426. 

Besleria filipes f. glabemima Morton, 1939:426. 

Besleriajilipes f. pilicadis Mom, 1939:426. 

Shrubs to 3 m tall; stem nearly glabrous to strigose; leaves 

with blades elliptic, to 15 cm long; calyx lobes ovate, 3-6 mm 

long; corolla orange to yellow, 1.3-1.8 cm long; berry orange 

to red, succulent. 

Guadeloupe and Dominica; in Dominica in wet forests, 

200-1400 m: Deux Branches (Ernst 1803, Hodge 2982), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3588), Pont Casse area [including Mome 

Negres Marrons and Trois Pitons] (Cowan 1628, Ernst 2049, 

Hodge 1070, 1424, Wasshausen & Ayensu 390, Wilbur 8092, 

8322), South Chiltem-Lisdara (Cooper 157, Ernst 1125,1862, 

Stern & Warshausen 2508, 2508A), Sylvania (Hodge I103), 

Syndicate area [including Milton and Morne Diablotins] (Ernst 

2072, Hodge 2812, 2918, Webster 13343, Whitefoord 4547), 

sine loc. (Cooper 47, Fishlock 12). 

The amount of pubescence on the stems and condition of the 

leaf margins, by which Morton distinguished the four forms of 

Besleria filipes on Dominica, are probably ecologically 

dependent. 

A specimen collected in Dominica by Anderson (K), 

attributed by Morton (1939:418) to Besleria solanoides Kunth 

(otherwise unknown from the Lesser Antilles), has not been 

Seen but may be B. filipes. 

Besleria lutea 

Besleria lutea Linnaeus, 1753:619.-Howard, 1989,6:346. 

Besleria imrayi J. Hooker, 1878a, “Inway.” 

Besleria lute0 var. imrayi (J, Hooker) Urban, 1901,2:348.-Mo1ton, 1939:457. 

BesIeria lutea var. intermedia Urban, 1901.2:348. 

Erect shrubs to 3 m tall, stem glabrous and nitid at maturity; 

leaves ovate to elliptic; calyx lobes -1 cm long; berry red, 

enclosed in the persistent calyx. 

Antilles; on Dominica in rainforests at borders or wet 

openings, 100-850 m: Deux Branches-Hatton Garden (Hodge 

831,3437, Long & Norstog 3387), Freshwater-Boeri Lake area 

(Burch 1369, Chambers 2558, Eggers s.n., Ernst 1853, 

Fosberg 48273, Hodge 1803, Smith 10213, Stern & Wasshausen 2569, Webster 13250, Whitefoord 4140), Wilbur 7451, 

8217), Lisdara (Hodge 832, 2424), Milton (Hodge 2556), 

Mome Aux Diables (Wilbur 8063), Pont Cass6 area [including 

Trois Pitons] (Erst 1021, 2053, Nicolson 1850, Skog 1582, 

Wilbur 8186), Springfield-Sylvania area (Hodge 1335, 3990, 

Wilbur 7695), Syndicate area [including Mome Diablotins] 

(Whitefoord 3497,4104,4571). 

Variety imrayi was considered by Morton as the most 

distinctive of the local varieties recognized by Urban, on the 

basis of its subsessile leaves. Most specimens from Dominica 

have subsessile leaves, but sometimes (Hodge 2556, Whitefoord 3497, 4104, 4140) the leaves are distinctly petiolate. 

Variety intermedia is supposed to have the leaf-pairs unequally 

petiolate. 

Howard (pers. comm.) identified Whitefoord 4571 at A as 

Besleria solanoides Kunth, a new record for Dominica if true 

(material at US is B. lutea). 

Urban (1901, 2:347-349) cited Duss collections from 

Dominica under the typical variety and under var. intermedia, 

but none have been seen. 

Besleria petiolaris 

Besleria perwlarir (Grisebach) Urban, 1901,2:352. 

Cdlandra petidoris Grisebach, 1862463. 

Shrubs to 1.5 m taR stems, leaves, and inflorescences pilose; 

leaves succulent, petioles 2-7 cm long, blades oblanceolate to 

broadly elliptic, 17-26 cm long; calyx lobes -1 cm long, free; 

berry red to orange. 

Endemic to Dominica in wet forests, from 100-850 m: Boeri 

Lake (Whitefoord 4167), Deux Branches (Hodge 3129), 

Freshwater Lake (Wilbur 8200), Jean (Ernst I819), La 

Chaudikre (Hodge 3566, 3588), Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 

1914, Webster 13326, Whitefoord 3655, 4246, 4569), Pont 

Casd area (Cowan 1608, Ernst 2021, Hodge 1073, 1377, 

Webster 13216, Wilbur 7799, Sylvania (Hodge 1121). 

Columnea Linnaeus 

Columnea scandens 

Colwnnea scandens Linnaeus, 1753:638.-Morley, 1974:427. 

Cdumnea scandens var. vincentina Morton, 1944:13. 

Scandent epiphytic shrubs, rooting at the nodes; stems 

pubescent to strigose when young, glabrescent with age; leaves 

of a pair equal, petioles densely strigose, blades ovate to k 

orbicular, 1-6 cm long, usually -2 cm long, k entire, strigose; 

calyx usually green, lobes linear-lanceolate to elliptic, usually 

-1 cm long, entire or basally toothed; corolla with a long 

narrow tube, 4-8.5 cm long, red and pubescent, limb with 

upper lobes erect, basal lobe reflexed; stamens exserted; berry 

white. 

West Indies and northern South America: in Dominica in wet 

forests on rocks or trees, 700-850 m: En Haut Jean (Nicolson 

4116), Laudat (Eggers 716), Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 

1075), Morne Diablotins (Whitefoord 4393), Roche d’Or 

(Warshausen & Ayensu 397). 
NUMBER 77 GESNERIACEAE-H~PWCRATEACEAE 119 

Columnea hirsuta Swartz, a Jamaican endemic, was reported 

from Dominica by Grisebach (1862:465) based on a collection 

by Imray. This collection (K) is Columnea scandens Linnaeus. 

Gesneria Linnaeus 

Gesneria ventrkosa 

Gesnerio ventricoso Swartz, 1788:90.--Skog, 1976:72. 

Pentorhophia longijloro Lindley, 1827. sub pl. 11 10. nom. superfl., “Pentoro ~ 

Conrodio ventricoso (Swartz) Martius ex G. Don, 1838,4:650. 

phio.” 

Shrubs, scandent or erect; stem to 3 m tall, resinous; leaves 

alternate, glabrous, petioles to 4.5 cm long, blades ovate, 

elliptic to oblanceolate, often falcate, to 22.7 cm long; flowers 

glabrous, 1 to many, usually 4 on a peduncle to 16 cm long; 

calyx lobes filiform to narrowly triangular, to 2 cm long, 

persistent; corolla tubular, 2.1-3.2 cm long, orange to red, 

glabrous; ovary inferior; capsule dry, turbinate or nearly 

spherical. 

Lesser Antilles from St. Croix to St. Vincent; in southern 

Dominica on cliffs and wet slopes in rainforests, 60-750 m: 

Clarke Hall (Ernst 1061, Stern & Wusshausen 2401), Goodwill 

Valley (Eggers s.n.), LaPlaine area (Nicolson 2065), Macouchen River (Whitefoord 5973), Roseau Valley (Eggers s.n., 

Howard 11741), S. Chiltern-Grand Bay Road (Ernst 1616, 

Hodge 1551, Skog 1583, Wilbur 7871), Sylvania (Hodge 835, 

1185). 

Nautilocalyx Linden ex Hanstein 

Nautilocalyx melittifolius 

Nouiilocalyx melittifolius (Linnaeus) Wiehler, 1973:307. 

Beslerio melittifolio Linnaeus, 1753:619. 

Beslerio gua&lupemis A.P. Candolle. 1839,7538. 

Epircio melittifolio (Linnaeus) Martius, 1829,3:42. 

Episcio melitf@lio f. glradalupemis (A.P. Candolle) Stehle.1962~32. 

Skiophilo melirfifolio (Linnaeus) Hans&, 1854207. 

Noutilocolyx me1ittifoliu.r var. guo&lupensis (A.P. Candolle) Foumet, 

1978: 1325, nom. invalid. [basionym incompletely cited]. 

Succulent herb; stem erect or ascending, pubescent to 

glabrescent, rooting at the base; leaves with petioles 1-8 cm 

long, blades elliptic to ovate, to 27 cm long, occasionally 

purplish on lower side; peduncles about 2 cm long, bearing 1 to 

12 flowers in an umbel or cyme; sepals lanceolate, green; 

corolla to 3 cm long, tubular with a broad limb; stamens 

included, ovary superior. 

Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in shady ravines or 

wet forest margins, 60-750 m: east side (Melville Hall, Carib 

Reserve, Deux Branches, La Plaine) (Cowan 1618, Chambers 

2504, Hodge 827, 2947, 3122, 3241, Nicolson 2058), northwestern area (Morne Aux Diables, Syndicate, La Chaudiere) 

(Hodge 2710, 3555, Wilbur 8062, Whitefoord 3572, 3616), 

central uplands (Font Casse, Freshwater Lake, Lisdara) (Hodge 

829, 830, 1199, 1855, 2335, Smith 10277, Webster 13253), 

southwestern area (Clarke Hall, Sylvania, Roseau Valley to S. 

Chiltern) (Cooper 57, Eggers 613, Ernst 1002, Hodge 828, 

1162,1345,1144, Howard 11743, Stern & Wasshuusen 2402, 

Wilbur 7673). 

Leaves and pink flowers are used by Caribs in a tea for colds 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957508). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:107, 

pl. 74) reported the same. 

HALORACACEAE 

Myrwphyllum aquaticum 

Myrwphyllwn aquaticum (Vellozo) Verdcourt, 1973:36.-Aiken, 1981:60.- 

Enydrio oqtatico Vellozo, 1829,157; 1831, 1, pl. 150. 

Myriophyllwn brarilieme Cambessedes in Saint-Hilaire, 1831,252. 

Whitefoord, 1989:146. 

Parrot’s feather, water feather. 

Submersed aquatic with whorled, pectinate leaves to 3 cm 

long; tips of stems rising out of water. 

South America but widely used by aquarists and naturalizing; new record for Dominica collected in 1983: small pond in 

pasture at Canefield (Whitefoord 3745 at BM). 

HERNANDIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacquin (1763:282), a widely 

naturalized monoecious tree of the continental neotropics with 

palmately veined, entire or lobed (not peltate) leaves and a fruit 

with two apical wings to 11 cm long, has been collected in the 

Roseau Botanical Garden (Hodge 3942), fruiting in May. 

HIPP~CRATEACEAE 

Lianas; leaves opposite; flowers 4-merous; stamens 3; fruit 

of 3 flattened capsules. This family is often placed in the 

Celastraceae. 

1. Branchlets and inflorescence puberulent; leaf-blades drying brownish; floral disk conspicuous (about as high as 

broad) . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Hippocratea 

1. Branchlets and inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades drying 

greenish; floral disk inconspicuous, flat. . . . Pristimera 

Hippocratea Linnaeus 

Hippocratea volubilis 

Hippocroteo volubilir Linnaeus, 1753:1153.-A.C. Smith, 1940:359. 

Petals transversally barbellate inside; seed wings not 

thickened. 

Florida to Argentina; known from Dominica only from the 

estuary of the Indian River: near Portsmouth (Hodge 3754). 

Fruiting in May. 
120 HIPPOCRATEACEAE-LAMIACRAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Pristimera Miers 

Pristimera caribaea 

Pristimera caribaea (Urban) A.C. Smith, 1940:378. 

Hippocratur cnribaur Urban, 1909,655. 

Hippocratur volubilis var. caribaca (Urban) Stehle & Quentin in Stehld et al., 

1937, im. 

Petals not barbellate; seed wings thickened. 

Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe; collected 

(sterile) on top of dry West Cabrit (Nicolson 4205). 

This species was reported from Dominica (Duss sen.) “in 

littoralibus”) in the original description of the species. The 

locality suggests H. volubilis. The specimen (B) is presumed 

destroyed. 

Robinson and Smith (in Reitz, 1971:4) separated genera of 

this family on microscopic epidermal characters, including 

Hippocratea (without idioblasts) and Pristimera (with idioblasts containing angular, plate-like crystals). Dr. Robinson 

kindly confirmed that the sterile specimen cited above is 

Pristimera. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

Hydrolea spinosa 

Hyirolea spinasa haws, 1762:328. 

Erect, glandular-pilose herb with alternate leaves and 

axillary spines; flowers corymbose, blue. 

Neotropics; found in Dominica creeping in sunny swamp: 

Antrim (Hodge 2503). 

Cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1862477) but no 

specimens located at Kew. The usual Antillean distribution is 

Jamaica and Cuba. Material from Antrim often involves 

introduced species. The status of this in Dominica is uncertain, 

possibly an escape. 

LAMIACEA~LABIATAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

Mentha x piperata Linnaeus (peppermint), Mentha x 

piperata var. citruta (J.H. Ehrhart) Briquet (bergamot mint), 

Mentha pulegium Linnaeus (pennyroyal), and Mentha spicata 

Linnaeus (spearmint) were reported to have medicinal usages 

on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:117-119, pls. 

Origanum majorunu Linnaeus (marjoram) was reported as 

having medicinal uses on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:123, pl. 90). 

Orthosiphon uristatus (Blume) Miquel, including Orthosiphon spicatus (Thunberg) Backer et al., non Bentham, was 

introduced fiom Indonesia and is cultivated. It has a bilabiate 

calyx with 4 lobes below and 1 entire lobe above and the 

stamens are long-exserted (to 5 cm), whence the name “cat’s 

whiskers”: Clarke Hall (Fosberg 48309, Nicolson 1820). 

Plectranthus amboinicus (Loureiro) Sprengel, a tomentose 

83-86). 

species, was reported by Adjanohoun et al. (1985125, pl. 91) 

as having medicinal uses on Dominica; it is also known as 

Coleus amboinicus Loureiro. 

Variegated and commonly cultivated Plectranthus scutellarioides (Linnaeus) R. Brown (also known as Solenostemon 

scutellurioides (Linnaeus) Codd) has been seen as Coleus 

blumei Bentham. 

Plectranthus verticillatus (Linnaeus f.) Druce (incl. Plectranthus thunbergii Bentham) has been collected in cultivation 

at Baiac (Whitefoord 4222). 

Pogostemon heyneanus Bentham (patchouli) was reported 

by Adjanohoun et al. (1985:125, pl. 125) to have medicinal 

uses on Dominica. 

Thymus vulgaris Linnaeus (thyme) was reported by Adjanohoun et d. (1985127, pl. 93) to have medicinal uses on 

Dominica. 

1. Calyx distinctly bilabiate. 

2. Calyx lips entire; corolla >1 cm long, showy ...... ........................ Scutellaria 

2. At least one calyx lip toothed; corollas c1 cm long. 

3. Upper calyx lip entire, prominent, lower with 3 sharp 

teeth; fertile stamens 4, declinate ..... Ucimum 

3. Upper and lower calyx lips toothed, f equal; calyx 

glandular-pubescent; fertile stamens 2, ascending 

......................... Salvia 

4. Calyx with 8-10 teeth, some unequal, stamens ascending. 

5. Calyx teeth 8; corolla orange ........ Leonotis 

5. Calyx teeth 10; corolla white. ........ Leucas 

6. Leaves deeply palmately lobed, stamens ascending 

....................... Leonurus 

6. Leaves senate, unlobed; stamens declinate. 

7. Nutlet unwinged, calyx not inflated in fruit, 

long-tubular (except campanulate in H. suaveolens), lobes subulate (except acute in H. 

7. Nutlet with fimbriate wing; calyx inflated in fruit, 

1. Calyx with 5-10 k equal teeth. 

4. Calyx with 5 equal teeth. 

verticillata). ................ HyptiS 

campanulate, lobes deltoid .... Marsypianthes 

Hyptis Jacquin, nom. cons. 

Hyptis mutabilis (L. Richard) Briquet (including Hyptis 

spicata Poiteau) of the neotropics is found on Guadeloupe and 

Martinique. It resembles H. pecrinara but has a calyx tube to 1 

cm long, narrow calyx teeth to 1 mm long, the inflorescences 

are few-(to 8-)flowered and the persistent bracteoles are 

obovate to 1.5 mm wide. 

1. Flowers in dense, pedunculate, f globose, axillary heads. 

2. Involucral bracts >3 mm wide; prostrate herb ..... ...................... H. atrorubens 
NUMBER 77 LAMIACME 121 

2. Involucral bracts c2 mm wide; erect, sometimes 

3. Involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous ... ...................... H. capitata 

3. Involucral bracts lanceolate, stiff-pointed ...... ..................... H. lanceolata 

1. Flowers in scattered cymules or verticels, not capitate. 

4. Calyx to 1 cm long, k campanulate; leaves cordate . . ...................... H. suaveolens 

4. Calyx to 0.6 cm long, tubular, leaves tapered to base. 

5. Flowers secund, on short pedicels; sinuses of calyx 

suffrutescent herb. 

with tufts of white hairs; calyx lobes setifonn .... ...................... H. pectinata 

5. Flowers whorled; calyx without tufts; calyx lobes 

acute. ................. H. verticillata 

Hyplis atrorubens 

Hyptis atrorubens Poiteau, 1806:466. 

Ti baume, menthe grand chemin. 

Prostrate weedy herb; leaves often purplish beneath; fruiting 

calyx tube to 3.5 mm, teeth pectinate; flowers white. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica: Bellevue (Taylor 134, 

Delices (Whitefoord 3677), Freshwater Lake (Lloyd 45, Smith 

10276, Webster 13251, Zusi 301), Goodwill (Eggers 108), La 

Plaine (Wilbur 8167). Layou Valley (Wilbur 818OB), Lisdara 

(Hodge 882, 2332), Pont Casse (Chambers 2668), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1485), Sylvania (Cooper 9). 

Sometimes confused with Mursypiunthes, q.v. 

Caribs use this in a ritual hunting bath (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957502). Adjanohoun et al. (1982113, pl. 80) reported 

several medicinal uses. 

Hyptis capitata 

Hyptis capita& Jacquin, 1781, Icon.. 1:11, pl. 114; 1787, Coll., 1:102. 

Erect, suffiutescent herb to 2 m; heads 2-2.5 cm in diameter; 

tube of fruiting calyx 6-7 mm long, teeth puberulent; peduncle 

2-6 cm long. 

Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica: Clarke Hall (Chambers 2697). 

This and H. lunceoluta are easily and often confused because 

of their habit similarity. 

Keller and Armbruster (1989) gave an account of the 

pollination of this species by eumenid wasps in Panama. There 

is an explosive stamen release as a petal lobe is 3ripped.” 

Hyptis lanceolata 

Hyptis lanceolata Poiret in Lamarck, 1813, Encycl., Suppl., 3:114. 

Herb to 2 m; head 1-1.5 cm in diameter; tube of fruiting 

calyx to 5 mm long, teeth short-pectinate; peduncle 2-6 cm 

long. 

Mainland neotropics, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; in Dominica at mid-elevations: En Haut Jean (Nicolson 

4118), Laudat (Velez 3588), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3639, 

5648), sine loc. (Eggers 883). 

Hyptis pectinata 

Hyptispectinuta (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 1806:471. 

Nepeta pectinata Linnaeus, 1759a:lW. 

Suffrutescent herb to 2 m; leaves rounded at base; fruiting 

calyx tube to 4 mm long, with a tuft of white hairs in the throat, 

teeth puberulent; flowers each subtended by a persistent, linear 

bracteole. 

Pantropic weed; occasional in Dominica: La Chaudiere

(Hodge 3622), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2645, Chambers 2656), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 4465). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:115, pl. 81) reported an infusion 

used against fever. 

Hyptis suaveolens 

Hyptis suaveolens (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 1806:472. 

Ballota suaveolens Linnaeus, 1759a:llOO. 

Erect, pubescent, suffrutescent herb to 1.5 m; leaves f 

cordate; fruiting calyx tube to 8 mm, campanulate, teeth to 3 

mm long, spreading; inflorescence few-flowered, on 0.5- 1.5 

cm pedicel from the axil of a leaf-like bract; bracteoles 

apparently quickly deciduous. 

Neotropics; on Dominica: sine loc. (Curator, Botanic 

Station #64, at K). 

Used as a tea. 

Hyptis verticillata 

Hyptis verticillata Iaquin. 1781, Icon., 1:ll; 1787, Coll., 1:101. 

Suffrutescent, k glabrous herb to 2 m; pedicel 1 mm; calyx 

tube 1.5 mm, lobes triangular, 0.5 mm. 

Neotropics; weedy roadside plant on west coast of Dominica: Goodwill (Nicolson 1800), Loubiere (Hodge 3860), 

Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3733, Soufriere (Ernst 1312), 

Swamp Gutter (Erst 11 78). 

Leonolis (Persoon) R. Brown 

Leonotis nepetifolia 

konotis nepetifolia (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 181 1,3:409. 

Phlomir nepetifolia Linnaeus. 1753586, “nepe&efdia.” 

Gros &te, ball head. 

Erect weedy fine-puberulent herb to 2 m with showy axillary 

balls of orange flowers; calyx lobes spine-tipped. 

Native of tropical Africa, now pantropic; along west coast of 

Dominica: Batali River (Emst 1406), Grand Bay road (Hodge 
122 hIACeAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

877), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2733), Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 

3737), Roseau (Nicolson 2082), Soufrihre (Lloyd 489, South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1544, West Cabrit (Smith 10329). 

Used in a febrifuge tea by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957502). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:115, pl. 82) cited several 

other medicinal uses. 

Leonurus Linnaeus 

Leonurus sibincus 

Leonurw sibiricw hams, 1753:584.-Keng in Steenis, 1978,8:336. 

Erect herb to 1 m; leaves deeply dissected, light green 

beneath; flowers in axillary glomerules; corolla lavender, 

showy. 

Eastern Asiatic, now pantropic; occasional in Dominica 

along west coast: Coulibistri (Ernst 1899), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2768), Roseau (Cooper 134), Soufrikre (Lloyd 413). 

Leucas R. Brown 

Leucas martinkensis 

Leucar martinkensis (Jacquin) W.T Aiton, 1811,3:109. 

Clinopodium martinicense Jaquin, 1760:25. 

Weedy pubescent herb to 0.5 m; flowers white, in axillary 

Neotropics; infrequent along west coast of Dominica: 

glomerules. 

Colihaut (Ernst 1661), sine loc. (Eggers s.n., Feb 1882). 

Marsypianthes Martius ex Bentham 

Marsypianthes chamaedrys 

Marsypianthes chamaedy (Vahl) Kuntze, 1891,1:524. 

Clinopodiwn chamaedrys Vahl, 1794,3:77. 

Marsypiunthes hyptoides Martius ex Bentham, 183364, nom. illeg. 

Prostrate, much branched, glandular-pubescent herb; fruiting 

calyx expanded, purplish, calyx lobes triangular, not setose; 

corolla lavender. 

Neotropics; infrequent in dry areas of Dominica: Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 2128, Wilbur 7632), Morne Bruce (Lloyd 738). 

This species is easily confused with Hyptis atrorubens, from 

which it may be distinguished by its linear floral bracts; those 

of H. atrorubens are obovate. 

Ocimum Linnaeus 

Ocimum tenuiflorum Linnaeus (including Ocimum sanctum 

Linnaeus), with decurrent margins of fruiting calyx not running 

to calyx base and leaves with more obtuse apex and base, may 

be cultivated on Dominica. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:123, pl. 

89) reported its use in a tea. 

1. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, regularly and coarsely serrate, 

pubescent ................. 0. gratissimum 

1. Leaves ovate to elliptic, entire or irregularly serrate, 

glabrous, except sometimes on veins. 

2. 

2. 

Flowers k sessile; upper lobe of fruiting calyx rotundcordate, wider than long, margins slightly reflexed ... ....................... 0. basilicum 

Flowers pedicellate; upper lobe of fruiting calyx 

oblong-ovate, longer than wide, decurrent margins 

strongly reflexed .......... 0. campechianum 

Ocimum basilkum 

Ocimwn basilicum hams, 1753~597. 

Basilique, basimum. 

Vigorous suffrutescent weed to 1 m; floral bracts persisting 

past anthesis; upper calyx lobe broad, winged, and decurrent, 

shorter than lower lip; nutlets elongate, black. 

Old World, now cultivated worldwide; cultivated in Dominica and apparently occasionally escaping: Cabrit swamp 

(Whitefoord 4081), Coulibistri (Ernst 1398, 1689), La Plaine 

(Nicolson 2053). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985121, pl. 87) reported a number of 

medicinal usages. 

One collection (Nicolson 2053) would fall within the 

pubescence and size range of Ocimum americanum Linnaeus 

(also called Ocimum canum Sims). According to Keng 

(1969:128), chromosome studies on African collections may 

indicate that 0. basilicum (2n = 48) is a tetraploid of 0. 

americanum (2n = 24). 

Ocimum campechianum 

Ocimwn campechianwn Miller, 1768.-Howard, 1989,6:255. 

Ocimum micranthwn Willdenow, 1809, hum., 630. 

Wild basil, fon bazin, basilique, fromboisin. 

Vigorous weedy herb to 0.5 m; floral bracts quickly 

deciduous; upper calyx lobe broad, winged, and decurrent, 

shorter than lower lip; nutlets elongate, brown. 

Neotropics; sometimes cultivated in Dominica: Clarke Hall 

(Nicolson 2075), Grand Savanne (Ernst 1052, Wilbur 7661), 

Soufriere (Lloyd 440), Swamp Gutter (Hodge 880), Tarou 

Cliffs (DeFilipps 160), West Cabrit (Smith 10335, Whitefoord 

3985). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957503) reported uses for this plant in 

Carib good luck rituals, but one voucher (Hodge 3200 at US) is 

0. gratissimum. 

Ocimum gratissimum 

Ocimwn gratissimwn Linnaeus, 1753:1197. 

French basilique. 

Shrubby weed to 1.2 m; leaves serrate, 5-12 cm long; upper 

calyx lip upcurved, much longer than the lower lip, closing the 
NUMBER 77 LAMIACEAE-LAURACEAE 123 

mouth of the fruiting calyx; nutlets f spherical, brown. 

Native in Old World, occasional in West Indies and South 

America; locally common in Dominica: Belvedere (Whitefoord 

3702), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7941), Salybia (Hodge 3200). 

Aromatic foliage used for tea to bring down fever. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:121, pl. 88) reported medicinal and 

magic usages. 

Salvia Linnaeus 

Two species with red flowers may be cultivated on 

Dominica. Sulviu coccinea Etlinger with a greenish calyx was 

collected on Dominica sine loc. (Imruy 125 at K). 

Salvia splendens Sellow ex Nees (1821,2:334) with a large 

scarlet calyx may be expected in cultivation. 

The attribution of Salviu densiflora Bentham, with the type 

locality “in ins. Dominica,” to Dominica is an error for Santo 

Domingo. This Hispaniolan endemic is not found in the Lesser 

Antilles. 

1. Flowers blue to purple; leaves sharply serrate; floral bracts 

persistent, broadly ovate and acuminate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. occidenhlis 

1. Flowers usually white; leaves bluntly serrate; bracts 

deciduous, lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. serotina 

Salvia occidental& 

Salvia occidenialis Swartz, 1788:ll. 

Sprawling herb with small, blue flowers. 

Neotropics; a common weed on the western side of 

Dominica: East Cabrit (Whitefoord 5262), Fond Baron (Ernst 

1612), Goodwill (Ernst 1298), Sylvania (Cooper 86), West 

Cabrit (Smith 10322). 

Salvia serotina 

SaIvia seroritu heus, 1767b:25. 

Suffrutescent low herb; flowers white, sometimes blue. 

West Indies and Yucatan; in xerophytic areas of Dominica’s 

west coast: Batali River (Ernst 2121), West Cabrit (Whitefoord 

3980), Roseau (Duss s.n.), Scotts Head (Ernst 1967, Webster 

13440, Wilbur 7586), Soufriere (Lloyd 414), Swamp Gutter 

(Hodge 883, Whitefoord 4050). 

Scutellaria Linnaeus 

Scutelluria coccineu Kunth, with showy purple-red flowers 

and elliptic leaf with attenuate base, may be cultivated on 

Dominica. 

Scutellaria huvunensis Jacquin of the Greater Antilles was 

listed by Velez (1957:98) for Dominica. It is a weak herb with 

blue flowers and shortly petioled leaves (4 cm long). 

1. Corolla blue to purplish . . . . . . . . , S. purpurascens 

1. Corolla scarlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. ventenatii 

Scutellaria purpurascens 

Scutellaria pwpurawens Swartz, 1788:89. 

Weedy herb to 0.5 m; leaf blades ovate with obtuse to 

truncate base and margin slightly crenate; petiole as long as the 

blade. 

Northern neotropics; occasional in Dominica at lower 

elevations: Batali (Erst 2118), Fon Pays (Hodge 2833, 

Lisdara (Hodge 2452), Magua (Stehle 6383), Soufriere (Lloyd

480), South Chiltern (Nicolson 2175), sine loc. (Imruy 44). 

Scutellaria ventenatii 

Scutellaria ventenatii W. Hooker, 1846. 

Straggling herb to 1 m; leaf blade ovate with f cordate base 

and acuminate apex, margin entire to slightly dentate. 

Native of northern South America, introduced and naturalized elsewhere; occasional in Dominica at mid-elevations on 

west side: Laudat (Lloyd 256), Lisdara (Cooper 148, Hodge 

2342), Morne aux Diables (Wusshuusen & Ayensu 363, 

Soufriere (Lloyd 472), Springfield (Wolf 2), sine loc. (Eggers 

840). 

LAURACEAE 

An economically important family with beautiful, often 

aromatic wood but rarely collected in flower and fruit; hence, I 

find the species difficult. 

The family is easy to recognize in flower by its unique 

stamens. The outer stamens open by 2 or 4 valves, which open 

upwards by flaps. The genera are primarily defined by 

variations in the stamens, viewed as evolved from an idealized 

ancestral form with 12 stamens in 4 whorls of 3 stamens each. 

The outer two series (whorls) open toward the center of the 

flower, the third whorl opens toward the outside of the flower 

and often has 2 large and swollen glands at the base of each of 

the 3 stamens. The fourth series is usually aborted and sterile 

(staminodia), sometimes absent. 

Three Asiatic species of Cinnumomum have been collected 

fiom cultivation in Dominica: (1) Cinnumomum burmunni (C. 

& T Nees) Nees ex Blume, the padang-cassia of which the bark 

is used like cinnamon, collected at Magua (Stehle 6350, 

flowering in April); (2) Cinnumomum cumphora (Linnaeus) 

Presl, the camphor tree, collected at the Roseau Botanic 

Garden, Experimental Station and Mome Bruce Plot (Jones 

s.n., sterile); (3) Cinnumomum verum FYesl (including Cinnamomum zeylanicum Garcin ex Blume), the true cinnamon, 

collected at La Plaine (Ernst 1911, Nicolson 2051) and Mahaut 

(Hodge 1304, flowering in February). These triplinerved 

species may be distinguished as follows: 
124 LAURACFAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Buds large, many-scaled, outer scales smaller than inner; 

petioles long (-% the leaf blade length); midrib giving rise 

to several major lateral veins above the middle; plants 

1. Buds small, few-scaled, outer scales about as large as bud; 

petioles short (-l/6 the leaf blade length): midrib not giving 

rise to major veins above the middle; plant smelling of 

cinnamon. 

2. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-tapered at apex; basal 

veins arising well above leaf base, attenuating well 

before apex ................ C. burmnni 

2. Leaves broadly ovate, blunt or round at apex; basal veins 

arising at leaf base, continuing almost to apex ..... ......................... C. verum 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 127, pl. 94) reported medicinal use 

smelling of camphor ............ C. camphora 

of Cinnamomum verum (as C. zeylunicum) on Dominica. 

Excluded Lauraceae 

The genus Phoebe (united with Cinnamomum by Kostermans, 1961) is similar to Persea in that it also has an inner 

(fourth series) group of 3 sagittate staminodia and a persistent 

perianth in hit However, it has triplinerved leaves, a character 

also exhibited by Cinnamomum. Grisebach (1864:711) reported identifications of Imray collections from Dominica 

under the names Phoebe membranacea and Persea nutans. 

Both binomials were cited by Mez (1889:202) in synonmy of 

Phoebe cubensis, although Mez didn't cite the Imray collections. The Imray collections were cited by Mez (Imruy 149, 

335) under Ocotea imrayana Mez (1889:274). Thus, the 

attribution of Phoebe cubensis to Dominica by Mez (in Urban, 

1905,4245) is apparently an error. No material attributable to 

Phoebe has been seen from Dominica, although it can be 

expected. Howard (1981:45; 1988, 4:254) followed Kostermans in treating Phoebe in Cinnamomum. 

Cassytha filiformis Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by 

Velez (1957:79). This is a parasitic, aphyllous vine, like 

Dodder (Cuscuta) but has the typical Lauraceous androecium 

with 9 bilocular stamens and 3 staminodes. Although this 

species is widely scattered and expected, no collections from 

Dominica have been seen. 

1. Anthers of fertile stamens quadrilocular (inner 3 anthers 

sometimes bilocular in Persea urbuniana). 

2. Calyx lobes early deciduous (cupule truncated); fourth 

series of stamens absent; flowers bisexual or unisexual 

Ocotea 

2. Calyx lobes persistent in fruit (cupule lobed, not 

truncated); fourth series of stamens present as sagittate 

staminodia; flowers bisexual .......... Persea 

3. Leaves to 3 cm wide; fertile stamens 3; cupule 

2-margined ................... Licaria 

3. Leaves >3 cm wide; fertile stamens 9; cupule absent or 

1 -margined. 

.......................... 

1. Anthers of fertile stamens bilocular. 

4. Leaves silky-pubescent below; flowers functionally 

unisexual ................ Endlicherh 

4. Leaves glabrous below: flowers bisexual. 

5. Fourth series of stamens absent; fruiting cupule 

present ................... Aniba 

5. Fourth series of stamens present as sagiaate 

staminodia; fruiting cupule absent ......... ................... Beilschmiedh 

Key to genera (including those cultivated and expected), not 

using floral characters: 

1. Leaves densely silky-sericeous below .... Endlicherh 

1. Leaves not so. 

2. Leaves triplinerved at or near base ... Cinnamomum 

2. Leaves pinnately veined. 

4. Fruit without cupule ......... Beilschmkdia 

4. Fruit with accrescent cupule. 

5. Epals deciduous .......... Aniba, Ocotea 

5. Rpals persistent. 

6. Leaves narrow; cupule 2-margined ... Licaria 

6. Leaves broad ............... Persea 

Aniba Aublet 

absent: fruit with an accrescent cupule. 

Flowers bisexual; stamens 9, bilocular, inner staminodia 

1. Leaves +_ verticillate, large (>15 cm long): style 4-5x 

longer than ovary .............. A. bracteata 

1. Leaves alternate, small (to 10 cm long); style equaling the 

ovary. .................. .A. ramageana 

Aniba bracteata 

Anibo brocreota (Nees) Mez, 1889:66.-Kostermms, 1938:879.-Little et al.. 

Aydendron broctearwn Nees, 1836:256. 

Aydendron argentem Grisebach, lW.285. 

1974:184, pl. 325. 

Laurier isabelle, laurier rouge, bois jaune. 

Tree to 15 m; petioles el cm long; leaves narrowly elliptic to 

oblanceolate; fruit 2 cm long. 

Puerto Rico to St. Vincent; in Dominica on east coast and in 

rainforest to 550 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1835). Calibishie 

(Hodge 3738), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 2134), Salybia 

(Hodge 3408), Sylvania (Hodge 1321), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

5346). 

Aniba ramageana 

Anibo romageom Mez, 1889:494.-Kostermans, 1938:Wl. 

Laurier de rose. 

Aromatic tree to 5 m; leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovate; fruit to 

Martinique; in Dominica in rainforest at 450-1000 m: Carib 

4 cm long. 
NUMBER 77 LAURACEAE 125 

Reserve (Stehle 6102), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1773, 21 77, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2575), Magua (Taylor s.n.), Pegoua River 

(Stehle 7176). 

Beilschmiedia Nees 

Flowers bisexual; stamens 9, bilocular; inner staminodia 

present; fruit without cupule. 

Beilschmiedia pendula 

1938:843.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:110, pl. 42. 

Beilschmiedia pendula (Swartz) Hemsley, 1887, 3:7O.-Kostermans, 

Lam pendda Swam, 178865. 

Hufelandia pendula (Swam) Nees, 1833a:22. 

Laurier madame. 

Tree to 20 m; leaves glabrous, broadly elliptic to k obovate, 

to 18 cm x 8 cm; inflorescence and flowers pubescent; 

filaments pilose; drupe ellipsoid, to 3 cm long. 

West Indies; in Dominica in rainforests at 650 m: Laudat 

(Hodge 1958), Sylvania (Beard 636,1454). 

Endlicheria Nees, nom. cons. 

Flowers unisexual; stamens 9, bilocular, staminodes absent; 

fruit with accrescent cupule. 

Endlicheria sericea 

Endlicheria sericea Nees, 1833b:38.-Kostemans, 1937545. 

Aydendron sericewn (Nees) Grisebach, 1860:284. 

Bois marble, laurier bord de mer, marbuy, laurier caca, 

laurier p&6. 

Tree to 15 m or more; leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate, the 

blades to 3.2 cm x 11.5 cm, glabrous above, short-sericeous 

below, the hairs giving a silky appearance to the leaves; 

inflorescences and flowers yellow, short-sericeous. 

Lesser Antilles and northern South America; in Dominica 

frequent in rainforest from 150-750 m: Carholm (Ernst 1950), 

Castle Bruce (Beard 628), Laudat (Eggers 403), Magua (Stehle

6339, Morne Anglais (Hodge 2252), Morne Colla Anglais 

(Hodge 400), South Chiltem (Err? 1869, Sylvania (Hodge 

1123, 1317, 3843), Syndicate (Whirefoord 3533, Trace 

(Cowun 1624), sine loc. (Imruy 334 at GOET, 185 at GH). 

Flowering July-August, fruiting February-May. 

Licaria Aublet 

Flowers bisexual; stamens 3 (third series), bilocular, extrorse, biglandular at base, the first and second series of minute 

foliaceous staminodia, fourth series absent; fruit cupular, 

2-margined. 

Licaria sericea 

Licariu sericea (Grisebach) Kostemans, 1937597. 

Acrodiclidium sericeum Grisebach, 1860:280. 

Acra[iclidium dominiceme Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1):86. 

Tree to 20 m; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, to 12 cm x 3 cm; 

Guadeloupe to St. Lucia; in Dominica: sine loc. (Imay s.n at 

inflorescence multiflorous; filaments free. 

K, GOET). 

Ocotea Aublet 

Flowers bisexual or unisexual; fertile stamens 9, quadrilocular, the locules paired; staminodes none; cupule truncate. 

I go along with those who treat Nectandra as a subgenus but 

grant that I have had as much difficulty as others in deciding 

how to apply the stamen character (lead 1 below). I tried 

Howard’s key but found it no better than mine. It appears that 

it is hopeless to go on hying to identify taxa in herbaria and 

strongly recommend learning the taxa in the field. 

1. Locules of each anther in 2 pairs, one pair located directly 

above the other (Ocotea sensu stricto). 

3. Flowers unisexual; leaves long-acuminate ...... ....................... 0. cernua 

3. Flowers bisexual; leaves obtuse to short-acuminate 

..................... 0. imrayana 

4. Leaves without domatia; flowers unisexual ..... ..................... 0. leucoxylon 

4. Leaves with domatia in axils of midrib and lateral 

veins beneath. 

5. Flowers unisexual; leaves to 4 cm wide ...... ................... 0. eggersiana 

5. Flowers bisexual; leaves to 9 cm wide. ...... .................. 0. martinicensis 

1. Locules of each anther in a linear row or arc, not paired 

(Nectandra sensu stricto). 

6. Veinlets not or only weakly elevated; plants pubescent 

(particularly when young). 

7. Flowers large (almost 1 cm across); plants rustytomentose; fruit ellipsoid ......... 0. krugii 

7. Flowers small (to 0.5 cm across); plants graypuberulent; fruit globose ..... 0. membranacea 

6. Veinlets strongly elevated, particularly on lower leaf 

surface. 

8. Domatia (hairy tufts) in vein axils on lower leaf 

8. Plants glabrous; domatia absent. 

2. Peduncles, pedicels and perianth glabrous. 

2. Peduncles, pedicels and perianth pubescent. 

surface. .................. 0. patens 

9. Leaves -10 cm long, rarely 15 cm; flowers 

bisexual; fruit k globose, slightly longer than wide; 

plants of dry northwest area. .... 0. coriacea 

9. Leaves >10 cm long, rarely less; flowers unisexual; 

fruit ellipsoid, about twice as long as broad, plants 

of moist interior. ......... 0. dominicana 
LAURACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 126 

Ocotea cernua 

Ocotea cernw (Nees) Mez, 1888:422, 1889:377.-Howard. 198152; 1988, 

Oreodophne cernua Nees, 1836:421. 

Laurier fer, laurier isabelle. 

Tree to 15 m; leaf blades glabrous, long-acuminate; fruit to 

1.5 cm long, the cupule red, the drupe black. 

Mexico, Central America, West Indies; in Dominica in 

rainforest and east coastal slopes at 15-550 m: Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 1210, 1977, Nicolson 1823, Wilbur 8332), Glasham 

(Nicolson 2110, La Fanchette (Chambers 2729), Londonderry 

(Chambers 2609), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4662), Petite 

Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2466), St. Hilaire Trace 

(Beard 1461), Sylvania (Hodge 404, 405), Syndicate (Ernst 

Collected in flower throughout the year, but mature fruits in 

4262. 

2016). 

July and August. 

Ocotea coriacea 

Ocotea coriacea (Swartz) Britton in Brit- & Millspaugh, 1920:143.- 

braus coriacea Swam, 1788:65. 

Nectandra coriacea (Swam) Grisebach, 1860:281.--Linle & Wadsworth, 

Nectandra sunguinea sensu Grisebach. 1860:281, non Rolander ex Rottbll, 

Howard, 1988,4:262. 

1964:116, pl. 45. 

fide Mez, 1889:460. 

Shrub or tree to 6 m; leaf blades glabrous above, glabrous to 

glabrescent below, shining, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or 

elliptic-ovate, the veins prominent above and below, to 14 cm 

x 6 cm; fruit broadly ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long. 

Caribbean area; in Dominica confiied to a small swampland 

area and adjacent slopes on the northwest coast to 180 m: 

Cabrits (Ernst 1925, Hodge 3727, 3731, Whitefoord 4043, 

5984, 6128), Swamp Gutter (Hodge 401, 403, Wilbur 8262). 

Flowering April-May, hits well developed in August. 

Ocotea dominicana 

Ocotea dominicana (Meisner) Howard, 198153; 1988,4263. 

Oreodaphne dominimnu Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 15(1):139. 

Nectandra dm‘nicana (Meisner) Mez, 1889:399. 

Laurier, laurier blanc, laurier cip, laurier riverside, laurier 

yaboca, laurier zaboca. 

Shrub or tree to 15 m; leaf blades glabrous, elliptic to 

lance-ovate, coriaceous, to 35 cm x 19 cm; inflorescence 

glabrous; flowers unisexual; fruit ellipsoid, to 4 cm long, 

pendent on long peduncles, the cupule red, the drupe green, 

becoming purplish black. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique; common in Dominica in montane rainforest 200-1300 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1888, 

I890), Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2551, Eggers 658, 

Ernst 1101, 1769, 2159B, 2173, Fosberg 48281, Gillis 8206, 

Nicolson 1813,2110, Smith 10250, Stern & Wasshausen 2568, 

Wasshausen & Ayensu 312, Webster 13265, Whitefoord 3813, 

Wilbur 7453, Morne Diablotins (Nicolson 1926), Morne Trois 

Pitons (Wilbur 8079), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13533, 

Pont Casd (Wilbur 7763), Sylvania (Beard 649). Flowering 

July-January, fruit March-October. 

Ocotea eggersiana 

Ocotea eggersiana Mez, 1889:363.-Howard, 1981 :2W, 1988,4:264. 

Laurier caca, laurier fetide. 

Tree or shrub; leaves small, to 7.5 cm x 4 cm, with domatia; 

flowers unisexual. 

Lesser Antilles; not recently collected in Dominica but 

reported from La Plaine (Ramage s.n. at K), Rosehill [near 

Lisdara Estate] (Eggers 657 at GOET), sine loc. (Eggers 988, 

Imray 127,147 at K, Eggers 327 at GOET). 

The Dominican materials cited by Grisebach (1860:281) as 

Nectandra exaltata belong here, according to Mez (1889:364). 

This species is part of a complex apparently involving the 

larger-leaved 0. floribunda and other “species” with small 

(40 cm long) leaves: 0. dussii (flowers bisexual; domatia 

present); 0. I’herminieri (flowers bisexual; domatia absent); 

this species .(flowers unisexual; domatia present), and even 

material called 0. eggersiana (flowers unisexual, domatia 

absent). Only 0. eggersiana is reported from Dominica, 

although the others are reported from the French islands 

(Fournet, 1978). 

Much of the material (US) from the French islands that was 

distributed as 0. eggersii (sic) appears to be 0. dussii, some 

(Duss 3829) being syntypes of 0. dussii. 

Ocotea imrayana 

Ocotea hapnu Mez, 1889:274.-Howard, 198155; 1988,4:265. 

Small tree; leaf blades glabrous, obtuse to short-acuminate; 

flowers bisexual. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique; in Dominica without locality: 

Imray 335 at K, GOET. This material was identified by 

Grisebach as 0. cernua. 

A collection (US) from Martinique (Duss 4562) appears to 

be this species. A specimen (W) from 100 m at La Chaudibe 

(Hodge 3507) is doubtfully referred here. The flowers seem 

quite glabrous but, unlike what I assume to be the case in true 

0. imrayana, a young leaf bud is remarkably fermginoustomentose and the pistil appears to be aborted (flowers 

unisexual). The stamens are 4-locular but the lower two locules 

appear to be latrorse (opening to the side) rather than introrse 

(on the outer six stamens) and extrorse (on the inner three 

stamens). I am unable to identify it with any certainty. 

A duplicate (GH) was identified by Barneby and Allen as 

Nectandra dominicana, but I do not find that the flowers have 

the distinctive densely glandular-punctate tepals of that species. 
NUMBER 77 LAURACEAE 127 

Ocotea krugu 

Ocofea kugii (Mez) Howard, 198156; 1988,4265. 

Necrandra kugii Mez, 1889:422.-Little et al., 1974:194, pl. 331. 

Nectandra discolor sensu Grisebach, 1860:282, non Nees. 

Tree to 25 m; leaves tomentose, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 

acuminate, to 24 cm x 9 cm; flowers large, to 1 cm across, outer 

and inner surfaces of perianth villous; filaments absent, anthers 

pubescent; fruit ellipsoid, to 1.5 cm long. 

Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Saba, Guadeloupe, and Dominica; 

cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1860982) and Mez 

(1889:422), based on Zmray 214 (K), a syntype. 

This species is easy to recognize by its copious rusty 

tomentum, but has not been recently collected on Dominica. It 

has remarkably large flowers, compared to other species of 

Dominica, a character shared with N. antillana Meisner that has 

more appressed puberulence. The specimen at Kew has been 

annotated (by C. Allen and R. Bameby) as N. globosa (Aublet) 

Mez, here regarded as a misidentification. 

Ocotea leucoxylon 

Ocotea leucoxylon (Swam) Lanessan. 1886:158.4omez de la Man. 

18891Z.-Mez. 1889:329.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:122, pl. 48.- 

Howard, 198156; 1988,4266. 

Lourus ievcoxylon Swartz, 1788:65. 

Oreodaphne Ieucoxylon (Swartz) Nees, 1836:413. 

Laurier badinier, laurier marbre, laurier mabui. 

Tree with leaves without domatia, elliptic, -12 cm x 5 cm, 

obtuse to acuminate; flowers unisexual; fruits globose, the 

pedicel and cupule red, swollen and often with light-colored 

warts (lenticels?). 

West Indies; occasional in Dominica in lowland and midland 

forests to 550 m: Delices (Whitefoord 5499), La Fanchette 

(Chambers 2728), Layou (Ramage s.n. at K), Marigot (Hodge 

406), Morne Anglais (Nicolson 4109), Morne Couronne 

(Webster 13215A), Pont Casd (Skog 1576), South Chiltern 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2489), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3889), 

Trafalgar Falls (Whitefoord 4598), sine loc. (Zmay 325 at 

GOET, Cooper 41). Flowering June-July; fruits immature in 

January-February, mature in June. 

A similar species, O.floribunda, is reported from the French 

Islands, but it has a different fine venation and very different 

"double-rimmed" cupule. 

Ocotea martinkensis 

Ocofea martinkernis Mez, 1889:270.-Howard, 198 159; 1988, 4:267. 

Reported to be a tall tree; leaves large (to 18 cm x 9 cm) and 

with domatia (sometimes absent?) in the axils of the main 

lateral veins; flowers puberulent, bisexual; the drupe described 

as 2.5 cm x 1.4 cm. 

Lesser Antilles; known from Dominica only from the Imray 

collections cited in the original description (Zmray 135 at K, 

270 at GOET, K). 

Described by Fournet (1978:487) as inhabiting the dry and 

rocky littoral or in hills on lava and muddy draws. 

This species, supposedly distinguished by its bisexual, 

pubescent flowers and the domatia, was broadly defined by 

Mez, including material from Jamaica that Seems anomalous on 

phytogeographic grounds. At US we have more than 12 

collections from the Lesser Antilles, some with domatia and 

some without, and I am unsure they represent one variable 

species or more than one. The materials from Guadeloupe 

(except Stehle56610) lack domatia but those from Martinique 

and Grenada have domatia. 

Ocotea jacquinii Mez, discussed by Fournet (1978:488) as 

occurring in Guadeloupe and St. Lucia, may be confused with 

0. martinicensis but Seems to have more coriaceous and 

glabrous leaves with a striking elongate acumen. This is 

exemplified by a photo (US) of the type from the Jacquin 

Herbarium (W) collected in Martinique by Benedict Aquart, a 

co-traveler with Jacquin for whom Jacquin named Aquartia in 

1760. This specimen, in my opinion, served as the basis for 

description and illustration (a long-acuminate leaf) of Laurus 

martinicensis Jacquin (1789, Coll., 2:109, pl. 5: fig. 2). The 

name Oreodaphne jacquinii Meisner (in A.P. Candolle, 1864, 

15( 1): 114, "jacquini") was illegitimate as a superfluous name 

when published because it included Laurus murtinicensis 

Jacquin. Ocotea jacquinii Mez (1889:242, 'yacquini") is 

legitimate (Art. 72, Note, ZCBN) because Mez established a 

separate Ocotea martinicensis, making Jacquin's epithet 

unavailable in Ocotea. However, I do not consider that Mez 

was correct in separating the Aquart type (under Ocotea 

jacquinii) from Jacquin's illustration (under Nectandra murtinicensis (Jacquin) Mez, 1889:459) and regard the combination 

in Nectandra as a nomenclatural synonym of 0. jacquinii. 

The above, written before I saw Howard's (1981:56-57) 

discussions of 0. jacquinii and kurus murtinicensis, agrees 

with Howard (1988, 4:265) except the epithet should be with 

double 'Y (jacquinii, not "jacquini") and the parenthetic 

citation of Meisner's name should be omitted (the epithetbringing synonym is illegitimate). 

Ocotea membranacea 

Ocotea membranacea (Swartz) Howard, 198159; 1988, 41267. 

Laurur membranacea Swam, 1788:65. 

Nectandra membranacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860282. 

Laurier neglesse, laurier noir. 

Tree to 10 m; leaves puberulent to glabrescent below, f 

coriaceous, not shining, elliptic, elliptic -1anceolate or lanceovate, acuminate, to 2.3 cm x 8.5 cm, the veins immersed 

above and either elevated or immersed below; inflorescences 

pubescent, flowers very small, 4-5 mm across; fruit globoid, 

-1.5 cm diameter. 

West Indies; in Dominica in lowland and midland rainforests 

from 65-800 m: Carholm (Ernst 1943, Clyde River valley 
LAuRACEAFl-LENTmlL4RIAaAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 128 

(Ernst 1036), Freshwater Lake (Erst 2160, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 320), Lisdara (Cooper 169), Morne Anglais (Hodge 

2248), Pont Casse (Stern & Wasshausen 2544), Sylvania 

(Hodge 402. Flowering July-August, fruiting March-May. 

Grisebach (1860:282) misidentified material of this species 

from Dominica as N. leucantha var. rodiaei (Schomburgk) 

Grisebach, according to Mez (1889:450), who puts the 

basionym under Ocotea rodiuei (Schomburgk) Mez. 

Ocotea patens 

Ocoteo patens (Swartz) Nees, 1833a:lO.-Howard, 1988,4269. 

hwur potens Swartz, 1788:65. 

Nectondro potens (Swartz) Grisebach, 1860:281. 

Leaves glabrous except for tufts (domatia) in vein axils 

below; venation prominent, coarsely reticulate on both surfaces; panicles branched from base, puberulous; cupules 

shallow, red; berry oblong-ellipsoid, 2-2.5 cm long, black 

[description from Howard, l.c.1. 

Antilles; reported for Dominica by Howard (1.c.) with 

exclamation mark but I have not seen the Dominican 

specimens. 

Persea Miller, nom. cons. 

Flowers bisexual; tepals lanceolate (equal in R americana 

and inner distinctly longer in P. urbaniana); stamens 9, 

quadrilocular (sometimes inner 3 bilocular in P. urbaniana), 

filaments elongate, locules paired, staminodia 3 (inside the 

stamens); fruit with accrescent pedicel and persistent tepals. 

The avocado or z’aboca, Persea americana Miller of Central 

America, is cultivated in Dominica in the Carib Reserve, 

Lisdara (Hodge 2420) and Petit Macoucheri (Whitefoord 

6033). It is a large tree with large, edible fruits. The fruit is 

pear-shaped, the tepals are all equal, and all anthers are 

4-locular. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:129, pl. 95) reported 

medicinal uses on Dominica. 

Persea urbaniana 

Perseo wbonim Mez, 1889:143.-Kcpp, 1966:90.-Little et al., 1974:210, 

Perseo globerrha Mez, 1889:144. 

pl. 339. 

Laurier muscat. 

Tree to 7 m; petals twice the length of the sepals; inner 

(third) series of anthers sometimes 2-locular; fruit globose, 

small. 

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat to St. Lucia; in Dominica 

without locality (Zmray 133 at K). 

LECYTHIDACEAE 

The following introduced trees have been collected or 

observed in the Roseau Botanic Garden and environs: 

Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz, a native of Asia with 

large, white flowers with four petals and many, long-exserted 

stamens. 

Couroupita guianensis Aublet, the cannonball tree, noted for 

its curious reddish flowers and spherical cannonball-like fruits 

borne on the trunk (Hodge 903). 

Gustavia augusta Linnaeus of northern South America with 

axillary white flowers (Hodge 3935). 

Napoleonaea imperialis Palisot de Beauvois (incl. Napoleonaeu m’ersii J. Hooker) of West Africa with large, variegated 

leaves and large, apetalous flowers 3-4 cm across with a 

70-radiate, tricolored pseudocorolla and 40-fid, white central 

corona (Hodge 3906). 

LENTIBULARIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Utricularia gibba Linnaeus (cf. Fernandez-Perez, 1964:69), 

another yellow-flowered species but with dissected “leaves,” is 

reported from Guadeloupe and Martinique, but has not been 

collected on Dominica, presumably because it grows in quiet 

water, rare in Dominica. 

Grisebach (1860: 162) reported Utricularia amethystina 

Salzmann ex’ St. Hilaire 62 Girard for Dominica, based on an 

Imray collection. I have not seen the specimen, but it is almost 

certain that it cannot be this species. According to Peter Taylor 

(pers. comm.) U. amethystina does not occur north of Trinidad. 

It could be Utricularia jamesoniana Oliver, known from 

Guadeloupe and Martinique, which, like U. alpina, is epiphytic 

(growing in moss), but very small and with a long spur, longer 

than the 3-lobed lip. 

1. 

1. 

“Leaves” to 20 cm x 3 cm; pedicels 2-3 cm long; flowers 

white, 3-5 cm in diameter, spur to 3 cm long ...... .......................... U. alpina 

“Leaves” to 8 mm x 1.5 mm; pedicels to 6 mm long; 

flowers yellow, to 6 mm in diameter, spur 2 mm long 

.......................... U. pusilla 

Utricularia alpina 

Utriculario olpino Jacquin, 1760: 11.-Femhaez-Pbrez, 1961:28. 

Utricularia mantano Jacquin, 1763:7, pl. 6. 

OrchyNiwn olpinwn (Jacquin) Barnhart, 191653. 

Epiphytic, scapose herb to 40 cm; rhizoids bearing translucent pseudobulbs to 2 cm in diameter and utricles 1 mm in 

diameter; “leaves” elliptic, spatulate or oblanceolate; bracts 

basifixed; flowers white, tinged with yellow and lavender; 

capsule globoid, 1.3 cm long. 

Central America, northwestern South America, Lesser 

Antilles; in Dominica on moist banks or epiphytic in 

rainforests, 425-1200 m: Dleau Gommier (Ernst 1183), 

Freshwater Lake area (Eggers s.n., Hodge 1844, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 323, Webster 13264, Wilbur 7410), Morne Anglais 
NUMBER 77 LENTIBUIARIACEAE-LOBELJACEAE 129 

(Hodge 823), Mome Trois Pitons (Hodge 824), Pont Casse 

(Ernst 1009, Nicolson 1807, Stern & Wasshausen 2559, Wilbur 

7723, 7770), Sylvania (Stehle 6321). 

Uhicularia pusilla 

Utriculoria pusilla Vahl, 1804, hum., 1 :202.-Femandez-Perez,1964:63. 

Terrestrial scapose herb to 12 cm; stolons and portions of 

“leaves” decurrent on ground, bearing utricles 0.5 mm in 

diameter; “leaves” ligulate or linear; bracts peltate; flowers 

yellow; capsule globoid, 1.8 mm long. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in wet meadows and ditches, 

550-600 m: Castle Bruce (Hodge 1239), Pont Casse (Ernst 

2089, Webster 13475), Sylvania (Hodge 822, 3846, Knowlton 

s.n.). 

LOBELIACEAE 

(by L. Skog) 

These irregularly flowered genera are sometimes included in 

the Campanulaceae. 

1. Corolla tube cleft to base above; inflorescence a terminal 

raceme (except flowers solitary and axillary in Lobelia 

kraussii) ...................... Lobelia 

1. Corolla tube not cleft to base; inflorescence a single 

axillary flower. 

2. Leaves glabrous, petiolate, bases obtuse to rounded, 

corolla 2.5-3.0 cm long, red; stamens not epipetalous; 

fruit indehiscent ............. Centropogon 

2. Leaves pubescent, k sessile, bases tapered; corolla 

10-15 cm long, white; stamens epipetalous, attached 

near apex of corolla tube; fruit dehiscent ........ ....................... Hippobroma 

The genera of bbeliaceae, even in Dominica, are heterogeneous and require study of technical characters. The species are 

easy to recognize by superficial characters. The following key 

is to species. 

1. Flowers solitary, axillary. 

2. Flowers white ......... Hippobroma longifora 

2. Flowers red (or yellow). 

3. Leaves ovate, rounded at base ............ .............. Centropogon berterianus 

3. Leaves lanceolate, acute at base ........... ................... Lobelia kraussii 

1. Flowers many, in terminal racemes. 

4. 

4. Flowers greenish white-yellow; leaves lanceolate, >10 

cm long. 

5. Bracts linear, to 0.1 mm wide, shorter than pedicels; 

all 5 anthers tufted ........ Lobelk cirsiifolia 

5. Bracts lanceolate, to 0.3 mm wide, longer than 

Flowers blue; leaves ovate, to 3 cm long ........ ................... Lobelia cliffortiana 

pedicels; upper anthers glabrous and longer than 

lower tufted anthers ......... Lobelia strich 

Centropogon Presl 

Centropogon berterianus 

Centropogon berterianus (Sprengel) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1839, 

Lobelia berteriana Sprengel, 1825, 1:712. 

Siphocampylus berterianus (Sprengel) G. Don, 1834,3:703. 

7:345. 

Weak, succulent herbs with milky sap; leaves k cordate; 

flowers axillary, solitary; calyx lobes ~0.5 cm long; corolla 

bright red, 2.5-3.0 cm long; staminal column included or f 

exserted; lower 2 anthers penicillate; fruit fleshy. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in rainforest clearings, -750 m: 

Freshwater Lake (Ernst 2183, Petite Macoucheri (Webster 

13554), Roseau River (Eggers 602), sine loc. (Eggers 1007). 

Easily confused with Lobelia kraussii, which has lanceolate 

leaves acute at base while this has ovate leaves with rounded 

bases. 

Hippobroma G. Don 

Hippobroma long lflora 

Hippobroma longifora (Linnaeus) G. Don, 1834,3:717.-Adams, 1972:737. 

Lobelia longifora Linnaeus, 1753:930. 

Isdoma Iongiflora (Linnaeus) Presl, 1836:42. 

Lourentia longifora (Linnaeus) Petermann, 1845:444.-Wimmer in Engler. 

1953, IV.276 (Heft 107):405. 

Pipe-shank, pipe-zombi. 

Pubescent herbs with poisonous milky sap; leaves oblanceolate, irregularly toothed; flowers axillary, solitary, white, 

10-15 cm long; fruit a capsule. 

West Indies, Central and tropical South America; in 

Dominica on road banks and wet clearings from near sea level 

to 800 m: Anse Du Me (Wilbur 8042), Carib Reserve (Stehle

6433), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1153,1171), Hatton Garden (Hodge 

2944), Marigot (Hodge 785), Petite Soufrihre Bay (Nicolson 

1985). 

Chopped leaves are used as a poultice (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:614). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:131, pl. 98) reported a 

medicinal usage. 

Lobelia Linnaeus 

Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus was collected (Duss 505 at NY) 

from “dans le haut de la vallk de Roseau B la Dominique” in 

August 1884. This is the only record of this North America 

mainland species I have seen from the West Indies and it is 

presumed to come from cultivation. It differs from native 

Dominican species by its red flowers in terminal racemes. 

Lobelia persicifolia Lamarck of Guadeloupe is often cited 

for Dominica. This species differs from L. kraussii in having 
130 LOBELLACME SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

strongly arcuate, nonfenestrate corollas, generally longer 

filament tubes, and wider hypanthia 

1. Anthers all (5) densely white-tufted at apex. 

2. Flowers in terminal racemes; corolla white-greenish 

yellow . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . L. cirsiifolia 

2. Flowers solitary, axillary, corolla red or yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . L. kraussu 

1. Anthers of two kinds, lower two densely white-tufted and 

upper three glabrous at apex. 

3. 

3. 

Annual herbs; leaves deltoid, toothed, 2-3 cm long, 

pubescent; corolla 5-6 mm long; upper 3 anthers 

pubescent below apex . . . . . . . . . . L. cliffortiana 

Perennial shrubs; leaves linear-lanceolate, spinulose, 

9-24 cm long, glabrous; corolla 1.3-1.5 cm long; upper 

3 anthers glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. strich 

Lobelia cirsiifolia 

Lobelia cirsiifolio Lamarck, 1792, Encycl., 3584. 

Tupa cirsiifolia (Lamar&) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1839,7:395. 

Tvpa digitrrlifolio Grisebach, 1861:387. 

Lobelia digilalifolia (Grisebach) Urban, 1899, 1:455. 

Z’eb apite. 

Herbs 1.0-1.5 m; leaves lanceolate, to 21 cm long, teeth 

ascending to spreading, to 1 mm long; sepals entire to k entire. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica on ridges in rainforest, 

600-800 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1893, En Haut Jean 

(Webster 13523, Fon Pays (Hodge 2839), Freshwater Lake 

(Eggers s.n.), Laudat (Hodge 1859, Lloyd 253, Morne Anglais 

(Hodge 2299), Syndicate (Ernst 2001,2109, Webster 13320). 

Lobelia digitalifolia apparently differs from L. cirsiifolia 

only in having small (4 mm long) incurved spinules along the 

leaf margin. In L. cirsiifolia the teeth are larger (1-4 mm long) 

and ascending to spreading. The floral measurements given in 

the key by McVaugh (in North Amer. Fl., 1943,32A37) do not 

serve to separate the species because measurements of recent 

collections apparently bridge the supposed gap. McVaugh’s 

note that flower color is brownish purple in L. digitalifolia is 

not supported by Grisebach’s description as “pale.” The 

differences between these taxa seems insufficient to differentiate species. 

What Sastre (1985: 167) called Lobelia stricta belongs to this 

complex (5 anthers tufted). It is not clear what the taxon is but 

from what Sastre said, it is only known from St. Kitts and 

Nevis, apparently Lobelia infesta (Grisebach) Urban. 

Lobelia cliffortiana var. xalapensis 

Lobelio cliffortiom var. xalapenrb (Kunth) Gray, 1878,2:7. 

Lobelia xalapenrb Kunth, 1819,3:315. 

Lobelia mollis Graham, 183Oa:185. 

Herbs with deltoid, toothed leaves with sparse pubescence; 

pedicels prickly to scabrous; corolla 5-6 mm long, bluish; 

capsule nearly superior. 

Central and South America, Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in 

cultivated areas: Magua (Stehle 6336, 6358, 6292), Milton 

(Hodge 2559). Ridgefield (Hodge 2136). Rivihre Douce 

(Eggers 80). 

Lobelia clifortiana and L. xalapesis have been maintained 

as separate species by the most recent monographers of the 

group, McVaugh and Wimmer. However, the taxa are 

apparently very close morphologically and differ in what 

appear to be minor characters from a survey of specimens from 

the range of the two. The typical element, distinguished by its 

usually glabrous pedicels and nearly half-inferior capsule, is 

frequently attributed to Dominica, but is limited to the Greater 

Antilles and introduced in a few localities in the Old and New 

World tropics. Within the range of the species, the distinguishing characters are seemingly variable, but reliable enough to 

separate the tam at an infraspecific level. 

Lobelia kraussu 

Lobelia baussii Graham. 183Oa [Apr]:379; 183Ob [Sep]. 

Glabrous herbs to 1 m tall; leaves petiolate; pedicels 4-6 cm 

long; corollas 2.5-3.5 cm long, fenestrate, straight or nearly so, 

red, rarely yellow. Fenestrae are two basal, elliptic openings in 

the corolla, one on each side of the main cleft through which the 

filament tube protrudes. One opening is discrete, the other is 

part of an elongated but incomplete cleft in the corolla. 

Dominica and Martinique; in Dominica common on road 

banks in rainforest, 150-1500 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3782), 

Fon Pays (Hodge 2858), Imperial Road (Fairchild 2674), 

Laudat (Eggers 694, Lloyd 242, Nicolson 1844), Lisdara 

(Hodge 788), Mome Anglais (Hodge 2257), Morne Plat Pays 

(Wilbur 7854), Pichelin (Ernst 1615, Wilbur 7612), Roseau 

Valley (Howard 11742), South Chiltern (Hodge 1450, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2514), Sylvania (Cooper 87, 87A, Hodge 1172, 

Proctor 25761), Syndicate (Erst 2014, 2015, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 345). 

Ernst 2015 is the yellow-flowered phase. 

Lobelia stricta 

Lobelia strictu Swam, 1788:117.-McVaugh in North Amer. Fl.. 1943, 

Lobelia areolala L. Richard ex Jussieu, 181 1:3.-Sastre, 1985:168. 

[i’jdomiwnflavescenr Presl, 1836:32, nom. nud.] 

Tupajlavescenr Presl ex A.L. Candolle in A.P. Canblle, 1839,7:395. 

Lobelia jlavescenr (A.L. Candolle) Wimmer in Engler, 1953, IV.276 (Heft 

32A:89. 

107):626. 

Coarse, colonial shrubs to 2 m, single-stemmed or with 

candelabra-like habit; stems with prominent leaf scars; leaves 

9-24 cm long, with wide-spread spines to 5 mm long; sepals 

toothed; corolla white, greenish white-yellow. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in rainforests and mountain 

peaks, 450-1100 m: Boeri Lake (Wilbur 8196), Freshwater 
NUMBER 77 LUBELIACEAE-LORAN~~ACEAE 131 

Lake (Chambers 2574, Eggers 693, Ernst 1789, Fosberg 

48270, Gillis 8218A, Smith 10282, Stern & Wasshausen 2562, 

Webster 13267, Wilbur 74.39, Mome Anglais (Fennah 19, 

Hodge 786, 2308, Wilbur 7953), Mome Couronne (Webster 

13204), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 2829, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 411, 412, Webster 13356, Whitefoord 5736), Morne 

Micotrin (Ernst 1096), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 7849), Morne 

Trois Pitons (Ernst 2033, Hodge 787, 1408, Nicolson 1813, 

Wilbur 8073), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13545). 

Swartz’s type (BM), “Guadeloupe in regione muscosa 

montis la Soufrikre copiosa. De Ponthieu,” has only two 

anthers tufted. Wimmer’s position that Lobelia stricta Swartz is 

a nomen delendum under Lobelia infestu (Grisebach) Urban, a 

St. Kitts-Nevis species with five tufted anthers, is untenable. 

Sastre (1985167) applied Swartz’s name in the sense of 

material in Swartz’s herbarium (with five anthers tufted). 

Swartz’s name, being marked with an asterisk in his original 

publication, must be typified on the BM material. Swartz’s 

introduction explains that he uses the asterisk to denote new 

taxa found, through the generosity of Sir Hans Sloane, in the 

Sloane Herbarium that he had not previously seen. The material 

in his herbarium is probably the Masson collection from St. 

Christopher, cited as a second collection under Lobelia stricta 

in Solander’s mss. “Florula Indiae Occidentalis,” which is now 

missing, perhaps given to Swartz during his 1787 stay to work 

with Dryander at Banks’ Museum, and mislabeled as “de 

Ponthieu, Guadeloupe.” 

LOGANIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Buddleia davidii Franchet, a flowering shrub, sometimes 

called butterfly bush, with leaves white-tomentose beneath, has 

been collected in cultivation at Baiac (Whitefoord 5555). 

Mitreola petiolata (Gmelin) Torrey & Gray, a neotropical 

weed with petiolate, glabrous leaves and distinct styles, has 

been collected on Guadeloupe and Martinique. 

Spigeila anthelmia 

Spigeila anthelmia Linnaeus, 1753: 149. 

Annual herb to 5 dm; leaves k sessile, scabrid above, 

opposite and connected by a stipular sheath, the uppermost 

pairs appearing whorled; flowers whitish to lavender, 5-9 mm 

long, in unilateral spikes; sepals unequal; styles 2, united; 

capsule tuberculate. 

Neotropical weed, in Dominica near sea level, often along 

roadsides: Cabrits (Whitefoord 4029)’ Coulibistri (Wilbur 

8340)’ L’Anse Noire (Erst 2075), lower Layou Valley (Ernst 

1523), Marigot (Hodge 671), Portsmouth (Hodge 670), Roseau 

(Hodge 669), Soufriere (Fishlock 20). 

LORANTHACEAE 

Epiphytic parasites with opposite leaves. 

Dr. Delbert Wiens kindly reviewed an early draft the 

typescript. Recent workers recognize the viscoid genera 

(Phoradendron and Dendrophthora here) as a separate family, 

Viscaceae. 

1. Flowers conspicuous (corolla 3 cm long or longer) 

....................... Psithcanthus 

1. Flowers inconspicuous (corolla 4 mm long). 

2. Flowers shortly but distinctly pedicelled (racemose); 

2. Flowers sessile or imbedded on the rhachis (spicate); 

perianth segments 3, green. 

3. Anthers unilocular; leaves <2 cm long (ours) . , . . .................... Dendrophthora 

3. Anthers bilocular, leaves >2 cm long (ours) ..... .................... Phoradendron 

perianth segments 6, white ....... Dendropemon 

Dendropemon (Blume) J.A. & J.H. Schultes 

Dendropemon caribaeus 

Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:27. 

Phthirusa caribaea (Krug & Urban) Engler in Engler & Prantl, 1897, Nachtr., 

Struthanth caribaeus (Krug & Urban) StehU, 1954a:32. 

11-IV( 1):135. 

Inflorescence racemose; petals white. 

Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in lowlands of Dominica: 

Laudat [?] (Lloyd 205), Layou River mouth (Ernst 1106,1814, 

1989), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4522). On Eugenia, Citrus, 

Thespesia populnea, and Term’nalia catapa. 

This species is often treated under Phthirusa or Struthanthus. Barlow and Wiens (1973:34) treated Phthirusa and 

Dendropemon in a summary comment on Struthanthus. Kuijt 

(pers. comm.) said that Dendropemon (flowers in pairs of 

monads) is Antillean, Phthirusa (flowers in pairs of triads), and 

Struthanthus (flowers in pairs of triads except monads at tip) is 

confined to the mainland. 

Krug and Urban (in Urban, 1897:28) recognized Dendropemon caribaeus var. wabyanus with furfuraceous pedicels. 

Our material appears to fall there, rather than the typical 

variety, but the distinction needs study. 

Dendrophthora Eichler 

Dendrophthora elliptica var. platyphylla 

Dendrophthora elliptica var. platyphylla Krug & Urban in Urban, 189769. 

Phordndron myrtiffoidcs sensu Grisebach, 1860:314, as to material from 

Dominica, non (Willdenow) Grisebach. 

Leaves small (to 2 cm x 1.2 cm), obovate, retuse. 

Lesser Antilles and South America; rare in wet areas of 

Dominica, 540-900 m: Boiling Lake (Hodge 1946, Nicolson 
132 LoRANTHACEAE SMlTHSO” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

2022), Morne Anglais (DeFilipps 181, Hodge 2258), Mome 

Micotrin (Hodge 2096), sine loc. (Zmruy 425 at K, 281 at 

GOET). 

Similar to Phorudendron mucronutum but leaves smaller 

and localities much higher. 

Zmruy 281 is a type of this variety. Kuijt (196156) was 

dissatisfied with the groupings in D. ellipticu and provisionally 

left it without infraspecific taxa. Kuijt’s (196153) citation of 

Imrq 425 from “Hispaniola, Dom. Rep.” involves confusing 

Dominica with the Dominican Republic. 

Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:103) called this taxon 

Dendrophfhoru buxifoliu (Lamarck) Eichler. It is not clear why 

she thought that Kuijt claimed that the species (0. ellipticu) 

occurred only in South America, because he cited Dominican 

(Imray) material. 

Phoradendron Nuttall 

The inflorescence has fertile internodes separated by a pair of 

bracts. Several arrangements of flowers are found on fertile 

internodes, the basic ones being tetrastichous with two parallel 

columns with an apical flower between the columns above each 

bract (called type la by Kellogg and Howard, 1986) and 

hexastichous with three parallel columns above each bract 

(called type lb). When more than 6 flowers are found above 

each bract the two basic types are easier to recognize but when 

only 3-6 flowers are found above each bract the basic “types” 

are become unclear and Kellogg and Howard (1986) recognized three in the Antilles: 3-flowered triad (the apical one 

staminate), 4-flowered (type Id), and 6-flowered (type le), the 

latter 2 (like lb) with a basal flower. Rarely only 1 flower is 

found per bract (P. trinervium). 

1. At least one pair of cataphylls between leaf nodes. 

2. Leaves pinnately veined, veins obscure; flowers >7 per 

bract, in two columns (type la) ..... P. piperoides 

2. Leaves palmately veined, with 3-5 basal to f basal 

veins. 

3. Inflorescences only at leaf axils: flowers >7 per bract, 

in three columns (type lb) ..... P. chrysocladon 

3. Inflorescences in cataphyll and leaf axils; flowers 3 

per bract (in triads) ......... P. murtinicense 

1. Cataphylls only at bases of lateral branches. 

4. Flowers >7 per bract and in 3 columns (type lb); 

inflorescences prominently hexastichous, clavate ... ..................... P. hexastichum 

4. Flowers <7 per bract (various other types); inflorescences tetrastichous or not prominently hexastichous, 

slender. 

5. Fruits warty throughout; inflorescence appearing 

tetrastichous with 4 pistillate flower per fertile 

internode (actually with two triads, each with the 

apical flower staminate, lower 2 pistillate) ...... 

5. 

.................... P. mucronatum 

Fruits smooth, wrinkled or warty only on upper part; 

inflorescence not appearing tetrastichous and with >4 

pistillate flowers per fertile internode (if flowers in 

triads then apical flower pistillate or all flowers 

unisexual). 

6. Stems becoming slightly but distinctly quadranguk, flowers all in triads (rarely 1-flowered) .... .................... P. trinervium 

6. Stems sometimes flattened but becoming terete. 

7. Leaves >3x longer than wide; fruits pyriform, 

drying with a golden sheen: inflorescence type 

la or le ................ P. hartii 

7. Leaves e3x longer than wide. 

8. Fruits pyriform, drying with a golden sheen; 

inflorescence type Id or le . . , . P. anceps 

8. Fruits globose, white; inflorescence type la 

................. P. undulatum 

Phoradendron anceps 

Phorodendron onceps (Sprengel) Gomez de la Maza, 1895:17O.-Kmg & 

Urban in Urban, 1897:41.-Trelease, 1916:98.-Kellogg & Howard, 

198672. 

Viscum onceps Sprengel, 1824,1:487. 

Phorodendron chrysocorpum Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:39.-Trelease, 

191698. 

Stems flattened, It terete; leaves palmately and inconspicuously veined; inflorescence type Id or le (rarely la or in triads; 

young fruits with golden sheen (easily Seen with lOxx lens, 

sepals partially open in fruit. 

Scattered from Cuba to Venezuela: midlands of Dominica: 

Sylvania (Hodge 1119), sine loc. (Eggers 926 at K, Imrq 212). 

The Imray collection was misidentified as Phorudendron 

murtinicense by Grisebach (1860:314), according to Trelease 

(1916:198), who identified it as P. chrysocarpum. 

Phoradendron chrysocladon 

Phorodendron chrysocladon A. Gray, 1854:754.-Trelease, 1916152. 

Viscwnflovens sensu Swam, 1788:32, as to Swam materials, non Swam, 1.c.. 

nom. illeg. [incl. Viscwn rocemoswn Aublet, 17751. 

Phorodendron govern Grisebach. 1860.313. nom. illeg. [icl. Phorodendron 

chrysoclodon A. Gray].-Trelease, 1916:154.-Kellogg & Howard, 

198676. 

Phorodendronflovens var. oustrole Trelease, 1916:155. 

Leaves drying yellowish, 3-5-veined; spikes to 6-jointed 

with 11-18 flowers per bract and in three columns (type lb); 

fruits globose, white to yellowish, drying rough-wrinkled, 

sepals closed. 

Widely distributed in neotropics; midlands of Dominica: 

Deux Branches (Hodge 2975), Freshwater Lake-Laudat 

(Hodge 1832, Lloyd 208), Mome Anglais (Hodge 3981, Wilbur 

7973), Morne Diablotins in Picard River Gorge (Whitefoord 
NUMBER 77 LORANTHACEAE 133 

3974), Sylvania (Hodge 3981), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4412). 

sine loc. (Imray 216,386, Eggers 94b at K). Seen on Sloanea 

at Syndicate (Nicolson!). 

Phoradendron hartii 

Phoradendron hartii Krug & Urban in Urban, 1897:40.-Trelease, 191698.- 

Kellogg & Howard, 1986:80. 

Leaves lance-linear to oblong, k falcate, 3-5-veined; 

inflorescence to 3 cm long, type la or le; young fruits 

pyriform, drying with a golden sheen visible under lox lens, 

sepals closed. 

Trinidad; new record for Dominica: Sylvania (Wilbur 7713). 

On Citrus. 

Phoradendron hexastichum 

Phoradendron hexastichum A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:313.-Trelease, 

Viscwn hexastichwn A.P. Candolle, 1830,4:282. 

1916:135.-Kell0gg & Howard, 1986:80. 

Branchlets strongly flattened; leaves smooth, ovate to 

rotund, pinnately veined; inflorescences strongly hexastichous 

to 5 cm long, type lb; fruits white, with closed sepals. 

From Brazil through West Indies to Mexico; new record for 

Dominica: Pointe Lolo (Ernst 1171). On Richeria grands. 

Phoradendron martinicense 

Phoradendron martinicense (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1860:3 14.-Trelease, 

Viscwn martinicense A.P. Candolle. 1830,4:280. 

1916:145.-Kd0gg & Howard, 1986:83. 

Bois capitaine. 

A species distinguished by bearing > one pair of bracts 

between leaves, often with inflorescences; leaves large, 

palmately veined; inflorescence to 6 cm long, triads or five 

(type la); fruits globose, yellow to orange and rough, sepals 

open. 

Northern South America to Guadeloupe; apparently frequent 

in wet interior of Dominica: Fond Figues River (Ernst 1583), 

Mome Micotrin (Hodge 2085), Pont Cass6 (Ernst 1202, Wilbur 

7836), Sylvania (Hodge 1439), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4370). 

On Sloanea sp. and Licania ternatensis. 

Phoradendron mucronatum 

Phoradendron mucronatwn (A.P. Candolle) Krug & Urban in Urban, 

Viscwn mucronatwn A.P. Candolle, 1830,4:282. 

1897:34.-Trelease, 1916:118.-Kellogg & Howard, 1986:84. 

Stems minutely glandular-papillate; leaves small (4 cm 

long); inflorescence short (4 cm long), flowers in triads, the 

lower 2 being pistillate, so fruiting inflorescence appears 

tetrastichous; fruits prominently warty, white to orange, sepals 

erect. 

Brazil to Panama, scattered in Antilles; apparently a new 

record for Dominica but rather frequent along dry west coast: 

Badineau Estate (Hodge 2231,2233), Batali River (Ernst 1640, 

Websrer 13176), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1569), West Cabrit 

(Smith 10315). On Zanthoxylum spinifex, Eugenia ligustrina. 

Seen on W. Cabrit on Croton (Nicolson!). 

One specimen, Hodge 1946 from the wet interior (Boiling 

Lake), was redetermined as Dendrophthora. 

Phoradendron piperoides 

Phoradendron piperoides (Lamar&) Trelease. 1916:145.-Kellogg & HowViscwn latifoliwn Swartz. 1797:268, non Lamarck. 

Loranthus piperoides Kunth, 1820,3:443. 

Viscwn saururoides A.P. Candolle, 1830,4:280. 

Phoradendron laiifoliwn Grisebach, 1860:314. 

Phoradendron latifoliwn var. sawuroides (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 

ard, 198685. 

1860:314. 

Stems with bracts between nodes; leaves 6-12 cm x 2-3 cm, 

venation pinnate but obscure; inflorescences erect, type la or in 

triads; fruits ovoid, yellow to orange, drying wrinkled, sepals 

stiffly erect. 

Widespread in neotropics; in wet interior of Dominica: 

South Chiltem (Ernst 1107), Syndicate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 

354). The Emst collection is on Stylogyne lateriflora, the other 

said to be on Dacryodes excelsa. These are the first collections 

from Dominica since Ramage collected it in 1888. 

Phoradendron trinervium 

Phoradendron trinervium (Lamarck) Grisebach, 1860:3 14.-Trelease, 

Viscwn rrinerviwn Lamarck. 1789,351. 

Viscwn myrtilloides Willdenow, 1806,4739. 

Phoradendron myrtilloides (Willdenow) Grisebach, 1860:3 14. 

Phoradendron verticillatwn Fawcett & Rendle, 1914 [Nw], 3:%, non 

l916103.-Kell0gg & Howad, 1986~92. 

(Linnaeus) hce. 

Young stems quadrangular; leaves with obscure venation; 

inflorescence type la, Id, le (rarely solitary); fruits globose, 

yellow to orange or reddish, rather elongate, often papillate 

around top, sepals erect. 

Most of Antilles (not Cuba) into Venezuela and Panama; 

commonly collected along dry west coast, occasionally 

elsewhere (Rosalie) in Dominica: Cabrits (Ernst 1180, Hodge 

650), Cocoa Centre (Nicolson 1862), Gabriel (Wilbur 8280), 

Grand Savanne (Hodge 3784), Mero Valley (Ember 917), 

Milton (Hodge 2521), Pointe Ronde (Chambers 2661, Ernst 

1572), Rosalie (Ernst 1365), Salisbury (Wilbur 8113), below 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 4321). 

Flowering material collected in January-May, young fruit in 

June-August and the only specimen in ripe fruit was collected 

in late October. On Diospyros revoluta, Zanthoxylum, and 

Calliandra tergemina. 
134 LORANTHACEAE-LYTHRACJME SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Nicolson and Jarvis (1984:726) discussed the confusion that 

arose when Viscum verticillatum Linnaeus (1753), involving a 

diseased aspect of Cissus sicyoides Linnaeus (1759) that is 

represented by a Sloane illustration and specimen, was 

expanded by Linnaeus (1763) to include elements (Browne and 

Plumier) attributable to Phoradendron trinervium. When 

Grisebach published Phoradendron trinervium he referred to 

Viscum verticillatum Linnaeus, explicitly excluding the Sloane 

element. Both Druce (Feb 1914) and Fawcett and Rendle (Nov 

19 14) published Phoradendron verticillatum, the former not 

managing to exclude the Sloane element and the latter doing so, 

hence Fawcett and Rendle’s later homonym pertains to 

Phoradendron and Druce’s to Cissus. The correct name for the 

latter is Cissus verticillatu (Linnaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis. 

The only addition to the Nicolson and Jarvis paper concerns 

the apparently Asiatic Linnaean specimen (from “Angor 

utan”), which was superseded as the lectotype of neotropical 

Cissus sicyoides Linnaeus (1759). Planchon (in A.L. and A.C. 

Candolle, 1887, 5(2):522, see also 503-504) identified it as 

Cissus repens Lamarck, an Asiatic species. 

Phoradendron undulatum 

Phoradendron undulatum (Pohl) Eichler in Martius, 1868, 5(2):122.- 

Trelease. 1916:13O.-Kellogg & Howard, 1986:94. 

Viscum undvlafwn Pohl in A.P. Candolle, 1830,4:282. 

Phoradendron herminieri Trelease. 1916:131. 

Branchlets k terete; leaves 10-12 cm x 2-3.5 cm, 

lanceolate; inflorescences to 4 cm long in flower, type la; fruits 

globose, becoming white and strongly wrinkled, sepals k 

parted. 

Widely distributed in South America to Costa Rica but of 

limited distribution in the Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique); midlands of Dominica: Laudat (Lloyd 207). 

Psittacanthus Martius 

1. Flowers red, curved; calyx deciduous . . . P. americanus 

1. Flowers yellow, straight; calyx (at top of ovary) persistent 

in fruit. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . R martinicensb 

Psittacanthus americanus 

Psittacanthus mricanus (Linnaeus) Madus, 1830108. 

Loranthus americonus haws, 1753:331. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, and Venezuela (Central 

America unless those axe I? calyculatus); rare in Dominica in 

less wet forests at 30-450 m: Cocoa Center (Erst 2184, 

South Chiltern (Hodge 1582). The Ernst collection notes that it 

is growing on Lonchocarpus sp. 

Psirtacanthus martinicensis 

Psittacanthus marfinicensis (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Eichler in Martius, 1868, 

Loranthus martinkensis Red ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 

5(2):26. 

1830,7(2):1640. 

Psitiocanthus &minicemis Domin, 1930x3. 

Capitaine bois, maitre bois, roi bois, kingwood, roi de 

l’arbre. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; common in Dominica in wet 

midlands: Grand Bay road (Emst 1607, Stehle 6345), Laudat 

(Hodge 2046, Lloyd 211), Point Lolo-Pont Casse (Erst 1957, 

Wilbur 7829), Providence Valley (Hodge 2046), Roche d’Or 

Estate (Stern & Wasshausen 2584), Sylvania area (Hodge 651, 

1263, Nicolson 1876, Wasshausen & Ayensu 393, Webster 

13415, Wilbur 7715), Syndicate (Ernst 2102, Whitefoord 

3880), Trafalgar Falls (Gillis 8199), sine loc. (Cooper 39). 

Often parasitizing cultivated or naturalized species: Citrus, 

Eugenia jumbos, Inga laurina, Mangifera indica, Persea, 

Pimenta racemosa, and Psidium guajava. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985133, pl. 99) reported a medicinal 

use. 

Domin 0.c.) separated Psittacanthus dominicensis from P. 

martinicensis apparently solely on the basis of anther lengths, 

P. dominicensis having anthers 5 mm long and P. martinicensis 

having anthers 3 mm long. Our specimens appear to have two 

kinds of stamens in the same flowers, the upper three stamens 

with anthers 3.5-4.6 mm long and the lower three with anthers 

4.0-5.7 mm long. Recognition of species on the basis of anther 

lengths does not seem appropriate in this case. Kellogg (in 

Howard, 1988, 4:101) considered P. dominicensis to be a 

narrowly leaved aspect of P. martinicensis. 

LYTHRACEAE 

Dr. S. Graham (KE) kindly advised me on the underlying 

information for names treated here as excluded. Her treatment 

(in Howard, 1989, 5:426-440) is excellent and must be 

consulted by anyone suspecting a new family record for 

Dominica. 

Lawsonia inermis Linnaeus, a shrub introduced from the Old 

World with white or yellow terminal flowers, is cultivated in 

Dominica at Cote d’Or (Nicolson 2064) and the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 1009,3939). 

Lagerstroem’a speciosa (Linnaeus) Persoon, the queen’s 

flower tree, is cultivated and was collected in Portsmouth as a 

tree 50 ft [15 m] high (Whitefoord 5828). 

Excluded Lythraceae 

Ammunnia coccinea Rottb0ll was attributed to Dominica by 

Graham (in Howard, 1989,5:429). She advises me that this was 

based on material (P) now known to be from @ti (Marquissant, Saint Domingue). 

Cuphea Browne 

Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth of Central America was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:270) based on an Imray 

collection (not seen). This is believed to be a misidentification 

of C. carthagenensis. A recent collection from Baiac (White- 
NUMBER 77 LYTHRACEAE-MAWIGHIACEAE 135 

foord 5457) is C. hyssopifolia, said by Whitefoord (1989:146) 

to be cultivated. 

Cuphea melanium (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel was 

attributed to Dominica in Graham’s treatment (in Howard, 

1989, 5:434). The author advised me that this was an 

inadvertent error for a species not otherwise occurring in the 

Lesser Antilles. Two collections (Wilbur 7624 and 8060) were 

distributed as C. melanium but are C. strigilosa. 

Cuphea m’crantha Kunth was attributed to Dominica in 

Graham’s treatment (in Howard, 1989, 5:435). While it is 

possible that this species occurs in Dominica (known in 

Guadeloupe and Martinique), it has not yet been documented. 

VBlez (1957:103) attributed this species to Dominica but this 

seems to rest on a misidentification of C. strigilosa (cf. Velez

3569 at US from Portsmouth). 

Cuphea parsonsia (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel was 

attributed to Dominica and Martinique in Graham’s treatment 

(in Howard, 1989, 5:435). Two Dominica specimens (Wilbur 

7463 and 7755) were distributed as C. parsonsia but are C. 

carthagenensis. Adams (1972505) reported Dominica for C. 

parsonsia but this is likely a lapsus for the Dominican Republic. 

The Martinique record is based on a Plee collection that may 

have been from Puerto Rico. 

1. Stems with spreading glandular hairs 1.0-1.5 mm long; 

hypanthium to 5 mm long, mouth contracted in fruit 

1. Stems hirsute with appressed hairs to 0.5 mm long; 

hypanthium 8 mm long, mouth remaining open in fruit 

..................... C. carthagenensis 

........................ C. strigulosa 

Cuphea carthagenensis 

Cuphea carthagenewis (Jaquin) Macbride, 1930:124. 

Lythrum carthagenewe Jacquin, 176092. 

Cuphea balsamona Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827:363.-Koehne in Engler, 

Suffrutescent herb to 1 m; leaves scabrous above, tapered to 

short petiole; hypanthium -5 mm, basally gibbous; petals 

purple; stamens 11; seeds 3-6, flat, orbicular, with pale wing. 

A neotropical weed (except Greater Antilles) now adventive 

in Pacific; weedy herb of wet roadsides of Dominica, 60-820 

m: Atkinson [Carib Reserve] (Hodge 3374), Cabrits (Whitefoord 5272), Delices (Whitefoord 3668), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4476), La Plaine (Nicolson 2067), Laudat to Freshwater 

Lake (Burch 1382A, Hodge 1982, Wilbur 7463), Pont Casse

(Ernst 1191, Wilbur 7755), Portsmouth (Krauss 1674), 

Syndicate Estate (DHN!). 

1903, IV.216 (Heft 17):122. 

Cuphea strigulosa 

Cuphea srrigidosa Kunth, 1823,6:161 (folio); 1824,6:204 (quarto).-Koehne 

in Engler, 1903, IV.216 (Heft 17):123. 

Perennial small shrub to 4.5 dm, stems k decumbent; leaves 

scabrous with stiff, appressed hairs; hypanthium to 1 cm long, 

clearly spurred; petals purple; stamens 11; seeds usually 7 or 

more (6-13), orbicular with a narrow wing. 

Caribbean into South America but only Dominica in the 

Lesser Antilles; common roadside weed in Dominica in dry 

areas of the west coast to 500 m: Grand Savanne to St. Joseph 

(Chambers 2803, Ernst 1703, Hodge 3778, Kimber 930, 

Nicolson 1941, Stern & Wasshausen 2425, Webster 1351 70, 

Whitefoord 4518, 5419, Wilbur 7621), Morne aux Diables 

(Wilbur 8060), Portsmouth (Hodge 460, Velez 3569), Roseau 

(StehlC 6333). 

Koehne (lc, p. 124) cited Dominica specimens for Cuphea 

strigulosa subsp. nitens Koehne and subsp. opaca Koehne. The 

characteristics of these subspecies overlap in his descriptions. 

Recent Dominica collections have scabrous leaves (supposedly 

a characteristic of subsp. nitens but not subsp. opaca) and no 

vesicles below the filaments (a characteristic of subsp. opaca, 

while subsp. nitens supposedly has eight vesicles). 

MAGNOLIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Michelia champaca Linnaeus, trees with flowers axillary and 

carpels widely spaced on the axis, separating at maturity, is 

native to India and cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Gardens 

(Hodge 947). 

Talauma dodecapetala 

Talawna dodecapefala (Lamarck) Urban, 1918b306.-Howard, 1948:3S6.- 

Annona dodecapetala Lamarck. 1786,2127. 

Magnolia plumieri Swartz, 1788:87, nom. illeg. 

Talawna plumieri A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:81. nun. illeg. 

Tdawna plumieri var. longifoh A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:82. 

Stehlk, 1962a:318. 

Straight-boled timber tree to 40 m; leaves large, coriaceous; 

stipule scars encircling the stem; flowers terminal; carpels 

closely packed on the axis, inside a woody cover, which 

irregularly separates at maturity, exposing the red seeds. 

Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; in Dominica a common canopy 

(difficult to collect) species in rainforest 500-800 m: Jean 

(Nicolson 2160), Laudat (Hodge 2121), Morne Diablotins 

(Nicolson 1964). Seeds ripening December-May. 

MALPIGHIACEAE 

This family has opposite leaves, often with conspicuous 

paired glands on the leaves and calyx, medifixed hairs, and 

clawed petals. I am grateful to Dr. William Anderson, who 

commented on a draft and shared his typescript of this family 

for Howard (1988,4596-633). 

Galphimia gracilis Bartlhg is cultivated as a hedge around 

the Forestry Office in Roseau Botanic Garden where I observed 

it. It is yellow-flowered and the calyx, unlike the native genera, 

is eglandular. 

Tetrupteris inaequalis Cavanilles was attributed to Domin- 
MAIPIGHIACUE SMITHSOW CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 136 

ica on the authority of Britton and Wilson (1924,5:438), who 

cited “Antigua to Tobago.” This species is scattered in the 

Antilles, but no specimens from Dominica have been seen. 

Each samara has 4 oblong wings in an x-shape. 

1. Vines (rarely shrubs); fruit with separate winged carpels 

(SamaraS). 

2. Leaf-blade eglanduk, samara thickest on outer (dorsal 

or lower) margin, the thin margin facing in or up 

....................... Heteropteris 

2. Leaf-blade with glands at petiole apex or on either side 

of midvein at the base; Samara thickest on inner (ventral 

or upper) margin, the thin margin facing out or down 

1. Trees (often shrubs); fruit a leathery or fleshy berry or 

drupe. 

3. Styles united into 1 (sometimes branched near apex) ........................ Bunchosia 

3. Styles 3, free to base. 

4. Stigmas (styles) subulate; inflorescences terminal, 

racemose ................. Byrsonima 

4. Stigmas broad; inflorescences axillary, 1 -2-flowered 

...................... Stigmaphyllon 

....................... Malpighia 

Bunchosia L. Richard ex Kunth 

This is the only genus of the family in the Antilles with 

united styles. It needs revision. 

Bunchosia polystachia 

Buncharia polystachia (Andrews) A.P. Candolle, 1824,1:581. 

Malpighia polystachia Andrews, 1810. 

Bunchosia nit& sensu Niedenm in Engler, 1928, IV.141 (Heft 94:657, non 

(Jaquin) A.P. Candolle [type from Colombia]. 

Bois masd. 

Small tree to 7 m; leaves -15 cm x 6 cm, essentially 

glabrous, acuminate at apex and cuneate (sometimes rounded) 

at base, with two large, elongate glandular spots near the leaf 

base at or near the midrib; inflorescences racemose, commonly 

axillary; petals yellow; style divided into 2 branches near apex; 

fruits pulpy to leathery, orange to dark reddish orange, 

spheroid, 1 cm diameter, with 2 large seeds. 

Antilles and Costa Rica; in interior forests of Dominica from 

100-700 m: Deux Branches, La Chaudi5re (Hodge 3531, 

3635), Laudat or above (Hodge 1989, Webster 13241), 

Riversdale (Howard 11763), South Chiltern (Stern & Wusshausen 2528), S ylvania (Hodge 550), Syndicate (Wusshuusen 

& Ayensu 353, Whitefoord 3646), Warner (Ernst 1960). 

Flowering April-June, fruiting July- August. 

There is one aberrant collection from Dominica (Ernst 2096) 

from the dry woodlands of the Cabrits. This material (flowering 

in mid-August) might be an ecological variant of the interior 

spies, because its floral characters do not seem to differ and 

it has the same oval glands near the midrib toward the base of 

the leaves. However, the leaves are significantly smaller (-5 cm 

x 2 cm) and obtuse to rounded at the apex. Indeed, the aspect of 

the specimen is extremely similar to Bunchosia glundulosu 

(Cavanilles) A.P. Candolle, attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1860:115) without citation of a collector. That species is 

easily recognized by its dark brown connectives, which are not 

exceeded by the anther locules, while the Ernst specimen 

clearly has yellow connectives and locules 2x longer than the 

connective (hanging down below the connective). I believe the 

attribution of B. glundulosa to Dominica (and adjacent islands) 

represents a misidentification of the small-leaved, dry woodland ecological aspect of B. polystuchia. The athibution of 

Bunchosia lindenianu Adr. Jussieu to Dominica by Grisebach 

(1860:115), based on an Imray collection (not seen) is also 

probably a misidentification, but of the large-leaved, interior 

aspect of B. polystachia. 

Byrsonima L. Richard ex Kunth 

1. Petals yellow, yellowish orange or orange; leaves puberulent below; connectives equaling the anther sacs, the 

1. Petals white, pink, or red; leaves glabrous below. 

latter not apiculate ............... B. spicata 

2. Shrub to 3 m; connectives equaling the anther sacs, the 

latter not apiculate .............. B. lucida 

2. Tree to 12 m; connectives exceeding the anther sacs by 

1.0-1.5 mm, the latter apiculate ..... B. h?‘nitensis 

Byrsonima lucida 

Byrsonima lucida (MiUer) A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:580.-Niedenzu in Engler, 

1928. IV.128 (Heft 94):709.-Little et al., 1974:366, pl. 419,4ilIis, 

1974b394. 

Malpighia lucida Miller, 1768. 

Ma@ighia cuneata Turcminov, 1858:390. 

Byrsonima cuneata (Turczaninov) Wilson, 1917:394. 

Densely branching shrub 1-3 m; leaves narrowly obovate to 

spatdate, 2-4(-5) cm long, glossy; petals white or pink, 

turning red; mature fruit yellow. 

Florida through Antilles; common in Dominica in xerophytic woodlands below 100 m: Grand Savanne (Beard 243, 

Ernst 1143, 2134, Hodge 3772, Nicolson 2045, Stern & 

Wusshuusen 2449, Webster 13168, Wilbur 7628), Pointe 

Baptiste (Hodge 3498), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 1084). Major 

flowering April-May. 

This small-leaved, white- to pink-flowered species can 

hybridize with the large-leaved, yellow-flowered species, B. 

spicatu, q.v. 

Byrsonima spicata 

Byrsonima spicata (Cavanilles) A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:580.-Cuatrecasas, 

Malpighia spicata CavanUes, 1789, 8:W, pl. 231. 

1958:6U2. 
NUMBER 77 MALPIGHIACEAE 137 

Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata (Cavanilles) Niedenzu in Engler, 1928, IV.141 

(Heft 94):700. 

Bois tan. 

Tree 5-11 m; leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 

puberulent below, -4 cm x 12 cm; petals yellow to orange; 

interior surface of anther connective pubescent with a few long, 

appressed hairs, the anther sacs glabrous; fruits orange. 

Antilles (except Jamaica) and South America; a widespread 

species in Dominica in mesophytic habitats including windward coastal thickets: below Syndicate to Marigot (Chambers 

2621, Hodge 3163, Nicolson 1908, Wasshausen & Ayensu 364, 

Whitefoord 4311, Wilbur 7626, 8310), east coast, including 

Carib Reserve (Ernst 1362, Hodge 3904, Nicolson 4129, 

Taylor 14), south from Grand Bay to Scotts Head (Taylor 13, 

Webster 13445, Wilbur 8006), interior, near Imperial road 

(Narodny 2, Skog 1577), cultivated Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 928). A spectacular show when flowering in MayJune. 

The bark is used for tanning and hunting potions (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957570). 

It is of biological interest to note that this mesophytic 

yellow-flowered, large-leaved species can hybridize with the 

xerophytic, white- to pink-flowered, small-leaved species B. 

lucida. A collection (Stern & Wasshausen 2444) from Grand 

Savanne (where B. lucida is common) is quite intermediate in 

leaf characters. The leaves are obovate (as B. lucida) but much 

larger (-3 cm x 7 cm) than B. lucida and smaller than B. 

spicata. The flowers are yellow (as B. spicata). At first glance 

one might think this was B. trinitensis, but the flower color and 

habitat are wrong and the stamens do not have the distinctive 

prolonged connective of B. trinitensis. Anderson (ms.) reported 

most pollen grains were not stainable, implying a sterile hybrid 

between these quite unrelated species. Hybrids between these 

species are postulated in Puerto Rico (Little et al., 1974:366) 

and were named as species B. ophiticola and B. horneana). 

Byrsonima hinitensis 

Byrsonima trinitensis Adr. Jussieu. 1840334. 

Byrsonima martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Duss, 1897:lll. 

Byrsonima crassifolia sensu Grisebach, 1860: 114. ncm (Linnaeus) Kunth. 

Bois moricipre, mauricif, his du vin. 

Tree 3-12 m; leaf blades elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate, 

4.5-11.5 cm long, petioles 2-12 mm long; petals white to 

pink; mature fruits red. 

Lesser Antilles; common in wet interior forests and montane 

thickets (lo0 m at La Chaudi5re is remarkable) in Dominica: 

Boiling Lake (Hodge 19a)), Castle Bruce (Ramage s.n., Feb 

1889), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3572), Morne Diablotins (Nicolson 1924), Morne Micotrin to Laudat (Chambers 2740, 

Ernst 1099, Nicolson 1834, Wasshausen & Ayensu 328), within 

5 miles [8 km] of Pont Casse (Ernst I670,1980A, 2087, Hodge 

552, 553, 2978, Stern & Wasshausen 2543, Wilbur 7844), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 4536). Flowering July-August at lower 

elevations, October-November at higher elevations. 

Williams (1947, 2:498) suggested that this species is 

conspecific with B. martinicensis. The small-leaved aspect with 

short (2-4 mm) petioles, referable to typical B. trinitensis, 

occurs in Dominica at higher elevations. The larger-leaved 

aspect with longer (5-12 mm) petioles, referable to typical B. 

martinicensis, occurs at lower elevations. 

According to Anderson (in Howard, 1988,4:607) the type is 

from Martinique and was mislabeled as “F1. Trinitatis” 

(confusion with La Trinite of Martinique?). The similar 

Trinidad species is B. kariniana Anderson. 

Grisebach (1860:114) cited an Imray collection from 

Dominica as Byrsonima crassifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth. An 

Imray collection (GOET) is sterile but the leaves are glabrous 

(unlike B. crassifolia), although material in the pocket (taken 

from a different collection?) is B. crassifolia. A specimen of 

Imray 332 (K) is clearly B. trinitensis. A flowering specimen of 

Imray 210 (GH) was annotated by Grisebach as “crassifolia 

var. glabrata” but has the prolonged staminal connectives of B. 

trinitensis. The attribution of B. crassifolia to Dominica 

appears to be due to a misidentification of B. trinitensis. 

Heteropteris Kunth, nom. cons. 

Heteropteris purpurea (Linnaeus) Kunth, was reported for 

Dominica by Vtlez (1957: 103) as Banisteria purpurea 

Linnaeus on the authority of Stehlt. No specimens from 

Dominica have been seen, but it is possible that it could be 

found in very dry areas. It has pink flowers and small, oval 

leaves, which usually bear two small glands at or slightly below 

the middle of the petiole. 

Heteropteh platyptera 

Heteropterbplatyptera A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1 :592.-Macbride, 1934:ll. 

Banisteria longifoh Swartz, 1788:75. 

Heteropteris longifolia (Swam) Niedenw, 190353, non Kunth [= HeteropHeteropteris tongifolia var. borealis Niedenzu, 190353. 

Heteropteris longifolia var. martinicensb Niedenm, 1903 54. 

Heteropteris platyptera var. martinicensb (Niedenzu) Macbride, 1934 12. 

teris lawifolia (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu]. 

Corde caco, liane cacao, sec cacao. 

Liana (or dense shrub); leaves glandular, glabrous, >15 cm 

long; flowers yellow, paniculate; carpels 3, Samaras 1-3, to 3 

cm x 6 cm, the wings thickest at bottom, reddish at end. 

Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; northern Dominica in mesic to 

wet woodlands to 600 m: western Slopes-Clarke Hall 

(Wasshausen & Ayensu 301), Milton (Hodge 2678), Sugar 

Loaf (Eggers 730, I062), Syndicate (Hodge 3832); northern 

and eastern slopes-calibishie (Hodge 3167), Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3270, Stehle 6416), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3506); wet 

interior, within 5 miles [8 km] of Pont Casse (Beard 660, Ernst 

1167, 1289, 1352, Hodge 551, 2983, 3473, Nicolson 4180, 

Webster 13392); sine loc. (Fishlock 23A, Imray 405). Flowering April to June and ftuits quickly maturing. 
138 MALPIGHIACEAE-MALVACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Used in various artifacts by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957570). 

Malpighia Linnaeus 

The West Indian Cheny, widely misidentified as Malpighia 

punicifolia Linnaeus, is Malpighia emarginata Sesse & 

Mocino ex A.P. Candolle, according to Vivaldi (in Cuatrecasas 

and Croat, 1980:899). It is cultivated at Canefield Estate 

(Nicolson 4218), Morne Daniel (Whitefoord 6127), and at the 

Cherry Lodge Hotel in Roseau (DHN!), for which the hotel is 

named. 

Malpighia coccigera 

Malpighia coccigera Linnaeus, 1753:426. 

Leaves ovate, small (-1 cm long), spiny-toothed; flowers 

pink. 

Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique; in 

Dominica only known from Cabrits: Inner Cabrite of Prince 

Rupert’s Head 19 Jun 1792 (Anonymous [Finlay?] s.n. at K), 

crest of NE side of West Cabrit (Nicolson 4207), sine loc. 

(Imray 412 at K). 

Stigmaphyllon Adr. Jussieu 

The attribution of Stigmaphyllon emarginatum (Cavanilles) 

Adr. Jussieu (as Stigmaphyllon lingulatum (poiret) Small) to 

Dominica by Vdez (1957: 103) on the authority of Britton and 

Wilson (1924,5:441), who stated“St. Martii to St. Lucia,” has 

not been confirmed. This species is superficially similar to S. 

diversifolium but the leaves are glabrate at maturity. 

Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Cavanilles) Niedenzu was attributed 

to Dominica by Vklez (1957:103) as Brachypterys ovata 

(Cavanilles) Small on the authority of Britton and Wilson 

(1924, 5:439), who cited “Guadeloupe to Trinidad.” This 

species grows in wet coastal areas (mangroves), a rare habitat 

on Dominica. 

1. Leaf-blade small (to 6 cm), obtuse to rounded and 

short-apiculate at apex; petiole to 1 cm long; styles 

unequal, the shorter with a slender beak, xerophyte 

...................... S. diversjfolium 

1. Leaf-blade large (>6 cm), long-acuminate at apex; petioles 

to 5 cm long: styles k equal, all foliaceous at apex; 

mesophyte .................. S. puberum 

Stigmaphyllon diversjfolium 

Stigmaphyllon diversifoliwn (Kunth) Adr. Jussieu, 1840:290.-Grisebach, 

Banisieria diversifolia Kunth, 1822, 5:159. 

Stigmaphyllon cordifoliwn Niedenzu, 1899:8. 

1860: 119. 

Vine or shrub; leaves elliptic, lanceolate or ovate, tomentose 

beneath, apex acute, obtuse, or truncate; petals erose, yellow; 

samara smaller, the wing to 2 cm long. 

Lesser Antilles; frequent in Dominica in lowland dry scrub 

on west coast: Batali River (Webster 13175), Cabrits (Hodge 

371 7, 4010), Dublanc (Hodge 2540), Grand Savanne (Beard 

244, 1459, Ernst 1413, Hodge 3807, Stern & Wasshausen 

2539, Wilbur 7641), Massacre (Whitefoord 4638), Mero 

(Chambers 2508, 2509), Pointe Ronde (Chambers 2659, 

Hodge 2646), Spanish Mt. (DHN!), Tarou Cliffs (Nicolson 

1860). Apparently flowering throughout the year. 

Stigmaphyllon pu beru m 

Siigmaphyllon puberwn (L. Richard) Adr. Jussieu, 1840:289. 

Banisieria pubera L. Richard, 1192 109. 

Kalhbuli. 

Vine; leaves lanceolate or elliptic, apex acuminate; petals 

fimbriate, yellow; samara large, the wing >3 cm long. 

Northern South America to Belize, West Indies; occasional 

in Dominica in mesic (secondary?) woodlands to 700 m: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3356, Howard 554, Taylor 18), Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 171 I, 1299, Stern & Wasshausen 2422), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 2956), La Chaudikre (Hodge 3641), Layou Bridge 

(Whitefoord 4381), Morne Anglais [Couliaboune] (Eggers 

651), Pont Casd area (Howard 11716), Rosalie (Ernst 1358). 

Flowering April to August, fruit quickly maturing. 

Stems used as twine by Caribs was reported by Hodge and 

Taylor (1957571). 

MALVACEAE 

There is a commonly cultivated hedge shrub in Dominica 

with bright red, non-spreading petals, which I assume is 

Malvaviscus arboreus Cavanilles, although no voucher has 

been seen. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:137, pl. 136) reported 

medicinal use on Dominica. 

1. Petals (3-)4 cm long or longer; fruit a loculicidal capsule 

or indehiscent. 

3. Plant not covered with glands .... Abelmoschus 

3. Plant covered with black glands .... Gossypium 

2. Leaves not or only very shallowly lobed. 

4. Calyx truncate; fruit indehiscent ..... Thespesia 

4. Calyx 5- or 10-lobed; fruit dehiscent. 

5. Leaves serrate, * broader than long; fruits 4-5 cm 

long, broadly winged, stipitate, stellatepubescent, long-perllcellate ...... Wercklea 

5. Leaves entire to crenulate, usually longer than 

broad; fruits smaller and not as above. 

6. Fruits depressed, 5-winged, hispid ... Fioria 

6. Fruits ovoid, longer than broad ... Hibiscus 

1. Petals to 3 cm long; fruit a schizocarp of several to many 

separating carpels (mericarps). 

2. Leaves 3-5-lobed. 
NUMBER 77 MALVACEAE 139 

7. Calyx or inflorescence not subtended by bracts 

8. Leaves cuneate to shallowly cordate; hits el cm 

8. Leaves deeply cordate; fruits >1.5 cm wide; carpels 

9. Carpels not inflated, the walls firm. ....... ..................... Abutilon 

9. Carpels inflated at maturity, the walls membranous ................. Herissantia 

7. Calyx or inflorescence subtended by bracts (epicalyx). 

10. Calyx without epicalyx but inflorescence subtended 

by large, conspicuously veined bracts ........ ...................... Malachra 

10. Calyx subtended by epicalyx; inflorescence without 

large bracts. 

11. Involucral bracts 3 ......... Malvasfrum 

11. Involucral bracts 5-8. 

12. Leaf blades eglandular, usually unlobed; petals 

yellow to greenish; carpels unarmed or with 

12. Leaf blades with 1-3 open nectaries near base, 

usually lobed; petals pink; carpels with numerous hooked spines ........... Urena 

(epicalyx). 

wide; carpels 1-seeded ............. Sida 

3-seeded. 

only 3 barbed spines ......... Pavonia 

Abelmoschus Medikus 

Calyx spathaceous, 5-toothed on one side, deciduous; corolla 

subtended by a f persistent epicalyx. 

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linnaeus) Moench, okra or gumbo, 

is cultivated on Dominica at Fort Shirley (Whirefoord 6166). It 

has stems glabrous or with spreading (not deflexed) hairs and a 

mature hit about 20 cm long. Hodge and Taylor (1957580) 

discussed the Carib beliefs concerning this species under the 

name Hibiscus esculentus Linnaeus. Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985135, pl. 101) reported medicinal uses. 

Abelmoschus moschatus 

Abelmaschus moschatus Medikus. 1787a:46.-Bates, 1%8:104. 

Hibiscus abelmoschus Linnaeus, 17536%. 

Annual herb; stem with deflexed hairs; flowers yellow with 

dark brown spot at base of each petal; pedicel usually >3 cm 

long; fruit el0 cm long. 

Asiatic but widely introduced and escaping; in lowlands of 

Dominica: beside river at Hatton Garden Estate (Hodge 3182). 

Abutilon Miller 

Calyx 5-lobed, not subtended by epicalyx; staminal column 

with stamens at apex; carpels 2-more-ovuled, leathery at 

maturity. 

Abutilon indicum 

Abutilon indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet, 182654. 

Sida indica Linnaeus, 173526. 

Shrub to 1.2 m; leaves tomentose below; petals yellow to 

pale orange. 

Pantropical; in Dominica in disturbed areas on west coast: 

Gabriel (Wilbur 8228), West Cabrit (Hodge 3709, Smith 

10332). 

Fioria Mattei 

Fwria vitifolia 

Fioria vitifdia (Linnaeus) Mattei, 1917:72.-Fryxell in Howard, 1989,5:214. 

Hibiscus vitifolius Linnaeus, 17536%. 

Densely pubescent shrub or herb to 2 m; leaves trilobed, 

dentate; petals yellow; capsule winged at apex. 

Native to Old World tropics, naturalized in the West Indies; 

only record from Dominica: sine loc. (Zmruy 54 at GH, 152 at 

GOET). 

Gossypium Linnaeus 

The species are variable and hybridization, followed by 

introgression, results in intermediate specimens that can be 

difficult to determine. 

Used by Caribs to make cloth (Hodge and Taylor, 1957579). 

1. Involucellar bract teeth gradually acuminate, sinuses f 

rounded; leaves 3-7-lobed, central lobe ovate to lanceolate, usually >1.5x as long as broad; capsules usually 

1. Involucellar bract teeth triangular and acute or lanceolate 

and acuminate, sinuses f acute; leaves 3-5-lobed, central 

lobe triangular to ovate, usually ~1.5~ as long as broad; 

capsules 3-5-celled, usually ovoid or k globose, smooth 

........................ G. hirsutum 

3-celled, .+. elongate, pitted ........ G. barbadense 

Gossypium barbadense 

Gmsypiwn barbadense Linnaeus, 1753:693.-Borssum Waalkes, 1965123.- 

Fryxell, 1979:70. 

Coton blanc, coton noir. 

Stipules 1-5 cm long; petals to 8 cm, yellow. 

Originally South American, now widely cultivated; cultivated and apparently escaping in Dominica: Carib Reserve 

(Srehlt 6398, 6422). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985133, pl. 100) reported use to treat 

tachycardia. 

Kidney cotton (with seeds fused) is Gossypium barbadense 

var. brasiliense (RafineSque) Fryxell. 
140 MALVACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Gossypiwn hirsu!wn Linnaeus, 1763:975.-Bonsum Waalkes, 1966:123.- 

Gassypiwn marie-galante Watt, 1927:344. 

Gassypiwn hirsutwn var. marie-galante (Watt) J.B. Hutchinson et al., 

Fryxell, 1979:68. 

1947:43.-Adam~, 1972~473. 

Cotton tree, coton noir. 

Stipules 0.5-1.5 cm; petals to 5 cm, cream to pale yellow. 

Originally from Central America and Greater Antilles, now 

widely cultivated; cultivated and apparently naturalizing in 

Dominica, particularly in the west: Bataca (Stehle 6373,6403), 

Dublanc (Hodge 2541), Mahaut (Morden 7), Mero (Whitefoord 

5693) [Chambers 2514 from Coulibistri is intermediate]. 

The Mahaut specimen was cultivated for cotton seed oil. 

Herissantia Medikus 

Herissantia crispa 

Herissantia crisp (Linnaeus) Brizicky, 1%8:279. 

Sida crkp Linnaeus, 1753:685. 

Abutilon crispwn (Linnaeus) Medikus, 1787a:29. “cry~pwn.‘~ 

Gayoides crispwn (Linnaeus) Small, 1903:764. 

Bogenhrdia crispa (Linnaeus) Kearney, 1954 120. 

Herb or shrub, often procumbent; petals white or yellowish; 

carpels tardily dehiscent. 

Old and New World tropics and subtropics; cited for 

Dominica by V61ez (1957:104) as Gayoides crispurn, apparently based solely on the distribution report by Britton and 

Wilson (1924, 599) of “West Indies, south to Grenada.” I 

have seen material from Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, 

and Grenada and suppose it is expected on Dominica near 

beaches. 

Hibiscus Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Several species are native to the Old World tropics and 

cultivated on Dominica. The following have regularly toothed 

or lobed, persistent calyces. Hibiscus subdariffa Linnaeus, 

roselle, was cited for Dominica by V6lez (1957:lM) and has 

thick, succulent, edible calyx-involucres. Hibiscus rosa - 

sinensis Linnaeus, rose of China, is cultivated for its showy 

flowers and cv. Cooperi for its variegated leaves (Hodge 972). 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus Dyer (also known as 

Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) J. Hooker; see Cheek, 1989) has 

laciniate, recurved petals (Hodge 967). 

1. Involucral bracts linear, apex bifurcate; petals purplishpink ..................... H. furcellatus 

1. Involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, apex entire; petals 

yellow -orange. 

2. Calyx >3 cm long, deciduous (with bracts) after 

anthesis; petals fading and drying deep red; trees 

(introduced in interior) ............ H. elatus 

2. Calyx <3 cm long, persistent (with bracts) on ripe fruit; 

petals fading orange and drying greenish; shrubs or trees 

(usually of lowlands) ....... H. pernambucensis 

Hibiscus elatus 

Hibiscus elatus Swam, 1788:102.-Bates, 1965:64.-Kimber, 1970. 

Blue mahoe. 

Tall, straight tree to 20 m; petals usually >9 cm long, 

orange-red, fading quickly to dark crimson. 

Central America and West Indies; apparently introduced into 

Dominica: East Cabrit (Whifefoord 5256), Dleau Gommier 

(Nicolson 2015), Riversdale (Nicolson 4060). 

Planted as a fast-growing timber tree and discussed by 

Kimber. Adams also (1972475) pointed out that this apparently can hybridize with “H. tiliaceus,” i.e., H. pernambucensis here. 

Hibiscus furcellatus 

Hibiscus furcellatus Lamarck, 1789,3:358. 

Densely pubescent shrub to 2 m; leaves cordate; petals 

Neonopics; in Dominica in lowlands: Soufriere Valley 

purplish pink. 

(Cooper 138). 

Hibiscus pernambucensis 

Hibiscur pemmbucenvis hrruda, 1810:44.-FryxeU in Howard, 1989,5:225. 

Hibiscus riliaceus sensu auctt. as to Lesser Antilles, non Linnaeus. 

Seaside mahoe, mahoe doux. 

Shrub to 2 m or tree to 10 m; petals usually <8 cm long, 

lemon yellow, fading quickly to tawny orange. 

New World tropics; in Dominica in estuaries near sea: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3381, Taylor 20), Portsmouth (Hodge 3753). 

Rope, twine, and caulking made from fibrous bark by Caribs 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:581). According to Fryxell, Asiatic 

H. tiliuceuus Linnaeus probably is a different species than H. 

pernambucensis. 

Malachra Linnaeus 

Coarse, pubescent herbs with whitish, conspicuously veined 

inflorescence bracts. 

1. Inflorescence k sessile; outer bracts broadly triangular 

........................ M. alceifolia 

1. Inflorescence long-stalked; outer bracts rounded 

......................... M. capitata 

Malachra alceifolia 

Malachra alceifolia Jacquin, 1789, Coll., 2:350, “alceaefolia” .-Guerke, 

1892:350. 

Gumbo zombie. 
NUMBER 77 MALVACEAE 14 1 

Stiffly hispid herbs to 2 m; petals 1.5 cm long, yellow. 

South America and West Indies; in Dominica along roads: 

Barakua (Nicolson 4069), East Cabrits (Whitefoord 5260), 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3294), bridge above Clarke Hall (Ernst 

1294), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3007). 

Malachra capitata 

Malachra capitata Linnaeus, 1767a:458. 

Velutinous herbs; petals 1 cm long. 

Central America and West Indies; cited for Dominica by 

Urban (1920,8:420). 

The fact that there are no recent collections suggests this 

record is dubious; it does occur in Martinique and Guadeloupe. 

Malvastrum A. Gray, nom. cons. 

Malvastrum americanum 

Maivasirwn americanwn (Linnaeus) Torrey in Emory, 1859, 2:38.-Adams, 

Maiva americana Linnaeus, 1753:687. 

1972: 159.-Hill; 1982:187. 

Suffrutescent herb; inflorescence terminal, spicate; petals 

yellow; fruiting carpels without spines. 

Tropics; reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:104) as 

Malvastrum spicatum. 

Malvastrum coromandelianum (Linnaeus) Garcke has a 

similar distribution, including Guadeloupe and Martinique 

(Hill, 1982:324) and was recently (1990) collected at the Fort 

Shirley ruins of the Cabrits (Hill 21322). Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985135, pl. 102) reported medicinal usage in Dominica. It 

differs from M. americanum by its solitary axillary, pedicellate 

flowers and 3-spined fruiting carpels. 

Pavonia Cavanilles, nom. cons. 

It is difficult to dispose of the attribution of Pavonia spinifex 

(Linnaeus) Cavanilles to Dominica by Velez (1957:104). On 

one hand VClez failed to include the armed-fruited Antillean 

species P. fruticosa, which does occur on Dominica, and 

“spinifex” might be a misidentification of P. fruticosa. 

Secondly, it is possible that, by a slip of the pen, he meant P. 

paludicola, then known as spicata (called P. racemosa by him) 

by “spinifex.” Finally, it is possible he did see P. spinifex from 

Dominica, although I have seen no material. Pavonia spinifex 

does occur in Martinique and Guadeloupe and may be expected 

in Dominica. It has spiny carpels like P. paludicola, but the 

leaves are ovate and serrate while the flowers are axillary and 

solitary. 

1. Inflorescence k capitate; mericarps armed, the awns with 

deflexed hairs; leaves serrate, lanceolate ... P. fruticosa 

1. Inflorescence racemose; mericarps unarmed, leaves k 

entire, ovate ................. P. paludicola 

Pavonia fruticosa 

Pavoniafruticosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 1926,5:130. 

Sidafruticosa Miller. 1768. 

Urena typhalaea Linnaeus, 1771:258. 

Pavonia typhaiaea (Linnaeus) Cavanilles, 1787,3:134. 

Herb or small shrub. 

South America and West Indies; weed in plantations and 

roadsides on Dominica: Grand Savanne (Ernst 2123), Syndicate (Ernst 1896, Whitefoord 3945). 

Pavonia paludicola 

Pavonia piudicoia Nicolsm in Howard, 1989,5241. 

Malache scabra B. Vogel in Trew, 1772:50, pl. 90. 

Pavonia spicaia Cavanilles, 1787,3:136, pl. 46, nom. illeg. 

Aiihaea racemosa Swartz, 1788:102, nom. illeg. 

Pavonia racemosa Swartz, 1800:1215, nom. illeg. 

Malache spicaia Kuntze, 1891, 1:70, nom. illeg. 

Pavonia scabra (B. Vogel) Cifem, 1936, 321.Stehle et al., 1937, 

1: 104.Stehle, 1943:42, non Presl. 

Small sprawling shrub; flowers yellowish. 

Neotropics; in water along river in Dominica: Indian River 

estuary (Hodge 3744), sine loc. (Imray s.n. at GH). 

Cavanilles’ name is illegitimate because he cited earlier 

Malache scabra Vogel in synonymy and, by his comments, 

appears to indicate errors in Ehret’s illustration published by 

Trew, rather than exclude it. 

Sida Linnaeus 

Sida glabra Miller (also known as Sida glutinosa Cavanilles) was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957: 105) on his 

own recognizance. This species occurs around the Caribbean 

but its actual distribution in the Lesser Antilles is obscure (at 

US we have materials from Antigua, St. Barthelmy, Montserrat, and Guadeloupe). Fournet (1978:1502) reported it from 

several localities in Martinique. It would key here to S. urens, 

from which it differs by having pedicels 1-2 cm long and it has 

much shorter pubescence. 

Sida spinosa Linnaeus was also reported for Dominica by 

V6lez (1957:105), on the authority of Britton and Wilson, 

1924, 5:551), who stated “West Indies, south to Barbados, 

Grenada, and Aruba.” It would key to Sida wens but differs by 

its 1.2 cm pedicels and its thin stellate pubescence. The leaves 

are much smaller than in Sida glabra, which approximates S. 

urens, but is instantly differentiated from both by being densely 

pubescent (velvety) on the lower leaf surface. 

1. Petioles 1 cm or longer; leaves rounded to cordate at base. 

2. 

2. 

Plants densely stellate-pubescent (velvety); pedicels to 

1.5 cm long in fruit; carpels -10, each 2-awned, awns 

slender, retrorsely hispid and as long as the carpels 

....................... S. cordifolia 

Plants thinly covered with spreading, elongate hairs; 

pedicels ~0.5 cm long; carpels 5, each 2-callose 

......................... S. urens 
142 MALVACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Petioles el cm long; leaves obtuse to acute at base. 

3. Leaves spirally arranged; pedxels 2-3 cm long; stipules 

hair-like; carpels -10, each 2-beaked .......... ...................... S. rhombifolia 

3. Leaves distichous; pedicels <1 cm long; stipules 

lanceolate to falcate, often several-nerved. 

4. Plants scabrid with sparse, short, stellate hairs; 

flowers usually dark yellow; carpels 7 or more, each 

2-beaked, beaks straight, hispid ....... S. acuta 

4. Plants soft-pubescent with dense, elongate, stellate 

hairs; flowers yellowish white; carpels 5, each 

2-beaked, beaks out-curved, smooth ......... ..................... S. glomerata 

Sida acuta 

Sida acuia N. Burman, 1768:147.-Fryxell in Howard, 1989,5246. 

Sida carpinifolia Linnaeus f., 1782:3M.-Stehle1943:37. 

Sweet broom, balit. 

Sparsely stellate pubescent shrub; stipules lanceolate, 1 mm 

x 10 mm, ciliate; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, -1.5 cm x 4 cm but 

variable; flowers 1(-2) per axil, pale orange; pedicel usually 

<0.5 cm but sometimes (on same specimen) about 1 cm long 

and jointed; carpels 7 or more, each 2-b&ed, the beaks hirsute. 

Tropical and subtropical weed; common in dry or disturbed 

habitats in lowlands of Dominica: Bornes (Nicolson 4222, 

4224), Canefield (Whitefoord 6093), Carib Reserve (Stehle

6414, 6440), Clarke Hall (Nicolson I855), Coulibistri (Ernst 

1400), Grand Savanne (DeFilipps 175, Wilbur 8353), Hatton 

Garden (Hodge 2933, 2935), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3625), 

Marigot (Hodge 547), Pichelin (Ernst 1590), Portsmouth street 

weed (DHN!), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2637), Roseau (Hodge 

540, sine loc. (Zwq s.n.). 

All our specimens appear to be the typical subspecies, sensu 

Borssum Waalkes (1966: 186). 

The pulp is used as a poultice for sprains (Honychurch, 

198056). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:137, pl. 104) reported 

medicinal uses. 

Sida cordifolia 

Sida cordifolia Linnaeus, 1753:684. 

Suffrutescent herbs, with dense, velvety pubescence covering all parts; stipules hair-like; petioles several cm long; leaves 

velvety, ovate, usually -3 cm x 5 cm, rounded to f cordate at 

base and obtuse at apex, flowers f clustered or solitary, yellow 

with a dark spot; pedicel short but to 1.5 cm in fruit; carpels 10, 

2-awned, the awns as long as or longer than the carpels, slender, 

retrorsely hispid. 

Tropical and subtropical; occasional along dry west coast of 

Dominica: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4273), Grand Savanne and 

vicinity (Ernst 1386,2116,2132, Wilbur 8114), South Chiltern 

to Scotts Head (Hodge 1623). 

Sida glomerata 

Sida glomerata Cavaniues, 1785. 1:18, pl. 2: fig. 6. 

Suffrutescent, covered with rt spreading hairs; stipules 

lanceolate, 2 mm x 10 mm, ciliate; petiole <1 cm; leaves 

elliptic lanceolate, -2.5 cm x 1 cm but variable on same plant; 

flowers solitary, white with yellowish tinge; pedicels very 

short, to 2 mm in fruit; carpels 5,2-beaked, the beaks smooth, 

often out-curved. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica on dry west coast: 

Grand Savanne and vicinity (Ernst 1101, Hodge 3782, Wilbur 

8353). 

Sida rhombifolia 

Sida rhombifofia Linnaeus, 1753:684. 

Sida retusa Linnaeus, 1763:961. 

Sida rhombifofia var. retura (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1859:75. 

Balit. 

Suffrutescent, sparsely stellate pubescent; stipules hair-like; 

petiole <1 cm; leaves lanceolate, 0.6-2 cm x 3-6 cm, acute at 

base; flowers solitary, yellow; pedicel 2.3 cm long, pointed; 

carpels -10,2-beaked, lightly hispid. 

Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in mesic lowlands 

to 650 m: Bornes (Nicolson 4223), Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3373, near Grand Bay (Ernst 1590), Wilbur 8018), Hatton 

Garden (Hodge 2934), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3693), Layou 

(Hodge 548), Lisdara (Hodge 545, 2419), Mt. Joy (Hodge 

1287), Sylvania (Cooper 13), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3508). 

Used to make brooms by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957581). Three of five specimens cited there are this species, 

the other two are Sida ucutu. Adjanohoun et al. (1985139, pl. 

105) reported the flowers were indicated as aphrodisiac. 

Sida wens 

Sida wens Linnaeus, 1759a:114S. 

Suffrutescent, covered with erect, spreading hairs; stipules 

hair-like; petioles -2 cm; leaves ovate, usually cordate at base 

and long-tapered at apex, -4 cm x 7 cm; flowers in glomerules, 

yellowish with purple center; pedicels to 0.5 cm; carpels 5, each 

bi-apiculate. 

Widespread in Africa and neotropics; apparently rare in 

Dominica: sine loc. (fmruy s.n. at GH). 

Reported for Dominica by Stehle et al. (1937, 1:96). 

Thespesia Solander ex Correa, nom. cons. 

Thespesia populnea 

Thespesia populnea maws) Solander ex Correa, 1807:290.-Howard, 

Hibiscus populneus Linnaeus, 1753:694. 

1949:94.-Fryxell, 1979:86. 

Tree to 9 m; leaves entire, broadly ovate, cordate; calyx 
NUMBER 77 MALVACFAE-MARCGRAVLACEAE 143 

crateriform, k entire; petals yellow, cream or reddish, with a 

dark base, black-punctate; fruit 3-4.5 cm in diameter. 

Pantropical; in Dominica a dominant of coastal strand 

vegetation: Cabrit Swamp (Hodge 544, Nicolson 1886, Wilbur 

8257), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 1827), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2693). 

Urena Linnaeus 

Easily recognized by the hooked spines on the fruits (like 

Triutnfetta of the Tiliaceae). 

1. Sinuses of leaf blades shallow, angular at base ...... .......................... U. lobata 

1. 

......................... U. sinuata 

Sinuses of leaf blades deep, rounded at base ....... 

Urena lobata 

Urem Ioboto Linnaeus, 1753:692.-Borssum Waalkes, 1966:140 [as var. 

loboto]. 

Shrub with shallowly lobed leaves; epicalyx cupular, stiff 

and appressed to mericarps. 

Pantropic weed; known in Dominica only from dry 

northwest comer of the island: Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2765), 

Portsmouth (Whitefoord 5295). 

Urena sinuata 

Urem sinuato Linnaeus, 1753:692. 

Urem swortzii A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1 :442. 

Ureno loboto f. sinuoso Miquel, 1854:283. 

Urem loboto var. swortzii (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1859:81. 

Urem Ioboto var. sinuato (Linnaeus) Miquel ex Kuntze, 1891. 1:74.- 

Ureno Iobota subsp. sinuato (Linnaeus) Borssum Waalkes, 1966:142. 

Hochreutiner, 1901 :141. 

Mahoe cousin, materebe (Carib, without food). 

Shrub with deeply lobed leaves; epicalyx spreading or 

reflexed in fruit. 

Pantropic weed; occasional in Dominica in lowland and 

midland disturbed areas: Bellevue (Eggers 599), Carib Reserve 

(Stehle 6100), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2955, 3041), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3692), Milton (Hodge 2927), Sylvania 

(Cooper 71, Hodge 1105), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n., Nov 1887), 

sine loc. (Imray m., Taylor I). 

Used medicinally by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957581). 

Wercklea Pittier & Standley 

Wercklea tulipiflora 

Werckleo tulipflora (I. Hooker) Flyxell. 1981:476.-Fryxell in Howard, 1989, 

Hibkcus tulipiflorw J. Hooker, 1845, “tulipefrorus.” 

5:260. 

Gomb montagne, gombo marmn. 

Tree to 13 m; leaves large, cordate, coarsely toothed; flowers 

yellow, pendent; capsule erect. 

Lesser Antilles (Montserrat to St. Lucia); in places common 

on Dominica, 450-800 m: Freshwater Lake vicinity (Beard 

235, Hodge 1127, 1879, Nicolson 1957, 4146, Smith 10234, 

Wusshausen & Ayensu 311, Whitefoord 3863), summit of 

Mome Negres Marrons (Hodge 1079), Sylvania (Hodge 549), 

sine loc. (Cooper 40, Imray 251, the type). 

MARCCRAVIACEAE 

(by John Utley) 

Inflorescence f umbellate; leaves dimorphic, distichous, 

acute on fertile branches; central flowers aborted, each 

with a pitcher-shaped nectary (“bract”) long-decurrent on 

pedicel; fertile flowers with calyptrate corolla ...... ......................... Marcgravia 

Inflorescence racemose, elongated; leaves monomorphic, 

spiralled, obtuse to retuse; flowers all fertile, each with a 

ladle-shaped nectary attached to pedicel; corolla lobes free 

(at least apically). 

2. Raceme axis to 20 cm long; pedicels to 0.5 cm, scarcely 

longer than flowers: nectary inserted at flower base; 

stamens 5 ................... Ruyschia 

2. Raceme axis to 10 cm long; pedicels to 4 cm, much 

longer than flowers; nectary inserted below mid-pedicel; 

stamens 20 ................. Schwartzia 

Marcgravia Linnaeus 

1. Inflorescences erect; flowers erect on pedicels; stamens 

-60. ..................... M. trinitatis 

1. Inflorescences pendulous; flowers angled on pedicels; 

stamens to 20. 

2. Flowers at oblique angle on 2 cm pedicel, buds acute; 

leaves leathery, 6-10 cm long: nectary apices of central 

abortive flowers extending -5 mm beyond pedicel 

apices ................... M. lineolata 

2. Flowers at almost right angle on 3 cm pedicel, buds 

rounded; leaves not leathery, 10-13 cm long; nectary 

apices of central abortive flowers equaling or slightly 

below than pedicel apices ........ M. umbellata 

Marcgravia lineolata 

hforcgrovio lineolato Krug & urban in urban, 18%:517. 

Leaves leathery, with inconspicuous venation; leaf glands 

slightly inset (3-5 mm); lower third of midrib with 4-5 

domatia on each side; petioles 4-5 mrn long; flowers at 45” 

angle on -2 cm pedicels; stamens 8. 

Martinique and St. Lucia; apparently rare in interior forests 

of Dominica: 5 miles [8 km] east of Pont Casse (Nicolson 41 78, 

Wilbur 7830), Syndicate (Ernst 2065, Whitefoord 3491, 4268, 
144 MARCORAUCEAE-MELAST~MATACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

4377,4397,4402,4545). 

Determinations are tentative pending revision of the genus. 

Our specimens agree reasonably well with specimens (US) 

from Martinique (Stehle 4861, 6148, 6813, 6836) but others 

determined as this species have conspicuously reticulate 

venation and lack the revolute margins. 

Marcgravia trinitatis 

Marcgravia trinitarir Presl, 1845:122.-Urban, 1896516. 

Marcgravia recrijlora Trim & Planchon, 1862:364. 

Marcgravia rectiflora var. jacquinii Triana & Planchon, 1862:366.-Urban, 

1896515.-Howard, 1970. 

Leaves leathery, with inconspicuous venation, marginal 

glands as a line of inconspicuous glands 2-3 mm from margins 

and 1-2 conspicuous domatia (pocket glands) -2-3 mm from 

midrib -1 cm above leaf base; petioles 1-2 mm long, 

essentially sessile; flowers erect on 4-5 cm pedicels; stamens 

-60. 

[Martinique?] and St. Lucia; apparently rare in interior 

rainforest of Dominica: Laudat (Ramage s.n.), Sylvania (Hodge 

475,1143, Syndicate (Nicolson 4083). 

The type, Sieber 342, supposedly collected in Trinidad by 

Franz Wrbna, probably involves an error, because the species 

does not occur on Trinidad. It may have been collected on 

Martinique by Franz Kohaut, perhaps at La Trinitt5. The same 

situation exists for Rauvoljia biauriculata (Apocynaceae). 

Marcgravia umbellata 

Marcgravia wnbellata Linnaeus, 1753:503.-Urban, 1896517. 

Leaves not leathery, with conspicuous venation; glands on 

leaf margin (line of dark dots on pale margin), the lower third 

of midrib with 1-2 domatia on each side below; petioles 7-9 

mm; flowers at -90’ angle on -3 cm pedicels; stamens -15. 

Lesser Antilles to Guyana and Colombia; common in 

treetops of Dominican rainforests 100-800 m: Carib Reserve 

(Stehlet 6099), Delices (Whitefoord 3705), Deux Branches 

(Hodge 1977,3469), Fon Pays (Hodge 2863), Freshwater Lake 

(Hodge 1775, Nicolson 1838, Whitefoord 5141), La Chaudiere

(Hodge 3513), Laudat (Hodge 1968), Lisdara (Hodge 477, 

2386), Morne Colla Anglais (Hodge 1048), Mome Micotrin 

(Chambers 2571, Stern & Wasshausen 2563, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 339, Webster 13238, Wilbur 7393, Morne Plat Pays 

(Hodge 1729), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 1356@, Petite 

Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2485), Pointe Lo10 

(Chambers 2518), Pont Casse (Fosberg 48300, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 368), Sylvania (Hodge 1048), Syndicate (Hodge 2708, 

Whitefoord 5631). 

Ruyschia Jacquin 

Ruyschia clusiifolia 

Ruychia clusiifolia Jacquin, 1760: 17. “clusiaefolia”.-Urban, 1896520. 

Climbing shrub; leaves obovate, retuse; floral nectaries 

attached near pedicel apex. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique; occasional high-climbing epiphyte in Dominican rainforests, 300-610 m: Boiling Lake 

(Eggers 1098), La Soie at 2000’ 1670 m] (Eggers s.n.), Laudat 

(Eggers 787), Syndicate (Hodge 2901, Nicolson 2901). 

Schwartzia Vellozo 

There is a possibility that Schwartzia is so similar to earlier 

Swartzia that it is confusable and to be treated as a later 

homonym under Art, 64.3 (ZCBN). Both genera were named for 

Olof Swartz (also Swartsia). 

Schwartzia spicwora 

Schwartzia spuifora (Jussieu) Beddell in Howard, 1989,5:309. 

Marcgravia spicijlora Jussieu, 1809:402. 

Norantea spicifora (Jussiw) Kmg & Urban in Urban, 1896520. 

Climbing shrub; leaves obovate, obtuse, coriaceous; floral 

nectaries mostly attached below mid-pedicel. 

Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Venezuela; in Dominican rainforests 700-1400 m: Couliaboune [Mome Anglais] (Wilbur 

7962), Dleau Gommier (DeFilipps I79), Laudat (Chambers 

2683), Morne Diablotins (Chambers 2648, Nicolson I985), 

Pont Casse (Ernst 1129), Valley of Desolation (Whitefoord 

5495). 

MARTYNIACEAE 

(by R.W. Kiger) 

Martynia annua 

Martynia annua Linnaeus, 1753:618.-Van Eseltine, 1929:36. 

Martynia diandra Gloxin, 1785:14, nm. superfl. 

Martynia angulosa Lamar&, 1786,2112, nom. supedl. 

Coarse annual herbs to 3 m; corolla white to pink, tube 

yellow-spotted, the lobes with magenta blotches; mature fruits 

to 4.5 cm long, with 2 recurved apical horns -1 cm long. 

Central America and West Indies, pantropically cultivated 

and escaping; on dry west coast of Dominica in open areas near 

sea level, probably not native: between Colihaut and Coulibistri 

(Ernst 2113, Goodwill (Ernst 2145), cult. in Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Hodge 1002). 

MELA~OMATACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

Ed. Note: Members of this family are usually calledcre-cre

on Dominica. Many are weedy and common, others are rare. 

Generic limits are sometimes difficult to define, although the 

species are relatively well defined. I thank Dr. John Wurdack 

for reviewing this treatment, 
NUMBER 77 MELASTohtATACEAE 

Generic Key 

(by J. Wurdack) 

1. Ovary superior (free from hypanthium); fruit capsular. 

2. Leaves 1 cm or shorter; flowers 5-merous .............. Tibouchina 

2. Leaves 3 cm or longer, flowers 4-merous. 

3. Upper leaf-surface strigose: hypanthium densely setose with stalked hairs 

................................... Pterolepis 

3. Upper leaf-surface glabrous: hypanthium glandular- or stellulate-puberulent. 

4. 

4. 

Leaves 7-9-veined, 10-20 cm wide ............. Graffenrieda 

Leaves 5-(or faintly 7-)veined, 2-4 cm wide .......... Nepsera 

1. Ovary partly or completely inferior: fruit baccate. 

5. Flower invested by 2 pairs of bracts 1.2-2.0 cm wide .......... Blakea 

5. Flower without prominent bracts or with only 1 pair c1 cm wide. 

6. Inflorescences on old wood below the leaves, pedicels arising in fascicles 

directly from the branches .................... Henriettella 

6. Inflorescences terminal or in well-defined panicles from upper leaf-mils. 

7. Calyx-limb calyptrate, shed as bud expands; flowers pleiostemonous 

................................. Conostegia 

7. Calyx-limb truncate or regularly lobed, persistent at anthesis; flowers with 

8. Inflorescences lateral; flowers 4-merous ............ Clidernia 

8. Inflorescences terminal or appearing so; flowers 4-6-merous. 

Anthers rimose (opening by longitudinal slits) ..... Charianthus 

Leaves moderately appressed-setose above ..... Clidernia hirta 

no more than 2x as many stamens as petals. 

9. 

9. Anthers opening by apical pores. 

10. 

10. Leaves glabrous on upper surface. 

11. Mature leaves glabrous or sparsely puberulous beneath, the 

surface visible between the hairs ............ Miconia 

11. Mature leaves completely covered with stellate or lepidote hairs. 

12. Bracteoles inconspicuous, c1 mm long, caducous ....... ........................... Tetrazygia 

12. Bracteoles 2, 6-12 mm long, persistent nearly to anthesis 

............ Miconia dodecandra and M. rnirabilis 

145 

Alternate Key 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

1. Branchlets and inflorescences with tufts of hair at nodes. 

2. Flowers 4-merous; anthers rimose (slits) ........ Charianthus purpureus 

2. Flowers 5-merous; anthers with apical pores ....... Miconia globuliflora 

3. Herbs. 

1. Branchlets glabrous or with vesture not localized at nodes. 

4. 

4. Leaves thicker, pubescent or scabrous; inflorescence not as above. 

Leaves thin, glabrous; inflorescence diffuse, branches filiform ........ ............................... Nepsera aquatica 

5. Leaves large (>5 cm), 5-veined; inflorescences not glomerulate; hypanthium with simple hairs ..................... Clidemia 

5. Leaves small (c4 cm), 3-veined; inflorescence glomerulate: hypanthium 

with stalked hairs .................. Pterolepis glomerata 

3. Shrubs or trees. 

6. Calyx limb calyptrate. 

7. Stamens many .......................... Conostegia 

7. Stamens 10. ......................... Miconia striata 
146 MEIASTQMATACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

6. Calyx limb not calyptrate. 

8. Flowers with conspicuous bracts. 

9. Leaves 3-veined, glabrous; flowers with 2 pairs of bracts, 6-merous 

........................... Blakea pulverulenta 

9. Leaves 5-veined; stellate pubescent beneath; flowers with 1 pair of bracts, 

5-6-merous ........................... Miconia 

10. Leaves thy, <1 cm long. .............. Tibouchina ornatu 

10. Leaves >1 cm long. 

11. Hypanthium densely setose with coarse, branched hairs; calyx lobes 

ovate, rigid, erect, persistent .......... Pterolepis glomerata 

11. Hypanthium and calyx not as above. 

12. Leaves large, >10 cm broad, l-9-veined .............. 

12. Leaves not as broad, 3-5-veined. 

14. Plants hirsute; leaves 5-veined ... Clidemia guadalupensis 

14. Plants glabrous; leaves 3-veined ... Henriettella latenflora 

15. Mature leaves hirsute above ............. Clidemia 

15. Mature leaves glabrous above. 

8. Flowers without conspicuous bracts. 

........................ Graffenrieda latifolia 

13. Inflorescences borne below leaves; flowers 4-merous. 

13. Inflorescences terminal or in leaf axils; flowers 4-5-merous. 

16. Mature leaves pubescent beneath, at least on veins. 

17. Pubescence rusty; flowers 5-merous ...... Miconia 

17. Pubescence white; flowers 4-merous. 

18. Leaves 3-veined, elliptic; inflorescences pyramidalpaniculate ............. Miconia tetrandra 

18. Leaves 3-5-veined, ovate-lanceolate; inflorescences 

corymbiform ................ Tetrazygia 

19. Leaves * sessile (petiole 5 mm); base rt cordate ..... ...................... Miconia ernstii 

19. Leaves distinctly petioled; base rounded, at most. 

20. Leaves 3-veined ................ Miconia 

20. Leaves 5-veined. 

21. Anthers hose (slit) .......... Charianthus 

21. Anthers with apical pores ......... Miconia 

16. Mature leaves glabmus beneath. 

Blakea Browne 

Blakea pulverulenta 

Btakm pulverulenta Vahl, 1794,3:61.--Domin, 19306:44. 

Blab lawifolio Naudin. 1852143. 

Lavande. 

Epiphytic shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, 

coriaceous, ovate to obovate, short-acuminate, base tapering, to 

10 cm x 5 cm; petiole to 1.5 cm; flowers large, fragrant 

6-merous, 1 or 2 per axil; pedicel to 4 cm; 4 large bracts to 1.3 

cm enclosing bud; sepals 4 mm; petals 1 cm, pink; stamens 12, 

creamy yellow. 

Lesser Antilles and Trinidad; locally abundant in moist 

forests at mid-elevations (400-800 m) of Dominica: Bells 

(Whitefoord 6143), Boiling Lake (Eggers 614 at GH), Deux 

Branches (Hodge 3467, Howard 11773), En Haut Jean 

(Webster 13526), Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 3854), Laudat 

(Lloyd 190), Lisdara (Hodge 2368, 2482), Morne Micotrin 

(Ernst 1472, Gillis 8162, Wilbur 7424), Morne Plat Pays (Gillis 

8111), Riversdale (Howard 11773), South Chiltern (Stern & 

Wasshamen 2488). Flowering March-July. 

Charianthus D. Don 

1. Branchlets and petioles k setose; leaves k rugose, 

white-scurfy beneath along veins ...... C. purpureus 

1. Plants not setose; leaves not rugose, glabrescent. 

2. Leaves coriaceous, veins often red beneath; inflorescence a paniculate cyme; flowers large (petals >1 cm 

2. Leaves not coriaceous, veins not reddish; inflorescence 

long) ..................... C. alpinus 
NUMBER 77 MELASTOMA’Ii4CEAE 147 

a corymbose cyme; flowers smaller (petals <0.8 cm) 

...................... C. corymbosus 

Charianthus alpinus 

Charianthus alpinur (Swam) Howard, 1972:401. 

Melastoma alpinwn Swam, 1788:71,”alpina.” 

Melastoma coccinewn L Richard, 1792:109, “coccinea.” 

Charianthus coccineus 

Hodge, 1941:121. 

Richard) D. Don, 1823:328.--Domin, 1930b37.- 

Shrub or small tree to 10 m; leaves 5-veined (veins 

sometimes reddish), ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, base acute to 

obtuse, dark punctate-glandular beneath, to 12 cm x 6 cm; 

petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence to 7 cm; flowers bright red; 

hypanthium to 5 mm; calyx to 3 cm, wavy-lobed, persistent; 

petals to 1.3 cm; stamens long-exserted, style 2.3 cm; berry k 

globose, 8 mm, red but turning black, on 2 mm pedicel. 

Endemic from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; on Dominica, an 

infrequent understory tree at mid- to upper elevations: Bernard 

Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 363), Morne Anglais (Hodge 

516), Morne Couronne (Webster 13212), Morne Trois Pitons 

(Ernst 1499, 2025), Pont Cass6 (Skog 1580, Wilbur 7788). 

Collected in flower May-August and in fruit in June-July. 

Charianthus corymbosus 

Charianthus corymbosus (L. Richard) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 

Melastoma corymbosum L. Richard, 1792: 109, “corymboso.” 

Charianthus longfolius Cogniaux in A.L. and A.C. Candolle, 1891,7:715.- 

1891,7:714.--Domin, 1930b337. 

Domin, 1938:37. 

Cre-cre.

Shrubby tree to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, ovate-lanceolate, apex 

attenuate to acuminate, base obtuse to cuneate, glabrescent, 

gland dots, if present, brownish and inconspicuous, to 19 cm x 

11 cm; petioles to 8 cm; inflorescences to 15 cm, longpeduncled; hypanthium 3 mm, sepals 2 mm, both dark red; 

petals to 8 mm, pinkish; anthers and style to 11 mm, shortly 

exserted; fruit globose, purple, 6 mm. 

Endemic from Guadeloupe to Martinique; locally frequent 

on Dominica at mid-elevations (300-900 m): Baiac (Whitefoord 3784), Deux Branches (Hodge 3436), Dleau Gommier 

(Ernst 1664), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area (Beard 236, Burch 

1383A, Chambers 2557, Gillis 81 70, Kimber 955, King 6387, 

Nicolson 1829, Smith 10227, Wilbur 8359), Layou River 

heights (Stehle 6331), Lisdara (Hodge 2451), Morne Anglais 

(Hodge 2256), Morne Colla Anglais (Hodge 515), Mome 

Negres Marrons (Hodge 1066), Morne Nicholls (Hodge 1931), 

South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshamen 2507, Sylvania (Cooper 

31, 79, Hodge 515,1310), Trafalgar Falls (Ernst 1080, Hodge 

2021), sine loc. (Eggers 984, Imray 196, E). Flowering and 

fruiting erratically throughout the year. 

Hodge (1941:124-127) described three varieties of this 

species and reported var. typicus at low elevations and 

longifolius (at mid- to upper elevations) from Dominica, 

differentiated on the basis of leaf-shape, as well as altitude. 

Most of the material at US and GH falls loosely in var. 

longifolius. The species apparently hybridizes with C. purpureus. 

Charianthus purpureus var. rugosus 

Charianthuspurpureus D. Don var. rugosus Hodge, 1941:130. 

Cre-cre rouge. 

Dense shrub to 6 m; twigs setaceous, especially at nodes; 

leaves strongly rugose, veins beneath white-furfuraceous, 

ovate, short-apiculate, base rounded to obtuse, margins 

levolute and distally crenulate, to 9 cm x 5 cm; petioles 

Muraceous, grooved above, setaceous along edge of grooves, 

to 2 cm; corymbose cyme short-pedunculate, 8 cm; hypanthium Muraceous, to 4 mm; sepals to 3 mm; petals 1 cm, 

scarlet; anthers barely exserted; fruits purple, globose, 6 mm. 

Species on the Leeward Islands and Grenada: this variety 

endemic to Dominica and best developed at summits: 

Freshwater Lake (Hodge 1751), Morne au Diable (Beard 

1474), Morne Micotrin (Hodge 1850), Nicolson 1980), Mome 

Trois Pitons (Ernst 1215, 2037A, Hodge 509, 1421 (type of 

var.), Kimber 985, Wilbur 8080). 

The description is based on the materials cited above. Other 

materials from lower elevations or not on exposed ridges often 

deviate and begin to lack the distinctive revolute margins and 

the strong rugose character, perhaps hybridizing with C. 

corymbosus (* = hybrids?): Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1784*, 

King 23*, Smith 10227A, Wilbur 7407*), Morne Diablotins 

(Chambers 2642*, Whitefoord 5308*), Morne Micotrin 

(Chambers 2557A, DeFilipps 153, Wasshausen & Ayensu 31 7, 

334), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1685). 

Howard (1989, 5541) treated this variety as a full synonym 

of C. purpureus, commenting that “an extreme form with 

rugose or bullate leaves, but at lower elevations this intergrades 

with material he [Hodge] called var. brevisetosus [of GreMda] .” 

Clidemia D. Don 

1. Flowers 5-merous; calyx-teeth >2 mm long, petals over 5 

mm ........................ C. hirta 

1. Flowers 4-merous; floral parts more minute. 

2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, <7 cm broad 

2. Leaves broadly ovate, >8 cm broad .... C. umbrosa 

.................... C. guadalupensis 

Clidemia guadalupensis 

Clidomia guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 1857:70.--Domin, 

Melastoma verticillatum Vahl, 1797, Eclog.. 1 :47, “verticillata,” non Miller. 

CIidemia verticillata A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:16O.-Danin, 1930b:43. 

Sagraea guacialupenris A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:170. 

Sagraea tetragona A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:171. 

1938343. 
148 MEIAST~MATACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Clidemia guadalupensis var. verticillato (A.P. Candolle) Stehle & Quentin in 

[Clidemia tetrogona (A.P. Candolle) Foumet, 1!T78:912. nom. invalid. (Art. 

Stdd et al.. 1949,3:78. 

33.2, ICBN).] 

Shrub to 3 m, sometimes epiphytic; branches rustypubescent to glabrescens leaves Sveined, scabrous above, k 

hirsute on veins beneath, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, 

base rounded to obtuse, to 25 cm x 7.5 cm; petiole to 4.5 cm; 

inflorescence racemose, often “sheltered” beneath leaf-blades, 

to 8 cm, few-flowered, arising from nodes and leaf-mils the 

whole length of stems; flower to 5 mm, white; fruit to 6 mm, 

dark blue. 

Guadeloupe; occasionally common on Dominica in wet 

forests at mid- to upper elevations (450-1200 m): Bois Diable 

area (Wilbur 8150), Dleau Gommier (Ernst 1189), Mome 

Anglais (Wilbur 7963, Mome Couronne (Ernst 1983), Morne 

Diablotins (Webster 13323), Mome Micotrin (Smith 10271, 

Webster 13261A, Wilbur 7396), Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst 

2038, 2052, Hodge I210), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 

13546), sine loc. (Imray 21 7 at K, photo at GH). Collected in 

flower and fruit from March to August. 

Clidemia hirta 

Clidemio hirto (Linnaeus) D. Don, 1823:309.-Danin, 193Ob:42. 

Melostoma hirtwn Linnaeus. 1753:390, “hirto.” 

Melostoma elegons Aublet. 1175:427. 

Clidemio hirto var. elegonr (Aublet) Grisebach, 1860:247. 

Rangout. 

Weedy, long-hirsute shrub to 2 m; leaves heined, 

broad-ovate, acuminate, base rounded to cordate, margin f 

crenate, to 15 cm x 8.5 cm; few-flowered, hypanthium 3 mm, 

calyx 3 mm, lobed, persistent; petals 8 mm, white, anthers 6 

mm, white or yellow; fruit hirsute, dark blue, 3 mm x 5 mm. 

Neotropics; common in woods and roadsides of Dominica at 

low to mid elevations: Bellevue (King 6304), Castle Bruce 

Road (Cowun 1620), Clarke Hall (Gates Clarke 012, Webster 

13198, Wilbur 7366, Concord area (Norstog 3367), Cote d’Or 

(Nicolson 2055), Deux Branches (Chambers 2505, Ernst 

1804), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7607,8024), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3690), La Plaine area (King 6369, Whitefoord 5367, Wilbur 

81 76), Laudat-Freshwater Lake (Gillis 8185), Morne Brules of 

Portsmouth (Hodge 520), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3548). Flowering and fruiting continuously. 

CIidemia umbrosa 

Clidemia wnbroso (Swanz) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1892, 

Melastomo wnbraswn Swam, 1188:72, %nbroso.” 

Mekwiomo katifdiwn Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1197, Encycl., 431, “katifoClidemia lotifolio (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 1828.3: 159. 

7 10 19.--Domin, 1930b43. 

lio . ” 

Shrub to 3 m, long-hirsute; leaves heined, margin finely 

crenulate, broad-ovate, acuminate, base rounded, to 31 cm x 21 

cm; petiole to 14 cm; axillary inflorescence to 13 cm in fruit, 

sparsely flowered; flowers tiny, greenish; hypanthium 2 mm, 

calyx 0.5 mm, style 4 mm; fruit hirsute, purple, 5 mm. 

Lesser Antilles; * common on Dominica in disturbed 

rainforest, 100-700 m: Bois Diable area (Wilbur 7834), Deux 

Branches (Ernst 1805, Hodge 2993, Fond Figues River (Ernst 

101 3, Freshwater Lake (King 6380), Hampstead (Lloyd 638), 

La Chaudiere (Hodge 3560), L’Imprevue (Nurodny s.n.), 

Laudat (Hodge I756), Lisdara (Hodge 581, IOIO), Magua 

(Stehle 634), Morne Gombo (Hodge 99,529), PontCasse area 

(Ernst 1284, Wilbur 7539, Providence Valley (Hodge 2048), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 1481), Springfield (King 6331, Wilbur 

7703), Sylvania (Cooper 27, 27A, Hodge 519), Syndicate 

(Whirefoord 3530, 4380). Apparently flowering and fruiting 

continuously . 

Conostegia D. Don 

1. Leaves saigulose; calyptra rounded . . . . . C. icosandra 

1. Leaves glabrous; calyptra pointed . . . . . . C. montana 

Conostegia icosandra 

Conostegio icosondra (Wikstrom) Urban, 1921c:404. 

Metastoma icosondrwn Swartz ex Wikstrom, 182864, “icosondro.” 

Conostegio subhirsufa A.P. Candolle, 1828.3: 174.--Domin. 1930b36. 

CrB-crB grand feuilles. 

Tree to 9 m; leaves (3-)5-veined, shigulose above, 

stellate-pubescent along veins beneath, elliptic, shortacuminate, base obtuse to acute, to 15 cm x 7 cm; petiole 1-2 

cm; young growth hirsute with long stellate hairs; paniculate 

cyme to 12 cm; buds k globose, 8 mm x 6 mm; hypanthium 5 

mm; petals to 8 mm, creamy; ripe fruit bluish, globose, 8 mm. 

Neotropics; locally common on Dominica at low and 

mid-elevations: Bataca (Stehle 61 03), La Chaudieree (Hodge 

3618 at GH), Roseau Valley Waterfalls (Hodge 2010), sine loc. 

(Imruy 113 at NY). 

Conostegia montana 

Conostegio montono (Swam) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:115. 

Mekastomo montonwn Swam, 1788:69, “montono.” 

Melastom colyptrotwn Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 451, 

Conostegio colyptroto (Desrousseaux) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828. 

“calyp t rat0 ~ 

3:174.--Domin, 1930b36. 

Cre-cre bois, cre-cre blanc.

Shrub or small tree to 7 m; leaves heined, glabrous, elliptic 

or oblong, short-acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 22 cm x 8 

cm; petiole 2-6 cm; paniculate cyme to 15 cm, many-flowered; 

buds cylindric with conical top, 6 mm x 3 mm; hypanthium to 

4 mm; petals 4-7 mm; berry blackish, globose, 5 mm. 

Antilles; common in Dominica at mid-upper elevations, 

400-1200 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4153), Carib Reserve 
NUMBER 77 MELASToMAWCEAE 149 

(Stehleb 6101, 6103, Castle Bruce road (Cowan 1622), Deux Miconia Ruiz & Pav6n 

Branches (Chambers 2763, Ernst 1807, Hodge 3126,3441), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3570), Laudat (Beard 1467, Eggers 621 at 

GH, s.n., Hodge 1985, Lloyd 188), Lisdara (Hodge 2350), 

Milton Estate (Hodge 2579), Morne Anglais (Wilbur 7957), 

Morne Couronne (Webster 13206, 13223, 13230), Morne 

Diablotins (Webster 13325), Morne Negres Marrons (Hodge 

1059), Morne Micotrin (Ernst 1768, 2175, Chambers 2563, 

2570, Kimber 949, Nicolson 1992, Stern & Wasshausen 2572, 

Wilbur 7427), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 7879), Mahaut River 

(Proctor 17512), Pont Casse area (Ernst 1288, Hodge 1197, 

Webster 13387, Wilbur 7565). Sylvania (Cooper 95, Hodge 

3972), Syndicate (Ernst 2000, Whitefoord 4355, 5573, sine 

loc. (Zmray I75 at GH). 

Graffenrieda A.P. Candolle 

Graffenrieda latcfolia 

Graffenriedo lotifolia (Naudin) Triana, 1871:71.-Domin, 1930b:36. 

Cycnopodiwn lotifolium Naudin, 184552. 

Miconia catalpifolia Kriinzlin, 1931:153. 

Tree to 9 m; twigs stout with conspicuous leaf scars; leaves 

7-9-veined, broadly ovate to orbicular, short-acuminate, base 

obtuse, to 20 cm x 20 cm; petiole to 13 cm; panicle terminal, to 

30 cm; hypanthium 2.5 mm, sepals 1.5 mm, petals to 5 mm, 

white; capsule 4 mm x 2.5 mm, ribbed, k urceolate. 

Lesser Antilles to northern South America; at mid- to upper 

elevations (400-800 m) on Dominica: Bois Diable Ridge 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2543, Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1600), 

Diablotins (Lloyd 907), En Haut Jean (Webster 13508), Laudat 

(Eggers 750), Mome Micomn (Burch 1363, Ernst 1724, 

Webster 13240), Mome Plat Pays (Hodge 1739), Pont Casse

(Ernst 1127, Wilbur 7764), Sylvania (Cooper 120, Hodge 517, 

3852, 3971), sine loc. Krauss s.n., E). Flowering April-July, 

fruiting June-July. 

Henriettella Naudin 

Henriettella laterifora 

Henriettella 1aterifTora (Vahl) Triana, 187 1 :144.-Domin, 1930b:44. 

Melastoma lateriflorum Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1 :48, “lateriflora.” 

Ossaea lateriflora (Vahl) A.P. Candolle, 1828.3:169. 

Henriettea 1aierifIora (Vahl) Howard [ex Foumet, 1978:914. nun. invalid. 

(Art. 33.2)] & Kellogg, 1986:246.-Howard, 1988:286. 

Small tree to 7 m; leaves clustered at ends of branches, 

glabrous, 3-veined, elliptic, acuminate, base attenuate, to 6.5 

cm x 2.5 cm; petiole 1.5 cm; flowers 4-merous, clustered at 

nodes below leaves, few per cluster; pedicels 1 cm; hypanthium 

and calyx green, 2 mm; corolla 3 mm, white, calyptrate. 

Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique; collected in Dominica 

only in vicinity of Freshwater Lake, 800 m: (Eggers 638 at GH, 

Ernst 2163, sine loc. (Imray 190,330 at GH). Young flower in 

August. 

Miconia cornifolia (Desrousseaux) Naudin (incl. Miconia 

cinnamomifolia (Jacquin) Triana, non Naudin), another Lesser 

Antillean endemic species, was reported for Dominica by 

Cogniaux (in A.L. and A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:765) and 

Howard (1989, 5:557). This may involve misidentification of 

Dominican material of variable M. stnata (Vahl) Cogniaux. 

Miconia cornifolia has distinctly larger flowers and a calyptrate 

calyx. Fruiting specimens are difficult to distinguish. 

Miconia splendens (Swartz) Grisebach (18m.256) was 

reported from Dominica by Grisebach (l.c.), based on an Imray 

collection. The range of this species seems to exclude the 

Lesser Antilles. This record may be a misidentification, 

perhaps of M. trichotoma or M. furfuracea. 

1. Mature leaf-blades glabrous beneath. 

2. Branchlets and inflorescences with tufts of hairs at 

2. Branchlets and inflorescences not as above. 

3. Leaves 3-veined, usually >15 cm long. 

4. Leaves .t sessile, base k cordate; petiole 0.5 cm 

..................... M. ernstii 

4. Leaves clearly petioled, base rounded (at most); 

petiole >1 cm. 

5. Flowers 5-merous, mid-sized (petals >5 mm); 

leaf-apex long-attenuate ...... M. stria& 

5. Flowers 4-merous, minute (petals to 1 mm); 

leaf-apex acuminate to short-attenuate ................. M. trichotoma 

6. Leaves small (c6 cm), apex blunt-apiculate ................... M. mornicola 

6. Leaves large (>6 cm), apex attenuate to acuminate. 

7. Leaf-margins usually revolute; sepal lobes 

round with a dorsal lobed spine. ....... .................. M. coriacea 

7. Leaf-margins not revolute; sepals triangular, 

spine indistinct or wanting . . M. globulifora 

nodes ................. M. globuliflora 

3. Leaves 5-veined, usually c 11 cm long. 

1. Mature leaf-blades pubescent beneath, at least on veins. 

9. Leaf-veins pubescent above and beneath; margins 

crenate-setose; flowers minute .... M. racemosa 

9. Leaf-veins glabrous above; margins entire or serrate; 

flowers not minute. 

10. Flowers large (petals 7 mm); leaves broadly 

ovate-elliptic, apex acuminate, margins entire 

................... M. futfuracea 

10. Flowers small (petals 3 mm); leaf ovatelanceolate, apex attenuate, margins serrate with 

sparse setae ............. M. laevigata 

8. Leaves pubescent beneath only on veins. 

8. Leaves pubescent on and between veins. 
150 MELASTOMATACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

11. Leaves 3-veined, white-pubescent beneath; flowers 

4-merous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. tetrandra 

11. Leaves 5-veined; flowers 5-6-merous. 

12. Leaves large, base slightly cordateclasping; petiole short (4 cm); flower small. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. impetiolaris 

12. Leaves <20 cm long; petiole > 1 cm; flower large, 

showy, with 2 white, caducous bracts. 

13. Flowers usually 6-merous; hypanthium stellatepubescent . . . . . . . . . . . M. dodecandra 

13. Flowers usually 5-merous; hypanthium 

glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. mirabilis 

Miconia coriacea 

Miconia coriacea (Swam) A.P. Candolle. 1828,3:189.--Domin, 1930b:41.- 

Melastoma coriacewn Swanz, 1788:70, “coriacea.” 

Howard & Kellogg, 1986239. 

Shrubby dioecious tree to 6 m; young leaves and shoots 

sparsely rusty-scurfy; branches sparsely hairy, leaves 5-veined, 

glabrous, margin usually revolute and obscurely toothed, 

elliptic, apex acute, base obtuse, to 11 cm x 4.5 cm; petiole to 

3 cm; inflorescence terminal, paniculate, to 10 cm; flowers 

5-merous, erect, sessile, subtended by obovate, deciduous 

bracts; hypanthium 3 mm, glandular-dotted; sepals 0.8 mm, 

with a broad dorsal spine to 0.6 mm; petals 2 mm; fertile 

stamens 4.5 mm, sterile ones 3 mm; style 3 mm, capitate. 

Guadeloupe; on Dominica in dwarf forest on summits 

(900- 1400 m): Mome Diablotins (Chambers 2641, Wasshau - 

sen & Ayensu 410, Webster 13358), Morne Micotrin (Beard 

1467 at NY, Nicolson 1979), Mome Nicholls (Beard 250 at 

GH, Hodge 1904, 1928), Mome Trois Pitons (Beard 631 at 

NY, Ernst 1216C, 2040, Hodge 497), Morne Watt (Hodge 

1904), toward Valley of Desolation (Whitefoord 5492), sine 

loc. (Fishlock 7). Apparently flowering throughout the year 

(January, March, May, June, November), fruiting June and 

August. 

Miconia dodecandra 

Miconia dodecandra (Desrousseaux) Cogniaux in Martius, 1887,14(4):243.- 

Melastoma dudecandrum Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:46, 

Howard & Kellogg, 1986240. 

“dodecandra.” 

Shrub to 4 m; leaves 5-veined, stellate-pubescent beneath, 

elliptic, acuminate, base obtuse, to 15 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 5 

cm; paniculate cyme stellate-pubescent, to 15 cm, branches 

sparsely flowered and dichasial; pedicels to 5 mm; flowers 

6-merous, enclosed in 2 caducous bracts; hypanthium 4 mm, * 

stellate-pubescent; calyx lobes 2 mm, persistent; petals to 5 

mm, white; filaments red, 8 mm, anthers yellow, curved, 8 mm; 

style 10 mm, pubescent, stigma peltate; fruit about 5 mm, 

purplish. 

Neotropics; in Dominica only in Freshwater Lake area: 

(Burch 1462, Chambers 2562, Eggers 562, Ernst 1783, Kimber 

935, Smith 10296, Wasshausen & Ayensu 327, Wilbur 7421). 

Flowering January-June, fruiting March-July. 

This is similar to Miconia m‘rabilis and was treated as a 

synonym of the latter by Howard (1989,5:562) 

Miconia ernstii 

Miconia ernstii Wurdack, 1965:385.-Howard & Kellogg, 1986:240. 

Shrub or tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, oblongelliptic, acute to acuminate, base & cordate, to 17 cm x 6 cm; 

petiole <5 mm; inflorescence to 10 cm; flowers 5-merous, 

sessile; hypanthium 1.5 mm, 10-ribbed; calyx lobes 0.5 mm; 

petals 2 mm, slightly emarginate, white, reflexed, anthers 1.5 

mm, yellow, prominent; young fruits pinkish. 

Endemic to Dominica, rainforests 700-1100 m: En Haut 

Jean (Webster 13516), Mome Anglais (Hodge 513, 514), 

Mome Diablotins (Lloyd 911 at GH), Morne Micotrin (Ernst 

1723 type, 1767, 2262), Mome Trois Pitons (Ernst 2032), 

Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13560). Flowering and fruiting 

June- August. 

Miconia furfuracea 

Miconia fwfuracea (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:257.-Domin, 1930b:39.- 

Melastomafwfuaceum Vahl. 1799, Icon., 3, pl. 22, “fwfwcea.” 

Howard & Kellogg, 1986241. 

Cre-cre.

Shrubby tree to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, glossy above, 

rusty-pubescent on veins beneath, margins entire or obscurely 

dentate, broad elliptic, acuminate, base rounded, to 28 cm x 17 

cm; petiole 2-9 cm; inflorescence racemose, to 15 cm, sparsely 

flowered; pedicels 2-4 mm; flowers 5-merous; hypanthium to 

7 mm; calyx 1 mm, scarcely lobed, petals 7 mm, white, 

reflexed; filaments 4 mm, anthers 4 mm; style 8 mm; hits 

bright pink, ribbed, turning black, to 1 cm. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia; common “weed” in 

Dominica in rain forests or cleared areas at low to midelevations, 100-800 m: Castle Bruce road (Cowan 1625, Ernst 

1020, 1450, Wilbur 7997), Deux Branches (Ernst 1806), En 

Haut Jean (Webster 13525), Freshwater Lake (Eggers s.n.), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3525), Lisdara (Hodge 510, 511, 2359), 

Morne Couronne (Webster 13228), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 

1710), Point Lo10 (Nicolson 1849, Webster 13382), Pont Casse

area (Wilbur 7548, 7736, 8191), South Chiltern (Stern & 

Wasshamen 2515), Sylvania (Hodge 512, 1083, 3853), 

Syndicate (Hodge 2705, Whitefoord 3534, 4248), sine loc. 

Krauss s.n. at E). Flowering February-July, fruiting JuneOctober. 

Miconia globul(flora 

Miconia globdiyora (L. Richard) Cogniaux in Martius, 1888, 14(4):418.- 

Melastoma globuliflorum L. Richard, 1792 109, “globuliflora.” 

Howard & Kellogg. 1986:241. 
NUMBER 77 MELASTOMA1;4CEAE 151 

Miconia vdcanica Naudin, 1851:213.--Domin, 1930b:42. 

Cremanium sieberi Grisebach, 1860:262. 

Miconia globulflora var. dominicae 

Miconia globulifora var. dominicae Howard & Kellogg, 1986242. 

Cr6-cr6 blanc. 

Dioecious shrub to 4 m; branchlets and inflorescence with 

tufts of hair at nodes; leaves 3-5-veined, glabrous, margins 

denticulate-serrulate, oblong-ovate to lanceolate-elliptic, 

acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 11 cm x 7 cm; petiole to 8 

cm, reddish; inflorescence paniculate, to 12 cm; pedicel 1.5 cm; 

hypanthium 1.7 mm; calyx 0.5 mm, lobes triangular; petals 1.5 

mm, retuse; fertile anthers 3 mm, yellow or purplish, sterile 

anthers 2 mm, white or orange; pistil 2.5 mm; fruit 3 mm, 

purple. 

St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat; common on Dominica in 

montane forests, 600-1400 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4171), 

Boiling Lake (Nicolson 2024, Morne Anglais (Hodge 2307), 

Morne Diablotins (Chambers 2640, Hodge 2814, Nicolson 

4082, Whitefoord 4565), Morne Micotrin area (Chambers 

2553, DeFilipps 142, Eggers 107, Ernst 1094, 2159, Gillis 

8212, King 6378, Nicolson 2106, 2108, 4086, 4087, Smith 

10254,10297, Wilbur 7387), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1676), 

Morne Trois Pitons (Chambers 2589, Ernst 2042, Hodge 500, 

1398 (type of var. dominicae), 1406, Wilbur 8089), Trois 

Pitons River (Nicolson 1947), sine loc. (Zmray 215, E). 

Apparently flowering and fruiting throughout the year. 

Miconia impetwlaris 

Miconia impetiolaris (Swam) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 1828,3: 183.-Domin, 

Melastoma impetiolare Swam, 1788:70, “impetiolaris.” 

1930b:40.-Howard & Kellogg, 1986:244. 

Shrub to 5 m; branches and inflorescence covered with rusty 

stellate hairs; leaves 5-veined, glossy above, lightly stellatepubescent beneath, margins irregularly finely denticulate, 

long-elliptic, attenuate, base slightly cordate-clasping and k 

sessile, to 37 cm x 14 cm; inflorescence paniculate, to 33 cm; 

flowers 5-merous, glomerulate along tertiary branchlets; 

hypanthium stellate-pubescent, 2.5 mm; calyx 1 mm; petals 2 

mm; stamens 6 mm; style 5 mm; fruit 4 mm, dull red. 

Neotropics; at lower elevations on northwestern Dominica: 

Milton Estate (Hodge 2536 at GH), Picard Estate (Nicolson 

4227), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 747 at GH, 1069). Fruiting 

April-June. 

Miconia laevigata 

Miconia laevigata (Linnaeus) D. Don in Sweet, 1826:159.-Domin, 

1930b:41.-Howard & Kellogg, 1986:244. 

Melastoma laevigatum Linnaeus, 1759a: 1022, “laevigata.” 

Melastoma virescens Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:18. 

Miconia virescens (Vahl) Triana, 1871:lM. 

Cr6-cr6. 

Shrub (small tree) to 7.5 m; leaves (3-)5-veined, veins 

lightly stellate-pubescent beneath, ovate-lanceolate, margin 

denticulate, slightly ciliate, long-acuminate, base rounded to 

obtuse, to 15 cm x 6 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence 

terminal, pyramidal-paniculate, to 15 cm, rusty-stellate; flowers 5-merous, sessile or pedicel to 2 mm; hypanthium 

stellate-pubescent, 2 mm; calyx 0.5 mm, spreading; petals 3 

mm, white; filaments 2.5 mm, anther 2.5 mm; style 5 mm; fruit 

blue-black, 3-4 mm. 

Neotropics; common weed tree on Dominica at lower 

elevations (below 600 m): Baiac (Whitefoord 3828), Cabrit 

(Whitefoord 5281), Clarke Hall (Webster 13200), Dublanc 

(Hodge 2529), Fond Colet (King 6293), Grand Savanne (Stern 

& Wasshausen 2447), Layou Valley (Chambers 2799, Webster 

13278), Lisdara (Hodge 1491), Marigot (Hodge 499), Mount 

Joy (Hodge 1259), Pointe Baptiste (Beard 1470), Ridgefield 

Estate (Hodge 2170), Roseau (Kruuss 1256), Salybia (Chambers 2632), South Chiltern (Hodge 1491, Nicolson 2166), 

Sylvania (Hodge 501, 1249, 3827), sine loc. (Cooper 33). 

Flowering December-September, fruiting June-January. 

This species recognizable by its secund flowers and fruits 

that are essentially sessile. 

Miconia mirabilis 

Miconia mirabilis (Aublet) L.O. Williams. 1963574.-Howard & Kellogg, 

Fothergilla mirabilis Aublet, 1775:441 [in most copies]. 

[Tamonea guianensis Aublet, 1775:441, not accepted by author.] 

Diplochita fothergilla A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:176. 

Miconia guianensis Cogniaux, 1886:280, nom. illeg.-Domin. 193Ob:39. 

1986247. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves 5-veined, tan-pubescent beneath, 

elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute to obtuse, to 

21 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 6 cm; cyme paniculate, to 16 cm with 

flowers few on dichasial branches; pedicels 4 mm; flowers 

5-merous, enclosed in 2 white, caducous, obovate bracts; 

hypanthium to 3 mm, glabrous; calyx to 2 mm, red, persistent; 

filaments to 8 mm, red to yellow; anthers 4-7 mm, red and 

yellow; fruit juicy, blue-black, 8 mm. 

Neotropics; common on Dominica at low to mid-elevations 

(200-1000 m): Dleau Gommier (Emst 1973), Dublanc (Hodge 

2545), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 103), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3642), Layou Park Estate (Nicolson 1079), Lisdara (Hodge 

2318), Milton Estate (Hodge 2545), Morne Anglais (Wilbur 

7963), Morne Couronne (Bailey 767, Ernst 1164), Pont Casse

area (Hodge 1194, Nicolson 2078,2079, Proctor 17524, Stern 

& Wasshausen 2545, Wilbur 7751, 8190), Riversdale (Proctor 

25790), Salybia (Hodge 3280), South Chiltern (Stern & 

Wasshausen 2511), Sylvania (Cooper 28, 78, Hodge 498, 

1082, King 6347, Wasshausen & Ayensu 392), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 3591), sine loc. (Imray I01 at NY). Flowering 

November-July, fruiting April-August. 
152 MELASTOMATACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Miconia mornicola 

Miconio mornicoh A.C. Niwlson, 1990120. 

Dense tree to 3 m; young leaves and branches sparsely 

rusty-scurfy; leaves heined, glabrous, coriaceous, glanddotted beneath, margins dentate with incurved teeth, broadly 

elliptic, abruptly bluntly caudate, base obtuse-acute, 3.5-5 cm 

x 2.5-3 cm; petiole 1-1.5 cm; inflorescence pyramidalpaniculate, to 7 cm; flowers 5-merous, pedicels 1 mm; 

hypanthium 1.4 mm, rosy-purple, darker within; calyx white, 

-1 mm, tube 0.4 mm, sepals triangular, 0.6 mm, persistent; 

petals white, round, strongly reflexed, fugacious 1.7 mm x 2 

mm; stamens 10, 3.5 mm long, broadly spreading at anthesis, 

filaments 2 mm long, anthers to 1.5 mm, cream, connective 

with a blunt, basal, bilobed, dorsal tooth to 0.5 mm long and a 

lobed ventral appendage to 0.2 mm; style exserted before petals 

open, to 4 mm long, glabrous, stigma scarcely expanded, ovary 

white, 3-locular, 1/3 inferior; fruits globular, bluish, 3 mm; 

seeds 15-20, smooth, 1.1 mm x 0.6 mm. 

Known only in dwarf forests of Dominican mountain tops: 

Mome Anglais (Nicolson 41 06), Mome Diablotins (Chambers 

2643, Lack et al. 1,2), Mome Trois Pitons (Ernst 1116A, 2041, 

Hodge 1420). Flowering early December, fruiting late January 

(Chambers, Nicolson). 

Miconha racemosa 

Miconio rocemoso (Aublet) A.P. Candolle. 1828,3:179.-Howard & Kellogg, 

Metastoma racemosum Aublet. 1775:406, “racemosa.” 

1986249. 

Shrub to 5 m; leaves 5-veined, k rugose, pubescent along 

veins above and below, margins crenate, setose, broad-elliptic, 

acute to short-acuminate, base obtuse, to 19 cm x 11 cm; 

petiole to 2 cm; inflorescence paniculate, to 12 cm; flowers 

5-merous, sessile; hypanthium 1 mm; calyx 0.5 mm; petals 1.5 

mm, pinkish; fruit globular, smooth, dark blue, 3 mm. 

Neotropics; locally common on Dominica at low to 

mid-elevations (150-650 m): Clyde River valley (Ernst 2082), 

Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 3852), Hungry Hill Estate 

(Whitefoord 4430), Petit Macoucheri road (Whitefoord 6134), 

Pont Casse area (Ernst 1285, King 6344, Webster 13397, 

Wilbur 7561), Sylvania (Hodge 502, Wilbur 771 7). Flowering 

May-August, fruiting July-August, December, and May. 

Miconia striata 

Miconio sfrioto (Vahl) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 7:765.- 

Domin, 193&:40.-Howard & Kellogg, 1986251. 

Melosfom strioturn Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:14, ”striafa.” 

Melastoma elongotwn Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:16, “elongofo.” 

Melastom semicrenotwn L Richard in Humboldt & Bonpland, 1809a:69, 

Tetrozygio semicrenoto (L. Richard) Grisebach. 18609%. 

“semicrenota.” 

CrB-crB grand bois. 

Shrub or small tree to 10 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, 

glossy, margins f dentate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 

to attenuate, base obtuse, to 25 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 4 cm; 

inflorescence paniculate, to 13 cm, diffuse; flowers 5-merous, 

pedicels >2 mm; hypanthium, glabrous, white or pink, 2 mm; 

calyx 1 mm, spreading, irregularly 3-5-split, sometimes f 

calyptrate; petals 6 mm, white; filaments 6 mm, glandular; 

anthers 3 mm, white; style 9 mm; fruit 10-ribbed, purplish, 4 

mm. 

Lesser Antilles; common on Dominica in woodlands to 1100 

m: Belle View (Cooper 173), Calibishie (Emst 1557, Hodge 

3155), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1261), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3210, 

Stehle 6389,6434), Cochrane (Skog 1578), Grand Bay (Wilbur 

7918), Hatton Gardens (Hodge 2943, 3032), La Chaudiere

(Hodge 3599), La Soie (Eggers 1079), Laudat (Gillis 8181, 

8183), L’Imprevue (Narodny s.n.), Lisdara (Cooper 165, 

Hodge 505), Marigot (Hodge 504), Melville Hall (Hodge 504), 

Mero (Ernst 1985), Milton (Hodge 2574), Montpelier (Lloyd 

573), Morne Anglais (Dupigny s.n., Wilbur 7976), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 503), Rosalie (Lloyd 708A), Salisbury (Webster 

13493), South Chiltem (Hodge 1447,3875), S ylvania (Hodge 

3967, Webster 13408, Wilbur 7711), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4338, 4462), Vieille Case (Cowan 1598), sine loc. (Fishlock 

24). Flowering February-August, fruiting June, July, January. 

The leaf nervation character used by Howard (1989,5552) 

to separate Miconia cornifolia (Desrousseaux) Naudin (3- 

nerved) from M. striata (5-nerved) is weak in that most 

specimens of M. striata are as 3-nerved as M. cornifolia (see 

under excluded Miconia). 

Miconia tetrandra 

Miconio tetrondra (Swartz) D. Don in Loudon, 1830:174.-Dornin, 

Melastom tetrondrwn Swartz, 1788:12, “tetrondra.” 

1930b:42.-Howard & Kellogg, 1986:251. 

Small tree to 4 m; leaves 3-veined, finely white-stellate 

pubescent beneath, oblong-ovate, acuminate, base rounded or 

obtuse, to 20 cm x 8 cm; petiole to 6 cm; inflorescence 

pyramidal, to 13 cm, white-pubescent; flowers 4-merous; 

hypanthium 1.5 mm; calyx 0.5 mm; petals white, 2.5 mm; 

stamens 4 mm; style 4 mm; fruit purplish black, 3 mm. 

Antilles; at lower elevations on Dominica (to 600 m): 

Calibishie (Emst 1558), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3522 at GH), La 

Soie (Eggers 749 at GH), Laudat (Eggers 1078), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2671 at GH), Pont Casse road to Bells (Whitefoord 

5845). Flowering October, flowering and fruiting June. 

Miconia trichotoma 

Miconio frichotoma (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:188.--Domin, 

Melasfom trichotomwn Desrousseaux in Lamarck, 1797, Encycl., 4:53, 

Miconio rivoerioe Naudin, 185 1 : 170. 

Cremoniwn rivoerioe (Naudin) Grisebach, 1860:262. 

1930b:41.-Howard & Kdlogg. 1986:252. 

“ frichotom ,I’ 

Shrub to small tree to 8 m; leaves 3-veined, glabrous, 
NUMBER 77 MELAsmMA~cEAE 153 

rugulose, broad-elliptic, acuminate, base rounded to acute, to 

21 cm x 10 cm; petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence pyramidalpaniculate, to 15 cm; flower 4-merous; hypanthium and calyx 

minute, 1 mm; petals 1 mm, white; stamens white, 3 mm; style 

2 mm; young fruit pink, turning purple-black, 2 mm. 

Lesser Antilles; locally common on Dominica, often in 

rainforest at 150-900 m: Carholm Estate (Ernst 1946), Lisdara 

(Cooper 153, Hodge 509, Morne Micotrin (Eggers 653, 

Hodge 1787, King 6385, Wilbur 7451), Morne Trois Pitons 

(Ernst 2050, Pont Casse area (Wilbur 81 79), South Chiltern 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2500), Sylvania (Hodge 506,508,1116), 

near Syndicate (Ernst 1999, Whitefoord 3894,4260), sine loc. 

Cooper 51, Eggers 1001, Imruy 210). Flowering JanuaryAugust, fruiting March, July, and December. 

Nepsera Naudin 

Nepsera aquatica 

Nepsera aquatica (Aublet) Naudin, 185028.-hin, 1930b:34. 

Melastoma aq,uaticum Aublet, 1775430, "aquatica." 

Bitter leaf, ti feuille. 

Scrambling shrubby herb to 1 m; branchlets 4-angled; leaves 

5(-7)-veined, serrulate, ovate, base rounded, to 6 cm x 3.5 cm; 

petiole to 2 cm; cyme terminal, paniculate, sometimes leafy, to 

15 cm; hypanthium 3 mm; sepals 2 mm, acute, persistent; 

petals 6 mm, white; anthers 2.5 mm, purple; capsule round, 3 

mm. 

Neotropics; common on Dominica in moist areas 100-700 

m: Bataca (Stehle 6439), Dleau Gommier (Norstog 3373, La 

Chaudihre (Hodge 3681), Laudat (Hodge 1819, Lloyd 397, 

Nicolson 2101), Lisdara (Hodge 528 at US & GH), Morne 

Micotrin (Chambers 2676, Wilbur 7432), Morne Plat Pays 

(Wilbur 7866), Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst IOIO), Pont Casse

(Hodge 1221), Portsmouth Morne Brules (Hodge 529), 

Riversdale (Proctor 25783), Roseau River hot springs (Howard 11736), Soufriere (Eggers s.n.), South Chiltern (Hodge 

1589, Stern & Wusshuusen 251 7), Sylvania (Cooper 70, Hodge 

1109), Syndicate (Chambers 2652, Whitefoord 3503, Wooten 

Waven (Eggers s.n. at GH), sine loc. (Bryant 76, Imruy 374 at 

NY). Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. 

Pterolepis (A.P. Candolle) Miquel 

Pterolepis glomerata 

Pterolepis glomerata (Rottboll) Miquel, 1840:78.-Domin, 1930b334. 

Rhexia glomerata Rottbgll, 1776%. 

Arthostemma glomeratum (Rottboll) Chamisso, 1835454. 

Balier blanc. 

Sometimes shrubby herb to 1 m; branches 4-angled, 

pubescent; leaves 3-veined, white-strigose above and below, 

elliptic to ovate, to 3.5 cm x 1.5 cm; petiole 4 mm; flowers 

short-pedicelled, axillary or terminal, 1-6 in a glomerule 

subtended by leaf bracts; hypanthium 6 mm, with verticillatepedicellate hairs; sepals 6 mm, oblong-ovate, ciliate, erect, 

persistent in fruit; petals white or pink, 1 cm, fiinged with 

minute, dark glandular hairs, quickly deciduous. 

Eastern South America and southern Antilles; common weed 

on Dominica in pastures and wet places at low to midelevations: Balata (Nicolson 2012), Clarke Hall (Webster 

13194), La Plaine (Wilbur 8166), La Ronde (King 6368), 

Laudat area (Chambers 2678, Lloyd 934, Nicolson 1830, 

Wasshausen & Ayensu 326), L'Imprevue (Nurodny s.n.), 

Lisdara (Hodge 525,526,2414,2415), Marigot (Hodge 523, 

Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst I231), Portsmouth Morne Brules

(Hodge 524 at GH, 529 at US), Sylvania (Cooper 95A, Hodge 

521, 523, 1137, 1138), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3504), Wooten 

Waven (Eggers 508), sine loc. (Bryant 92, Eggers 817, 

Fishlock 40). Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. 

Tetrazygia L. Richard ex A.P. Candolle 

1. Leaves linear-lanceolate, <2 cm broad: flowers pink 

....................... T. angustifolia 

1. Leaves broad-ovate, >5 cm broad; flowers white or yellow 

......................... T. discolor 

Tetrazygia angustifolia 

Tctrazygia angustifolia (Swartz) A.P. Candolle. 1828. 3:172.--Domin, 

Melastoma angustifolium Swartz, 1788:7 1, "angustifolia." 

Miconia angustifolia (Swartz) Grisebach, 1857:217 [as], non Naudin. 

1938:37. 

Cre-cre blanc.

Shrub or tree to 7 m, whitish puberulous with tiny stellate 

hairs; leaves 3-veined, linear-lanceolate, to 5 cm x 1 cm; petiole 

0.8 cm; cyme paniculate, to 5 cm; hypanthium 1.5 mm; sepals 

0.5 mm, obtuse; petals 2 mm, rose; berry 3 mm, purplish. 

Antilles; common on Dominica in dry areas to 400 m: 

Cabrits (Nicolson 1890), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7910, 8001), 

Grand Savanne (Stern & Wusshuusen 2445), Hampstead 

(Lloyd 665), L'Anse Noire (Ernst 21 OO), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 

1564). Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2144), Salisbury (Webster 

13492). Syndicate turnoff (Whitefoord 4318), Trois Pitons 

(Lloyd 786). Flowering and fruiting March, June-August, 

November. 

Tetrazygia discolor 

Tetrazygia discolor (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3: 172.-Domin, 

Melastoma discolor Linnaeus. 1759a:1022. 

Tctrazygia discolor var. villosa Grisebach, 1860:255. 

Tetrazygia villosa (Grisebach) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 

1938:38. 

7:721 .-Domin, 1930b:3 8. 

CrC-cr6 blanc. 

Shrub or small tree to 8 m, densely stellate-whitepuberulous; leaves 5-veined, ovate, long-attenuate, base 
154 MELAST~~UTACEAE-MELIACEAE SMITHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

rounded to obtuse, to 18 cm x 10 cm; petiole to 8 cm; cyme 

corymbose, to 12 cm; hypanthium 1 mm; calyx 1.5 mm, 

slightly lobed; petals 2 mm, white or yellow; fruit black, to 7 

mm. 

Lesser Antilles; common on Dominica in woods and 

roadsides to 600 m: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8305), Bibiay River 

(Chambers 2724), Blenheim Estate (Cooper 130), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3697), Deux Branches (Ernst 1668), Fonde Hunte 

Estate (Whitefoord 4438), Grand Bay (Ernst 1068), Hampstead 

(Lloyd 659), La Ronde (King 6365), Laudat (Eggers 106, s.n.), 

Layou River (Ernst 1990, Stern & Wusshuusen 2386, Webster 

13281), Morne Aux Diables (Wilbur 8056), Petit Soufriere Bay 

(Stern & Wasshuusen 2468), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 7616), 

Pointe Michel (Gillis 8136), Rosalie (King 6374, Lloyd 708), 

Salisbury (Whitefoord 4528), Salybia (Chambers 2630, Hodge 

3345), South Chiltern (Hodge 1560, Stern & Wasshuusen 

2499), Sylvania (Cooper 74), sine loc. (Eggers 741, Zmray 56 

at IS, photo at GH). Flowering throughout the year, ripe fruit in 

June-August and January. 

Tibouchina Aublet 

Tibouchina ornata 

Tibowhim ornafa (Swartz) Baillon, 1878:74.-Howard, 1972399; 1989, 

Melastoma ornarum Swartz, 1788:69, “ornata.” 

Rhexia sirigosa L Richard, 1792108. 

Chaerogastra chironioides Grisebach, 180267. 

Tibouchina srrigosa (L. Richard) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 

Tibouchina chironioides (Grisebach) Cogniaux in A.L. & A.C. Candolle, 1891, 

5579. 

7:m. 

7:267.--Domin. 1930b:35.-Howard, 1972400. 1989,5577. 

Shrub to 1 m, sometimes decumbent or matted, branchlets 

strigose, 4-angled; leaves 1 (3)-veined, lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, with semiadnate dorsal bristles, to 8 mm x 2.5 mm; 

cyme few-flowered, hypanthium 5 mm, strigose; sepals 5 mm, 

strigose, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, persistent; petals to 1.4 

cm, broad-ovate, ciliate, bright magenta; anthers yellow; 

capsule 7 mm x 4 mm, its netted venation long-persistent. 

St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe; on Dominica at upper 

elevations, 600-1400 m: near Freshwater Lake (Chambers 

2569, Eggers 714 at GH, Ernst 2169, Fosberg 48275, 48276, 

Hodge 1860 at GH, Lloyd 304, Wusshuusen & Ayensu 329, 

Whitefoord 3796), Wilbur 8244, Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst 

1220, Hodge 530 and 1384 at GH, Kimber 973 at GH, Nicolson 

1818), Valley of Desolation (Hodge 1936, Whitefoord 5477), 

sine loc. (Fishlock s.n., Haveis 30). Apparently flowering and 

fruiting throughout the year but best flowering specimens 

collected June-August. 

The narrowly leaved element called Tibouchina chironioides 

has been regarded as a Dominican endemic by most authors 

(Cogniaux, Domin, Howard). A key difference used by these 

authors was expressed by Howard (1989, 5576) as “leaves 

clearly acrodromous with 1-2 pairs of basal veins” is effective 

for distinguishing relatively large-leaved tam (leaves 1 cm or 

broader) such as T cistoides of St. Vincent and weedy T 

longifoliu. The microphyllous taxa (leaves 0.5 cm or narrower) 

are easily distinguished from each other by the remarkable 

bristly hairs on the upper leaf surface, the almost wholly adnate 

hairs of I: chamaecistus (free only beyond the leaf-margin) vs. 

the half-adnate hairs of I: ornutu and I: chironioides (free well 

before the leaf-margin). 

The narrowly leaved aspect called Z chironioides appears to 

be a repeatedly collected population growing around Freshwater Lake, historically the most accessible high elevation 

collecting locality of Dominica. Specimens from other localities (Trois Piton and Valley of Desolation) have a different 

aspect approaching the “classic” I: ornatu of other islands, 

including ovate, triplinewed leaves and spreading, glandular 

hypanthial hairs (Nicolson 1818, pro parte). While the narrowly 

leaved population found around Freshwater Lake might be 

worthy of recognition at some infraspecific rank within T. 

ornatu, it probably should not be regarded as a separate species 

without more study and material of the more inaccessible 

populations of Dominican Tibouchina. 

The report of 1: ornata from Antigua (Gillis 8242 at GH) is 

almost certainly a labeling error and the specimen probably was 

actually collected on Dominica, as pointed out by Howard (1.c.) 

and, specifically, around Freshwater Lake. It is possible that 

this is the correct label information for Gillis 8228, which is 

cultivated Clerodendron wallichii but was said to come from 

“near Freshwater Lake on top of mountain.” 

MELIACEAE 

Sandoricum koetjupe (N. Burman) Merrill (including Sundoricum indicum Cavanilles), a native of Asia, is cultivated 

pantropically and in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 

3947). It has trifoliolate, pubescent leaves and a yellow drupe 

to 7.5 cm wide. 

Swieteniu, mahogony, has even-pinnate leaves with unequal 

leaflets and differs from Cedrela in having entirely united 

staminal filaments and winged seeds 5-9 cm long. Swietenia 

mucrophyllu G. King, a Central and South American species, is 

cultivated at Cassada Gardens (Nicolson 2085) and on the West 

Cabrit (Nicolson 1912). It has leaflets 7-15 cm x 3-7 cm, not 

revolute at the base, and capsules 12-15 cm long. Swietenia 

mhugoni (Linnaeus) Jacquin, native to the Antilles, is 

cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge s.n.) and on 

the East Cabrit (Whitefoord 5255). It has smaller (2-7 cm x 

1-4 cm) leaflets, revolute at the base and capsules only 6-10 

cm long. 

1. Leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets serrate . . . . . . . . Melia 

1. Leaves 1-pinnate; leaflets entire. 

2. Leaves odd-pinnate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tnchilia 

2. Leaves even-pinnate. 

3. Leaflets unequal at base; filaments free above; seeds 

winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cedrela 
NUMBER 77 MELIACEAE 155 

3. Leaflets equal at base; filaments entirely united. 

4. Leaves without a terminal bud; locules 3-manyovulate; seeds woody ........... Carapa 

4. Leaves with a stalked terminal bud; locules 

1-Zovulate; seeds fleshy ......... Guarea 

Carapa Aublet 

Carapa guianensis 

Carapa guianensis Aublet, 1775,2(Suppl.):32, pl. 387. 

Bois carapat, crab wood, l’angelin, wild cashew. 

Tree to 50 m; leaflets 6-14, glabrous, to 4.8 dm long; 

capsule globoid, woody, 4-ridged, septifragal; seeds 7-8, 

pyramidal, 3 cm x 4 cm; flowering and fruiting in December. 

Neotropics; in Dominican forests 60-300 m: Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3332). Layou Park (Nicolson 2133), Melville Hall 

(Beard 1476). 

Caribs use the oil from the seeds (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:569). 

Cedrela Browne 

Cedrela odorata 

Cedela odorata Linnaeus, 1759a:940.-C.E. Smith, 1965:58. 

Cedrela meximna M. Roemer, 1846,1:137.-Wilson in North her. Fl., 1924, 

25:293.--G&g et al., 1965:234. 

Acajou. 

Tree to 40 m; leaflets 10-32, entire, glabrous; perianth 

pubescent stamens 5; ovary glabrous; capsule ellipsoid, 

2.4-4.5 cm long; seeds winged, 1.2-2 cm long; flowers and 

bruised fruit with strong boiled cabbage smell. 

Neotropics; on west coast of Dominica at 30 m: Pointe 

Michel (Nicolson 4044). Cultivated? 

Guarea Allamand ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

1. Leaflets with domatia in major vein axils beneath; ovary 

glabrous ..................... G. glabra 

1. 

...................... G. macrophylla 

Leaflets without domatia; ovary pilose .......... 

Guarea glabra 

Guarea glabra Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:s. 

Tree to 20 m, often shorter; leaflets 4-12, entire; petals 

elliptic to broadly ovate, 7.5-8.0 mm long, white or pink; 

capsule fleshy (like Cluria), 4-parted with 4 large seeds, each 

covered with a red aril. 

Neotropics; in Dominican rainforests 600-1OOO m: En Haut 

Jean (Webster 13524, 13530), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1772, 

Hodge 1842, Nicolson 2111, Smith 10233, Stern & Wasshausen 2574, Whitefoord 5132), Jean (Ernst 1818), Roche d’Or 

(Wasshausen & Ayensu 403), above Syndicate (DHN!). 

G uarea macrophylla 

Guarea macrophylla Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3%. 

Guarea perrottetiana Adr. Jussieu, 1830:241,285. 

Bois arab, bois pistolet. 

Tree to 20 m; leaflets 6-18, entire; inflorescence racemose, 

to 25 cm long; petals oblong, 1 cm long, pink. 

Lesser Antilles (var. macrophylla); in Dominican forests 

50-600 m: Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2393), Syndicate 

(DHN!, fl. 19 May 1977). 

Melia Linnaeus 

Melia azedarach 

Melia azedarach Linnaeus, 1753:384. 

Tree or f herbaceous shrub to 4 m; leaves 2-3-pinnate; 

leaflets serrate; flowers lavender; fruits yellowish green. 

Asia but pantropically cultivated; escaping in Dominica: 

Grand Bay (Ernst 1074), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2939), Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 963), Salisbury (Ernst I429), Hodge 

3947, Nicolson 2039, Wilbur 8333). 

Trichilia Browne, nom. cons. 

1. Leaflets few (1-5); leafrhachis (incl. petiole) 40 cm long 

.......................... I: pall& 

1. Leaflets many (7-11); leaf rhachis (incl. petiole) >20 cm 

long ................... I: septentrionalis 

Trkhilia pallida 

Trichilia pall& Swartz, 1788:67.-Pennington, 1981 :95. 

Hedwigia simplicifolia Sprengel, 1822,3:24. 

Trichilia simplicifoh (Sprengel) Sprengel, 1826,369. 

Trichilia diversifolia Adr. Jussieu, 1830:237.278. 

Pholacilia diversifoh (Adr. Jussieu) Grisebach, 1860:130. 

Bois masse.

Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves (1-)3-5-f0liolate; leaflets 

entire, long-acuminate, glabrous or essentially so; perianth and 

ovary pubescent; capsule to 1.4 cm long; seeds 1-3, black and 

partially surrounded by a red arillode. 

Neotropics; in Dominican rainforest 450-1200 m: Fon Pays 

(Hodge 28.53, Freshwater Lake area (Beard 653, Ernst 2165, 

Hodge 1980, Stern & Wasshausen 2570), Jean (Webster 1351 7, 

13518), Lisdara (Hodge 240, Morne Diablotins (Whitefoord 

441 7), Sylvania (Hodge 3841, Nicolson 1878), Syndicate 

(Hodge 2889, Nicolson 4165), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 772). 

Trichilia septenlrwnalis 

Trichilia septentrionalk A.C. Candolle in Martius, 1878, 11(1):220.- 

Pennington. 1981:126. 

Cashew montagne. 
156 MELIACEAE-MoNIMIACEAB SMITHSOMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Tree to 50 m; leaves (5-)7-ll-foliolate; fruits pendulous, 

rusty tomentose, seed bright red. 

Northern South America into Panama and Lesser Antilles; 

rarely collected on Dominica to 2,500 ft [762 m]: Boeri Lake 

(Nicolson 1958)) Syndicate (Whitefoord 4329, 5351, 5864), 

sine loc. (Ramage s.n. at K, not seen). 

Sterile material is confusable with Ormosia krugii Urban 

(Fabaceae). 

1. 

1. 

MENISPERMACEAE 

Leaves cordate to orbicular, peltate; staminate flowers 

4-merous; pistillate flowers monomerous ......... ........................ Cissampelos 

flowers 6-merous ............... Hyperbaena 

Leaves elliptic to ovate, not peltate; staminate and pistillate 

Cissampelos Linnaeus 

Cissampelos pareira 

Cirsampelos pareira haws, 1753:1031.-Rhodes, 1975446. 

Dioecious climbing vine; leaves peltate (ours); inflorescences axillary. 

Pantropics; in rainforests of Dominica: Bellevue (Eggers 

824, Ernst 8241), Laudat (Ramage s.n.), Syndicate (Ernst 

2009, Whitefoord 4345), sine loc. (fmray 207). 

Troupin (1955:140) was the first to show that what Diels (in 

Engler, 1910, IV.94 (Heft 46):292) called C. pareira var. laevis 

Diels is, in fact, the typical element of the species. 

Forman (1%8:357), under the then current Code, pointed out 

that the correct name for what Diels (in Engler, 1910, IV.94 

(Heft 46):288) called C. pareira var. typica was Cissampelos 

pareira var. hirsuta (A.P. Candolle) Forman. However, Art. 

57.3 (Sydney Code) gave an autonym priority over the name of 

the same date and rank that generated it. Hence, the correct 

name should be C. pareira var. convolvulacea (Willdenow) 

ined., the autonym Cissampelos convolvulacea Willdenow 

(1805, 4:862) var. convolvulacea taking precedence over the 

name, C. convolvulacea var. hirsuta (A.P. Candolle) Hasskarl, 

that generated the autonym. I do not accept this taxon or its 

combination, prefehg to follow Rhodes (1975), not recognizing segregates in this variable species. 

Dominican material has glabrous leaves and fits C. pareira 

var. pareira, although material with pubescent leaves is 

reported from the French islands. 

Dominican specimens at the Harvard Herbaria, Eggers 824 

and Imruy 207, were annotated as “C. undromorpha DC.” by 

Donald Rhodes in 1975. They were erroneously attributed to 

Costa Rica by Rhodes (1975:441) under C. andromorpha, a 

species otherwise from South America. 

Hyperbaena Miers ex Bentham, nom. cons. 

Hyperbaena domingensis 

Hyperhema domingensk (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 1861b:SO.-Mathias & 

Cocculusdomingensis A.P. Candolle, 1817, 1528. 

Thad, 1981:89. 

Dioecious climbing shrub; leaves coriaceous; flowers minute, in axillary panicles. 

West Indies and South America; in Dominica without 

locality: Imruy 453 at K. It is remarkable that this species has 

not been recollected. 

MONIMIACEAE 

Siparuna glabrescens 

Siporma glabrescens (Presl) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1868, 16648. 

Citriosma ghbrescens Presl, 1845540 [p. 110 in reprint of 18461. 

Siporuna urbanioma Perkins, 1901683. 

Siporma scabra Perkins, 1901:684. 

Bois mal estomac, petit bois marbre. 

Dioecious, aromatic tree to 12 m; leaves opposite or 

3-whorled, minutely punctate, denticulate, the teeth pubescent, 

blades loosely to densely pubescent with combinations of 

simple, paired or stellate hairs; flowers axillary, cymose; tepals 

5-6, stellate, whitish; berries greenish, -2 cm across. 

Dominica, Martinique, and St. Vincent; common in Dominica in rainforests and elfin woodlands 400-1000 m: Baiac 

(Whitefoord 5466), En Haut Jean (Webster 13506), Freshwater 

Lake area (Burch 1374, Chambers 2576, 2576a, Eggers 18, 

Ernst 1087, Gillis 8216, Smith 10241, Webster 13249, Wilbur 

7420)) Lisdara (Cooper 158, Hodge 399,2321), Morne Anglais 

(Hodge 2251)) Mome Couronne (Webster 13208), Mome Plat 

Pays (Hodge I720), Mount Joy (Cooper 56, Hodge 1252), Pont 

Casd (Proctor 25776), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 710), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1480, Stern & Wasshamen 2516), Sylvania 

(Hodge 1123, Syndicate (Hodge 2761, Whitefoord 3493), 

“from the mountains” (Imruy 67 at K, type of S. urbanianu). 

Perkins (1901) recognized three Antillean species with 

denticulate leaves on the basis of branching of hairs: S. 

glabrescens (Martinique), S. urbaniana (Dominica), and S. 

scabra (St. Vincent). Some leaves of Webster 13208 have rather 

strongly branched hairs, like S. scabra. Other specimens have 

scarcely branched hairs, like S. urbaniana. Different types of 

branching may be observed on the same specimen. 

A fourth species, S. caloneura Perkins (St. Vincent) was 

segregated for its profoundly serrate leaves. This character 

appears correlated with age, young leaves being more 

denticulate and older ones more serrate. In the absence of other 

characters I accept the oldest name. 

Howard (1988,4:245) recognized three species in the Lesser 

Antilles, two occurring on Dominica: S. glabrescens (plants 

sparsely stellate pubescent with long, persistent, pilose pubescence but becoming glabrate) and S. scabra (plants densely and 

persistently stellate pubescent). 
NUMBER 77 MORACEAE 157 

MORACEAE 

Berg (1978:39) recognized Cecropiaceae as a separate 

family. 

The nomenclature of the common edible species of 

Artocarpus was clarified by Fosberg (1960). 

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (1941:95), including 

A. incisus and A. communis of authors, the breadfruit, is widely 

cultivated on Dominica. It is a monoecious tree to 15 m, with 

pinnately lobed leaves to 5 dm long and a globose, seedless 

prickly fruit. Seeded forms known as breadnut are also 

cultivated. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:141, pl. 107) reported 

medicinal uses. 

Artocurpus heterophyllus Lamarck, including A. integrifo - 

lius sensu auctt.), has entire leaves and an ellipsoid fruit to 6 dm 

long. It is cultivated pantropically for ornament and for its 

edible fruit, less palatable than the breadfruit, in Dominica: 

Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 918 [912?1). 

Artocurpus lakoochu Roxburgh, with entire leaves >10 cm 

across and small fruits to 6 cm across, was cultivated in the 

Roseau Botanic Garden (Fairchild s.n.) in 1932. 

Cunnubis sutiva Linnaeus, sometimes placed in Cannabaceae, marijuana, is reported as illegally cultivated in Dominica. 

No specimens have been located. 

1. 

1. 

Leaves palmately lobed, peltate, white-tomentose beneath; 

all flowers spicate; plants dioecious ...... Cecropia 

Leaves neither lobed, peltate nor white-tomentose beneath; 

flowers borne inside a fleshy receptacle; plants monoecious ......................... Ficus 

Cecropia Loefling, nom. cons. 

Cecropia schreberiana 

Cecropia schreberiana Mquel in Martius, 1853,4(1):150. 

Cecropia peliata sensu auctt. quoad Antilles Minores, non Linnaeus. 

Bois canon, trumpet tree, trumpet wood. 

Dioecious tree to 20 m; leaves peltate, strikingly white 

beneath; inflorescences digitate. 

Lesser Antilles; common weed tree in disturbed areas of 

Dominica from 100-700 m but rarely collected: Calibishie 

(Hodge 3168), La Chaudi6re (Hodge 3663), Layou Park 

(Nicolson 2033, Mome Colla Anglais (Hodge 632), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 3958), sine loc. (Taylor 125). 

Used by Caribs for making catamarans and in medicine 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957553). 

Ficus Linnaeus 

Plants woody, with copious milky sap; leaves alternate; 

stipules deciduous, encircling stem and leaving a conspicuous 

scar; flowers unisexual, borne inside an enlarged and deeply 

invaginated receptacle (synconium, the fig) with an apical pore 

(ostiole) closed by interlocking scales. Members with single 

figs are true lrees while those with paired figs start life as 

epiphytes (stranglers) and end as trees (banyans). 

Ficus altissim Blume, with coriamus leaves strongly 

aiplinerved at base, was collected in Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Nicolson 4213). 

Ficus aspera J.G. Forster (including Ficus parcellii Veitch 

ex Cogniaux & Marchal) with variegated, shallowly toothed, 

unequal-based leaves was collected in Roseau Botanic Garden 

in 1932 (Fairchild 2665). 

1. Figs solitary, long-stalked (on pedicels 1 cm or longer) 

1. Figs paired, f sessile (pedicels to 0.5 cm long). 

3. Leaf ovate (base rounded to truncate and apex acute to 

3. Leaf obovate (base obtuse and apex rounded) .... ..................... F. obtusifolia 

4. Leaves c4 cm across, acute at apex; ripe fig without 

raised ring, 3-7 mm thick ....... F. perforata 

4. Leaves >4 cm across, blunt or rounded at apex; ripe 

fig with raised ring around apex, 10-14 mm thick 

......................... F. insipida 

2. Petioles typically >2 cm long. 

acuminate ................ F. citnyolia 

2. Petioles c2 cm long. 

...................... F. trigonata 

Ficus citrifolia 

Ficus citrifolia Miller, 1768.-DeWolf. 1960: 158.-Berg & DeWolf, 

Ficus laevigaia Vahl, 1805, hum.. 2:183.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:70, pl. 

Ficus lentiginosa Vahl, 1805, Enum., 2183. 

Ficuspopulnea Willdenow, 1806.4(2):1141. 

Ficuspopulnea var. lentiginara (Vahl) Warburg in Urban, 1903,3:476. 

Ficuspopulnea subvar. subcuspidata Warburg in Urban, 1903,3:478. 

Ficuspopuloides Warburg in Urban, 1903.3:479. 

Ficus leniiginosa var. subcuspidaia (Warburg) Domin, 1930~47. 

Ficus leniiginosa var. imrayna Domin, 1930~48. 

Ficus laevigaia subvar. subcuspidclra (Warburg) Stehl6 in Stehl6 et al., 1937, 

1975241. 

22. 

1:181. 

Figue. 

Tree to 16 m; leaf base cordate to truncate; branches with 

many aerial roots; figs paired, short-stalked, usually c1 cm 

thick, thin-walled, yellowish to reddish when ripe. 

Antilles except Trinidad; common in lowland Dominica to 

500 ft [152 m]: Baiac (Whitefoord 3843), Cabrits swamp 

(Hodge 631, Nicolson 4192), Calibishie (Hodge 3164), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3710), Grand Savanna (Ernst 1890,1633, Hatton 

Garden Estate (Hodge 3010, 3048), La Plaine (Ramuge s.n.>, 

Melville Hall (Chambers 2775), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2656, 

2738), Portsmouth (Hodge 3751). 

Ficus insipida 

Ficus insipida Willdenow, 1806, 4(2):1143.--DeWolf, 1960:152; 1967:s.- 

Berg & JkWolf, 1975:232. 
158 MORACEAE-MYRICACEAE SMITHSON” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Ficus glabrata Kunth. 1817,2:47. 

Ficus kugiana Warburg in Urban, 1903,3:459. 

Medium tree; leaves lightly scabrid with base rounded; figs 

solitary, long-stalked, >1 cm thick. 

Central America to Brazil, Montserrat to St. Vincent; 

occasional in Dominica from lowlands through rainforest: 

Belvedere-Delices (Whitefoord 3764), Clarke Hall (Nicolson 

2005), Hatton Gardens (Hodge 3073), Layou (Ramage s.n. at 

BM), Morne Plat Pays summit (Hodge I692), Picard Estate 

(Nicolson 4220), Roseau Valley waterfall (Hodge 2009). 

This species has been misidentified and reported from 

Dominica as F. laurifolia Lamarck, a synonym of Ficus 

maxima Miller. True F. maxim apparently does not reach the 

Lesser Antilles. It lacks the elongate stipules of F. insipida and 

has a distinctive papery petiolar epidermis that cracks and 

exfoliates. Berg and DeWolf (1975232) cited Eggers 6670 (p) 

from St. Vincent as F. m’m, but a duplicate (US) is clearly 

F. insipida. 

Ficus caribaea Jacquin (1767, 2:30) is a possible earlier 

name for F. insipida, if one interprets “pedunculis simplicibus” 

as “figs solitary.” This was treated as a name “deserving 

oblivion” by Warburg (in Urban, 1903,3:490). The type should 

be located. 

Ficus obtusifolia 

Ficus obtusifolia Kunth, 1817, 2:49.-DeWolf, 1960:163.-Little et al., 

Urarfigma involufum Liebmann, 1851:320. 

Ficus involufa (Liebmann) Miquel, 1868:298. 

Ficus lvbaniana Warburg in Urban, 1903,3:459. 

Ficus involufa var. whniana (Warburg) Dugand, 1943:275. 

1974 11 8, pl. 292. 

Large spreading tree; leaves large, broadly obovate, cuneate 

f rounded at base; figs large, paired, sessile, each subtended by 

several broad involucral bracts. 

Neotropics, except Greater Antilles; in Dominica near the 

coast: Belle View (Cooper 14). 

This and other large-leaved species of Ficus are considered 

as spirit trees by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957553). 

Dugand (1955:229), with reservations, placed Ficus urbaniana and his F. involuta var. urbaniana in synonymy of F. 

involufa. He was under the misapprehension, clarified by 

DeWolf (1960:163), that F. obtusifolia, the name used here, 

was a later homonym of F. obtusifolia Roxburgh. However, 

Roxburgh’s name, a nomen nudum in 1814, was not validly 

published until 1832. 

Howard (1988,4:63) called this Ficus nymphaeifolia Miller. 

That taxon, with cordate leaf bases, may well include and 

intergrade with this, but I cannot accept the identification for 

the Dominican specimen nor Little et al.’s illustration, both 

with tapering leaf bases. 

Ficus perforata 

Ficusperforafa Linnaeus, 177’5:17.-DeWolf, 1960: 154. 

Ficus americana Aublet, 1775:952.-Rossberg. 1935:580.-Howard, 1988, 

4:58. 

Ficuspallida sensu Grisebach, 1860:151, non Vahl. 

Ficus omphalophora Warburg in Urban, 1903,3:487. 

Ficus sintenirii Warburg in Urban, 1903, 3:464.-Little & Wadsworth, 

1964:74, pl. 24. 

Small tree to 5 m; leaves obovate to elliptic, small; figs 

small, paired, shortly pediceled. 

West Indies, Guatemala to Colombia, in Dominica at 

mid-elevations from 200-750 m: Castle Bruce Road (Ramage 

s.n.), Freshwater Lake (Ernst I731), Lisdara (Cooper 192), 

Point Michelle (Ramage s.n.), Riversdale (Beard 241), Syndicate (Whitefoord 5886), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 770). 

This is the smallest-leaved Ficus on Dominica. 

The two competing names, F. perforata and F. americana, 

include the same Plumier drawing. The Linnaean name was 

published 23 Jun 1775, Aublet’s name was published on or 

after June 1775, being far into the second volume, probably 

after the Linnaean name. 

Ficus trigonata 

Ficus trigonata hnaeus, 1775:17.-DeWolf, 1960:160.-Little et al., 

1974124, pl. 125.-Berg & DeWolf, 1975:264. 

Figue rouge. 

Tree; leaves medium, blunt at apex and rounded to f cordate 

at base; figs of medium size, k sessile, often with rim around 

the apex. 

Antilles and continental Caribbean coasts; lower elevations 

in Dominica: Salybia (Hodge 3271), South Chiltern (Hodge 

1567, sterile, provisionally determined by DeWolQ. 

Sterile specimens of this may be indistinguishable from F. 

obtusifolia. 

MYOFQRACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Bontia daphnoides 

Bontia daphnoides Linnaeus, 1753:638. 

Shrub or tree to 4 m; stems with conspicuous alternate leaf 

scars; leaves narrowly elliptic, to 10 cm x 2 cm long, 

glandular-punctuate; flowers solitary, axillary, pedicellate; 

sepals acuminate, ciliate; corolla yellow, spotted with purple, 

the lower lip reflexed, densely red-beard& drupe ovoid, 

yellow, 1.0-1.5 cm long, beaked. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

scrub woodlands near beach or in swampland: Cabrits and 

Prince Ruperts Bay (Hodge 853, 854, 3726, Nicolson 4194, 

Smith 10338, Wasshausen & Ayensu 380). 

MYRICACEAE 

Myrica pubescens var. caracasana 

Myrica pubescens var. caracasana (Kunth) A. Chevalier, 1901 :208. 
NUMBER 77 MYFUCACEAE-MYRSINACEAE 159 

Myrica caracasana Kunth, 1817,2:18.Staples in Howard, 1988,4:38. 

Myrica microcarpa sensu audt., nm Bentham.-Urban, 1892:359. 

Dioecious shrub to tree to 4.5 m, branches with large, white 

lenticels; leaves densely glandular-punctate below, toothed 

along upper margin; male spikes 7-12 mm long; drupe to 3 

mm long, with waxy papillae. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

montane rainforest and elfin woodlands, 1000-1400 m: Morne 

Anglais (Hodge 2283), Morne Diablotins second summit 

(Nicolson 41 74). 

MY RI~ICACEAE 

Myristica fragrans 

Myristicafragranr Houttuyn, 1774:333. 

Nutmeg, mace. 

Dioecious tree to 20 m; fruits pendant, fragrant; seed 

(nutmeg) to 4 cm long with a laciniate, red aril (mace). 

Native to East Indies, now pantropically cultivated; apparently naturalizing in Dominica: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1419), 

Lisdara (Hodge 403, Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2210), sine loc. 

in 1887 (Eggers 568). 

Nutmeg contains myristicine, a hallucinogenic drug that is 

dangerous in large amounts (fewer than three seeds). 

MYRSINACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

1. Inflorescences k sessile, <1 cm long ....... Myrsine 

1. Inflorescences pedunculate, 2 cm long or longer. 

2. Leaves sessile, clasping at base ............. 

2. Leaves petiolate. 

................. Cybianthus parasiticus 

...................... Cybianthus 

4. Inflorescences flat-topped; leaves obovate, acute at 

base .................... Ardisia 

4. Inflorescences cylindric; leaves elliptic to obovate, 

k cordate or at least obtuse at base ... Stylogyne 

3. Leaves caudate at apex; flowers generally 4-merous 

3. Leaves not caudate; flowers generally 5-merous. 

Ardisia Swartz, nom. cons. 

East Asian Ardisia crenata Sims, with crenulate leaves 

unlike the other two, was collected in cultivation at Baiac 

(Whitefoord 5464). It is easily confused with Ardisia crispa 

phunberg) A.L. Candolle, reported by Howard (1989, 6:40) 

with “recent collections from Dominica.” 

1. Inflorescences racemose but flat-topped, axillary ..... 

1. Inflorescences corymbose, terminal ...... A. obovota 

......................... A. elliptica 

Ardisia elliptica 

Ardisia elliptua Thunberg, 1798, Nova, 119.-Waker, 1976:813. 

Small tree to 5 m; petiole to 1.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate, 

-10 cm x 3 cm; inflorescences axillary; calyx lobes to 2 mm; 

petals pink, to 1 cm long. 

Asia but cultivated as hedge; presumed naturalized in 

Dominica: Baiac road (Whitefoord 4617), Bellevue (Wilbur 

7929), Liberty Estate (Ernst 1609,1961). Flowers in June and 

November. 

J. Pipoly (pers. comm., Jan 1986) said that this should be 

called Ardisia solanacea Roxburgh (incl. Ardisia hum’lis 

Vahl). Ardisia solanacea Roxburgh (1795) is cultivated 

elsewhere in the Antilles (Jamaica, Gaudeloupe, Martinique) 

but has larger flowers, free sepals, and lacks the septate anthers 

of A. elliptica. In Mez’s monograph (in Engler, 1902, IV.236 

(Heft 9): 127) A. elliptica appears under the name of A. hum’lis 

Vahl, a misapplied name actually applicable to a different 

species, fide Merrill(1935:298). 

Ardisia obovata 

Ardisia obovaia Desvaux ex Hamilton, 1825:26.-Liule & Wadswo*, 

Ardisia guadalupenris Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 1857:237.4risebach, 

Ardisia coriacea sensu Mezin Urban, 1901,2:397, non Swartz. 

1964:430, pl. 202 

1861:396.4tehl.5, 1962b:433. 

Shrub or small tree to 10 m; petiole to 1 cm, leaf blades 

leathery, obovate, tapering to petiole, 15(-20) cm long to 7 cm 

wide; inflorescence terminal, to 12 cm broad; corollas greenish, 

3-5 mm; ripe fruit a fleshy, purple-black, single-seeded drupe, 

6-8 mm broad. 

West Indies; in Dominica a sometimes frequent element of 

coastal vegetation and lowland forest: Baiac road (Whitefoord 

4620), Cabrits (Howard 1 I753), Calibishie (Hodge 3153), 

L’Anse Noire (Ernst 1683), Salybia (Hodge 3414), Spanish 

Mountain below summit (Whitefoord 5668), Vieille Case 

(Cowan 1599), Walkers Rest (Chambers 2625). Flowers in 

January, fruits in June. 

Cybianthus Martius, non. cons. 

Cybianthus antillanus (Mez) Agostini (1980 157), based on 

Weigeltia antillana Mez (in Urban, 1901, 2423), is a shrub 

with an ovate, noncaudate leaf, inflorescence an axillary 

1-2-branched raceme and 4-merous flowers. It was described 

from “Dominica: Ramage; St. Lucia: Ramage; Grenada; 

Broadway.. .(v.s. in Herb. Kew, Krug & Urban).” There is no 

Dominica material at Kew and the original Krug and Urban 

Herbarium (B) has been destroyed. There is no subsequent 

report of this species north of St. Lucia. I suspect the Dominica 

record is either a misidentification or the locality is in error. 

1. Corolla rotate; anthers wider than long, erect, apically 

rounded or emarginate; petioles absent .......... ....................... C. parasiticus 
160 MYRSINACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Corolla cupuliform; anthers wider than long, distally 

recurved, apically acute or apiculate; petioles present 

........................ C. rostratus 

Cybianthus parasiticus 

Cybianthus parasiticus (Swartz) Pipoly, 198759. 

Grammadenia parasitica (Swartz) Grisebach, 1861:393.Stehle,196%:438. 

Ardisia parasitica Swanz, 1788:48. 

Epiphytic or free-standing shrub to 3 m; leaves sessile, 

narrowly oblong-lanceolate, to 6 cm x 1 cm, with many dark, 

linear glands beneath; inflorescence a simple, axillary raceme 

to 3 cm long; corolla white with purple markings, to 2 mm 

long. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in mid- to upper elevation 

forests: Boiling Lake (Eggers 634), Breakfast River (Hodge 

1910), Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1602), En Haut Jean 

(Webster 13531), Laudat (Eggers s.n.), Micotrin slopes (Hodge 

1845, Smith 10285,10286, Wasshausen & Ayensu 330, Wilbur 

7496), Morne Anglais (Wilbur 7935), Morne Nicholls (Nicolson 1955), Newfoundland (DeFilipps 159), Pont Casse area 

(Ernst 1128, Stern & Wasshausen 2554, Webster 13466, 

Wilbur 7725, 7818), Rosehill (Eggers 115), Sylvania (Beard 

248). 

Cybianthus rostratus 

Cybianthur rostratus (Hasskarl) Agostini, 1980:155. 

Ardisia rostrata Hasskarl. 1868:26. 

Conomorpha peruviana var. rostrata (Hasskarl) Mez in Urban, 1901, 

Conomrpha peruviana sensu Grisebach, 1861:393 [as to Antillean material], 

Small tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic, caudate, to 9 cm x 4 cm, k 

fermgineous-lepidote beneath; inflorescence an axillary simple 

(sometimes 2-branched) raceme to 4 cm long: fruiting pedicels 

to 3 mm; hits dark purple, globose, to 5 mm across. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in mid-elevation rainforests of 

western slopes: Hampstead River (Nicolson 4332), Jean (Ernst 

1821, Webster 13499), Laudat Eggers 91), Layou River 

(Cowan 1627, Nicolson 4186), Point Lo10 (Ernst 1982), Pont 

CassC (Stern & Wasshausen 2556), Wilbur 8139), Riversdale 

(Beard 1455), Rosehill (Eggers 620), Sylvania (Stehle 6313), 

sine loc. (Eggers s.n.). 

2422.Stehl6,1962b:43 8. 

non A.L. Candolle. 

Myrsine Linnaeus 

1. Leaves with pellucid dots beneath; young shoots pubescent 

........................ M. coriacea 

1. Leaves with linear glands and dots beneath; young shoots 

glabrous ................... M. Pinitatis 

Myrsine coriacea 

Myrsine coriacea (Swartz) R. Brown ex Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 

4:511.-Stearn, 1969:175. 

Samara coriaceu Swartz, 1188:32. 

Caballeria ferruginea Ruiz & Pavon, 1198a:280. 

Raplnea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez in Urban, 1901,2:429. 

Myrsine laeta sensu Griaehch, 1861 :392, non A.L. Candolle. 

Bois sand, bois gresse, rassade. 

Tree to 10 m, perhaps dioecious; young branchlets rustytomentose, glabrescenr petiole to 1 cm; leaf blades (1) 

chartaceous and elliptic to lanceolate with acute base and apex, 

to 8 cm x 2 cm, to (2) coriaceous and obovate with rounded 

apex, to 4 cm x 2 cm; inflorescence on short (0.5-2 mm) 

annual spurs, to 6 flowers each; pedicels 0.5-0.3 mm; sepals 

0.5 mm, fused below; petals erect (staminate flowers) or 

reflexed (pistillate flowers), 1-1.7 mm, fused at base; anthers 

virtually sessile, on and shorter than petals; stigma (pistillate 

flowers) sessile, morel-shaped; hit a globose berry, to 4 mm, 

glandular-striate, ripening black. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in thickets and rainforest from 500 

m of western slopes to summits: Bernard Estate (Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 376), Laudat area (Beard 1468, Chambers 2680, 

Eggers 569, Hodge 1761, Nicolson 2099, Smith I0285), 

Lisdara (Cooper 184, Hodge 666,2375, 2431), Milton Estate 

(Hodge 2598), Micomn (Ernst 1097), Mome Couronne 

(Webster 13211), Mome Diablotins (Chambers 2644, Nicolson 

4175, 4176, Webster 13359), Morne Trois Pitons (Chambers 

2591), Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2578), Sylvania (Beard 

248, Cooper 29, Hodge 1043, 1166, 3819), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 5336), sine loc. (Eggers s.n.). Flowers November-March, fruits March-June. 

Collections from higher elevations have shorter, obovate, 

coriaceous leaves (the “coriacea” element); those from lower 

elevations have longer, elliptic, chartaceous leaves (the 

“ferruginea” element), but intermediates form a gradient. One 

collection (Gillis 8209) from “coast south of airfield,” then at 

Melville Hall in northeast, and it, coupled with the collection 

from Salisbury, suggests that this species may range from sea 

level on both sides of the island to the summits of its highest 

mountains, although it is most commonly found in the mid- to 

higher elevations. 

Myrsine trinitatis 

Myrsine trinitatis A.L. Candolle, 1834:108. 

Raplnea trinitah (A.L. Candolle) Mez in Urban, 1901, 2432.Stehle,

1962b:440. 

Small tree; petiole to 1 cm long, leaf blades coriaceous, 

elongate-elliptic (to 7 cm x 1.8 cm), base acute, apex acute but 

with a rounded tip, the upper surface glossy beneath lighter and 

with glandular lines and dots; inflorescence to 6flowered, on 

perennial spurs to 4 mm long. 

Lesser Antilles and Trinidad; in montane forest of Dominica 

-800 m: Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1733), sine loc. (Imray s.n. 

(as M. cubuna A. DC.), Imray 46 at K, Imray 254 at K). 
NUMBER 77 MY RSINACEAE-MY RTACEAE 161 

Stylogyne 

1. Inflorescences terminal 

1. Inflorescences axillary . 

A.L. Candolle 

......... S. canaliculata 

........... S. laterifora 

Stylogyne canaliculata 

Stylogyne canaliculata Wdiges) Mez in Engler, 1902, IV.236 (Heft 9):268. 

Ardisia canaliculata Mdiges, 1825. 

Stylogyne smithiorum Mezin Urban, 1901.2418. 

Ardisia clusioides sensu Grisebach, 1861:3% [as to Dominica specimens], non 

Grisebach [as to Jamaican materials]. 

Courocoume. 

Shrub or small tree to 5 m; leaves elliptic to obovate, base 

rounded, to 30 cm x 10 cm; inflorescence a loose, terminal 

panicle to 15 cm long; pedicels 3 (flower) to 9 (fruit) cm long; 

corolla white, 4 mm long; fruits globular, red, 5-6 mm. 

Martinique to Grenada; in lowland forests of Dominica: 

Carib Trail (Hodge 3254), Concord (Ernst 1672), Layou River 

(Beard 1458), Morpo (Chambers 2550), Newfoundland (Nicolson 4092), Riversdale (Beard 641), Salybia (Hodge 3363). 

One specimen label reported that ink is made from the fruits. 

Stylogyne lateriflora 

Stylogyne Iaterijlora (Swartz) Mezin Urban, 1901,2:418.4tehlC, 1962b:437. 

Ardisia lateriflora Swartz, 1788:48. 

Ardisia caribaea Miquel in Martius, 1856. 10:289. 

Ardsia lawifoh sensu Grisebach, 1861:385, nm Jussieu. 

Slender tree to 10 m; leaves broadly elliptic, to 20 cm x 10 

cm; inflorescence a loose, axillary panicle to 8 cm long; corolla 

pinkish, 4 mm long; fruiting pedicels to 9 mm long; hits 

globular, black-purple, 6-7 mm. 

Lesser Antilles; in rainforests of Dominica from lower to 

upper elevations: Bataca (Stehle 6406, 6644), Clarke Hall 

(Nicolson 1824, Stern & Wasshausen 2409), Dleau Gommier 

(Ernst 2084), En Haut Jean (Webster 13498), Hatton Garden 

Estate (Hodge 3049). Laudat (Whitefoord 3849), Layou 

headwaters (Nicolson 4186), Morne Anglais (Hodge 668, 

Wilbur 7942), Mome Colla Anglais (Hodge 667,1029,1184), 

Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 191 9, Webster 13328, Whitefoord 

4418), Morne Plaisance Estate (Whitefoord 4690), Petit 

Coulibri (Whitefoord 6005), South Chiltem (Hodge 1499), 

Sylvania (Cooper 62), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4473). 

MYRTACEAE 

The first draft was prepared by Robert DeFilipps. Richard 

Howard, with the permission of the author, later gave me a 

copy of Rogers McVaugh’s typescript of the family for Howard 

(1989, 5:463-532). This typescript was used extensively in 

preparing the treatment of this difficult family. 

Eucalyptus is surely grown in Dominica but no collections 

have been seen. It belongs to a group that have broad, alternate 

leaves, except for juvenile shoots that may be opposite. 

Melaleuca linearifolia Smith, an Australian tree with 

alternate, linear leaves, spicate inflorescences and connate, 

fascicled stamens, is grown in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 391 1). Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. 

Blake is reported for Dominica by McVaugh (in Howard, 

5465). 

Generic Identification Key 

1. Flowers few, usually <lo to an inflorescence. 

2. 

2. Flower >1 cm across. 

Flowers c1 cm across, fasciculate or solitary ...... ......................... Eugenia 

3. Flowers k solitary, axillary; young stems 4-angled 

................... Psidium guajava 

3. Flowers racemose, terminal: stems terete ...... ................... Syzygium jambos 

1. Flowers many, usually >10 to an inflorescence. 

scissile .................. Calyptranthes 

4. Hairs medifixed; petals absent; calyx calyptrate, circum4. Hairs usually simple or absent; petals present; calyx 

splitting irregularly or sepals free. 

5. Branchlets winged; petals glabrous outside ..... ........................ Pimenta 

5. Branchlets not winged, petals pubescent outside. 

6. Sepals concrescent in bud, splitting irregularly at 

6. Sepals free. 

anthesis .............. Blepharocalyx 

7. Leaves revolute from midrib (concave); anther 

locules at different levels on each side 

.................... Gomidesia 

7. Leaves flat; anther locules all at same level ...................... Myrcia 

Generic Classification Key 

(from McVaugh, 1968:414-417) 

1. Inflorescence 1-few-flowered (rarely >30), if compound 

then racemose, or determinate at the lowest node and 

regularly dichotomous with sessile flowers in the forks. 

2. Embryo eugenioid (massive and undivided) ...... 

2. Embryo pimentoid (elongated with cotyledons small 

and inconspicuous at one end) ........ Psidium 

3. Embryo pimentoid (elongated with cotyledons small 

and inconspicuous at one end). 

4. Calyx closed in bud, splitting irregularly at anthesis 

(into 4); ovules 4-6; inflorescence a panicle but each 

branch a 3(-7)-flowered dichasium ......... .................... Blepharocalyx 

4. Calyx lobes 5 (ours) or 4; ovules 1 or few; 

inflorescence truly paniculate ........ Pimenta 

......................... Eugenia 

1. Inflorescence myrcioid (“paniculate”). 
1 62 MYRTACEAB SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

3. Embryo myrcioid (cotyledons foliaceous, crumpled and 

folded about the elongate radicle, filling the large seed). 

5. Anthers with two pairs of pollen-sacs at different 

levels, the upper seeming to open extrorsely and the 

lower introrsely .............. Gomidesia 

5. Anthers with pollen-sacs all at the same level, 

opening laterally. 

6. Calyx closed in bud, calyptrate, circumscissile 

................... Caljptranthes 

6. Calyx lobes normally developed and present in 

flower and fruit. ............. Myrcia 

Blepharocalyx Berg 

Blepharocalyx eggersii 

Blepharocalyx eggersii (Kiaenkou) Landrum, 1986:121. 

Marlieriopsis eggersii Kiaerskou, 1890282. 

Myrcia splendens sensu Grisebach, 1860:234, as to Imray specimen cited, non 

Mitranthes eggersii (Kiaenkou) Niedenzu in Engler & Prantl, 1893, III(7):72. 

(Swartz) AX Candolle. 

Caconier (Ramage), radigonde (Imray). 

Shrub or tree; leaves lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, to 4.5 cm 

x 1.8 cm, venation inconspicuous; inflorescence a dichasial 

panicle to 5 cm long, terminal on branchlets in Eggers 

collection at US; calyx irregularly splitting at anthesis into 4 

reflexed and deciduous lobes, leaving a short hypanthium; 

ovary bilocular with 4-6 ovules per locule; fruit ellipsoid, 

1-seeded, with cup-like hypanthium. Embryo pimentoid, 

strongly curved. 

Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, Venezuela, and Brazil; apparently 

now rare (not collected for a century) in west valleys of 

Dominica: “at Laiou forest high up,” i.e., Layou River Valley 

(Ramage s.n. at K), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 723 at US), sine loc. 

(Eggers 1061 at K) and Imray 100 at K). Flowering April. 

Calyptranthes Swartz, nom. cons. 

Calyptranthes fasciculata 

Calyptranthes fmciculata Berg, 1855:31. 

Calyptranthes sericea Grisebach, 1860:233. 

Calyptranthes farciculata var. genuina Stehl6 in Stehl6 et al., 1949,3:62. 

Griave, guepois. 

Shrub or tree to 12 m; leaves lanceolate, long-tapered, to 14 

cm x 4 cm; inflorescence and leaf undersurfaces rustypuberulent with 2-branched hairs; panicles short (to 1.5 cm 

long); petals 0; fruits globose, -1 cm diameter. 

Martinique and Venezuela into Brazil; in Dominican 

rainforests from 300-925 m: Breakfast River (Hodge 1882), 

Deux Branches (Hodge 2980 at US), Dleau Gommier (Ernst 

2085), En Haut Jean (Webster 13529), Freshwater Lake 

(Chambers 2575, Ernst 1733, Hodge 1834), Point Lo10 (Ernst 

1165,1953), Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 1922, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 355, Webster 13344, Whitefoord 4242, 4357), Morne 

Trois Pitons (Wasshausen & Ayensu 383, sine loc. (Imray 

298). Flowering March-June, fruiting June-January. 

Eugenia Linnaeus 

A cultivated species, Eugenia unij7ora Linnaeus, known as 

the Surinam cherry, has been collected on Dominica (Zmray 

576). It would key to E. ligustrina but differs by its more ovate 

leaves and its larger, ridged, and bright- to dark-red fruits. 

1. Flowers k sessile in leafy mils or at leafless nodes on 

older wood. 

2. 

2. 

Leaves acute to acuminate, % cm long ........ 

Leaves obtuse to rounded, <6 cm long ........ ..................... E. coffeeifolia 

....................... E. cordata 

3. Flowers in racemes to 3 cm long, the flowers 

4. Fruits globose; inflorescence elongate (usually >2 

cm) ................. E. domingensis 

4. Fruits elongate, often 8-ridged; inflorescence short 

(usually <2 cm long ......... E. octopleura 

3. Flowers solitary or in short racemes (usually much el 

cm) and appearing fasciculate. 

5. Flowers solitary and on pedicels >1 cm long; calyx 

lobes much longer than wide ..... E. Zigustrina 

5. Flowers several or, if solitary, pedicels <1 cm; calyx 

lobes about as long as wide. 

6. Leaves broad (2x longer than broad or less); 

inflorescence pubescent; flowers large (calyx 

lobes (2-)3-5 mm long & wide, disk (2-)3-4 

mm long and wide); fruit elongate ... E. gregii 

6. Leaves much narrower; inflorescence glabrous to 

pubescent; fruit globose. 

7. Leaves markedly whitened beneath and blackened above with drying; young growth silky 

with bright coppery-red hairs. .. E. albicans 

7. Leaves green on both sides; plants glabrous to 

pubescent, never coppery-silky. 

8. Flowers small (larger calyx lobes to 1.5 mm 

long and wide; floral disk 0.9-1.5 mm 

wide); pedicels 1-5 mm. 

9. Leaves commonly curved in drying, the 

midvein grooved on the upper surface and 

k depressed; blades mostly 3-8 cm x 2-4 

cm; pedicels and hypanthium densely 

hispidulous .......... E. hodgei 

9. Leaves flat in drying, themidvein flat or 

slightly elevated; blades mostly 2-5 cm x 

1-2 cm wide; branchlets, inflorescence 

and at least the young leaves puberulent or 

8. Flowers larger (larger calyx lobes 1.5-4 mm 

1. Flowers pedicelled. 

well -separated. 

hispidulous ......... E. monticola 
NUMBER 77 MYRTACEAE 163 

long, disk 2-4 mm wide): pedicels commonly >5 mm long, glabrous. 

10. Lateral leaf venation homogeneous (not 

differentiated into primary and secondary), elliptic-ovate with prolonged tapering tips 1-2 cm long, the blade 3-8 cm 

long; pedicels 10-18 mm long ...... ................ E. confusa 

10. Lateral leaf venation heterogeneous (differentiated into primary and secondary), 

ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate 

but often broadly or obtusely so. 

11. Pedicels 3-7(-10) mm long; flowers 

from leafless nodes, often 8 or more 

............. E. lambertiana 

11. Pedicels (7-)15 mm long or more; 

flowers in axils of leaves of current 

season, mostly 1-3 ........... ........... E. pseudopsidium 

Eugenia albicans 

Eugenia albicans (Berg) Urban, 1895:617. 

Stenocalyx albicanr Berg, 1861:698. 

Small tree; young growth with coppery hairs; leaves usually 

<4.5 cm x 9 cm, drying dark above and whitish below; flowers 

f fascicled in leaf axils; calyx lobes rounded, large and 

persistent; fruits red, glossy, a little longer than broad. 

Guianas into Lesser Antilles; new record for Dominica in 

windbreak. Syndicate (Whitefoord 5589,5819). Flowering and 

fruiting March-April. 

Eugenia coffeeifolia 

Eugenia coffeiforia A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:272. 

Bois piquet. 

Glabrous shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves large, to 15 cm x 6 cm, 

usually acuminate; white flowers in sessile clusters; fruit 

reddish, globose, -0.5 cm diameter, on a short pedicel. 

Lesser Antilles into NE South America; common to 

occasional in Dominican rainforest 200-650 m: Freshwater 

Lake (Hodge 1966, Nicolson 4145, Read 2009, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 319, Wilbur 8222), Jean (Webster 13504), Layou River 

road (Cowan 1626), Point Lo10 (Ernst 1190), Sylvania (Hodge 

483, 2509, 3850), sine loc. (Imray 265 at NY). Flowering 

February-April, fruiting May-August. 

Eugenia confusa 

Eugenia confusa A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:272.-Urban, 1895643. 

Boisiette. 

Shrub or small tree; leaves coriaceous, glossy, finely 

wrinkled above with undifferentiated lateral venation, ellipticovate with narrowly prolonged tips 1-2 cm long, to 8 cm x 4 

cm, rounded to cuneate at base; racemes 1-5, bearing 1-3 pairs 

of flowers on slender pedicels 1-1.8 cm long; disk 2.5-3.5 mm 

wide; fruit globose. 

S. Florida and Antilles; known from Dominica only from a 

sterile collection without locality: Imray 24 at K. 

Eugenia cordata var. sintenisii 

Eugenia cordaia A.P. Candolle var. sintenisii (Kiaenkou) Krug & Urban in 

Eugenia sintenisii Kiaenkou, 1890:263.-Lit~le et al., 1974:67, pl. 578. 

Urban, 1895656. 

Glabrous shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves f sessile, small, to 4 cm 

x 2 cm, rounded at apex, rounded to obtuse at base; flowers in 

sessile clusters. 

Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in dry scrub: 

W. Cabrit (Hodge 484), E. Cabrit (Nicolson 4202). 

Eugenia domingensis 

Eugenia domingensir Berg, 1856:2%. 

Eugenia aerugenia sensu Grisebach, 1860:237, and Urban, 1895:623, nm A.P. 

Candolle, fide Sandwith, 1934:125. 

Branchlets and inflorescence rusty-pubescent with 2- 

branched hairs; leaves coriaceous, glabrate, oblong-elliptic to 

ovate, to 12 cm x 5.5 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded and then 

acute at base; racemes 2-5 cm long with 2-5 pairs of widely 

spaced flowers with pedicels 2-5(-8) mm long; bracteoles 

persistent, 1.3-1.8 mm long, obtuse, broadly ovate, united in a 

cupule beneath the flower: disk 3-4 mm wide; fruits 

short-ovoid to 1 cm x 1.5 cm (description condensed from 

McVaugh in Howard, 1989,5486). 

Mostly Greater Antilles; only known for Dominica from an 

1860 collection without locality: Imray 377 at K, NY, Imray 

s.n. at GH. 

Most similar to E. octopleura. 

Eugenia gregii 

Eugenia gregii (Swartz) Poiret in Lamarck. 1813. Encycl., Suppl., 3:126, 

Myrius gregii Swartz, 1788:78. 

"greggii. " 

Tree to 8 m; glabrous except the inflorescence and lower leaf 

surface; leaves large, to 11 cm x 5.5 cm, obtusely shortacuminate at apex, rounded to obtuse at base, lower surface 

paler due to scurfy puberulence; midvein convex above; 

racemes 3-10 mm long, bearing 1-3 pairs of flowers on 

pedicels 5-10 mm long, the axis and flowers whitish scurfy; 

disk -4 mm wide; fruit elongate, 1.5-2 cm x 1-1.2 cm. 

Endemic to Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe through St. 

Lucia: known from Dominica only from the original collection 

in 1777 by John Gregg (Greg). Swartz originally reported it 

from Antigua but the type (BM) is clearly labeled Dominica. 

Poiret reported it from Santo Domingo, another error for 
164 MYRTACEAH SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Dominica. A report from Barbados could be from an 

introduction. It was collected in southwest Guadeloupe from 

near Basse %rre and Vieux Fort. 

Eugenia hodgei 

Eugenia hodgei McVaugh. 1973:310. 

Tree to 7.5 m, 10 cm dbh; leaves coriaceous, elliptic to f 

orbicular, rounded to obtuse at apex, obtuse at base; flowering 

at leafless nodes; pedicels 2.5-6.0 mm long, minutely 

hispidulous; disk 1.5 mm wide. 

Wnique; in Dominica known only from type at 350 m, 

said to be a dominant tree of dry slopes due east of Roseau: 

Badineau Estate, Morne Gay House (Hodge 2230). 

Eugenia lambertiana 

Eugenia lombertiama A.P. Candolle. 1828,3:270. 

Eugenia pseudopsidim sensu Grisebach, 1860238 partim, nm Jacquin, fide 

Urban, 1895:648. 

Zeb crab, bois dye. 

Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, to 

10 cm x 4.5 cm, acuminate, rounded to acute at base and 

decurrent; flowers usually in fascicles at leafless nodes; disk 

2-3 mm wide; fruit globose, yellow or orange, 1-2.5 cm in 

diameter with thin flesh over 1 seed. 

Guadeloupe to the Amazon basin; rather common in 

Dominica and roughly separable into two groups: 

1. Leaves c10 cm long; calyx lobes large, 2-3 mm long and 

wide. Interior and west slopes, 300-1000 m: north of 

Portsmouth (Wusshuusen & Ayensu 370), Point Lo10 (Ernst 

1172), Freshwater & Boeri Lake area (Hodge 1831, Nicolson 

1960, WhiteJbord 5139, Wilbur 8205), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 

1690, Wilbur 7889), Sylvania Estate (Cooper54, Hodge 1186). 

Flowers July-November, fruits January-June. 

2. Leaves >10 cm long; calyx lobes small and narrow: 

wind-sheared east coast and interior to 450 m: Borne (Webster 

13486), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3258), Castle Bruce trail 

(Hodge 3336), Hatton Garden on Pagua Bay (Hodge 3056), La 

Plaine (Wilbur 8173), Rosalie road (Stern & Wusshausen 

2473). Flowering April-August, fruiting July. 

McVaugh (in Howard, 1989, 5491) found this species 

“more difficult to delimit satisfactorily than any other member 

of the Myrtaceae in the Lesser Antilles.” He specifically cited 

two Dominica collections as suggesting E. pseudopsidium “by 

its long slender pedicels and large calyx lobes.” One of them, 

Lloyd 910 at NY (from Morne Diablotins), is one of the few 

records for E. pseudopsidium (q.v.) on Dominica. 

Eugenia ligustrina 

Eugenia Iigwtrina (Swartz) Willdenow, 1799,2:962. 

Myrtw ligustrina Swam, 1788:78. 

Shrub or tree to 7 m; leaves coriaceous, green and shining 

above, elliptic, to 4.5 cm x 2 cm; flowers solitary; pedicels 

slender, to 3 cm long; sepals erect in fruit to 5 mm long: fruit 

red to black, globose, to 8 mm across. 

Greater Antilles through eastern South America; in Dominica a dominant in dry scrub thickets to 180 m: Batali River 

(Webster 13402), Cabrits (Ernst 1926, Hodge 485, Smith 

10308, Whitefoord 6129), Dublanc (Hodge 2528), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 1042, Lloyd 842), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2655, 

2743). Flowering March-June, fruiting April-July. 

Eugenia monticola 

Eugenia monticola (Swam) A.P. Candolle, 1828.3:275. 

Myrtus monticda Swartz, 1788:78. 

Eugenia obtusata Willdenow ex Berg, 1856:32. 

Eugenia procera smsu Hodge, 1954:23, non Poiret in Lamarck. 

Hispidulous shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves elliptic to ovate, to 

5 cm x 2 cm, the apex blunt, acute to caudate-acuminate the 

base cuneate to acute; midvein flat or convex above; racemes 

3-6(-16) mm long, solitary or 2-3 with 3-4 pairs of flowers 

on pedicels to 5 mm long; disk -0.9 mm wide; fruit pink, 

globose, -5 mm diameter. 

Greater Antilles into northeastern South America; in 

Dominica in dry scrub of northwest to 600 m: Dublanc 

(Whitefoord 4298), west of Syndicate Estate (Ernst 1893, W. 

Cabrit (Hodge 482), sine loc. (lmruy 254 at K). Flowering and 

fruiting in July. 

Eugenia octopleura 

Eugenia Octoplewa Krug & Urban in urban, 1895:653. 

Bois montagne. 

Shrub or tree to 5 m; branchlets glabrescent; leaves 

elliptic-ovate to 13 cm x 5.5 cm, acuminate at apex, rounded to 

acute at base then fi cuneately prolonged; inflorescence 

yellowish to pale rufous with dense 2-branched hairs, racemes 

1-2 cm long with up to 8 flowers on pedicels 3-9 mm long; 

bracts ovate, acute, 1-1.5 mm long, indurate; bracteoles 

similar, distinct or slightly connate; disk 2.5-3 mm wide; fruit 

red, oblong-obovoid, to 2.5 cm x 1.2 cm, weakly 8-11-ribbed. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique (perhaps Central America but 

many differences); in Dominica in rainforest -650 m: Sylvania 

(Beard 648, 1463, StehlC 6312), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4389, 

5335), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 771). Fruiting February-April. 

Urban (1895:653) cited Imruy 184 p.p. as this species (also 

under E. lumbertiana). Most similar to E. dom’ngensis and also 

E. chrysobulunoides, which have unbranched hairs. 

Eugenia pseudopsidium 

Eugenia pseudopsidim Jacquin, 1760:23. 

Shrub or tree to 20 m; buds and shoots strigose; leaves 

ovateelliptic to 16 cm x 9 cm, acuminate, rounded to acute at 

base with margins often decurrent; midvein impressed above; 
NUMBER 77 MYRTACEAE 165 

flowers usually in axils of new leaves, 1-3 on slender pedicels 

to 3 cm long; disk 2-4 mm wide; fruit globose, 1-seeded, red 

or orange-red, to 2 cm wide. (Compiled from McVaugh in 

Howard, 1989,5:496.) 

Hispaniola to Martinique, the sarne or related species in 

northeast South America: known from Dominica only from 

Morne Diablotins (Lloyd 910) and Petit Coulibri track from 

Soufri5re (Whitefoord 6004). 

The Lloyd collection was discussed as E. lambertiana (q.v.) 

by McVaugh. The Whitefoord collection was identified by 

Landrum as “cf. pseudopsidium.” 

It has pedicels >1 cm long. McVaugh cited (in Howard, 

1989, 5496) Eugenia megalocarpa Urban (1908, 5444) as a 

synonym, citing an isotype (Duss 4160) at NY. An isotype at 

US does not look anything like E. pseudopsidium but is more 

like Eugenia gryposperma Krug & Urban but with k sessile 

leaves rounded at base. The hits are gone but the pedicels are 

only 4 mm and on old wood. 

Gomidesia Berg 

Gomidesia lindeniana 

Gomidesia lindeniana Berg, 1858:208. 

Shrub or small tree, young parts densely covered with 

coppery pubescence; branchlets flattened; leaves strikingly 

convex (not flat), elliptic-oblong, acuminate, to 17 cm x 8 cm; 

panicles coarse and many-flowered, upper and lower pollen 

sacs overlapping about half their length. 

Greater Antilles to southeast Brazil; apparently rare in wet 

interior of Dominica to 1200 m: Morne Anglais summit slopes 

(Ramage s.n., Wilbur 7939, Roseau valley (Duss 2726). 

Flowering May-July, fruiting in August. 

Urban (1895:588) erroneously cited the Duss collection as 

being from Guadeloupe and misidentified it as Myrcia deflexa. 

Myrcia A.P. Candolle ex Guillemin 

1. Midvein (in dried leaves) convex on upper surface; 

hypanthium and floral disk glabrous or essentially so; 

ovary 3-locular ................ M. citruolia 

1. Midvein impressed or furrowed on upper surface; ovary 

2-locular. 

2. Floral disk (including stamina1 ring and summit of 

ovary) glabrous; hypanthium glabrous or thinly pubescent with appressed and partly 2-branched hairs; plants 

never conspicuously pubescent, usually appearing 

glabrous to the unaided eye. 

3. Petioles (1.5-)2-3 mm thick, the outer layers soon 

becoming pale and corky, cracking and peeling; 

lateral veins k impressed above; bracts indurate, 

persisting at least through flowering; floral disk 

3-3.5 mm wide ............ M. antillana 

3. Petioles usually c1.5 cm thick, without pale exfoliating layers; lateral veins not impressed; bracts falling 

before buds open; floral disk 1.5-2 mm wide. 

4. Leaves elliptic, usually f. rounded at base and 

prolonged at apex, 5-15 cm long; inflorescence 

slender and loosely flowered, peduncles and larger 

branches to 1.3 mm wide and usually terete 

................... M. leptoclada 

4. Leaves obovate, usually cuneate to acute at base 

and obtuse to rounded at apex, 3-6 cm long: 

inflorescence relatively stout, the flowers corymbosely clustered, peduncles and large branches 

1.5-1.5 mm wide, often noticeably flattened 

................... M. platyclada 

2. Floral disk densely hairy; hypanthium densely pubescent (some persisting in fruit); plants usually appearing 

pubescent. 

5. Leaves minutely pebbled beneath, the veinlets depressed; inflorescence densely scurfy-pubescent with 

erect hairs intermingled with minute, pale, inflated 

hairs; calyx lobes pubescent on both sides ...... ...................... M. deflexa 

5. Leaves smooth or with a raised reticulum of veinlets; 

inflorescence not scurfy-pubescent; hairs of hypanthium stiff, pale and appressed. 

6. Branchlets and inflorescence (incl. fruits) densely 

velvety pubescent with erect hairs; leaves obtuse or 

short-acuminate at apex; calyx lobes pubescent on 

both sides; disk 3-4 mm wide ........... ................... M. ramageana 

6. Branchlets and inflorescence thinly strigose to 

silky-pilose; fruits glabrous or sparingly strigose; 

leaves prominently and often narrowly acuminate; 

calyx lobes f. glabrous inside; disk 2-2.5 mm 

wide. 

7. Hairs of young growth grayish white, sparse, 

closely appressed; midvein glabrous above; 

petioles 4-7 mm long; leaves mostly acute to 

cuneate at base; hit oblong-ellipsoid ..... ..................... M. fallax 

7. Hairs of young growth yellowish white, usually 

abundant and conspicuous, some or many 

loosely spreading; midvein above with a line of 

upright bristly hairs; petioles 1-3(-4) mm long; 

leaves mostly rounded to f cordate at base; fruit 

subglobose ............ M. splendens 

Myrcia antillana 

Myrcia antillana McVaugh, 1973:311. 

Myrcia edulis var. dominicana Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895582. 

Tree with dbh to 30 cm; leaves large (ours) to 24 cm x 11 cm, 

obtusely short-acuminate at apex, obtuse to rounded at base; 

inflorescence densely puberulous, flowers f sessile; disk 

glabrous; fruit globose. 
166 MYRTACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, St. Vincent; apparently uncommon in 

interior rainforests of Dominica at 300-450 m: Brantridge 

Estate (Ernst 1199), Deux Branches (Hodge 3488), Layou 

forests (Ramage s.n. at K, lectotype of var. dominicanu). 

Flowering May-June. 

Myrcia citnfolia 

Myrcia citrifolia (Aublet) Urban, 1919c:150. 

Couroupoume, kurupum, ianaua, taka-taka (Carib). 

Leaf mostly elliptic, base rounded to obtuse, glossycoriaceous and impressed-punctate above; inflorescence 

usually terminal with common peduncle short or wanting 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. cihifolia var. citrtfolia 

Leaf usually obovate, base acute, not glossy; inflorescence 

axial with common peduncle > half the inflorescence 

length. . . . . . . . , . . . . M. cihifolia var. imrayana 

Myrcia cinifolia var. cih.tfolia 

Myrtus citrifolia Aublet, 1775,2(Index):20. 

Eugenia pniculata Jaquin, 1789. Coll., 2:108. 

Myrrw corhea Vahl, 1791,259, nom. illeg. 

Myrcia coriacea A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:243, nom. illeg. 

Myrcia coriacea var. swartziana Grisebach. 1860:234. 

Myrcia paniculata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895577. 

Shrub or small tree; branchlets scantily pubescent with 

2-branched hairs; leaves to 8 cm x 5 cm, broad-elliptic to k 

orbicular, base rounded to obtuse, apex rounded to obtuse, 

sometimes retuse; inflorescences pubescent, at terminal 1-2 

nodes, the common peduncle short or lacking; disk glabrous; 

hit globose, whitish, becoming red then black in maturity. 

Hispaniola, Puerto Rico into South America; common in 

Dominica, mostly at lower elevations, particularly along the 

east coast: Bernard Estate at 630 m (Wasshausen & Ayensu 

360), Cabrit Swamp (Ernst 1175), Calibishie (Hodge 3151, 

3158, 3159), Carib Reserve (Stehle 6393, Taylor lo), Dublanc 

(Hodge 2526, Whitefoord 4301), En Haut Jean at 800 m 

(Whitefuord 5420), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3591), L' Anse Noire 

(Ernst 1682, 1832, 1835, Wilbur 7520), Layou Valley (Ernst 

1157). Flowering February-June, fruiting June-August or 

later. 

Myrcia citrifolia var. imrayana 

Myrcia citrifolia var. haynu (Grisebach) StehM in Stehl6 et al., 1949,3:57. 

Myrcia coriacea var. imayna Grisebach, 1860:234. 

Shrub or small tree; branchlets appressed-pubescent to 

glabrous; leaves to 7 cm x 3.5 cm, obovate (rarely k orbicular), 

base acute to obtuse, apex obtuse to rounded, rarely retuse; 

inflorescence with common peduncle to 6 cm long, lightly 

puberulent to glabrous; disk glabrous; mature fruit globose, 

blackish to reddish. 

Puerto Rico to Grenada; in Dominica on mountains and 

coastal thickets: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8303), Boeri Lake 

(Whitefoord 4164), Capuchin (Wasshausen & Ayensu 38.9, 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3324), Freshwater Lake (Ernst 21 76, 

Whitefoord 3818), Grand Bay (Wilbur 8010), Mome Diablotins 

in elfin woodlands (Whitefoord 4413, 5516), Mome Nicholls 

(Hodge 1949), Morne Plat Pays (Webster 13491), Morne Trois 

Pitons (Chambers 2663), Petit Soufriere Bay (Stern & 

Wasshauren 2469), Roche Marque (Webster 13472), sine loc. 

(Imray 143 at K, type of var. imrayana), (Imray 148 at K, 

syntype of var. swartziana). Flowering May-August, fiuiting 

The pubescence characters of branchlets and peduncles, 

traditionally used to separate infraspecific taxa of this species, 

do not seem to work well on our material. There is a great deal 

of exceedingly complex variation, which might make more 

sense in the field than in the herbarium. In any case, one should 

not be surprised if individual specimens are difficult to place. 

Caribs use the fruits and leaves medicinally (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957593). 

JUly-MarC h. 

Myrcia deflexa 

Myrcia deflexa (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:244. 

Eugenia deflexa Poiret in Larnarck, 1813, Encycl., Suppl., 3:124. 

Myrcia duchassainghna Berg, 185588. 

Myrcia ferruginea sensu Grisebach, 1860:235, nai (F'oiret) A.P. Candolle 

Myrcia deflexa var. dussii Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:588. 

[= Marlieria ferruginea]. 

Bois dubarre. 

Tree to 12 m; branchlets pubescent with erect hairs; leaves 

sometimes rather convex (like Gomidesia), elliptic-lanceolate, 

to 25 cm x 10 cm, acuminate to caudate at apex, rounded to 

cuneate at base, pubescent beneath particularly on the veins, the 

veinlets imbedded; inflorescences f terminal, to 12 cm long, 

the flowers white, short-pedicelled; calyx lobes pubescent on 

both sides; disk densely pubescent; mature hit globose, 1 cm 

wide and long. 

Cuba to Amazonian lowlands; scattered in Dominica from 

15-600 m: L'Anse Noire (Ernst 1829), Pont Casse area (Lloyd 

767 at K, Wilbur 7828), South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 

2498), Sylvania (Hodge 487, 488), sine loc. (Imray 71, 106, 

261 at K). Flowering July, ripe fruit in July. 

Myrcia falhr 

Myrcia fallax (L. Richard) A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:244. 

Eugenia fallax L. Richard, 1792:llO. 

Myrcia berkrk A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:254. 

Myrcia divaricata sensu Grisebach, 1860:234, non (Lamar&) A.P. Candolle. 

Bois cravier, gin. 

Tree to 13 m; petiole (4-)5-8 mm; leaves to 13 cm x 4 cm 

(usually smaller), acuminate, base acute, midvein with appressed pubescence above and below, impressed above; 

inflorescences with appressed pubescence: disk pubescent; 
NUMBER 77 MYRTACEAE 167 

fruits reddish and becoming blue-black, ellipsoid to obovoid, 

often 2x longer than wide. 

Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, and South America to Peru; 

interior of Dominica, mostly at mid- to upper elevations: 

Breakfast River (Hodge 1894), Laiou Forest (Ramage s.n.), 

Laudat to Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2687, Eggers 1042, 

Hodge 1833, 1894, Nicolson 4088, Smith 10294, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2566, Webster 13246, Wilbur 8253), Pont Casse

(Lloyd 778), Rosehill near Morne Anglais (Eggers 732), South 

Chiltern (Ernst 1856), Sylvania (Wilbur 7710), Wallhouse 

Valley (Eggers 453). Flowering June- August, fruiting JanuThe specimens from South Chiltern and Sylvania (both in 

bud) have remarkably large leaves, matched only by specimens 

from St. Lucia, which have extraordinarily large fruits (to 3 cm 

x 1 cm) that McVaugh (in Howard, 1989,5509) suggests may 

represent a distinct species. 

ary-mch. 

Myrcia leptoclada 

Myrcia Ieptoclada A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:244. 

Dji-pois, guepois. 

Tree to 10 m with bark reddish, papery; leaves elliptic and 

widest at or slightly below middle, to 14 cm x 4 cm, acuminate 

at apex, base rounded to obtuse, pubescent along midrib above 

and below; inflorescence loose and thin-branched; flowers 

white; disk glabrous; fruits globose. 

Central America, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, 

Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad; in Dominica, 

usually in drier areas: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3265), Glasham 

(Nicolson 2091), Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2588). 

Flowering August-November. 

Myrcia platyclada 

Myrcia platyclada A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:224. 

Aulomyrcia drunosa Berg, 1861:656. 

Myrcia dumosa (Berg) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:580. 

Tree; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, widest beyond middle, to 

10 cm x 4.5 cm, obtuse at apex, the base cuneate-attenuate; 

inflorescence stiff and erect; disk glabrous; fruit f globose. 

Guadeloupe to northeastern South America; in Dominican 

rainforests at 600 m: lower north slope of Trois Pitons (Ernst 

1808). Flowering June. 

Myrcia ramageana 

Myrcia ramageana Krug & Urban in Urban 1895:586. 

Small tree to 6 m with deep red heartwood; leaves elliptic, 

short-acuminate, base rounded, glossy above, to 10 cm x 4 cm; 

panicles f terminal, densely pubescent, flowers & sessile; calyx 

persistent, incurved in fruit, pubescent on both sides; disk 

densely pubescent; fruit globose, pubescent, ribbed, black in 

maturity. 

St. Lucia; new record for Dominica, known only from Pont 

Cas& area -500 m; path to Morne Coumnne from Point Lo10 

(Ernst 1981, Webster 13233), road to Castle Bruce and Rosalie 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2558). Flowering June, fruiting late July. 

Myrcia splendens 

Myrcia splendens (Swam) A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:244.-McVaugh. 1958:659. 

Myrtw splendens Swam, 1788:89. 

Eugenia divaricata Lamarck, 1789,3:202. 

Myrcia divaricata (Lamar&) A.P. Candolle, 1828,3:243. 

Petite feuille, ‘ti feuille. 

Tree to 12 m; leaves to 9 cm x 3 cm, lanceolate to ovate, 

rounded to k cordate at base and acuminate, often caudate at 

apex, midvein impressed, usually bearing a line of erect hairs 

above; inflorescence loose, densely pubescent with spreading 

hairs, disk densely pubescent; fruits globose, pink but 

becoming black. 

S. Mexico and adjoining countries, Antilles and northern 

South America to Amazonian Peru; in Dominican rainforests 

and dry woodlands from 15-525 m: Clarke Hall (Gates Clark 

D-1, Ernst 1438, 1986, Stern & Wasshausen 2416), Fond 

Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4336), Imperial Road (Narodny 3), 

Milton (Hodge 2589), Mt. Joy (Hodge 489,1283), Pont Casd 

(Lloyd 785), South Chiltern (Hodge 1497), Springfield (Ernst 

1842). Flowering February-August, fruiting Apnl-July. 

Pimenfa Lindley 

Pimenta racemosa 

Pimenfa racema (Miller) J.W. Moore, 1933:33.-Landnun, 1986:lOS. 

Myrtw caryophyllata sensu Jacquin. 1767,2:1, nm Linnaeus. 

Caryophyliup racemosup Miller, 1768. 

Myrtw acris Swam, 1788:79, nun. illeg. 

Pimenfa acrk Kosteletzsky, 1835:1526. nom. illeg. 

Amomb caryophyllata Krug & Urban in Urban, 1895:573, nom. illeg. 

Bay tree, bay rum tree, black cinnamon; bois d’Inde, bois 

din, asuru, hasuru (Carib = peeled?). 

Tree to 13 m; branchlets strongly and acutely angled; leaves 

aromatic with odor of lemon or citronella (“bay rum”), 

coriaceous and lustrous, elliptic to obovate, rounded to obtuse 

at apex, rounded to cuneate at base, to 13.5 cm x 6 cm, midvein 

impressed above; inflorescences 5-10 cm long, calyx lobes 5, 

densely pubescent within, disk pubescent; ovules 4-7 in each 

of 2 locules; fruits obovoid or ellipsoid, -1 cm long, contracted 

to a thick neck beneath the flaring calyx. 

Cuba?, Puerto Rico into South America (cultivated there and 

elsewhere); in Dominica often in coastal thickets to 450 m: 

Clarke Hall (Ernst 1270), Grand Bay (Ernst 1069), Harford 

(Morden 6*), La Plaine (Nicolson 2052*), Lisdara (Cooper 

187, Hodge 490,2440*), Marigot (Hodge 492), Petite Soufribre 

Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2476), Salybia (Hodge 491,3220), 

West Cabrit (Hodge 493, Smith 10324), sine loc. (Imruy 268). 
168 MYRUC~A~-”CUGINACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTTONS TO BOTANY 

Flowering March-May, fruiting July. 

Our material is the typical variety (four other varieties on 

Hispaniola). 

Leaves distilled to make bay rum. Entries marked with an 

asterisk (*) are reported by their collectors as cultivated. I am 

reasonably certain that the species is native here. Wood used to 

make clubs, pestles, and houses; leaves and fruits used to make 

a tea to cure stomach ache by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957592). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:143, pl. 142) reported 

medicinal uses. 

Landrum (1.c.) considered Myrtus acris Swartz (1788) to be 

an illegitimate renaming of Myrtus caryophyllata Linnaeus. 

Swartz, in his later work (to which his 1788 work was a 

prodromus), stated (1798:910) that he was excluding the 

Linnaean M. caryophyllata of the East Indies. However, he did 

include Caryophyllus racemosus Miller and I consider 

Swartz’s name an illegitimate renaming of the latter. 

Psidium Linnaeus 

Psidium guajava 

Psidiwn guajava Linnaeus, 1753:410. 

Guava, goyave, gouyave, balikasi & kuiabu (white var.), 

balubui & ualiapa (red var.) (Carib). 

Shrub or small tree with quadrangular branchlets; leaves 

elliptic, to 10 cm x 5 cm, obtuse at apex, rounded to obtuse at 

base, lateral veins 12-20 on each side of midvein, impressed 

above, raised below; inflorescence usually l-flowered, pedicels 

1-2 cm long; flowers large, to 2 cm across; fruit k globose, 2-6 

cm across, juicy and sweet or acid, many-seeded; seeds 

horse-shoe-shaped or reniform, embryo pimentoid (hooked or 

Native to New World, now widely cultivated and escaping; 

in Dominica common in coastal woods and lowlands, 

occasional at mid-elevations: Belleview (Taylor 4), Cabrit 

Swamp (Hodge 494), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3350), La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3682), Hatton Gardens (Hodge 3059), 

Laudat (Lloyd 37), Marigot (Hodge 496), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2751), Pont Casse (Webster 7563), Portsmouth (Hodge 3746), 

Sylvania (Hodge 495, Wusshausen & Ayensu 394). 

An infusion of bark, root and leaves used by Caribs to treat 

diarrhea or intestinal chill (Hodge and Taylor, 1957593). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 143, pl. 110) reported medicinal uses. 

CUrVed). 

Syzygium Browne ex J. Gaertner 

Syzygium aromaticum (Linnaeus) Memll & Perry of the 

Moluccas, the source of cloves and clove oil, is cultivated near 

Roseau (Nicolson 4142). The hypanthium is cylindric, 1-1.5 

cm long, with triangular calyx-lobes to 4 mm long; the leaves 

are short-acuminate at apex and tapering to base. I am much 

indebted to Miss Dulcie Powell, who provided me with a copy 

of Buees account (1798) of the introduction of cloves on 

Dominica. He planted three clove uees imported from Cayenne 

in 1789 on his estate, Montpellier (unknown to me but 

apparently on the east side), and these produced cloves in 1795. 

In 1791 he bought 14 trees in Martinique. In 1793 he planted 

seeds and germinated 1500 seedlings. His experiments indicated that the trees did best in reddish or yellowish clays, where 

coffee and sugar did poorly. In addition, Mr. Buee reported 

importing bradfruit, cinnamon, black pepper, and other fruit 

trees from Mr. Anderson of the St. Vincent Botanic Garden. 

These represent some of the earliest documented plant 

introductions to Dominica. 

Syzygium mulaccense (Linnaeus) Memll& Perry, the Malay 

apple, was collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 

3922,3883). It is native to SE Asia and has large leaves to 3 dm 

long, red flowers, and a pyriform fruit to 9 cm long. 

Syzygium jumbos 

Syzygiwnjambw (Linnaeus) Alstm, 1931:115. 

Eugenia dos Lirnaeus, 1753:470. 

Pomme rose, rose apple. 

Tree to 20 m; leaves lanceolate, to 20 cm x 5 cm; 

inflorescence a terminal raceme to 2.5 cm long with 2-4 large, 

4-merous flowers on pedicels to 1.5 cm long: fruit depressedglobose, to 4 cm long. 

Native to Indo-Malayan region; used as windbreak and 

escaping in Dominica in lowlands: Clarke Hall (Nicolson 

1856), Lisdara (Hodge 486, 2432), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1264), 

north of Portsmouth (Wasshausen & Ayensu 359), South 

Chiltern (Ernst 1541), Sylvania (Cooper 37, Hodge 1165). 

Apparently flowering and fruiting year around. 

NY CTAGIN ACEAE 

Several species of Bougainvillea Commerson ex Jussieu, 

armed and scrambling shrubs with alternate leaves and small 

flowers subtended by large, colorful bracts are cultivated 

pantropically, including Dominica, but no specimens have been 

seen. 

Mirubilis jalapa Linnaeus, the four-o’clock, an unarmed 

herb with opposite leaves and bisexual flowers (opening in the 

evening) with large, white or magenta, trumpet-like perianths, 

is cultivated pantropically, including Dominica: Layou River 

valley near Hillsborough bridge (Ernst 2181), seen in Portsmouth (DHN!). 

1. Herb; flowers bisexual . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boerhavia 

1. Shrub or tree; flowers unisexual . . . . . . . . . Pisonia 

Boerhavia Linnaeus 

Boerhuvia erecta Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by 

Vklez (1957:lM). It has non-glandular fruits, red-punctate 

leaves and pink flowers. The record needs confirmation for 

Dominica. 
NUMBER 77 NYCIAOI?~ACEAE-NYMPHAEACEAE 169 

1. Capitula many-flowered (4-20): inflorescences puberulous, sparingly branched, often with leafy bracts; leafmargins glabrous or with small curved hairs and a few 

long, multicellular hairs , . , . , , , . . . . B. coccinea 

1. Capitula few-flowered (1-5); inflorescences glabrous, 

much branched, without leafy bracts; leaf-margins ciliate 

with long, multicellular hairs. . . , . . . . B. paniculata 

Boerhavia coccinea 

Boerhovio coccineo Miller. 1768.-Adams, 1972260. 

Boerhovio hirsuto Jacquin, 1770, 1:3, pl. 7, nom. iUeg. 

Boerhovio coritzaeo Jacquin, 1771,4:5, nom. illeg. 

Prostrate perennials with opposite leaves to 4 cm x3.5 cm; 

flowers maroon. 

Weed in New World and Africa; along dry west coast of 

Dominica: Batali (Ernst 1297, 1408, Hodge 3806), Mome 

Daniel in Roseau (Hodge 3892), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 595). 

Flowering and fruiting May. 

Boerhavia paniculata 

Boerhoviu poniculoto L. Richard, 1792105. 

Prostrate to decumbent perennials with opposite leaves to 7.5 

cm x 5 cm; flowers maroon. 

Pantropical weed; along dry west coast of Dominica: Batali 

(Chambers 2793). Cabrits (Whitefoord 401 7), Canefield 

(Hodge 468), Grand Savanna (Wilbur 7643, Loubiere (Hodge 

3870), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2640), Mome Bruce in Portsmouth (Hodge 467), Roseau (Nicolson 2084),Soufriere (Lloyd 

410). Apparently flowering and fruiting all year. 

Recent workers, e.g., Adams (1972:261), treated this as 

Boerhavia diffusa Linnaeus. However, Fosberg (1978:4-5) 

concluded that B. difusa is endemic to Sri Lanka (possibly also 

southern India). Fosberg’s chosen lectotype has been challenged (see Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 4:177) but not 

superseded, so the application of the name remains in question. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 145, pl. 111) reported (asB. difSusa) 

medicinal uses. 

Pisonia Linnaeus 

1. Stems armed with recurved thorns; fruit stipitate-glandular 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. aculeata 

1. Stems unarmed; fruit eglandular. 

2. Leaves petiolate, thin-coriaceous, oblanceolate (to elliptic), to 12 cm long . , . . . . . . . . . . . Rfragrans 

2. Leaves st sessile, thick-coriaceous, orbicular (to oval), to 

4 cm long. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . P. suborbiculata 

Pisonia aculeata 

Pisonio oculeoto Linnaeus, 1753: 1026. 

Dioecious, straggling shrub armed with decurved stipular 

thorns; fruit stipitate-glandular. 

Pantropical: locally common in Dominica on dry west coast: 

Cabrit (Nicolson 4206, Whitefoord 5764), Grand Savanna 

(Iwuy 30 at K). The Whitefoord specimen (East Cabrit) was in 

flower and fruit in April. 

Stray fruits noted on Hodge 3714 of Pisonia fragrans from 

the East Cabrit. 

Pisonia fragrans 

Pisoniofragrons Dumont de Courset, 1814,7:114.-Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 

Pironio obtwotu Swam, 1806:1069, non Jacquin. 

Pisonio inermis Grisebach, 1859:71, pa&, non Jacquin. 

Torrubiofiogrons (Dumont de Courset) Standley. 1916a:lOO. 

Glcapirofragrons (Dumont de Courset) Little, 1968:368. 

4185. 

MapOU. 

Dioecious unarmed shrub or tree to 14 m; staminate perianth 

puberulent, to 5 mm long. 

Neotropics; sometimes common on dry west or northeast 

coastal woodlands of Dominica to 200 m; Batali River 

(Webster 13173, 13182), Cabrits (Hodge 3714, Webster 

13312), Grand Savanna (Ernst 1038, 1638), Hatton GardenSalybia (Hodge 3046,3085,3224), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 1833), 

Loubi5re (Hodge 3794), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4664, 

6038), Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4241). Flowering April-June, 

fruiting May-July. 

Pisonia suborbiculata 

Pisonio suborbiculoto Hemsley ex Duss, 1897:62.-Kellogg in Howard, 1988, 

Torrubio suborbiculoto (Duss) Britton, 1904:613. 

Guopiro suborbiculoto (Duss) Lundell, 1968:84. 

4186. 

Dioecious unarmed shrub or tree with small, orbicular 

leaves. 

Martinique and St. Lucia; perhaps rare on Dominica in dry 

woodlands of west coast: Grand Savanna (Stern & Wasshausen 

2456). Flowering and fruiting July. 

NYMPHAEACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Nymphaea Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Species with nocturnal flowers, Nymphaea rudgeana Meyer 

(with sinuate-dentate leaves) and N. amazonurn Martius & 

Zuccarini (with entire leaves), occur on both Guadeloupe and 

Martinique. 

The Asian crimson-red waterlily, Nymphaea rubra Roxburgh ex Salisbury, was recently collected at Canefield Estate 

(Whitefoord 5509). 

Nymphaea ampla 

Nymphoea amp10 (Salisbury) A.P. Candolle, 1821,254. 

Castolio omplo Salisbury, 1805, 1, notes to pl. 14. 
1 70 NYMPHAEACEAE~IACACEAE SMITHSOMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

White waterlily. 

Aquatic herb; leaves black-mottled below; flowers diurnal. 

Neotropics to subtropics; attributed to Dominica by VClez 

(1957:lM) on the authority of StehlC. No collections seen. 

OCHNACEAE 

(by C. Sastre) 

1. Shrub or treelet; stipules entire; flowering in terminal 

panicles; petals yellow; fruit of 1-5 carpel on a torus 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ouratea 

1. Herb; stipules laciniate; flowers (1-3) in axillary bostryches; petals white; fruit a capsule , . . . . Sauvagesia 

Ouratea Aublet, nom. cons. 

Ouratea guildingii (Planchon) Urban (“Guildingi”), with 

serrate leaves to 10 cm long, has been collected in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Whitefoord 6122). 

Ouratea ilicifolia (A.P. Candolle) Baillon, with spiny 

Zlex-like leaves, occurs only in the Greater Antilles. The 

citation for the type locality and other specimens cited by 

Dwyer (1944: 130) as “Dominica” is an error for the Dominican 

Republic (Hispaniola). 

Ouratea longifolia 

Owatea longifolia (Lamarck) Engler in Martius, 1876, 12(2):316. 

Ochna longifolio Lamarck, 1798, Encycl., 4511. 

Gomphia longifolio (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle, 1811:417. 

Bois perdrix. 

Tree to 9 m; leaves entire, elliptic, 20-40 cm long; flower 

yellow: immature fruits with green carpels and a spherical, red 

toms, mature fruits with red carpels and black torus. 

Guadeloupe; in northern rainforest of Dominica, 100-450 

m: Borne (Webster 13485), Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4059), 

Hampstead River (Hodge 3669, La Chaudiere (Hodge 3669, 

Morne Aux Diables (Nicolson 1930), Riversdale (Howard 

11 765). Fruiting May-June. 

Sauvagesiu Linnaeus 

Sauvagesia erecta 

Sawageria rrecta Linnaeus, 1753:203. 

Suffrutescent herb to 60 cm; leaves to 6 cm long; stipules 

conspicuous, laciniate; flowers white. 

Tropical America and Africa; on Dominica common in open 

and wet places along roads and disturbed areas in rainforest, 

30-850 m: Castle Bruce Road (Cowan 1611), Freshwater 

Lake-Laudat area (DeFilipps 145, Lloyd 52, Nicolson 1832, 

Smith 10217, Wilbur 7453), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3650), 

Lisdara (Hodge 480), Mantipo River (Hodge 479), Marigot 

(Hodge 478), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1709), Pont Casse area 

(Chambers 2720, Ernst 1192, Wilbur 7735), Ridgefield Estate 

(Hodge 2211). Sylvania (Cooper 3), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3509). 

Only the typical subspecies is found on Dominica. The other, 

Sauvagesia erecta subsp. brownei (Planchon) Sastre (1971:21), 

is restricted to Cuba, Jamaica, and Belize. Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985145, pl. 112) reported medicinal uses of a decoction. 

Bornstein (in Howard, 1989, 5300) disagreed with me 

(Sastre, 1971:5,27) about the typification. 

OLACACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

1. Thorns usually present; inner petal surface pilose; stamens 

8, anthers linear. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Ximenia 

1. Thorns absent; inner petal surface glabrous or villous only 

at base; stamens 4,5 or 10, anthers ovoid or globose. 

2. Calyx greatly enlarged in fruit: petals free; ovary 

superior; stamens 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heisteria 

2. Calyx not enlarged; petals united > half way; ovary 

half-inferior; stamens 4 or 5 . . . . . . . . . Schoepfm 

Heisteria Jacquin, nom. cons. 

Heisteria coccinea 

Heisreria coccinea Jacquin, 1760:20; 1763:126, pl. 81.-Sleumer, 198455. 

Bois perdrix. 

Small tree; flowers in 1-few-flowered fascicles; pedicels 

glabrous; fruiting calyx red, spreading to 2.5 cm; fruit a drupe. 

Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Venezuela; occasional in 

Dominican rainforests, 340-800 m: Carib Reserve (Hodge 

3249), Castle Bruce (Beard 626, Cowan 1603), Deux Branches 

(Ernst 1674), En Haut Jean (Nicolson 2162, Webster 13514), 

Glasham (Nicolson 2118), Layou River Road (Cowan 1629), 

Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13567), Newfoundland (DeFilipps 189, Point Lo10 (Chambers 2515, Webster 13378), 

Sylvania (Hodge 648,1040). 

Schoepfm Schreber 

Schoepfm schrebed 

Schoepfw schreberi Gmeh, 1791:376.--SIeumer, 1984:29. 

Caioniwn arborescens Vahl in Rohr & Vahl, 1792207. 

Schoepfia omerkana Willdenow, 1798, 1(2):9%, nom. illeg. 

Schoepfia arborescens (Vahl) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 

5: 160.-Grisebach, 1860:310. 

Shrub or small tree; flowers in 1-4-flowered fascicles; 

corolla lobes villous at point of insertiorrof sessile anthers; fruit 

a drupe. 

Northern neotropics; dry west coast of Dominica: Cabrits 

(Whitefoord 5252), Dublanc (Whitefoord 502 7). Fruiting in 

January. 
NUMBER 77 OIACACEAE~NAGRACEAE 171 

Ximenia Linnaeus 

Ximenia americana 

Ximenia americana Linnaeus. 1753:1193.-Sleumer, 1984:89. 

Usually thorny shrub or small tree; flowers in simple or 

compound fascicles of 1-many flowers; petal hairs white when 

fresh, orange when dry; ovary superior; fruit an edible drupe. 

Tropics and subtropics; new record for Dominica, infrequent 

on dry west coast: Colihaut (Wilbur 8276). Fruiting in August. 

Our specimen is of the typical variety. 

OLEACEAE 

Noronhia emarginata (Lamarck) Du Petit-Thouars, French 

kenip, was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 

1. Calyx inconspicuous, -2 mm long; petals united only at 

base, lobes linear. ............. Chionanthus 

1. Calyx conspicuous, with linear lobes -1 cm long; petals 

3948). 

united half their length, lobes 6-9, broad. .. Jusminum 

Chionanthus Linnaeus 

Dominican specimens are often misdetermined as Chionanthus (Linociera) domingensis, which has a glabrous and ‘/2-3/4 

united calyx. 

With reluctance I disagree with Dr. Steam (1977) and restore 

the original feminine gender of this generic name. 

1. Petals margins inrolled, 0.3 mm wide; stamens tipped with 

an elongate apiculum ............ C. compacta 

1. Petals flat, 1.5 mm wide: stamens tipped with a globular 

gland. ...................... C. dussu 

Chwnanthus compacta 

Chionanthus compacta Swartz, 1788:13.--Stearn, 19773356. 

chionanthus caribaea Jacquin, 1789. Coll., 2:110, pl. 6: fig. 1. 

Linociera compacta (Swartz) R. Brown ex G. Don. 1837.452. 

Mayepea caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 1891, 1:411. 

Linociera caribaea (Jacquin) Knoblauch, 1895:87.-Little et al., 1974:820. pl. 

661. 

Bois fer blanc. 

Shrub or tree to 6 m (dbh to 6 cm); leaves ovate-lanceolate, 

attenuate; flowers white, mildly aromatic; fruits black, 1.5 cm 

x 1 cm. 

Guatemala, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico through the Lesser 

Antilles into northern S. America; in Dominica on slopes above 

coasts: Fond Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4444), Grand Savanne 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2452), Grand Bay (Ernst 1067), Petit 

Soufrikre Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 2478), Wallhouse (Eggers 

863). Flowering April (south coast), July (east coast), October 

pond Hunte), December (Wallhouse) and fruiting July (Grand 

Savanne). 

Chwnanthus dussli 

ChiO~tUb dwii (IGug & Uh) Steam, 1977:357. 

Mayepea dwsii Krug & Urban in Urban, 1892347. 

Linociera dwsii (Krug & Urban) Knoblauch, 1895:87.4mp & Monachino, 

1939223. 

Similar to preceding species except in key characters. 

Martinique; in Dominica (new record) without locality): 

Fishlock 15. The specimen flowered in 1915 but no month is 

mentioned. Fruiting material, such as cited under the preceding 

species, cannot yet be placed with certainty without flowers. 

Jasminum Linnaeus 

Jasminum jluminense Vellozo and Jasminum sambac Ginnaeus) Aiton are reported as cultivated on Dominica by 

Howard (1989,6:81-83). 

Jasmin um m ultiflorum 

Jasminwn multiflorwn (N. Burman) Andrews, 1807. 

Nyctanthes multiflora N. Burman, 17685, pl. 3: fig. 1. 

Nyctanthes pubescens Retzius. 1788,5:9. 

Jasmttrun pubescens (Retzius) WiUdenow, 1797,1:37. 

Trailing shrub; stems pubescent; leaves simple, -5 cm x 3 

cm; flowers white, showy; calyx lobes pubescent. 

Introduced from Asia; cultivated and occasionally escaping(?) in Dominica: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3315), Massacre 

(Whitefoord 4636), Point Baptiste (Hodge 3I34), Sylvania 

(Howard 11776), cult. Roseau (DHN!). 

ONACRACEAE 

Ludwigia Linnaeus 

1. Sepals 5; seeds in single rows (uniseriate) in each locule 

and embedded in endocarp ......... L. leptocarpa 

1. Sepals 4, rarely 5; seeds of at least upper 1/4 of capsule 

irregularly massed (multiseriate) in each locule and not 

embedded in endocarp. 

2. Seeds of upper capsule multiseriate and not embedded, 

those of lower portion uniseriate and embedded; pollen 

in single grains ............. L. hyssopifolia 

2. Seeds all multiseriate and not embedded in endowp: 

pollen in tetrads. 

3. Capsule 4-angled, 4 cm long; raphe of seed linear, 

l/s or less the seed diameter. ....... L. erecta 

3. Capsule terete, 1.7-4.5 cm long; raphe of seed 

inflated, finely transversely ridged, equaling the seed 

diameter ................ L. octovalvis 

Ludwigia erecta 

Luhoigia erecta (Linnaeus) Hara, 1953:292.-Ramamoorthy & Zardini, 

Jussiaea erecta Linnaeus, 1753:388. 

1987:%. 
172 ONAGRACEAJ+~XALDACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Suffruticose herb to 3 m; petals yellow, 3.5-5 mm long. 

Neotropical weed, introduced elsewhere; Dominica in wet 

places: Cabrit swamp (Whitc$oord 4061), Canefield (Ernst 

1900). 

Ludwigia hyssopifolia 

Lumvigia hyssopifoh (G. Don) Exell in Femandez & Femandez, 1957:471. 

Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don. 1832,2:693. 

Herb to 1 m; petals yellow, 2-3 mm long. 

Pantropical weed: common in Dominica along wet roadsides 

to 550 m: Layou River mouth (Ernst 2155), Pont CassC (Ernst 

1239, Ravine Deux Dleau (Ernst 1902). 

Ludwigia leptocarpa 

Lumvigia leptocarpa (Nuttall) Ham, 1953:292. 

Jussiaea leptocarpa Nuttall, 1818, 1:279, “Jussieua.” 

Suffruticose herb with petals yellow, 5-11 mm long. 

Pantropical weed; only once collected in Dominica, reported 

as common in wet meadow: Londonderry Estate (Chambers 

2694). 

Ludwigia octovalvis 

Luhoigia octovalvk (Jacquin) Raven, 1962:476. 

Jussiaea s@uticara haws, 1753:388, non Ludwigia suffruticosa T 

Oenothera octovalvk Jacquin, 1760: 19. 

Jussiaea angustifolia Lamarck, 1789,3:332. 

Jussiaea ligustrifolia Kunth, 1823,6100. 

Jussiaea s@uticosa var. ligustrifolia (Kunth) Grisebach, 1860a:187. 

Walter. 

Suffruticose herb to 4 m; petals yellow, 3-17 mm long. 

Pantropical weed; common in Dominica in wet, disturbed 

areas to 780 m: Balata (Nicolson 2013**), Breakfast River 

(Hodge 1899), Cabrit swamp (Hodge 461 *, Whitefoord 

4063*), Canefield (Whitefoord 6095), Clarke Hall (Ernst 

1882**, Webster 13195**), Deux Branches (Hodge 3468**), 

Dleau Gommier (Clarke D-lo**), Gommier (Ermr 1992*), 

Hungry Hill Estate (Whitefoord 4478*), La Chaudi5re (Hodge 

3631), Laudat (Hodge 1767, Lloyd 220), Layou River mouth 

(Ernst 1937*), L’Impdvue (Narodny s.n.*), Londonderry 

(Chambers 2693**), Pont Casd (Ernst 1238**, Wilbur 

7560*), Syndicate (Hodge 271 4, Whitefoord 3587*), S ylvania 

(Cooper 68*, Hodge 462,463*). 

Two subspecies on Dominica were differentiated by Raven 

(1964:357): plants with erect hairs and (often) subovate leaves 

are Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (Micheli) Raven 

(1962:476); plants with hairs absent or appressed and leaves 

lanceolate-linear are subsp. octovalvis. In Dominican material 

the variation in pubescence can be seen but nothing approaching subovate leaves. Collections (US) marked with “*” are 

regarded as subsp. sessiliflora and those with “**” as subsp. 

octovalvis. 

OXALIDACEAE 

Averrhoa carambola Linnaeus, the star fruit, a tree with sour, 

five-ridged fruits has been collected in the Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Hodge 970). 

Oxalis Linnaeus 

Oxalis insipida St. Hilaire (Hodge 3940, distributed as 0. 

dispar N.E. Brown) was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic 

Gardens, a shrub with leaflets -6 cm long. Lourteig (pers. 

comm.) regards this as a subspecies of 0. psoruleoides. 

1. Leaves pinnately 3-fOliOhte; leaflets with apex entire to 

slightly emarginate. 

2. Cyme 2-forked, each fork elongating; stem without 

prominent leaf-scars; petals white to pink (sometimes 

yellow?). ................ .O. barrelien‘ 

2. Cymes fasciculate (k umbellate); stem with prominent 

leaf-scars: petals yellow ......... 0. frutescens 

1. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets distinctly bilobed at 

apex. 

3. Plants caulescent; flowers yellow; sepals without apical 

glands. ................. 0. corniculata 

3. Plants acaulescent from underground bulbs; flowers 

pink; each sepal with 2 apical glands (calluses) .... 0. debilis ........................ 

Oxalis barrelien 

Oxalis barrelieri Linnaeus, 1762:624.-hrteig, 1975:456. 

Lotoxalk barrelieri (Linnaeus) Small in North her. FI., 1907,25(1):49. 

Erect herb; leaflets to 4.5 cm long; petal limbs white to pink, 

throat yellow. 

Neotropical but now widely scattered; a common weed on 

Dominica to 500 m: Cabrits (Nicolson 1905, Smith 10331), 

Canefield (Hodge 459, Clarke Hall ridge (Webster 13191), La 

Chaudi5re (Hodge 3613), Laudat (Hodge 2056), Lisdara 

(Hodge 2331), Roseau (Hodge 454), South Chiltern (Ernst 

1123, Hodge 1469), Sylvania (Hodge 1110,1136), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 3511,4464), Wallhouse (Eggers 572). 

Oxalis sepium St. Hilaire was reported from Dominica by 

Grisebach (1860:133), based on an Imray specimen (non vidi). 

Lloyd field notes (NY) indicate that he collected this from 

Roseau (Lloyd 928) and Soufriere (Lloyd 423,430,456) but the 

specimens could not be located (NY). This species should be 

very similar to 0. barrelieri; indeed Veldkamp (in Steenis, 

1971, 7:155) makes it a synonym. However, it is supposed to 

have yellow flowers and 0. barrelieri is supposed to have pink 

flowers with a yellow center. We have one collection from 

Dominica described with “petals orange-yellow” (Smith 

10331). From Lourteig annotations (US) I judge that 0. sepium 

has fallen into synonymy of 0. barrelieri and that 0. barrelieri 

also has yellow flowers but remain uncertain. 
OXALIDACFAE-PASSIFLDRACEAE NUMBER 77 173 

Oxalis corniculata 

Oxalis corniculata Linnaeus, 1753:435.-Eiten, 1955:99.-hrteig, 1979:98. 

Oxolis repens Thunberg, 1781:6, 16, pl. 1. 

Xonfhodis corniculafo (Linnaeus) Small, 1903667. 

Spreading and creeping herb; petals yellow. 

Cosmopolitan weed; along roads and in gardens of Dominica: Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2158), Roseau (Ernst 2147, 

Hodge 458). 

The Emst specimen, with a diminutive and reddish aspect, 

was annotated by burteig as “Oxalis corniculata L. var. 

atropurpurea Planchon attacked by fungus.” 

Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa 

Oxalis debilir Kunth var. corymboso (A.P. Candolle) Lourteig. 1980840. 

Oxalis corymbosa A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1:6%.-Denton, 1973580. 

Ionoxalis morriono (Zuccarini) Small, 1903:665. 

OXOliS WWrfhM &Cd, 1825~144. 

Herb from small, scaly bulbs; leaflets obcordate; sepals with 

2 orange, apical glands (calluses); petals pink. 

Neotropical but widely cultivated and escaping; in Dominica 

in shade at mid-elevations: Fond Baron Estate (Ernst 1614), 

Lisdara (Hodge 2465), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2207), 

Roseau Valley (Lloyd 813). Sylvania (Cooper 21, Hodge 453). 

Oxalis frutescens 

Oxalis frutescens Linnaeus, 1753:435.--Lourteig, 1975:461. 

Loroxalirfrutescens (hmaeus) Small in North Amer. Fl.. 1907,25(1):47. 

Woody subshrub to 7.5 dm; stem branched near top, with 

prominent leaf-scars; flowers yellow. 

Neotropics; in dry scrub dong central western coast of 

Dominica: Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4453), Gabriel 

(Wilbur 8231), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 2450), 

Mero (Chambers 2777). Picard Estate (Kimber 902), Tarou 

Cliffs (Ernst 1705, Webster 13275). 

PA PAVERACEAE 

1. Plant spiny; petals present, yellow; seeds numerous ... ......................... Argemone 

1. Plant unarmed; petals absent; seed 1 ...... Bocconia 

Argemone Linnaeus 

Argemone mexicana 

Argemone mexicano Linnaeus, 1753:508. 

Spiny herb to 1 m; sap yellow, leaves mottled, major veins 

whitish; inflorescences few-flowered; petals yellow. 

Cosmopolitan weed; in Dominica in dry scrub woodland 

along west coast to 180 m: Coulibisai (Ernst 1403, 1657), 

West Cabrit (Hodge 3707, Whitefoord 3981). 

Bocconia Linnaeus 

Bocconia frutescens 

Bocconiofru&escens Linnaeus. 1753:505. 

Glaucous herbaceous shrub to 10 m; sap reddish; inflorescences many-flowered; petals none. 

Neotropics; in disturbed places of southwest Dominica: 

Grand Bay (Eggers 615), Laudat (Lloyd 354), Morne Awurna 

(Nicolson 1999), near Soufribre village (Ernst 1346), South 

Chiltem (Hodge 1644). 

PASSIFLORACEAE 

Passiflora multijlora Linnaeus, of Costa Rica and Greater 

Antilles, was cited for Dominica by Grisebach (1860:291), 

based on Linnaeus’ citation of the type locality as “Dominica.” 

The type locality is surely the Dominican Republic in 

Hispaniola, as concluded by Killip (1938:77). 

Passiflora vitifolia Kunth, with large, scarlet flowers and 

3-lobed leaves, was cultivated at Lisdara Estate (Hodge 2418). 

Passiflora Linnaeus 

1. Petioles glandular. 

2. Leaves unlobed. 

3. Stems terete; stipules small, setaceous ........ ...................... P. laurifolia 

3. Stems quadrangular, winged stipules large ..... .................. P. quadrangular6 

2. Leaves lobed (individual leaves sometimes unlobed). 

4. Leaves 5-7-lobed ......... P. serratodigitata 

4. Leaves 3-lobed. 

5. Leaf margins serrate; bracts and petals present 

...................... P. edulis 

5. Leaf margins entire; bracts and petals absent ..................... P. suberosa 

6. Stipules and floral bracts pinnatisect ..... P. foelida 

6. Stipules setaceous; floral bracts setaceous or absent. 

8. Leaves with glands beneath, apex shallowly 3- 

lobed, base truncate to obtuse; seeds with rugulose 

transverse ridges ......... P. rotundifolia 

8. Leaves without glands beneath, apex 2-lobed, base 

cordate; seeds with smooth transverse ridges 

...................... P. rubra 

9. Sepals 1-2 cm long; corona with 2 series of 

filaments .............. P. andersonii 

9. Sepals 2.5-3.7 cm long; corona with 1 series of 

filaments .............. P. stenosepala 

1. Petioles eglandular. 

7. Plants pubescent. 

7. Plants glabrous. 
1 74 PASSIPLORACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Pass iflora andersonii 

Passijlora andersonii A.P. Candolle, 1828, 3:326.-Bornstek in Howard, 

Passifora bijlora sensu Grisebach, 1860:293, non Lemarck. 

1989,5:372. 

Trois quarts. 

Plants glabrous; petiole glandless; leaves shallowly 3-loW, 

peduncle 2-5 cm long, articulate near the flower; ovary 

glabrous to pubescent. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in coastal thickets and 

disturbed rainforest to 650 m: Bernard Estate (Wasshuusen & 

Ayensu 372), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3348, Stehle 6415), 

Delices (Whitefoord 3771), L’ Anse Noire (Ernst 2078), Morne 

Plaisance (Whitefoord 5899), Point Lo10 (Webster 13379), 

Salisbury (Whitefoord 4517), sine loc. (Zwuy s.n.). 

A decoction of this is used by Caribs to induce lactation 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957590). 

Passtflora edulis 

Passiflora edulk Sims, 1818. 

Passion fruit. 

Plants glabrous; petiole biglandular at apex; leaves 3-lobed 

to middle or below, serrate, membranous; ovary glabrous or 

pubescent; fruit to 5 cm long, 

Neotropics; probably introduced in Dominica for ornament 

or fruits and naturalizing: Clarke Hall (Wasshamen & Ayensu 

309), Mt. Joy (Hodge 911), Seen in fruit 5 Jun 1977 at Fort 

Shirley (DHN!). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985155, pl. 121) reported fruit juice 

used against hypertension. 

Passiflora foetida var. hispida 

Passiflora foetida var. hispida (Triana & Planchon) Killip in Gleason, 

Passiflora hispida A.P. Candolle ex Triana & Planchon in A.P. Candolle, 1873, 

1931:408.-Killip, 1938:494. 

17:172. 

Mariguja, marie goucha, merekuia, le meku (“monkey’s 

genitals,” Carib). 

Stems hispid; petioles glandless; leaves appressed hispidhirsute, 3(-5)-lobed, margins -I entire or remotely denticulate, 

ciliate with glandular hairs; ovary glabrous. 

West Indies, South America, Old World tropics; in Dominica in disturbed areas 400-700 m: Morne Trois Pitons (Ernst 

1234), Ridgefield (Hodge 2125), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 549), 

Salybia (Hodge 3193). 

The fruit is eaten by Caribs, the leaves are used to make a tea 

for colds and to bathe the sick (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:589). 

Killip (1938:474-512) recognized 37 varieties in this 

species, of which three occur in the Lsser Antilles, this one 

with glabrous ovaries, while vars. foetida and gossypiifoliu 

have pubescent ovaries. 

Passiflora laurifolia 

Passijlora laurifolia Linnaeus. 1753:956.-Wp, 1938:365. 

Water lemon, pomme de liane, merekuia (Carib, cf. Tupi 

marakuya). 

Plants glabrous; petiole biglandular at apex; leaves ovateoblong, to 12 cm long, entire, coriaceous; ovary pubescent; 

fruit to 8 cm long. 

Cultivated in neotropics for fruit and flowers; probably 

native in Dominica on eastern and northern coastal bluffs: Anse 

du Me (Hodge 3736), Calibishie (Hodge 3162), Hampstead 

River (Nicolson 4235), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2945), Petite 

Soufri&re Bay (Stern & Wusshausen 2481), Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Fuirchild s.n.), Walkers Rest (Chambers 2776), 

Woodford Hill (Ernst 1551). 

Caribs eat fruits and peel the stems for basketry (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957589). 

Passwora quadrangularis 

Passijlora quadrangdark Linnaeus, 1759a: 1248. 

Barbadine, granadilla. 

Plants glabrous; stems 4-angled, the angles winged; stipules 

foliaceous, persistent; petioles 6-glandular at apex, the glands 

in pairs; leaves unlobed, broadly oblong, to 15 cm x 20 cm; 

fruit to 30 cm long. 

Neotropics; cultivated and escaping in Dominica: Milton 

Estate (Hodge 2772), waterfall below Laudat (Hodge 2002), 

Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2165). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985155, pl. 122) reported external 

medical use of the leaves. 

Passiflorn rotundifolia 

Passiflora rotundiyolia Linnaeus, 1753:957. 

Plants pubemlent; petioles glandless; leaves f orbicular, 

obtuse below, repand or emarginate above, entire; corona with 

2 series of filaments; ovary pubescent. 

Lesser Antilles; in interior forests of Dominica to 850 m: 

Morne Micohin (Ernst 1091), without locality (Zway s.n. at 

This is part of the complex including P. andersonii and P. 

GH). 

stenosepalu. 

Passiflora rubra 

Passiflora rubra Linnaeus, 1753:956.-Killip. 1938:217. 

Passion flower, pomme de liane zombie, trois quarts. 

Plants pubemlent; petioles glandless; leaves without glands 

beneath, bilobed, entire, the middle lobe usually suppressed, 

the base cordate. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

moist or dry forest to 550 m: Bataka (Stehle 6371). Carholm 
NUMBER 77 PASSIFLORACE~E-F’HYTUIACCACEAE 175 

Estate (Ernst 1938), Layou Village (Ernst 1987), Roseau 

Valley (Lloyd 553), Salybia (Hodge 3284), South Chiltern 

(Stern & Warshausen 2526), Sylvania (Hodge s.n., Nicolson 

1870), without locality (Taylor 127). 

A decoction is used by Caribs to induce lactation (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957590). 

Passifora serratodigitata 

Passifora serratodigitata Linnaeus, 1753:960.-Killip, 1938:341. 

Passiflora serrata Linnaeus, 1759a:1248. 

Feuille carapate. 

Plants glabrous; petioles 4-glandular; leaves 5-7-lobed 

below the middle, the margins serrulate. 

West Indies, South America; in Dominican lowland forests: 

Layou (Rumage sen. at BM), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2946), 

without locality (Imray 96 at K). 

Pass (flora stenosepala 

Passiflora stenosepala Killip, 1938:145. 

Plants glabrous; petioles glandless; leaves truncate to 

shallowly 3-lobed, rounded to truncate at base; coronal 

filaments in 1 series. 

St. Lucia and Dominica; in Dominican lowlands: La 

Chaudihre (Hodge 3589), without locality (Zmray 270, photo 

from K). 

Closely related to P: andersonii, as noted by Bornstein (in 

Howard, 1989,5:385). 

Passiflora suberosa 

Passiflora suberosa Linnaeus, 1753:958.-Killip, 1938:88. 

Passiflora minima Iinnaeus, 1753:959. 

Passiflora angustifolia Swartz, 1788:97. 

Passiflora hederacea Cavanilles, 1790,10448. 

Passifora lineariloba I. Hooker, 1851:222. 

Passifora villosa Macfadyen [1837, 2:151, nom. invalid. (printed but not 

distributed)] ex Gnsebach, 1860:291. 

Passiflora suberosa var. minim0 (Linnaeus) Masters, 1871:630. 

Passiflora suberosa var. angustifoh (Swartz) Masters, 1871 :630. 

Passiflora suberosa var. hederacea (Cavanilles) Masters, 1871:630. 

Passiflora suberara var. lineariloba (J. Hooker) Masters in Martius, 1872, 

13(1):579. 

Passion flower, wild water-lemon. 

Petiolar glands 2, stipitate; leaves ciliate or not, shape 

extremely variable, from entire to deeply 3-lobed, margins 

entire; floral bracts and petals absent; ovary glabrous. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in moist to dry woodlands to 300 

m: Cabrit (Nicolson 1889, Smith 10323), Clarke Hall (Ernst 

1265), Dew Granges (Nicolson 2095), Hatton Garden (Hodge 

3082), Salybia (Hodge 3082, Stehlt 6411). 

PHYTOLACCACEAE 

1. Ovary of 9-16 united carpels, ribbed when dry ...... ......................... Phytolacca 

1. Ovary of 1 carpel with 1 seed. 

2. Flowers sessile or k sessile (pedicel to 1.5 mm); fiuit 

dry, with hooked awns or tubercles. 

3. Inflorescence short, -4 cm; fruit globoid, tuberculate, 

spreading from inflorescence axis . . , , , Microtea 

3. Spikes elongate, to 40 cm; fruit linear, with hooked 

awns, appressed to inflorescence axis ... Petiveria 

4. Annual shrub; stamens 4; tepals erect in fiuit. ... ........................ Rivina 

4. Woody vine; stamens 8-12; tepals deflexed in fruit 

2. Flowers on pedicels >3 mm long; fruit fleshy, smooth. 

..................... TrichosCigma 

Microtea Swartz 

Microtea debilis 

Microtea debilis Swanz, 178853. 

Demoiselle. 

Herb to 5 cm; fruits to 1.5 mm long, tuberculate. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a roadside weed in moist areas to 

600 m: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3376), Grand Bay (Emst 1072), 

Grand Savanna (Ernst 2122), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4678), 

Pont Casse (Webster 13457a), Portsmouth garden weed 

(DHN!), South Chiltern (Hodge 1624), Soufrihre (Lloyd 402), 

sine loc. (Eggers 563). 

Reported as used to make a medicinal tea by Caribs (Hodge 

and Taylor, 1957556) but misidentified (Hodge 3376) as 

Rivina humilis. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:157, pl. 123) reported 

similar medical uses. 

Petiveria Linnaeus 

Petiveria alliacea 

Petiveria alliacea Linnaeus, 1753:342. 

Kudjuruk or cojorok (patois), emeruaiuma, lemuru (Carib). 

Perennial herb to 1.5 m with garlic odor; achenes armed with 

4 deflexed awns, appressed to axis. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a weed in disturbed lowlands: 

Clarke Hall (Chambers 2708, Ernst 1690, Stern & Wusshausen 

2392), Colihaut (Wilbur 8120), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 

4660), Salybia (Hodge 3194). 

Used by Caribs as a charm and medicine (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957556). Adjanohoun et al. (1985157, pl. 124) reported 

similar uses. 

Phytolacca Linnaeus 

Phytolacca rivinoides 

Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche in Link, Kunth & Bouche, 1849:lS. 

Pokeweed, z’oreilles mulatre, tarikai (Carib). 
176 PHYTOLnCCACEAE-PIFERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Herb with loose racemes; carpels 10-16; tepals deciduous; 

hits becoming dark purple. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a weed to 550 m: Bellevue (Taylor 

26), Deux Branches (Hodge 2988), Fond Figues River (Ernst 

1439, La Chaudihre (Hodge 3581), Lisdara Estate (Cooper 

147, Hodge 2458), Mome Jaune (Nicolson 2043, Sylvania 

(Hodge 1160), Pont Casse (Long & Norstog 3374), Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 3660), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 779), sine loc. 

(Fishlock 37, Imray 98 at GH, 214 at K). 

Caribs boil young leaves as an edible green, said to be good 

for “dropsy” (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:556). 

What, in the past (incl. Grisebach, Urban), was called P. 

icosandra is now called P. rivinoides and what was called P. 

octandra is now called R icosandra. Two Dominican specimens (Ramage s.n. 17 May 1889 (BM) from Morne Barby and 

Eggers 663 (GOET) from Rosalie) have been annotated as P. 

icosandra but the note “short racemes of icosandra but tepals 

deciduous” suggest a need for restudy. Phytolacca icosandra 

(alias P. octandra), with a distinctly spike-like and densely 

flowered raceme with persistent tepals, probably is not native in 

the Lesser Antilles. 

Rivina Linnaeus 

Rivina humilis 

Rivina hunu’1i.v Linnaeus, 1753:121. 

Shrub to 1 m; berry red, with erect tepals. 

Pantropical; in Dominica in disturbed areas on dry west coast 

to 200 m: Cabrits (Ernst 2094, Smith 10325, Wilbur 8264), 

Soufriib-e (Lloyd 436). 

Trichostignua A. Richard 

Trichostigma octandrum 

Trichtigma octandrum (Linnaeus) H. Walter in Engler. 1909, IV.83 (Heft 

Rivina ocfandra Linnaeus, 17569. 

Villamilla octandra (Linnaeus) J. Hooker in Bentham & J. Hooker, 1880,3:81. 

39):109. 

Shrub or liana to 10 m; hits brown with deflexed tepals. 

Neotropics; in dry grassland and woodlands of west coast to 

180 m: Cabrits (Hodge 3716, Smith 10336), Colihaut (Ernst 

1147). Macoucherie (Hodge 3765), Salisbury (Ernst 1762). 

PIPERACEAE 

1. Spikes several on a common peduncle; leaves peltate, 15 

cm or more broad. .............. Lepianthes 

1. Spikes solitary; leaves not peltate or, if so, only to 5 cm 

broad. 

2. Herbs; floral bracts punctate, not fimbriate; stigma 1 

........................ Peperomia 

2. Vines or shrubs; floral bracts epunctate, fimbriate; 

stigmas 2-5. 

3. Spikes opposite the leaves; leaves acute to rounded 

3. 

......................... Piper 

Spikes axillary; leaves cordate to rounded ...... ..................... Sarcorhachis 

Lepianthes Rafinesque 

Lepianthes peltata 

Lepianthes peltata (Linnaeus) Rafiiesque, 1838:85.-Howard. 1973a:381. 

Piper peltatwn Linnseus, 1753:30, “pelotwn.” 

Pothomorphe peltau (tinnaeus) Miquel, 1840:37. 

Pothomorphe dwsii Trelease in Stehl6,1940:61.Stehlt, 1957:615. 

Mal l’estomac, ma1 ete, monkey’s hand. 

Herbaceous shrub to 2 m; leaves broadly ovate, peltate, to 35 

cm broad; spikes umbellate on a common peduncle. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 350 m: Bataka 

(Hodge 3192, Stehlt 6098, Taylor 144), Clarke Hall (Ernst 

1001), Hatton Garden (Hodge 2942), La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3679), Holmwood (Webster 13282), Marigot (Hodge 427, 

Nicolson 2010). Melville Hall (Hodge 423, Morne Negres 

Marrons (Hodge 1076), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 692). 

Caribs heat the leaves and apply to the head for headaches 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:553). 

There is a controversy about the comt generic name, 

essentially a question on the lectotypification of Lepianthes. 

Howard (1973a:381) cited Piper umbellaturn as type but did 

not make it absolutely clear whether it was of his accepted 

name (Lepianthes), of his synonym (Pothomorphe), or of both. 

Wilbur (1985:288) lectotypified Lepianthes on Lepianthes 

granulata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, making it a synonym of Piper 

and accepted Pothomorphe for this species. Jones and Lamboy 

(1986:153) objected, supporting Howard‘s choice as effective 

and first. Wilbur (1987:113) reinforced his earlier position. I 

prefer Pothomorphe, being the historically more familiar name, 

and I agree with Wilbur that Howard’s designation was unclear. 

However, I accept Lepianthes to concord with the Flora of the 

Lesser Antilles. 

Peperomia Ruiz & Pav6n 

1. Leaves peltate ............. P. hernandiifolia 

1. Leaves not peltate. 

2. Leaves typically in whorls of 3, sometimes opposite 

........................ P. tnyoria 

2. Leaves alternate. 

3. Venation distinctly pinnate. 

4. Beak of fruit 0.2 mm long, brown, bent or straight 

but not hooked, granular .... P. magnoliifolia 

4. Beak of fruit 0.5 mm long, white, straight and 

hooked at apex, not granular ... R obtuscfolia 

5. Plants repent; leaves to 1.5 cm across; venation 

indistinct. 

3. Venation distinctly palmate or indistinct. 
NUMBER 77 PIPERACEAE 177 

6. Leaves elliptic, etc. but not rotund ....... .................... P. tenella 

6. Leaves rotund or very nearly so. 

7. Stem glabrous, leaves often emarginate, to 

0.5 cm across; fruit on stipe 0.8 mm long 

................ P. emarginella 

7. Stem puberulent; leaves not emarginate, to 1 

cm across; fruit not stipitate ......... ................ P. rotundifolia 

5. Plants erect; leaves 2 cm wide or more; venation 

distinctly palmate. 

8. Leaves thin, pellucid (translucent), glabrous; 

leaf-bases cordate to k cordate ......... 

8. Leaves opaque, glabrous or pubescent; leafbases cuneate to rounded. 

9. Stems and petioles pubescent ........ .................. P. hirtella 

9. Stems and petioles glabrous. 

10. Leaf apex obtuse to acute; plant inconspicuously black-punctate, erect and not 

rooting at nodes ...... P. myrtifolia 

10. Leaf-apex acute to acuminate; plants conspicuously black-punctate (when dry), 

typically rooting at nodes ......... ............. P. nigropunctata 

.................. P. pellucida 

Peperomia emarginella 

Peperomia emarginella (Wikstrom) A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 

Piper emarginellwn Swam ex Wikstrom. 1828:56. 

16:437.-Howard, 1973a:382. 

Delicate repent herb, often epiphytic; stem glabrous; leaves 

rotund, to 0.5 cm wide, glabrous to sparsely villous. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in wet forests 325-1000 

m: Deux Branches (Hodge 3000,3576,3492), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 409), Laudat (Hodge 1810, Lloyd 212), La Chaudiere

(Hodge 3576). Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1659), Morne Trois 

Pitons (Hodge 1189, Wilbur 7811), Pont Casse (Chambers 

2542), Ravine Deux Dleau (Ernst 1902), Salybia River (Hodge 

3242), Trafalgar Falls (Hodge 2013). 

Peperomia hernandiifolia 

Peperomia hernandiifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 1831, 1:157.-Howard, 1973a:384. 

Piper herdiifoliwn Vahl. 1804. Enum., 1 :344, "hernandifoliwn." 

Repent, puberulent, sometimes epiphytic herb; leaves peltate. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in rainforest 500- 1050 m: 

Brantridge (Ernst I195), Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 4189, 

Laudat (Eggers s.n., Hodge 1843), Morne Anglais (Fennah 18, 

Hodge 410, 2310), Morne Micotrin (Wilbur 7464), Mome 

Negres Marrons (Hodge 1058), Morne Nicholls summit 

(Hodge 1944), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1687, I705), Mosquito 

Mountain (Websrer 13533), Pont Casse (Hodge 1192, Wilbur 

7800, 8149), Sylvania (Hodge IIOO), Trois Pitons River 

(Nicolson 1948), sine loc. Dudley s.n. 

Peperomia hirtella 

Peperomia hirtella Miquel, 1845:414.-Howard, 1973a:384. 

Peperomia herminieri A.C. Candolle, 1882316. 

Peperomia dissitifora A.C. Candolle, 1898:279. 

Epiphytic and puberulent herb; leaves black-punctate, 

elliptic to ovate, palmately veined. 

Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in upland and mossy 

forests: Central Forest Reserve (Ernst 1182), Freshwater Lake 

area (Ernst 1788, Hodge 1861, Nicolson 1835, Smith 10240, 

10257, Webster 13252, Wilbur 7400), Mome Anglais or 

Couliaboune (Hodge 416, 420, 2262, Imray 244, Lloyd 212, 

Wilbur 7965), Morne Diablotins (Hodge 2789,2820, Nicolson 

1917, Webster 13345), Mome Micotrin (Fosberg 48290, 

Morne Negres Marrons (Hodge IO68), Morne Nicholls (Hodge 

1922), Morne Plat Pays (Hodge 1686), Mome Trois Pitons 

(Hodge 419,1379), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 13542). 

Peperornia magnoliifolia 

Peperomia magnoliifolia (Jacquin) Dietrich, 1831, 1:153.-Howard, 

Piper magnoliifoliwn Jacquin. 1789, Coll., 3:210, "magnoliaefolium." 

Peperomia conulifera Treleasein Stehle et al., 1948,2:44.Stehle, 1957:618. 

1973a:386. 

Glabrous herb; leaves elliptic to obovate; fruit beak straight 

or bent but not hooked. 

West Indies, northern S. America; in Dominica from 65-600 

m: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2239, Clarke Hall (Ernst 1708, 

Webster 13197), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7917), Hatton Garden 

(Hodge 3035), La Plaine (Ernst 1908), Lisdara (Cooper 178), 

Montpelier (Lloyd 583), Mome Colla Anglais (Webster 

13433), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6026). Petite Soufribre Bay 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2480), Roseau (Stehle 6318), Salybia 

(Hodge 417,3314), South Chiltern (Hodge 1507,1550,1558). 

Peperomia myrtifolia 

Peperomia myrtifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 1831, 1:147.-Howard. 1973a:387. 

Pipermyrfifoliwn Vahl, 1804, Enum., 1:341. 

Peperomia ruprrfiana A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:413. 

Peperomia broadwayi A.C. Candolle in Urban, 19M, 3:240. 

Succulent often with reddish stems; leaves palmately veined 

broadly elliptic-ovate, obtuse to acute at apex. 

Lesser Antilles; in Dominica in dry areas 10-150 m: Cabrits 

(Nicolson 1896, 4204, Webster 13302, Whitefoord 3990, 

Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2388). 

A specimen from Fon Pays (lo00 m in rainforest), Hodge 

2846, has been annotated by R.A. Howard (in 1972) as this 

species. The habitat seems wrong. The specimen is poor and 

does not well match any other species. 
178 F’IPERACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Peperomia nigropunctata 

Peperomia nigropunctoto Miquel, 1843:188.-Howard, 1973a:389. 

Peperomia ocuminoto sensu Grisebach, 1860:165, non Ruiz & Pav6n, nor 

Peperomia nemormo A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869,16:415. 

(Linnaeus) A.C. Candolle in Urban. 

Plants glabrous, conspicuously black-punctate; leaves 

mostly acuminate, venation palmate; the inflorescence regularly 2-branched, one larger and one smaller. 

West Indies; common in Dominica in rainforests, 100-1 140 

m: Deux Branches (Hodge 3104,3426), Freshwater Lake area 

(Gillis 8317, Hodge 1769, Lloyd 42, 931, Wasshausen & 

Ayesu 340, Wilbur 7382), Hampstead (Lloyd 630), Jean (Ernst 

I823), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3512), Lisdara (Hodge 422,423), 

Morne Anglais (Hodge 418, 2242), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 

7892), Pont Casse (Wilbur 8197), Roche d’Or (Wasshausen & 

Ayemu 398), South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2503), 

Springfield (Wilbur 76&5), Sylvania (Hodge 421), Syndicate 

(Webster 13319, Whitefoord 3555,3611), Warner Estate (Ernst 

This species may be regarded as I? myrtifolia. The materials 

could be part of variable populations rather than truly distinct 

species. Similar I? glabella, with pubescent stems and petioles, 

has not yet been collected on Dominica. 

1207). 

Peperomia obtusifolia 

Peperomio obturifolio (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 183 1,1:154.-Howard, 1973a:392. 

Piper obturifoliwn Linnaeus, 1753:30. 

Glabrous herbs, except for the usually hirtellous peduncles; 

Neotropics; in Dominica 500-600 m: Brush (Nicolson 

leaves elliptic to obovate, the fruit beak hooked. 

2158), South Chiltern (Hodge 1558). 

Peperomia pellucida 

Peperomia pIIucida (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1816, 1:64.-Howard, 1973a:392. 

Piper pellucidwn Linnaeus, 1753:30. 

Z’herbe couresse. 

Erect, pellucid herb; leaves broadly ovate to deltoid. 

Pantropical weed; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 550 m: 

Cabrits (Whitefoord 3574), Clarke Hall (Erst 1716), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3689), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3068), Marigot 

(Hodge 412), Point Carib (Wilbur 8005), Portsmouth (Hodge 

411), Roseau (Ernst 2061, Hodge 394), Soufriere (Lloyd 416), 

South Chiltem (Hodge 1526), Sylvania (Hodge 1129). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985159, pl. 125) reported medical uses. 

Peperomia rotundifolia 

Peperomio rotundifolio (Linnaeus) Kunth, 1816, 1:65.-Howard, 1973a:394. 

Piper rotundifoliwn Linnaeus, 1753:30. 

Chaud fle. 

Neotropics (and Africa teste Adams); in Dominica 15-725 

m: Bataka (Stehlt 6898), Carholm (Ernst I939), Cote d’Or 

(Nicolson 2050, Deux Branches (Hodge 2974, 3464), Fond 

Figues River (Erst lOlS), Hampstead (Lloyd 626), Holmwood 

(Webster 13280), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3526), Milton (Hodge 

2868), Mome Colla Anglais (Hodge 414, Il89), Rosalie 

(Wilbur 7831). Soufriere (Lloyd 469), Syndicate (Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 347, Whitefoord 3612), Trafalgar Falls (Burch 1392, 

Gillis 8225, Hodge 2005). 

The plant is boiled to make tea for colds (Honychurch, 

1980:68). Adjanohoun et al. (1985159, pl. 126) reported 

similar medical uses. 

According to Howard (1973a:383), Imray 311 is P. 

rotundijolia but was misdetermined and reported by Grisebach 

(1860:164) as P. cordifolia, now regarded as endemic to 

Jamaica. 

Peperomia tenella 

Peperomia ienelIo (Swartz) Dietrich. 183 1, 1:153.-Howard. 1973a:395. 

Piper tenellwn Swartz, 1788:16. 

Epiphytic herb; leaves to 8 mm wide, ciliate. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

rainforest to mossy forest 550-1400 m: Morne Anglais (Hodge 

2284), Morne Diablotins (Webster 13374), Mome Nicholls 

(Hodge 1930). 

Peperomia tnfolia 

Peperomio trifolio (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 1831,1:173.-Howard, 1973a:395. 

Piper trifoliwn Linnaeus, 1753:30. 

Peperomia ovolifolio W. Hooker, 1825,3, pl. 165.-Urban. 1920, 8:161. 

Scandent, villous herb; leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, to 

2 cm long, ciliate. 

Lesser Antilles; in rainforest 15-1000 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 

4715), Fond Pays (Hodge 2849), Springfield (Erst I841), 

Sylvania (Hodge 415, 1178, Webster 13420, Wilbur 7716), 

Syndicate (Ernst 1997), Trois Pitons (Lloyd 783). 

Piper Linnaeus 

Piper nigrum Linnaeus, the black pepper of commerce, has 

been collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 916, 

Proctor 17525). 

Piper sanctum (Miquel) Schlechter ex A.C. Candolle (as 

Piper papantlense A.C. Candolle), a Central American species, 

was sent to Kew by Imray in 1877 (see Howard, 1973a:407). 

This introduced species has not been recollected in Dominica. 

Hodge and Taylor (1957552) noted that all species of Piper 

are called doctor bush, including the three most common 

species, P. aequale, I? dilatatum, and I? dussii. The Caribs 

consider the plants as charms and the leaves are rubbed on 

bodies or used in ritual baths. 
NUMBER 77 PIPERACEAE 179 

1. Leaves palmately veined. 

2. 

2. 

3. Leaf base essentially equal. 

Leaves 45 cm long ............ P. amalago 

Leaves well over 15 cm long ...... P. reticulatum 

1. Leaves pinnately veined. 

4. Leaves glabrous beneath; stamens 3 ... P. aequale 

4. Leaves crisped-puberulent on veins beneath; stamens 

4 ................... P. glabrescens 

normally scabrous ........... P. aduncum 

3. Leaf base distinctly unequal. 

5. Inflorescence curved; petiole c0.5 cm long; leaves 

5. Inflorescence straight; petiole 1-2 cm long: leaves 

glabrous (sometimes hirtellous on veins). 

6. Fruit round to triangular. ...... P. dilatatum 

6. Fruit rectangular ............. R dussii 

Piper aduncum 

Piper aduncum Linnaeus, 1753:29.-Howard, 1973a:397. 

Shrub or small tree to 6 m; petiole 3-7 mm long; 

inflorescence curved. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in rainforest around lo00 m: Fon 

Pays (Hodge 2843). 

The above specimen is not scabrous on the upper surface but 

has the distinctive short petioles and strongly curved spikes. 

The species is common around Syndicate (DHN!) with 

hirtellous rather than scabrous leaves. 

Piper aequale 

Piper oequale Vahl, 1797. Eclog., 1:4, pl. 3.4tehl6, 1957:617.-Howard, 

Artanthe oequalis (Vahl) Miquel, 184451 1. 

Piper dominicanum A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902,3:205. 

1973a:398. 

Doctor bush, malbruk, ma1 estomac grand bois, la feuille 

chassk. 

Shrub to 3 m; leaves 3.5-11 cm wide; spikes to 5 cm long; 

stamens 3. 

Neotropics; in Dominica frequent in rainforest 100-1000 m: 

Bellevue (Taylor 27). Brush (Nicolson 2159), Deux Branches 

(Ernst 1802, Hodge 2985), Fon Pays (Hodge 2844), Hampstead 

River (Nicolson 4230, La Chaudiere (Hodge 3600), Layou 

River Road (Beard 1457, Cowan 1630), Lisdara (Hodge 2330), 

Magua (Stehle 6339), Morne Anglais (Hodge 424), Morne Plat 

Pays (Hodge 1699), Petite Macoucherie (Webster 13550, Pont 

Casse (Chambers 2539, Wilbur 7536). Providence Valley 

(Hodge 2062), Riversdale (Proctor 25791), Salybia (Hodge 

3252), South Chiltern (Ernst 1870, Hodge 1440, Sylvania 

(Cooper 65, Hodge 3844), Syndicate (Hodge 2728, 2759, 

Whitefoord 3873, sine loc. (Bryant 130). 

Piper amalago 

Piper omologo Linnaeus, 1753 :29.-Howard, 1973a:399. 

Enckeo sieberi Miquel, 1844358. 

Shrub to 4 m; leaf-blades palmately veined, glabrous, to 14 

Neotropics; in Dominica in dry woodlands -100 m: Clarke 

This appears to be a new record for Dominica. 

cm long. 

Hall (Ernst 1263). 

Piper dilatatum 

Piper dilotoiwn L. Richard, 1792:105. 

Piper bredemeyeri J. Jacquin. 1815, 1:125, pl. 84. 

Artonthe bredemeyeri (J. Jacquin) Miquel, 1844429. 

Doctor bush, feuille ma1 l’estomac. 

Shrub or small tree to 3 m; stipules immediately deciduous, 

c2 cm long; leaf-blades to 25 cm long, pubescent on veins 

below and sometimes above; spikes to 12 cm long; fruit 

becoming triangular, giving the floral arrangement an increasingly spiralled appearance. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in open ateas of secondary forest 30-1000 m: Bellevue (Wilbur 7932), Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 1003, Nicolson 1825, Webster 13185, Wilbur 7372), 

Delices (Whitefoord 3751), Indian River mouth (Hodge 3749, 

Hatton Garden (Hodge 2950), Lisdara (Hodge 426), Morne 

Aux Diables (Wilbur 8058), Mome Brules (Hodge 425), Pointe 

Michel (Gillis 8143), Ridgefield (Fennah 25), Salisbury 

(Whitefoord 4529), Soufriere (Burch 1342), Springfield (Gillis 

8157, Wilbur 7670, Stewart River mouth (Wilbur 8025), 

Syndicate (Whitefoord 3541,4243). 

Easily confusable with Piper dussii in young stages. 

Piper dussii 

Piper dussii A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902, 3:1900.-Howard, 1973a:402. 

Piper broodwayi A.C. Candolle in Urban, 1902.3:191. 

Shrub or small tree; stipules eventually deliquescing, >2 cm 

long; leaf-blades to 25 cm; pubescent on veins below; spikes to 

15 cm long; fruit becoming elongately rectangular, giving the 

floral arrangement a whorled appearance. 

Lesser Antilles; large common weed in Dominica in interior 

forests 200-1000 m: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3257), SW of 

Castle Bruce (Wilbur 8320), Deux Branches (Chambers 2505, 

Hodge 3125), En Haut Jean (Webster 13528). Fon Pays (Hodge 

2845), Laudat area (Hodge 1812, Lloyd 236, Smith 10235), LA 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3550, Milton (Hodge 2567), Mt. Joy 

(Hodge 1293), South Chiltern (Hodge 1492), Sylvania (Hodge 

1102, 1311, 1361), Syndicate (Whitefoord 5160), Trois Pitons 

(Hodge 1193), sine loc. (Cooper 34). 

The Syndicate specimen was annotated as Piper hispidum 

Swartz by M.C. Ebbs in 1986. 

Piper glabrescens 

Piper ghbrescens Mquel) A.C. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:271.- 

Piper mcrophyllum Kunth. 1815.1:46, non Swartz.-A.C. Candollein Urban, 

Howard, 1973x402. 

1902,3:9. 
180 PIPERACME-POLYOALACEM SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Artanthe glabrescens Miquel, 1845461. 

Leaf-base equal, rounded; leaf-blade 

Antilles and NE South America; in 

veins; spike short; stamens 4. 

puberulent below on 

Dominica to 800 m: 

Deux Branches (Hodge 3119), Mome Diablotins (Hodge 

2 788). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:161, pl. 127) reported several 

medical uses under this binomial but the illustration and 

description indicate unequal leaf bases and this may be a 

misidentification of R dilatatum, a much commoner species. 

Piper reticulatum 

Piper reticdatum Lkuraeus, 1753:29.-Howard, 1973a:W. 

Dkcipiper reticdatum (Linnaeus) Trelease & Stehle in Stehle, 194&:283; 

1957:616. 

Doctor bush, malbruk. 

Shrub with palmately veined leaves to 25 cm x 15 cm. 

Neotropics; apparently on the east side of Dominica: Bataca 

(Stehle 6089, 6393, Carib Reserve (Hodge 3220, Petit 

Coulibri (Whitefoord 4675), sine loc. (Taylor 110). 

Sarcorhachis Trelease 

Sarcorhachis incurva 

Sarcorhachis incwva (Schultes) Trelease, 1927:17.Stehle, 1957:617.- 

Piper incwvum Sieber ex Schultes. 1822, 1:238. 

Howard, 1973a:408. 

Wild black pepper. 

Rather succulent epiphyte or climbing vine; leaves ovate, 

cordate or rounded at base; spikes solitary (in ours), axillary. 

Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (St. Lucia?); not uncommon in 

Dominica 300-750 m in forests: En Haut Jean (Webster 

13503, Freshwater Lake (Ernst 1485, 1774, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 338, Whitefoord 3853), Point Lo10 (Nicolson 1852). 

PLANTAGIN ACEAE 

Plantago major 

Plantago major Linnaeus, 1753: 112. 

Plantain. 

Perennial acaulescent herb; leaves long-petiolate, ovate, 

entire or coarsely dentate; spikes equalling leaves; capsule 

circumscissile at middle. 

Cosmopolitan weed; in Dominica in disturbed areas: Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3366). Lisdara Estate (Hodge 2463), Milton 

Estate (Hodge 2913), Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2139), Sylvania (Hodge 784), sine loc. (Taylor 124). 

An infusion of the plant is used as eye medicine by Caribs 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:609). Adjanohoun et al. (1985161, 

pl. 128) confirmed this and added other medicinal uses. 

PLUMBACINACEAE 

Larger-flowered Plumbago auriculata Lamarck (including 

Plumbago capensis Thunberg) is cultivated as a low hedge in 

the Roseau Botanic Garden (DHN!). Howard (1989,654) cited 

it with an exclamation mark. 

Plumbago scandens 

Plumbago scandens Linnaeus, 1762215. 

Glabrous, scrambling shrub to 3 m; flowers shortpedicellate, racemose; calyx ribs with long-stipitate glands; 

corolla salverform, white. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in low, dry scrubland on west coast: 

Colihaut (Ernst 1133), Loubikre (Hodge 3874), South Chiltem 

(Hodge 1625). 

POLYGALACEAE 

1. Herb; stems with short-stipitate glands; leaves linear; fruit 

a capsule; seeds pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygala 

1. Woody climber; stems pubescent but eglandular; leaves 

ovate-oblong; fruit a samara; seeds glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Securidaca 

Polygala Linnaeus 

Polygala hecatantha Urban was reported for Dominica by 

VQez (1957:lll). a perennial with dense racemes, but no 

materials from Dominica have been found. 

Polygala planellasi Molinet & Gomez de la Maza was 

reported to have medicinal uses in Dominica by Adjanohoun et 

al. (1985163, pl. 130). This is either a new record of a species 

apparently only known on Guadeloupe or an undocumented 

extrapolation. 

Polygala paniculata 

Polygala panicdata Linnaeus. 1759a:l154.-Stehle, 1%2a:327. 

Esta fragile, lampoule, zetan grand chemin, titain (thyme), 

sweet broom. 

Annual; leaves linear or linear-spatulate; racemes with 

flowers not overlapping; petals white to pink or purplish. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a common roadside weed in moist 

forests from 65-750 m: Bellevue (Taylor 39, Breakfast River 

(Nicolson 2024), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3385), Clyde River 

(Ernst 1033), Corona (Bailey 792), Holmwood (Webster 

13284), Iaudat (Burch 1352, Eggers s.n., Gillis 8165, Lloyd 

46), Lisdara (Hodge 333), Marigot (Hodge 433), Milton Estate 

(Hodge 2602), Mome Micotrin (Chambers 2672, Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 319, Morne Plat Pays (Gillis 8113, Pont Cad 

(Skog 1573, Wilbur 7738,8184), South Chiltem (Hodge 1475), 

Springfield (Steyskal s.n., Wilbur 7684, Sylvania (Cooper I, 

Hodge 434), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3505). 
NUMBER 77 F~LYOAIACEAE-POLYGONACEAE 181 

The fresh root has a menthol odor. Plants are used for a 

medicinal tea for respiratory infections by Dominicans (Steyskal s.n.) and a ritual tea by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957571). Adjanohoun et al. (1983163, pl. 129) confirmed 

this and added other uses. 

Securidaca Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Securidaca diversifolia 

Securidaca diversifolia (Linnaeus) Blake in Standley, 1923594. 

Polygala diversifollia Linnaeus, 1753:703. 

Heavy climber; stems and leaves pubescent; petals pink to 

purplish; hits maple-like. 

Lesser Antilles and South America; occasional in Dominica 

to 350 m: Bataka (Stehle 6634), Milton (Hodge 2521), Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 3934), Syndicate (Nicolson 4167). 

Flowering in April-May. 

POLY GONACEAE 

Antigonum leptopus W. Hooker & Amott, a Mexican 

climbing vine with tendrils, sagittate leaves, and showy pink 

tepals, was collected in an overgrown lime orchard between 

Coulibistri and Colihaut (Wilbur 8119) and along the Baiac 

road from Roseau (Whitefoord 4681), presumably an escape. 

1. Tree, shrub or woody climber; flowers unisexual ..... ......................... Coccoloba 

1. Herb; flowers bisexual ............ Polygonurn 

Coccoloba Browne, nom. cons. 

1. Climber ................... C. ascendens 

1. Tree or shrub. 

2. Leaves orbicular to reniform, never longer than broad. 

3. 

3. 

Leaves rugose, pubescent; fruits c1 cm long ..... ..................... C. pubescens 

Leaves smooth, glabrous; fruits >1 cm long ..... ....................... C. uvifera 

4. Leaves coriaceous, usually broadest below middle; 

flowers sessile .............. C. swurtdi 

4. Leaves thin, usually broadest above middle; flowers 

shortly pedicelled ............. C. venosa 

2. Leaves elliptic to ovate, longer than broad. 

Coccoloba ascendens 

Coccolobo ascendens Duss ex Lindau, 1890:156.-Howard, 1959a:71. 

Liane barril, cercle barril. 

Liana to 15 m; leaves broadly elliptic to ovate. 

Lesser Antilles to Trinidad; in Dominica occasional in 

treetops of rainforest and woodlands to 350 m: Bataka (Stehle

6092), Bornes (Nicolson 4238), Castle Bruce road (Cowan 

1619), Glasham (Nicolson 2088), La Plaine (Ernst 1361), 

Newfoundland (Nicolson 4124), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2669), 

Riversdale (Howard I1 758), Salybia (Hodge 3334). 

Caribs use the stems in basket-making (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957554). 

Another climbing species, C. dussii Lindau with older stems 

flattened, is expected in Dominica. 

Coccoloba pubescens 

Coccolobo pubescens Linnaeus, 1759a:1007.-Howard, 1959a:87. 

Raisinier. 

Tree to 13 m; leaves chartaceous, 40-80 cm across, 

pubescent and rugose, apparently deciduous before flowering. 

The immature aspect with wand-like stems and very large 

leaves is most commonly seen. 

Hispaniola to Barbados; not uncommon on Dominica in or 

near dry woodlands to 350 m: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8298), 

Cabrit (Nicolson 1891), Calibishie (Hodge 3142), Dublanc 

(Whitefoord 4303), L' Anse Noire (Ernst 2099), Mero (Read 

2029), Pointe Baptiste (Hodge 3499), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 

2668). Flowering in April-May, fruiting in August. 

Coccoloba swartzii 

Coccoloba swartzii Meisner in A.P. Candolle, 1856, 14159.-Howard, 

Coccoloba diversifolia sensu auctt., non Jaquin. 

1959a:W. 

Tree to 20 m; leaves coriaceous, usually broadest below 

middle; flowers and hits f sessile. 

Jamaica to Barbados; in Dominica in coastal woodland to 

500 m: En Haut Jean (Whitefoord 5443), Hampstead (Wilbur 

830, L'Anse Noire (Ernst 2062, Wilbur 7513), Marigot 

(Howard 11754), Pointe Carib (Wilbur 8002), Salisbury (Stern 

& Wasshausen 2591), Salybia (Hodge 3404, Nicolson 4139), 

South Chiltern (Hodge 1583), below Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4307). Apparently flowering in July-August, fruits gone by 

February. 

Coccoloba uvifera 

Coccoloba uvifera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a:1007.-Howard, 1959a:91. 

Polygonurn uviferwn Linnaeus, 1753:365. 

Sea grape, raisin bord-de-mer. 

Tree to 17 m; leaves coriaceous, glabrous, broader than long. 

Neotropical strand tree; dominant on Dominica along 

beaches: Cabrits (Howard 11 750), Canefield (Nicolson I871), 

Hatton Garden Estate (Hodge 29.59, Layou estuary (Whitefoord 3749), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6059), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2686). Rosalie Bay (Wilbur 8019), Salybia (Hodge 

3310, Scotts Head (Ernst 1330, Hodge 1605, Kimber 891, 

Lloyd 515, Wilbur 7593). 

products from this species have been used by Caribs in a 

number of ways (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:555). 
182 POLY CXJNACEAE-F~RTIJLACACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Coccoloba venosa 

Coccolobn venosa Linnaeus, 1759a:1007.-Howard, 1959a:92. 

Tree to 15 m; leaves membranous, usually broadest above 

middle; flowers and hits distinctly pedicelled. 

Hispaniola to Trinidad; apparently uncommon on Dominica 

on west coast: between Roseau and Canefield (Hodge 443). 

Flowering in August. 

Polygonum Linnaeus 

1. Ochreae (petiolar sheaths) without long bristles at apex 

....................... R densflorum 

1. Ochreae bearing long bristles at apex. 

2. Racemes continuous; tepals epunctate; styles 2; achenes 

lenticular. ............... P. acuminatum 

2. Racemes interrupted; tepals glandular-punctate; styles 

3; achenes triquetrous .......... I? punctatum 

Polygonum acuminatum 

Polygonurn acwninutwn Kunth, 1817,2:178. 

Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) Gomez de la Maza, 1896278. 

Perennial, pubescent herb to 2 m; ochreae ciliate; leaves 

strigose; styles 2; achenes lenticular. 

Neotropics; cited for Dominica by VClez (1957:lll) and 

known from Guadeloupe and Martinique but no specimens 

seen from Dominica. 

Polygonum densiflorum 

Polygonum demijlorum Meisner in Martius, 1855, 5(1):13.-Weatherby, 

Polygonwngkabrwn sensu Grisebach, 1860:161,709, non Willdenow. 

Polygonwn portoriceme Benero ex Small, 1895:46. 

Persicaria portoricemis (Small) Small, 1903:377. 

1923:20. 

Perennial, glabrous herb to 1.5 m: ochreae not ciliate; styles 

Pantropical but very uncommon in the Lesser Antilles; only 

2(-3?); achenes lenticular (or triquetrous?). 

once collected in Dominica: sine loc. (Zmray 407 at K). 

Polygonum punctatum 

Polygonwn punctatum Elliott, 18 17,1:454. 

Polygonwn acre Kunth, 1817,2:179. 

Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small, 1903:379. 

Annual or perennial, glabrous herb with decumbent stems to 

2 m; ochreae ciliate; leaves ciliolate, glandular-punctate; styles 

3; achenes triquetrous. 

Neotropics; in Dominica on wet ground in disturbed areas: 

Bells (Whitefoord 6148), Clarke Hall Estate (Chambers 2798, 

Ernst 1695, Stern & Wasshausen 2438), Prince Ruperts Head 

marsh, i.e., Cabrits swamp (Finlay s.n., 30 May 1792 at K). 

PORTULACACEAE 

1. Leaves with tuft-like axillary hairs: flowers solitary or 

clustered, sessile; style branches 3-12, ftee, capsule 

circumscissile .................. Portulaca 

1. Leaves without tufts; flowers panicled, pedicellate; style 

branches 3, united: capsule 3-valved ...... Talinum 

Portulaca Linnaeus 

Portulaca grandgora W. Hooker was reported to have 

medicinal uses on Dominica by Adjanohoun et al. (1985165, 

pl. 131). 

Portulaca quadrij?du Linnaeus was attributed to Dominica 

by Vt!lez (1957: 11 1) but no specimens have been seen. It has 

the flattened leaves of P. ulerucea (much smaller) but is 

conspicuously pubescent, has opposite leaves and pedicelled, 

tetramerous flowers. 

Portulaca teretifoliu Kunth was attributed to Dominica by 

Howard (1988,4:205) with an exclamation mark. It seems to 

differ from P. pilosa by having much less conspicuous axillary 

(nodal) hairs and gray seeds. 

1. Leaves flat, not linear; plants 2 glabrous ... I? oleracea 

1. Leaves 2 cylindrical, linear; plants usually conspicuously 

pubescent with tufts of hairs in axils. 

2. Flowers yellow to yellowish; capsule circumscissile 

below middle; leaves usually c1 cm long. ....... ...................... I? halimoides 

2. Flowers reddish; capsule circumscissile at middle: 

leaves usually >1 cm long .......... P. pilosa 

Portulaca oleracea 

Portulaca oleracea Linnaeus, 1753:445. 

Purslane, coupit!, pourpier. 

Plants succulent; axillary tufts of hairs inconspicuous; leaves 

obovate to spatulate; flowers yellowish; capsule circumscissile 

near middle; seeds black, finely granulate. 

Pantropical weed, in Dominica near sea level on west coast: 

Colihaut (Kimber 1071, Lloyd 861), Loubi6re (Hodge 3866), 

Rodneys Rock (DeFilipps 170), Roseau (Emst 2151). 

Used by Caribs as a green vegetable and as a poultice for 

back pains (Hodge and Taylor, 1957557). Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985165, pl. 132) reported more medicinal uses. 

The Roseau collection (Emst 2151), found in paving stones 

and rock walls, needs further study. It is succulent and 

subglabrous like P. oleruceu but has distinctly opposite leaves 

like P. quadrifida. It could be an aspect of P. okracea. 

Portulaca halimoides 

Portulaca halimoides Linnaeus, 1762:639.-Lgrand, 1962:99. 

Portulaca martinicensir Urban, 1907,5:342. 
NUMBER 183 77 FQRTULACACEAE-RHLZOPHORACEWE 

Plants with conspicuous axillary tufts of hairs; leaves linear; 

flowers yellowish; capsule circumscissile well below middle; 

seeds black, granular. 

Neotropics; only once collected in Dominica on dry west 

coast: Colihaut (Lloyd 855). 

Portulaca pilosa 

Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus, 1753:445.-hgrand, 1%2:80. 

Plants with conspicuous axillary tufts of hairs; leaves linear; 

flowers reddish; seeds black, tuberculate. 

Widespread weed, in Dominica, usually along dry west 

coast Carib Reserve (StehlC 6647), Colihaut (DeFilipps 183, 

Lloyd 861), Grand Savanna (Hodge 3788, Lloyd 838, Wilbur 

7670, 7671), Portsmouth (Hodge 441), Scotts Head (Hodge 

1622, Lloyd 513). 

The second Wilbur collection from the Grand Savanna 

(7671) has remarkably large petals (-1.5 cm long) but 

otherwise was noted to be like the rest of the population 

represented by Wilbur 7670. At one point it was thought that 

this was I? grandiflora W. Hooker, an occasionally introduced 

and cultivated species, but it does not have the steely gray seeds 

with stalked tubercles of that species. Adams (1972:267) noted 

that I? pilosa has petals only 4-6 mm long. 

Talinum Adanson 

Talinum paniculatum 

Tdinumpaniculatwn (Jacquin) Gaermer. 1791,2:219. 

Portulaca paniculara Jacquin, 1760:22. 

Talinumpatens Willdenow, 1800,2:863. 

Glabrous herb to 1.2 m; leaves succulent; inflorescence 

much branched; petals pink. 

Neotropics; in Dominica along dry west coast: Colihaut 

(Ernst 1142, Lloyd 854), Loubikre (Hodge 3871), Massacre 

(Whitefoord 4637), Portsmouth (Hodge 442), Rodneys Rock 

(Nicolson 4052), Salisbury (Wilbur 8108). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:167, pl. 133) reported medicinal 

uses of the leaf juice. 

RANUNCULACEAE 

Clematis dioica 

Clematis dioica Linnaeus, 1759:1084. 

Clematis dm’nicana Lamarck, 1786,2:45. 

Clematis dioica var. dominicoma (Lamarck) Kuntze, 1885:102. 

Dioecious or polygamous vine with twining petioles; leaves 

opposite, 3-5-foliolate; sepals petaloid, 4; achenes with long, 

plumose style. 

Neotropics; apparently rare in interior rainforest of Dominica 

600-750 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 3832), Mome Colla Anglais 

(Hodge 408), Sylvania (Hodge 807 of Ipomoea tiliacea 

includes a few leaves of this species), sine loc. (Imray 117 at 

K). Hodge 408 was flowering (staminate) in August. 

Some Imray collections (K) have been annotated by Lourteig 

as “C. dioica var. brasiliana (DC.) Eichl.,” indicating that they 

should be 4-5-foliolate (teste Lourteig, 1956:36-37). Among 

the duplicates of Imray 117 (K), there are 1-, 3-, and 5-foliolate 

branches. I cannot accept the var. brasilianu, as the key 

character appears to vary within the Same collection. Clematis 

dominicana was described as having 3-foliolate leaves. 

RHAMNACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

A sterile specimen of Zizyphus sp., Fairchild 2781, was 

collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens in 1932 as “Z. oeoplia 

Mill. aff.” The leaves seem to have tawny pubescence beneath. 

Asian Zizyphus mauritiana Lamarck (incl. Zizyphus jujuba 

(Linnaeus) Lamarck, non Miller), with stipular thorns and 

leaves white-tomentose below, may be cultivated in Dominica. 

1. Climber with tendrils; leaves alternate; ovary inferior; fruit 

a 3-winged capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gouania 

1. Tree or shrub; leaves f opposite; ovary superior; fruit a 

drupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Krugiodendron 

Gouania Jacquin 

Gouania lupuloides 

Gouania lupuloides (Linnaeus) Urban, 1910,4:378.-Whitefoord. 1989:144. 

Banistcria lupuloides Linnaeus, 1753:427. 

Gouania domingensis Linnaeus, 1763:1663.-Grisebach, 1860:lOl. 

Climbing or trailing shrub; leaves serrate, apex acute; petals 

5, hooded. 

Central America and Antilles; apparently rare on Dominica: 

Dublanc (Whitefoord 5202), Petit Coulibri on south coast 

(Whitefoord 460, sine loc. (Imray 45 at K). Flowering in 

November, fruiting in January. 

Krugiodendron Urban 

Krugiodendron ferreum 

Krugiodendron ferrewn (Vahl) Urban, 1902.3:3 14. 

Rhamnus ferreus Vahl, 1794,3:41. 

Condalia ferrea (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:lOO. 

Tree or shrub; leaves entire, apex emarginate; petals absent. 

Central America and Antilles to Venezuela; apparently rare 

in Dominica on dry west coast near sea level: Prince Ruperts 

Head [Cabrits] (Finlay? s.n. at K). 

RHIZOPHORACEAE 

The mangrove, Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus, a small tree of 

tidal mudflats, has not yet been collected on Dominica. As 
184 RH~~~PHORACEAE-RUEIIACBAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Hodge (1964:31) noted, “the common genera of mangrove 

(Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, and Conocarpus) are 

absent from Dominica, a fact easily accounted for by the lack of 

sufficient lowland sites on an island where the coastline is very 

precipitous.” Actually, Laguncularia racemsa (Combretaceae) now has been collected in the Cabrit swamp. 

Cassipourea guinanensis 

Cassipowea guinanensis Aublet, 1775, 1:529.-L.O. Williams, 1961:369. 

Legnotis elliptica Swam, 1788:84. 

Cassipourea elliptica (Swam) Poiretin Lamarck. 181 1, Encycl., Suppl., 2:131. 

Cassipourea alba Grisebach, 1857:223(75). 

Cassipourea elliptica var. alba (Grisebach) Grisebach, 1860:274. 

Cassipourea elliprica var. pauciserrata Grisebach, 1860:274. 

Bois agouti, pois die, goyavier. 

Shrub or tree to 11 m, without stilt roots; leaves opposite, k 

entire; flowers pedicellate, fascicled in leaf mils; petals white, 

feathery-villous; style persistent, pubescent. 

Central America, northern South America, and Antilles; in 

Dominica occasional in dry thickets to rainforest 20-750 m: 

Calibishie (Hodge 138), Dublanc (Hodge 2547), Grand Bay 

(Wilbur 7910, Hungry Hill Estate (Whitefoord 4428), La 

Fanchette (Chambers 2730), La Plaine (Ernst 1366, Whitefoord 

5369, Wilbur 8164), Laudat (Eggers 616, Hodge 2092), 

Lisdara (Cooper 160), Morne Anglais (Nicolson 4108), Morne 

Colla Anglais (Hodge 1170, Papa Bay (Chambers 2620, 

Petite Soufriere Bay (Stern & Wusshausen 2479), Pointe 

Baptiste (Beard 1469), Pointe Carib (Wilbur 7910, Pointe 

Ronde (Hodge 2675), Ridgefield (Hodge 2123), Roche d’Or 

(Stern & Wusshausen 2570, Salisbury (Webster 13494), South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1565), Syndicate (Ernst 1994). Flowering 

January-April, fruiting May-July, new shoots in August. 

Ros ACEAE 

See also Chrysobalanaceae. Howard (1988,4319) reported 

cultivated loquat, Eriobotrya juponica (Thunberg) Lindley, 

from Dominica with an exclamation mark, indicating he has 

seen a voucher specimen. 

Potentilla angelica Leichard, an unarmed herb with radiately 

5-foliolate leaves, was once found at Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 

2157) growing in a rose bed as a weed from “moss used for 

packing a shipment of roses from England.” As Howard 

(1964:281) pointed out, the species does not seem to persist. 

1. 

........................... Prunus 

1. Stems armed with prickles; leaves pinnately compound, 

Rubus 

Stems unarmed; leaves simple, entire; hit a drupe .... 

leaflets serrate; fruit an aggregate of drupelets ...... ........................... 

Prunus Linnaeus 

Prunus pleuradenia 

Prunw pleuradenia Grisebach, 1860:231.-Howard, 1988,4:322 

Tree to 15 m; leaves -10 cm x 5 cm, basal glands of lower 

leaf surface usually closer to margin than midrib and a little 

above the base; flowers white, in unbranched racemes. 

Lesser Antilles; apparently rare in Dominica in montane 

forests at 700 m: Laudat (Chambers 2688). 

Rubus Linnaeus 

Rubus rosifolius 

Rubw rosifolius J.E. Smith, 1791, 3, pl. 60, ”rmaefoliw”.-Howard, 1988, 

4325. 

Fraise, wild raspberry. 

Sprawling, armed f herbaceous shrub; leaves pinnately 

compound; petals white; fruit red. 

Native of Southeast Asia, naturalized in West Indies and 

elsewhere; common in Dominica at midelevations: Laudat 

(Ernst 1476, Lloyd 48, Nicolson 1973, Smith 10252), L’Impr6vue (Narodny s.n.), Lisdara (Hodge 58l), Massacre River 

waterfalls (Hodge 1340, Morne Gombo (Eggers s.n.), Roseau 

River canyon (Fairchild s.n.), South Chiltern (Hodge 1488), 

Trois Pitons (Hodge 580), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n.), Syndicate 

(DHN!). 

Fruits reported to be used to make jam. Said to have been 

imported from Guadeloupe. Apparently the Eggers collections 

(1880, 1881) are the first from Dominica. Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:167, pl. 134) reported leaf infusion use against tachycardia. 

Howard (I.c., 324) attributed double-flowered Rubus 

coronarius (Sims) Sweet to Dominica without an asterisk. All 

specimens at hand seem to single-flowered. 

RUBIACEAE 

This family is easily recognized by opposite (even whorled), 

entire and stipulate leaves and inferior ovary. The following 

key is artificial, avoiding the important but difficult character of 

the number of ovules per locule, the aim being to aid 

identification. 

Lyman B. Smith prepared the initial draft for this family and 

Joseph Kirkbride, Jr., reviewed a later draft. 

Coffee is much cultivated in Dominica. 

Coffea urubicu Linnaeus tends to have smaller leaves (c20 

cm long) than the others, a calyculus with small leafy 

appendages, acute stipules, and leaves that are cuneate at the 

base and acuminate at the apex: Lisdara (Cooper 156), South 

Chiltern (Ernst 1315), Sylvania (Cooper 69, Hodge 2500). 

Coffea canephora var. robusta (Linden ex De Wildeman) 

Chevalier tends to have leaves >20 cm long, calyculus with 

large, leafy appendages, acute stipules and leaves rounded to 
NUMBER 77 RWIACEAE 185 

obtuse at the base and blunt at the apex (incl. bluntly 

acuminate): Clarke Hall (Ernst 1418), Syndicate road (Whitefoord 5676,5677). 

Cofiea liberica Bull ex Hiem has leaves >20 cm long, 

calyculus without leafy appendages, obtuse stipules, and leaves 

cuneate at base and blunt at apex: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1420), 

Peineville (Kimber 851), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3887), and is 

reported as escaping at Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 2441) 

and Lisdara (Cooper 155). 

Pentas lanceolata (ForsskAl) Deflers, an African subshrub 

with showy, terminal, red to lilac inflorescences, was collected 

in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 783[?]) and at Baiac 

(Whitefoord 5451). 

Posqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roemer & Schultes, a South 

American tree with pendulous white corollas >10 cm long, was 

collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 3925). 

Sipanea pratensis Aublet, a South American subshrub with 

pink corollas and linear calyx lobes, was reported for Dominica 

(Standley in North Amer. Fl., 1921,3293). 

Vangueria mudagascariensis Gmelin has been identified 

from material (Ernst 1415) “presumed cultivated at Springfield 

Estate.. .. Said to be called tamarind,” and (Whitefoord 3747) 

“Roadside above Canefield airport, trunk 60 cm diameter.” 

Whitefoord (1989:147) reported that it is cultivated for the 

fruits, marketed as “tamarins des Indes.” 

Excluded Rubiaceae 

Ernodea littoralis Swartz was attributed to Dominica by 

Howard (1964, mss.). This species apparently does not occur 

south of Guadeloupe and seems characteristic of coralline 

limestone substrate, absent from Dominica. 

Hamelia putens Jacquin was reported from Dominica by 

Grisebach (1861:320), based on an Imray collection that could 

not be located. Elias (1976:106) said the southernmost 

Antillean occurrence is Martinique, where it is cultivated. I 

believe the Dominica record to be based on a misidentification 

(or, possibly, from cultivation): for example, I have seen a few 

specimens of Palicourea crocea, a very common species of 

Dominica, misidentified as H. patens. 

1. Flowers sessile, in clusters or pedunculate heads. 

3. Heads axillary, without subtending involucre: ovaries fused in fruit 

.................................... Monndu 

3. Heads terminal, involucrate: ovaries free in fruit. 

4. Involucral bracts free; fruit blue: leaves thin .... Psychotriu urbunianu 

4. Involucral bracts united; fruit white: leaves thick ........ Schruderu 

2. Inflorescence a cluster of sessile flowers. 

2. Inflorescence a pedunculate head of sessile flowers. 

5. 

5. Stipules many-mothe& leaves c2 cm wide. 

Stipules 2-lobed; leaves >3 cm wide ......... Psychotria uubletianu 

6. Fruit circumscissile ...................... Mitrucurpus 

6. Fruit separating into 2 cocci, not circumscissile. 

7. Cocci separating, indehiscent or opening at bottom: terminal flower 

clusters usually smaller than axillary clusters .......... Diodiu 

7. Cocci partially separating, at least 1 opening at top; terminal clusters of 

flowers usually larger than axillary clusters ........ Spermacoce 

1. Flowers pedicellate or, if sessile, in branching inflorescences. 

9. Leaves 4-whorled ......................... Relbunium 

9. Leaves paired. 

10. Leaves cordate; berries partially united. ............. Geophilu 

10. Leaves linear or, if cordate, c0.5 mm x 0.5 mm ......... Hedyotis 

8. Plants small herbs: leaves <3 cm long. 

8. Plants not as above. 

11. Flower solitary. 

12. Flower terminal. ........................... Hillia 

12. Flower axillary. 

13. Leaves several cm across ............. Exostemu curibueum 

13. Leaves several mm across ........... Hedyotis cullitrichoides 

1 1. Flowers several in a branched inflorescence. 

15. Inflorescence elongate, with minor branches; flower and fruits on 

pedicels to 0.5 cm long. ................ Gonmlugunia 

14. Inflorescence secund (flowers facing to one side). 
186 RUBIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

15. Inflorescences rather broad, with 2 or 4 main branches; flowers and fruits 

sessile. 

16. Inflorescence pubescent ................... Guemrda 

17. Stipules free; inflorescence branches equaling the peduncle 

............................. Antirhea 

17. Stipules united in a tube; inflorescence branches much shorter than 

the peduncle .................... Neolaugeria 

Plants twining vines; calyx foliose, conspicuous ...... Manettia 

16. Inflorescence glabrous. 

14. Inflorescence not secund. 

18. Inflorescence f sessile (peduncle to 1 cm), tightly or not branched. 

19. 

19. Plants shrubs or small trees; calyx truncate, inconspicuous. 

20. Leaves c3 cm long, rounded, plants often armed with stipular spines Randia 

20. Leaves >10 cm long, acute; plants unarmed. 

21. Flowers white, at leafy nodes; stipules persistent. .... Coffea 

21. Flowers yellow or red, at leafless nodes; stipules deciduous ... ............................... Zxora 

............................... 

18. Inflorescence long-pedunculate or, if short, then loosely branched. 

23. Flowers >2 cm long; peduncle branched at or near base. 

24. 

24. Calyx truncate; fruit a spherical to ellipsoid berry. 

22. Inflorescences strictly terminal. 

Calyx toothed; fruit an elongate capsule ........ Exostema 

cm long ....................... Faramea 

and fruit >1 cm long ................. Genipa 

25. Flowers white, 4-merous; stamens included; ovary and fruit 4 

25. Flowers yellow, 5-merous; stamens exserted, reflexed; ovary 

23. Flowers c2 cm long; peduncle unbranched. 

26. Peduncle red; flowers yellow; inflorescence k corymbose 

Palicourea 

26. Peduncle green; flowers white or pink, inflorescence pyramidal. 

............................ 

27. 

27. Inflorescence longer than 6 cm; stipules not fimbriate. 

Inflorescence short (<6 cm); stipules fimbriate .... Rudgea 

Ovule/seed apical and pendulous .......... Chione 

Ovule/seed basal and ascending ......... Psychotria 

28. 

28. 

22. Inflorescences axillary. 

29. Calyx deeply toothed, persistent. 

30. Plants glabrous; fruit a berry; sprawling shrubs or vines 

30. 

29. Calyx shallowly toothed to truncate. 

31. 

3 1. Plants woody; flowers pedicellate. 

............................ Chwcocca 

Plants pubescent; fruit a capsule; trees ........ Rondeletia 

Plants succulent herbs; flowers sessile ........ Psychotria 

deciduous ..................... Chimarrhis 

stipules small, persistent. 

Leaves rounded; shrubs near seacoast ....... Erithalis 

Leaves acute; pendant epiphytes in interior ......... ................. Psychotria guadalupensk 

32. Tree; fruit capsular; leaves 15 cm or longer; stipules large, 

32. Shrubs or pendant epiphytes; fruit bemes; leaves el5 cm long; 

33. 

33. 

Antirhea Commerson ex Jussieu 

Antirhea coriacea 

Acouquoi, aukakua (Carib). 

Small tree to 5 m; leaves glabrous, ovate-elliptic; cymes 

helicoid with many fragrant, white to pink flowers; calyx 

4-10bed. Antirhea coriaceo (Vahl) Urban, 1899, 1:436.Standley in North Amer. FI., 

1934,32272. Jamaica through Lesser Antilles; in Dominica an understory 

Luugeria coriacea Vahl, 1797. Eclog., 1:26. tree of rainforest, 300-800 m: Carib Reserve? (Taylor I@), 
NUMBER 77 R~BIAC~AE 187 

Glasham (Nicolson 2009). Lisdara (Cooper 186), Mome Plat 

Pays ridge (Hodge I732), Warner to Pointe Lo10 road (Emst 

1955), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3892). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957:610) reported the wood is used for 

posts, the fruits are eaten by birds, and the bark may be used for 

washing sores. 

Chimawhis Jacquin 

Chimawhis cymosa 

Chimarrhir cyma Jaquin, 1763:61.-Standley in North Amer. FI., 1918, 

32:S.Steyermark. 1965: 184. 

Bois rivihre. 

Medium to large tree to 10 m; stipules to 3 cm, soon 

deciduous and leaving a circular scar; leaves obovate, to 40 cm 

long, with white tufts at juncwe of lateral veins and midrib; 

inflorescence large, with fragrant, white flowers; hits capsular. 

Typical subspecies from Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (other 

subspecies in Jamaica and Cuba, teste Steyermark); common in 

mid-elevations of Dominica from lowlands to 800 m: Bataca 

(Stehle 6365), Clyde River (Ernst 1028), Delices (Whitefoord 

3709), Deux Branches (Hodge 2986), Freshwater Lake 

(Nicolson 1839), Indian River (Hodge 3749), La Chaudiere 

(Hodge 3624), Lisdara (Hodge 2476), Milton (Hodge 2576), 

Morne Colla Anglais (Hodge 695, 891), Pont Casse (Webster 

13478, Wilbur 8137), Portsmouth (Hodge 3749), Providence 

Valley (Hodge 2065), Roche d'Or (Stern & Wasshausen 2582), 

Roseau Valley Waterfalls (Hodge 2003, Syndicate(Whitefoord 

3595), sine loc. (Cooper 38, Fishlock 10). 

The wood is yellow, used for boards (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:610). 

Chiococca Browne 

Chiococca alba 

Chiococca alba (Linnaeus) Hitchcock. 1893:94.Standley in North Arner. FI., 

1934,32:287.Steyermark, 1972:380.-Howard, 1989,6:398. 

Weak shrub or vine with yellowish flowers and striking 

white berries. 

1. Inflorescence >3.5 cm long, peduncle 1.2-3.0 cm long; 

flowers usually 9-27; leaves acute, 5-1 1 cm x 2.0-4.5 cm 

1. Inflorescence usually ~3.5 cm long, peduncle 0.4-1.5 cm 

long; flowers usually 5-8; leaves obtuse, 2-6 cm x 1-3 

cm .................... subsp. parvifolia 

......................... subsp. alba 

Chiococca alba subsp. alba 

Lonicera alba Linnaeus, 1753:175. 

Chiococca racemsa Linnaeus, 1759a:9 17. 

Widely distributed in neotropics but apparently rare in 

ksser Antilles; in Dominica only in one ravine: Grand 

Savanne near Salisbury (Wilbur 8346). 

Chiococca alba subsp. parvifolia 

Chiococca alba subsp. parvifolia (Grisebach) Steyermark, 1971:138; 

Chiococca parvifolia Wullschlaegel ex Grisebach, 1861 :337.-Standley in 

1972381. 

North Amer. Fl., 1934,32:288.-Howard, 1989,6399. 

Agouti vine, ti buanda, buenda, branda. 

Antilles; common in Dominica in lowlands and along coasts: 

L'Anse Noire (Emst 1685, Wilbur 7516), Anse du Me (Ernst 

1556), Cabrit Swamp (Nicolson 1895, Smith 10312), Carib 

Reserve (Hodge 3283, Stehlt 6390), Castle Bruce (Ramage 

s.n.), Fern Villa (Hodge 2129), Grand Bay (Ernst 1076, Wilbur 

7902), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 2451), Hampstead 

(Lloyd 672, 639), La Plaine (Wilbur 8163), Marigot (Hodge 

683), Roche Marque (Webster 13474), below Syndicate 

(Whitefoord 4308), Woodford Hill Bay (Wilbur 8311), sine loc. 

(Fishlock 55). 

Flowers are mixed with those of Petraea kohautiana to brew 

a tea used by Caribs as an abortive (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:611). 

Chione A.P. Candolle 

Chione venosa 

Chione venosa (Swartz) Urban, 1911, 4:594.-Standley in North Amer. Fl.. 

Jacquinia venosa Swartz, 1788:47. 

Psychotria megalasperma Vahl, 1807, Eclog., 3:3, pl. 21. nan. illeg. incl. 

Jacquinia venosa Swartz, 1788. 

Chione glabra A.P. Candolle, 1830,4461. 

1934,32:292. 

Bois anda. 

Tree to 10 m; stipules deltoid, deciduous; inflorescence 

paniculate, loose: pedicels -1 cm long: calyx a zk truncate rim; 

corolla white, with short, rounded lobes; anthers basally 

attached to elongate filaments: fruit a ridged berry >1 cm long. 

Scattered from Jamaica to Trinidad; apparently rare and to be 

sought in Dominica: Layou Flats (Ramage s.n.), sine loc. 

(Imray 326 at K, Imray s.n. at GH). 

In Guadeloupe from seaside to 800 m, a useful timber in 

Grenada. Confusable with Erithalis, but leaves not obovate, 

and Psychotria, but flowers rather longer-stalked and ovule 

position different. 

Diodia Linnaeus 

Diodia apiculata (Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes) 

Schumann was attributed to Dominica by VBlez (1957: 112). as 

Diodia rigida Chamisso & Schlechtendal. The species has 

extremely narrowly linear leaves and the awns of the stipules 

are glabrous. No collection from Dominica has been seen and 

its presence is unlikely. 
188 RWIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Diodia ocymifolia 

Dicdio ocymifolio (Willdenow) Bremekamp, 1934305, “ocimifolio”.- 

Spermcoce mymi~olio Willdenow in Roemer & Schultes, 1818,3:530. 

Hemidiodio ocymi~olio (Willdenow) Schumann in Maltius, 1888, 6(6):30. pl. 

Steyermark, 1972:791. 

72, “ocimjfolio” .-Adams, 1972:732. 

Wild spinach. 

Herbaceous perennial with stipular awns ciliate to apex; stem 

terete with 2 lines of pubescence; axillary inflorescences 

sessile; hit of 2 cocci, each with a basal ventral opening. 

Neotropical but spreading weed, common in Dominica in 

disturbed areas along roads or river beds: Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 4008), Deux Branches (Chambers 2771, Hodge 3491), 

Fond Figues bridge (Ernst I022), Freshwater Lake (Fosberg 

48272, Hodge 1866), Grand Bay (Wilbur 8029), Hampstead 

(Lloyd 608), Layou River mouth (Fosberg 48303), Milton 

Estate (Hodge 2590), Montpellier (Lloyd 591), Pont CassC 

(Wilbur 7730), Sylvania (Hodge 3984). 

Erithalis Browne 

Erithalis fruticosa 

Eritholis fruficosa Linnaeus, 1759a:930,-Standley in North Amer. N., 1934, 

Erithalis odorifera Jacquin, 1763:72, pl. 173: fig. 23.4. Moore & Rendle in 

Erithalisfiuticosa var. odorifera (Jacquin) Grisebach, 1861:336. 

Erithalisfiuticosa subsp. odorifera (Jacquin) Steyermark, 1973:248; 1974:870. 

32:280.-Adams, 1972715. 

Fawcett & Rendle, 1936,7:67. 

Bois chandelle, bois flambeau, black torch, tuli (= torch in 

Carib). 

Small tree with obovate to elliptic leaves; stipules persistent, 

usually with a medial apiculum; inflorescence cymose and 

loose, long-pedunculate, borne in outer second to third leaf 

axils; petals white to cream, with elongate lobes and a short 

tube, calyx & truncate; berries longitudinally ridged. 

Essentially Caribbean; common in Dominica at low elevations, particularly in windswept vegetation along east coast: 

East Coast (Chambers 2610, Ernst 1921, Hodge 684, 3063, 

Nicolson 1991, StehlC 6648, Webster 13471, Wilbur 7528, 

8328), North Coast (Cooper 129, Ernst 1553, Lloyd 607, 

Wasshausen & Ayensu 381, Wilbur 7517, 8304), South Coast 

(Ernst 1073, Webster 13450, Wilbur 8020), West Coast (Ernst 

1432, Gillis 8132, Stern & Wasshausen 2399, Whitefoord 

4021,4300). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957:611) noted that the wood is hard 

and useful for posts. The wood is split and bound in torches 

3-4 ft [l m] long and 3-4 in [7-10 cm] thick and burn for 

about two hours. 

Steyermark (1974:870), Gillis (1976:81), Correll and Correll 

(1982:1388), and Howard (1989, 6:406) recognized a taxonomic distinction between Erithalis fruticosa and E. odori$era. 

Steyermark treated them as subspecies, Gillis as species, the 

Corrells as varieties, and Howard as species. Steyermark 

emphasized contrasts in flowers, Gillis emphasized characters 

in leaves and flowers, the Corrells emphasized floral and 

stipular characters, and Howard emphasized floral characters. 

Materials from the northern Caribbean seem to be smallerflowered and -leaved (E.fruticosu, type locality: Jamaica) and 

materials from the Lesser Antilles appear to be generally 

larger-flowered and -leaved (E. odorifera, type locality: 

Martinique). Surprisingly, the most southerly materials, Cuqao and Venezuela, approach the northerly materials. I am 

inclined to agree with Little et al. (1974:930): “This is a 

variable species with races differing in leaves, flowers and 

hits.” For purposes of this work I recognize only one taxon. 

Most Dominican materials are intermediate with a few 

representatives of each extreme but Howard (1.c.) only 

attributed E. odorifera to Dominica. 

Exostema (Persoon) L.C. Richard ex Humboldt 

& Bonpland 

Flowers >5 cm long; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 

1. Flowers solitary in axils, white; leaves 40 cm long 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E.caribaeum 

1. Flowers in terminal cymes, pink to purple; leaves >10 cm 

long . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . E. sanctae-luciae 

Exostema caribaeum 

Exartem coribaewn (Jacquin) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 

Cinchona caribaea Jacquin, 1760:16. 

5:18.--Standley in North Amer. Fl., 1921, 32:120. 

Shrub or small tree to 5 m; stipules persistent, acute; 

flowering June-August with a vanilla fragrance. 

Caribbean; occasional in Dominica in scrublands along west 

coast: Cabrits (Ernst 1927, Whitefoord 4042), Gabriel (Wilbur 

8240), Grand Savanne (Lloyd 828), Stern & Wasshausen 

2453, Pointe Ronde (Ernst 1561, Hodge 2745). Collected in 

fruit without leaves in April. 

Exostema sancta-luciae 

Exartem sancfae-luciae (Kentish) Britten, 1915:138. “Exartemma.” 

Cinchona soncfae- Iuciae Kentish, 1784:52. 

Cinchona jloribunda Swam, 1788:41. 

Emsfem floribundum (Swertz) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 

5:19.-Standley in North her. Fl., 1921, 32122. 

Quina, chinna rouge, bois amer, utauaho (Carib). 

Tree to 12 m; leaves elliptic -15 cm x 7 cm; stipules tubular, 

obtuse. 

Guadeloupe(?) to St. Vincent; occasional in Dominica in 

wet, open woodlands from 100-1OOO m: Carib Reserve 

(Taylor 143, La ChaudiBre (Hodge 3609), Concorde (Nicolson 

4063), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 542), Hatton Garden (Hodge 

3018), Lisdara (Cooper 52, 164), Providence Valley (Hodge 

2047, South Chiltem (Ernst 1110, Stern & Wasshausen 2490), 

Syndicate (Hodge 2909, Whitefoord 3656), sine loc. (lmrq 
NUMBER 77 RUBIACEAE 189 

s.n., Cooper 54, 54A, Ramage s.n.). Flowers DecemberMarch. 

Howard (1989, 6:412) said that Greater Antillean materials 

previously identified with this species are best assigned to 

Exostema ellipticum Grisebach. 

A decoction is used as an emetic and purgative by Caribs and 

the wood for paddles (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:611). 

Faramea Aublet 

Faramea occidental& 

Furumeu occidentulis (Linnaeus) A. Richard. 1829:96; 1834: 176.- 

Ixoru occidentulk Linnaeus, 1759a:893. 

Steyermark, 1967:384. 

Line rod, caf6 marron. 

Small tree to 8 m; stipule with awn longer than tube; 

inflorescence terminal, often several from the same node; 

corollas elongate, purple in bud, pinkish white and fragrant at 

anthesis, promptly deciduous; berries spherical, dark purple to 

black. 

Neotropics; occasional to common in Dominica in wet 

interior, 100-700 m: La Chaudiere (Hodge 3594), La Plaine 

area (Ernst 1363, Nicolson 4125), Pont Casse area (Ernst 1801, 

Howard 11759, Lloyd 755, Wilbur 8286, 8319), east of 

Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2585, Webster 13555), 

Sylvania (Hodge 688, 689, 690, 1153), Syndicate (Hodge 

2616, Wasshausen & Ayensu 350, Whitefoord 3539, 3549), 

sine loc. (Imray 247). 

Genipa Linnaeus 

Genipa amencana 

Genipu umericuM Linnaeus. 1759a:931.--Standley in North Amer. Fl.. 1921, 

32:156.--Little & Wadsworth, 1964512, pl. 243. 

Genip, alasibikai (by Carib men), saua (by Carib women). 

Medium tree; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, glossy, clustered 

on branch ends; stipules acute, deciduous; corolla pale yellow, 

5-lobed, -2 cm long and 3 cm across; style exserted; fruits -6 

cm long, brown, thick-walled, many-seeded. 

Neotropics; only plants known to me in Dominica are just 

south of Portsmouth: by highway 3 miles [5 km] south of 

Portsmouth (Nicolson 4190), bottom of road to Hungry Hill 

(Whitefoord 5910). 

Said not to occur on Dominica by Beard (1944:65). Not 

known to foresters, perhaps introduced by Caribs. Hodge and 

Taylor (1957:611) discussed at length how the Caribs use it as 

source of blue skin stain and an ingredient in treating yaws. 

Geophila D. Don, nom. cons. 

Geophila repens 

Geophilu repens (Linnaeus) Johnston, 1949a:281 .-Steyermark, 1972:395. 

Rondeletia repens haws, 1759a:928. 

Psychotriu lurbuceu Jaquin, 1760.16. 

Geophilu herbucea (Jacquin) Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1891, IV(4):119. 

Petit caapi tourtelle. 

Creeping herb with cordate leaves, white flowers, and red 

berries. 

Neotropics; occasional ground cover or weed of damp, 

disturbed mas in lowlands of Dominica: Carib Reserve (Stehle

6423), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1581, Nicolson 2003, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2404). 

A ritual bath is made from this by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:612). 

An Asiatic element, illustrated by Rheede (1690:10, pl. 21), 

was cited in the original protologues of both Rondeletia repens 

Linnaeus and Psychotria herbucea Jacquin, both apparently 

typified on neotropical elements. See Nicolson et al. 

(1988:221) for synonymy and a summary. Howard (1989, 

6416) expressed reservations. 

Gonzalagunia Ruiz & Pavon, nom. cons. 

Gonzalagunia hirsuta 

Gonzuluguniu hirsutu (Jacquin) Schumann in Martius, 1889, 6(6):291.- 

Justiciu hirsutu Jaquin, 1760:ll. 

Lygisiwn spicutwn Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1 :286. 

Gonzuluguniu spicutu (Lamarck) Gomez de la Man, 1894:289.-Steyermark, 

DUggeM spicutu (Lamarck) Standley. 1916b:126; in North Amer. Fl., 1921, 

Howard, 1973b:456. 

1972313. 

32:135. 

Bois cabrit. 

Herbaceous shrub to 4 m; stipules lanceolate to linear; 

inflorescence terminal, arching, secund; calyx lobes 4(15), 

linear; corolla white; fruits white, turning purple, dicoccous. 

Hispaniola to northern South America; a common weed in 

Dominica in disturbed and wet areas: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1975, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2407, Wilbur 7363), Freshwater Lake area 

(Chambers 2670, Lloyd 195, Ernst 1722, Smith 10249), Grand 

Bay (Wilbur 8023), Lisdara (Hodge 681,2341), Londonderry 

(Chambers 251 7), Melville Hall (Hodge 682), Pont Casse area 

(Ernst I018), Nicolson 1848, Skog 1572, Webster 13383, 

Wilbur 7535, 7544), Portsmouth (Ernst 1055), S ylvania 

(Cooper 25), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3529), sine loc. (Imray 

244, Cooley 8711). 

On 20 May 1977 (Syndicate Estate) I noted flowering 

specimens at 580 m to be of two kinds, with style exserted and 

stamens in throat or vice versa. 

Guettarda Linnaeus 

Flowers sessile and secund. 

1. Leaves oblong-obovate, to 3 cm long; inflorescence 

3-6-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. odorata 
190 RU~IACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Leaves ovate-elliptic, >5 cm long; inflorescence manyflowered. 

2. Leaves >15 cm long, glabrous above, pubescent below 

only on veins; stipules broad, >1 cm long ....... ...................... G. crhpflora 

2. Leaves to 10 cm long, scabrous above, tomentose 

below; stipules narrow, c1 cm long ..... G. scabra 

Guetkarda crispflora 

Guettarda crbpgora Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:36, pl. 6.Standley in North 

Amer. EL., 1934,32:233.Steyermark 1972367. 

Small tree to 12 m (noted 5 cm dbh at 1100 m on Diablotins); 

peduncles once-forked with elongate branches; corollas 

fringed, white to pink; fruits turgid, becoming 4-angled when 

Montserrat to Grenada (other subspecies in South America); 

occasional in Dominica in interior, 600-1OOO m: Morne 

Micotrin area (Chambers 2737, Ernst 1089,2174, Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 333, Webster 13258, Wilbur 8198), Morne Diablotins (Hodge 2798, Whitefoord 4561), Rosalie (Eggers 636), sine 

loc. (Zmray s.n.). 

dry. 

Guettarda odorata 

Guettarda odorata (Jacquin) Lamarck [1792, Tabl., 1, pl. 154: fig. 4, sine 

nom.], 1819, Tabl., 2:219.Standley in North her. FI.. 1934. 32259,- 

Steyermark, 1972360. 

Luugieria odorata Jacquin, 1760:16. 

Guettarda prviflora Vahl, 1798, Eclog., 2:26.Standley in North her. Fl., 

Guettarda parvifolia Swartz, 1806:1958. 

1934.32257. 

Shrub to 4 m with few-flowered cymes to 2 cm long; corollas 

white, margins entire; fruits turgid, not ridged when dry. 

West Indies (not Jamaica) to Isla Marguerita; occasional to 

abundant in Dominica north of the Grand Savanne: south 

slopes of Batali River (Ernst 1643), Gabriel slopes (Wilbur 

8241, 8273), sine loc. (Zmray s.n.). Flowering June-August, 

fruiting in August. 

Steyermark (1972:360) re-lectotypified Laugieria ,odorata 

Jacquin on Cuban material, rather than on Colombian material 

(= G. divaricata) as previously done by Standley. 

Guettarda scabra 

Guettarda scabra (Linnaeus) Ventenat, 1803:1, pl. l.-Lanarck [1792, Tabl., 

1, pl. 154: fig. 3, sine nun.], 1819, Tabl., 2:218.Standley in North Amer. 

FI., 1934.32:239.Steyermark, 1972365. 

Matthiola scabra Linnaeus. 1753:1192. 

Guettarda rugosa Swartz, 1788:59. 

Pasture wattle, bois savanne. 

Shrub or tree to 10 m; inflorescence 4-branched; flowers 

crowded, petals white to pink, entire; fruits spherical. 

Neotropical into Venezuela; common to occasional in 

Dominica near coasts to 200 m: East coast (Ernst 1369, Hodge 

3186, Stehlt 6381, 6419), North coast (Ernst 1686, 1830, 

Hodge 698, 3139, Lloyd 663, Wilbur 7519, 8300), West coast 

from Capuchin to Grand Savanne (Ernst 1391, Hodge 3497, 

3787, Lloyd 726, Nicolson 1913, Stern & Wasshausen 2448, 

2540, Wasshausen & Ayensu 383, Webster 13405, Whitefoord 

4488, Wilbur 7650), South coast (Wilbur 7904). 

Used for living fences. 

Hedyotis Linnaeus 

Small herbs with capsular, bilocular, loculicidal fruits. 

1. Leaves tiny (2-3 mm long), rotund; flowers solitary 

..................... H. callihichoides 

1. Leaves 1-2 cm long, lanceolate-linear; flowers paired or in 

cymes. 

2. Flowers usually paired in leaf ails, pedicels >1 cm long 

...................... H. commutaka 

2. Flowers several, in peduncled cymes, pedicels 4 cm 

long. .................. H. corymbosa 

Hedyotis callitrkhoides 

Hedyotb callitrichoides (Grisebach) W.H. Lewis, 1961 :222.-Whitefoord, 

Oldenlandia callitrichoides Grisebach, 1862a:506.-4tandley in North Amer. 

Oldenlandiopsk callitrichoides (Grisebach) Terrell & W.H. Lewis, 1990:185. 

1989:146. 

FI., 1918,32:11. 

Scattered in northern neotropics; an easily overlooked herb, 

often in cracks of terraces or stairs: La Plaine (Whitefoord 

5374), South Chiltem Estate (Ernst 1873). 

Hedyotis commutaka 

Hedyotis convnutata J.H. & J.A. Schultes in Rcemer & Schultes, 1827 [Jul], 

Hedyotb Iancifolia Schumacher, 1827 [month?]:72.-Howard, 1989,6:424. 

Oldcnlandia Iancifolia (Schumacher) A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:425.- 

Steyermark. 1972309.-Verdcourt in Milne-Redhead & Polhill, 1976, Rub., 

292. 

Widespread weed; new record for Dominica: Trafalgar Falls 

It is assumed that Hedyotis cornmututu was published before 

3(Mant.):l34.-Whitefoord, 1989:146. 

road (Whitefoord 4589). 

H. lancifolia. 

Hedyotis corymbosa 

Hedyorb corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:272. 

Oldcnlandia corymbosa Linnaeus, 1753:119.-Steyermark, 1972309 

Pantropical weed; occasional in Dominica in exposed or 

disturbed places: Baiac road (Whitefoord 4-36]), Cabrits 

(Whitefoord 4037), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1503), G-dwill (Ernst 

1279), Roseau streets (Ernst 2148, in a diminutive and dense 

aspect), Scotts Head (Ernst 1333, Wilbur 7600), Soufri&re 

(Lloyd 406, not seen), Tarou cliffs (Nicolson 1966), Wallhouse 

(Eggers 571). 
NUMBER 77 RUEIIACEAE 191 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985: 169, pl. 136) reported medicinal use 

(as Oldenlandia corymbosa L.) as a decoction syrup to treat 

grippe. 

Hillia Jacquin 

Hillia parasitica 

Hillia parasitica Jacquin, 1760:18.-Standley in North Amer. Fl., 1921. 

Hillia longifIora Swam, 1788:58, nm. illeg. 

32:116.Ste.yermark, 1972:291. 

Sprawling shrub or liana with solitaty, terminal, (4-)6-lobed 

flowers -10 cm long; leaves acuminate, leathery; stipules 3 cm 

x 1 cm, soon deciduous; fruit an elongate (to 6 cm) capsule with 

hairy seeds. 

Northern neotropics; common to occasional in Dominica in 

interior forests, 450-1150 m: Bellevue (Taylor 33), Boiling 

Lake (Hodge 1939), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3233, Concorde 

Valley (Hodge 3110), Pointe Lolo (Webster 13386), LaudatFreshwater Lake area (Chambers 2690, Ernst 1098, Gillis 

8161, Hodge 1802, 1839, Lloyd 164, Nicolson 1840, Smith 

10256, Webster 13239, Wilbur 7389), Pont Casse area (Ernst 

1012, Stern & Wasshuusen 2557, Webster 13469, Wilbur 7816, 

7845), Syndicate (Hodge 2587). 

Zxora Linnaeus 

Zxora macrothyrsa (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) T Moore has 

been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 974, 

3952). This may be a misidentification of Zxora casei Hance or 

Zxora dufii T. Moore, true I. macrothyrsa being apparently 

unknown in cultivation. 

1. Leaves sessile; inflorescence terminal: flowers to 5 cm 

long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z. coccinea 

1. Leaves shortly but clearly petiolate; inflorescence axillary 

(on old wood); flowers to 1 cm long . . . . . , . Z.ferrea 

Zxora coccinea 

Ixoru coccinea Linnaeus, 1753:110.-Fosberg & Sachet, 1989:487. 

Petit z’icaque. 

Shrub with rounded to & amplexicaul leaf-bases; color forms 

from yellow to red. 

Asiatic species now widely cultivated; cultivated in Dominica but collected once on windswept east coast: Castle Bruce 

trail between Salybia and Gaulettre River (Hodge 3333), cult. 

in Roseau Bot. Garden as I. lutea (Fairchild 2668) and I. 

chinensis (Fairchild s.n.). 

Zxora ferrea 

Ixora ferrea (Jacquin) Bentham. 1850447.4tandley in North Amer. Fl.. 

Sideroxyloides ferreum Jaquin, 1763:19. pl. 175: fig. 9. 

1934, 32:299.--Steyermark, 1%7:352. 

Bois pichette, his crapaud. 

Small tree to 12 m; flowers axillary in 1-3-flowered cymes, 

pink to orange-red outside and white within. 

West Indies and Venezuela: infrequent in Dominica but 

pervasive in eastern subcoastal woodlands and interior to 750 

m: Brush (Nicolson 2157, Wasshausen & Ayensu 405), Castle 

Bruce (Ramage s.n.), La Plaine area (Chambers 2727, Ernst 

1913), Laudat-Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2681), Mome 

au Diable (Nicolson 1931, Wasshausen & Ayensu 371), Lisdara 

(Cooper 159, 159A, Hodge 2391, 2473), Mome Plat Pays 

(Wilbur 7870), Pointe Lolo (Ernst 1172, 1548), Red Gully 

(Hodge 251 0), Sylvania (Hodge 1033, Syndicate (Whitefoord 

4359). 

Manettia Mutis ex Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Manettia dominicensis 

Manettia dominicensis Wemham, 1918:37.-Standley in Nodh Arner. H., 

Manettia calycosa sensu Grisebach, 1861:330, as to Dominican specimen cited. 

1921,32:98. 

Twining vine; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes -2.5 mm broad at 

base, tapering, persistent, -6 mm long; corolla white, -1 cm 

long, tubular. 

Guadeloupe to St. Vincent (St. Lucia?); occasional in 

Dominica but only in one area: Freshwater Lake vicinity 

(Chambers 2745, Eggers 53, Ernst 1092, 2172, Fosberg 

48274, Ramage s.n., Warshausen & Ayensu 324, Webster 

13257, Wilbur 7392), sine loc. (Zmray 65,216). 

Chung (1967:277) designated material in an envelope 

attached to Zmray 65 (GOET) as lectotype of Manettia calycosa 

Grisebach, a distinctive species with red flowers and broad 

calyx lobes known only from Hispaniola, Colombia, and 

Venezuela. Chung explained the type as “the corolla and two 

capsules in the envelope should be the type. The branch with 

leaves and capsules is M. dominicensis Wernh.” This lectotypification perhaps is superseded because its provenance is 

unknown and is surely from one or two other specimens that 

have been recognized as taxonomically different. 

Grisebach’s protologue for M. calycosa is a mixture of 

characters and specimens that can be attributed to M. calycosa 

or M. dom’nicensis. Usage is established and I see no reason to 

change the historic application of the names. Grisebach said 

“HAB. Dominica!, Zmr., in the mountains: a form with 

ovate-lanceolate calyx lobes; [Haiti!, Venezuela!, Fendl. 5881.” 

What he meant was simply that this taxon (called “form”) has 

ovate to lanceolate calyx-lobes and was collected by Imray in 

Dominica (included in the coverage of his flora) and occurs 

outside the coverage of the flora (cited in square brackets) in 

Haiti (actually a Schomburgk collection at Kew) and Venezuela (Fendler 588). It is reasonably evident from his 

description and the syntypes that Grisebach placed more weight 

on the flowering specimens (from Haiti and Venezuela) than on 

the fruiting specimen (from Dominica). Hence, I have no 
1 92 RUEZACEAE SMITHSONLW CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

problem following all subsequent workers in excluding the 

Dominican material from lectotypification of M. calycosa 

Grisebach. The apparent emphasis in Grisebach’s habitat 

discussion on Dominica is merely an artifact of the Flora he 

was writing, his species concept was of the non-Dominican 

materials. 

Having gone this far, I also note that Steyermark (1972:238), 

identified Fendler 588 as Manettia calycosa var. karstenianum 

Schumann. This implies that the Haitian material cited by 

Grisebach should be recognized as the lectotype of M. calycosa 

Grisebach. This proves to be a Schomburgk collection (K). The 

flowering and fruiting material in the envelope on the Imray 

specimen retained by Grisebach at Goettingen, designated as 

lectotype by Chung, may be a mixture taken from the Haitian 

(Schomburgk) and Venezuelan (Fendler) collections. In view 

of the confusion and mixtures involved, I accept the Schomburgk specimen at Kew as the superseding lectotype of M. 

caZycosa Grisebach. Howard (1989, 6:433) reached the same 

position. 

Mitracarpus Zuccarini 

Mitracarpus hirtus 

Mitrueorpus hirtur (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:572.-Nic~lson, 

Spermacoce hirta Linnaeus, 1762:148. 

Spermacoce villoso Swartz, 1788:29. 

Mitracorpur villosur (Swartz) Chamisso & Schlechtendal ex A.P. Candolle, 

1830, 4:52.-Steyermark. 1972:782.-Verdcourt. 1975:322.-Ward, 

1976679. 

1977a:573. 

Annual herb with lanceolate ovate or elliptic, k sessile leaves 

and dense, axillary, sessile flowers; calyx persistent, of 2 longer 

and 2 shorter teeth; capsule circumscissile; seed with a ventral 

cross. 

Northern neotropics into Florida; common but often overlooked weed in Dominica in dry, disturbed areas: Delices 

(Whitefoord 3672), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4292), Fond Hunte 

Estate (Whitefoord 4459, Grand Savanne (Nicolson 1946, 

mixed with Spermacoce eryngioides var. questelir?, Layou 

Valley (Ernst 1524), Montpelier (Lloyd 586). 

Mitracarpus hirtus is similar to Spermacoce but may be 

distinguished by its circumscissile capsule and cross-bearing 

seed. 

There has been controversy regarding whether the correct 

name for this species is M. hirtus or M. villosus. The 

fundamental question is whether A.P. Candolle included the 

type of Spermacoce hirta Linnaeus (1762) in his Mitracarpus 

hirtus (where he indirectly referred to it) or excluded it by 

placing it in his M. villosus when he stated under the latter, “Sp. 

hirta Jacq. ic. rar. t. 308 et forte Linn.” A proposal to revise the 

Code to define exclusion “by explicit inclusion of the type in 

another taxon” passed. De Candolle’s suggestion that ‘3. 

hirta ... Linn.” perhaps belongs in M. villosus does not 

constitute explicit exclusion of the type of S. hirta Linnaeus 

from Mitracarpus hirtus. 

Morinda Linnaeus 

Morinda cihifolia 

Morinda citrifolia hams, 1753 : 176.-Adams, 1972:7OO. 

Feuille hide. 

Succulent shrub or tree to 5 m; stipules ovate, rounded; 

inflorescence axillary, a head with united ovaries; flowers 

white; fruit fleshy, becoming whitish with age. 

Native of tropical Asia, widely naturalized in neotropics; 

common in Dominica near beaches: Botanic Garden (Hodge 

NO), Cabrit swamp (Hodge 710), Canefield (Nicolson 2074), 

East coast (Chambers 2548, Ernst 1469, Gillis 8151, Hodge 

2954, 3319, Whitefoord 3763, Wilbur 7986), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2690), Scotts Head (Hodge 1647, Kimber 889, Webster 

13444). 

Used for wrapping rheumatic joints (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:612. 

Neolaugeria Nicolson 

Neolaugeria resinosa 

Neolougeria resinosa (Vahl) Nicolson, 1979:121. 

hugeria resinosa Vahl, 1797, Edog., 1:27.4tandley in North Amer. Fl., 

Stenostomwn resinoswn (Vahl) Grisebach, 1861:334. 

Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague, 1932:349.--Little & Wadsworth, 

1934,32277. 

1964524, pl. 525. 

Small tree or shrub to 5 m; leaves glossy and viscid; venation 

paxillate (with strikingly elongate areoles) and brochidodromous (loop-veined near margin); stipules k persistent, tubular, 

-2 mm long, ciliate, resinous; inflorescences pedunculate, 

borne in upper axils, bifurcate with secund, greenish white 

flowers; fruits greenish. 

Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. 

Vincent; occasional in Dominica to 500 m: Hungry Hill Estate 

(Whitefoord 4427), Pointe Carib (Wilbur 8008), Soufritxe Bay 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2482), South Chiltern (Ernst 1866), 

Sylvania (Webster 13410). 

Palicourea Aublet 

Palicourea aZpina (Swartz) A.P. Candolle was attributed to 

Dominica by Grisebach (1861:345), based on Imray collections. This is believed to be a misidentification because P. 

alpina seems to be restricted to the Greater Antilles and, 

possibly, Central America. Palicourea alpina has more curved 

lateral veins to 1 cm apart and stipules with a tube 2-3 mm 

long, while P. crocea has straighter lateral veins >1 cm apart 

and stipules with tubes to 1 mm long. 

Some Antillean specimens have been determined as Palicourea riparia Bentham but are indistinguishable from P. 

crocea. Adams (1972:729) synonymized the species but 

Steyermark (1972:738) recognized Palicourea crocea var. 

riparia (Bentham) Grisebach as restricted to northern South 

America. 
NUMBER 77 RUBIACEAE 193 

Palicourea crocea 5. Plants epiphytic; leaves fleshy ............ ................... P. guadalupensis 

6. Calyx clearly lobed, the teeth as long or longer than 

Palicourea crocea (Swartz) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819, 5:193.- 

Steyermark, 1972:737. 5. Plants terrestrial; leaves membranous or leathery. 

Psychofria crocw Swartz, 1788:44. 

Shrub or tree to 6 m: leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends; 

stipule with tube -1 mm long and 4 teeth 1-3.5 mm long (in 

ours): inflorescence terminal, thyrsoid, axis and pedicels 

usually red, occasionally yellow or orange. 

The typical variety is Antillean, others extend to Bolivia; one 

of the most common (and most frequently collected) plants in 

Dominica in lower to middle elevations, 50-600 m, occasionally to 1300 m: Northeast and East coast (Chambers 2611, 

Ernst 1904, Hodge 687,3406,3562, Lloyd 667, Nicolson 4072, 

Stehle 6415, Whitefoord 3760, Wilbur 7525), Diablotins area 

(Hodge 2585, 2601, 2818, Lloyd 906, Webster 13333, 13544, 

Whitefoord 3494), Pont Casse to Sylvania area (Cooper 6, 

Ernst 2050, Fosberg 48301, Hodge 686,1188,1298, Nicolson 

1846, Wilbur 7545, 7712, 7758, 8315), Freshwater Lake area 

(Chambers 2671, Gillis 8160, Hodge 1870,1929, Smith 10301, 

Wilbur 7433, Southern end (Ernst 1316, Gillis 8119, Hodge 

699, 1660, 1498, 2384, Howard 11737, Lloyd 10, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2408, 2497, Webster 13201), sine loc. (Cooley 

8785). 

There is a correlation between leaf size and altitude; 

specimens from higher elevations have smaller leaves than 

those from middle and lower elevations. 

Psychotria Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Psychotria nervosa Swartz (as Psychotria lanceolata Nuttall) was attributed to Dominica by Grisebach (1861:342) based 

on an Imray collection. The species is distinguishable by a 

tubular but deciduous stipule, shortly petiolate leaves, and a 

subsessile inflorescence. The Imray specimen has not been 

checked but no collections attributable to P. nervosa have been 

seen. 

1. Flowers sessile, in axillary clusters or terminal bracteate 

heads. 

2. Flowers in axillary clusters ....... P. aubletiana 

2. Flowers in terminal, pedunculate heads surrounded by 

broad bracts ............... P. urbaniana 

1. Flowers pedicellate or, if sessile, in branching inflorescences. 

3. Herbs with thick, succulent stems; leaves >10 cm broad, 

rounded or shortly acuminate at apex; inflorescences 

strictly axillary. 

4. Inflorescences shorter than petioles; fruit white 

...................... P. discolor 

4. Inflorescences longer than petioles; fruit red ..... ...................... P. uliginosa 

3. Plants with woody or herbaceous stems, but not 

succulent; leaves 40 cm broad: inflorescences terminal 

but irregularly axillary. 

broad; stipules with 2 teeth as long as tube of 

stipules, persistent .......... P. berteriana 

6. Calyx essentially a truncated rim, the teeth only 

tiny points: stipules not toothed or with teeth 

shorter than stipule-tube. 

7. Stipules persistent, only 2 mm long: vein-axils 

with white, pubescent domatia where lateral 

veins join the midrib ....... P. microdon 

7. Stipules soon deciduous, 5 mm long; vein axils 

often with glabrous pocket-domatia. 

8. Calyx essentially truncate; stipules blunt; 

inflorescence peduncle elongate ....... ............... P. mapourwides 

8. Calyx shortly but conspicuously toothed: 

stipules lanceolate, often bifid; inflorescence 

peduncle short ......... P. tenuifolia 

Psychotria aubletiana 

Psychofria aubletiana Steyermark, 1912694. 

Cephaelis axillaris Swartz, 1788:45. non Psychofria axillaris Willdenow, nor 

Vellozo. 

Shrub to 1.5 m with sessile, axillary heads of white flowers 

and blue hits. 

Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica on forest floors above 

lo00 m (replacing P. urbaniunu of lower elevations): Mome 

Anglais (Hodge 700, 2272, Wilbur 7943), Morne Diablotins 

(Webster 13324, Whitefoord 443~9, Laudat (Lloyd 124), Mome 

Trois Pitons (Chambers 2481, Ernst 2026, Hodge 701, 1390, 

Wasshausen & Ayensu 388, Wilbur 8094), Morne Nicholls 

(Hodge 1934, Nicolson 2019), Mosquito Mountain (Webster 

13552), sine loc. (Imray s.n., 278). 

Psychotria berterinna 

Psychotria berferiana A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:515.--Steyernalk, 1972:534. 

Psychofria plafyphylla A.P. CandoUe. 1830,4517. 

Shrub or small tree to 10 m; stipules persistent, -2 mm long 

but with 2 broad, lateral teeth -2 mm long; inflorescences 

terminal, long-pedunculate, loosely branching, pubescent; 

calyx teeth as long as hypanthium: corolla white; fruits turning 

black, spheroid, longitudinally ridged, capped with persistent 

calyx teeth and subtended by 1 or more bracts. 

Northern neotropics; occasional to common in Dominica in 

interior rainforest, 100-lo00 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 

4155), Fon Pays (Hodge 2838), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3606, 

3630), Pont Casse area (Sylvania to Deux Branches), (Charnbers 2519, Ernst 1286, 1941, Hodge 711, 2968, 3114, 3120, 

3489,3970, Nicolson 2119,4039, Proctor 25784, Wilbur 7550, 

7551,8192), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3594,4351). 
194 RUBIACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Psychotria discolor 

Psychotria discolor (Grisebach) Rolfe, 1893:258.-Adams, 1972723. 

Psychotria uliginosa var. discolor Smith ex Grisebach. 1861:340. 

Psychofria caribaea Urban. 1913,7:437. 

Succulent herb to 2 m; stipules broad, rounded, and 

deciduous; leaves large, obovate, attenuate below, rounded 

above; inflorescence short, axillary, puberulenc flowers and 

hits white. 

Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique; known in Dominica only 

from the vicinity of Freshwater and Boeri Lakes in dense shade, 

-800 m: (Chambers 2586, Ernst 1721, 1856, 2168, Wilbur 

8201). 

Remarkably similar to P. uliginosa in habit but the 

inflorescence is totally different. 

I fiid no useful distinction between Jamaican P. discolor and 

Lesser Antillean P. caribaea and have synonymized the latter. 

Joseph Kirkbride, a specialist in Rubiaceae, pointed out (pers. 

comm.) that this species is, as Urban said in describing F! 

caribaea, very similar to Psychotria macrophylla Rub & Pavdn 

of Central and South America. Perhaps this taxon is, at best, 

only an Antillean subspecies of F! macrophylla with a 

subsessile inflorescence. 

Psychotria guadalupensis 

Psychotria guadalupensb (A.P. Candolle) Howard, 1966: 139.Steyermark, 

Viscoidespendulwn Jaquin, 1763:73. pl. 51: fig. 1. 

Psychotria parasitica Swam, 1788:44, nom. superfl. 

Loranthur guadalupensis A.P. Candolle, 1830,4294. 

Loranthw portoricensis A.P. Candolle, 1830,4:293. 

Mapouria parasitica Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 189 1, IV(4): 112. 

Psychotria pendula (Jaquin) Urban, 1900,1:445, non J. Hooker. 

1972569. 

Pendant and often succulent epiphyte; stipules papery, 

tubular-truncate, 1-2 mm long, eventually lost; inflorescences 

usually terminal, loose, often red; flowers white; fruits red, 

tuming black. 

Antilles into South America; frequent in Dominica from 

100-1300 m, particularly fleshy on ridges and summits: La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3640), Morne Diablotins (Fishlock s.n., 

Hodge 2615, 2905, Webster 13350, Whitefoord 4235, 57413, 

Pont Casse area from Sylvania to Deux Branches and to 

summit of Trois Pitons (Chambers 2593, 2607, Cooper 91, 

195, Ernst 1211, Haweis 29, Hodge 714, 717, 1044, 1409, 

1737, 3103, Lloyd 38 (andlor 41?), Nicolson 1808,2126, Skog 

1574, Wilbur 7722, 7806,8102), Freshwater Lake area (Burch 

1467, Eggers 52,670, Hodge 1792, Smith 10299, Wasshausen 

& Ayensu 341), Boiling Lake area (Hodge 1927), Southern area 

(Beard 251, Hodge 715, 716,1456,2286, Stern & Wasshausen 

2504, Wilbur 7920, sine loc. (Zmray 134). 

Steyermark (1972:569) cited both F! guadalupensis subsp. 

guadalupensis (corolla 6-7 mm long) and Psychotria guadalupensis subsp. grosourdyana (Baillon) Steyermark (corolla 

2.5-4 mm) for Dominica. All corollas measured on Dominican 

specimens appeared to be 5-6 mm long, except for Wilbur 

7722 (fruiting) on which the only open corolla found was 4.5 

mm (a duplicate at NY was annotated by Steyermark as subsp. 

grosourdyana). Howard (1989,6:446) pointed out that corolla 

length may be associated with heterostyly. 

Psychotria mapourioides 

Psychotria mpourioides A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:509.--Steyemark, 

Mapouria guianensis Aublet, 1775:175. pl. 67, not Psychotria guianensis 

Psychotria nit& Willdenow, 1798,1:963, nom. superfl. 

Psychotria mpwia Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, 1819,5:1&7, nom. superfl. 

Psychofriafloribunda sensu Grisebach, 1861:340, non Kunth, fide Steyermark, 

1972457.-Howard. 1989,6:446. 

(Aublet) Rusby, based on Palicourea guianensis Aublet. 

1972457. 

Shrub or tree to 9 m; stipules deciduous, >1 cm long, blunt 

or rounded; inflorescence terminal, typically long-pedunculate; 

calyx truncate, rim ciliate with tiny teeth much shorter than 

hypanthium; fruit turning red. 

Antilles into northern South America; occasional in Dominica from near sea level to 750 m: East coast from Salybia to 

Rosalie (Chambers 2631, Ernst 1677, Hodge 3313, Nicolson 

4133, Stehle 6642, Stern & Wasshausen 2483), Morne aux 

Diables area (Wasshausen & Ayensu 377, Wilbur 8065), 

Syndicate (Ernst 2003, Wasshausen & Ayensu 344, Whitefoord 

3537, 5622), Jean (Webster 13496), Sylvania (Hodge 712), 

Freshwater Lake area (Gillis 8168, Lloyd 210, 217, 260), 

Southwest area from Roseau to Morne Plat Pays (Cooper 175, 

Lloyd 689, Nicolson 2098, Stern & Wasshausen 2492, Webster 

13490), sine loc. (Zmray s.n.). 

This treatment is provisional because neither the taxonomy 

nor the nomenclature is settled. Steyermark does not quite 

dispose of the oldest name, Psychotriafloribunda Kunth, and 

it is not clear that P. mapourioides sensu Steyermark reaches 

the Lesser Antilles. 

Psychotria microdon 

Psychotria microdon (A.P. Candolle) Urban, 1928, 9:539.-Steyermark, 

Rondeletia microdon A.P. Candolle, 1830, 4:408. 

Psychotria pinnularis Sesd & Mocino. 189257. 

1972446. 

Shrub to 2 m; stipules persistent, 1-2 mm long, ciliate; 

inflorescence terminal, loose; calyx f truncate; flowers white. 

Antilles into South America and Costa Rica; apparently a 

new record for Dominica where it is occasional in dry 

woodlands along west coast: northern Grand Savanna (Ernst 

1639), lower Layou Valley (Ernst 1509,2179). 

Psychotria tenuifolia 

Psychotria tenuifolia Swartz, 1788:43.-Britton & Wilson, 1925,6:247. 

Shrub or small tree; stipules deciduous, acute, and often 

bifurcate; inflorescences short-peduncle& calyx with deltoid 

lobes. 
NUMBER 77 RUBIACEAR 195 

Antilles; occasional in Dominica, 500-700 m (or lower?): 

Freshwater Lake area (Eggers 1103, Hodge 1813), Mome 

Colla Anglais (Webster 13423), Soufriere (Lloyd 479, South 

Chiltern (Hodge 1465), sine loc. (Imray s.n. at NY). 

Similar to and easily confused with P. mupourioides A.P. 

Candolle because (1) its distinctive calyx lobes are not 

available on fruiting specimens, (2) its distinctive stipules are 

often all lost, and (3) the character of long- vs. short-peduncle 

may not be consistent. The Imray specimen here was 

misidentified by Grisebach, as Rfloribunda, and by Urban, as 

l? nitida. 

Psychotria uliginosa 

Psychotria uliginosa Swartz, 1788:43.Steyemark, 1972558. 

Succulent shrub -1 m tall; stipules persistent, broad, and 

rounded; inflorescences long-peduncled, axillary; flowers 

white; fruits red, becoming black. 

Neotropical; occasional to common in interior of Dominica, 

450-900 m: Syndicate to Diablotins area (Nicolson 4085, 

Wasshausen & Ayensu 346, Webster 13334, Whitefoord 4249, 

central area from Jean through Glasham and NW Trois Pitons 

to Sylvania (Cooper 30, Ernst 2051, Hodge 1170, Southwest 

area from Laudat to South Chiltern (Cooper 150, Hodge 685, 

691, 1443, 2066, 2260, Stern & Wasshausen 2520), sine loc. 

Imray 173. 

Remarkably similar to P. discolor but differing in inflorescence and fruit color. 

Psychotria urbaniana 

Psychotria urbaniana Steyemark, 1972:671. 

Cephaelis swartzii A.P. Candolle, 1830. 4534, not Psychotria swartzii Urban 

[= P. glabrata Swartz, endemic to Jamaica]. 

Shrub to 3 m, woody at base; stipule teeth equal; midrib of 

leaves glabrous below; inflorescence terminal, long-peduncle& 

bracts blue to purple; flowers white, fruits blue. 

Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique; extremely common 

herbaceous shrub in interior of Dominica, 300-1000 m: 

Northwest area (Hodge 2621, 2821, 2842, 3601, Whirefoord 

3604), East side (Hodge 8246), Pont Casse area (Chambers 

2516, Cowan 1632, Ernst 1287, Fosberg 48294, Hodge 678, 

679, 1071, 1383, 2990, 3973, Nicolson 1806, Skog 1565, 

Webster 13224, Wilbur 7543, 7772, 8182), Freshwater Lake 

area (Beard 1425, 1456, Eggers 525, Fosberg 48291, Hodge 

1921, Lloyd 43, Smith 10219, Wilbur 7405), Southwest area 

(Beard 1456, Cooper 44, Hodge 677,680,1665,2400, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2513). 

A mid-elevation species that is replaced at higher elevations 

by Psychotria aubletiana. 

Very similar to P: muscosa (Jacquin) Steyermark from 

Guadeloupe into northern South America, which is expected in 

Dominica. This species has short-peduncled inflorescences, 2 

stipule teeth larger than the others, and the midrib puberulent 

below along the midrib. 

Randia Linnaeus 

Two cultivated species, each with showy corollas 6-10 cm 

long have been recorded from Dominica: (1) Randia formosa 

(Jacquin) Schumann, presently called Rosenbergiodendron 

formosum (Jacquin) Fagerlind, has elongate, needle-like calyx 

teeth (Roseau Botanic Garden: Fairchild 2664, Hodge 913); (2) 

Randia maculata A.P. Candolle, presently called Rothmannia 

longiflora Salisbury, with a subtruncate calyx was mentioned 

by Howard (1964, mss.) but no voucher has been seen. 

Randia aculeata 

Randia aculeata Linnaeus, 1753:1192.Standley in North her. Fl., 1934, 

Randia mitis Linnaeus, 1753: 1192.-Britton & Wilson, 1925,623 1. 

Randia aculeata var. mitis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 1861:381. 

32:174.Steyemark, 1972:339. 

Shrub or tree to 6 m, typically with 2 stipular spines at each 

node; flowers terminal on lateral spurs; calyx k truncate with 

tiny teeth; corolla white, densely pubescent in the throat. 

Neotropics into northern South America; common in 

Dominica along dry west coast, occasional in wetter areas: 

Carib Reserve (Hodge 3296), Blenheim (Cooper 13I), Cabrits 

(Nicolson 1892, Whitefoord 4041), Grand Savanna from 

Gabriel to Mero (Chambers 2507, Ernst 1888, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2446, Webster 131 77, Wilbur 8242), Hampstead 

(Lloyd 669), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3062), South Chiltern 

(Hodge 1632), Grand Bay (Ernst 1065), Rosalie Valley (Lloyd 

71 8). 

Most of our material has rather medium-sized leaves and fits 

R. aculeata f. aculeata as defined by Steyermark (1972:341). 

Plants from the driest localities have smaller leaves (R. 

aculeata f. minor) and those from the wettest localities have 

larger leaves (R. aculeata f. mitis). 

Relbunium (Endlicher) J. Hooker 

Relbunium guadalupense 

Relbuniwn guadalupense (Sprengel) Urban, 1912, 7:416.--Ehrendorfer, 

Rubia guadalupensk Sprengel, 1825.1:397. 

Galiwn hypocarpiwn sensu Grisebach, 1861:351, as to material from 

1955538. 

Dominica, nm Endlicher. 

Low scrambling herb; leaves 1 cm x 0.3 cm, 4-whorled: 

fruits dicoccous, reddish orange, subtended by 4 free bracts. 

Scattered in Lesser Antilles to British Guayana (teste 

Ehrendorfer); on mountain summits of Dominica: Mome 

Diablotins (Nicolson 4164). 

Rondeletia Linnaeus 

Rondeletia odorata, Jacquin, with subcordate, subsessile 
1% RUBIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

leaves and a bright red, corymbose inflorescence, was collected 

in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 934). 

Rondeletia pan flora 

Rondeletio porvifloro Poiret k, Lamarck, 1804, hcycl., 6:252. 

Rondeletia arborescenr Grisebach, 1861:327.--Standley in North Amer. Fl., 

Rondeletio stereocarpa Grisebach, 1861:327.--Standley in North Amer. Fl., 

1918,3273. 

1918,3273. 

Quina, chinna blanc. 

Shrubby tree to 7 m; stipules f persistent, 0.5-0.75 mm 

long, k acute-obtuse; leaves obovate-oblanceolate, petiole 1-3 

cm long; flowers k glabrous to densely pubescent, yellowish to 

reddish. 

Several Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south; occasional 

to common understory tree, 400-1200 m: Boiling Lake (Beard 

252*), Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1100*, 1730*, Nicolson 

1974*, 2105*, Stern & Wasshausen 256Tr, Whitefoord 3816*, 

3868*, Wilbur 7449*, 8221*), Morne Anglais (Hodge 2313*), 

Pont Casst area (Ernst 1796, 1812, Hodge 696, 1113, 1122, 

3839, Lloyd 769, Nicolson 1853, Webster 13380, 13463, 

Wilbur 7785, 8283), Providence Valley below Laudat (Hodge 

2070), Trois Pitons (Emst 2029*), Rosehill (Eggers 678), 

Southwest area (Cooper 46, 168, Ernst 1109, Hodge 2358, 

Stern & Wasshausen 2496, Wilbur 7887, Syndicate (Hodge 

2712, 2902, Whitefoord 3623, 3901), sine loc. (Imray 80* at 

GH, 174*, 176 at NY). 

There are two extremes in Dominica that have traditionally 

been treated as distinct species. The asterisk (*) is used above 

to denote the upland aspect (R. parviflora). The other is the 

midland aspect (R. stereocarpa). These may be distinguished 

by the following key. 

1. 

1. 

Leaf-blades 6-13 cm long, obovate; petiole -1 cm long; 

flowers reddish; inflorescence broad, <5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. parvijlora 

Leaf-blades 13-22 cm long, oblanceolate; petiole 2-3 cm 

long; flowers yellowish; inflorescence elongate, >5 cm 

long . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . , . . . . R. stereocarpa 

The midland aspect occurs in Dominica from 400-700 m 

and the upland aspect above 700 m. However, there is not a 

discontinuity in the variation and at 700k100 m the characters 

break down. Although the extremes are quite different, it is my 

opinion that these are incipient species, not yet sufficiently 

distinct to warrant taxonomic recognition. 

Rondeletia martinicensis Krug & Urban from Martinique 

appears to be a more pilose aspect, represented on Dominica by 

Whitefoord 3868 (upland) and Wilbur 8283 (lowland). 

Rudgea Salisbury 

Rudgea citrifolia 

Rudgeo ckrifolio (Swartz) Schumann in Engler & Prantl, 1891, IV(4):116. 

Psychotrio citrifolio Swartz, 1788:43. 

Rudgeo coribaeo Bentham, 1850:460. 

Bois peti, bois patat, bois pichette. 

Shrub or medium tree to 8 m; sheathing portion of stipules f 

persistent, -2 mm long, the lateral clusters of 4-6 awns soon 

deciduous; inflorescence terminal, short-peduncled, calyx 

shallowly toothed; corolla white, long- pubescent inside; hits 

becoming orange, finally brick-red, 1.2 cm x 0.6 cm; seeds 2, 

longitudinally ridged. 

Several Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe south; common in 

interior from 100 m (east side) to lo00 m (west side): 

Northwest area (Ernst 1993, Hodge 2664, 2907, 3516, 3665, 

Nicolson 1928, Wasshausen & Ayensu 351, Whitefoord 3558, 

4232, Wilbur 8061), Jean (Stern & Wasshuusen 2577, Webster 

13511), Pont Casse area (Ernst 1168, Hodge 693,2979,3822, 

Webster 13231, Wilbur 7789, 7843, 8181), East side (Cowan 

1606, Ernst 1372, Hodge 3259, Webster 13484, Wilbur 8312), 

Laudat (Eggers 1015, Lloyd 209), South area (Cooper 163, 

179, Eggers 780, Hodge 694,2381,2382, Stern & Wasshausen 

2495,2523), sine loc. (Imruy s.n. at NY). 

Schradera Vahl, nom. cons. 

Schradera exotica 

Schradero exotica (Gmelin) Standley, 1929:286.-Nicolson, 1977b:447. 

Urceolorio exotica Gmelin, 1791:390.Standley in North Amer. Fl., 1921, 

32: 132. 

Schradero copitoto sensu Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:35, pl. 5 [as to Montsermt 

material, not as to synonym, Fuchrio involucroto Swartz]. 

Schrodero copitoto Vahl ex Willdenow, 1799,2:238, non Vahl. 

Urceolorio copitoto Fritsch. 1894288, nom. supertl. 

Schrodera vohlii Steyermark, 19W.277, nun. supem. 

Schradero vohlii var. ocutifolia Steyermark, 1964:277. 

Succulent liana or shrubby tree to 7 m; stipules membranous, 

>1 cm long, rounded, deciduous, lower half united; inflorescence terminal, a pedunculate head subtended by a peltate 

involucral bract; flowers white; berries white and fleshy. 

Hispaniola to Grenada; in frequent to common in Dominica 

on slopes and summits 400-1140 m: Morne aux Diables 

(Nicolson 1935), En Haut Jean (Webster 13513), Pont Casst 

area from Deux Branches to Castle Bruce tumoff (Ernst 1671, 

Stern & Wasshuusen 2546, Wilbur 7749), Laudat to Freshwater 

Lake area (Gillis 9220, Lloyd 185, Smith 10289, Whitefoord 

4166, Wilbur 7394), Breakfast River (Hodge 1892), Mome 

Nicholls (Hodge 1933), Morne Anglais (Hodge 697, 719, 

2268), South Chiltern (Hodge 1459), lower slopes of Mome 

Plat Pays (Wilbur 78.59, Syndicate (Whitefoord 3524,4266). 

Spermacoce Linnaeus 

The generic concept used here includes Borreria, following 

Verdcourt (1975302) and Fosberg and Powell (in prep. as of 

Aug 1990). I am indebted to Dr. Fosberg, who annotated the 

Dominica specimens of this difficult genus. 
NUMBER 77 RUBIACEAE 197 

1. Leaves usually 1 or more cm wide. 

2. Stipules sheathing; inflorescences becoming >1 cm 

across; seeds transversely grooved; septum between 

cocci persistent, finally free-standing .......... 

2. Stipules not sheathing; inflorescences c1 cm across; 

seeds longitudinally pitted; septum splitting or dissolving. ...................... S. ernstii 

3. Leaves with conspicuous scabrosities on midrib below 

3. Leaves not as above. 

....................... S. assurgens 

1. Leaves rarely >0.5 cm wide. 

...................... S. eryngioides 

4. Leaves verticillate, linear, c2 mm wide. 

5. Low, spreading or cushion-forming woody shrubs; 

leaves to 6 mm long, k sessile, flat, rounded at base 

.................... S. berteroana 

5. Erect herbs with woody base; leaves lanceolate to 

linear, 2-6 cm long, membranous ......... .................... S. verticillata 

6. Calyx lobes 2 ............ S. muritiana 

6. Calyx lobes 4. 

7. Leaves 5x longer than broad; cocci unequal, 1 

with 3 calyx lobes and closed, the other with 1 

calyx lobe and open ......... S. confusa 

7. Leaves 3x longer than broad; cocci equal and 

open ................ S. prostrata 

4. Leaves 2-4 at node, lanceolate, >2 mm wide. 

Spermacoce assurgens 

Spermacoce assurgens Ruiz & PavQ, 1798, 1:60, pl. 92.-Verdcourt, 

Spermacoce sqjhuescens Jaquin, 1801,3:40, pl. 322. 

Borreria Ioevis sensu auctt., not as to basionym.Steyermark, 1972:818. 

1983:547. 

Leaves paired, scabrid; inflorescences many-flowered; corolla longer than calyx, pilose on inner surface; stamens 

included; capsule hirtellous above; cocci attached, equal, both 

opening at top with partial septum becoming free-standing; 

seeds dark brown, with striking transverse grooves. 

Neotropical; a common weed along roads and in disturbed 

soil on Dominica to 800 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 151 7, 1528), 

Coulibishi (Wilbur 8334), Freshwater Lake (Fosberg 48277, 

Wilbur 7422, Whitefoord 3851), Laudat (Hodge 1804, Lloyd 

41, Velez 3594), Lisdara (Hodge 708), Melville Hall (Hodge 

709, Milton (Hodge 2591), Morne Aux Diables (Wilbur 

8043B), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1275), Ridgefield (Hodge 2154), 

Roseau (Hodge 704, Lloyd 930), South Chiltern (Hodge 1466), 

Sylvania (Hodge 709), Syndicate (Ernst 1570). 

Seen at Syndicate in shady places, Diodia being in open 

places. 

Fosberg and Powell (in prep.) report that the basionym of the 

usual name for this species, Borreria luevis, does not apply. 

They provide an ample description from Lamarck’s type of 

Spermacoce laevis (from Santo Domingo). Lamarck’s species 

has been identified with Spermacoce tenuior Linnaeus by 

Verdcourt (1983:545). 

Spermacoce berteroana 

Spermacoce berteraana Howard, 1988:287. 

Woody herb, stems spreading, 4-angled; leaves sessile, 

ovate, small (to 6 mm x 3 mm); flowers k capitate at branch 

ends, subtended by 4 leaves; calyx lobes 3; corolla to 2.5 mm 

long; capsule 1.5 mm; seeds ellipsoidal, black, foveolate, 1.2 

mm long. 

Endemic to northern Lesser Antilles; near northeast coast of 

Dominica: “moors near Woodford Hill” (Hodge 3501). 

My effort to recollect this around Woodford Hill failed. I did 

not find any habitat I would call “moors.” The specimen looks 

like something to be found near the sea, rather fleshy, etc. 

Spermacoce confusa 

Spermacoce confusa Rendle. 1936 [Jan]:12.-Fawcett & Rendle, 1936 [Jul], 

Spermacoce tenuior sensu auctt plur., non Linnaeus.-Gaertner, 1788, 1:122, 

7: 120.-Gillis. 1974a:185.-Nicolson, 1977bM6. 

pl. 25: fig. 9.-Bacigalupo, 1972:344, fig. 1. 

Leaves paired, rough above; inflorescences few-flowered; 

calyx lobes equal; stamens included; capsules crustaceous, 

hirtellous, the cocci attached, unequal, one with 3 calyx lobes 

and closed, the other with one calyx lobe and open; seeds 

glossy, brown, finely reticulate. 

Neotropics; roadside weed in Dominica: Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2639). 

Spermacoce ernstii 

Spermacoce ernstii Fosberg & Powell in Fosberg & Sachet, 1980a:29, 

Z’herb acouette. 

Leaves opposite; inflorescences small, rather few-flowered, 

calyx lobes k equal, blunt; corolla equaling calyx lobes; 

stamens included; capsule with a few hairs; cocci attached, 

equal, both finally opening by splitting of the septum; seeds 

glossy, brown, minutely and shallowly pitted (rather than 

reticulate), >1 mm long. 

Neotropics, introduced and spreading in the Pacific; roadside 

weed in Dominica: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3372), Grand Bay 

road (Ernst 1719, road between Soufriere village and Pointe 

Michel (Ernst 1341, mixed with S. assurgenr that it superficially resembles), South Chiltern (Hodge 1513). 

Spermacoce eryngioides 

Spermacoce eryngioides (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) Kuntze, 1898,3(2):123. 

Borrerio eryngioides Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1828:316. 

Borreria ocymoides sensu auctt., pro parte minore, not as to type. 

Leaves whorled but two distinctly larger at each node, 

linear-lanceolate, revolute; inflorescence small but many- 
198 RUBMCEAE-RUTACEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

flowered; calyx lobes unequal, those opposite the septum larger 

and more persistent than those at the septum; corolla equaling 

calyx lobes; stamens included; capsule with a few hairs; cocci 

attached, equal, both finally opening by splitting of the septum; 

seeds glossy, dark brown, finely reticulate. 

Neotropics; common to occasional weed in disturbed places 

of Dominica, to 450 m: Canefield (Whitefoord 5507, 6091), 

Clarke Hall (Ernst I548A), Grand Savanne (Nicolson 1946), 

Pont CassB (Ernst 1243), Sylvania (Cooper 12). 

Our material is Spermacoce eryngioides var. questelii 

Fosberg & Powell (in prep.), recognizable by the striking 

scabmities on the lower surface of the midrib, the corolla not 

exceeding the calyx, and the strictly erect habit of the plant. 

Specimens are commonly misdetermined as Borreria ocymoides (see Spermacoce prostrata) from which it differs by the 

revolute leaf margins and erect habit and, sometimes, as B. 

verticillata from which it differs by its shorter and broader 

leaves. In Dominica the species can be recognized by the 

scabrosities on the midrib below. 

Spermacoce maurithna 

Spermacoce mawitiana Gidem in Verdcourt, 1983547. 

Borreria repens A.P. Candolle, 1830,4544. 

Spermacoce repens (A.P. Candolle) Fosberg & Sachet, 1980a:30. non 

Spermacoce ocymoides sensu auctt., non N. Burman. 

Borreria ocymoides sensu auctt., not as to type of basionym. 

Chamisso & Schlechtendal. 

Weak annual; stems with crisped hairs on wing-like angles; 

leaves elliptic, -2x longer than broad, with marginal hairs; 

calyx lobes 2, equal; capsule 2-valved; seeds chestnut brown, 

strongly reticulate with raised ribs, the fovea wider than long. 

Pantropical; new record for Dominica: near Freshwater Lake 

(Whitefoord 41 72 at BM). 

Spermacoce prostrata 

Spermacoce prostrata Aublet, 177558, pl. 20: fig. 3.-Fosberg & Powell (in 

Borreria ocymoides sensu most American authors, as Steyermark, 1972:815, 

Spermacoce ocymoides N. Burman, 1768:34, pl. 13: fig. 1. 

Prep.). 

"ocimoides," not as to basionym. 

Leaves small and usually paired; inflorescence fewflowered; stamens included; calyx lobes unequal, acuminate; 

capsule glabrous; cocci attached, equal, both opening by 

splitting of the septum; seeds dark brown and minutely 

foveolate. 

Apparently pantropical; common weed in Dominica along 

roads to 450 m: Hampstead (Ernst 1555), Hatton Garden Estate 

(Hodge 3071), Morne Aux Diables (Wilbur 8071), Mome 

Plaisance (Whitefoord 4505), near beach at north end of 

Portsmouth (DHN!), road to Syndicate (DHN!, with rust fungi). 

Fosberg and Powell (in prep,) have determined that the 

basionym of the usual name for this species does not apply and 

pertains to an apparently endemic Malesian species. Spermacoce prostrata Seems to be the earliest name applicable to 

Borreria ocymoides in its usual but misapplied sense. 

Spermacoce verticillata 

Spermacoce verticillata Linnaeus, 1753 : 102. 

Borreria verticillata (Linnaeus) Meyer, 1818:83. 

Suffrutescent herb; leaves whorled, 2 commonly longer than 

others, linear; inflorescence many-flowered; calyx lobes unequal, deciduous; stamens exserted, capsule glabrous; cocci 

attached, equal, each with a large dorsal calyx lobe, both 

opening by splitting of the septum; seeds dark brown, 

reticulate. 

Neotropics and Africa; occasional to common in xerophytic 

scrub along west coast of Dominica and a roadside weed on the 

north side: Bornes (Nicolson 4221), Grand Savanne (Ernst 

1389, Hodge 3795, Lloyd 834, Wilbur 7625), Mero (Webster 

132 74). 

This could be the medicinal plant called Borreria densiflora 

DC. by Adjanohoun et al. (1985169, pl. 135). 

RUTACEAE 

Punctate dots on leaves are distinctive in this family. 

Barrett and Rhodes (1976) published an excellent paper on 

the relationships of many cultivated citrus. 

Cirrus aurantiifolia (Christman 8z Panzer) Swingle, the lime, 

is the basis of lime industry, initiated in Dominica by Dr. John 

Imray and is the basis of the nickname "limey" for British 

sailors (given limes to prevent scurvy): orchards around Roseau 

(Morden 10). Adjanohoun et al. (1985171, pl. 137) reported 

medicinal usages. 

Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Memll (including Citrus grandis 

Osbeck), the pomelo or shaddock, is the main crop cultivated at 

Syndicate Estate (DHN!, Whitefoord 4136, 5879). For a 

nomenclatural discussion see Scora and Nicolson (1986). 

Citrus x paradisi Macfadyen, the grapefruit, was reported by 

Howard (1964, mss.). 

Citrus x sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, the sweet orange, was 

collected in Dominica (1932) in a variegated aspect: (Fairchild 

2714). 

Other citrus are undoubtedly grown on Dominica, such as 

the lemon, the citron, and the tangerine. I have probably eaten 

them or seen them for sale; however, I dare not trust my 

memory and can only say they are not yet documented for 

Dominica. 

Murruya exotica Linnaeus, the orange jessamine, was cited 

for Dominica with an exclamation mark by Howard (1988, 

Triphasia trifoliata (N. Burman) Wilson, the lime-berry, has 

been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3916 

(misidentified as Carissa grandijlora), Whitefoord 5656). 

4:560). 

1. Leaves opposite, compound; flowers bisexual; fruit a drupe 
NUMBER Rum 77 iCEAE 199 

........................... Amyris 

1. Leaves alternate, usually compound; flowers unisexual; 

hit of dry, dehiscent follicles , . , . , , , Zanthoxylum 

Amy& Browne 

Amyris elemtfera 

Amyris elemifera Linnaeus, 1759a:lW. 

Shrub or small tree to 8 m; leaves opposite, leaflets 3 or 5, 

glabrous; petals glandular. 

West Indies and Central America; in Dominica along the dry 

west coast: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2232), Cabrits (Ernst 

2097, Whitefoord 3994), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wusshausen 

2454,2458), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2654). 

Zanthoxylum Linnaeus 

Zanthoxylum spinosum (Swartz) Swartz was attributed to 

Dominica by Grisebach (1860:137) as Tobiniu spinosu 

(Linnaeus) Desvaux ex Hamilton. As suggested by Howard 

(1988, 4:567), the Dominican material collected by Imray is 

probably misidentified. 

1. Leaflets pubescent, at least below. 

2. 

2. 

3. 

3. Leaves compound. 

Hairs simple; carpels 5 ........ Z. martinicense 

Hairs stellate; carpels 2 or 3 ..... Z. microcarpurn 

Leaves simple. ............ Z. monophyllum 

4. Leaf-rhachis winged; leaflets c2 cm long ...... ..................... Z. spintfex 

4. Leaf-rhachis not winged; leaflets >2 cm long. 

5. Leaflets 6-16; flowers 5-merous ......... .................. Z. canbaeum 

5. Leaflets 2-7, commonly 3; flowers 3-merous 

.................. Z. punctatum 

1. Leaflets glabrous. 

Zanthoxylum caribaeum 

Zanthoxylwn caribaewn Lamarck. 1786,239. 

Fagara caribaea (Lamarck) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896562. 

L'epin6. 

Medium tree to 10 m with stout spines; follicles 5, on stipes 

1-3 mm long. 

Neotropics; in interior of Dominica and along west: Clarke 

Hall (Ernst 1974, Nicolson 2001, Stern & Wusshuusen 2417), 

Laudat (Hodge 2034), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 6008, seen at 

Syndicate and near Woodford Hill, DHN!). Flowering April, 

fruiting in July. 

Zanthoxylum martinicense 

Zanthoxylum martiniceme (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1926. 

Fagara martinicensk Lamarck. 1792, Tabl., 1:334, no. 1635.-Poiret in 

Lamarck, 1812, Encycl., Suppl., 2:627. 

Large tree with stout spines: follicles connate below or to 

middle, with prominent glands. 

Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica: Cabrit Swamp (Emst 

1181), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wusshuusen 2439). Flowering in 

April, fruiting in July. 

Zanthoxylum microcarpum 

Zanthoxylwn microcarpwn Grisebach, 1860:138. 

Fagara microcarpa (Grisebach) Krug & Urban in Urban, 1896570. 

L'epineux, l'epineux blanc. 

Shrub or tree to 10 m with stout spines; follicles solitary or 

paired, with prominent glands. 

Neotropics; in lowlands of Dominica to 500 m: Badineau 

Estate (Hodge 2224), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3370), Fond Hunte 

Estate (Whitefoord 4309), Layou River mouth (Stern & 

Wusshuusen 2480, South Chiltern (Ernst 1875), Woodford 

Hill Bay (Wilbur 8308). Flowering at 500 m in July, fruiting 

near sea level in July-August. 

Originally described from Dominica. Doubtfully distinct 

from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lamarck (teste Wilson in North 

Amer. Fl., 1911,25(3):196). 

Zanthoxylum monophyllum 

Zanthoxylwn monophyllwn (Lsmarck) Wilson, 1910:86. 

Fagara monophylla Lamarck, 1792, Tabl., 1:334. 

Zanthoxylwn ochroxylwn A.P. Candolle, 1824, 1 :7Z. 

Shrubby tree to 6 m; the only unifoliolate Zanthoxylum in the 

flora. 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in dry 

west coastal woods and scrub: Badineau Estate (Hodge 2225)) 

Canefield (Whitefoord 6098), Gabriel (Wilbur 8234)) Grand 

Savanne (Wilbur 7655), Hillsborough Estate (Webster 13288), 

Macoucherie Estate (Nicolson 2044), Mero (Ernst 1144A, 

1428), Salisbury (Whitefoord 4530). Flowering April-June, 

fruiting July-October. 

Zanthoxylum punctatum 

Zanthoxylum punctatwn Vahl in West, 1793:310. 

Fagara trifoliata Swartz, 1788:33. 

Zanthoxylwn ternatwn Swartz, 1797570. 

Zanthoxylwn trifoliatwn (Swartz) Wright, 1828:240, non Linnaeus. 

Tobinia termto (Swartz) Hamilton, 182556. 

Tobinia punctata (Vahl) Grisebach, 1860:137. 

Shrubby tree; leaflets 2-7, often 3; carpels 2. 

West Indies; occasional in Dominica in dry scrub of west 

coast Cabrits (Hodge 652,3702,3704, Whitefoord 3998,4019, 

5990), St. Joseph (Webster 13272). Flowering May-June, 

fruiting July-October. 
200 RUTACEAE~APINDACFAE SMlTHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Zanthoxylum spingex 

Zanthoxylwn spinifex (Jacquin) A.P. Candolle, 1824,1:728. 

Fagara spingex Jacquin, 1801, Fragm., 10. pl. 6: fig. 2. 

Fagara microphylla Desfontaines ex Hamilton, 182521. 

Spiny shrub to 4 m; leaf-rhachis winged, leaflets small, with 

two callose gland beneath at the base. 

West Indies and South America; common in Dominica in 

dry scrub of west coast: Gabriel (Wilbur 8233), Pointe Ronde 

(Hodge 2747). Flowering in April (apparently with few leaves), 

fruiting in August. 

SABIACEAE 

(by R. DeFilipps) 

Melwsma herberh’i 

Meliosma herbertii Rolfe, 1893:244.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:314, pl. 144. 

Sept ans. 

Buttressed tree to 20 m; leaves alternate, entire or toothed 

(juvenile), acuminate or caudate; inflorescence a panicle of 

small (2 mm wide) flowers; sepals ciliate; stamens 5,3 sterile. 

West Indies and northern South America; in rainforests of 

Dominica, 300-550 m: Aux Delices (Nicolson 2138), Sylvania 

(Hodge 3845). Syndicate (Whitefoord 5585), sine loc. (Taylor 

132). Flowering in May, shiny black fruits in March. 

Caribs use the wood chiefly for posts (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:579) but the wood is said to be suitable for cabinetry. 

SAPINDACEAE 

Blighiu sapidu Koenig was cultivated in the Roseau Botanic 

Gardens (Hodge 980). 

Melicoccus bijugutus Jacquin, called kenip, was growing 

along the driveway to Daniel Greene’s house, Canefield Estate 

(Nicolson 4219, Whitefoord 6115), fruiting in June 1977, 

flowering April 1988. Adjanohoun et al. (1985:173, pl. 139) 

reported use of leaf tea against fever. 

1. Vines, usually with tendrils. 

2. Leaves ternately decompound; inflorescence a corymb; 

fruit thin-walled, inflated . . , . . . . Cardiospermum 

2. Leaves once-compound; inflorescence a raceme; fruit 

thick-walled, not inflated . . . . . . . . . . . Paullinia 

3. Leaves simple; capsule 3-winged . . . . . . Dodonaea 

3. Leaves compound; capsule not winged. 

4. Leaflets 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Allophyllus 

4. Leaflets 4-12. 

5. Leaflets alternate, the apices acute to rounded; fruit 

dehiscent, 3-angled, tomentose . . . . . Cupania 

5. Leaflets tending to be paired, the apices acuminate; 

fruit indehiscent, globoid, glabrous . . . Sapindus 

1. Trees or shrubs, tendrils absent. 

Allophyllus Linnaeus 

Allophyllus racemosus 

Allophyllw racemosuv Swam, 1788:62.-Whitefmrd, 1989:144. 

Schmidolia occidentalis Swartz, 1798:665, non Schmidelia racemosa Linnaeus. 

Ornitrophe occidentalb (Swaltz) Willdenow, 1799,2(1):323. 

Allophyllw occidentalb (Swam) Radlkofer, 1890:230. 

Shrub to small tree; leaflets 3, puberulent and irregularly, 

shallowly toothed; inflorescences k racemose; fruits globoid, 

-1 cm across. 

Antilles; roadside on Dominica: Fonde Hunte Estate 

(Whitefoord 4400). 

Leenhouts (1967) regarded Allophyllus as comprising a 

single, variable species (Allophyllus cobbe (Linnaeus) Raeuschel), with locally recognizable “races.” He noted (1967:343) 

that this Antillean element is similar to several neotropical 

“species.” 

Both Ornitrophe occidentalis (Swartz) Willdenow and 

Allophyllus occidentalis (Swartz) Radlkofer are nomenclaturally superfluous (based on the same type as Allophyllus 

rucemosus Swartz, 1788) but, being based on a legitimate 

basionym, Schm’deliu occidentulis Swartz, 1798, are legitimate 

under Art. 63.3 (ZCBN). 

Cardiospermum Linnaeus 

Cardiospermum microcarpum 

Cardiospermwn microcarpwn Kunth, 1821,5104. 

Cardiospermum halicacabum sensu auctt. not Linnaeus. 

Cardiospermum halicacabwn var. microcarpwn (Kunth) Blume, 1849,3:183. 

Batard persil. 

Low-climbing vine; leaflets serrate to deeply lobed; fruit 

inflated, with membranous wings, pubescent. 

Pantropical; in coastal thickets of Dominica to 250 m: 

Portsmouth (Hodge 654), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 557, Whitefoord 4616), Salybia (Hodge 3289), Soufribre village (Ernst 

1338), Springfield (Kruuss 1260). 

Caribs crush leaves in water to make a refreshing drink 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957578). Adjanohoun et al. (1985:171, 

pl. 138) reported similar medicinal usages. 

True C. hulicucubum Linnaeus has larger capsules, 3-4 cm 

across instead of 1-2 cm, and may occur on Dominica. 

Cupania Linnaeus 

1. Capsule k globose, lobes rounded . . . . . C. americana 

1. Capsule triangular, lobes acutely angled . . . C. tn’quetra 

Cupania amencana 

Cupania americana Linnaeus, 1753:200. 

Tree to 15 m; leaflets 4-8, 20-25 cm long; fruit tomentose, 

3-lobed. 
NUMBER 77 SAPINDACEAE~APOMCEAE 201 

West Indies and northern South America; in Dominica in 

margins of rainforests, 15-50 m: Clarke Hall (Beard 658, Ernst 

1439). Fruiting in May. 

Cupania triquetra 

Cupania triquetra A. Richard in Sagra, 1845, 10:119. 

Leaflets 5-15 cm long; fruits sharply 3-angled. 

Greater and some Lesser Antilles; reported for Dominica by 

Howard (1989,5141). 

Dodonaea Miller 

Dodonaea viscosa 

Dcdonaea vircosa (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 1760:19. 

Ptelea vircosa Linnaeus, 1753:118. 

Shrubby tree to 5 m; fruit k orbicular, with two membranous 

wings. 

Pantropical; mentioned for Dominica for pioneer zone on 

beaches beyond limit of storm wave action by Hodge (1954:22) 

and expected, even in dry scrub, but no specimens seen. 

Paullinia Linnaeus 

1. Leaf rhachis winged; fruit with 3-4 erect apical lobes 

......................... P. pinnata 

1. Leaf rhachis unwinged; fruit with 3 spreading apical wings 

........................ P. vespertilio 

Paullinia pinnata 

Paullinia pinnata Linnaeus, 1753:366. 

High-climbing vine; leaf rhachis winged; leaflets 5, toothed; 

fruits clavate, turning red, with 3-4 erect apical lobes to 1 cm 

long; seeds black with white aril. 

Pantropical; in Dominica only in NW comer: Portsmouth 

(Krauss 1678, Whitefoord 5299, Prince Ruperts Bay (Hodge 

655), Swamp Gutter near Cabrits (Ernst 2098, Whitefoord 

4036, Wilbur 8259). Flowering June-August, fruiting 

August-January. 

Paullinia vespertilw 

Paullinia vespertilio Swartz, 1788:64.-Howard, 1989,5:150. 

Paullinia sphoerocarpa sensu Grisebach, 1860:124, as to Imray specimen, non 

Paullinia m'crosepala Radlkofer, 1895253. 

L. Richard ex Jussieu. 

High-climbing vine; leaf rhachis unwinged; leaflets 5, 

toothed; fruits red, clavate with 3 wings spreading -1 cm from 

apex, said to represent the devil with 2 horns and a goatee; seed 

solitary, black with a white aril. 

Lesser Antilles; probably common in Dominica in rainforests -450 m but hard to collect from tree tops unless trees are 

felled Dleau Gommier (Nicolson 4094), sine loc. (Eggers 1043 

at K, Imray s.n. at K). 

Sapindus Linnaeus 

Sapindus saponaria 

Sapindus saponaria Linnaeus. 1753:367. 

Soapberry, soap tree, bois savonette, ttilsi (by Carib men), 

Mluru (by Carib women). 

Tree to 12 m; leaflets 6-12, tending to be paired, entire, 

oblong-lanceolate, rounded to acuminate, pubescent below, 

glabrous above; hit with globoid cocci, often only 1-2 cocci 

maturing. 

Neotropics; in Dominica on dry west coast (possibly also on 

east coast): Macoucherie (Chambers 2512). Flowering January. 

Caribs use the bark and fruits for soap, a decoction of bark is 

used against dysentery, and the fruits are strung for necklaces 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957578). 

I wonder if this species is native to Dominica. Macoucherie 

is also the sole locality of introduced Cananga. The specimen 

corresponds to Sapindus saponaria f. inaequalis (A.P. Candolle) Radlkofer (in Millspaugh, 1898:402), with unwinged 

petioles and rhachis and unequal leaflets. 

SAF'OTACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

Members of this family commonly have milky sap. This 

family of large trees is somewhat intractable due to the few 

collections that associate flowers, fruits, and leaves. 

Mimusops elengi Linnaeus of the East Indies has been 

collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 905). It has 

broadly oblong leaves 5-12 cm long, 1-4 axillary flowers on 

pedicels to 1 cm long, a biseriate calyx (44 lobes), corolla 

lobes with evident paired petalloid appendages, and seeds with 

a short, subbasal scar. 

Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner (including Butyrospermum 

parkii Kotschy) is an African species with petioles to 10 cm 

long, large, obovate leaves to 30 cm long with prominent 

secondary venation, pedicels to 2 cm long, a biseriate calyx 

(44 lobes), petals without appendages and a long seed scar, 

cultivated in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 3888). 

Excluded Sapotaceae 

Bumelia retusa Swartz of the Greater Antilles and Yucatan, 

reported from Dominica by Grisebach (1861:401), is based on 

a misidentification of an Imray collection (GH, K) of 

Sideroxylon foetidissimum. 

Fertile Material 

1. Sepals 6, biseriate (3+3); seed scar long, lateral and <5 mm 

wide ...................... Manilkara 
202 SA POTACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

1. Sepals 4-12, usually 5, not biseriate or, if so then 2+2 

(some Pouteria); seed scar short or, if long and lateral then 

at least 5 mm wide. 

2. Staminodes absent; endosperm present; seed scar long 

..................... Chrysophyllum 

2. Staminodes present or if absent then endosperm absent. 

3. Seed scar short, basilateral ....... Sideroxylon 

3. Seed scar long, lateral. 

4. Endosperm present .......... Micropholis 

4. Endosperm absent ............ Pouteria 

Vegetative Material 

1. Leaves broadest above the middle (obovate). 

2. Leaves large, >10 cm long, not leathery; secondary 

venation prominent (raised) .......... Pouteria 

2. Leaves mostly 40 cm long, coriaceous; venation 

inconspicuous. 

3. Petioles 1.5-2.5 cm long; pedicels glabrous, to 2 cm 

long .............. Manilkara bidentata 

3. Petioles 4.5 cm long; pedicels puberulent. 

4. Branchlets slender (1-2 mm thick); leaves scat4. Branchlets stout (2-5 mm thick); leaves tending to 

be clustered at branchlet ends; pedicels 1-1.5 cm 

long ............... Pouteria pall& 

tered; pedicels to 1 cm long ..... Micropholis 

1. Leaves widest at or below middle. 

6. Petioles thicker (>1 mm), c half the blade length 

................... Manilkara zapota 

6. Petioles very slender (to 1 mm thick), usually > half 

the blade length ..... Sideroxylonfoetidissimum 

7. Leaves narrowly ovate, -3x longer than wide, bases 

attenuate; pedicels <0.5 cm long; flowers 4-8, 

5. Petioles >1.5 cm long. 

5. Petioles 4.5 cm long. 

clustered at nodes, mostly below leaves ....... ............... Sideroxylon salicifolium 

7. Leaves broad-ovate, to 1.5~ longer than wide, bases 

acute to obtuse; pedicels >0.5 cm long; flowers 

mostly in leaf axils. 

8. 

8. 

secindary venation conspicuous on lower leaf 

surfaces; corolla -twice the calyx length ..... ................... Chrysophyllum 

Secondary venation generally inconspicuous on 

lower leaf surfaces; corolla equaling the calyx .................... Micropholis 

Chrysophyllum Linnaeus 

Chrysophyllum cainito Linnaeus, the star apple, is cultivated 

on Dominica. It has leaves heavily rusty pubescent below, 

flowers 8-16 in axillary fascicles and subglobose fruits to 8 cm 

thick: Lisdara (Hodge 665,2499), Springfield Estate (Nicolson 

2115). Flowering in August, fruiting in November and March. 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme Linnaeus was reported as cultivated on Dominica by Howard (1989,659). 

Chrysophyllum argenteum 

Chrysophyllwn argentewn Jaquin, 1760:15.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:436, 

Chrysophyllwn glabrwn Jacquin, 1760:15. 

Cynodendron argentewn (Jaquin) Baehni, 1%5:143. 

pl. 205. 

Bois camite, bouis. 

Tree to 20 m with milky sap; petioles -1 cm long; leaves 

silvery-pubescent beneath, elliptic -oblong, f chartaceous, base 

cuneate-rounded, apex acuminate, 5-15 cm long; flowers 1-8 

in axillary fascicles; fruits glabrous, ovoid, to 2 cm long. 

West Indies, northern South America; common in Dominica 

in secondary forests below 700 m: Boetica (Erst 1914, 

Bornes (Nicolson 4243), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3368), Castle 

Bruce (Ramage s.n.), Delices (Whitefoord 4112), Green Hill 

Estate (Wilbur 8285), Laudat (Hodge 1955), Layou River 

(Stern & Wusshausen 2389), Lisdara Estate (Cooper 181), 

Melville Hall (Hodge 649), Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4668), 

Stonefield (Ernst 1676), Syndicate (Nicolson 4073), sine loc. 

(Hodge 923 at GH). Flowering June-July. 

Wood used for canoe paddles by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957595). 

Manilkara Adanson, nom. cons. 

1. Leaves broadly ovate, length e2x the width, apex rounded 

or slightly apiculate to retuse; corolla lobes each with 2 

narrow lateral appendages .......... M. bidentata 

1. Leaves oblong-ovate, length >2x the width, apex broadly 

acute; corolla lobes without appendages .... M. zapota 

Manilkara bidentata 

Manilkara bidentata (A.L. Candolle) Chevalier, 1932:270.-Cronquist, 

Mimwops bidentata A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844,8:204. 

Achras nitida Sesse & Mocino, 189435. 

Mimops riedeliana Pierre in hss. 1897387. 

Manilknro nit& (Sesse & Mocinio) Dubard, 1915:18. 

1945a:553.-Linle & Wadsworth, 1964:444, pl. 209. 

Bullet weed, balata. 

Tree to 15 m with sympodial branching and stout twigs with 

rounded leaf-scars; leaves clustered at ends of twigs, 6-15 cm' 

long; petioles 1.5-3.0 cm long; flowers 1-8 in axillary 

clusters; pedicels 1-2 cm long, glabrous; sepals 6, acute; fiuit 

globose, glabrous, usually 1-seeded; seeds dark, sharp-pointed, 

with an elongate, narrow seed scar -half the seed length. 

Puerto Rico and Hispaniola through the Lesser Antilles (into 

South America?); in windswept northern coastal-woodlands of 

Dominica: Calibishie (Hodge 3181), Capucin (Whitefoord 

5803), Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 909), sine loc. (Taylor 

104,152 sterile with very long and acute leaves). Seeds picked 

up at Syndicate appear to be this species (DHN!). 
NUMBER 77 SAPOTACEAE 203 

Fruits and timber used by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957595). 

Manilkara zapota 

Manilkora zapota (Linnaeus) van Royen, 1953:410.--Little & Wadswonh, 

1964~446, pl. 21O.-Moore & Steam, 1967:383 [extensive discussion of 

nomenclature]. 

Achras zapota Linnaeus, 1753:1190, as to type. 

Achras manamma Linnaeus. 1762469, nom. illeg. 

Calocarpum mammosum Pierre in Urban, 1904,598. 

Sapodilla. 

Tree to 15 m; petioles 0.5-3.0 cm long; leaves tufted at ends 

of stout, sympodial branches, 6-13 cm long; pedicels equaling 

petioles; fruit globose, large, 5-6-seeded, tasting of cinnamon: 

seeds dark, flat, seed scar narrow, -*/3 the seed length. 

Central America but now widely cultivated in tropics; 

planted in Dominica and (escaping?) on west coast: Dublanc 

(Nicolson 4113), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 914), sine 

loc. (Imray 4 at K). 

Micropholis (Grisebach) Pierre 

Micropholis guyanensis 

Micropholb guyonensis (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 1891:40.-Howard, 1989, 

Sideroxylon guyanenre A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844,8:182. 

Chrysophyllwn microphyllwn sensu Grisebach, 1861:398, as to Dominica 

Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre, 1891:38.--Cmquist, 1946b:254.- 

Micropholis imrayana Pierre, 1891:39. 

Micropholis dominicensis Pierre in Urban, 1904,s: 122. 

6:61. 

specimen cited, non Jaquin. 

Little & Wadswonh, 1964:448, pl. 211. 

Caimite. 

Leaves blunt-apiculate, ovate-obovate, rusty or silvery 

pubescent beneath; fruits ovoid, to 1 cm long, style persistent. 

Northern South America into Central America and Lesser 

Antilles to Puerto Rico; occasional in forests of Dominica: 

Morne Diablotins (Lloyd 912, Whitefoord 4400). Newfoundland (Nicolson 4126), Sylvania (Hodge 1316), Trois Pitons 

(Lloyd 759, 762), sine loc. (Imray 181 at GH). 

Pouteria Aublet 

Pouteria sapota (Jacquin) Moore & Stearn (1967:383; Little 

et al., 1974:792, pl. 647), the mammee sapote or sapote B 

creme, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Gardens 

(Hodge 993). It has subsessile flowers, like f! semecarpifolia, 

but the leaf-base is cuneate and the tertiary veins are 

inconspicuous. It also has 8-12 sepals, unlike the other species 

of the genus in Dominica. See Moore and Stearn (1.c.) for an 

extensive discussion of the nomenclature. 

1. Sepals 5 ..................... P. pallida 

1. Sepals 4. 

2. Flowers long-pedicellate (pedicels 1-1.5 cm) ..... ....................... P. multwora 

2. Flowers k sessile (pedicels ~0.5 cm) .......... .................... P. semecarpifolia 

Pouteria multitlora 

Pouteria multiflora (A.L. Candolle) Eyma, 1936: 164.-Cronquist, 

Lucm mdtiflora A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844,8:168. 

Radlkoferella multiflora (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 1890:Zl .-Aubdville, 

194&:279.-Little & Wadsworth. 1964:452, pl. 213. 

1961:185. 

Pain d’epice, penny-piece. 

Tall tree; petioles short (1-2.5 cm); leaves large (10-20 cm 

long), obovate, apex obtuse-rounded, base acute-apiculate, 

secondary lateral veins parallel, distant: flowers 1-8 in axillary 

clusters: pedicels -1 cm long: sepals 4, persistent, ca 5 mm 

long; corolla -1 cm long: hit green to yellowish, smooth, 

hard, spheroidal, -5 cm thick, 1-seeded (ours); seed brown, 

smooth, 3 cm x 2 cm: seed scar broad (2 cm across), rough. 

West Indies; occasional dominant tree in rainforests of 

Dominica: Layou (Ramuge s.n.), Syndicate Estate (Nicolson 

4172). Fruiting at end of May. 

Pouteria pallida 

Pouteria pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 1942:352.-Cronquist, 1944b:269,- 

Lucm pall& C. Gaertner, 1807:130. 

Oxythece fobrilb Pierre in Urban, 1904,5:160. 

Oxythece pallida (C. Gaertner) Cronquist, 1946x467. 

Neoxythecepallida (C. Gaertner) Aubdville, 1961:183. 

Planchonella pall& (C. Gaemer) Baehni, 1965:67. 

Howard, 1989,664. 

Balate, ballata, bullet. 

Large tree with milky sap; petioles -1 cm long; leaves 

leathery, to 15 cm long; flowers in clusters of 2-10, pedicels 

1-1.5 cm long; sepals 5; hits ellipsoid, 4-7 cm x 2 cm: seeds 

1(-2), light-colored, blunt, 2.5-4.0 cm x 1.3-1.5 cm, seed scar 

broad (1 cm across), -as long as seed. 

Guadeloupe to St. Lucia; occasional at midelevations of 

Dominica: Brantridge Estate (DeFilipps 1890). Carib Reserve 

(Hodge 3273), Governor Estate (Nicolson 4188), lower 

Hampstead River (DHN!, fruits eaten), Pont Casse (Ernst 1798, 

Lloyd 760), sine loc. (Fishlock 29,54, Imray s.n. at GH, Imray 

103 at K, Taylor 105). 

Timber and fruits valued by Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957595). 

Pouteria semecarpifolia 

Poureria semecarpifolia (plerre) Pierre in Urban, 1904, 5:108.-Cronquist. 

Guopeba? semecarpifolia Pierre, 1891:43. 

194&:284. 

Contrevent. 

Tree to 15 m, sympodially branching; petioles to 2 cm long: 
204 S AFQWCEM~CROPHUAIUACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

leaves large, (to 30 cm long), obovate, apex acute-apiculate, 

base obtuse to k truncate, secondary lateral veins light-colored, 

prominent, with perpendicular network of light-colored tertiary 

veins (also notable in dried material, above and below); 

pedicels 1-2 mm; calyx and corolla -5 mm long. 

Dominica to St. Vincent; occasional canopy tree in rainforests of Dominica at midelevations: Aux Delices (Nicolson 

2137), Castle Bruce (Beard 655, Ramuge s.n. at BM). 

Sideroxylon Linnaeus 

1. 

1. 

Venation eucamptodromous, tertiary veins horizontal or 

reticulate; corolla lobes entire ..... S. foeridissimum 

Venation brochidcdromous, tertiary veins parallel to 

secondaries and descending from margin; corolla lobes 

with larger medial segment and 2 lateral segments 

....................... S. salicifolium 

Sideroxylon foetidissimum 

Sideroxylon foetidissimwn Jacquin, 1760:15.-Little & Wadswotth, 1964:455, 

Mastichodendron foetidksimum (Jacquin) H.J. Lam, 1939:521. 

pl. 214.-Howard, 1989,668. 

Acomat St. Christophe, aukuma (Carib). 

Tree to 20 m with scaly bark leaf-blades ovate-elliptic, 

cuneate-rounded at the slightly emarginate base, apex roundedacuminate, 5-15 cm long; pedicels to 1 cm long; fruit ovoid, 

yellow, to 2.5 cm long. 

West Indies; in Dominica as a timber tree at lower elevations 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957595): sine loc. (Zmay 3, Jones s.n. 

both at K), the latter specimen is likely from the Roseau 

Botanic Garden where Jones was Director. 

Two arguments have been put forward that Lam’s generic 

name, Mastichodendron, was invalidly published. Cronquist 

(1946b:246) said that it lacked a Latin description. However, 

the taxon is not new but a transfer of Sideroxylon sect. 

Mastichodendron Engler (1890, IV( 1): 144) by indirect reference (through citation of Dubard, 1912:81). Van Royen 

(1960:123) suggested that Lam regarded the name as provisional but this does not seem to be true under the Code’s 

definition (Art. 34.l(b)). 

Sideroxylon salicifolium 

Sideroxylon salicifoliwn (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 1194, Tabl., 2:42.-Howard. 

Achrar salicifolia Linnaeus, 1162410. 

Bwnelia salicifolia (Linnaeus) Swam, 1788:50.4team, 1968:285. 

Bwnelia penlagona Swam, 178850. 

Sideroxylon penfagonwn (Swam) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 

Dipholir salicifolia (Linnaeus) A.L. Candolle in A.P. Candolle, 1844, 

1989, 669. 

8: 185. 

8:188.-Little & Wadsworth, 1%4:441, pl. 208.-Foumet, 1978:1447. 

Acomat Etard. 

Slender tree, 3-20 m; leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate, 3-12 cm long; flowers cream, fragrant; ripe hits 

greenish purplish to black, -6 mm thick. 

West Indies and Central America; in Dominica on dry west 

coast: Grand Savanne (Beard 664). 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Angelonia angustifolia Bentham, locally called “Mauve” or 

“orchid,” is presumed to be only in cultivation and was 

collected in Bataka (Hodge 3382) and Portsmouth (Nicolson 

4197). It is an erect herb with linear leaves 7-8 cm long and 

showy, purple flowers. 

Torenia fournieri Linden ex Fournier was collected (Hodge 

813) as a “weed in gravelly drain, probably escape” at Sylvania 

1. Plants erect, of dry habitats. 

2. Leaves alternate; sepals linear ........ Capraria 

2. Leaves opposite or ternately whorled; sepals ovate. 

3. Leaves ternate; floral pedicels much longer than 

calyces ................... Scoparia 

3. Leaves opposite; floral pedicels much shorter than 

calyces. 

4. Leaves coarsely toothed, broadest at base; bracts 

leafy, much longer than calyces ...... Alectra 

4. Leaves entire, broadest near the middle; bracts tiny, 

much shorter than calyces ....... Buchnera 

1. Plants creeping or trailing, of wet habitats. 

6. Flowers whitish; bracteoles 2, at the top of the 

pedicel; leaves oblanceolate ......... Bacopa 

6. Flowers yellow; bracteoles 2, at the base of the 

pedicel; leaves elliptic ......... Mecardonia 

7. Calyx lobes linear (hair-like) ....... Stemodia 

7. Calyx lobes broad. 

8. Stamens 4 or 2 + 2 staminodes; leaves serrate or if 

entire then with mcel distinctly longer than calyx 

...................... Lindernia 

8. Stamens 2; leaves entire and pedicel shorter than 

calyx ............... Micranthemum 

5. Sepals very unequal. 

5. Sepals k equal. 

Alectra Thunberg 

Alectra aspera 

Alectra aspera (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) LO. Williams, 1972:118. 

Pedicularir melampyroides L Richard, 1792:lll. 

Glmsosfylis aspera Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 182823. 

Scrophulariaflwninensk Vellozo, 1829:263; 183 1:6, pl. 87. 

Alectra brariliensk Bentham in A.P. Candolle, 1846, 10339, nom. illeg. 

Alectra melampyroides (L. Richard) Kuntze, 1891,2:458, non Bentham. 

Melasma melampyroides (L. Richard) Pennell ex Britton & Wilson, 1925, 

Alectrafluminensk (Vellozo) Steam, 1971635.-Howard, 1989,6:300. 

6188. 
NUMBER 77 SCROPHULARIACEAE 205 

An erect, hispid herb to 1 m; leaves coarsely toothed, 

broadest at base; flowers k sessile; calyx lobes broad; corolla 

yellow. 

Neotropics; a roadside weed in interior of Dominica: Baiac 

(Whitefoord 5463), between Pont Casse and Deux Branches 

(Ernst 1665, Nicolson 2130), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 601), 

Ridgefield (Hodge 2164, Syndicate (Whitefoord 4460,5868), 

sine loc. (Eggers 985). 

Bacopa Aublet, nom. cons. 

Bacopa monnieti 

Bocopo monnieri (Linnaeus) Pennell, 194694.-Philcox, 1979:679. 

Lysimachio monnieri Linnaeus, 1756:9. 

Grotiolo monnieri (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 1759a [Jun]:851; 1759 [Nov], 

Brmio monnieri (Linnaeus) Drake, 1893:142, “monniero.” 

Amoen., 4:306, “monnierio.” 

Stamens 4; bracteoles 2, below calyx; corolla white to lilac; 

leaves sessile, spatulate. 

Neotropics, now pantropical; reported for Dominica by 

Vdlez (1957:113) based on his own recognizance. The species 

is expected, although not yet confirmed, on Dominica. 

Buchnera Linnaeus 

Buchnera jloridana 

Buchnero foridano Gandoger, 1919:217.-Philcox, 1965:304.-Adams. 

1972M7. 

Erect herb (drying black); leaves hispid, linear-lanceolate, 

3-veined; flowers in a loose, terminal spike; calyx pubescent, 

shorter than capsule. 

Southeastern U.S. to Jamaica, scattered in Central America 

and West Indies; new record for Dominica: “rainforest area 

about 2 miles [3 km] south of Pagua Bay” (Long & Norstog 

s.n., 28 Sep 1971 at US). 

The locality would be along the main road from the airport 

(then at Melville Hall) to Roseau at less than 100 m. The 

species is presumably adventive. 

Capraria Linnaeus 

Capraria bifrora 

Coprorio biforo Linnaeus, 1753:628.-Grisebach, 1862427. 

Goatweed, du thd pays. 

Leaves all alternate, oblanceolate, narrowly tapered and 

upper half coarsely toothed; calyx lobes deeply divided, 

narrow, commonly ciliate; corolla (flowers) white. 

Neotropical weed; in western Dominica near seacoast in 

disturbed places: Cabrits (Hodge 3706, Whitefoord 4076), 

Colihaut (Ernst 2119). Scotts Head (Hodge 1612, Webster 

13451, Tarou cliffs (Nicolson 2007). 

Caribs make a tea of this against diarrhea (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:605). Adjanohoun et al. (1985) reported other medicinal 

Plants from the beach (Hodge 1612, Nicolson 2007) are 

uses. 

much more pubescent than those from higher elevations. 

Lindernia Allioni 

1. 

1. 

Leaves sessile; calyx divided > halfway to base; 2 

innermost stamens fertile, outer 2 staminodes clavate ....................... L. rotundifolia 

Leaves at least shortly petiolate; calyx divided about to 

middle; all 4 stamens fertile, outer 2 k smaller. 

2. Pedicel much longer than calyx; calyx 2.5-4.0 mm long, 

equaling the ovoid capsule ........ L. crustacea 

2. Pedicel shorter than calyx; calyx 6-10 mm long, shorter 

than the elongate capsule .......... L. diffusa 

Lindernia crustacea 

Lindernio crwroceo (Linnaeus) F. Mueller, 1882, 1:97.-Rilcox, 1968:17. 

Coprorio crwtoceo Linnaeus, 1767b87. 

Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, often reddish beneath; 

pedicels -1 cm long; flowers blue; capsule equaling the calyx 

(enclosed). 

Introduced weed from Old World, now widely distributed; in 

Dominica a weed in fields or along roads: Aivoici (Stehle 6436 

in part), Baiac road (Whitefoord 4630), Castle Bruce (Wilbur 

7979), Clarke Hall (Ernst 1520, Webster 13409 in part), 

Delices (Whitefoord 3681), Grand Bay road (Hodge 814, La 

Chaudiere (Hodge 3648), Lisdara (Hodge 2459), Portsmouth 

(Hodge 816), road to Rosalie from Castle Bruce junction (Ernst 

1903), Sylvania (Hodge 815, mixed with Stemodiu verticillata). 

Lindernia diffusa 

Lindernio dim0 (Linnaeus) Wettstein in Engler & F’rantl, 1891, IV(3b):79.- 

Vandellia dim0 Linnaeus, 1767b:89.-Grisebach, 1862:430. 

Adams, 1972665. 

More or less prostrate herb; leaves ovate, serrate, petiolate, 

often red beneath; flowers k sessile, white; capsule becoming 

longer than calyx. 

Neotmpical weed; in Dominica on rocks in streams or in wet 

places: Bataka (Stehlt 6093), Deux Branches (Hodge 3470), La 

Chaudibre (Hodge 3523), Layou River mouth (Ernst 1519), 

Laudat (Eggers 693, north slope of Trois Pitons by road (Ernst 

1241A), Salybia (Stehlt 6383). 

Lindernia rotundifolia 

Lindernio rotwrdifolia (Linnaeus) Alston, 1931:214.-Adams, 1972665. 

Grotiolo rofundifolio Linnaeus, 1771:174. 

Lindernio microcolyx Pennell & Stehld in Stehll et al., 1937, 1:217.-Howard, 

1989, 6:308. 
206 SCROPHULARIACEAE~~IROUBACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Leaves sessile, ovate to rotund, entire to occasionally 

toothed; pedicels elongate; calyx deeply lobed, corolla with 

bluish tube and lobes white with blue spots; stamens 2, 

staminodes clavate. 

Widely distributed in the Neotropics, according to Howard 

(l.c.): in wet and disturbed places of Dominica: Cabrit swamp 

(Ernst I1 74, Hodge 819, Whitefoord 4051), Clarke Hall in river 

bed (Webster 13407), Freshwater Lake (Whitefoord 3865), 

Goodwill waterfront (Ernst 1849), Pont Casse roadside 

(DeFilipps 186), Sylvania (Hodge 818,1329). 

During a visit (9 August 1990), Ms. D.Q. Lewis (Ames, 

Iowa) dissected Sri Lankan material called L. rotundifolia and 

concluded that its characters, especially that the staminodes 

lack the distal segment, were identical with the New World 

material called L. m’crocalyx. 

Mecardonia Ruiz & Pavdn 

Mecardonia procumbens 

Mecardonia procwnbens (Miller) Small, 1903:1065, 1338.-D’Arcy, 

Erinus procwnbens Miller, 1768. 

Lindernia dianthera Swartz, 1788:92, nom. illeg. 

Bacopa procwnbenr (Miller) Greenman, 1907:261.-Edwin, 1971:481. 

Mecardonia dianthera PennelI, 1946:87. 

1979:240. 

Leaves ovate, serrate near apex, cuneate-obtuse at base; 

pedicel base with bracteoles; calyx 5-parted, the outer 3 larger 

than inner 2; corolla yellow. 

Widespread weed; in wet areas of Dominica: Cabrit swamp 

(Ernst 1928), Canefield (Ernst 1901, Whitefoord 4086). 

Micranthemum Michaux, nom. cons. 

Micranthemum umbrosum 

Micranthemum wnbroswn (Gmelin) Blake, 1915:131.-D’Arcy. 1979:242.- 

[Anonym wnbrosa Walter, 1788:63, “wnbros[.],” nom. inval.] 

Globifera wnbrosa Gmelin, 1791:32, “Umbros.” 

Stehle, 1962c:24. 

Diminutive creeping herbs; leaves tiny, entire; pedicels 

short; calyx deeply 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed; stamens 2; fruit _C 

globose, exceeding the calyx. 

Eastern North America to Argentina; in wet places of 

Dominica: Soufriere (Lloyd 404). 

Scoparia Linnaeus 

Scoparia dulcis 

Scopria dulcis Linnaeus, 1753:116. 

Balier doux (sweet broom). 

Leaves opposite to ternate, oblanceolate, cuneate, and entire 

at base, coarsely serrate near apex; calyx deeply 4-parted; 

flowers white. 

Pantropical to subtropical; a common weed in Dominica: 

Cabrit Swamp (Erst 1170, Carib Reserve (Hodge 3325), 

Clarke Hall (Erst 1513), Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7660), 

Hatton Gardens (Hodge 2938), Magua (Taylor 140), Marigot 

(Hodge 820), Mt. Joy (Hodge 1262),Soufriere (Lloyd 412, 

427), Sylvania (Hodge 821). 

Plant used medicinally by the Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957:606). Adjanohoun et al. (1985175, pl. 141) reported 

several medicinal uses. 

Stemodia Linnaeus, nom. cons. 

Stemodia durantifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz was attributed to 

Dominica by Britmn, according to V6lez (1957:113). Britton 

(in Britton and Wilson, 1925, 6:184) cited “Antigua to 

Trinidad.” No Dominican specimens of this taxon have been 

seen. It is superficially similar to Capraria or Scoparia but the 

leaves are auriculate and clasping at the base. 

Stemodia verticillata 

Stemodia verticillata (Miller) Hassler, 1909:l lO.-StehE. 1962c:25.- 

Erinur verticillatus Miller, 1768. 

Capraria hwnilis Aiton, 1789,2:354. 

Stemodiaparviflora W.T. Aiton, 1812,452, nom. illeg. 

Stemodiacra verticillata (Miller) Kuntze, 1891.2:466. 

Lendneria hwnilir (Aiton) Mind, 1918:240. 

Lendneria verticillafa (Miller) Britton in Britton & Wilson, 1925, 6:184.- 

D’Arcy, 1979:260.-Whitefoord 1989: 148. 

Adams, 1972663. 

Prostrate herb; leaves serrate; flowers blue, axillary, shortly 

pedicelled, calyx deeply 5-lobed, longer than rotund capsules; 

stamens 4 (2 as long as style, 2 longer). 

Neotropical weed, found on Dominica in wet, disturbed 

places near houses: Sylvania (Hodge 815, mixed with 

Lindernia crustacea), Syndicate hut (Whitefoord 5573). 

SIMAROUBACEAE 

Suriuna muritimu Linnaeus (sometimes placed in the 

Surianaceae), a shrub with simple, linear leaves, was mentioned 

by Hodge (1954:22) for Dominica as typical of upper beaches. 

This is true on other islands, including Guadeloupe and 

Martinique, but no collections have been seen from Dominica. 

1. Leaflets opposite; carpels free but styles connate 

.......................... Picrasma 

1. Leaflets usually alternate; carpels fused or completely free. 

2. Inflorescences and leaf rhachises pubescent; leaflets 

usually 9 or less, attenuate at apex; stamens 5; ovary 

unlobed, 2-3-locular ............ Picramnia 

2. Inflorescences and leaf rhachisks glabrous; leaflets 

usually 10 or more, obtuse at apex; stamens 10; ovary of 

5 free carpels ................ Simarouba 
NUMBER 77 SIMAROUBACUE~~IANACEAE 207 

Picramnia Swartz, nom. cons. 

Picramnia pentandra 

Picramnia pentandra Swartz, 1797:220. 

Tan, bois tan, bitterbush. 

Shrubby, dioecious tree to 10 m; inflorescence branching, k 

racemose; perianth 5-merous; petals linear; carpels 2-3, 

united; stigma 2-3-cleft. 

South America to Florida; in rainforests of Dominica 

250-1000 m: Bataka (Hodge 3191, Taylor 11), Fon Pays on 

Morne Diablotins (Hodge 2861), South Chiltem (Hodge 1506, 

1566,1568), Wooten Waven (Eggers 577). Flowering March, 

fruiting September. 

The Caribs mash the leaves in water to obtain a mauve dye 

used in coloring baskets (Hodge and Taylor, 1957566). The 

Eggers collection was distributed under the misidentification of 

Picramnia untidesma Swartz, a more western species with 3 

stamens not reaching the Lesser Antilles. 

Picrasma Blume 

Picrasma excelsa 

Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Planchon, 1846:574.--Howard, 1988,4572. 

Quassia exceha Swartz, 1788:67. 

Rhus antillana Eggen, 1879:41. 

Picrasma antillama (Eggen) Urban, 1908,5378. 

Aeschrion antillana (Eggen) Small in North her. Fl., 191 1.25(3):233. 

Picraena antillana (Eggers) Fawcett & Rendle, 1920.4:201. 

Bitter ash, simaruba. 

Tree to 10 m; leaflets opposite, rounded at base. 

Lesser Antilles; southern Dominica: Petit Coulibri (Whitefoord 4674), Wallhouse (Eggers 85 at K), sine loc. (Jones s.n. 

at K, Taylor 103). Flowering in February. 

The Caribs soak the wood to obtain the bitter principle for 

medicinal purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957567). 

Simarouba Aublet, nom. cons. 

Simarouba amara 

Simarouba amara Aublet, 1775:860, pl. 33 1-332.-Howard, 1988,4574. 

Bois blanc. 

Large and dioecious tree to 30 m with silvery bark and white 

wood (hence, bois blanc); petals broad; styles free, spreading. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in disturbed areas and in 

forests 70-700 m: Bibiay (Nicolson 4130), Laudat (Beard 

1466, Hodge 1957,2055), Lisdara (Cooper 161, Hodge 2430), 

Rosalie (Ernst 1370), Sylvania (Hodge 3849, Wasshausen & 

Ayenru 391), Trois Pitons (Hodge 1195), sine loc. (Fishlock 

38). Flowering January-March, fruiting May-June. 

An important tree used for timber and charcoal (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957567). Occasionally misidentified as Simarouba 

glauca Swartz of Central America and northern Antilles. 

SOLANACEAE 

(by W.G. D'Arcy) 

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, nom. cons., the tomato, is 

cultivated on Dominica and it is likely that it escapes, although 

no collections have been made. Adjanohoun et al. (1985179, 

pl. 145) reported medicinal uses. 

Nicotiana tabucum Linnaeus, tobacco, is cultivated on 

Dominica (Taylor 151) and its use by the Caribs was discussed 

by Hodge and Taylor (1957:604). It is a viscid herb with large, 

sessile leaves, panicles of cup-like flowers, and dry capsules. It 

may naturalize at Syndicate (Whirefoord 51 78). Adjanohoun et 

al. (1985179, pl. 146) reported the leaf infusion is drunk to 

treat several things. 

1. Flowers >3 cm long, longer than broad. 

2. Stamens 4; corolla tube c1.5 cm wide at mouth; calyx 

less than 2 cm long ............ Brunfelsia 

2. Stamens 5; corolla tube >1.5 cm wide at mouth; calyx 

more than 3 cm long. 

3. Corolla whitish or yellow with conspicuous green or 

brown lines outside, the limb bowl-shaped (urceolate); high climbing vine ......... Solandra 

3. Corolla white or purple without contrasting lines, the 

limb spreading; herb or shrub. 

4. Shrub; not fruiting ......... Brugmansia 

4. Herb; commonly with spiny or bumpy fruit ...................... Datura 

5. Corolla salverform; stamens 4; fruit a capsule Browallia 

5. Corolla rotate or tubular; stamens 5; fruit a berry. 

6. Floral tube > half the flower length; shrubs or trees. 

7. Flowers broadly tubular, 4.2 cm long, the mouth 

spreading; stamens and style exserted ...... ...................... Acnistus 

7. Flowers narrowly tubular, >1.5 cm long, the 

mouth tightly closed; stamens and style included 

...................... Cestrum 

6. Floral tube c half the flower length; herbs, shrubs, or 

vines. 

8. Flowers yellow; herbs. ......... Physalis 

8. Flowers white, blue, or purple; herbs, shrubs, or 

vines. 

9. Calyx with 10 teeth arising just below truncate 

apex; unarmed, pubescent, woody vines 

................... Lycianthes 

9. Calyx with 5 teeth arising from apex or none; 

herbs, shrubs or, if vines, then either glabrous 

or spiny. 

10. Anthers blue, purplish, or yellow, opening by 

longitudinal slits ......... Capsicum 

10. Anthers yellow, opening by terminal pores, 

sometimes also by short, longitudinal slits 

................... Solanum 

1. Flowers c3 cm long, mostly broader than long. 

........................ 
208 SOLANACEAE SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Acnistus Schott 

Acnistus arborescens 

Acnistus arborescens (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 1832:67.-Hunziker. 

Atropa arborescens Linnaeus, 175610; 1759, Amoen., 4:307. 

Dunalia arborescens (Linnaeus) Sleumer, 1950:124. 

1960:236.-Linle et al., 1974866, pl. 686.-Hunziker, 1982:85. 

Batard sirio, siyou. 

Large shrubs, twigs often tomentose; leaves ovate or 

elliptical, entire; flowers clustered on stems; pedicels slender, 

1-2 cm long; flowers whitish, 9-14 mm long; berry orange, -8 

mm across. 

Widespread but sporadic in neotropics; midlands of Dominica at edges of woods and forming roadside thickets, 150-750 

m: Colla Anglais (Hodge 1148, Webster 13430), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3770), Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2685, 

Eggers 803, Ernst 1086, Hodge 1791, 2030, Lloyd 126, Smith 

10288, Wasshuusen & Ayensu 318, Wilbur 7447), Soufribre 

road (Burch 1339), South Chiltern (Hodge 1531), Syndicate 

(Ernst 2010), sine loc. (Cooper 42). 

Browallia Linnaeus 

Browallia americana 

Browallia americana Linnaeus, 1753:63 1.-D’Arcy, 1973:576. 

Browallia demirsa Linnaeus, 1759a:1118. 

Herbs; leaves ovate or elliptic, entire; flowers solitary, 

pedicels 2-6 mm long; flowers blue or violet, rarely white, 

salverform, the limb 1-2 cm across; capsule -9 mm long, 

enclosed by the ribbed calyx. 

Neotropical weed; common in Dominica on roadsides and in 

fields: Bellevue (Hodge 2351), between Fern Villa and Mome 

Gay (Hodge 2209), between Fond Baron Estate and Pichelin 

(Ernst 1583, Laudat (Lloyd 239), Layou River (Chambers 

2797, Ernst 2180), Lisdara Estate (Hodge 796, 797), Montpelier (Lloyd 588), Morne Colla Anglais (Hodge 1028), Soufriere

(Lloyd 476), Sylvania (Cooper 83), Syndicate (Ernst 1998, 

Whitefoord 4463), Wallhouse (Eggers s.n. in 1880), sine loc. 

(Eggers 507). 

Brugmansia Persoon 

Brugmansia suaveolens 

Brugmanria suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl, 1823, 1:45.- 

Datwa suaveolens Humboldt & Bmpland ex Willdenow, 1809, Enum., 

Lockwood, 1973:281. 

227.-Bri~tol, 1966240. 

Shrubs; leaves ovate, entire; pedicels solitary, stout; flowers 

pendulous, large and showy; calyx tubular, 5-pointed; corolla 

to 30 cm long, broadly tubular, white or pink. 

Native of South America, widely cultivated as an ornamental, sometimes escaping; known in Dominica as an escape: 

Wcllhouse (Eggers 622), “along banks of a river, 2000 ft” 

(Jones 12 at K). 

Separation of the woody Brugmansia from herbaceous 

Datura was justified by Lockwood (1973) on the basis of bits 

and seed coat. Plants from cultivated stocks are not known to 

set fruit. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:177, pl. 144) reported (as Datura 

suaveolens) that the dried flowers, smoked in cigarettes, are 

hallucinogenic. 

Brunfelsia Linnaeus 

Brunfelsia americana 

Brunfelsia americana Linnaeus, 1753:191.--Little et al., 1974:868, pl. 

Brunfelsia fallax Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 1857:242. 

687.-Plowman in Hawkes et al., 1979:479. 

Rain tree, empoisonneur, peep zombie. 

Glabrate shrub or small tree; leaves thick, entire, blunt or 

round-tipped; petioles short; pedicels solitary, short and stout; 

calyx 5-9 mm long, blunt-tooth&, corolla showy, white but 

fading yellow, fragrant, salverform, the tube 3-7 cm long, the 

limb 2-5 cm across; berry round, 1-2 cm across, yellow, 

thick-skinned. 

Hispaniola to Trinidad; in Dominica mostly at lower 

elevations on windward coast: Carib Reserve area (Hodge 

3298, Stehle 6375, 6382, 6643, 6710), between Capucin and 

Bellevue (Wasshausen & Ayensu 384), Cabrits (Hodge 3720 at 

US), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3183, 3209), road to Laudat 

(Burch 1344A), Melville Hall (Ernst 1679), Pagua Bay (Burch 

1401, Wilbur 7532), Roseau Botanic Gardens (Hodge 1001), 

Sophia Bay and Walkers Rest (Chambers 2623), Vieille Case 

(Beard 663). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957503) reported the ripe berries were 

used by the Caribs as a poison. The name Brunfelsia americana 

has been misapplied to several different horticultural species 

that have longer corolla tubes, shorter corolla limbs, and 

different calyces. Some may be cultivated on Dominica. 

Capsicum Linnaeus 

Capsicum annuum 

Capsicum annuum Linnaeus, 1753:188.-D’Arcy & Eshbaugh, 1974:98. 

Capsicum frutescenr Linnaeus, 1753:189. 

Capsicum annuum var.frutescens (Lumaeus) Kuntze, 1891,2:449. 

Capsicum baccatum sensu Grisebach, 1862:436. non Linnaeus. 

Red pepper, piment, bud pepper. 

Slender, erect or sprawling herb or weak shrub; leaves ovate, 

entire, sparingly pubescent; pedicels mostly solitary, stiff; 

calyx truncate or with minute (<OS mm) teeth; corolla white, 

greenish white or bluish white, divided about halfway; anthers 

blue to purple; fruit globose, conical or cylindrical, red orange 

or purple, erect or deflexed, edible but often pungent, large in 

cultivated plants. 

Neotropical weed often widely cultivated as a vegetable; 
NUMBER 77 SOL~VACEAE 209 

collected in Dominica in woodlands: Layou River valley (Ernst 

1264, Soufriere (Lloyd 439, South Chiltern (Hodge 1556); 

seen around houses but not collected. 

Cultivated by Caribs for relish, seasoning, and medicinal 

purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:603). Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985:175-177, pl. 142-143) reported medicinal uses for both 

Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. 

Plasticity and selection have largely obscured relationships 

in cultivated peppers. Characters of fruits, long used to separate 

species, have proven unreliable. Recent workers (as Howard, 

1989, 6:271) have separated Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) 

from C. frutescens (shrubby chili pepper), and their wild 

counterparts, including Capsicum annuum var. aviculare 

(Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eshbaugh. More recently, workers have 

found the wild progenitors of the two cultivated peppers to be 

largely inseparable and recognize only one species, C. annuum. 

The Dominican collections seen, all wild, correspond to C. 

annuum var. frutescens (Linnaeus) Kuntze. Two other peppers 

are probably cultivated in Dominica: Capsicum annuum var. 

annuum, the common garden bell pepper, and Capsicum 

chinense Jacquin, a pepper with thick-walled, often pink fruits. 

Cestrum Linnaeus 

The following species, both with showy inflorescences to 10 

cm long, are presumed to be only cultivated: Cestrum diurnum 

Linnaeus (Little et al., 19745376, pl. 691), with clustered 

flowers and corolla <2 cm long, was cultivated in the Roseau 

Botanic Gardens (Hodge 965). Cestrum nocturnum Linnaeus, 

with scattered flowers and corollas 2 cm long or longer, was 

cited for Dominica from an Imray collection by Grisebach 

(1 862:444). 

1. Leaves drying leathery, lateral veins plane and inconspicuous beneath; corolla glabrous within; stamens bent or with 

teeth at point of insertion . . . . . . . . . C. laurifolium 

1. Leaves drying membranaceous, lateral veins elevated and 

conspicuous beneath; corolla mostly pubescent within; 

stamens straight, lacking teeth. 

2. Mature leaves mostly <10 cm long; staminal filaments 

0.5 mm free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. alternifolium 

2. Mature leaves mostly >10 cm long; staminal filaments 

1.5-5.0 mm free. 

3. Mature leaves puberulent beneath; young growth 

copiously finely pubescent . . . , . . . C. latifolium 

3. Mature leaves glabrous beneath; young growth 

sparingly pubescent or glabrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. megalophyllum 

Cestrum alternifolium 

Cestrwn alternifoliwn (Jaquin) 0. Schulz in Urban, 1907. 6:270.-Francey, 

Ixora alternifolia Jacquin. 1760:12. 

Cesfrwn vespertinwn Linnaeus, 1771:206. 

1935:211. 

Shrub or tree to 6 m; mature leaves sparingly puberulent 

beneath, to 5 cm long, elliptic; peduncle short, pubescent; 

flowers greenish, * sessile; calyx to 3 mm long, pubescent 

outside; corolla tubular, -2 cm long, narrow with a small, but 

distinct apical bulb, pubescent within, tomentose at base; 

filaments glabrous, unappendaged, 0.5 mm; berry to 1.5 cm 

long, obovoid, black. 

Widespread in Caribbean area from Mexico to Panama and 

from Venezuela, north to Puerto Rico; in interior of Dominica: 

Morne Rouge (Whitefoord 6044), Mt. Couliaboune [Morne 

Anglais] (Eggers 526), Pointe Michel (Ramage s.n. in 1888), 

sine loc. (Eggers 815, Zmray 352). 

Cestrum latifolium 

Cestrwn latifoliwn Lamarck, 1794, Tabl., 2:5.-Francey, 1935:289. 

Shrub or tree to 12 m; twigs tomentulose; leaves broadly 

elliptic, pubescent on veins and lamina beneath, to 25 cm long; 

peduncle short, pubescent; flowers numerous, loosely clustered; pedicels to 1.5 mm; calyx campanulate or urceolate, 1-2 

mm long, pubescent; corolla tube yellowish-white, to 2.2 cm 

long, slender but broadening apically, pubescent inside at base 

and sometimes upwards; filaments 1.0-2.5 mm, barbellate at 

point of insertion; berry obovoid, juicy, 5-9 mm long, shiny 

black. 

Neotropics from Mexico to Brazil; in Dominica near coast: 

Milton (Hodge 2554), Syndicate road near Middletown 

(Whitefoord 5674). 

Cestrum laurifolium 

Cestrwn lawifoliwn L’Hhriter, 1788:69, pl. 34.4. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 

6256.-Fm~ey, 1935~334. 

Shrub to 4 m; leaves soon glabrescent, k coriaceous, oblong, 

elliptic or wider above middle, to 17 cm long, the midrib 

prominent, lateral veins 9-12 on each side, nearly straight, 

branching and loop-connected near margin, inconspicuous 

beneath; peduncles c10 mm long; flowers congested, shortpedicellate; calyx tubular, -3 mm long; corolla tube white, 

0.7-1.6 mm long, the lobes yellowish, 0.6 mm long; berry dark 

purplish. 

Widespread in Antilles; in north of Dominica: Cabrit swamp 

(Whitefoord 5284), Manicou River (Ernst 1058), Vieille Case 

(H. Nichols 8), Portsmouth (Krause 56, teste 0. Schulz et 

Francey). 

Ed. Note: L’HCriter’s species name is legitimate, although 

he cited two earlier synonyms. The first is Cestrum venenatum 

N. Burman (6 Apr 1768a:5), known today as Acokanthera 

venenata (N. Burman) G. Don of the Apocynaceae. However, 

L’Hbritier specifically excluded it, “Synonymon Burmanni 

excludatur.” Burman cited no synonymy. The other synonym, 

Cestrum venenutum Miller (16 Apr 1768), is an illegitimate 

later homonym of Burman’s name. 
210 SOJANACEAe SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Cestrum megalophyllum 

Cestrwn megolophyllwn Dunal in A.P. Candolle, 1852, 13(1):638.--0. Schulz 

Cestrwn macrophyllum sensu Grisebach, 1862:443, in part, non Ventenat. 

in Urban, 1909,6:274.-Fm~ey, 1935:312. 

Cafe marron, bob cabrit. 

Shrub or tree to 8 m, mn glabrescent; leaves elliptic or 

obovate, to 30 cm long, veins elevated beneath, 5-10 on each 

side, arching upwards; peduncle short, mostly unbranched, to 

1.5 cm long; corolla tubular, 1.0-1.5 cm long, greenish white, 

tomentose basally within; stamens tomentose at point of 

insertion and at base; berry obovoid, -8 mm long, black. 

Guatemala to Ecuador, Venezuela into the Lesser Antilles; 

common in Dominica in interior forests, especially along 

streams: Castle Bruce road (Cowan 1623, Ramuge s.n. in 

1889), Deux Branches (Chambers 2764, Hodge 3121, 3457), 

Grand Bay (Eggers 61 7), Freshwater Lake area (Eggers 875, 

Hodge 1766, 1965, 1981, 2019, Lloyd 216, Nicolson 2107, 

Ramage s.n. in 1888), Layou River (Chambers 2517, Ernst 

1005, Nicolson 4184), Lisdara (Cooper 154,180, Hodge 2334, 

2367, 2404), South Chiltern (Hodge 1546), Sylvania (Cooper 

96, Hodge 1362), Syndicate (Hodge 2762, Wasshausen & 

Ayensu 352, Whitefoord 3580, 5171). sine lcc. (Bryant 115, 

Imray 197). 

Datura Linnaeus 

Datura inoxia 

Doturo inoxio Miller, 1768.Safford, 1921:179.-Barclay, 1959:254. 

Doturo metel sensu Grisebach, 1862:434, et auctt., non Linnaeus. 

Erect, finely soft and glandular pubescent herb; leaves ovate, 

sinuate; pedicels solitary, stout; calyx tubular, pubescent; 

corolla white, tubular, to 20 cm long, opening at night; capsule 

pendulous, globose, with soft spines, 2.5-4.5 cm across. 

Neotropics, now a widespread weed; in Dominica on the 

west coast (between Batali River and Coulibistri (Ernst 1396). 

Ed. Note: Miller’s original spelling of the Latin adjective 

for what he translated as “harmless” was “inoxia,” implying not 

(in-) acid (oxy), rather than not (in-) harmful (noxia). My 

instinct would be to correct the orthographic error but the 

author objected. 

Other species may occur in Dominica. Datura stramonium 

Linnaeus is a common weed in the Antilles and has glabrate 

leaves with pointed lobes and an erect fruit. Datura metel 

Linnaeus (incl. Datura fastuosa Linnaeus, 1759) is an Old 

World species sometimes cultivated and escaping (attributed to 

Dominica by VBlez, 1957: 114) and has violet flowers and dull, 

stout bumps on the indehiscent fruit. 

Species of Datura contain highly poisonous alkaloids used 

in medicine. 

Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler 

Lycianthes pauciflora 

Lycianthespouciyoro (Vahl) Bitter, 1919:341. 

Solonwn pouciflorwn Vahl, 1797, Eclog.. 1:20.4. Schulz in Urban, 1909, 

Solanwn neglectwn Dunal, 1813:177. 

Solanwn specimwn Dunal, 1813:179. 

6 190. 

Shrub or woody vine; twigs reddish stellate-tomentose to 

glabrescent; leaves entire, ovate; pedicels slender, fasciculate; 

calyx 10-ribbed and 10-dentate, the teeth reflexed in fruit; 

corolla greenish, rotate, 1.0-1.3 cm long; berry globose, 

orange, 1.0-1.4 cm across. 

Guadeloupe to Trinidad; in interior of Dominica: Carholm 

Estate (Ernst 1942), Lisdara (Hodge 806), near Prince Rupert 

[Cabrits?] (Eggers 896), Syndicate (Ernst 2002, Whitefoord 

3531,3634), sine loc. (Cooper 53). 

Physalis Linnaeus 

All species of Physalis have edible bemes and some are 

grown elsewhere for jams and sauces. The leaves and unripe 

hits are poisonous! 

1. Fruiting calyx weakly 5-10-angled; flowering calyx with 

deltoid teeth; pedicels mostly longer than the flowering 

calyx.. ................... P. angulata 

1. Fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled; flowering calyx with 

narrow teeth; pedicels about as long as the flowering calyx. 

Plants glabrate; fruiting calyx glabrous ... P. cordata 

Plants pubescent; fruiting calyx pubescent ....... 2. 

2. 

....................... P. pubescens 

Physalis angulata 

Physolir ongulato Linnaeus, 1753: 183.-Waterfall, 1%7:216. 

?Physolir Iinkiam sensu Grisebach, 1862:436, an Nees? 

Glabrate herb with angled stems; leaves ovate, margins 

sinuate or toothed; pedicels solitary, nodding, longer than the 

flowering calyx; calyx short-cylindric, deltoidly lobed; corolla 

rotate, yellow with a dark eye; anthers bluish; fruiting calyx 

weakly 5-10-angled, glabrate, loosely enclosing berry. 

Neotropics, now a widespread weed; in Dominica on 

roadsides and in fields: Anse Noire (Shillingford & Ernst 284, 

Massacre (Whitefoord 4633), Melville Hall (Burch 1332). 

It is not certain whether Grisebach was refemng to this 

species or the following in reporting t? linkiana. The bladder 

with obsolete keels would seem to indicate P. angulata but the 

lanceolate-acuminate calyx lobes are more appropriate to F! 

cordata. While others treat Physalis linkiana Nees in the 

synonymy of t? angulata, Waterfall argued that the name 

should be abandoned. 
NUMBER 77 SOLANACEAE 21 1 

Physalis cordata 

Physalis cordota Miller, 1768.-Waterfall, 1967235. 

Physalis turbinata Medikus, 1780:189, pl. 4.-Howard, 1989,6285. 

?Physalis linkiana sensu Grisebach, 1862:436, an Nees? 

Pock. 

Glabrate herb; leaves ovate to elliptic, shallowly toothed; 

pedicels solitary, nodding, about as long as flowering calyx; 

calyx conical, the teeth soon becoming narrow; corolla rotate, 

yellow with a dark eye; anther bluish; fruiting calyx strongly 

5-angled, glabrous, loosely enclosing the berry. 

Neotropical weed; in fields of Dominica: Canefield (Nicolson 2148). 

Physalis pubescens 

Physalis pubescens Linnaeus, 1753:183. 

Herb with stems long-pilose below, villous upwards; leaves 

ovate to elliptic, toothed or sinuate, pubescent overall; pedicels 

solitary, nodding, equaling the flowering calyx; corolla yellow 

with a dark eye; anthers blue: fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, 

pubescent at least on the ribs. 

Neotropical weed, now widespread; in Dominica in disturbed places: between Fond Baron Estate and Pichelin on road 

to Grand Bay (Ernst I593), Soufriere (Lloyd 474, sine loc. 

(Bryant 66). 

Solandra Swartz 

Solandra longiflora Tussac, with corolla tube 1.5~-2.5~ as 

long as the calyx, included stamens, and a globose berry, was 

collected in a garden in Roseau (Nicolson 4208). 

Solandra grandiflora 

Solandra grandflora Swartz, 1787b:300.-Bemardello & Hunziker, 

Solandra minor Grisebach, 1862:433. 

Swartsia grandiflora (Swartz) Gmelin, 1791:360. 

Solandra mcranth Dund in A.P. Candolle, 1852, 13(1):533. 

1987:648. 

Glabrous woody vine, sometimes high climbing; leaves 

obovate, elliptic or rotund, mucronulate; pedicels solitary, 

stout, short; calyx tubular, sometimes angled, 5-9 cm long, 

3-5-parted halfway or more; corolla funnelform, the tube 

narrow 0.7~-1.5~ as long as calyx, the limb campanulate, with 

5 round, entire to erose, spreading lobes, whitish or yellowish, 

outside with 5 greenish ribs; stamens f exserted; berry conical, 

apiculate. 

Antilles, cultivated elsewhere; in interior of Dominica: 

Brush, above Jean (Nicolson 2165), South Chiltern (Hodge 

I646), sine loc. (Imray 141), Syndicate towards Milton 

(Whitefoord 5975). 

This species is widely cultivated and sometimes blooms 

when only 30 cm tall. Leaves and flowers of some species of 

Solandra are poisonous but the fruits of some are edible. 

Solanum Linnaeus 

Solanum melongena Linnaeus, eggplant or beloghe, is 

cultivated by Caribs for fruits chiefly eaten after boiling 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:604). This herb has copious stellate 

pubescence, ovate leaves, bluish flowers and large fruits. 

1. Inflorescence branched once or more. 

2. Vines; flowers blue or purple (rarely white); fruits red 

2. Shrubs; flowers white; fruits yellow. 

.................... S. seaforthianum 

3. Leaves glabrous ............... S. triste 

3. Leaves conspicuously stellate-pubescent. 

4. Plants unarmed; inflorescence many-branched near 

apex: leaves entire; fruits held above the leaves 

..................... S. rugosum 

4. Plants armed; inflorescence 1-more-branched near 

base into racemes; leaves sinuate or toothed; fruits 

held at side of the stem ......... S. torvum 

1. Inflorescence unbranched, racemose or f umbellate. 

6. Woody vines with hooked spines; leaves entire or the 

lobes pointed ............. S. lancifolium 

6. Herbs or shrubs, unarmed or with straight spines; 

leaves entire or the lobes rounded .......... ..................... S. racemosum 

7. Plants without spines (a few hooks sometimes present 

on stem angles); leaves glabrate, when present the 

hairs fine. .............. S. americanum 

7. Plants with straight spines; leaves pubescent with 

coarse hairs, at least on the margins. 

8. Leaves pubescent on the margins, glabrate elsewhere; flowers white: fruit red, the pericarp <4 mm 

thick; seeds broadly winged .... S. capsicoides 

8. Leaves copiously pubescent all over, flowers 

mauve; fruit yellow, the pericarp A mm thick; 

seeds unwinged .......... S. mammosum 

5. Leaves pubescent with stellate hairs. 

5. Leaves glabrate or with straight hairs. 

Solanum americanum 

Solanwn americanwn Miller, 1768.-Edmonds, 1972:103.-D'Arcy, 

Solanwn nigrum sensu aucn. mult., nm Linnaeus. 

Solanwn dflorwn Jacquin, 1788, Coll., 1:lOO. 

Solanwn caribaewn hal in A.P. Candolle, 1852, 13(1):48. 

Solanwn nigrwn var. nodiflorum (Jacquin) Gray, 1878:228. 

Solanwn nigrwn var. americanwn (Miller) 0. Schulz in Urban, 1909,6:160. 

Solanwn americanwn var. nodiflorum (Jaquin) Edmonds in Steam, 1971634. 

1973:735; 1974:834.-Symon, 198 1:37. 

Common nightshade, herbe amere, zeb amere. 

Glabrate or pubescent unarmed herb; stems sometimes 

angled; leaves ovate, entire or shallowly toothed; contracted 
212 SOIANACEAE SMITHSON” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

raceme lateral to stem: flowers small, to 1 cm across; corolla 

white with 5 deltoid lobes; anthers stout; berry shiny black, 

held upright, the calyx reflexed. 

A nearly cosmopolitan weed, common in Dominica on 

roadsides, in fields and disturbed lands: Fern Villa (Hodge 

2169), Layou (Hodge 801), Lisdara (Hodge 2453), Morne 

Anglais (Hodge SOO), Morne Plat Pays (Wilbur 7888), Pont 

Casse (DeFilipps 164), Salybia (Hodge 3086, 3221), South 

Chiltern (Ernst 1320), Sylvania (Hodge 798,799,1088,1365), 

Trafalgar (Shillingford 209), windward coast (Bryant 124). 

Sold in local markets as a culinary green (Hodge and Taylor, 

1957605). The unripe fruits are toxic! Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985181, pl. 147) reported several medicinal uses. 

Ed. Note: There are taxonomic and nomenclatural problems involved with Solanum americanum Miller and Solanum 

nodiflorum Jacquin, both names being widely used in recent 

floras. Most specialists agree that these diploid elements are 

specifically distinct from hexaploid Solanum nigrum Linnaeus. 

Solanum capsicoides 

Solanwn capicoides AUioN, 1773:12.--Symon, 1981:lOl. 

Solanwn aculeatissimwn sensu 0. Schulz in Urban, 1909,6206, et auctt., non 

Solanwn ciliatwn Lamarck, 1794, Tabl., 2:21.-D’Arcy, 1974:842. 

Jacquin. 

B itard balag ien . 

Herb to 80 cm with copious straight spines: stems green or 

purplish: leaves ovate to orbicular, sinuate to pinnatifid, ciliate 

with simple hairs: racemes short, lateral to stem; pedicels 

glandular-hispid; calyx lobed 2/3, the lobes narrow: corolla 

white, deeply lobed, 1.4-2.0 cm across; anthers narrow, 6 mm 

long: berry red, globose, 1.5-5.0 cm across, with a fleshy skin. 

Native in eastern Argentina or Brazil, now widespread; in 

Dominica a weed of roadsides and disturbed areas: Delices 

(Whitefoord 3691), Fern Villa (Hodge 2219), between Fond 

Baron & Pichelin (Ernst 1586), La Plaine (Nicolson 2068), 

Lisdara (Hodge 2369), Petit Savanne (Whitefoord 6072). 

Fruits of this species and S. mummosum are used in some 

countries to poison cockroaches. 

Solanum lancifolium 

Solanwn lancifoliwn Jaquin, 1788, Coll., 2:286, “Ianceaefoliwn.” 

Solanwn scabrwn Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:22, non Miller. 

Solanwn houstonii Dunal, 1813:243. 

Herbaceous or woody vine, armed with hooked spines: 

leaves lanceolate-elliptic, entire or sinuate-dentate, glabrate to 

stellate-tomentose, armed on the midrib: raceme short, lateral 

to stem: calyx 1-2 mm long; corolla white or purplish with 

deep, narrow lobes 7-12 mm long: anthers slender; berry shiny 

red or range, juicy, 6-12 mm across. 

Sporadic in neotropics north of Andes, becoming a noxious 

weed; in interior forests of Dominica: Bataca (Stehle 6106, 

6401), En Haut Jean (Nicolson 2163, Webster 13512), Laudat 

(Eggers 684), Morne Colla Anglais (Hodge 1171), sine loc. 

(Imruy 585). 

Solanum mammosum 

Solanwn mawmoswn Linnaeus, 1753:187.--Symon, 1981:103. 

Pilose herb armed with flat, straight spines: leaves broadly 

ovate, sharply toothed or lobed: raceme short, few-flowered, 

lateral to stem: calyx narrowly lobed to near the base: corolla 

violet with deep, narrow lobes 3-4 cm across: anthers slender: 

berry yellow, ovoid or pyriform, often with 1-more nipple-like 

protrusions from the base. 

Neotropics but widely cultivated as a curiosity; in Dominica 

on roadsides, perhaps also cultivated: Bellevue (Eggers 685). 

Solanum racemosum 

Solanwn racemoswn Jacquin, 1760:15.4. Schulz in Urban, 1909,6:223,- 

Solanwn igneum Linnaeus. 1762270. 

Solanwn racemoswn var. igneum (Linnaeus) 0. Schulz ex Boldingh, 1909 

D’Arcy, 1974:857. 

[Jul]:178.4. Schultz in Urban, 1909 [Dec]. 6:225. 

Slender shrub to 2 m, sometimes armed with straight spines: 

leaves lanceolate to ovate, to 20 cm long: raceme slender, 

lateral to stem, to 8 cm long: corolla white with deep, narrow 

lobes to 1 cm long: stamens tightly coherent in a slender tube 

to 8 mm long: berry red, juicy, 6-8 mm across. 

Windward Islands and adventive northward: common in 

Dominica near the coast, especially in dry areas: Batali River 

(Webster 13172), Cabrit (Nicolson 1887, Hodge 802, 3728, 

Smith 10327, Whitefoord 3986), Carib Reserve (Stehle 6391), 

Castaways Hotel (Stern & Wasshuusen 2429), Grand Savanne 

(Wilbur 7669), Loubieree (Hodge 3859,3865), Mero (Nicolson 

4046), Pointe des Fous (Ernst 1792), Pointe Ronde (Ernst 

1566, Hodge 2699, 2744, 2748), Roseau Valley (Lloyd 559, 

811), Salisbury (Chambers 2813, Ernst 1381), South Chiltern 

and Scotts Head (Hodge 1609, Stern & Wasshausen 2536, 

Wilbur 7588), sine loc. (Imray 356). 

The name Solanum igneum referred to coastal plants with 

smaller leaves and formidable spines. Such are not considered 

taxonomically distinct from unarmed, inland plants. Solanum 

racemosum is closely related to S. bahumense and several other 

species of the northern Antilles, which differ in flower color 

and leaf venation. Fruits of these species are sometimes eaten. 

Solanum rugosum 

Solanwn rugoswn Dunal in A.P. Candolle, 1852, 13(1):108.-0. Schulz in 

Urban, 1909, 6:179.-Ettle & Wadsworth, 1%4:488, pl. 231.-Rce, 

1967: 369. 

Solanwn asperum sensu Grisebach, 1862:438, ncm L. Richard. 

Solanwn verbascifdiwn sensu aucn., non Linnaeus. 

Unarmed shrub to 5 m; leaves ovate, to 25 cm long, scabrous 

above, stellate-pubescent beneath; inflorescence many- 
NUMBER 77 SOLANACEAE~TERCULJACEAE 213 

flowered, held above the foliage; calyx deeply lobed, pubescent; corolla white, 1.5 cm across, obtusely lobed about 

halfway; fruits globose, yellow, 9-11 mm across, mostly 

pubescent but ultimately glabrous. 

Antilles and Belize to Brazil; in Dominica at forest edges and 

disturbed areas in the interior: Grand Bay (Eggers 787), Lisdara 

(Hodge 2421), Morne Diablotins (Hodge 2773), Pont Casse

(Nicolson 2129), Syndicate (Nicolson 4189, Webster 13321). 

Solanum seaforthianum 

Solanwn seaforthianwn Andrews, 1808.4ymon. 1981:67. 

Slender, glabrous, unarmed vines; leaves both entire and 

pinnatisect or compound, the lobes ovate, the terminal the 

largest; panicle terminal, many-flowered, showy, pendant, to 

20 cm long; corolla blue or violet (white), 2-5 cm across, the 

lobes deep and lanceolate; anthers stout; berry globose, red, 

juicy, 3-5 mm across. 

Widespread in Caribbean area, sometimes cultivated; in 

Dominica on the north coast, also cultivated: between Wesley 

and Woodford Hill (Ernst 2091), Roseau Botanic Gardens 

(Hodge 3913, cult.). 

Solanum torvum 

Solanum towm Swartz. 1788:47.4. Schulzin Urban, 1909,6:233.-Hepper 

Solanumficifoliwn Oxtega, 1800:116. 

in Dassanayake. 1988,6:376. 

Batarde melogene, bhtard belagien, balengene, wild eggSparingly armed shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves ovate, to 25 cm 

long, sinuate to pinnatifid with rounded sinuses, stellatetomentose; inflorescence lateral to stem, branched into 2 

several-flowered cymes; pedicels slender, dark, glandular; 

calyx with straight glandular hairs; corolla white, 1.5-2.5 cm 

across, lobed ‘/3 way; anthers slender; berry globose, 1.0-1.5 

cm across, yellow, mucilaginous, glabrous. 

Neotropics but now widespread; common in Dominica on 

roadsides and other disturbed areas: Bellevue (Taylor 30, 

Hodge 805), Cabrits (Hodge 803), Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7982), 

between Fond Figues and Raymondstone Rivers (Ernst 1453), 

Laudat area (Hodge 1799, Lloyd 206). Layou River valley 

(Hodge 804), Wilbur 7368), L’Imprevue (Nurodny s.n. in 

1949), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 7613, between Salybia and 

Gaulettre River (Hodge 3349), South Chiltern (Hodge 1461), 

Soufriere (Beard 1159), Sylvania (Cooper 81, Hodge 1164, 

Nicolson 1868), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3519), sine loc. (Imray 

Roots are used in preparing a tea to treat venereal disease by 

Caribs (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:605). Adjanohoun et al. 

(1985181, pl. 148) reported about the same for use of leaves 

and flowers. 

plant. 

110). 

Solanum triste 

Solanwn friste Jacquin, 1760:15.-Foumet, 1978:1291.-Whitefoord, 

1989:148. 

Glabrate shrub to 3 m; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, entire, to 28 

cm long; inflorescences short, almost opposite leaves; corolla 

white; anthers to 4 mm long; berry yellow. 

Venezuela, Martinique; new record in SE Dominica to 250 

m: Delices (Whitefoord 3769 at BM). 

STAPHYLEACEAE 

Turpinia occidentalis 

Turpinia occidenialis (Swam) G. Don, 1832,2:3. 

Skaphylea occidentalis Swam, 178855. 

Sureau marron, bois sureau marron. 

Tree to 25 m; leaves opposite, pinnately compound, leaflets 

5-1 1, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, shallowly serrate, glabrous; 

inflorescence a terminal panicle; petals white, often erose; fruit 

with 3 persistent styles, green but becoming black or dark 

purple, indehiscent. 

Central America, Jamaica, and Lesser Antilles; occasional in 

rainforests of Dominica 400-1050 m: Laudat (Eggers 696), 

Morne Diablotins at 1050 m (DHN!), Rosalie Valley (Beard 

237), South Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2493), Sylvania 

(Beard 1462), Syndicate at 350 m (DHN!). Flowers in March, 

hits in July. 

STERCULIACEAE 

(R. DeFilipps) 

Cola nitidu (Ventenat) Schott & Endlicher, the cola nut from 

Afiica, is cultivated at Clarke Hall (Ernst 1414, Nicolson 

1827). It is apetalous like Sterculia but has only a short 

androphore. Cola acuminata (Palisot de Beauvois) Schott & 

Endlicher, also a source of cola, with each cotyledon divided in 

two, has not been confirmed on Dominica, although it is 

commonly cultivated elsewhere and sterile Hodge 998 could be 

it. We follow Keay (1958:329) in separating these easily 

confused species. Bornstein (in Howard, 1989,5279) doubted 

the determination of Ernst 1414. 

Kleinhovia hospita Linnaeus, a shrubby red-flowered species with entire leaves from Asia and cultivated for its unusual 

bladdery fruits, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Hodge 904, Honychurch 231). 

Theobroma cacao Linnaeus, cacao or kabu (Carib), a small, 

cauliflorous tree of continental neotropics with 5-petaled 

flowers and entire leaves, is cultivated in Dominica for its 

seeds, the source of chocolate: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1421). Hodge 

and Taylor (1957583) commented on the Caribs’ usages. 

1. Leaves or leaflets entire (sometimes deeply lobed); petals 

none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterculia 

1. Leaves serrate; petals 5. 
214 STERCULIACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

2. 

2. 

3. 

3. 

i 

rree to 20 m; petals each with a 2-cleft apical 

appendage; fruit woody, indehiscent, warty ...... ........................ Guazuma 

Serb or shrub to 4 m; petals not appendaged; fruit 

iehiscent, not warty. 

Petals pink-purple; ovary 5-locular; capsule 5-coccoid 

....................... Melochia 

Petals yellow-orange; ovary 1-locular, capsule 2- 

valved.. ................. Waltheria 

Guazuma Adanson 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Guorazumo ulmifolio Lamar&, 1789,3:52.-Little & Wadsworth, 1964:338, pl. 

156. 

Tree to 20 m; branches horizontally spreading; leaves 6-10 

cm long; inflorescences erect; petals yellow. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in disturbed areas of 

lowlands to 650 m: above Colihaut (Ernst 1898), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3711), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4482, 4483, 

5909), upper Rosalie Road (Wilbur 8148), Walkers Rest 

(Chambers 2774), La Plaine road (Ernst 1923), Salybia 

(Nicolson 4137), Syndicate (DHN!). Flowering July-October, 

fruiting February-July. 

Melochia Linnaeus 

VBlez (1957: 115) reported collecting Melochia hirsuta 

Cavanilles on Dominica. This species, a synonym of Melochia 

villosa (Miller) Fawcett 8z Rendle, is not reported from the 

Lesser Antilles, according to Goldberg (1967:285). The correct 

name is Melochia spicata (Linnaeus) Fryxell (based on Malva 

spicata Linnaeus), according to Fryxell (1988:457). 

1. Leaves densely tomentose, whitish below; common 

....................... M. tomentosa 

1. Leaves sparsely pubescent, green below; apparently rare 

on Dominica. 

2. Inflorescence -t- sessile, axillary; capsule not winged 

2. Inflorescence pedunculate, leaf-opposed; capsule 

winged ................. M. pyramidata 

....................... M. nodiflora 

Melochia nodifora 

Melochio nodiforo Swartz, 1788:97.-Goldberg, 1967:271. 

Shrub to 4 m; leaves 3.5-7.5 cm long. 

Neotropics, including Guadeloupe and Martinique; apparently only once collected in Dominica: sine loc. (Imray 123 at 

K). 

Melochia pyramidata 

Melochio pyromhto Linnaeus, 1753:674.-Goldberg, 1961:337. 

Herb or shrub to 2 m; leaves 2-6 cm long; distinctive 

Neotropics; apparently rare on Dominica or rarely collected: 

inflated fruits. 

Wallhouse (Eggers 652), sine loc. (Imray 100 at GH). 

Melochia tomentosa 

Melochio tomenloso Linnaeus, 1759a:l l4O0.-Goldbxg, 1967:327. 

Shrub to 3 m; leaves 1-6 cm long. 

Neotropics; frequent in Dominica along dry west coast: 

Batali River mouth (Chambers 2787), Colihaut (Ernst 1140), 

Coulibistri (Wilbur 8338), Gabriel (Wilbur 8271), Grand 

Savanne (Ernst 2125, Lloyd 833), Webster 13406). 

Sterculia Linnaeus 

Sterculia foetida Linnaeus, the Indian almond with radiately 

compound leaves, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic 

Garden (Nicolson 4211). 

Nicolson's notes indicate that large trees of Sterculia data 

Roxburgh have been observed in the Roseau Botanic Garden. 

Sterculia caribaea 

Sterculia coriboeo R. Brown in Bennett, Horsfield & R. Brown, 1844:228. 

Mahaut cochon, mahaut doux. 

Major tree (dbh to 3 m); leaves to 3 dm long, glabmte below; 

flower with united petaloid sepals (no petals), cream with 

reddish center. 

Lesser Antilles; common in Dominica in forests 100-1OOO 

m: Cabrits (Howard 11 756), Cassada Gardens (Nicolson 2086), 

Deux Branches (Hodge 2966,3462), Freshwater Lake (Eggers 

686, Ernst 1492, Nicolson 1845, Wasshausen & Ayensu 310, 

Webster 13266), Grand Bay (Eggers 997), Lisdara (Hodge 

2354), Melville Hall (Hodge 541), Mome Cola Anglais (Hodge 

542), Pont Casse (Wilbur 7832), west of Rosalie (Ernst 1350), 

Sylvania (Hodge 1144, Syndicate (Whitefoord 3496). Flowering September-June, fruits young in July, mature in October. 

Hodge and Taylor (1957583) reported the Caribs use split 

(not sawn) planks in making dugouts (gommier, Dacryodes 

excelsa, used for better canoes). Rope is made from bark fibers 

or, when mixed with the gomme of gommier and boiled in 

shark oil, used in caulking dugouts. 

Juvenile shoots have deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, reminiscent 

of Sterculia apetala (Jacquin) Karsten of the Greater Antilles, 

which are consistently 5-lobed and tomentose below. 

Waltheria Linnaeus 

Waltheria indica 

Wdtherio indico Linnaeus, 1753:673.-Fosberg & Sachet, 1?75a:19. 

Wolfherio omericono Linnaeus, 1753:673. 

Herb or shrub to 2 m; leaves densely pubescent; flowers 
NUMBER 77 STERCULIACEAE-THEACEAE 215 

yellow, densely compacted. 

Neotropical weed, in Dominica along west and northeast 

coasts: Dublanc (Whitefoord 4282), Grand Savanne (Ernst 

1390, 2131, Hodge 3780, Wilbur 7653), Imperial Road near 

coast (Lloyd 784), Pointe Baptiste (Hodge 3741), Pointe 

Guignard (Wilbur 8122), Pointe Ronde (Chumbers 2657). 

We follow Fosberg and Sachet (1975a:lg) in treating the 

neotropical densely velutinous aspect as a variety, Waltheria 

indica var. americana (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Hosaka, rather 

than as a species distinct from the more thinly pubescent aspect 

of the Old World. 

STYRACACEAE 

Styrax glaber 

Styrax glaber Swam. 1788:74, “glabrum” .-Gonsoulin, 1974:233.-Howard, 

Morisonia wayi Grisebach, 1859:19, fide Urban, 1892:338. 

1974:334.--Stehle, 1962b:443.-Nicolson & Steyskal, 1976. 

Bois dor6. 

Lepidote tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic-obovate, glabrous above, 

densely lepidote and paler beneath; calyx truncate and 

5-denticulate; petals 5, white, lepidote on outer surface, 

tomentose on inner; stamens 10, anthers linear; fruit ellipsoid, 

2 cm long, beaked. 

Lesser Antilles: apparently rare in interior forests of 

Dominica at 600 m: Morne Couronne (Websrer 13203), sine 

loc. (Zmray 295 at GOET). 

SYMPLOCACEAE 

Syrnplocos Jacquin 

1. Leaves to 2 cm broad, attenuate at base; inflorescence 4-7 

cm long; stamens free, adnate to corolla base; ovary 

3-locular ................ S. guadeloupensis 

1. Leaves 3-6 cm wide, usually obtuse at base; inflorescence 

to 1.5 cm long; stamens united, attached at top of corolla 

tube; ovary 4-5-locular ......... S. martinkensis 

Syrnplocos guadeloupensis 

Symplocos guadeloupensis Krug & Urban in Urban, 1892337.-Brand in 

Engler, 1901. IV.242 (Heft 6):30.Stehl6,1962b:442.-Mai, 1986:9. 

Tree to 3 m; leaves oblanceolate, yellowish when dry; 

flowers white. 

Previously known only from Guadeloupe and Grenada; 

locally common in Dominica near top of Morne Diablotins at 

1350 m: (Chambers 2645, Webster 13362, DHN!). Flowering 

in January, fruiting in June. 

Symplocos rrpiculata Brand in Engler, 1901, IV.242 (Heft 6):85.-Stehli, 

1962b:442. 

Graines bleues, cacarat. 

Medium tree to 12 m (dbh 50 cm); leaves elliptic-ovate; 

flowers white, fragrant; fruits blue. 

Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico to Brazil; frequent in 

midlands of Dominica (60-)450-800 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 

4608), Bornes (DHN!), Breakfast River (Hodge 1884), Dublanc (Hodge 2553), La Plaine (Whirefoord 5408, 5413, 

Laudat-Freshwater Lake area (Chambers 2691, Hodge 1959, 

Nicolson 1963, Smith 10274, Webster 13247), Lisdara (Cooper 

143, Hodge 2426, 2433), Londondeny (Chambers 2612), 

Morne Anglais (Hodge 2253), Riversdale (Beard 242), Salybia 

(Hodge 3096), South Chiltern (Hodge 1586, Stern & Wasshausen 2510), Sylvania (Cooper 32, Hodge 1111), Syndicate 

(Nicolson 4075, Whitefoord 3907, 4576). Flowering OctoberJune, fruiting January-July. 

The wood is used for timbers, posts, boards and shingles. 

Study of type (Duss 2236) and topotype material (Questel 

2283) of S. apiculata Brand indicates that the stamens are 

3-senate and fall within S. murtinicensis. Study of type material 

(Duss 4202) of Symplocos urbaniana Brand from Guadeloupe 

indicates that its leaves are broad, thick-coriaceous, and unlike 

anything hitherto found on Dominica. 

THEACEAE 

1. Leaves distichous, serrate or crenate, ovate or lanceolate; 

flowers functionally unisexual (plants dioecious), fasciculate; sepals entire, ciliate ............. Freziera 

1. Leaves spiralled, entire, obovate; flowers bisexual, solitary; sepals glandular-denticulate, eciliate ......... ........................ Ternstroemia 

Freziera Willdenow, nom. cons. 

1. Leaves broadly ovate, base cordate, pubescent below 

F. cordata 

1. Leaves nmwly lanceolate, base cuneate, glabrous below 

........................ F. undulata 

......................... 

Freziera cordata 

Freziera cordata Tulasne, 1847:334.-Kobuski. 1941 :462. 

Tree to 3 m; leaves broadly ovate and k amplexicaul, to 13 

cm x 7 cm; flowers white, tinged with red. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; rare (endangered species?) on 

mountain tops in Dominica: Morne Anglais (Wilbur 7939), 

Trois Pitons (Hodge 2274). Flowering March-July. 

Kobuski (1.c.) thought the species was destroyed on Mt. 

Pel& (Martinique) by the 1902 eruption but it was recollected 

in 1960 (Proctor 21752). The top of Morne Anglais was 

after Wilbur’s collection, perhaps destroying it there. 

Syrnplocos martinicensis 

Symplocos martinicensb Jacquin, 1760:24.-Brand in Engler, 1901, IV.242 c1-d for aerial survey Purposes around 1964, presumably 

(Heft 6): 85 .-Stehlk, 1962b344 1 .-Mi, 19 86: 15. 
216 THEACEAE-THYMEL~EACEAE SMITHSOh” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Freziera undulata 

Freziero unduloto (Swartz) Willdenow, 1799, 2:1179.-Swartz, 1800:974,- 

Erotewn wrdulatwn Swartz, 1788:85. 

Freziero elegons Tulasne, 1847:336. 

Freziero unduloto var. elegons (Wasne) Krug &Urban in Urban, 1896543.- 

Kobuski, 1941:464. 

Kobuski, 1941:465. 

Shrub or tree to 10 m; leaves narrowly lanceolate and 

tapering at base, to 17 cm x 4 cm; flowers white or pinkish, 

Endemic to Lesser Antilles; locally common in Dominica on 

summits and occasional at lower elevations: Boeri Lake 

(Wilbur 8195), Freshwater Lake-Laudat area (Eggers 632, 

Nicolson 1290), Mome Diablotins (Wasshausen & Ayensu 

408), Morne Micotrin (Nicolson 1983), Pont Casse (Ernst 

1290, Wilbur 8177), Morne Trois Pitons (Chambers 2592, 

Ernst 1212, Hodge 1392, Lloyd 732, Wilbur 8081). Flowering 

November-August (all year?), fruiting August-December 

(only Eggers 632 and Wilbur 8195). 

There are two aspects of this species, treated by Kobuski 

0.c.) as varieties: (1) var. elegans, the summit aspect with 

strongly zig-zagged twigs, leaves tufted near ends of twigs, and 

smaller leaves (to 8 cm x 2 cm) often subequal at base; (2) var. 

undulata, the midland aspect with straighter twigs, leaves not 

tufted, and larger leaves (to 17 cm x 4 cm) often unequal at 

base. However, there are intermediates and I suspect the 

differences are ecologically rather than genetically determined. 

Ternstroemia Mutis ex Linnaeus f., nom. cons. 

1. Peduncles to 2 cm long; locules 3, 2-ovulate; stigma 

3-parted, evolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. elliptica 

1. Peduncles 2-8 cm long; locules 2, 5-20-ovulate; stigma 

simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. peduncularis 

Ternstroemia elliptica 

Ternstroemio elliptic0 Swartz, 1788:8 1 .-Kobuski, 1943 :63. 

See key characters. 

St. Kitts, Guadeloupe and Dominica; reported only once for 

Dominica: sine loc. (Imray 280 at GH, 380 at K). 

Ternstroemia peduncularis 

Ternstroemio peduncdoris A.P. Candolle, 1822b:409.--Kobuski, 1943:73. 

Ternstroemio obmolis A. Richard in Sap, 1845, 10:221. 

Ternstroemio peduncularis var. stenophylla Krug & Urban in Urban, 18%526. 

Shrub or tree to 5 m; leaves oblanceolate-obovate; flowers 

solitary, axillary, strongly aromatic, sepals pink, petals orange. 

Antilles; occasional in Dominica on open slopes to 300 m: 

Grand Bay (Ernst 1070), Grand Savanne (Stern & Wasshausen 

2459,2541), sine loc. (Imray 469). Flowering April-July. 

THEOPHRASTACEAE 

Cluvija longifolia (Jacquin) Mez of northem South America, 

with long senate leaves, red-orange flowers and glandular 

staminodia, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden 

(Hodge 3945). 

Jacquinia armillaris 

Jocquinio ormillark Jacquin. 1760:15.-Mez in Urban, 1901, 2:442.- 

Jocquinio arboreo Vahl, 1797, Eclog., 1:26.-Gooding et al., 1%5:320.- 

Jocquinio ormi7Iorir var. orboreo (Vahl) Grisebach, 1861:397. 

Jocquinio borbasco Mez in Engler, 1903, IV.236a (Heft 15):32, nun. 

Howard, 1973b:455. 

Adams, 1972:563.-Linle et al., 1974:762, pl. 628. 

illeg .-SStehle, 1962b:440. 

Ma1 bois chandelle. 

Shrub or tree to 3 m; leaves k verticillate near branch-tips, 

spatulate or obovate, pellucid-punctate; inflorescence racemose; flowers white, aromatic; sepals eciliate; stamens 5, 

anther apices narrowly but deeply lobed; staminodia 5, 

petalloid; berry green, becoming orange (or red?). 

West Indies (except Bahamas and Trinidad); in Dominica in 

wind-sheared woodlands on east coast: L’Anse Noire (Ernst 

2080), Salybia (Chambers 2634), La Plaine (Ramage s.n. at 

GH). Flowering January, fruiting August. 

Mez (in Engler, 1.c.) adopted J. barbasco “(Loefling)” Mez, 

believing that Chrysophyllum barbasco hefling (1758) provided the earliest available epithet. However, as Howard 

(1973b3455) pointed out, hefling only cited “Barbasco” as a 

vernacular name, not as part of a binomial (“Chrysophyllum. 

Barbasco” (p. 204) and “Chrysophyllo fructu adfinis.. .; vulgo 

Barbasco” (p. 277)). In publishing more extensively on his J. 

armillaris, Jacquin later (1763:53) included a reference to 

befling. 

Setting aside J. berteri Sprengel, a species with smaller 

leaves and shorter inflorescence with reflexed pedicels, it is 

generally considered that there are two other species in the 

West Indies, one with ciliate sepals (called Jacquinia armillaris 

Jacquin by Mez (1901), and one with eciliate sepals (called 

Jacquinia revoluta Jacquin by Mez (1901, 1903). The first 

question is whether Mez was correct in treating J. armillaris as 

having eciliate sepals and the second question is whether Mez 

was correct in treating J. arborea Vahl(1797, Eclog., 26) as its 

synonym. If the (lecto?)type of either name actually has ciliate 

sepals, J. revoluta Jacquin will fall into its synonymy. 

Without having seen the types, I am following Mez (1901) 

and assuming that his dispositions are correct. In any case, all 

cited (three) Dominican specimens have eciliate sepals. 

THYMELAEACEAE 

Daphnopsis americana subsp. caribaea 

Dophnopsis americono subsp. coriboeo (Grisebach) Nevling, 1959:3 15. 

Dophnopsis coribaeo Grisebach, 1860:278. 
NUMBER 77 THYMELAEACEAE-TILIACEAE 217 

Mahaut, bitter mahoe, maho pimente. 

Dioecious shrubs or trees to 15 m with a bitter inner bark; 

leaves ternate, lanceolate to elliptic, k coriaceous; inflorescence 

and calyx tube pubescent, f umbellate at tips of a branching 

axis; flowers white, 4-merous, female without petals, male with 

tubular flowers and 8 stamens; fruit a drupe. 

Northern South America through Lesser Antilles into Puerto 

Rico and into southern Central America; common in Dominica 

in thickets and forests, 50-700 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 4609), 

Bornes (DHN!), Carib Reserve (Hodge 466,3274, Stehle 394, 

Taylor 21, Chattanooga (Hodge 885), Hampstead (Lloyd 666), 

Laudat (Lloyd 353, Nicolson 120), Londonderry (Chambers 

2622), Point Lo10 (Ernst 1958), Rosalie (Stern & Wusshausen 

2469, South Chiltem (Ernst 1871, Hodge 1534), Sylvania 

(Hodge 464, 465, Webster 13409, Wilbur 7709), Woodford 

Hill Estate (Ernst 1549). Flowering April-August, fruiting 

July-October; most specimens are male. 

The bark is used for rope and a tea is used ritually by Caribs 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957591). 

Other subspecies of D. umericunu (Miller) J. Johnston occur 

in the Greater Antilles, South and Central America. 

TILIACEAE 

Dr. W. Meijer and Mr. Manuel Martinez (University of 

Kentucky) generously shared their as yet unpublished expertise. 

Berryu cubensis (Grisebach) Gomez de la Maza (as 

Curpodipteru floribundu Urban) was collected in the Roseau 

Botanic Garden (Hodge 954). 

1. Fruits linear-oblong, unarmed, dehiscent; leaves unlobed 

......................... Corchorus 

1. Fruits k globose, bristly, indehiscent; leaves often lobed ......................... Triumfetta 

Corchorus Linnaeus 

Corchorus olitorius Linnaeus, the East Indian source of jute, 

a species with basal teeth of leaves prolonged into hairs, was 

collected in Dominica in 1929: [Cocoa?] Centre (Anonymous 

s.n. at K, from University of Birmingham). It is known to 

escape but not confirmed in Dominica. 

Excluded Corchorus 

Corchorus uestuuns Linnaeus, another species with prolonged basal teeth (like C. olitorius), was reported for 

Dominica by VBlez (1957:115) but Martinez (1981:49) 

reported it in the main Lesser Antilles only from Montserrat, St. 

Vincent, Grenada, and Barbados. 

Corchorus hirsutus Linnaeus, a densely stellately pubescent 

species, was attributed to Dominica by Velez (1957:115 but, 

according to Martinez (1981:22, fig. 2c), it has not been 

collected south of St. BarthBlemy, except in Aruba, CuraGao, 

and Bonaire. 

Corchorus hirtus Linnaeus, a very hirsute species but with 

simple hairs, was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957:115) 

but Martinez (1981:103) reported it in the main Lesser Antilles 

only from Guadeloupe and Martinique @uss collections). 

Corchorus orinocensis Kunth, a glabrate species with 2-3 

locules, was attributed to Dominica by Urban (1910,4:382) but 

Martinez (198154) reported it in the main Lesser Antilles only 

from Martinique and Guadeloupe (where it has not been 

recently recollected). Bornstein (in Howard, 1989, 5191) 

treated this as a synonym of Corchorus hirtus Linnaeus. 

Corchorus siliquosus 

Corchorur siliquosur Linnaeus, 1753529. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves glabrous, often small; corolla yellow; 

capsule blunt (with seeds to apex), 2-locular, locules not 

partitioned between seeds. 

Neotropics; in Dominica a weed at low elevations: Cabrits 

(Ernst 2093, Whitefoord 5267,5292), above Clarke Hall (Ernst 

1529), sine loc. (fmruy s.n. at GH). Flowering in August, 

fruiting in January-May. 

Triumfetta Linnaeus 

TriuMettu luppula Linnaeus, with no petals and 10 stamens, 

was reported for Dominica by Velez (1957: 115) but there is no 

confirmation. 

1. Flower buds cucullate, apical parts swollen above a 

constriction; stamens 10-15; fruit bodies 3-4 mm broad 

and densely tomentose, spines glabrescent ........ ....................... T. rhomboidea 

1. Flower buds rounded at apex; stamens (10)15-30; fruit 

bodies (3)5-6 mm broad and glabrous. 

2. Flower buds 14-18 mm long; petals (12)15-20(30) mm 

long; stamens 25-30; fruit spines glabrescent ..... ...................... I: grandifora 

2. Flower buds 5-9 mm long; petals 6-10 mm long; 

stamens (10)15-20(30); fruit spines retrorsely pilosulose .................. I: semilriloba 

Triumfetta grandifora 

Triumfitta grandiflora Vahl, 1798. Eclog., 2:34.-Grisebach, 1859:96.-Lay, 

1950:363. 

Small tree to 4 m; remarkable for its large flowers and fruits. 

Neotropics; in Dominica at midelevations: Syndicate (Ernst 

2103, Whitefoord 3953), sine loc. (Zmruy 55,362 at K). 

Triumfetta rhomboidea 

Triumfetto rhomboidea Jacquin, 1760:22.-Adams, 1972:455.-Bomstein in 

Howard, 1989, 5197. 
218 TLIACEAE-UWCEAE SMlTHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Bartramia indica Linnaeus, 1753:389, non Triwnfetta indica Lamarck. 

Triwnfetta barrramia Linnaeus, 1759a: 1044, nom. iUeg.-Lay, 1950382. 

Shrub to 2 m; a distinctive species with cucullate buds and a 

small, densely tomentose fruit body. 

Neotropics but now a pantropical weed; in Dominica at low 

elevations: La Plaine (Nicolson 2066), Portsmouth (DHN!), 

Roseau (Kruuss 1251). 

The above synonymy is traditional but Burtrumiu indicu 

Linnaeus is not yet firmly lectotypified. At least one Linnaean 

specimen (620.3 LINN from Surat) is almost certainly 

TriuMettu gfubra Roaler (in Sprengel, 1825,2:450, type from 

Batticaloa in Ceylon) not T. rhomboideu. Bornstein (in 

Howard, 1.c.) cites a Hermann specimen (BM) as type but does 

not mention who, when, and where it was so designated. 

Triumfetta semitriloba 

Triumfetta semitriloba Jacquin, 1760:22.-Lay, 1950:373. 

TriunJerta althaeoides sensu Grisebach, 1859:96, and Lay, 1950371, as to 

Imray material from Dominica, non Lamarck. 

Small shrubby herb to 1 m, a rather unremarkable species. 

Pantropical; common in Dominica to 550 m: Cabrits (Hodge 

540, Whitefoord 4078), Dublanc (Whitefoord 5199), Londondeny (Chambers 2610, Mero (Chambers 2781), Mt. Joy 

(Hodge 1289), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2734), Portsmouth 

(Whitefoord 5191), Ridgefield (Hodge 2151), South Chiltem 

(Hodge 1579), Sylvania (Cooper 79, sine loc. (Imruy 157,221 

at GH as “Imary”). 

TURNERACEAE 

Turneru ulmijioliu Linnaeus, distinguished by 2 basal 

leaf-glands and flowers 4 cm across, was attributed to 

Dominica by VBlez (1957:115). I exclude this as yet 

unconfirmed record. 

Piriqueta cistoides 

Piriquera cisroides (Lmnaeus) Grisebach, 1860:298.4mduff, 1970494. 

Turnera cistoides Linnaeus, 1762:387. 

Stellately villous, often sprawling herb to 1 m; leaves 

eglandular, c1 cm across; flowers yellow-orange, c1 cm across. 

West Indies and South America; common but scattered weed 

in open areas of Dominica near the west and north coasts: 

Grand Savanne (Ernst 1051,1388,2141, Hodge 3797, Wilbur 

8354), L’Anse Noire (Ernst 2076), Roseau (Lloyd 736), 

Rosehill (Eggers 695), St. Aromant (Lloyd 566), Sugar Loaf 

(Eggers 949). 

Urban (1883:73) credited publication of this name to Meyer 

ex Steudel (1841, 2:724, see also 344). However, Steudel’s 

“Piriquetu cistoides Meyer” is based on Turneru cistoides 

Hort., non Linnaeus, and must be regarded as a nomen nudum. 

ULMACEAE 

1. Plants usually armed with stipular thorns; leaves serrate 

above the middle, not scabrous; pistillate flowers solitary 

or in few-flowered fascicles; stigmas 2-cleft; drupe 8-12 

mm long. ...................... Celtis 

1. Plants unarmed; leaves completely sermlate, scabrous; 

pistillate flowers in cymes; stigmas uncleft; drupe 3 mm 

long. ........................ Trema 

Celtis Linnaeus 

Celtis iguanaea 

Celtis iguanaea (Jacquin) Sargent, 1895,564, “iguanaeus.” 

Rhamnus iguanaeus Jacquin, 1760:16. 

Celtis acdeala Swartz, 178853, nom. illeg.-Grisebach, 1860:149. 

A k scandent shrub to 12 m; branches flexuous, each node 

armed with short, decurved stipular thorns; staminate flowers 

borne in racemose cymes. 

Neotropics; occasional but forming thickets in exposed 

places of western Dominica: Cabrits (Nicolson 4200), Loubibre 

(Hodge 3863), Morne Daniel, north of Goodwill (Ernst 1840, 

Hodge 3889). Flowering May-July. 

Trema Loureiro 

Although Loureiro used feminine gender, Greek tremu, cited 

by Loureiro, is neuter. 

Tremu domingensis Urban was attributed, with doubt, to 

Dominica and Martinique by Urban (1920,8: 164). The doubt 

seems justified, this entire-leaved species apparently being 

endemic to Hispaniola. 

1. Leaf-blades usually c6 cm long, reticulate venation 

prominent beneath, the apex acute-acuminate ....... ..................... T. lamarekianum 

1. Leaf-blades usually >7 cm long, the reticulate venation not 

prominent beneath, the apex acuminate-attenuate ..... I: micranthum ....................... 

Trema lamarekianum 

Trema lamarckionum (Roemer & Schultes) Blume, 1856, 2:58.4risebach, 

Celris 1amarckiaM Roemer & Schultes, 1820,631 1. 

Sponia Iamorckiana (Roemer & Schultes) Decaisne, 1834:498. 

1860: 150. 

Shrub or small tree to 2.5 m; leaves rather small, k equal at 

base. 

West Indies; locally common on Dominica on dry slopes: 

Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8134), Rosalie Valley [?I (Lloyd 722), 

Soufri5re Village (Ernst 1965), sine loc. (Imruy 414 at K). 

Flowering July. 
NUMBER 77 ULM ACEAE-URTICACEAE 219 

Trema micranthum 

Trem micronthum (Linnaeus) Blume, 1856,2:58.-Grisebach, 1860:150. 

Rhur micronthur Linnaeus, 1759a:937. 

Celtis mollis Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 1806,4:9%. 

Sponk mollis (Willdenow) Decaisne, 1834498. 

Sponk microntho (Linnaeus) Decaisne, 1834:498. 

Trem molle (Willdenow) Blume, 1856,2:58.-Grisebach, 1860:150. 

Shrub or tree to 3 m; leaves rather large, unequal at base; 

fruits turning orange. 

Neotropics; occasional in Dominica in dry areas: ridge north 

of Clarke Hall (Ernst 1530), ridge south of Clarke Hall (Stern 

& Wasshausen 2423), Hungry Hill (Whitefoord 4426), “inner 

Cabrite of Prince Ruperts Head. Dominica. 25 June 1792” 

([Finlay] s.n. at K), Trafalgar road (Whitefoord 4646), sine loc. 

(Imray 467 at K). Flowering May-July, fruiting in November. 

URTICACEAE 

1. Leaves opposite ................... Pilea 

1. Leaves alternate. 

2. Inflorescences elongate or branching. 

3. Herbs with glabrous stems; style hooked in fruit 

....................... Laportea 

3. Shrubs with pubescent stems; style none or not 

hooked. 

4. Cystoliths radiate on upper leaf surfaces; stinging 

hairs none; flowers sessile and clustered along 

branched spikes; pistillate calyx 0 (ours) but pistil 

subtended by 2 tiny bracts ...... Gyrotaenia 

4. Cystoliths scattered on upper leaf surface; stinging 

hairs often present; flowers shortly stipitate and 

clustered at apices of dichotomously branched 

panicles; pistillate calyx equaling pistil, 4-lobed, 

accrescent and fleshy in fruit ........ Urera 

2. Inflorescence in axillary glomerules. 

5. Shrubs; leaves markedly unequal in size at alternate 

nodes ................... Boehmeria 

5. Herbs; leaves k equal at alternate nodes. 

6. Leaves entire, ovate to rotund ..... Rousselia 

6. Leaves serrate, lanceolate. ........ Phenax 

Boehmeria Jacquin 

Boehmeria ramifora 

Boehmerk romi~ora Jacquin, 1760:31.-Grisebach, 1860:160. 

Dioecious or monoecious non-stinging shrub or tree to 6 m; 

leaves alternate, serrate, acuminate-attenuate, markedly unequal at alternate nodes, the smaller leaves shortly petioled; 

flowers in compact axillary clusters. 

Circumcaribbean; common in Dominica in moist, disturbed 

areas 65-1000 m: Clarke Hall (Ernst 1004), Deux Branches 

(Hodge 3113, Fon Pays (Hodge 2851), La Chaudieree (Hodge 

3578), Laudat (Cillis 8194), Lisdara (Cooper 166, Hodge 645, 

2408), Milton (Hodge 2883), Morne Aux Diables (Wilbur 

8067), Morne Micotrin (Chambers 2686, Wilbur 8250), Mome 

Plat Pays (Wilbur 7847), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 7613), Pont 

Casse (Lloyd 787, Webster 13457), Rosehill (Eggers 515), 

South Chiltern (Hodge 1548, Nicolson 2174), Springfield 

(Wilbur 7674), Sylvania (Hodge 644), Syndicate (Whitefoord 

3498), Trafalgar road (Whitefoord 4641). 

Gyrotaenia Grisebach 

Gyro taenia crassifolia 

Gyrotoenio crassifolia (Weddell) Urban, 1918a:159.-Kellogg in Howard, 

Urero crarsifolk Weddell. 185218; 1856:161.-Grisebach, 1860:155,- 

1988, 4:74. 

Stehle et al., 1937, 1:185. 

Large, dioecious, suffrutescent, and non-stinging herb to 6 

m; stipules 2-3 cm long, united into a bicarinate ligule, soon 

deciduous; leaves alternate, ovate, to 30 cm x 20 cm, serrate: 

male plants with inflorescences near apex, female plants with 

inflorescences remote from apex; male calyces with 4 broad, 

imbricate, and ciliate sepals; female calyx 0 with 2 tiny 

glandular-ciliate bracts clasping the edges of the flattened 

pistil; stigma capitate-penicillate; achenes imbedded in swollen 

fruiting rhachis. 

Guadeloupe and Martinique; rare in ravines of interior 

forests of Dominica: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4139 (8 and Q)), 

upper Picard River north of Syndicate Estate buildings 

(Nicolson 4169 (8), 4170 (Q)), Whitefoord 3968), sine loc. 

(Zmay 206 at K, 271 at GOET). 

This species is so rare and poorly known that it warrants 

special comment. Female flowers of this species were unknown 

to Urban (1918a:159). They are to be found on Stehle 1980 

(US) from Guadeloupe and the above collections. These 

confirm that this species belongs to West Indian Gyrotaenia, 

not to mainland Myriocarpa. These genera are surely closely 

related (both having 0 calyx but a pair of bracts subtending the 

female flowers), the principal differences being that Myriocarpa has shortly stipitate female flowers, with a distinctly 

elongated style and an oblique, rather elongated stigma (often 

slightly 2-forked), while Gyrotaenia has sessile female flowers 

and a subsessile stigma that is capitate. 

Leaves of Gyrotaenia crassifolia have striking 1 sq cm 

areoles with radiately oriented cystoliths around each (aborted) 

hair on the upper leaf-surface. It shares this character with 

Myriocarpa cordifolia and M. longipes. Leaves of G. crassifolia look very much like Urera caracasana but the latter has 

scattered or, rarely, weakly radiately oriented cystoliths. The 

inflorescences of Urera (dichotomously many-branched and 

with terminal, solitary female flowers or clusters of male 

flowers) are very different in G. crassifolia (few-branching 

spikes with lateral clusters of flowers). 

Duss 2861 from Guadeloupe was cited by Urban 

(1918a:159) as Gyrotaenia crassifolia but was mixed with 
220 URTICACEAE SMITHSON” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Durs 2185 in distribution. A specimen at US has both 

collection numbers, a single leaf of G. crassifolia and a female 

specimen of Urera caracasana. 

Laportea Gaudichaud, nom. cons. 

Laportea aestuans 

Laportea aestuans (Linnaeus) Chew, 1965:200. 

Uriica aestuans Linnaeus, 1763:1397. 

Flew aesiuans (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud, 1830497. 

Nettle, z’ortie. 

Monoecious, annual, stinging herb; leaves alternate, dentate, 

ovate; inflorescence paniculate. 

Pantropics; a common weed in Dominica in moist places to 

650 m: Bataka (Stehle 6367), Cabrits (Whitefoord 3973, 

Clarke Hall (Ernst I696), C6te d’Or (Nicolson 2063), Laudat 

(Gillis 8182), Layou River Valley (Ernst 2182), Milton (Hodge 

2930), Rosehill (Eggers 630), Soufritre (Lloyd 479, South 

Chiltem (Hodge 1528), Sylvania (Hodge 643), Trafalgar Road 

(Whitefoord 4647). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985183, pl. 149) reported medicinal 

uses. 

Phenax Weddell 

Phenax sonneratii 

PheMx sonnerafii (poiret) Weddell in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:235”. 

Parieiaria sonneraiii Poiret in Lamarck, 1804, Encycl., 515, Usonnerati.“ 

Phenax vulgaris Weddell, 1854:192. 

Monoecious, non-stinging herb or small shrub to 1.2 m; 

leaves alternate, serrate on upper 2/3, acuminate, to 6 cm long; 

flowers in axillary clusters. 

Asiatic introduction; a common weed in Dominica in moist 

places to 650 m: La Chaudiere (Hodge 3638), Melville Hall 

(Hodge 633), Milton (Hodge 2560), Mome Brules (Hodge 

634). Ridgefield (Hodge 2183), Soufriere (Lloyd 401), South 

Chiltern (Ernst 1319), Springfield (Wilbur 7682), Stewart 

River mouth (Wilbur 8033), Sugar Loaf (Eggers 882), Sylvania 

(Cooper 16, Hodge 635), Syndicate (Ernst 2011, Whitefoord 

3586,3954). 

Pilea Lindley, nom. cons. 

Pilea lanceolata Weddell was incorrectly attributed to 

Dominica by Fawcett and Rendle (1914, 3(1):64), as Urban 

(1917:lll) pointed out. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:90) 

indicated that the misidentified Dominican specimen is Z? 

forsythiana. 

1. Leaves entire, usually glabrous above. 

2. Leaves to 0.8 cm long, of different sizes on adjacent 

nodes, blades 1-nerved: inflorescences shorter than 

petioles ................. I? microphylla 

2. Leaves usually over 2 cm long, -t equal on adjacent 

nodes, blades 3-nerved; inflorescences longer than 

petioles. 

3. Leaves lanceolate (Ax longer than broad) ...... ..................... P. forsythiana 

3. Leaves ovate (e3x longer than broad) ........ ..................... P. parietaria 

1. Leaves toothed, pubescent (except Z? semidentata). 

5. Vegetative parts glabrous, very succulent. ....... ...................... P. semidentata 

5. Vegetative parts (at least stems) pubescent, never 

succulent. 

6. Plants erect, not rooting at nodes; leaves ellipticovate, bases cuneate-rounded, to 8 cm long, pubescent or glabrous above ......... P. inaequalis 

6. Plants creeping and rooting at nodes; leaves rotund or 

broadly ovate-elliptic, bases rounded, to 2 cm long, 

pubescent above ........ P. nummularufolia 

Pilea forsythiana 

Pilea forsythiana Weddell in A.P. Candolle, 1869, 16:lll.-Urban, 1907, 

Pilea mornicola Urban, 1907.5:305. 

5:300. 

Glabrous, erect herbs; leaves entire, lanceolate. 

Guadeloupe to Martinique; occasional in Dominica in 

interior ravines or clearings 500-1000 m: Brantridge (Emst 

I196), Castle Bruce track (Hodge 1235), Laudat (Lloyd 222), 

upper Layou (Stehle 6311), Massacre River waterfalls (Hodge 

1025, I027), Pont Casse (Proctor 25775), Sylvania (Cooper 

119), Trafalgar Falls (Ernst 1082), sine loc. (Velez 3549). 

Dominican specimens with smallest and narrowest leaves 

could be treated as P. mornicola Urban, such as Cooper 119, 

Ernst 1196 (“on wet rocks”), Hodge 1235 (“on boulders”), 

Proctor 25775 (“on boulders”), Stehle 631 I (“humus”) and 

Vklez 3549. It has not been studied in the field but it appears 

that the small and narrow-leaved aspect may involve epiphytic 

or epilithic specimens with minimal nutrients. 

It would also be interesting to compare closely related Z? 

forsythiana (lanceolate leaves) and Z? parietaria (ovate leaves) 

in the field. 

Pilea inaequalis 

Pilea hqualis (poire$) Weddell, 1852:229.-Kellogg in Howard, 1988,4:82. 

Uriica inaequalis Jussieu ex Poiret in Lamarck, 1816, Encycl., Suppl., 4:222 

Pilea pubescens sensu Grisebach. 1860:159, nm Liebmann. 

Erect, pubescent, epiphytic or terrestrial herb to 4 dm; leaves 

serrate, base cuneate to rounded, sometimes quite purple in 

same population with green-leaved specimens. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in moist rainforest and 

gullies 20-1000 m: Boeri Lake (Whitefoord 4142), Brantridge 

(Ernst 1197), La Chaudiere (Hodge 3530), Clarke Hall 

(Webster 13399), Deux Branches (Hodge 3118), Dleau 
URTICACEAE NUMBER 77 22 1 

Gommier (Ernst 20863, Freshwater Lake (Smith 10260), Jean 

(Ernst 1813, Laudat (Lloyd 50), Lisdara (Hodge 641, 2406, 

2411, 2464), Massacre Falls (Hodge 1024), Morne Anglais 

(Hodge 640), Morne Bruce in Roseau (Hodge 642), Morne 

Diablotins (Nicolson 1915, 1916, Webster 13337), Morne 

Micotrin (Ernst 1775, Wilbur 7452), Mosquito Mountain 

(Webster 13535, 135363, Point Lo10 (Ernst 12063, Pont Casse

(Long & Norstog 3403, Wilbur 7815), Salybia (Hodge 3239), 

South Chiltern (Ernst 1313, Hodge 1543, Syndicate (Ernst 

2018, Hodge 2888, 2894, Whitefoord 3617, 3618), Trafalgar 

Falls (Hodge 1996). 

After surveying US materials of the Pilea pubescens-P. 

caribaea-Z? obtusata-€! inaequalis complex, I concluded: (1) 

P. pubescem Liebmann (type from Brazil) occurs from South 

through Central America reaching Cuba and the southern 

Lesser Antilles (where it is called P. caribuea Urban). This 

species tends to have rotund to subcordate leaf-bases. (2) 

Specimens with more obtuse to cuneate leaf-bases tend to be 

annotated as P. inaequalis if they are smallish and as P. 

obtusata Liebmann if they are larger. 

Pilea microphylla 

Pilea microphylla (Linnaeus) Liebmann, 185 1:296. 

Parietaria microphylla Linnaeus, 1759a: 1308. 

Urtica trianthemoides Swam, 1787a:68. 

Pilea microphylla var. trianthemoides (Swam) Grisebach, 1860:155. 

Glabrous, spreading to erect, monoecious or dioecious herbs 

to 3 dm; leaves elliptic to obovate. 

Neotropics: in Dominica in moist, disturbed areas (including 

masonry) to 550 m: Baiac (Whitefoord 5460), Clarke Hall 

(Ernst 1697), Delices (Whitefoord 3674), Grand Bay (Whitefoord 6080), Hatton Garden (Hodge 3013), Laudat (Lloyd 230), 

Lisdara (Hodge 633, Loubi8re (Hodge 3873), Mt. Joy (Hodge 

12963, Ridgefield (Hodge 2171), South Chiltern (Hodge 1533, 

Sylvania (Hodge 638). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985183, pl. 150) reported use of tea 

against colic. 

Larger specimens (Hodge 1537,3013,3873) are sometimes 

identified as P. microphylla var. trianthemoides and smaller 

ones (Hodge 1296, 2171) as var. microphylla. The difference 

may be habitat rather than genetic. 

Pilea n ummulari~olia 

Pilea nummulariifolia (Swam) Weddell, 1852:255, “nummularioefolia.” 

Urtica nwnmulariifdia Swartz, 1787a:63, pl. 1, “nummularifolia.” 

Repent, dioecious herb with stems rooting at nodes; leaves 

rotund, serrate but with rounded teeth. 

Neotropics; in Dominica in disturbed areas to 500 m: Grand 

Bay (Wilbur 7922), South Chiltern (Hodge 3880, 1591), 

Trafalgar Falls (Ernst 1085). 

Pilea parietada 

Pilea parietaria (Linnaeus) Blume, 1856,248. 

Urtica parietaria Linnaeus, 1753:985. 

Urtica ciliaris Linnaeus, 1759a:1266. 

Pilea ciliaris (Linnaeus) Weddell, 1852:209.-Grisebach, 1860:156. 

Erect, monoecious herbs to 6 dm; leaves elliptic, lanceovate, or ovate; male inflorescence capitate, female branching. 

Neotropics; common in Dominica in moist, shady areas from 

midlands to elfin woodland, 400-1400 m: Bellevue (King 

6307), Castle Bruce (Cowan 1603, Freshwater Lake-Laudat 

area (Chambers 2673, Eggers 841, Ernst 1771, 2166), Hodge 

1772, 1781, 1862, 1878, Lloyd 163, Nicolson 2103, Smith 

10233, Whitefoord 3858, Wilbur 74363, Massacre River 

waterfalls (Hodge 1023), Morne Anglais (Hodge 2267,2271, 

2304, Nicolson 41 03), Mom Diablotins (Chambers 2639, 

Hodge 2801, Webster 13335, Whitefoord 4559, 572@, Mome 

Plat Pays (Hodge 1662), Trois Pitons (Ernst 1214, Hodge 1391, 

1418), Springfield (Wilbur 7690), Syndicate (Ernst 2013, sine 

loc. (lway 373 at GH). 

Ernst 1214 from the summit of Trois Pitons may be a new 

species, teste Dr. Howard. Whitefoord specimens (3858 and 

4559) were determined by Kellogg in 1985 as Pilea rivoriae 

Weddell. Kellogg (in Howard, 1988, 4:79) keys €! parietaria 

as having “inflorescences < leaves; bracts of staminate 

inflorescences minute” and P. rivoirae as having “inflorescences > leaves; bracts of staminate inflorescences > 1 mm 

long.” 

Pilea semidentata 

Pilea semidentata (Poiret) Weddell, 1852:215. 

Urtica semidentata Jussieu ex Poiret in Lamarck, 1816, Encycl., Suppl., 4:222. 

Pilea elegans Weddell, 1852:215.-Grisebach, 1860:157. 

Pilea semidentata var. major Weddellin A.P. Candolle. 1869, 16142. 

Erect, monoecious herb to 5 dm; leaves succulent, elliptic to 

oblanceolate, serrate near and above middle, the lower portion 

sometimes entire, blades to 11 cm long. 

West Indies: in Dominica on coastal and inland exposed 

slopes and stream banks to 550 m: Anse du Me (Wilbur 8044), 

Baiac (Whitefoord 461.5). Boetica River (Ernst 1909, 1916), 

Brookhill (Ernst 1158), Clarke Hall (Stern & Wasshausen 

24063, Colihaut (Ernst 2112), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7920), 

Laudat (Lloyd 362), Layou River Valley (Webster 13279), 

Ravine Grassa (Webster 13452), Roseau River (Beard 1129), 

Salybia (Hodge 6363, Trafalgar Falls (Hodge 639). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985185, pl. 152) reported this plant is 

said to be toxic to man. 

Rousselia Gaudichaud 

Ro usselia h umilk 

Rowselia hwnilir (Swartz) Urban, 1905,4:205. 

Urtica humilis Swam, 1785:34. 

Urtica loppulacea Swaltz, 1787:69. 
222 URTICACEAE-VERBJ?NACEAE SMITHSO” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Rousselia lappulacea (Swam) Gaudichaud, 1830:503. 

Monoecious, non-stinging herb to 4 dm; leaves alternate, 

entire, acute to rounded, the blades to 3 cm long; flowers in 

compact axillary clusters. 

Greater Antilles; cited for Dominica by Grisebach 

(1860: 160), based on an Imray collection, and subsequently by 

Urban (1920,8:181) and others. 

I have grave doubts that this species is on Dominica, because 

this is the only Lesser Antillean record south of St. BarthBlemy. 

Could the Imray specimen be misidentified, say a Pilea 

microphylla? 

Urera Gaudichaud 

Urera caracasana 

Urera caracasana (Jacquin) Gaudichaud ex Grisebach, 1860.154. 

Urtica caracasana Jacquin. 1789, Pl., 1:71, pl. 396. 

Monoecious, often stinging shrub to 4 m; pistillate flowers 

pedicellate and separate; staminate flowers in terminal glomerules. 

Neotropics; apparently rare in Dominica and only known 

ftom areas slightly above Syndicate at 700-800 m: Mome 

Diablotins (Ernst 2012, Hodge 2781, Whitefoord 4546). 

It is superficially similar to Gyrotaenia crassifolia in 

vegetative condition but lacks the radiate cystoliths of that 

species. 

Kellogg (in Howard, 1988,4:92) attributed the combination 

to “Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2:734. 1841.” Alas, the 

combination is under Urtica, not Urera, Steudel citing the latter 

as a synonym of Urtica. 

VERBENACEAE 

(by A.C. Nicolson) 

Faradaya splendida Mueller, a vine with elliptic, apiculate 

leaves and large (4 cm) flowers, was reported ftom Dominica 

by Moldenke (1971:363) but was omitted in his later list 

(1980:lOO). 

Gmelina arborea Roxburgh was reported for Dominica by 

Moldenke (1971:363) but was omitted in his later list 

(1980: 100). 

Gmelina philippensis Chamisso (Gmelina hystrix Schultes 

ex Kurz), a shrub, sometimes with axillary spines, elliptic 

leaves, and large, yellow flowers was cited as “currently 

cultivated” on Dominica and other islands by Howard (1989, 

6:2 14). 

Holmskioldia sanguinea Retzius, a lax shrub with spreading, 

orbicular 2 cm broad calyx and red, cylindric corolla 2 cm long, 

was reported as “naturalized” on Dominica (Eggers 1451, 

without locality). It has not been recollected. 

Tecfona grandis Linnaeus f., the teak of Asia, a tree with 

elliptic-ovate leaves stellate-tomentose beneath and large 

terminal, profusely branching cymes and small flowers was 

collected at Woodford Hall (Ernst 2092) and in a small 

plantation on West Cabrit (Whitefoord 3988). 

1. Flowers sessile, in a spike or head. 

2. Flowers in an elongate spike >5 cm long ....... ..................... Stachytarpheta 

2. Flowers in heads (sometimes a spike <3 cm long). 

3. Erect shrub calyx truncate or shallowly toothed; 

fruit drupaceous .............. Lantana 

3. Shrub or prostrate creeping herb; calyx 2-t00thed, 

fruit dry ................... Lippia 

1. Flowers pedicelled, in a raceme, cyme or panicle. 

4. Inflorescence a branching cyme or panicle. 

5. Leaves 3-foliolate (ours) ......... Vitex 

5. Leaves simple. 

6. Inflorescence narrowly pyramidal ...... ................... Cornutia 

6. Inflorescence about as long as broad. 

7. Calyx k truncate. ....... Aegiphircl 

.............. Clerodendrum 

8. Herb; leaves k serrate .......... Priva 

8. Tree, shrub or climber; leaves entire or undulate. 

9. Calyx lobes and pedicels >1 cm long; 

climber ................ Petrea 

9. Calyx lobes and pedicels <1 cm long; tre or 

shrub. 

10. Calyx truncate, subtending a black drupe; 

leaves ovate to elliptic .......... ............... Citharexylum 

10. Calyx with acute lobes 0.5 mm long, 

enveloping an orange drupe; leaf apices 

attenuate ............ Duranta 

7. Calyx distinctly lobed. .......... 

4. Inflorescence a raceme. 

Aegiphila Jacquin 

Aegiphila martinicensis 

Aegiphila martinkensis Jacquin, 1767, Obs., 23. 

Bois cabrit (report of bois chandelle may involve confusion 

with Erithalis fruticosa of Rubiaceae). 

Shrub or small tree to 6 m; leaves elliptic to ovate, 8-18 cm 

x 3-8 cm, apex acuminate, primary veins arching and 

prominent; cymes paniculate, to 12 cm x 12 cm; calyx f 

truncate (wavy-margined), 2 mm; corolla regular, white to 

cream, tube to 1 cm, lobes to 0.5 cm; stamens (or style) exserted 

to 5 mm; drupe with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, yellow-orange, 

subtended by saucer-like calyx, 0.4 mm long. 

Neotropics; occasional in woods all over Dominica but 

generally in drier habitats: Cabrits (Nicolson 1901), Clarke Hall 

(Stern & Wasshausen 2440, Webster 13189), above Colihaut 

(Ernst 1895), Freshwater Lake area (Ernst 1095, Smith 10236, 
NUMBER 77 VERBEN ACEAE 223 

10298, Stern & Wasshausen 2564), Hampstead (Lloyd 606), 

Layou Valley (Nicolson 4183, Stehlk 6329). L’Imprevue 

(Narodny s.n.), Lisdara (Cooper 163, Mome Diablotins 

(Hodge 2802, Whitefoord 3500, 5722), Petite Macoucherie 

(Webster 13557), Petite Soufrihe Bay (Stern & Wasshausen 

2484), Point Lo10 (Nicolson 1847), Rasade (Nicolson 4041), 

Salybia (Hodge 3093), South Chiltem (Hodge 1549), Sylvania 

(Cooper 60, 80). Woodford Hill (Nicolson 4242). Flowering 

March-November, fruiting January-July. 

Material from higher elevations (including summit of 

Diablotins) generally has larger leaves and flowers. Moldenke 

(1980: 100) reported Aegiphila martinicensis var. oligoneura 

(Urban) Moldenke for Dominica. 

Leaves are used in a ritual bath by Caribs and fruits are used 

as bait for snaring birds (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). 

Citharexylum Linnaeus 

Citharexylum caudatum Linnaeus, with secondary veins 

broad-arching from midrib and slightly longer pedicels, was 

reported for Dominica by Adams (1972:633), perhaps an error 

for the Dominican Republic, because C. caudatum is a Central 

American species extending into the Greater Antilles. 

Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus was reported from 

Dominica by 0. Schulz (in Urban, 1909,4539, Britton and 

Wilson (1925,6:146), and Moldenke (1980100). This species, 

if distinct from C. spinosum, is primarily found in the Greater 

Antilles and may extend through the Lesser Antilles into South 

America. It is supposedly distinguished from C. spinosum by 

more chartaceous leaves with secondary and tertiary venation 

more conspicuous and flowers with shorter pedicels. Dominican specimens approximating these leaf characters (Wilbur 

7379, 8236, 8263) have been cited by Moldenke (1975a:200) 

as C. spinosum. Moldenke (1980:lOO) also reported 

Citharexylum fruticosum var. subvillosum (Moldenke) Moldenke and Citharexylum fruticosum var. villosum (Jacquin) 

Moldenke for Dominica. 

Citharexylum spinosum 

Citharexylwn spinoswn Linnaeus, 1753:625.-Moldenke, 1975a:ZW. 

Citharexylwn qlcodrangulare Jacquin, 1760:26.4risebach, 1862:497. 

Bois cotlette, cotlette. 

Tree to 15 m; twigs usually quadrangular; leaves membranous to chartaceous, broadly to narrowly elliptic, 15(-20) cm 

x 5(-8) cm, apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse to tapering, 

venation -+ prominent; petioles 1-3 cm, sometimes pinkish; 

inflorescence a raceme 10-20 cm long; pedicels to 2 mm; calyx 

campanulate, k truncate, 2-3 mm long; corolla fragrant, white, 

salverform, tube to 6 mm, pubescent within, lobes round, 

spreading, to 3 mm long; drupe round, fleshy, with 2 2-seeded 

pyrenes, orange but turning black, 0.7-1 cm long. 

Antilles to northern South America, cultivated elsewhere; 

common in Dominica to 500 m on drier west side: Cabrits 

(Hodge 871, Nicolson 1883, 1900, Whitefoord 3990, 4009, 

Wilbur 8263), Clarke Hall (Wilbur 7379), Gabriel (Wilbur 

8236), Lisdara (Hodge 872,2467), Mero (Erst 1752, Stern & 

Wasshausen 2436), Prince Ruperts Head (Finlay s.n. at K), St. 

George Parish (Gillis 8149), sine loc. (Imray 100 at K). 

Flowering May-November, fruiting July-March. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:185, pl. 152) discussed the 

medicinal uses of a Dominican plant called Citharexylum 

fruticosum, which may be misidentified. 

Clerodendrum Linnaeus 

Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers (“buchanani”) was reported for Dominica by Moldenke (1980: loo), 

perhaps an error for Martinique, because Dominica is not cited 

for the distribution of cultivated material on p. 348 and 

Martinique is. It is similar to C. specisossimum Morren. 

Clerodendrum paniculatum Linnaeus was reported for 

Dominica by Howard (1989,6:220) but the basis of his record 

wasn’t given. This species was not attributed to Dominica by 

Moldenke (1971, 1980). 

Clerodendrum ugandense Rain, with two-toned blue flowers, has been collected in the Roseau Botanic Garden (Fairchild 

2673, Hodge 1005). 

Clerodendrum wallichii Memll (Clerodendrum nutans 

Wallich ex D. Don, non Jack), with apiculate leaves obovate to 

oblanceolate, a small purple calyx and large white flowers, is an 

Asiatic species occasionally cultivated in the neotropics. A 

Dominican collection (Gillis 8228) from “near Freshwater 

Lake on top of mountain” probably involves a location error, 

because that area is improbable for this cultivated plant. It is 

possible that this is the correct label information for Gillis 

8242, which is Tibouchina ornata supposedly but surely 

erroneously from Antigua. 

1. Armed with short recurved spines at petiole bases; leaves 

ovate to elliptic; flowers white; native. . . C. aculeatum 

1. Unarmed; escaping from cultivation. 

2. Leaves ovate to elliptic. 

3. Corolla tube white, >5 cm long . . . . . C. indicum 

3. Corolla tube red, <3 cm long . . . . C. x speciosum 

4. Leaves deltoid; flowers white and pink, in dense 

cymes . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , C. philippinum 

4. Leaves cordate; flowers scarlet in loose panicles 

. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . C. specwsissimum 

2. Leaves cordate or deltoid. 

Clerodendrum aculeatum 

Clerodendrwn aculeatum (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 1831 :750.4risebach, 

Volkameria aculeata Linnaeus. 1753:637. 

1862:SOO. 

Dense, slightly puberulent shrub to 2.5 m; leaves subtended 

by stout, recurved stipular spines to 8 mm long; leaves entire, 
224 VERBENACEAE SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

elliptic, 1.0-5.5 cm x 0.5-2.5 cm; petiole to 1 cm; 

inflorescence an axillary cyme; pedicels slender, to 1 cm; calyx 

tube 1 cm, lobes 1 cm, acute, spreading; corolla white, tube 2 

cm, lobes 0.7 cm, rounded; filaments purple, exserted 2 cm; 

drupe with 2 (usually) 1-seeded pyrenes. 

Neoeopics; common in Dominica along west coast: Cabrits 

(Hodge 3701, Nicolson 1888), Colihaut (Ernst 1138, Kimber 

1066), Morne Bruce (Lloyd 733), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2698), 

Pringles Bay (Whitefoord 3734, Salisbury (Stern & Wasshausen 2424, Wilbur 8109), Swamp Gutter (Hodge s.n., Wilbur 

8261), Woodbridge Bay (Webster 13294). Flowering and 

fruiting April-November. 

Clerodendrum indicum 

Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaws) Kuntze, 1891, 2:506.-Moldenke in 

Siphornnth indiclcs hnaeus, 1753:109, “indica.” 

Clerodendrwn siphonanthus W.T. Aiton. 1812,4:65, nan. illeg. 

Dassanayake, 1983,4:426. 

Herb or shrub to 1.2 m; branches slender, ribw, leaves k 

sessile, verticillate, oblong-lanceolate, to 15 cm x 3 cm, apex 

acute to acuminate, base tapering; inflorescence a large, leafy, 

terminal panicle of numerous cymes; pedicels to 3 cm; calyx 1 

cm, lobes ovate-acute; corolla white, tube to 14 cm, very 

slender, lobes 1.5 cm, rounded; stamens long-exserted; drupe 

fleshy, globose, shining blue-black, 1 cm long. 

East Indies, cultivated and naturalizing elsewhere; said to be 

a common weed in banana and coconut groves of Dominica: 

Stewarts River (Wilbur 8028), sine loc. (Imray 153 at K). 

Flowering July. 

Clerodendrum philippin um 

Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer in A.P. Candolle, 1847.11:667.-Howard 

CIerodendrumfTagrans var. multiplex Sweet, 1826:322. 

Clerodendrumfragranr var. plenifora Schauer in A.P. Candolle, 1847,11666. 

Clerodendrwn philippinwn f. plenijlora (Schauer) Moldenke, 1978a:260. 

Clerodendrum philippinum f. multiplex (Sweet) Moldenke, 1978b. 

& Powell, 196854. 

Moselle, rosa alba. 

Shrub to 1 m, puberulent; leaves deltoid, 10-22 cm x 8-22 

cm, apex acute, margins * dentate; petiole 8-15 cm; 

inflorescence a compact terminal cyme to 7 cm broad; calyx 

tube 7 mm, lobes 8 mm, lanceolate, reddish; corolla white and 

pink, fragrant, double (ours), fruits not set. 

China, pantropically cultivated and naturalizing; cultivated 

but escaping and weedy in cleared areas of Dominica to 450 m: 

Delices (Whitefoord 3694), La Plaine (Nicolson 2050), Lisdara 

(Hodge 865), South Chiltern (Ernst 1302). Flowering May, 

August, September, and November. 

Caribs use the scent of the flowers as a headache remedy 

(Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). 

Moldenke (in Dassanayake, 1983,4:472) finds it difficult to 

decide the nomenclature for the three formae he accepts: (1) 

ful!y single-flowered, (2) mixed single- and double-flowered, 

and (3) fully double-flowered. From Howard and Powell’s 

(1968) description of the lectotype of the species (“many of the 

flowers.. .are single, others are semi- to fully double . . .”), it 

appears that the second is the typical element, i.e., f. subfertile 

Moldenke. Our material appears to be f. multiplex. 

Clerodendrum speciosissimum 

Clerodendrwn speciosbimwn Morren, 1836:322, pl. 68.-Moldenke in 

Dassanayake, 1983,4:444. 

Shrub to 2 m; leaves pubescent, broad-cordate, to 25 cm x 25 

cm, apex acute; petiole to 14 cm; inflorescence a terminal 

panicle; calyx to 7 mm, lobes acute, persistent, red, k fleshy; 

corolla scarlet, tube 2 cm long, lobes rounded, 1.5 cm; ripe 

drupe dark blue, 4-lobed, 7 mm broad. 

Oceania, cultivated pantropically; cultivated in Dominica 

and perhaps escaping: Bellevue (Cooper 176), Cote d’Or 

(Nicolson 20, west of Rosalie (Ernst 1359). Flowering and 

fruiting May-November. 

The authorship of this binomial has been traditionally cited 

as Van Geert ex Morren. Morren only said (translated from 

French) “Clerodendron speciosissimum has received this name 

from the gardeners of Ghent (des jardiniers gantois),” not 

attributing it to Van Geert. Further on, Morren stated that it first 

flowered at the house of M. Van Geert, florist of Ghent. 

However, Van Houtte previously used the name (L’Hortic. 

Belg., 3:248, 1836), without a description, announcing that a 

drawing was being prepared and would appear in the next issue. 

Because no direct attribution is given by the validating author 

(Morren) and both Van Houtte and Van Geert have claims for 

being one of the gardeners of Ghent mentioned, it seems better 

not to use the “ex” citation. 

Clerodendrum x speciosum 

Clercdendrum x speciosum Dombrain, 1869 [month?].-Lemaire, 1869 [May]. 

[Clerodendrum speciosm Teijsmann L Bhendijk, 1866:386, nom. nud.] 

Clercdendrwn thompsoniae f. speciosum Voss in Siebert & Voss, 18945330, 

Clerodendrwn wnbellatwn var. specioswn (Dombrain) Moldenke, 1937: 1. 

“thonwonae.” 

Low weedy shrub; leaf broad-elliptic to 14 cm x 7 cm, apex 

acuminate, base rounded; petiole 2 cm; inflorescence an 

axillary cyme to 18 cm broad; calyx 1.5 cm, cleft */3, becoming 

red; corolla red, tube 2 cm, lobes to 1 cm, rounded; fruit 

unknown. 

Pantropically cultivated; occasional and escaping in Dominica: La Plaine (Whitefoord 5364), Roseau (WoZf 15). Walkers 

Rest (Chambers 2618). 

This taxon has been cultivated for over a century and was 

first described as a hybrid between African C. thomsoniue and 

C. splendens. Its taxonomy is still unclear and its nomenclature 

chaotic. The epithet speciosum was first used by Teijsmann and 

Binnendijk (1866:386) as a nomen nudum. Either Dombrain 

(month unknown) or Lemaire (May) first validly published the 
NUMBER 77 VERBENACEAE 225 

binomial in 1869. Later workers did not treat it as a hybrid but 

at some infraspecific rank in one species or another. More 

recently, Moldenke (letter of 22 Apr 1978) agreed with Voss’ 

disposal, an option mentioned by Moldenke (in Dassanayake, 

1983,4:439). Moldenke (1980:100) appeared to regard this as 

Clerodendrw umbellaturn Poiret. Pending a detailed study or 

revision we maintain the predominant usage. 

It is presumed that C. “thomonae” is named for a woman 

whose last name was Thomson, which is augmented (thornsoniae) under Art. 73.10 (ICBN). If demonstrably named for a 

man, the epithet is correctable to thomsonii. 

Cornutia Linnaeus 

Cornutia pyramidata 

Cornutio pyramidota Linnaeus, 1753:628.-Grisebach, 1862:501.- 

Molde.de, 1975b339. 

Bois cassave. 

Finely tomentose shrub or tree to 8 m; twigs and branches 

strongly 4-angled; leaves broad-elliptic, to 15 cm x 7 cm, apex 

apiculate, base attenuate into 1-2 cm petiole; inflorescence a 

narrow terminal panicle to 19 cm x 7 cm; pedicels 3 mm; calyx 

1.5 cm, k truncate; corolla irregular, lavender, tube 1 cm, lobes 

6 mm; fertile stamens 2, staminodes 2; drupe black, with 1 

4-locular pyrene. 

Central America and West Indies; common in Dominica 

below 600 m: Antrim (Nicolson 1873, Bataca (Stehle 6413), 

Cabrits (Whitefoord 3992), Carib Reserve (Hodge 3275, Taylor 

19), Castle Bruce (Wilbur 7981), Fonde Hunte Estate (Whitefoord 4450), Grand Bay (Wilbur 7900), Grand Savanne (Stern 

& Wasshausen 2453), Hampstead (Lloyd 602), L’Anse Noire 

(Wilbur 7515), Salisbury (Wilbur 81 lo), Swamp Gutter (Hodge 

867, Wilbur 8254), Sylvania (Hodge 868), Warner (Ernst 

1956), Woodford Hill (Ernst 1550, Wilbur 8309). Flowering 

vigorously June-July , fruiting August-October. 

The fruit juice is used as a blue (red if boiled with lime) ink 

or dye and the leaves are one of the ingredients in a tea to treat 

pain of a retroverted uterus (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:600). 

Duranta Linnaeus 

Duranta stenostachya 

Duronto stenosfochyo Todaro, 1860:26.-Moldenke, 1980: 100. 

Dwonto plwnieri sensu Grisebach, 1862:498. as to Dominica material, non 

Dwonto erect0 sensu Urban, 1911, 4:536, as 10 Dominica material, non 

Dwonto repens sen= auctt., as to Dominica material, non Linnaeus. 

Jaquin. 

Linnaeus. 

Shrub or small tree to 2.5 m; branchlets & 4-angled, with 

occasional corky lenticels; petiole 1 cm; leaves ovatelanceolate, to 14 cm x 3.5 cm, apices long-attenuate, bases 

rounded; racemes unbranched, to 20 cm; pedicel 4 mm; calyx 

to 5 mm, ribbed, k truncate but with 1 mm teeth, persistent in 

hit; corolla irregular, lavender, tube 8 mm, lobes 5 mm; fruit 

globular, yellow, enclosed by yellowish beaked calyx, 1 cm 

long. 

Martinique; occasional in Dominica at mid-elevations or 

montane (1200 m): Bernard Estate (Wasshausen & Ayensu 

361), Morne Diablotins (Whitefoord 3927, 4434), South 

Chiltern (Stern & Wasshausen 2491). Flowering June-July. 

Lantana Linnaeus 

Apomixis and polyploidy play a part in the evolution and 

reproduction in this genus; workers relying on morphological 

characters (Moldenke and others) have described large numbers of taxa at specific and lower ranks. New approaches 

(Stirton, 1977), utilizing ecology, cytology, as well as 

morphology, are recognizing even more infraspecific taxa. 

This treatment accords with Sander’s paper (1987) and 

treatment in Howard (1989,6226). Sanders (1987) recognized 

the unarmed higher elevation material with subglabrous leaves 

as a distinct species, L. hodgei. Essentially he has redefined L. 

camara of Dominica into three entities: high elevation L. 

hodgei, and lower elevation L. urticifolia and L. camura with 

many intermediates (regarded as hybrids). These three taxa are 

difficult to recognize (requiring study under magnification of 

hairs, their frequency, kinds, and distribution on various leaf 

surfaces). Moldenke (1980:lOl) did not recognize L. urticifolia 

as occurring on Dominica. 

1. Floral bracts >2 mm broad; inflorescence rhachis about the 

Same diameter as the peduncle; flowers lilac, pink or white, 

with or without yellow eye. 

2. Leaves usually c5 cm long; inflorescence small; bracts 

white-sericeous . . . . . . , . . . . . . L. involucrata 

2. Leaves usually >5 cm long; inflorescences larger, 

elongating; bracts coarsely hairy . . . . , . . L. raduha 

1. Floral bracts <1 mm broad; inflorescence rhachis thicker 

than the peduncle; flowers usually yellow to red. 

3. Hairs on upper leaf surface usually occurring on all 

veins including areolar veinlets, usually abundant and 

crowded, at least along crevice between major veins and 

laminar surface, filiform (sometimes gland-tipped), not 

geniculate (bent) toward base but spreading from veins 

surface or erect on laminar surface , . . . L. urticifolia 

3. Hairs on upper leaf surface mostly restricted to veins, 

sparse and remote, tapering (conical), bent toward base 

with distal 2/3 held parallel to vein (or leaf) surface. 

4. 

4. 

Leaf-blade 1.2~-1.6~ longer than wide, base truncate 

to cordate upper surface dull, moderate green, 

becoming strigose or scabrous; hairs scattered, stout; 

lower surface with hairs scattered to moderately 

abundant, stout and bent but with tip held above 

surface; secondary and lesser veins keeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. camara 

Leaf-blade 1.7~-2.5~ longer than wide; base usually 
226 VERBENACEAE SMITHSO” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

attenuate; upper surface lustrous, dark green, smooth; 

hairs scattered and stout, restricted to veins (and 1 in 

each areole center); lower surface with hairs very 

sparse, weak and strongly appressed; secondary and 

lesser veins not or weakly keeled . . . . . L. hodgei 

Lantana camara 

Lantono cmro hams, 1753:627. 

Lantono oculeoto Linnaeus, 1753:627. 

Lantono cmro var. oculeoka (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 1934:9; 1980:100. 

Ramgoat leaf. 

Shrubs, sometimes armed; leaves ovate, serrate, usually with 

pubescence restricted to veins below; flowers yellow to red, 

bracts linear; head capitate to slightly elongate. 

Pantropical weed; common in Dominica at lower elevations: 

Grand Savanne (Wilbur 7665). 

Sanders (in Howard, 1989, 6:228) commented that this 

easily hybridizes and that hybrids with L. urticifolia have both 

the geniculate, stout hairs of L. camara and the slender, straight 

hairs of L. urticifolia mixed on the lower leaf surface. 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985187, pl. 153) reported medicinal 

uses on Dominica of a plant called Lantana camara. 

Lantana hodgei 

Lunlam hadgei Sanders, 1987:343. 

Rambling shrub, recognizable on Dominica by being 

essentially glabrous. 

Martinique (perhaps elsewhere): apparently frequent at 

mid-elevations (to 900 m) on Dominica: Laudat to Freshwater 

Lake (DeFilipps 147, Ernst 1728, Fosberg 48269 [type of L. 

hodgei], Hodge 1808, Lloyd 201, Nicolson 2102, Smith 10216, 

Whitefoord 3801), Sylvania (Cooper 5, Hodge 861, 1038, 

1115), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3652,561 7). 

The following collections were cited by Sanders (1987:348) 

as intermediates with L. urticifolia, presumably hybrids: 

Belfast (Shillingford 120 at MO), Marigot (Hodge 858 p.p. at 

GH), Belle View (Hodge 860 at GH), Milton Estate (Hodge 

2592 at GH). 

It seems that L. hodgei could be an upper elevation aspect of 

“camaroid” Lantana, responding to lower insolation (more rain 

and clouds) and higher humidity. 

Lantana involucrata 

Laniano invducroto Linnaeus, 1756:22. 

Lantono odoroto Linnaeus, 1767a:418.-Grisebach, 1862:496. 

L~~I~oM involucrolo var. odoroto (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 194153; 1980:lOO. 

Shrub; leaves elliptic, to 4 cm x 2 cm, scabrous above, 

densely pubescent and gland-dotted beneath, margins finely 

crenulate; bracts sericeous, ovate, acute, distinctly shorter than 

corolla tubes; corolla pink to pale lavender; fruit reddish-violet. 

Essentially Caribbean; very common in Dominica along dry 

west coast: Batali River (Chambers 2792, Webster 13401), 

Cabrits (Hodge 3724, Whitefoord 3983), Canefield (Whitefoord 6125), Dublanc (Whitefoord 4279), Grand Savanne 

(DeFilipps 173, Ernst 1635, Kimber 909, Lloyd 832, Nicolson 

2046, Wilbur 7623,Loubiere (Krauss 1250), Petit Coulibri 

(Whitefoord 6006), Pointe Guignard (Wilbur 8121), Pointe 

Michel (Ramage s.n. at K), Pointe Ronde (Hodge 2740), St. 

Joseph (Whitefoord 5689, Scotts head (Lloyd 530), Solomon’s 

Slide (Hodge 3867), South Chiltem (Hodge 1617) sine loc. 

(Fishlock 50 at K), Imray 50 at K). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985187, pl. 154) reported medicinal 

Reports of Lantana reticulata Persoon from Dominica are 

probably attributable to this species. Fishlock 50 approaches L. 

radula Swartz (q.v.). Sanders (in Howard, 1989, 6:229) 

commented: “Further research may show that var. odorata 

should be recognized as a separate species.” 

uses. 

Lantana radula 

Lantono radulo Swartz, 1788:92.-Moldenke, 1980100. 

Bom la Vierge. 

Shrub with hairy twigs; leaves broad-ovate, to 5 cm x 3 cm; 

bullate and scabrous above, densely hairy and orange-glandular 

beneath, base acute, apex obtuse; bracts coarse-hairy, broadovate, densely overlapping, apiculate, often reflexed; corolla 

white with yellow eye, tube slightly exceeding bracts; fruits 

pale purple. 

Lesser Antilles into Venezuela; rare in Dominica at low to 

mid-elevations: En Haut Jean (Whitefoord 5427). Grand 

Savanne (Stehle 6396 in part), Jean (Ernst 1815a), Salisbury 

(Whitefoord 4521), Tapis Vert (Nicolson 2155). 

Dominican reports of Lantana trifolia Linnaeus are probably 

attributable to this species, which appears to be a Lesser 

Antillean replacement. 

Lantana fucata var. antillana Moldenke was attributed to 

Dominica by Moldenke (1980: 100). A specimen from Roseau 

(Krauss 1255) was annotated as this by Moldenke in 1968. This 

specimen (US) was determined by R. Sanders in 1987 as 

“Probably Lantana involucrata x radula.” 

Lantana urticifolia 

L.UMOM urticifdia Miller, 1768. 

LNOM or& Brittm, 1910357. 

Arching to k scandent, sometimes armed shrubs to 3 m tall; 

leaves ovate, serrate, usually with felt-like pubescence below; 

flowers yellow to red; bracts linear; head capitate to slightly 

elongate. 

Neotropics; in Dominica at lower elevations and common 

but technically a new record: Cabrits (Hodge 855 at GH, NY, 

Whitefoord 5593), Delices (Whitefoord 3787). Dublanc (Hodge 

2535 at GH, Whitefoord 4280, 4281). Lisdara (Hodge 857!, 
NUMBER 77 VERBENACME 227 

860), Marigot (Hodge 858! p.p.), Milton (Hodge 2592), Mome 

Bruce (Hodge 8.59!), Mome Brules of Portsmouth (Hodge 856 

at GH), Ridgefield (Hodge 2177! at GH), Salybia (Hodge 

3201! at GH), South Chiltern (Hodge 1584), sine loc. (Eggers 

86 at K, Imruy 95, 229! at K). Flowering and fruiting 

throughout the year. 

Collections marked with an exclamation mark (!) were cited 

by Sanders (1987) as being unadulterated L. wticijioliu. Others 

are either hybrids or were not Seen by Sanders. Sanders 

regarded this species as hybridizing on Dominica with L. 

hodgei (4.v.). However, that does not seem to me to be as big 

a problem as the possibility that there is introgression with L. 

cumuru. It Seems that the Dominican material being called L. 

urticijioliu is not nearly so “felty” on the lower leaf surface as it 

is elsewhere. 

In dry habitats this (and L. camaru) can be well armed with 

recurved prickles, the uculeutu aspect. 

Lippia Linnaeus 

Lippiu micromeru Schauer, a thyme-scented shrub with 

subserrate leaves 1 cm x 0.6 cm and a short-peduncled 

inflorescence, has been collected from cultivation at Portsmouth (Hodge 862 at GH) and along the Trafalgar Falls road 

(Whitefoord 4590). 

Lippia strigulosa 

Lippia strigulava Martens & Galeotti, 1844:319.-Adams, 1972:631. 

Phyla strigulosa (Martens & Galeoai) Moldenke, 1941233. 

Lippia reptans Sensu auctt. as to Dominican material, non Kunth. 

Weedy trailing herb, rooting at nodes; leaves spatulate, 

1.0-2.5 cm x 0.5-1.5 cm, with -4 pairs of coarse teeth on 

distal 2/3 of leaf-margin, veins f prominent; inflorescence 

capitate, 0.7 long on 4-5 cm peduncle; calyx compressed, split 

abaxially to base, pubescent along lateral ribs; corolla purplish. 

Neotropics; rarely collected on Dominica: Melville Hall 

(Ernst 1573). 

Moldenke (1980:lOl) called this Phyla strigulosu var. 

sericeu (Kuntze) Moldenke. 

Petrea Linnaeus 

Petrea kohautiana 

Petrea kohautiana Presl. 1845:99.-Moldenke, 1938:26; 1980:lOl. 

Petrea volubilir Jacquin, 1763:180, pl. 114, et auCtt.. non Linnaeus. 

Purple wreath. 

Liana; leaves scabrous, broad-elliptic, 12-20 cm x 7-12 cm, 

apiculate or rounded, base rounded; petioles very short (5 mm); 

raceme terminal, pedicels 1-2 cm; calyx deeply 5-lobed, 

persistent, light blue, tube puberulous, lobes 1.5 cm; corolla 

5-lobed, 1.5 cm, dark blue. 

Lesser Antilles, cultivated elsewhere; occasional vine in 

forests of Dominica: Carib Trail from Riversdale to Deux 

Branches (Howard 11757), Bernard Estate (Wusshausen & 

Ayemu 353, Blenheim River mouth (Hodge 870), Grand Bay 

(Ernst 1073, Hampstead (Beard 1479, La Chaudiere (Hodge 

3651), Pagua River (Emsr 1972), Wallhouse River (Eggers 

s.n.). 

Caribs use the flowers in an abortifacient tea (Hodge and 

Taylor, 1957601). 

Priva Adanson 

Priva lappulacea 

Priva Iappulacea (Linnaeus) Persoon, 1806,2:139. 

Verbena Iappulacea Linnaeus, 1753:19. 

Priva echinacea Jussieu, 1806:69, nom. illeg.-Grisebach, 1862:493. 

Weedy herb to 1 m; leaves broad-ovate to triangular, to 6 cm 

x 4 cm, acuminate, base truncate, margins serrate to crenate; 

petiole to 3 cm; inflorescence a spiciform raceme to 20 cm; 

calyx inflated in fruit, to 6 mm, covered with hooked hairs; 

corolla 6 mm, 5-lobed, pink or white; fruit of 2 echinate cocci, 

each 2-celled. 

Neotropics; a common weed in Dominica at lower elevations: Batali River (Ernst 2120), Cabrits (Whitefoord 3984), 

Goodwill (Wilbur 7571), Layou Valley (Ernst 1273, Webster 

13192), Mero (Chambers 2783), Morne Bruce (Hodge 873). 

Moldenke (1980:lOl) also accepted Priva luppuluceu f. 

ulbifloru Moldenke as occurring on Dominica. 

Stachytarpheta Vahl, nom. cons. 

1. Corollas usually light blue, scarcely exceeding calyx; floral 

bracts linear-subulate; spikes 1-2 mm broad . . , . . . , 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , S. cayennensis 

1. Corollas usually dark blue to violet, much exceeding calyx; 

floral bracts ovate to lanceolate; spikes 2-4 mm broad. 

2. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, scariously margined 

mostly above middle; leaf teeth obtuse . S. jamaicensis 

2. Floral bracts lanceolate-subulate, scariously margined 

below middle; leaf serrations acute . . . . S. urticifolia 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis 

Stachytarpheta cayennensk (L. Richard) Vahl, 1804, Enum.. 1:208, “cajaVerbena cayennensis L Richard, 1792:105. 

nensir” .-Moldenke, 1980:lOl. 

Suffrutescent herb to 1 m; leaves broad-elliptic, to 4 cm x 2.5 

cm, apex rounded to obtuse, base truncate to tapering to 5 mm 

petiole, margins shallowly obtuse-serrate; terminal spikes to 20 

cm long; corolla light blue to white (reported as deep purple in 

Hodge 876), scarcely exceeding calyx. 

Neotropics; locally common in Dominica at low to midelevations: Carib Reserve (Hodge 3305), Lisdara (Hodge 

875A), Milton (Hodge 2595), Mome Bruce (Hodge 876), 
228 VERBENACEAE-VRACEAE SMITHSON” CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Soufriere (Lloyd 458), South Chiltem (Ernst I121), Sylvania 

(Cooper 72, Hodge 874), Syndicate (Whitefoord 4532), sine 

loc. (Iway 154). 

Stachytarpheta jamaicensb 

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, 1804, Enum., 1:206.-Moldenke, 

Verbena jamaicensis Linnaeus, 1753:19. 

Cymburus urtic$oh Salisbury, 1806, sub pl. 53, nom. illeg., ”wticaefdius.” 

1980101. 

Woody herbs to 1 m; leaves scabrous above, elliptic, to 9 cm 

x 4.5 cm, apex obtuse, base decurrent to petiole l/2 the leaf 

length, teeth obtuse, antrorse (pointing forward); spikes to 35 

cm; corolla dark blue (ours), much exceeding calyx, limb to 1.2 

cm broad. 

Neotropical weed; in Dominica at low to midelevations: 

Cabrits (Whitefoord 4073, Colihaut (Ernst 1135), Delices 

(Whitefoord 3669), La Savanne (Whitefoord 4516), Lisdara 

(Cooper 144, Hodge 2413, Mero Valley (Ember 931), Milton 

(Hodge 2596), Salybia (Hodge 3213), Soufriere (Lloyd 449), 

South Chiltem (Ernst 1122, Hodge 1486), Syndicate (Whitefoord 3502). 

Caribs are said to use this and the previous species for 

medicinal and ritual purposes (Hodge and Taylor, 1957:601). 

Adjanohoun et al. (1985:189, pl. 155) reported several 

medicinal uses. 

Stachytarpheta urtictfolia 

Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims, 1816, “wticaefolia.” 

Cymburus wtic$olius sensu Salisbury, 1806, as to illustration, not as to type. 

Suffrutescent herb; leaves broadly elliptic, to 5 cm x 3 cm, 

apex acute, base decurrent to slender 1 cm petiole, teeth acute, 

f divergent; spikes to 35 cm; corolla violet, much exceeding 

calyx. 

Native to Asia, apparently introduced elsewhere, such as 

Puerto Rico, ksser Antilles; in rainforests of Dominica at 

mid-elevations: Delices (Whitefoord 3670), Laudat (Lloyd 

234), Lisdara (Hodge 875B), Pont Case (Wilbur 7780), 

Ridgefield Estate (Hodge 2184). 

Sims’ binomial must be treated as a new name, not a new 

combination, under Art. 72, Note 1 (ICBM, because the 

epithet-bringing synonym, Cymburus urticifolius Salisbury, is 

an illegitimate renaming of Verbena jamaicensis Linnaeus. 

Sims explicitly excluded the Linnaean species. 

Vitex Linnaeus 

Howard (1989, 6:244) indicated a report of Vitex incisa 

Lamarck being cultivated on Dominica. This is generally 

regarded as a synonym of Vitex negundo Linnaeus. 

Vitex divaricata 

Vitex divaricata Swartz, 1788:93.-Moldenke, 1980:lOl. 

Bois lezard. 

Shrub or tree with peeling bark leaves (1-)3-foliolate, 

leaflets elliptic, to 10 cm x 6 cm, acute, base rounded; petioles 

to 9 cm, petiolules 1 cm; inflorescence an axillary panicle, 

few-flowered; corolla blue, limb 1 cm broad; drupe with 1 

4-locular pyrene. 

West Indies; in Dominica at lower to mid-elevations: Clarke 

Hall (Ernst 1713), Pointe Michel (Ramage s.n.), sine loc. 

(Fairchild s.n., Imray 144,264,348 at K). 

Hodge and Taylor (1957:602) said that the Caribs use the 

timber and that the burnt bark serves to treat ulcers. 

VIOLACEAE 

Viola stipularis 

Viola stipuloris Swartz, 1788:117. 

Spreading herb, erect to 3 dm; stipules fimbriate, longer than 

petioles; sepals auricled at base; petals pinkish, lavender or 

bluish-white. 

Lesser Antilles and northern South America; occasional in 

Dominica in openings at or near summits, 1100-1400 m, of the 

two highest mountains: Mome Diablotins (Nicolson 4081, 

Webster 13366, Wasshausen & Ayensu 409), Mome Trois 

Pitons (Hodge 432, Ernst 1225, Wilbur 8085), sine loc. (Krauss 

s.n. at GH). 

The Krauss collection indicates climbing of a major 

mountain of Dominica more than 150 years ago. 

VITACEAE 

Leea indica (N. Burman) Merrill, an herbaceous shrub with 

bipinnate leaves, was recently collected in fruit in the Roseau 

Botanic Gardens (Whitefoord 6120). The genus is often put in 

its own family, Leeaceae. 

Vitis vinifera Linnaeus, the grape, has been observed in 

cultivation in Mrs. Didier’s garden and at Canefield (DHN!). 

Cissus Linnaeus 

According to VClez (1957: 117) Cissus trifoliata (Linnaeus) 

Linnaeus, with trifoliolate and fleshy leaves, occurs in 

Dominica. This has not been confirmed and Seems unlikely. 

Cissus verticillata 

Cissus verticillata (Linnaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis, 1984:727. 

Viscum verticillatum Linnaeus. 1753:1023; 1759a:1289; 1763:1452. 

Cissus sicyoides Linnaeus, 1759a:8977; 1762:170.-Grisebach, 1860:lM. 

Phoradendron verticillatum (Linnaeus) DNW, 1914 [Feb]:422. non Fawcett & 

Rendle [for latter. vide Phoradendron trinervium]. 

Corde quad. 

Vine with leaf-opposed tendrils; leaves simple, cordate to 

deltoid, slightly serrate, membranaceous; inflorescences leafopposed; calyx red; petals 4, cream, quickly deciduous; fruit 

purple. 
NUMBER 77 VITACEAE-ZYGOFWLLACEAE 229 

Neotropics; usually in lowlands of Dominica: Cabrits 

(Wasshausen & Ayensu 379, Whitefoord 4015), Clarke Hall 

(Erst 1691, Stern & Wasshausen 2413), Laudat (Gillis 8190), 

Salisbury (Emst 1426, Nicolson 2040), Salybia (Hodge 3297). 

ZY GOPHYLLACEAE 

(by R. DeFillips) 

Guaiacum oficinale Linnaeus, the lignum vitae of the West 

Indies and northern South America, is grown for its resin and 

strong wood. It is a small tree with blue flowers and hit with 

2-5 winged angles: Canefield Estate house (DHN! fl. June 

1977), Roseau Botanic Garden (Hodge 942). 

Tribulus cistoides Linnaeus was reported for Dominica by 

VClez (1957:118). The genus resembles Kallstroem'a but fruits 

have 5 spiny angles. It rarely occurs on sandy and calcareous 

substrates of Marie Galante and Martinique and possibly might 

be found on Dominica. 

Kallstroemia Scopoli 

Kallstroemia pubescens (G. Don) Dandy was reported for 

Dominica by VClez (1957: 118), as Kallstroem'a caribaea 

Rydberg. This species, with smaller flowers and pilose fruits, 

has much the same distribution as K. maxima and is expected 

on Dominica. 

Kallstroemia maxima 

Kollstroemh maxima (Linnaeus) W. Hooker & Arnott, 1838,6:282.-Porte.r, 

Tribulus marimus Linnaeus, 1753:386. 

1969:97. 

Procumbent weedy herb; leaves opposite, with 6 or 8 

leaflets; sepals hirsute; petals yellow or whitish; fruit with 10 

tuberculate angles, glabrous. 

Neotropics; in Dominica along dry west coast near sea level: 

Grand Savanne (Hodge 3762), Roseau (Ernst 2153). 
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Index to Scientific and Vernacular Names 

Abelmoschus 

esculentus (Linnaeus) Moench, 139 

moschatus Medikus, 139 

Abricotier bis. 114 

Abrus 

AbUtilon 

precatorius Linnaeus, 94 

crispum (Linnaeus) Medikus, 140 

indicum (Linnaeus) Sweet, 139 

famesiana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 

guadalupensis A.P. Candolle, 94 

jupunim Willdenow. 110 

muricata (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 

retusa (Jaquin) Howard, 94 

riparia sensu auctt., 94 

tortuosa (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 94 

westiana A.P. Candolle, 94 

Acacia 

Acajou, 155 

Acalypha 

amentacea Roxburgh 

arvensis Poeppig, 81 

chamaedrifolia (Lamarck) J. Mueller, 81 

corensis Jacquin, 82 

hispida N. Burman, 81 

wilkesiana I. Mueller, 81 

subsp. wilkesiana (J. Mueller) Fosberg, 81 

Acanthaceae, 15 

Acanthocereus 

pentogonus sensu aucn., 59 

tetragonus (Linnaeus) Hummelinck, 58 

hispidum A.P. Candolle, 33 

longiflora A.P. Candolle, 117 

mammap~ Linnaeus, 203 

nitiaia Sess6 & Mqiiio, 202 

solicifolia Linnaeus, 204 

zapoto Linnaeus, 203 

aspera Linnaeus, 19 

var. indico Linnaeus, 19 

indica (Linnaeus) Miller, 19 

obturifollia Lamarck, 19 

prostrata Linnaws, 21 

uliginosa (Swartz) Cassini, 33 

arborescens @Maws) Schlechtendal, 208 

venenata (N. Burman) G. Don, 209 

Acanthospennum 

Achimenes 

Achras 

Achyranthes 

Acmella 

Acnistus 

Acokanthera 

Acomat batard, 204 

Acomat blanc, 116 

(Synonyms in italics) 

Acomat St. Christophe, 204 

Acouquoi, 186 

Acrodicl idiwn 

dominiceme Meisner, 125 

sericewn Grisebach, 125 

caribaeus Grisebach, 81 

concolor (Sprengel) J. Mueller 

Adnostemon 

var. caribaeus (Grisebach) J. Mueller, 81 

Adenanthera 

Adenoropium 

Adipero 

pavonina Linnaeus, 94 

gossypiifoliwn (Linnaeus) Pohl, 86 

bicapsdaris (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex 

Brinon & Wilson, 112 

Advent i na 

Aegiphjla 

ciliata Rafinesque, 40 

maxtinicensis Jacquin. 222 

var. oligoneura (Urban) Moldenke, 223 

Aeschrion 

Aeschynomene 

ontillona (Eggen) Small, 207 

americana Linnaeus, 95 

sensitiva Swartz, 95 

spicoto Poiret, 102 

African marigold, 30 

African tulip-tree, 49 

Ageratum 

Agouti vine, 187 

Aizoaceae, 18 

Aku lia, 82 

Akuliarani, 82 

Alasibikai, 189 

Alauali, 82 

Albizia 

Alectra 

var. glandulosa (Poiret) Rudd, 95 

conywides Linnaeus. 33 

lebbeck (Linnaeus) Bentham, 95 

aspera (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) L.O. Wilbrasiliewis Bentham, 204 

fluminewis (Vellow) Steam, 204 

melampyroides (L. Richard) Kuntze, 204 

moluccana (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 79 

cathartics Linnaeus, 24 

cobbe (Linnaeus) Raeuschel, 200 

occidenfalis (Swartz) Radlkofer, 200 

racemosus Swartz, 200 

liams, 204 

Meurites 

Uamanda 

Uophyllus 

Alloplectus 

cristatus (Linnaeus) Martius 

var. brwicalyx Morton, 117 

scholaris (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 24 

brasiliana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 19 

brasiliana sensu auct., 19 

dental0 Scheygmd, 19 

ficoidea (Luuraeus) Palisot de Beauvois, 20 

flavescens Kunth, 19 

flavogrisea (Urban) Urban, 19 

halimifolia (Lamarck) Standley, 20 

paronychioides St. Hilaire, 20 

sessilis (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex A.P. Candolle, 

tenella Colla, 20 

Alstonia 

Altemanthera 

20 

subsp. flavogrisea (Urban) Mean & Veldkamp, 19 

Althaea 

Alysicarpus 

Amanoa 

Amaranthaceae, 18 

Amaranthus 

rocemoso Swam. 141 

vaginalis (Lmnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 95 

caribaea Krug & Urban, 81 

blitum Linnaeus, 20 

crassipes Schlechter, 20 

dubius Martius ex Thellung, 20 

gracilis Desfontaines, 20 

polygonoides Linnaeus, 20 

spinosus Linnaeus, 20 

viridis Linnaeus, 20 

cumanensis Kunth, 33 

hispida Pursh, 33 

panicdata Michaux 

Ambrosia 

var. cumanensis (Kunth) 0. Schulz, 33 

var. peruviana (Willdenow) 0. Schulz, 33 

panicdata sensu auctt., 33 

peruviana Willdenow, 33 

nobilis Wallich, 89 

coccinea RottMll, 134 

coryophyllota Krug Br Urban, 167 

mutica Kunth, 34 

violacea Schrank, 34 

paniculatum (Linnaeus) Kunth, 49 

Amherstia 

Ammannia 

hmis 

werephis 

Amphebecis 

Amphilophium 

250 
NUMBER 77 25 1 

Amphitecna 

latifolia (Mdler) Gentry, 48 

elemifera Linnaeus, 199 

hexomha Hamilton, 58 

AmyriS 

Anacardiaceae, 21 

Anacardium 

excelsum (Kunth) Skeels, 21 

occidentale Linnaeus, 21 

peregrina (Linnaeus) Spegazzini, 95 

inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex A.P. Candolle, 96 

var. sapindoides (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 

Anadenanthera 

Andira 

95 

Andrographis 

Anethum 

Angelonia 

Aniba 

sapindoides (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 95 

paniculata (N. Burman) Wallich ex Nees, 15 

graveolens Linnaeus, 23 

angustifolia Bentham, 204 

bracteata (Nees) Mez, 124 

ramageana Mez, 124 

tergemina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 97 

Anneslia 

Annetto, 52 

Annona 

abdecapetala Lamarck, 135 

glabra Linnaeus, 22 

montane Madadyen, 22 

muricata Linnaeus, 22 

muscosa Jacquin, 23 

palustris Linnaeus, 22 

reticulata Linnaeus, 22 

squamosa Linnaeus, 22 

Annonaceae, 22 

Anonymos 

Anredera 

wnbrosa Walter, 206 

leptostachys (Moquin) Steenis, 48 

vesicaria (Lamarck) C. Gaertner, 48 

bunius (Linnaws) Sprengel, 79 

leptopus W. Hooker & Amott, 18 1 

coriacea (Vahl) Urban, 186 

Antidesma 

Antigonum 

Antirhea 

Apiaceae, 23 

Apocynaceae. 24 

Aquifoliaceae, 26 

Arachis 

Aralia 

Araliaceae, 27 

Aralie montagne. 28 

Ardisia 

hypogaea Linnaeus, 89 

capitata Jaquin. 27 

canaliculata Loddiges, 161 

cariboea Miquel, 161 

clusioides sensu Grisebach, 161 

coriacea sensu Mez, 159 

crenata Sims, 159 

crispa (Thunberg) A.L. Candolle, 159 

elliptica Thunberg, 159 

guadalupensis Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 159 

humilk Vahl, 159 

Iaterifora Swartz, 161 

Iawifolia sensu Grisebach, 161 

obovata Desvaux ex Hamilton, 159 

parasitica Swam, 160 

rostrata Hasskarl, 160 

solanacea Roxburgh. 159 

mexicana Linnaeus, 173 

gnaphalcdes (Linnaeus) Heine, 53 

nervosa (N. Burman) Bojer, 69 

tiliifolia (Desrwsseaux) Wight, 74 

anguicida Jacquin, 28 

trilobata Linnaeus, 28 

Argemone 

Argusia 

Argyreia 

Aristolochia 

Aristolochiaceae, 28 

Anabidaea 

Arretee negre, % 

drtanthe 

chica (Humboldt & Bmpland) Verlot, 49 

aequalir (Vahl) Miquel, 179 

bredemeyeri (J. Jacquin) Miquel, 179 

glabrescens Miquel, 180 

absinthium Linnaeus, 30 

vulgaris Linnaeus, 30 

glomeratwn (Ronboll) Chamisso, 153 

altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, 157 

heterophyllus Lamarck, 157 

lakoocha Roxburgh, 157 

Artemisia 

A&ostemma 

Artocarpus 

Asclepiadaceae, 28 

Asdepias 

curassavica Linnaeus, 28 

maritima Jacquin, 29 

nivea Linnaeus 

physocarpa (E. Meyer) Schlechter. 28 

procera Aiton. 28 

var. cwassavica (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 28 

Asteraceae, 29 

Asuru, 167 

Asystasia 

Ateramnus 

Atropa 

Aukakua, 186 

Aukuma, 204 

Aulomyrcia 

Averrhoa 

Avicennia, 184 

Avocado. 128 

Ayapana 

gangetica (Linnaeus) T Anderson, 15 

hypoleucur (Bentham) Rothmaler, 85 

arborescens Linnaeus, 208 

dwnosa Berg, 167 

carambola Linnaeus, 172 

triplinervis (Vahl) King & Robinson, 30 

Aydendron 

argeniewn Grisebach, 124 

bracfeafwn Nees. 124 

sericewn (Nees) Grisebach, 125 

Babara, 77 

Baccharis 

cotinifolia (Willdenow) Urban, 34 

pedunculata (Miller) Cabrera, 34 

speciosa A.P. Candolle, 34 

mcmnieri (Linnaeus) Pennell, 205 

procwnbens (Miller) Greenman, 206 

Bacopa 

Bad job, 65 

Baikiaea 

insignis Bentham 

subsp. minor (Oliver) J. Leonard, 89 

Baillieria 

Baksa, 34 

Balanophoraceae, 47 

Balata, 202 

Balate, 203 

Balaubakum, 85 

Balengene, 213 

Balie, 142 

Balier blanc, 153 

Balier bois, 87 

Balier doux, 206 

Balier savane Utard, 116 

Balier verveine, 116 

Balikasi, 168 

Ball head, 121 

Ballata, 203 

Ballota 

Balsa, 52 

Balsaminaceae, 47 

Balubui, 168 

Bambarat, 77 

Banisteria 

sylvesfris Aublet, 37 

suaveolens Linnaeus. 121 

diversifolia Kunth, 138 

longifolia Swartz, 137 

lupuloides Linnaeus, 183 

pubera L. Richard, 138 

purpures Linnaeus, 137 

Barbadine, 174 

Barleria 

lupulina Lindley, 15 

pyramidata Lamarck, 15 

asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz, 128 

indica Linnaws, 218 

Baningtonia 

Bartramia 

Basellaceae. 48 

Basilique, 122 

Basimum, 122 

Bastard gommier, 58 

Bastard mahogany, 95 

Bata, 59 

Bltard balagien, 212 

BPtard belagien, 213 

Batard persil. 200 

Batard sirio. 208 

Baitardemehlogene, 213 
252 

Bauhinia 

acuminata? Linnaeus, % 

excka (Grisebach) Hemsley. 96 

guianensis Aublet, 96 

monandra Kun. 96 

prpurea Linnaeus, % 

racemosa Lamarck, % 

splendens Kunth, 96 

tomentosa Linnaeus, 96 

variegata Linnaeus, 96 

Bay rum tree. 167 

Bay tree, 167 

Beach morning-glory, 71 

Beaumontia 

Beefsteak plant, 81 

Beefwood, 63 

Begonia 

grandiflora (Roxburgh) Wallich, 24 

dom‘ngensis sensu Grisebach. 48 

dominicalk A.L. Candolle ex Grisebach, 48 

glabra Aublet, 48 

heracleifolia Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 48 

humilis Aiton, 48 

macrophylla Lamarck, 48 

obliqua Linnaeus, 48 

odoroto Willdenow ex Link, 48 

scandens Swam, 48 

suaveolens sensu A.L. Candolle, 48 

Begoniaceae, 48 

Beilschmiedia 

Bell pepper, 209 

Bellis 

Beloehe, 21 1 

Benthamantha 

Bergamot mint, 120 

Bemardia 

Berrya 

Besleria 

pendula (Swam) Hemsley, 125 

ramosa Jacquin, 38 

caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 99 

corensis (Jacquin) J. Mueller, 82 

cubensis (Grisebach) Gomez de la Maza, 217 

crktata Linnaeus, 117 

fdipes urban, 118 

f. globerrima Morton. 118 

f. latwr Morton, 118 

f. pilicaulis Morton, 118 

gua&lupensk A.P. Candolle, 119 

imrayi I. Hooker. 118 

lutea Linnaeus, 1 18 

var. imroyi (J. Hooker) Urban, 11 8 

var. intermedia Urban, 118 

melittifolio Linnaeus, 119 

petiolaris (Grisebach) Urban, 1 18 

solanoides Kunth, 118 

sepiaria (Roxburgh) Todaro, 96 

alba (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 34 

cynapiifolia Kunth, 34 

pilosa Linnaeus 

Biancaea 

Bidens 

var. radiata (C. Schultz) Ballard, 34 

var. radiata C. Schultz, 34 

repans (Linnaeus) G. Don, 34 

aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 50 

chica Humboldt & Bonpland, 49 

leucoxylon Linnaeus, 50 

pallida Lindley, 51 

panicdata Linnaeus. 49 

pentaphyllo Linnaeus. 51 

stam Linnaeus, 52 

unguis-cati Linnaeus, 50 

Bignonia 

Bignoniaceae, 48 

Bird pepper, 208 

Bitter ash, 207 

Bitter leaf, 153 

Bitter mahoe, 217 

Bitter shrub, 84 

Bitterbush, 207 

Bixa 

Bixaceae, 52 

Black apple, 77 

Black cinnamon, 167 

Black pepper, 168,178 

Black torch, 188 

Blackeyed pea, 115 

Blakea 

orellana Linnaeus, 52 

lawifolio Naudin, 146 

plverulenta Vahl, 146 

brownei Jussieu, 15 

pyramidatum (Lamarck) Urban, 15 

eggenii (Kiaerskou) Landmm, 162 

sapida Koenig, 200 

Blechum 

f. puberulwn Leonard, 15 

Blepharocalyx 

Blighia 

Blue mahoe, 140 

Blutaparon 

Bocconia 

Boehmeria 

Boerhavia 

vermiculare (Linnaeus) Mean, 18 

frutescens Linnaeus, 173 

ramiflora Jacquin, 2 19 

caribaeo Jacquin, 169 

coccinea Miller, 169 

diffusa Linnaeus, 169 

erecta Linnaeus, 168 

hirsufa Jacquin, 169 

paniculata L. Richard, 169 

crkpa (Linnaeus) Keamey, 140 

Bogenhardia 

Bois agouti. 184 

Bois amer, 188 

Bois anda, 187 

Bois anglais, 23 

Bois arab, 155 

Bois bande, 88 

Bois bande rouge, 88 

Bois blanc, 207 

Bois bre, 55 

Bois cabrit, 189,210,222 

Bois camite, 202 

Bois canon, 157 

SMITHSOW CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Bois capitaine, 133 

Bois carapat, 155 

Bois cassave, 225 

Bois chandelle, 188,222 

Bois chica, 67 

Bois cicem, 110 

Bois cote, 76 

Bois cotelette, 76,223 

Bois crapaud, 16,191 

Bois cravier, 166 

Bois d’hde. 167 

Bois diable, 65 

Bois din, 167 

Bois dore, 215 

Bois du vin. 137 

Bois dubarre, 166 

Bois dye, 164 

Bois fer blanc, 171 

Bois flambeau, 188 

Bois flot, 52 

Bois foumi, 27 

Bois gder, 58 

Bois gresse, 160 

Bois immortelle, 104 

Bois jaune, 124 

Bois lait, 25,26 

Bois lait de mmtagne, 25 

Bois lezard. 228 

Bois mal estomac, 156 

Bois marble, 125 

Bois masse, 136. 155 

Bois montagne, 164 

Bois moricipre, 137 

Bois patat, 196 

Bois perdrix, 170 

Bois peti, 1% 

Bois pian, 23 

Bois pichette, 191, 196 

Bois pipirit, 110 

Bois piquet, 163 

Bois pistolet, 155 

Bois riviere, 187 

Bois rouge. 76 

Bois sand, 160 

Bois savanne, 190 

Bois savonette, 201 

Bois sumu marmn, 213 

Bois tan, 137, 207 

Bois violin, 23 

Boisiette, 163 

Ban la Vierge, 226 

Bombacaceae, 52 

Banbax 

occidentole Sprengel, 52 

pentondrum Linnaeus, 52 

pyramidale Cavanilles ex Lamarck, 52 

daphnoides Linnaeus, 158 

Bontia 

Boraginaceae, 53 

Borreria 

densiflora DC., 198 

eryngioides Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 197 

loevis sensu auctt., 197 

ocymoides sensu auctt., 197, 198 
NUMBER 77 253 

repens A.P. Candolle, 198 

verticillrrta (Linnaeus) Meyer, 198 

ahrescens (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle. 30 

Bonichia 

Bottle gourd, 75 

Bougainvillea, 168 

Bouis, 65. 202 

Bwis poil, 65 

Bourreria 

domingensis sensu Miers, 53 

recwa Miers. 53 

succulenta Jaquin, 53 

leptostachys Moquin, 48 

Bowsingadtia 

Bouton, 33 

Bouton blanc. 38 

Brachypterys 

Bradburyo 

owta (Cavanilles) Small, 138 

pubescensentham) Kuntze, 98 

virginiana (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 98 

monnieri (Linnaeus) Drake, 205 

BrOfnia 

Branda, 187 

Brassica 

integrifolia (Vahl) Schulz, 57 

integrifolia Ruprecht, 57 

juncea (Linnaeus) Czemajew, 57 

oleracea Linnaeus. 57 

willdenovii Boissier, 57 

Brassicaceae, 57 

Breadfruit, 157, 168 

Breadnut, 157 

Breynia 

disticha J.R. & J.G. Forster, 79 

indica Linnaeus, 61 

Broad bean, 90 

Brossaea 

Browallia 

coccinea Linnaeus. 78 

americana Linnaeus, 208 

demissa Linnaeus, 208 

latifolia Jaquin, 89 

rosa Otto, 89 

suaveolens (Willdenow) Berchtold & Presl. 208 

americana Linnaeus, 208 

fallax Duchassaing ex Grisebach, 208 

americana Lamarck. 75 

guadalupensis Sprengel, 75 

calycinwn Salisbury, 74 

pinnatum (Lamarck) Oken, 74 

capiiota (Vahl) Eichler, 68 

tetraphylla (Aublet) Howard, 68 

floridana Gandoger, 205 

buceras Linnaeus. 68 

capitato Vahl, 68 

Brownea 

Brugmansia 

Brunfelsia 

Bryonia 

Bryophyllum 

Buchenavia 

Buchnera 

Bucida 

Buddleia 

Buenda, 187 

Bullet, 203 

Bullet weed, 202 

Bullock's heart, 22 

Bumelia 

davidii Franchet, 13 1 

pentagonu Swartz, 204 

re.tusa Swam, 201 

salicifolia (Linnaeus) Swartz, 204 

glandulosa (Cavanilles) A.P. Candolle, 136 

lindeniana Adr. Jussieu, 136 

nit& sensu Niedenm, 136 

polystachia (Andrews) A.P. Candolle, 136 

gummyera Linnaeus, 58 

simamba (Linnaeus) Sargent. 58 

Bunchosia 

Bursera 

Buneraceae, 58 

Bush clock-vine, 17 

Butea 

frondosa Kcenig ex Roxburgh, 89 

monosperma (Lamarck) Taubert, 89 

Butterfly bush, 131 

Butyrospemum 

Byrsonkna 

plrkii Kotschy, 201 

coriacea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle 

crassifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth, 137 

crassifolia sensu Grisebach, 137 

cuneato (Turczaninov) Wilson, 136 

lucida (Miller) A.P. Candolle, 136 

martinicensh Krug & Urban ex his, 137 

spicata (Cavdes) A.P. Candolle, 136 

trinitensis Adr. Jussieu, 137 

var. spicata (Cavanilles) Niedenzu, 137 

Caapi, 72 

Caballeria 

Cabbage, 57 

Caca ple, 24 

Cacalia 

ferruginea Ruiz & Paven, 160 

porophyllwn Linnaeus, 44 

sonchifolia Linnaeus, 39 

Cacao, 2 13 

Cacarat, 215 

Cachelain grand bois, 64 

Cachima, 22 

langue boeuf, 22 

Cachiman falaise, 67 

Cachiman mamn, 67 

Caconier, 162 

Caconnier blanc, 110 

Caconnier rouge, 1 10 

Camyer, 102 

Cactaceae, 58 

cactus 

cochenillifer Linnaeus, 59 

dillenii Ker, 59 

intortw Miller, 59 

pentagonu Linnaeus. 59 

royenii Linnaeus, 59 

strictus Haworth, 59 

tetragonus Linnaeus, 59 

bonduc (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 96 

bonducella (Linnaeus) Fleming, 96 

&aria (Jacquin) Willdenow, % 

crirta Linnaeus, % 

decapetala (Roth) Alston, 96 

fern Martius, 96 

pulcherrima (Linnaeus) Swartz, 97 

sepiaria Roxburgh, % 

Caesalpinia 

Cafe marron, 189,210 

caknite, 203 

Cajan 

Cajanus 

Cakile. 57 

Calabash, 49 

Calea 

aspera Jacquin, 41 

Calebasse coucou, 49 

Calebasse rond, 49 

Calliandra 

cajan (Linnaeus) Huth, 97 

cajan (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 97 

haematocephala Hasskarl, 97 

tergemina (Linnaeus) Bentham. 97 

mammoswn Pierre, 203 

frigidus (Swartz) Gilg, 117 

acdeotwn (Linnaeus) House, 70 

antillanum Britton, 66 

brasilienre Cambessedes 

calaba Jacquin. 66 

calaba Linnaeus, 66 

calaba sensu auctt., 66 

jacquinii Fawcett & Rendle, 66 

mucunoides Desvaux. 89 

procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, 28 

fasciculata Berg, 162 

sericea Grisebach, 162 

Calocarpum 

Calolisianthus 

Calonyction 

Calcphyllum 

var. antillanwn (Britton) Standley, 66 

Calopogonium 

Calotropis 

Calyptranthes 

var. genuina Stehle, 162 

Campanulaceae, 129 

Camphor tree, 123 

Cananga 

caribaea (Urban) Britton, 23 

odorata (Lamarck) J. Hooker & Thornson, 22 

ensifomis (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 97 

maritima (Aublet) Urban, 97 

maritha Du Petit-Thouars, 97 

obtusifolia A.P. Candolle, 97 

rosea (Swam) A.P. Candolle. 97 

Canavalia 

Candlenut, 79 

Canella 

alba Murray, 60 

winterana (Linnaeus) Gaertner, 59 

Canellaceae, 59 

CanMbaceae 157 
254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Cannabis 

Cannonball tree, 128 

Cankrbury bells, 117 

Cape honeysuckle, 49 

Capi, 72 

Capitaine bois, 134 

Capparaceae, 60 

sativa Linnaeus, 157 

cantaloupe, 74 

Capparis 

amplissima Lamarck, 60 

baducca Linnaeus, 60 

coccolobifolio Martius ex Eichler, 61 

cynophallophora Linnaeus, 60 

[var.] ocutifolia Bello, 60 

var. latifolio Grisebach, 61 

cynophollophoro sensu auctt., 61 

eustachiana Jaquin, 60 

flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 61 

f. hartata (Jacquin) Dugand, 61 

frondosa Jaquin, 60 

hastata Jacquin, 61 

indica (Linnaeus) Druce, 61 

portoricensis Urban, 60 

rheedei A.P. Candolle. 61 

biflora Linnaeus, 205 

crustaceo Linnaeus, 205 

hwnilis Aiton, 206 

Capraria 

Caprifoliaceae, 63 

Capsicum 

annuum Linnaeus, 208 

var. annuum. 209 

var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eshvar.frutescens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 208 

baugh, 209 

haccotum sensu Grisebach. 208 

chinense Jacquin, 209 

frutescens Linnaeus. 208 

Caquelin, 66 

Carapa 

Carapate, 79 

Carapite, 81 

Cardamine 

Cardiospermum 

guianensis Aublet, 155 

fontom Lamarck, 57 

halicacabum Linnaeus 

hlicocobwn sensu auctt., 200 

micmrpum Kunth, 200 

dpapaya Linnaeus, 63 

var. microcarpwn (Kunth) Blume, 200 

Carica 

Caricaceae, 63 

Carissa 

edulis (Forsskal) Vahl, 24 

macrocap (Ecklon) A.L. Candolle, 24 

floribunda Urban, 217 

Corpodiptera 

Caryophyllaceae, 63 

Coryophyllus 

Casearia 

rocemsus Miller, 167,168 

decandra Jacquin, 116 

porvifrora Jacquin, 116 

powifolio Willdenow, 116 

sylvestris Swartz, 116 

Cashew, 21 

Cashew montagne, 156 

Cassava, 79 

Cassia 

oloto Linnaeus, 112 

hacilloris Linnaeus f., 112 

bicapsularis Linnaeus, 112 

fistula Linnaeus, 89 

glonduloso haws, 98 

grandis Linnaeus f., 90 

hirsuto Linnaeus, 113 

javanica Linnaeus 

obtusifolio Linnaeus, 113 

occidentolis Linnaeus. 113 

polyodeno A.P. Candolle. 98 

swortzii Wikstoh. 98 

tora Linnaeus, 113 

dha Grisebach, 184 

elliptic0 (Swartz) Poiret, 184 

var. swortzii (Wiksorh) Macbride, 98 

var. indochinensis Gagnepain, 90 

Cassipourea 

var. olLn (Grisebach) Grisebach, 184 

var. pouciserroto Grisebach, 184 

guinanensis Aublet, 184 

fiionnis Linnaeus, 124 

amplo Salisbury, 169 

Cassytha 

Cartdin 

Castor bean, 79 

Casuarina 

equisetifolia Linnaeus, 63 

litoreo Linnaeus ex Fosberg & Sachet, 63 

Casuarinaceae, 63 

Cat’s whiskers, 120 

Catalpa 

Catharanthus 

Cattle tongue, 43 

Cayaponia 

Cecropia 

longissima (Jaquin) Dumont de Courset, 49 

roseus (Linnaeus) G. Don, 24 

americana (Lamarck) Cogniaux, 75 

peltata sensu auctt., 157 

schreberiana Miquel, 157 

Cecropioceae 157 

Cedrela 

mexicoma M. Roemer. 155 

odorata Linnaeus. 155 

occidentdis (Sprengel) Burkill, 52 

pentandra (Linnaeus) Gaenner, 52 

Ceiba 

var. coriboeo (A.P. Candolle) Bakhuizen van 

den Brink, 52 

Celastraceae, 63 

Celastrus 

grenodensis Urban, 63 

racemosus (Reissek) hsener, 63 

var. trinitensis Urban, 63 

Celosia 

argentea Linnaeus, 20 

panicdoto Linnaeus, 21 

aculeato Swam, 218 

iguanaea (Jacquin) Sargent, 218 

lamarckiono Roemer & Schultes, 218 

mollis Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 

Celtis 

219 

Centella 

asiatica (Linnaeus) Urban, 23 

erecta (Linnaeus f.) Femald, 23 

nucticwn (Kunth) Lessing, 34 

vblacewn (Schrank) Gleason, 34 

berterianus (Sprengel) A.L. Candolle, 129 

plumieri (Persoon) Bentham, 98 

pubescens Bentham, 98 

virginianum (Linnaeus) Bentham, 98 

axillark Swam, 193 

swortzii A.P. Candolle, 195 

nobilis (Haworth) Brimn &Rose, 59 

royenii (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 59 

smilocifolium (Grisebach) Hoerold, 78 

manghas Linnaeus, 24 

Centratherum 

punctatum Cassini, 34 

Centropogon 

Centrosema 

Cephaelis 

Cephalocereus 

Cerotostema 

Cerbera 

Cercle bad, 181 

Cerdano 

Cerws 

Cestrum 

alliodoro Ruiz & Pavm, 53 

nobilis Haworth, 59 

altemifolium (Jacquin) 0. Schulz, 209 

diumum Linnaeus. 209 

latifolium Lamarck, 209 

laurifolium L‘Heriter, 209 

macrophyllum sensu Grisebach, 210 

megalophyllum Dunal, 210 

noctumum Linnaeus, 209 

venemtum N. Burman, 209 

vespertinwn Linnaeus, 209 

scandens (Linnaeus) Urban, 98 

vincentino (Ker) A.P. Candolle, 98 

chironioides Grisebach, 154 

glandulosa (Linnaeus) Greene, 98 

nictitans (Linnaeus) Moench 

Chaetocalyx 

Chetogostro 

Chamaecrista, 98 

var. swanzii (Wikstrom) Irwin & Barneby, 98 

var. diffusa A.P. Candolle) Invin & Bameby, 

98 

polyodena (A.P. Candolle) Brinon, 98 

swortzii (Wikstrom) Brinon, 98 

articulata (Aublet) Britton, 82 

balbisii (Boissier) Millspaugh, 82 

hirta (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 82 

hypericifolia (Lnneeus) Millspaugh, 82 

hyssopifolia (Linnaeus) Small, 82 

Chamaes yce 
NUMBER 77 255 

prostrata (Aim) Small, 83 

thymifolia (Linnaeus) Millspaugh, 83 

Chandeliere, 17 

Chaptalia 

Chardon beni, 23 

Charianthus 

nutans (Linnaeus) Polakowsky, 35 

alpinus (Swartz) Howard, 147 

coccineus (L. Richard) D. Don, 147 

corymbosus (L. Richard) Cogniaux, 147 

longifolius Cogniaux, 147 

purpureus D. Don 

Chataignier ‘ti coco, 77 

Chataignier ‘ti fay, 77 

Chataignier grand fay, 77.78 

Chaud fle,178 

Chayote, 75 

Chelonanthus 

Chenille plant, 81 

Chenopodiaceae, 64 

Chenopodilrm 

var. rugosus Hodge, 147 

frigidus (Swam) Urban, 117 

ambrosioides Linnaeus, 64 

murale Linnaeus. 64 

Chili pepper, 209 

Chimallhis 

Chinna blanc. 1% 

Chinna rouge, 188 

Chiocwca 

cymosa Jacquin, 187 

alba (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 187 

subsp. alba, 187 

subsp. parvifolia (Grisebach) Steyermark, 

187 

plruifolia Wullschlaegel ex Grisebach, 187 

racernoso Linnaeus, 187 

carihaea Jacquin, 171 

compacta Swam, 171 

dussii (Krug & Urban) Steam, 171 

glabra A.P. Candolle, 187 

venosa (Swam) Urban, 187 

chionanthus 

Chime 

Chloranthaceae, 64 

Christmas pops, 69 

Christmas vine, 69 

Christmas wreath, 69 

Christophine, 75 

Chromolaena 

corymbosa (Aublet) King & Robinson, 35 

knpetiolaris (Grisebach) Nicolson, 35 

integrifolia (Sprengel) King & Robinson. 35 

macrodon (A.P. Candolle) Nicolson, 35 

mononeura (Urban) King & Robinson, 36 

odorata (Linnaeus) King & Robinson, 36 

trigonwarp (Grisebach) King & Robinson, 36 

Chrysobalanaceae, 64 

Chry sobalanus 

cuspidatus Grisebach ex Duss, 65 

icaco Linnaeus, 65 

argenteum Jacquin, 202 

cainito Linnaeus, 202 

Chry sophy llum 

glabrwn Jacquin, 202 

microphyllwn smsu Grisebach, 203 

oliviforme Linnaeus, 202 

pulchella (Donn ex Sims) Decaisne, 117 

antillona Adr. Jussieu, 86 

carihea Jacquin, 188 

jloribunda Swartz, 188 

sonctae-lube Kentish. 188 

luida Swartz, 44 

burmanni (C. & T Nees) Nees ex Blume, 123 

camphora (beus) Red, 123 

veNm Resl, 123 

zeylanicwn Garcin ex Blume, 123 

Cinnamon, 123, 168 

Ciomndra 

Cissampelos 

chrysothnnis 

Cicco 

Cinchona 

Cineraria 

CinnamOIll~ 

cwpidata Grisebach, 75 

convolvulocea Willdenow, 156 

pareira Linnaeus, 156 

var. hirsuto (A.P. Candolle) Forman, 156 

Cissus 

repens Lamarck, 134 

sicyoides Linnaeus, 134,228 

trifoliata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 228 

verticillata (Linnaeus) Nicolson & Jarvis, 134, 

228 

Citharexylum 

caudatum Linnaeus, 223 

fruticosum Linnaeus, 223 

var. subvillosum (Moldenke) Moldenke, 223 

var. villosum (Jaquin) Moldenke. 223 

quadrangdore Jacquin, 223 

spinosum Linnaeus, 223 

glabrescens Presl, 156 

lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura & Nakai, 75 

vulgoris Schrader, 75 

aurantiifolia (Christman & Panzer) Swingle, 198 

grondis Osbeck, 198 

maxima (J. Burman) Menill, 198 

xparadisi Macfadyen, 198 

xsinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck, 198 

longifolia (Jacquin) Mez, 216 

dioica Linnaeus, 183 

dominicam Lamarck, 183 

aculeata Linnaeus, 62 

ciliata Schumacher, 62 

gynandra Linnaeus, 62 

icosondra Linnaeus, 62 

pentaphyllo Linnaeus. 62 

polygoma Linnaeus, 62 

rutidosperma A.P. Candolle. 62 

serrata Jacquin, 62 

Citrwsma 

Citrullus 

Citrus 

Clavija 

Clematis 

var. dominicam (Lamarck) Kuntze, 183 

Cleane 

speciosa Rafinesque, 62 

spinosa Jacquin, 62 

viscosa Lirmaeus, 62 

aculeatum (Linnaeus) Schlechtendal, 223 

buchananii (Roxburgh) Walpers, 223 

flagram Willdmow 

Cledendnun 

var. multiplex Sweet, 224 

var. plenijloro Schauer, 224 

indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 224 

nutans Wallich ex D. h. 223 

paniculatum Linnaeus, 223 

pldippinum Schauer, 224 

f. multiplex (Sweet) Moldenke, 224 

f. pfenijlora (Schauer) Moldenke, 224 

siphonanthus W.T. Aiton, 224 

speciosissimum Morren. 224 

speciosum Teijsmann & Binnendijk, 224 

xspeciosum Dombrain, 224 

thompsoniae I. Balfour 

f. specimum “(Teysmann & Binnendyk)” 

Voss, 224 

ugandense Prain, 223 

wnbellatwn Poiret, 225 

wallichii Menill, 223 

hdieri (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 37 

erosum (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 36 

sylvestre (Aublet) Baillon, 36 

terebinthinacewn (Swartz) A.P. Candolle 

vargasii A.P. Candolle, 37 

guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 147 

var. specioswn (Dombrain) Moldenke, 224 

Clibadium 

var. badieri A.P. Candolle, 37 

Clidemia 

var. verticillata (A.P. Candolle) Stehld & 

Quentin, 148 

him (Linnaeus) D. Don, 148 

var. elegans (Aublet) Grisebach, 148 

latifolia (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 148 

tetragonu (A.P. Candolle) Fcumet, 148 

umbrosa (Swam) Cogniaux, 148 

verticillato A.P. Candolle, 147 

chamaedrys Vahl, 122 

martinicense Jacquin, 122 

falcata Lamarck, 99 

glycinoides A.P. Candolle, 99 

rubiginosa Jussieu ex Persoon. 99 

tematea Linnaeus, 99 

virginha Linnaeus. 98 

Clinopodium 

Clitoria 

Clove, 168 

Clusia 

alba Jacquin, 66 

major Linnaeus, 66 

mangle L. Richard ex Planchon & Triana, 67 

minor Linnaeus, 66 

plukenetii sensu Hodge, 66 

plukenetii Urban. 66 

venosa sensu Grisebach, 67 

Clusiaceae, 65 

Cnidoscolus 

wens (Linnaeus) Anhw, 83 
256 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Coc chien, 108 

Coccoloba 

ascendens Duss ex Lindau, 181 

diversifolio sensu auctt., 181 

pubescens Linnaeus, 181 

swattziiMeisner, 181 

uvifera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 181 

venosa Linnaeus, 182 

domingensis A.P. Candolle, 156 

Coccdus 

Cochlospemaceae, 68 

Cochlospemum 

regiwn (Schrank) Pilger, 68 

vitifolium (Willdenow) Willdenow ex Sprengel, 

68 

Cocklebur, 47 

Cockscomb, 21 

Cow negre hebrew, 114 

Coco poule, 27,55 

Cow-plum, 65 

Codiaeum 

Caionium 

Coffea 

variegatum (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, 79 

arborescens Vahl, 170 

arabica Linnaeus, 184 

canephora Pierre ex Fmhner 

var. robusta (Linden ex De Wildeman) 

Chevalier, 184 

lihrica Bull ex Hiem, 185 

Coffee, 184 

Coffee senna, 113 

Coholba, 95 

Cojorok, 175 

Cola 

aauninata (palisot de Beauvois) Schott & 

nitida (Ventenat) Schott & Endlicher, 213 

amboinicus Loureiro, 120 

blwnei Bentham, 120 

petiolaris Grisebach, 118 

hirsuta Swam, 119 

scandens Linnaeus, 118,119 

Endlicher, 21 3 

Coleus 

Collandra 

ColUmnea 

var. vincentina Morton, 118 

Combretaceae. 68 

Combretum 

laxum Aublet, 68 

rotundifolium L. Richard, 68 

Canmon nightshade, 21 1 

Compositae, 29 

Cmdalia 

Cmdylidium 

Gmnaraceae. 69 

Connarus 

Conmarpus, 184 

Conomorpha 

ferrea (Vahl) Grisebach, 183 

iresinoides (Kunth) King & Robinson, 37 

grandifolius Planchm, 69 

racemosa Linnaeus, 68 

pruvianu A. L. Candolle 

var. rmtrata (Hasskarl) Mez, 160 

peruviana sensu Grisebach, 160 

calyptrata (Desrousseaux) D. Don ex A.P. 

icosandra (Wikstrojm) Urban, 148 

mmtana (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 148 

subhirsuta A.P. Candolle. 148 

ventricosa (Swartz) Martius ex G. Don, 119 

Cmostegia 

Candolle, 148 

Conradia 

Cmtrevent. 203 

Cmvolvulaceae, 69 

convolvulus 

aculeatus Linnaeus, 70 

alatus Hamilton, 73 

brmilienris Linnaeus. 71 

dissectus Jacquin, 73 

fastigiatus Roxburgh, 72 

hederaceus Linnaeus, 71 

nil Linnaeus, 71 

nummularius Linnaeus, 70 

obscura Linnaeus, 71 

pennutus Desrousseaux. 71 

pentanthos Jacquin, 72 

pentaphyllus Linnaeus, 73 

pes-caprae Linnaeus, 71 

phyllomega Vellow, 71 

ruber Vahl, 72 

tiliaceus Willdenow, 72 

tiliifolius Desrousseaux, 74 

wnbellatus Linnaeus, 73 

apurensis Kunth, 37 

hariensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, 37 

canadensis (Linnaeus) Cronquist, 37 

var. pusilla (Nuttall) Cronquist, 38 

carolinensis Jacquin. 43 

cinerea Linnaeus, 46 

lobata Linnaeus, 42 

peduncdata Miller, 34 

subspathdata Cronquist, 37 

symphytifolia Miller, 42 

cmyza 

Copaiba, 84 

Copaie, 84 

Copaifera 

Coral tree, 104 

Corchorus 

guianensis Desfontaines, 90 

aestuans Linnaeus, 217 

hirsutus Linnaeus, 217 

hirtus Linnaeus, 217 

olitorius Linnaeus, 217 

orinocensis Kunth, 217 

siliquosus Linnaeus. 217 

Corde cam, 137 

Corde quat6.228 

Cordia 

alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken. 53 

cinermcens A.P. Candolle, 54 

collococca Linnaeus, 54 

curassavica Roemer & Schultes, 54 

cwassavica sensu auctt., 54 

cylindristachya (Ruiz & Pavon) Roemer & 

Schultes 

var. cinerascens (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 

54 

dasycephala (Desvaux) Kunrh, 54 

divaricata Kunth, 54 

elliptica sensu auctt., 55 

germcanthus sensu Grisebach, 53 

globosa (Jacquin) Kunth. 54 

laevigata sensu auctt.. 55 

martinicensis (Jacquin) Rmer & Schultes, 54 

nesophila Johnston, 54 

polycephala (Lamarck) Johnston, 55 

reticdata Vahl, 55 

salviifolia sensu auctt., 54 

sebestana Linnaeus, 54 

sulcata A.P. Candolle, 55 

tetraphylla Aublet, 68 

ulmifolia Jussieu, 55 

alba Linnaeus, 34 

baccata Linnaeus f., 47 

pyramidata Linnaeus, 225 

scandens Linnaeus, 98 

Coreopsis 

Comutia 

Corodla 

COroSSOl,22 

Cosmos 

caudatus Kunth, 30 

sulphureus Cavdes, 30 

Cotlette, 53, 223 

Cotm blanc, 139 

Coton noir, 139 

Cotyledon 

Coupie, 182 

courasone, 22 

courbaril, 105 

Courocwme, 161 

Couroupita 

Couroupoume, 166 

Covillea 

Crab wood, 155 

Crabs' eyes, 94 

Cracca 

pinnata Lamarck, 74 

guianensis Aublet, 128 

racemosa Bojer ex W. Hodter, 90 

caribaea (Jaquin) Bentham, 99 

purpwea Linnaeus, 115 

crepidioides (Bentham) S. Moore, 39 

Crassocephalum 

Crassulaceae, 74 

Cre-cre, 147,150, 151 

blanc, 148, 151, 153 

bois, 148 

grand bois, 152 

grand feuilles, 148 

rouge, 147 

rivoeriae (Naudin) Grisebach, 152 

sieberi Grisebach, 151 

japonica (Linnaeus) Bentham, 47 

cujete Linnaeus, 49 

Cremaniwn 

crepis 

Crescentia 

cresson, 57 
NUMBER 77 257 

CritOllia 

dominicensis King & Robinson, 38 

macropoda A.P. Candolle, 38 

hfundibuliformis (Linnaeus) Nees, 15 

amgyroides Kunth, 100 

folcoto Vahl ex A.P. Candolle, 100 

incana Linnaeus, 99 

lotifolia Linnaeus, 100 

micans Link, 100 

mucronofo Desvaux, 100 

obovoto G. Don, 100 

pallida Aiton, 100 

pumila Ortega, 99 

retusa Linnaeus, 100 

spectabilis Roth, 100 

stipularia Desvaux, 100 

striato A.P. Candolle, 100 

vasculosa Wallich ex Bentham, 99 

verrucosa Linnaeus, 100 

zanzibarica Bentham, 99 

astroites Dryander, 83 

astroites sensu Hodge, 83 

halsomifer Jacquin, 84 

betulinus Vahl, 83 

bixoides Vahl. 83 

chomoedrifolius Lamarck, 81 

corylifolius Lamarck, 84 

flavens Linnaeus, 84 

glonddosus Linnaeus 

helicoides J. Mueller, 83 

hirtus L'Heritier, 84 

lobatus Linnaeus, 84 

niveus sensu auctt., 83 

Crossandra 

Crotalaria 

var. obovata (G. Don) Polhill, 100 

Crotm 

var. balsamifer (Jacquin) J. Mueller, 84 

var. hirrus (L'Heritier) J. Mueller, 84 

Crown-of-thoms, 85 

Cruciferae, 57 

Cucumber, 74 

Cucumis 

melo Linnaeus. 74 

sativus Linnaeus, 74 

maxima Duchesne ex Lamarck, 74 

mixta Pangalo, 74 

moschata (Lamarck) Duchesne ex Poiret, 74 

pep0 Linnaeus, 74 

Cucurbita 

Cucurbitaceae. 74 

Cunoniaceae, 76 

Cupania 

americana Linnaeus, 200 

triquetra A. Richard, 201 

hlsomono Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 135 

carihagenensis (Jacquin) Macbride, 135 

hyssopifolia Kunth, 134 

melanium (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel, 135 

micrantha Kunth, 135 

parsonsia (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Steudel, 135 

strigulosa Kunth, 135 

Cuphea 

subsp. nitens Koehne, 135 

cuscuta 

Cushaw, 74 

Custard apple, 22 

Cyathula 

americana Linnaeus. 69 

achyranthoides (Kunth) Moquin, 21 

prostrata (Linnaeus) Blume, 21 

antjllanus (Mez) Agostini, 159 

parasiticus (Swartz) Pipoly, 160 

rostratus (Hasskarl) Agostini. 160 

lotifoliwn Naudin, 149 

aequinoctialis (Linnaeus) Miers, 50 

wticifolius Salisbury, 228 

wticifolius sensu Salisbury, 228 

maritimwn (Jacquin) Jacquin, 29 

powiflorurn Swartz, 29 

orgentewn (Jacquin) Baehni. 202 

coyennense Swartz, 41 

untillono Michaux, 76 

racaniflora Linnaeus, 76 

Cybianthus 

Cycnopodiwn 

Cydista 

cyfnbwus 

C ynanchum 

Cynodendm 

Cynomorium 

Cyrilla 

Cyrillaceae, 76 

cytisus 

cojon Linnaeus. 97 

Dacryodes 

excelsa Vahl, 58 

hexandro (Hamilton) Grisebach, 58 

ecastaphyllum (Linnaeus) Taubert, 101 

heptophyllo Poiret, 108 

pentophyllo Poiret, 108 

scandens Linnaeus, 84 

americana (Miller) I. Johnston 

coriheo Grisebach, 216 

fartuoso Linnaeus, 210 

inoxia Miller, 210 

metel Linnaeus, 210 

metel sensu Grisebach, 210 

stramonium Linnaeus, 210 

suaveolens Humboldt & Bonpland ex WilldeDalbergia 

Dalechampia 

Daphnopsis 

subsp. caribaea (Grisebach) Nevling, 216 

Datura 

now, 208 

Delonix 

Demoiselle, 175 

Dendrwereus 

Dendropemon 

Dendrophthora 

regia (W. Hooker) Rafinesque, 101 

nudiflorus (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, 58 

caribaeus Krug & Urban, 13 1 

buxifolia (Lamarck) Eichler, 132 

elliptica (Gardener) Krug & Urban 

var. platyphylla Krug & Uh, 131 

Desay, 112 

Desmanthus 

Desmcdium 

virgatus (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 101 

adscendens (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 101 

axillare (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 102 

var. acutifolium (Kuntze) Urban, 102 

var. axillare, 102 

conurn Schinz & Thellung, 102 

incanum A.P. Candolle. 102 

prccumbens (Miller) Hitchcock. 102 

purpurewn (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 103 

scorpiurus (Swartz) Desvaux, 103 

spirole A.P. Candolle, 102 

sypinwn A.P. Candolle, 102 

tortuosum (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 103 

triflorutn (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 103 

ondrosoemifolio (Nees) Grisebach, 16 

pectoralis (Jacquin) Murray, 16 

secd (Vahl) Grisebach, 16 

Dianthero 

Dichapetalaceae, 76 

Dicliptera 

assurgenr (Linnaeus) Jussieu, 15 

martinicensis (Jacquin) Jussieu, 15 

sexangularis (Linnaeus) Jussieu, 15 

ottenuatus (Swartz) Marchal, 28 

Dictrfncvnax 

Dill, 23 

Dillenia 

indica Linnaeus, 76 

suffruticosa (Griffith) Martelli, 76 

Dilleniaceae, 76 

DiOCleS 

mollicoma Ducke. 103 

rej7exa sensu Urban, 103 

apiculata (Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes) 

ocymifolia (Willdenow) Bremekamp, 188 

rig& Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 187 

blancoi A.L. Candolle, 76 

digyna Jacquin. 76 

discolor Willdenow, 76 

ebenaster Retzius, 77 

ebemter sensu aucn., 77 

ebenum Koenig, 76 

embryopteris Persoon, 76 

malabarica (Desmsseaux) Kosteletzky, 76 

revoluta Poiret, 77 

solicifolk (Lmnaeus) A.L. Candolle, 204 

fothergillo A.P. Candolle, 151 

reticulotwn (Linnaeus) Trelease & Stehlb, 180 

spicotus (Aublet) Cassini, 44 

hirsufo (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex Britton & 

occidentolis (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose ex 

Dicdia 

Schumann, 187 

Diospyros 

Dipholis 

Diplochito 

Discipiper 

Distrephus 

Ditremexa 

Wilson, 113 

Britton & Wilson, 113 
258 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Dji-pois, 167 

Doctor bush, 179, 180 

Dodonaea 

Dolicholus 

Dolichos 

viscosa (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 201 

reticdatus (Swartz) Millspaugh, 11 1 

lablab Linnaeus, 107 

lutedus Jaquin, 115 

maritimus Aublet, 97 

minimur Linnaeus, 11 1 

obtusifoliw Lamarck, 97 

pruriens Linnaeus, 109 

purpureus Linnaeus, 107 

repens Linnaeus, 115 

roseus Swam, 97 

rotwdifolius Vahl. 97 

ruber Jaquin, 105 

wens Linnaeus, 109 

calineoides (Eider) Gilg, 76 

coriaceus (Martius & Zuccarini) Gilg, 76 

Doxantha 

unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Mien, 50 

Drymaria 

cordata (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Schultes, 63 

Drypetes 

glauca Vahl, 84 

Du the pays, 63,205 

Duggena 

Dunalia 

Duranta 

Doliocarpus 

spicata (Lamarck) Standley, 189 

arborescens (Linnaeus) Sleumer, 208 

erecta sensu Urban, 225 

plwnieri sensu Grisebach, 225 

repens sensu auctt., 225 

stenostachya Todaro, 225 

zibethinus Murray, 52 

martinicensis Krug & Urban ex Taubert, 103 

Durio 

Dussia 

Ebenaceae, 76 

Echinops 

Echites 

Eclipta 

fruicosus Linnaeus, 44 

quinquangularis Jacquin, 25 

alba (Linnaeus) Hasskarl. 38 

erecfa Linnaeus, 38 

prostrata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 38 

punctata Linnaeus. 38 

Egg plant, 21 1 

Egletes 

Elaeocarpaceae, 77 

Elaphrium 

Elder, 63 

Elephantopus 

prostrata (Swartz) Kuntze, 38 

simaruba (Linnaeus) Rose, 58 

mollis Kunth, 38 

var. bracteosus bin, 38 

var. capitulatis Domin, 38 

spicatus Jussieu ex Aublet, 44 

Emeruaiuma, 175 

Emilia 

coccinea sensu auctt., 39 

fosbergii Nicolsm, 39 

sonchifolia (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 39 

Empoisonneur, 208 

Enallagma 

Enckea 

Endlicheria 

Enicostema 

Enivre, 31 

Entada 

latifolia Miller, 48 

sieberi Miquel, 179 

sericea Nees, 125 

verticillatum (Linnaeus) Engler ex Gilg, 116 

gigas (Linnaeus) Fawcett & Rendle, 103 

polyphylla Bentham, 104 

polystachya (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 104 

polyphylla (Bentham) Britton, 104 

polystachya (Linnaeus) Britton, 104 

aquatica Vellom, 119 

cordifolia Swam. 78 

Entadopsis 

Enydria 

Epigaea 

Epinard, 20 

Episcia 

melittifolia (Linnaeus) Martius, 119 

f. guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Stehle, 119 

Erechtites 

agrestis (Swartz) Standley & Steyermark, 39 

cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing, 39 

hieraciifolia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex A.P. 

var. cacalioides (Sprengel) Lessing ex Grisehdolle, 39 

bach, 39 

valeriadolia (Sprengel) A.P. Candolle, 39 

Sricaceae, 78 

?rigem 

bonariensis Linnaeus, 37 

canadensis Linnaeus, 37 

chinensis Jacquin, 37 

kanvinskianus A.P. Candolle, 40 

polycladus Urban, 40 

pusillus Nuttall, 37 

spathulatus Vahl, 37 

procumbens Miller, 206 

verficiIlatus Miller, 206 

japonica (Thunberg) Lindley, 184 

anfractuoswn A.P. Candolle 

3rinus 

3riobotrya 

Xodendron 

var. caribaewn A.P. Candolle, 52 

3rithalis 

fruticosa Linnaeus, 188 

subsp. odorifera (Jacquin) Steyermark, 188 

var. odorifera (Jacquin) Grisebach, 188 

odorifera Jacquin, 188 

littoralis Swam, 185 

imodea 

Erotewn 

Ervatamia 

undulatwn Swartz, 215 

coronaria (Jacquin) Stapf, 24 

cm’ngiana (A.L. Candolle) Markgraf, 24 

pandacaqui (Poiret) F’ichon, 24 

foetidim Linnaeus, 23 

corallodendron Linnaeus. 104 

var. bimlor Krukoff, 104 

poeppigiana (Walpen) Cook, 104 

Eryngium 

Erythrina 

Erythroxylaceae, 79 

Erythrox ylum 

havanense Jaquin, 79 

matwn Cavanilles, 79 

squamatum Swartz, 79 

Esta fragile, 180 

Ethulia 

Eucalyptus, 161 

Eugenia 

sparganophora Linnaeus, 44 

aerugenia sensu Grisebach, 163 

albicans (Berg) Urban, 163 

coffeifolia A.P. Candolle, 163 

confusa A.P. Candolle, 163 

cordata A.P. Candolle 

deflexa Poiret, 166 

divaricata Lamarck, 167 

domingensis Berg, 163 

fallax L. Richard, 166 

gregii (Swam) Poiret, 163 

gryposperma Krug & Urban, 165 

hodgei McVaugh, 164 

jambos Linnaeus, 168 

lambertiana A.P. Candolle, 164 

ligustrina (Swartz) Willdenow, 164 

megalocap Urban, 165 

mmticola (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 164 

obtusata Willdenow ex Berg, 164 

octopleura Krug & Urban, 164 

panicdata Jaquin, 166 

procera sensu Hodge, 164 

pseudopsidium Jacquin, 164 

pseudopsidiwn sensu Grisebach, 164 

sintenisii Kiaenkou, 163 

uniflora Linnaeus, 162 

atriplicifoliwn Lamarck, 35 

celtidifoliwn Lamarck, 41 

cotinifoliwn Willdenow, 34 

impetiolare Grisebach, 35 

integrifolium Bertero ex Sprengel, 35 

iresinoides Kunth. 37 

f. integrwn Danin, 37 

macrodon A.P. Candolle, 35 

macrophyllwn Linnaeus, 40 

macropus Urban, 38 

magdalenae Stehle, 38 

microsfemon Cassini, 40 

mononeurwn Urban; 36 

odoramn Linnaeus, 36 

plicatwn Urban, 41 

frigonocarpwn Grisebach, 36 

var. sintenisii (Kiaerskou) Krug & Urban, 163 

Zupatorium 
NUMBER 77 259 

triplineme Vahl, 30 

articulata Aublet. 82 

cyathophora Murray, 85 

genicdata Ortega, 85 

heterophylla Linnaeus, 85 

hirta Linnaeus, 82 

hypericifolia Linnaeus, 82 

hyssopifolia Lhaeus, 83 

leumcephala buy, 85 

maculata Linnaeus, 83 

milii Des Moulins 

Euphorbia 

var. splendens (Bojer ex Hooker) Ursch & 

Leandri, 85 

prostrata Aiton, 83 

pulcherrima Willdenow ex Klotzsch, 85 

rubrimda Blume, 83 

thymifolia Linnaeus, 83 

Euphorbiaceae, 79 

Eurolus 

Evolvulus 

viridb (hnnaeus) Mcquin, 20 

convolvuloides (Willdenow) Steam, 70 

nummularius (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, 70 

sericeus Swartz, 70 

tenuis Choisy 

subsp. longifolius (Choisy) Ooststroom, 69 

Exmecaria 

caribaea (Grisebach) Grisebach, 81 

cochinchinensis Loureiro, 79 

farinosa Grisebach, 85 

repandwn (Jacquin) Choisy, 72 

solanifoliwn (Linnaeus) Britton, 73 

caribaeurn (Jacquin) Schultes, 188 

ellipticurn Grisebach, 189 

floribundwn (Swartz) Schultes, 188 

sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Britten. 188 

Erogonium 

Exostema 

Fabaceae, 89 

Fagara 

caribaea (Lamarck) Krug & Urban, 199 

martinicensis Lamarck, 199 

microcarpa (Grisebach) Krug & Urban, 199 

microphylla Desfontaines ex Hamilton, 200 

mnophylla Lamarck, 199 

spinifex Jacquin, 200 

trifoliata Swartz, 199 

splendida Mueller, 222 

occidentalis (Linnaeus) A. Richard, 189 

Faradaya 

Faramea 

Fat pork, 65 

Feuille carapate, 175 

Feuille chassb, 179 

Feuille froide, 192 

Feuille mal l’estomac. 179 

Ficus 

altissima Blume, 157 

americana Aublet. 158 

aspera J.G. Fonter, 157 

caribaea Jacquin, 158 

citrifolia Miller, 157 

glabrata Kunth, 158 

insipida Willdenow, 157 

involuta (Liebmann) Miquel, 158 

kugiana Warburg, 158 

laevigata Vahl. 157 

lentiginasa Vahl, 157 

var. wbaniana (Warburg) Dugand, 158 

subvar. subcurpidata (Warburg) Stehlt, 157 

var. hayana Do&, 157 

var. subcuspidata (Warburg) Domin, 157 

maxima Miller, 158 

nymphaeifoliaMiUer. 158 

obtusifolia Kunth, 158 

omphalophora Warburg, 158 

pallida sensu Grisebach, 158 

parcellii Veitch ex Cogniaux & Marchal, 157 

perforata Linnaeus, 158 

populnea Willdenow, 157 

subvar. subcuspidata Warburg, 157 

var. lenfiginosa (Vahl) Warburg, 157 

popdoides Warburg, 157 

sintenisii Warburg, 158 

trigonata heus, 158 

wbaniana Warburg, 158 

Fige kaklin, 66 

Figue, 157 

Figue rouge, 158 

Fioria 

Fireman, 89 

Flacourtia 

vitifolia (Linnaeus) Mattei, 139 

cataphracta Roxburgh ex Willdenow, 115 

indica (N. Burman) Me&, 116 

jangomas (Loureiro) Raeuschel, 115 

sepiaria Roxburgh, 116 

Flacourtiaceae, 115 

Flamboyant, 101 

Flame tree, 101 

Fleischmannia 

Flemingia 

microstemon (Cassini) King & Robinson, 40 

grandifIora Roxburgh ex Rottler, 18 

strobilifera (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 104 

aestmns (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud, 220 

Flew 

Fon bazin, 122 

Fothergilla 

Four-o’clock, 168 

Fraise, 184 

Frangipani, 25 

French basilique, 122 

French kenip, 171 

French marigold, 30 

Freziera 

mirabilis Aublet. 151 

cordata Tulasne, 215 

elegans Tulasne, 215 

undulata (Swam) Willdenow, 215 

var. elegans Wlasne) KNg & urban, 215 

Fromager, 52 

Fromboisin, 122 

Fuchsia 

involucrata Swartz. 1% 

Funtumia 

elastica (Preuss) Stapf, 25 

Galactia 

dubia A.P. Candolle, 104 

longiflora Arnott, 105 

~bra (Ja~quin) Urban, 105 

striata (Jacquin) Uh. 105 

var. tenuiflora (Willdenow) Burkard, 104 

tenuiflora (Willdenow) Wight and Amott, 104 

Gab, 66 

Galega 

Galinsoga 

caribaea Jaquin, 99 

caracmana (A.P. Candolle) C. Schultz, 40 

ciliafa (Rafiiesque) Blake, 40 

quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavo, 40 

hypocarpiwn sensu Grisebach, 195 

gracilis Bartling, 135 

nutans Rohr, 79 

buchananii Baker, 67 

edulis (F’lanchon & Triana) Exell, 67 

humilis (Vahl) Adams, 67 

lateriflorn Blume. 67 

mangostana Linnaeus, 67 

morella (Gaertner) Desrousseaux, 67 

Galiurn 

Galphimia 

Garcia 

Garcinia 

Garden balsam, 47 

Garden croton. 79 

Gaultheria 

coccinea (Linnaeus) Urban, 78 

domingensis Urban, 78 

sphagnicola L. Richard, 78 

swartzii Howard, 78 

crispwn (Lkmaeus) Small, 140 

Gayoides 

Genip. 189 

Genipa 

Gentiana 

americana Linnaeus, 189 

aphyllo Jacquin, 117 

verticillata Linnaeus, 116 

Gentianaceae, 116 

Geophjla 

herbacea (Jacquin) Schurnann, 189 

repens (Linnaeus) Johnston, 189 

alliodorw (Ruiz & Pavon) Borhidi, 53 

collococcur (Linnaeus) Borhidi, 54 

reticdatur (Vahl) Borhidi, 55 

sulcatus (A.P. Candolle) Borhidi, 55 

ventricosa Swartz, 119 

Germcanthus 

Gesneria 

Gesneriaceae, 117 

Gin, 166 

Gliricidia 

Globifera 

sepium (Jacquin) Kunth ex Walpen, 105 

wnbrosa Grnelin, 206 

Classoslylis 

zspera Chamisso & Schlechtendal. 204 
260 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Gloxinia 

Glycine 

pe~nnis (Linnaeus) Fritsch, 117 

abru Linnaeus, 94 

labialis Linnaeus f., 115 

phaseoloides Swanz, 11 1 

reticdata Swartz. 11 1 

striata Jacquin, 105 

vincenth Ker, 98 

arborea Roxburgh, 222 

hystrix Schultes ex Kun. 222 

philippensis Chamisso, 222 

Gmelina 

Goatweed, 205 

Golden shower tree, 89 

Gcmbo marrm, 143 

Gcmbo montagne. 143 

Gomidesia 

lindeniana Berg, 165 

Ganme l'incense, 58 

Gommier, 58 

Gamnier beni, 58 

Gommier jaune, 58 

Gcmmier rouge, 58 

Gomphia 

Gcmphrena 

longifoh (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle. 170 

brasiliana haeus, 19 

dentata Moench, 19 

globosa Linnaeus, 18 

sessilis Linnaws, 20 

smilacifolius (Grisebach) A.C. Smith, 78 

martiniensis Decaisne, 29 

scandens Urban, 29 

hirsuta (Jacquin) Schumann, 189 

spicata (Lsmarck) Gomez de la Maza, 189 

Gonocalyx 

Gonolobus 

Gonzalagunia 

Gooseberries, 86 

Gossypium 

barbadense Linnaeus. 139 

hirsutum Linnaeus, 140 

var. brasiliense (Rafimesque) Fryxell, 139 

var. marie-galanfe (Watt) J.B. Hutcbinson et 

al., 140 

marie-galante Watt, 140 

&rningenris Linnaeus, 183 

lupuloides (Linnaeus) Urban, 183 

Gouania 

Gouyave, 168 

Goyave, 168 

Goyavier, 184 

Graffenrieda 

Graines bleues, 215 

Graines d'eglise, 94 

Graines en bas feuilles, 8788 

Grammadenia 

Granadilla, 174 

Grape, 228 

Grapefruit. 198 

latifolia (Nudin) Triana, 149 

prasitica (Swam) Grisebach, 160 

Graptophyllum 

Gratiola 

pictum (Linnaeus) Griffith, 15 

monnkri (Lirmaeus) Linnaeus, 205 

rotdifolia Linnaeus, 205 

Griave, 162 

Gm t%e, 121 

Guaiacum 

Guapeba 

Guapira 

officinale Linnaeus. 229 

?semecarpifolia Pierre, 203 

fragrans (Dumont de Counet) Little, 169 

suborbiculata (Duss) Lundell, 169 

glabra Vahl. 155 

macrophylla Vahl, 155 

perrottetiana Adr. Jussieu, 155 

caribaea Urban, 23 

ouregou sensu Grisebach, 23 

Guarea 

Guatteria 

Guava, 168 

Guazuma 

Guepois, 162 

Guepois, 167 

Guettarda 

ulmifolia Lamarck, 214 

crispiflora Vahl, 190 

cdorata (Jacquin) Lamarck, 190 

parvifora Vahl, 190 

parvifolia Swartz. 190 

rugosa Swartz, 190 

scabra (Linnaeus) Ventenat, 190 

bonduc Linnaeus, 96 

bonducella Linnaeus. 96 

crista (Linnaeus) Small, 96 

Gudandina 

Gumbo, 139 

Gumbo limbo, 58 

Gumbo zombie, 140 

Gustavia 

Guttiferae, 65 

Gymnanthes 

augusta Linnaeus, 128 

farinosa (Grisebach) Webster, 85 

hypoleuca Bentham, 85 

var. farinosa (Grisebach) Pax & Hoffmann, 

var. Iatifolia J. Mueller, 85 

gynandra (Linnaeus) Briquet, 62 

pentaphylla (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 62 

americanus Jacquin, 119 

crassifolia (Weddell) Urban, 219 

85 

Gynandropsis 

Gyrocarpus 

G yrotaenia 

Haemadictyon 

Haematoxylum 

Haloragaceae. 119 

Hamelia 

Hasuru, 167 

venoswn Lindley, 25 

campechianum Linnaeus, 105 

patens Jacquin, 185 

Hebeclinium 

Hedwigia 

Hed yosmum 

Hedyds 

macrophyllum (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 40 

simplicifolia Sprengel, 155 

arborescens Swartz, 64 

callitrichoides (Grisebach) W.H. Lwis, 190 

canmutata J.H. & J.A. Schultes, 190 

corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 190 

lancifolia Schumacher, 190 

adscendens Swartz, 101 

millare Swartz, 102 

canwn Gmelin, 102 

ecastaphyllwn Linnaeus, 101 

hamatwn Linnaeus, 113 

incanwn Swartz, 102 

procumbens Miller, 102 

purpurewn Miller, 103 

racemiferwn Gmelin, 102 

racemoswn Aublet, 102 

scorpiurus Swartz, 103 

spirale Swam, 102 

strobiliferwn Linnaeus, 104 

supinwn Swartz, 102 

tortuoswn Swartz, 103 

triflorwn Linnaeus, 103 

vaginale Linnaeus, 95 

coccinea Jacquin, 170 

quadridentatum Labillardiere. 30 

annuus Linnaeus, 30 

angiospermum Murray, 55 

curassavicum Linnaeus, 55 

fruticosum sensu Grisebach, 56 

hwnile (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex Roemer & 

Schultes, 56 

indicum Linnaeus, 55 

inundatwn Swartz, 55 

parviflorwn Linnaeus, 55 

procumbens Miller, 55 

ternatum Vahl, 56 

cayennensis (Swartz) Spmgel, 47 

ocymifolia (Willdenow) Schumann, 188 

alternata (N. Burman) T. Anderson, 15 

colorata (Blume) Hallier, 15 

laterifora (Vahl) Howard & Kellogg, 149 

lateriflora (Vahl) Triana, 149 

Hedysanun 

Heisteria 

Helenium 

Helianthus 

Heliotropium 

Helosis 

Hemidiodia 

Hemigraphis 

Henriettea 

Henriettella 

Herbe amere, 21 1 

Herissantia 

Hemandiaceae, 119 

Herpe t ica 

crispa (Linnaeus) Brizicky, 140 

alata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 112 
NUMBER 77 26 1 

Heteropteris 

laurifolia (Linnaeus) Adr. Jussieu, 137 

longifolia (Swartz) Niedenzu, 137 

var. borealis Niedenzu, 137 

var. martinkensis Niedem, 137 

var. martiniccnsk (Niedenzu) Macbride, 137 

platyptera A.P. Candolle, 137 

purpum (Linnaeus) Kunth, 137 

brasiliensis (Kunth) J. Mueller, 79 

abelmoschw Linnaeus, 139 

elatus Swartz, 140 

esculentus Linnaeus, 139 

furcellatus Lamarck, 140 

pemambucensis Armda, 140 

populneus Linnaeus, 142 

ma-sinensis Linnaeus. 140 

sabdariffa Linnaeus, 140 

schizopetalus (Dyer) J. Hooker, 140 

tilioceus sensu auctt.. 140 

tulipiflorus J. Hooker. 143 

vitifolius Linnaeus, 139 

Hevea 

Hibiscus 

var. schizopetalus Dyer, 140 

Hikaku, 65 

Wa 

Iongiflora Swartz, 191 

parasitica Jacquin, 191 

longiflora (Linnaeus) G. Don, 129 

coribaea Urban, 120 

volubilis Linnaeus, 1 19 

Hippobrana 

Hippocratea 

var. caribaea (Urban) Stehei & Quentin, 120 

Hippocrateaceae, 119 

Hippomane 

Hinella 

Hog-plum, 22 

Holarrhena 

Holmskioldia 

Holosteum 

Homalium 

Hmteuse, 109 

Hornemannia 

mancinella Linnaeus, 85 

triandra Swartz, 65 

antidysenterica Wallich ex A.L. Candolle, 24 

sanguinea Retzius, 222 

cordatum Linnaeus, 63 

racemosum Jacquin, 116 

racemosa Vahl, 78 

smilacifolia (Grisebach) J. Hooker. 78 

Horse bean, 97 

Horsebean. 97 

H$elandia 

Hura 

Hydnocarpus 

pendula (Swartz) Nees, 125 

crepitans Linnaeus, 79 

lawifolia Sleumer, 115 

pentandra (Hamilton) Oken, 115 

wightianus Blume. 115 

asiatica Linnaeus. 23 

Hydrocotyle 

erecta Linnaeus f., 23 

rorundifolia Roxburgh, 23 

sibthorpioides Lamarck, 23 

umbellata Linnaeus, 23 

verticillata Thunberg, 23 

spinosa Linnaeus, 120 

Hydrolea 

Hydrophyllaceae, 120 

Hyeronima 

caribaea Urban, 86 

clusiodes sensu Urban, 86 

ldora (Wasne) J. Mueller, 85 

courbaril Linnaeus, 105 

domingensis (A.P. Candolle) Bentham, 156 

amrubens Poiteau, 121 

capitata Jacquin, 121 

lanceolata Poiret, 121 

mutabilis (L. Richard) Briquet, 120 

pecti~ta (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 121 

spicata Poiteau, 120 

suaveolens (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 121 

verticillata Jacquin, 121 

Hymenaea 

Hyperbaena 

Hyptis 

Ianaua, 166 

Ibatia 

marifima (Jacquin) Decaisne, 29 

muricata Grisebach, 29 

attenuata Rose, 58 

heptaphylla Aublet, 58 

Icica 

Ikaku, 65 

flex 

guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze, 26 

macfadyenii (Walpers) Rehder, 26 

subsp. ovata (Grisebach) Nicolson, 26 

var. caribaea Stehle & Quentin, 26 

var. occidentalis (Loesener) Moscoso, 26 

MCOUCOUO Persoon, 26 

monta~ (Swartz) Grisebach. 26 

var. lanceolata Grisebach, 26 

var. occidentalis Loesener, 26 

var. orientalis Loesener, 26 

var. ovata Grisebach, 26 

nitida (Vahl) Maxhowicz, 26 

occidentalk sensu Macfadyen, 27 

sideroxyloides (Swartz) Grisebach, 27 

var. occidentalis Loesener, 27 

Immortelle, 104 

Impatiens 

balsamina Linnaeus, 47 

endecaphylla Jacquin, 106 

hartwegii Rydberg, 106 

spicata Forsskal, 106 

suffruticosa Miller, 106 

tinctoria Linnaeus, 106 

dominicensis Bentham, 106 

fagifolia (Linnaeus) Willdenow ex Bentham, 

fagifolia G. Don, 107 

Indigofera 

hga 

107 

ingoides (L. Richard) Willdenow, 106 

laurina (Swartz) Willdenow, 107 

Vera Willdenow, 106 

martiana (Zuccarjni) Small, 173 

aegypiia Linnaeus, 73 

alba Linnaeus, 70 

altissima Martius ex Choisy, 73 

angulata Lamarck, 71 

batatas (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 72 

bona-nox Linnaeus, 70 

brasiliemis (Linnaeus) Sweet, 71 

campanulata Linnaeus, 74 

capparoides Choisy, 7 1 

camea Jacquin. 70 

coccinea sensu auct., 71 

demerariona smsu Grisebach, 71 

dissecta (facquin) Persoon, 73 

fastigiata (Roxburgh) Sweet, 72 

filiformis Jacquin, 73 

fistulosa Martius ex Choisy, 71 

hamiltonii G. Don, 73 

hederifolia Linnaeus, 71 

imperati (Vahl) Grisebach, 7 1 

nil (Linnaeus) Roth, 71 

obscura (Linnaeus) Ker, 71 

palustris (Urban) Urban, 72 

pentaphylla (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 73 

pes-caprae (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 71 

phyllomega (Vellozo) House, 71 

polyanthes Roemer and Schultes, 73 

ptercdes Choisy, 73 

quamoclit Linnaeus, 71 

repanda Jacquin, 72 

rubra (Linnaeus) Murray, 72 

rubra (Vahl) MiUspaugh, 72 

var. albofavida Urban, 72 

var. palustris Urban, 72 

Ionoxalis 

Ipomsubsp. fistulosa (Choisy) D. Austin, 70 

subsp. brasiliensis (Linnaeus) Ooststroom, 71 

setifera Poirei, 72 

sinuata Ortega, 73 

solanifolio Linnaeus, 73 

stolonifera Gmelin, 71 

tamnifolia Linnaeus, 73 

tiliacea (Willdenow) Choisy, 72 

umbellata (Linnaeus) Meyer, 73 

canescens Willdenow, 21 

celosia Linnaeus, 21 

celosioides Linnaeus, 21 

diffusa Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, 

herbstii Hooker, 21 

paniculata (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 21 

frigida (Swartz) Maas, 116 

Iongiflora (Linnaeus) Presl, 129 

alternifolia Jacquin, 209 

casei Hance, 19 1 

coccinea Linnaeus, 191 

Iresine 

21 

Irlbachia 

Isotoma 

IX0m 
262 SMITHSONTAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

duffii T Moore, 191 

ferrea (Jacquin) Bentham, 191 

macrothyrsa (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) T 

occidentalis Linnaeus, 189 

Moore, 191 

Jacaranda 

Jacquemontia 

mimosifolia D. Don, 49 

pentanthos (Jaquin) G. Don, 72 

solanifolia (Linnaeus) Hallier, 73 

Wolia (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 73 

arborea Vahl, 216 

adaris Jacquin, 216 

barbasco Mez. 216 

revoluta Jacquin, 216 

venosa Swartz, 187 

fluminense Vellozo, 171 

multiflorum (N. Burman) Andrews, 171 

pubescens (Re~zius) Willdenow, 171 

sambac (Linnaeus) Aiton, 171 

curcas Linnaeus, 86 

gossypiifolia Linnaeus, 86 

integenima Jacquin, 86 

multifida Linnaeus. 86 

podagrica W. Hooker, 86 

Wens Linnaeus, 83 

Jacquinia 

var. arborea (Vahl) Grisebach, 216 

Jasminum 

Jatrcpha 

Jumbie bead, 94 

Jumbie coffee, 113 

Jussiaea 

angustijolia Lamarck, 172 

erecta Linnaeus, 171 

hyssopifolia G. Don. 172 

leptocarpa Nuttall, 172 

ligustrijolia Kunth, 172 

sq%-uticosa Linnaeus, 172 

var. IigustrijoIia (Kunth) Grisebach, 172 

Justicia 

androsaemifolia (Nees) Lindau, 16 

betmica Linnaeus, 16 

carthaginensis Jacquin. 16 

hirsuta Jacquin. 189 

nit& Jacquin, 16 

pniculata N. Burman, 15 

pectoralis Jacquin, 16 

secunda Vahl, 16 

spicata Ruiz & Pavon, 17 

Jute, 217 

Kabu, 213 

Kaklin, 67 

Kakuti, 24 

Kalabuli, 138 

Kalanchoe 

integra (Medikus) Kuntze, 74 

pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon, 74 

caribaea Rydberg, 229 

maxima (Lmnaeus) W. Hooker & Amott, 229 

pubescens (G. Don) Dandy, 229 

Kallstroemia 

Kaurubali, 105 

Kenip, 200 

Kickxia 

Kidney bean, 90 

Kidney cotton, 139 

Kingwood, 134 

Kleinhovia 

Kleinia 

Koancphyllon 

Kohleria 

elastica Preuss, 25 

hospita Linnaeus, 213 

ruderalis Jacquin, 44 

celtidifolium (Lamarck) King & Robinson, 40 

bgotensis (Nicholson) Fritsch, 117 

hirsuta (Kunth) Regel, 117 

ferreum (Vahl) Urban, 183 

Krugiodendm 

Kudjuruk, 175 

Kuiabu, 168 

Kulabule, 11 3 

Kulura. 67 

Kumaka, 52 

Kunami, 37 

KuN~u~, 166 

L'angelin, 95, 155 

L'anise, 23 

L'epin6,199 

L'epine, 96 

L'epineux, 199 

L'epineux blanc, 199 

La glu, 89 

La gluie, 89 

Labiatae, 120 

Lablab 

niger Medikus, 107 

purpureus (Linnaeus) Sweet. 107 

sativa Linnaeus, 41 

LaCtUca 

Lady gommier, 58 

Lagalie. 66 

Lagascea 

Lagenaria 

Lagerstroemia 

Laguncularia 

Laica, 69 

Lamiaceae, 120 

Lampule, 180 

Lantana 

mollis Cavdes, 30 

siceraria (Molina) Standley, 75 

speciosa (Linnaeus) Persoan, 134 

racemosa (Linnaeus) C. Gaertner, 68 

aculeata Linnaeus, 226 

aricia Britton, 226 

camara Linnaeus, 226 

fucata Lindley 

hodgei Sanders, 226 

involucrata haws, 226 

odorata Linnaeus, 226 

var. aculeata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 226 

var. antillana Moldenke, 226 

var. odorata (Linnaeus) Moldenke, 226 

radula Swartz, 226 

reticulata Persoon, 226 

trifolia Linnaeus, 226 

urticifolia Miller, 226 

aestuans (Linnaeus) Chew, 220 

coriacea Vahl, 186 

resinosa Vahl, 192 

odorata Jacquin, 190 

intybacea (Jaquin) Beauverd, 30 

Laportea 

Lougeria 

Laugieria 

Launaea 

Lauraceae, 123 

Lowentia 

Laurier, 126 

Laurier badinier, 127 

Laurier blanc, 126 

Laurier bord de mer, 125 

Laurier caca, 125,126 

Laurier cip, 126 

Laurier de rose, 124 

Laurier fer, 126 

Laurier fetide, 126 

Laurier isabelle, 124, 126 

Laurier mabui, 127 

Laurier madame, 125 

Laurier marbre, 127 

Laurier muscat, 128 

Laurier neglesse. 127 

Laurier noir, 127 

Laurier pete, 125 

Laurier riverside, 126 

Laurier rouge, 124 

Laurier yaboca, 126 

Laurier zaboca, 126 

longifora (Linnaeus) Petermann, 129 

hUNS 

coriacea Swartz, 126 

leucoxylon Swart% 127 

martinicensis Jacquin, 127 

membranacea Swartz, 127 

patens Swartz, 128 

pendula Swartz, 125 

winterana Iinnaeus, 59 

Lavande, 146 

Lawsonia 

Le meku, 174 

Lecythidaceae, 128 

Leea 

Leeaceae, 228 

Legnotis 

Leguminosae, 89 

Leiphaimm 

Lele, 53 

Lemuru, 175 

Lendneria 

inermis Linnaeus, 134 

indica (N. Burman) Menill, 228 

elliptica Swartz, 184 

aphylla (Jacquin) Gilg, 117 

hwnilis (Aiton) Minod, 206 

verticillata (Miller) Britton, 206 

Lentibulariaceae, 128 
NUMBER 77 263 

Machaerium 

Macroptilium 

Madame ti poule, 97 

Madjini, 85 

Magnolia 

Magnoliaceae, 135 

Mahaut, 217 

Mahaut cochon, 2 14 

Mahaut doux, 214 

Mahaut noir, 23 

Maho pimente, 217 

Mahoe cousin, 143 

Mahoe doux, 140 

Mahogony, 154 

Maitre bois, 134 

Mal bois chandelle, 216 

Mal doh, 82 

Mal estomac grand bois, 179 

Mal l’estomac, 176 

Ma1 nomme.82 

Ma1 tete, 176 

Malache 

lunatum (Linnaeus f.) Jhcke, 101 

lathyroides (Linnaeus) Urban, 108 

plumieri Swartz, 135 

scabra B. Vogel, 141 

spicata Kuntze, 141 

alceifolia Jacquin, 140 

capitata Linnaeus, 141 

Malachra 

Malay apple, 168 

Malbmk, 179, 180 

Mali, 89 

Uallotonia 

Malpighia 

gnaphalodes (Linnaeus) Brittm, 53 

coccigera Linnaeus, 138 

cuneata Turczaninov, 136 

emarginata Sesse & Mqcino ex A.P. Candolle, 

lucida Miller, 136 

polystachia Andrews, 136 

punicifolia Linnaeus, 138 

spicata Cavanilles, 136 

138 

Malpighiaceae, 135 

Malva 

americana Linnaeus, 141 

spicata Linnaeus, 214 

Malvaceae. 138 

Malvas tmm 

americanum (Linnaeus) Torrey, 141 

coromandelianum (Linnaeus) Garcke, 141 

arboreus Cavanilles, 138 

Malvaviscus 

Mamey, 67 

Mammea 

americana Linnaeus, 67 

hwnilb Vahl, 67 

Mammee sapote, 203 

Mammee-apple, 67 

Man gommier, 58 

Manchineel, 85 

Manettia 

calycosa Grisebach, 191 

Leonotis 

Leonums 

Lepianthes 

nepetifolia (Linnaeus) W.T. Aiton, 121 

sibiricus Linnaeus, 122 

granulata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 176 

peltata (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 176 

alopecwoidea (Vahl) R. Brown ex Grisebach, 

Lepidagathis 

17 

Lepidium 

Leptopha Iyngia 

Lettuce, 41 

Leucaena 

virginicum Linnaeus, 57 

elegans (Stapf) Boiteau, 24 

glauca sensu Bmtham, 107 

Iatkiliqua sensu Gillis, 107 

leumcephala (Lamarck) de Wit, 107 

martinicensis (Jaquin) W.T. Aiton, 122 

Leucas 

Liane bad, 181 

Liane cacao, 137 

Liane cam, 69 

Liane douce, 71 

Liane pak, 104 

Lane paques, 104 

Licania 

hypoleuca sensu Grisebach, 65 

leucosepala Grisebach, 65 

tematensis J. Hooker ex Duss, 65 

sericea (Grisebach) Kostermans, 125 

Licaria 

Lignum vitae, 229 

Lima bean, 90 

Lime, 198 

Lime-berry, 198 

Lindemia 

cmstacea (Linnaeus) F. Mueller. 205 

dianthera Swam, 206 

diffusa (Linnaeus) Wenstein. 205 

microcalyx Pennell& Stehle,205 

rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Alston, 205 

Line rod, 189 

Linociera 

carihaea (Jacquin) Knoblauch, 171 

compacta (Swartz) R. Brown ex G. Don, 171 

dussii (Krug & Urban) Knoblauch, 171 

micromera Schauer, 227 

reptans sensu auctt., 227 

strigulosa Martens & Galeotti, 227 

frigidus Swartz, 116 

muscoides Swartz, 18 

areolata L. Richard ex Jussieu, 130 

berteriana Sprengel, 129 

cardinalis Linnaeus, 129 

cirsiifolia Lamarck, 130 

cliffortiana Linnaeus 

var. xalapensis (Kunth) Gray, 130 

digitalifolia (Grisebach) Urban, 130 

Lippia 

Lbianthius 

Lithophila 

Lobelia 

flavescens (A.L. Candolle) Wimmer, 130 

infesta (Grisebach) Urban. 130, 131 

kraussii Graham, 130 

longflora Linnaeus, 129 

moNk Graham, 130 

penicifolia Lamarck. 129 

stricta smsu Sastre, 130 

stricta Swartz, 130, 131 

xalapensis Kunth, 130 

Lobeliaceae, 129 

Lochnera 

Loganiaceae, 131 

Logwd, 105 

Lonchocarpus 

rosea (Lmnaeus) Reichenbach ex Spach, 24 

benthamianus Pittier, 107 

caribaeus Urban, 107 

domingensis (Persoon) A.P. Candolle, 108 

heptaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 108 

Iatifolius Kunth ex A.P. Candolle, 108 

pentaphyllus (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 108 

punctatus Kunth, 108 

roseus (Miller) A.P. Candolle, 108 

ah Linnaeus, 187 

Lonicera 

Loranthaceae, 13 1 

Loranthus 

americanus Linnaeus, 134 

guadalupensb A.P. Candolle, 194 

martinicensb Presl ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes, 134 

piperoides Kunth, 133 

portoricensb A.P. Candolle, 194 

harrelieri (Linnaeus) Small, 172 

frutescens (Linnaeus) Small, 173 

multiflora A.L. Candolle, 203 

pllida C. Gaertner, 203 

erecta (Linnaeus) Hara, 171 

hyssopifolia (G. Don) bell, 172 

leptocarpa (Nuttall) Ham, 172 

octovalvis (Jacquin) Raven, 172 

suffruticosa T. Walter, 172 

aegyptiaca Miller, 75 

Lotoxalk 

LUCWna 

Ludwigia 

subsp. sessiliflora (Micheli) Raven, 172 

Luffa 

LuhlN, 201 

Lycianthes 

Lympersicm 

Lygbrum 

pauciflora (Vahl) Bitter, 210 

esculentum Miller, 207 

spicatum Lamarck, 189 

monnieri Linnaeus, 205 

Lysimachia 

Lythraceae, 134 

Lythrum 

carthagenense Jaquin, 135 

Ma kuti, 90 

Mace, 159 

Macfadyena 

unguis-cati (Linnaeus) Gentry, 50 
264 SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

var. karstenianum Schumann, 192 

calycosa sensu Grisebach, 191 

dominicensis Wemham, 191 

Mang blanc. 67.88 

Mang jaune, 67 

Mang rouge, 67 

Mangifera 

Mango, 21 

Mangrove, 183 

Manihot 

Manilkara 

indica Linnaeus, 21 

esculenta Crantz, 79 

bidentata (A.L. Candolle) Chevalier, 202 

nit& (Sesse & Mocon Dubard, 202 

zapota (Linnaeus) van Royen, 203 

Manioc, 79 

Mapou, 55,169 

Mapouria 

guianensis Aublet, 194 

parasilica Schumann, 194 

Marbuy, 125 

Marcgravia 

lineolata Krug & Urban, 143 

recfijlora Triana & Planchon, 144 

spicij7ora Jussieu, 144 

trinitatis Presl, 144 

umbellata Linnaeus, 144 

Marcgraviaceae, 143 

Margaritaria 

var. jacquinii Triana & Planchon, 144 

nobilis Linnaeus f., 86 

var. antillana (Adr. Jussieu) Stehle & Quentin, 86 

Marie goucha, 174 

Mariguja, 174 

Marijuana, 157 

Marila 

Marjoram, 120 

Marlieriopsis 

Marsdenia 

Mars ypianthes 

racemosa Swartz, 67 

eggersii Kiaenkou, 162 

dussii Schlechter, 29 

chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze, 122 

hyptoides Martius ex Bentham, 122 

angulosa Lamarck, 144 

annua Linnaeus, 144 

diandra Gloxin, 144 

Martynia 

Martyniaceae, 144 

Mastichodendron 

Matelea 

Madeebe, 143 

Matricaria 

Matthiola 

Mauricif, 137 

Mauve, 204 

foetidissimum (Jacquin) H.J. Lam, 204 

maritima (Jacquin) Woodson, 29 

prostrata Swam, 38 

scabra Linnaeus, 190 

Ma yepea 

caribaea (Jacquin) Kuntze, 171 

dussii Krug & Urban, 171 

elliptica (Lamarck) Krug & Urban ex Duss, 64 

guyanensis Klotzsch ex Reissek, 64 

laevigata (Vahl) Grisebach ex Eggers, 64 

racemosa Reissek, 63 

danthera Pennell, 206 

procumbens (Miller) Small, 206 

Maytenus 

Mecardonia 

Medicinier blanc, 86 

Medichier noir, 86 

Medichier rouge. 86 

Meibomia 

axillark (Swartz) Kuntze 

var. acutifolia Kuntze, 102 

incana (A.P. Candolle) Vail, 102 

purpurea &Idler) Vail, 103 

scorpiurw (Swartz) Kuntze, 103 

supina Britton, 102 

tortuosa (Swartz) Kuntze, 103 

trflora (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 103 

lineatifolia Smith, 161 

quinquenewia (CavaniUes) S.T. Blake, 161 

aspera (Jacquin) Steudel ex Small, 41 

var. glabriuscula (Kuntze) Parks, 41 

deltoidea Michaux, 41 

nivea (Linnaeus) Small, 41 

melampyroides (L. Richard) Pennell ex Britton 

Melaleuca 

Melanthera 

Melasma 

& Wilson, 204 

Melastoma 

alpinum Swam, 147 

angwtifolium Swartz, 153 

aquaticum Aublet, 153 

calyptratum Desrousseaux, 148 

coccinewn L. Richard, 147 

coriacewn Swartz, 150 

corymbosum L Richard, 147 

discolor Linnaeus, 153 

abdecandrum Desrousseaux, 150 

elegans Aublet, 148 

elongatum Vahl, 152 

furfuraceum Vahl, 150 

globulijlorum L. Richard, 150 

hirtwn Linnaeus, 148 

icosandnun Swartz ex Wikstriom, 148 

impetiolare Swartz, 151 

laevigatum Linnaeus, 151 

lateriforum Vahl, 149 

latifolium Desrousseaux, 148 

monfanum Swam, 148 

racemosum Aublet, 152 

semicrenatum L. Richard, 152 

striatum Vahl, 152 

tefrandrum Swartz, 152 

trichotomum Desrousseaux, 152 

wnbroswn Swartz, 148 

verticillafum Vahl, 147 

virescens Vahl, 151 

Melastomataceae, 144 

OrMtW SWartZ, 154 

Melia 

Meliaceae, 154 

Melicoccus 

Meliosma 

Melocactus 

Melochia 

azedarach Linnaeus, 155 

bijugatus Jacquin, 200 

herbertii Rolfe, 200 

intortus (Miller) Urban, 59 

hirsua CavaniUes, 214 

nodiflora Swam, 214 

pyramidata Linnaeus, 214 

spicata (Linnaeus) Fryxell, 214 

tomentosa Linnaeus, 214 

villosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 214 

Melon pumpkin, 74 

Melothria 

guadalupensb (Sprengel) Cogniaux, 75 

pendula Linnaeus, 75 

pervaga Grisebach, 75 

Menispermaceae. 156 

Mentha 

x piperata Linnaeus, 120 

pulegium Linnaeus, 120 

spicata Linnaeus, 120 

Menthe grand chemin, 121 

Merekuia, 174 

Merremia 

var. citrata (J.H. Ehrhart) Briquet, 120 

aegypia (Linnaeus) Urban, 73 

cissoides (Lamarck) Hallier, 73 

dissecta (Jacquin) Hallier, 73 

quinquefolia (Linnaeus) Hallier, 73 

umbellata (Linnaeus) Hallier, 73 

pawiflorum (Swartz) R. Brown ex Schultes, 29 

suberosum Grisebach. 29 

brownei (Jacquin) Urban, 21,58 

toxifern (Linnaeus) Krug & Urban, 21 

champaca Linnaeus, 135 

angwtifolia (Swam) Grisebach, 153 

catalpifolia Krainzlin, 149 

cinnamom~olia (Jacquin) Triana, 149 

coriacea (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 150 

comifolia (Desrousseaux) Naudin, 149,152 

dodecandra (Desrousseaux) Cogniaux, 150 

emstii Wurdack, 150 

furfuracea (Vahl) Grisebach, 150 

globuliflora (L. Richard) Cogniaux, 150 

guianensis Cogniaux, 151 

impeiiolaris (Swartz) D. Don ex A.P. Candolle, 

laevigata (Linnaeus) D. Don, 151 

mirabilis (Aublet) L.O. Williams, 151 

momicola A.C. Nicolson, 152 

racemosa (Aublet) A.P. Candolle, 152 

rivoeriae Naudin, 152 

splendens (Swam) Grisebach, 149 

striata (Vahl) Cogniaux, 152 

Metastelma 

Metopium 

Michelia 

Miconia 

var. dominicae Howard & Kellogg, 151 

151 
NUMBER 77 265 

tetrandra (Swam) D. Don, 152 

trichotoma (Desrousseaux) A.P. Candolle, 152 

virescens (Vahl) Triana. 151 

vulcanica Naudin, 151 

umbrosum (Gmelin) Blake, 206 

chrysophylloides Pierre, 203 

dominicensis Pierre, 203 

guyanensis (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 203 

hayana Pierre, 203 

debilis Swartz, 175 

badieri A.P. Candolle, 41 

cordifolia (Linnaeus f.) Willdenow, 41 

hookeriana A.P. Candolle. 41 

hayana Grisebach, 41 

latifolia J.E. Smith, 42 

Micranthemum 

Micropholis 

Microtea 

Mikania 

var. badieri (A.P. Candolle) Robinson, 41 

f. dominicensis Urban, 42 

var. dominicensis (Urban) Domh, 42 

micrantha Kunth, 42 

ovalis Grisebach, 42 

scandens (Linnaeus) Willdenow, 42 

scandens sensu Urban, 42 

Milkwood, 26 

Milky bush, 25 

Milk branche, 86 

Mimosa 

arenosa (Willdenow) Poiret, 108 

casta Linnaeus, 108 

ceratmia Linnaeus, 109 

dominiciana Desvaux, 108 

fagifolia Linnaeus, 107 

farnesiana Linnaeus, 94 

ingoides L. Richard, 106 

lawina Swam, 107 

lebbeck Linnaeus, 95 

leucocephala Lamarck, 107 

mwicata Linnaeus, 94 

paniculata Vahl, 94 

peregrina Linnaeus, 95 

plena Linnaeus, 110 

polystachya Linnaeus, 104 

pudica Linnaeus, 109 

retusa Jaquin, 94 

tergemina Linnaeus, 97 

unguis-cati Linnaeus, 110 

virgata Linnaeus, 101 

bidentata A.L. Candolle, 202 

elengi Linnaeus, 201 

riedeliana Pierre, 202 

jalapa Linnaeus, 168 

diversifolio Hemsley, 45 

Mimusops 

Mirabilis 

Mirasolia 

Mirette, 56 

Mitracarpus 

hirtus (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 192 

villosur (Swartz) Chamisso & Schlechtendal ex 

A.P. Candolle, 192 

Mitranthes 

Mitreola 

Moghania 

104 

Mombin, 22 

Momordica 

eggersii (Kiaerskou) Niedenzu, 162 

petiolata (Gmelin) Torrey & Gray, 13 1 

strobilifera (Linnaeus) St. Hilaire ex Kuntze, 

charantia Linnaws. 75 

lanata Thunberg, 75 

Monimiaceae. 156 

Monkey's hand, 176 

Monodora 

Moquilea 

Moraceae, 157 

Morinda 

Morisonia 

tenuifolia Bentham, 22 

leucosepala (Grisebach) R.O. Williams, 65 

citrifolia Linnaeus, 192 

americana Linnaeus, 63 

flexuosa Linnaeus, 61 

hayi Grisebach, 215 

coccinea sensu Grisebach, 67 

Moronobea 

Moselle, 224 

Mountain l'epine, 109 

Mucuna 

p~rien~ (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 109 

sloanei Fawcett & Rendle, 109 

urens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 109 

exotica Linnaeus. 198 

f. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Backer, 109 

Murraya 

Musk melon, 74 

Mustard, 57 

Myoporaceae, 158 

Myrcia 

antillana McVaugh, 165 

berberis A.P. Candolle, 166 

citrifolia (Aublet) Urban, 166 

var. citrifolia, 166 

var. imrayana (Grisebach) Stehle.,166 

var. hayana Grisebach, 166 

var. swartziana Grisebach, 166 

deflexa (Poiret) A.P. Candolle, 166 

var. dussii Krug & Urban, 166 

divaricata (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle, 167 

divaricata sensu Grisebach, 166 

duchawaingiana Berg, 166 

dwnosa (Berg) Krug & Urban, 167 

edulis (Berg) Krug & Urban 

var. dominicam Krug & Urban, 165 

fallax (L. Richard) A.P. Candolle, 166 

ferruginea sensu Grisebach, 166 

leptoclada A.P. Candolle, 167 

paniculata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban, 166 

platyclada A.P. Candolle, 167 

ramageana Krug & Urban, 167 

splendens (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 167 

splendens sensu Grisebach, 162 

coriacea A.P. CandoUe, 166 

Myrica 

caracasana Kunth, 159 

microcarpa sensu auctt., 159 

pbescens Kunth 

var. caracasana (Kunth) A. Chevalier, 158 

Myricaceae, 158 

Myrioph yllum 

aquaticum (Vellom) Verdcourt, 1 19 

brasiliense Cambessedes, 119 

fragrans Houttuyn, 159 

Myristica 

Myristicaceae, 159 

Myrodia 

Myrsinaceae, 159 

Myrsine 

twbinata Swam, 52 

coriacea (Swartz) R. Brown ex Roemer & 

laeta sensu Grisebach, 160 

hitatis A.L. Candolle, 160 

Schultes. 160 

Myrtaceae, 161 

Myrtus 

acris Swam, 167,168 

caryophyllata Linnaeus, 168 

caryophyllata sensu Jacquin, 167 

citrifolia Aublet, 166 

coriacea Vahl, 166 

gregii Swam, 163 

Iigustrina Swam, 164 

monticola Swartz, 164 

splendens Swartz, 167 

Na kabu, 95 

Nalubuno, 65 

Napoleonaea 

imperialis Palisot de Beauvois, 128 

miersii J. Hooker, 128 

aquaticum Garsault, 57 

fontanwn Ascherson, 57 

officinale R. Brown, 57 

melittifolius (Linnaeus) Wiehler, 119 

Nasturtium 

Nautilocalyx 

var. guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Foumet, 

119 

Nectandra 

antillana Meisner, 127 

coriacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 126 

discolor sensu Grisebach, 127 

dominicana (Meisner) Mez, 126 

globosa (Aublet) Mez, 127 

bugii Mez, 127 

martinicensis (Jacquin) Mez, 127 

membranacea (Swartz) Grisebach, 127 

patens (Swam) Grisebach, 128 

sanguinea sensu Grisebach, 126 

Negro coffee, 113 

Neolaugeria 

Neoxythece 

203 

resinosa (VahI) Nicolsm. 192 

pallida (C. Gaertner) Aubreville & Pellegrin, 

Nepeta 

pectinata Linnaeus, 121 
266 SMITHSOW CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Nepsera 

aquatica (Aublet) Naudin, 153 

plena (Linnaeus) Bentham, 110 

pbescencr Bentham, 110 

oleander Linnaeus, 24 

NeptUllia 

Nerium 

Nettle, 220 

Neurolaena 

Nhakere haho. 113 

Nicotiana 

Niopa 

Nivrage, 37 

Nocca 

Nopalea 

Norantea 

Noronhia 

Nutmeg, 159 

Nyctaginaceae, 168 

Nyctanthes 

lobata (Linnaeus) Cassini, 42 

tabacum Linnaeus, 207 

peregrina (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 95 

mollir (Cavanilles) Jacquin, 30 

cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Salm-Dyck, 59 

spicifora (Jussieu) Krug & Urban, 144 

emarginata (Lamarck) Du Petit-Thouan, 171 

multif[ora N. Burman, 171 

pubescens Retzius, 171 

ampla (Salisbury) A.P. Candolle, 169 

rubra Roxburgh ex SalisbuIy, 169 

Nymphaea 

Nymphaeaceae, 169 

Ochna 

Ochnaceae, 170 

Ochroma 

longifolia Lamarck, 170 

lagopus Swartz, 52 

pyramidale (Lamarck) Urban, 52 

americanum Linnaeus, 122 

basilicum Linnaeus, 122 

campechianum Miller, 122 

canwn Sims, 122 

gratissimum Linnaeus, 122 

micranthwn Willdenow, 122 

sanctum Linnaeus, 122 

tenuiflom Linnaeus, 122 

cemua (Nees) Mez, 126 

coriacea (Swam) Britton, 126 

dominicana (Meisner) Howard, 126 

eggersiana Mez, 126 

imrayana Mez, 126 

jacquinii Mez, 127 

krugii (Mez) Howard, 127 

leucoxylon (Swam) Lanessan, 127 

maninicensis Mez, 127 

membranacea (Swam) Howard, 127 

patens (Swam) Nees, 128 

rodiaei (Schomburgk) Mez, 128 

cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze, 16 

OCimUlll 

Ocotea 

Odontonema 

nitidum (Jacquin) Kuntze, 16 

tubiforme (Bertoloni) Kuntze, 16 

octovalvir Jacquin, 172 

Oenothera 

Okra, 139 

Olacaceae, 170 

Oldenlandia 

callitrichoides Grisebach, 190 

corymbma Linnaeus, 190 

lancifoh (Schumacher) A.P. Candolle, 190 

callitrichoides (Grisebach) Temll & W.H. 

Oldenlandiopsir 

Lewis, 190 

Oleaceae, 17 1 

Oleander, 24 

Onagraceae, 171 

Operculina 

alata Urban, 73 

altirsima (Choisy) Meisner, 73 

hamiltonii (G. Don) Austin & Staples, 73 

ptercdes (Choisy) Meisner. 73 

cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Miller, 59 

dillenii (Ker) Haworth, 59 

ficus-indica (Linnaeus) Miller, 59 

stricta (Haworth) Haworth, 59 

Opuntia 

var. dillenii (Ker) L. Benson, 59 

Orange, 198 

Orange jessamine, 198 

Orchylliwn 

Oreodophne 

alpinwn (Jacquin) Bamhart, 128 

cernua Nees. 126 

dominicana Meisner, 126 

jacquinii Meisner, 127 

leucoxylon (Swartz) New, 127 

capitatus (Jacquin) Decaisne & Planchon, 27 

dussii Krug & Urban ex Duss, 28 

majorana Linnaeus, 120 

aiasycarpa G. Jackson, 110 

krugii Urban, 110.156 

monosperma (Swam) Urban, 110 

occidenfalir (Swartz) Willdenow, 200 

aristatus (Blume) Miquel, 120 

spicatus (Thunberg) Backer et al., 120 

odorata (Linnaeus) C. Schultz, 36 

lateriflora (Vahl) A.P. Candolle, 149 

guildingii (Planchon) Urban, 170 

ilicifolia (A.P. Candolle) Baillon, 170 

longifolia (Lamarck) Engler, 170 

Oreopanax 

Origanum 

Ormosia 

Ornitrophe 

Orthosiphon 

Osmia 

Ossaea 

3uratea 

kalidaceae, 172 

kalis 

barrelien Linnaeus, 172 

comiculata Linnaeus, 173 

corymbosa A.P. Candolle, 173 

debilis Kunth 

var. corymbosa (A.P. Candolle) Lourteig, 173 

frutescens Linnaeus, 173 

insipida St. Hilaire, 172 

repens Thunberg, 173 

sepium St. Hilaire, 172 

laurifolia (Swartz) A. Richard, 23 

fabrilb Pierre, 203 

pall& (C. Gaertner) Cronquist, 203 

??UlrtbM ZAlCCaI'hli, 173 

Oxandra 

Oxythece 

Pachyrrhizus 

angulatus L. Richard, 90 

emus (Linnaeus) Urban, 90 

coccinea (Aublet) Nees, 17 

coccinea sensu auctt., 17 

riedeliana Nees, 17 

spicata (Ruiz & Pavon) Wasshausen, 17 

Pachystachys 

Padang-cassia, 123 

Pain d'epice, 203 

Palicourea 

alpine (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 192 

crocea (Swam) Schultes, 193 

guianensis Aublet, 194 

riparia Bentham, 192 

attenuatus Swam, 28 

var. riparia (Bentham) Grisebach, 192 

Pam 

Papaveraceae. 173 

Papaya, 63 

Paa rubber tree, 79 

Parietaria 

microphylla Linnaeus, 221 

sonneratii Poiret, 220 

aculeata Linnaeus, 90 

cereifera Seemann, 49 

Parkinsonia 

Pamentiera 

Parrot's feather, 119 

Parthenium 

Passiflora 

hystemphorus Linnaeus, 43 

andenonii A.P. Candolle, 174 

angustifolia Swam, 175 

bifora sensu Grisebach, 174 

edulis Sims, 174 

foetida Linnaeus 

var. hispida (Triana & Planchm) Killip, 174 

hederacea Cavanilles, 175 

hispiaia A.P. Candolle ex Triana & Planchon, 

laurifolia Linnaeus, 174 

lineariloba J. Hooker, 175 

minima Linnaeus, 175 

multiflora Linnaeus, 173 

quadrangularis Linnaeus, 174 

rotundifolia Linnaeus, 174 

mbra Linnaeus, 174 

serrata Linnaeus, 175 

sermtodigitata Linnaeus, 175 

stenosepala Killip, 175 

suberosa Linnaeus, 175 

174 
NUMBER 77 267 

var. angwtifolia (Swartz) Masters, 175 

var. hederacea (Cavdes) Masters, 175 

var. lineariloba (I. Hooker) Masters, 175 

var. minima (Linnaeus) Masters, 175 

villosa Macfadyen ex Grisebach, 175 

vitifolia Kunth, 173 

Passifloraceae, 173 

Passion flower, 174, 175 

Passion fruit, 174 

Pasture wattle, 190 

Pita, 59 

Patate bord la mer, 7 1 

Patchouli, 120 

Paullinia 

microsepala Radlkofer, 201 

pinnata beus, 201 

sphaerocarpa sensu Grisebach, 201 

vespertilio Swartz, 201 

Pavecka, 75 

Pavonia 

fruticosa (Miller) Fawcett & Rendle, 141 

paludicola Nicolson, 141 

racemosa Swartx, 141 

scabra (B. Vogel) Cifem, 141 

spicata Cavanilles. 14 1 

spinifex (Linnaeus) Cavanilles. 141 

typhalaea (Linnaeus) Cavanilles, 141 

Paw-paw, 63 

Peanut, 89 

Pectis 

elongata Kunth, 43 

humifusa Swartz, 43 

Molia Linnaeus. 43 

melampyroides L. Richard, 204 

tithymaloides (Linnaeus) Poiteau, 79 

var. floribunda (A. Richard) D.J. Kiel, 43 

Pedicularis 

Pedilanthus 

Peep zombie, 208 

Peltophorum 

Penny-piece, 203 

Pennyroyal, 120 

Pentadesma 

Pentarhaphia 

Pentas 

Peperomia 

linnaei Bentham, 90 

butyracea Sabine, 65 

longflora Lindley, 119 

lanceolata (Forsskal) Deflers, 185 

acwninata sensu Grisebach, 178 

broadwayi A.C. Candolle, 177 

conulifera Trelease. 177 

dissitflora A.C. Candolle, 177 

emarginella (Wikstrojm) A.C. Candolle, 177 

herminieri A.C. Candolle, 177 

hemandiifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 177 

hirtella Miquel, 177 

magnoliifolia (Jacquin) Dietrich, 177 

myrtifolia (Vahl) Dietrich, 177 

nemorosa A.C. Candolle, 178 

nigropunctata Miquel, 178 

cbtusifolia (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 178 

ovalifolia W. Hooker, 178 

pellucida (Linnaeus) Kunth, 178 

rotundifolia (Linnaeus) Kunth, 178 

rupertiaw A.C. Candolle, 177 

tenella (Swartz) Dietrich. 178 

trifolia (Linnaeus) Dietrich, 178 

Pepper grass, 57 

Peppermint, 120 

Pereskia 

Persea 

aculeata Miller, 58 

americana Miller, 128 

glaberrima Mez, 128 

urbaniana Mez, 128 

acwninata (Kunth) Gomez de la Maza, 182 

portoricensir (Small) Small, 182 

punctata (Elliott) Small, 182 

Persicaria 

Petit bois marbre, 156 

Petit caapi tourtelle, 189 

Petit z'icaque, 19 1 

Petite feuille, 167 

Petiveria 

Petrea 

alliacea Linnaeus, 175 

kohautiana Presl, 227 

volubilis Jacquin et auctt., 227 

adenanthus Meyer, 115 

lathyroides Linnaeus, 108 

lunatus Linnaeus, 90 

vulgaris Linnaeus, 90 

sonneratii (Poiret) Weddell, 220 

vulgaris Weddell, 220 

vermicularir (Linnaeus) Smith, 18 

nepetifolia Linnaeus, 121 

Phaseolus 

Phenax 

Philoxerus 

Phlomis 

Phoebe, 124 

Pholacilia 

Phoradendm 

diversifoh (Adr. Jussieu) Grisebach, 155 

anceps (Sprengel) Gomez de la Maza, 132 

chrysocarpwn Krug & Urban, 132 

chrysocladon A. Gray, 132 

flavens Grisebach. 132 

hartii Krug & Urban, 133 

herminieri Trelease, 134 

hexastichum A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 133 

latifolliwn Grisebach, 133 

var. australe Trelease, 132 

var. saururoides (AX Candolle) Grisebach, 

133 

martinicense (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 133 

mucronatum (A.P. Candolle) Krug & Urban, 

myrtilloides (Willdenow) Grisebach, 133 

mydoides sensu Grisebach, 131 

pipemides (Lamarck) Trelease, 133 

trinervium (Lamarck) Grisebach, 133 

undulatum (Pohl) Eichler, 134 

verticillatwn Fawcett & Rendle. 133,228 

caribaea (Krug & urban) Engler, 131 

133 

Phthirwa 

Phyla 

strigulosa (Martens & Galeotti) Moldenke, 227 

var. sericea (Kuntze) Moldenke, 227 

Phyllanthus 

acidus (Linnaeus) Skeels, 86 

amarus Schumacher, 87 

antillanus (Adr. Jussieu) J. Mueller, 86 

brasiliensis (Aublet) J. Mueller 

brasiliensis sensu Stehle & Quentin, 88 

canbaeus Urban. 87 

caroliniensis Walter 

conami sensu auctt., 88 

epiphyllanthus Linnaeus, 86 

megapodus Webster, 87 

mimosoides Swartz, 87 

ni~ri Linnaeus, 88 

nobilis (Linnaeus f.) J. Mueller, 86 

subglomeratus Poiret, 88 

tenellus Roxburgh, 88 

urinaria Linnaeus, 88 

angulata Linnaeus, 210 

cordata Miller, 21 1 

linkiana Nees, 2 10 

linkiana sensu Grisebach, 210,211 

pubescens Linnaeus, 211 

turbinata Medikus. 21 1 

var. oblongifolius J. Mueller, 88 

var. antillanus J. Mueller, 87 

Physalis 

Physic nut, 86 

Ph ytolacca 

Phytolaccaceae, 175 

Picraena 

Picramnia 

rivinoides Kunth & Bouche, 175 

antillana (Eggers) Fawcett & Rendle, 207 

antidesma Swartz, 207 

pentandra Swartz, 207 

antillana (Eggers) Urban, 207 

excelsa (Swartz) Planchon, 207 

Picrasma 

Pigeon pea, 97 

Pilea 

ciliarir (Linnaws) Weddell, 221 

elegans Weddell, 221 

forsythiana Weddell. 220 

haequalis (Poiret) Weddell, 220 

lanceolata Weddell, 220 

microphylla (Linnaeus) Liebmann, 221 

mornicola Urban, 220 

nummulariifolia (Swartz) Weddell, 221 

parietaria (Linnaeus) Blume. 221 

pubescens sensu Grisebach, 220 

rivoriae Weddell. 221 

semidentata (Poiret) Weddell, 221 

var. trianthemoides (Swartz) Grisebach, 221 

var. major Weddell, 221 

Pilocereus 

Pilosocereus 

nobilis (Haworth) K. Schumann, 59 

nobilis (Haworth) Byles & Rowley, 59 

royenii (Linnaeus) Byles & Rowley, 59 

Piment, 208 
268 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Pimenta 

acrir Kosteletzsky, 167 

racanosa (Miller) J.W. Moore, 167 

Pin tree, 52 

Pink cassia, 90 

Pinkshower cassia, 90 

Pinzona 

calineoides Eichler, 76 

coriacea Martius & Zuccarini, 76 

Pipe-shank, 129 

Pipe-mbi, 129 

Piper 

adunaun Linnaeus, 179 

aequale Vahl, 179 

amalago Linnaeus, 179 

bredemeyeri J. Jacquin, 179 

broadwayi A.C. Candolle, 179 

dilatatum L. Richard, 179 

dom'nicanwn A.C. Candolle, 179 

dussii A.C. Candolle, 179 

emarginellwn Swartz ex Wikstrom, 177 

glabrescens (Miquel) A.C. Candolle, 179 

hernandiifoliwn Vahl, 177 

hispidurn Swartz, 179 

incwvwn Sieber ex Schultes, 180 

macrophyhm Kunth. 179 

magnoliifohm Jacquin. 177 

myrtifolium Vahl, 1779 

nigrum Linnaeus, 1789 

obfwifoliwn Linnaeus, 178 

ppanflense A.C. Candolle, 178 

pellucidwn Linnaeus, 178 

peltafwn Linnaeus, 176 

reticulatum Linnaeus, 180 

rofundifoliwn Linnaeus. 178 

sanctum (Miquel) Schlechter ex A.C. Candolle, 

fenellwn Swartz, 178 

trifoliwn Linnaeus, 178 

178 

Piperame, 176 

Piptadenia 

Piriqueta 

Piscidia 

Pisonia 

peregrina (Linnaeus) Bentham, 95 

cistoides (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 218 

carthagenensis Jacquin, 110 

adeata Linnaeus, 169 

fragrans Dumont de Comet, 169 

inernis Grisebach, 169 

obfwata Swam, 169 

suborbiculata Hemsley ex Duss, 169 

Pistache, 89 

Pistacia 

Pithecellobium 

simaruba Linnaeus, 58 

dulce (Roxburgh) Bentham, 110 

jupunba (Willdenow) Urban, 110 

m'cradeniwn Bentham, 110 

unguiscati (Linnaeus) Bentham, 110 

pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 203 

Planchonella 

Plantaginaceae, 180 

Plantago 

major Linnaeus, 180 

Plantain, 180 

Plectranthus 

amboinicus (Loureiro) Sprengel, 120 

scutellarioides (Linnaeus) R. Brown, 120 

fhunbergii Bentham, 120 

verticillatus (Linnaeus f.) Druce, 120 

carolinensis (Jacquin) G. h, 43 

odorata (Linnaeus) Cassini, 43 

cdorata sensu auctt, 43 

purpurascens (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 43 

symphyt$olia (Miller) Gillis, 42 

volubilis Linnaeus, 88 

Pluchea 

Plukenetia 

Plumbaginaceae, 180 

Plumbago 

auriculata harck, 180 

capensis Thunberg, 180 

scandens Linnaeus, 180 

alba Linnaeus, 25 

rubra Linnaeus, 25 

Plumeria 

Pock, 21 1 

Pogostemon 

Poinciana 

heyneanus Bentham, 120 

pdcherrima Linnaeus, 97 

regia Bojer ex W. Hooker, 101 

cyothophora (Murray) Klotzsch & Garcke, 85 

heferophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke, 85 

pulcherrima (Klotzsch) R.C. Graham, 85 

Poimeffio 

Poirier, 5 1 

Poirier blanc, 5 1 

Pois die, 184 

Poix doux, 107 

marrons, 106 

Pokeweed, 175 

Polanisia 

Polyboea 

Polygala 

viscosa (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 62 

corensir (Jacquin) Klotzsch ex Ehdlicher, 82 

diversifolia Linnaeus, 181 

hecatantha Urban, 180 

paniculata Linnaeus, 180 

planellasi Molinet & Gomez de la Maza, 180 

Polygalaceae, 180 

Polygonaceae, 181 

Polygonum 

acre Kunth, 182 

acuminatum Kunth, 182 

densiflorum Meisner, 182 

glabrwn sensu Grisebach, 182 

porforicense Bertero ex Small, 182 

punctatum Ellion, 182 

uviferwn Linnaws, 181 

cumingiana (Presl) Femandez-Villar, 27 

filicifolia (E. Foumier) L.H. Bailey, 27 

Polyscias 

Pomelo, 198 

Pomme coolie, 75 

Pomme de liane, 174 

Pomme de liane zombie, 174 

Pomme gros, 66 

Pomme noix, 21 

Pomme rose, 168 

Pommier, 103 

Pongamia 

Poram 

Poroph yUum 

pinnata (Linnaeus) Pierre, 90 

panicdata Roxburgh, 69 

ellipticum Cassini, 44 

ruderale (Jacquin) Cassini, 43 

grandiflora W. Hooker, 182 

halimoides Linnaeus. 182 

martinicensis Urban, 182 

oleracea Linnaeus. 182 

panicdata Jacquin, 183 

pilosa Linnaeus, 183 

portulacasfrwn Linnaeus, 18 

quadrifida Linnaeus, 182 

teretifolia Kunth, 182 

Portulaca 

Pormlacaceae, 182 

Posqueria 

Possira 

PotentiUa 

Pothomorphe 

latifolia (Rudge) Roemer & Schultes, 185 

simplex Swam, 114 

angelica Leichard. 184 

dussii Trelease, 176 

pelfafa (Linnaeus) Miquel, 176 

Pourpier, 182 

Pouteria 

multiflora (A.L. Candolle) Eyma, 203 

pallida (C. Gaertner) Baehni, 203 

sapota (Jacquin) Moore & Steam, 203 

semecarpifolia (Pierre) Pierre, 203 

japonica Linnaeus, 47 

quinquangularis (Jacquin) Sprengel, 25 

Prenanthes 

Prestonia 

Prickly pear, 59 

?rinos 

lanceolafw Macfadyen, 26 

macfadyenii Walpers, 26 

monfanus Swartz, 26 

sideroxyloides Swam, 27 

caribaea (Urban) A.C. Smith, 120 

echinacea Jussieu, 227 

lappulacea (Linnaeus) Persoon, 227 

Pristimera 

Priva 

f. albflora Moldenke, 227 

Prockia 

Protium 

plunus 

Pseudelephantopus 

crucis Linnaeus, 116 

attenuatum (Rose) Urban, 21, 58 

pleuradenia Grisebach, 184 

spicatus (Aublet) C.F. Baker, 44 
NUMBER 77 269 

Pseuderanthemm 

canuthersii (Seemann) Guillaumin 

var. atropurpureum (Bull) Fosberg, 15 

Psidium 

Psittacanthus 

guajava Linnaeus, 168 

americanus (Linnaeus) Martius, 134 

dominicensk Domin, 134 

martinicensis (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Eichler, 134 

aubletiana Steyermark, 193 

axillaris Willdenow, 193 

berteriana A.P. Candolle, 193 

caribaea Urban, 194 

citrifolia Swartz, 196 

crocea Swartz, 193 

discolor (Grisebach) Rolfe, 194 

floribunda Kunth, 194 

floribunda sensu Grisebach, 194 

guadalupensis (A.P. Candolle) Howard, 194 

Ps ychotria 

subsp. grosourdyana (Baillon) Steyermark, 

194 

guianensis (Aublet) Rusby, 194 

herbacea Jacquin, 189 

lanceolato Nuttall, 193 

macrophylla Ruiz & Pavon, 194 

mapourioides A.P. Candolle, 194 

mapuria Schultes, 194 

megolospertna Vahl, 187 

microdon (A.P. Candolle) Urban, 194 

nervosa Swartz, 193 

nit& Willdenow, 194 

parasitica Swam, 194 

pendula (Jacquin) Urban, 194 

pinnulark Sesse & Mocino194 

platyphylla A.P. Candolle, 193 

swartrii Urban, 195 

tenuifolia Swam, 194 

uliginosa Swam, 195 

urbaniana Steyermark, 195 

vkcosa Linnaeus. 201 

draco Linnaeus, 11 1 

officinalis Jacquin, 11 1 

sapindoides A.P. Candolle, 95 

glomerata (Rottoll) Miquel, 153 

var. discolor Smith ex Grisebach, 194 

Ptelea 

Ptemarpus 

F’terolepis 

Pumpkin, 74 

Purple wreath, 227 

Purslane, 182 

Quamoclit 

pennata (Desrousseaux) Bojer, 71 

Quararibea 

turbinata (Swam) Poiret, 52 

Quassia 

excelsa Swam, 207 

Queen’s flower ke, 134 

Quina, 188,196 

Quisqualis 

indica Linnaeus, 68 

Radigonde, 162 

Radlkoferella 

Rain tree, 90.208 

Raisin bord-de-mer, 181 

Raisinier, 181 

Ramgoat leaf, 226 

Randia 

multifora (A.L. Candolle) Pierre, 203 

aculeata Linnaeus, 195 

forma (Jacquin) Schumann, 195 

maculata A.P. Candolle, 195 

mitis Linnaeus, 195 

var. mitis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 195 

Rangout, 148 

Ranunculaceae, 183 

Rapanea 

ferrugineo (Ruiz & Pavo) Mez, 160 

trinitatis (A.L. Candolle) Mez, 160 

heterophylla A.P. Candolle, 51 

Raputia 

Raqueue, 59 

Raspberry. 184 

Rassade, 160 

Rauvolfii 

biauriculata J. Mueller, 25 

lamarckii A.L. Candolle, 25 

viridis Roemer & Schultes, 25 

Red bean, 90 

Red pepper, 208 

Reichardia 

Relbunium 

Rhabdadenia 

Rhamnaceae, 183 

Rhamnus 

decapetala Roth, 96 

guadalupense (Sprengel) Urban, 195 

biflora (Jacquin) J. Mueller, 24 

ferreur Vahl, 183 

iguanaeus Jacquin. 218 

laevigatus Vahl, 64 

m’cranthus Linnaeus, 219 

laterijlora Linnaeus, 67 

glomerota Rottboll, 153 

strigoso L. Richard, 154 

mangle Linnaeus, 183 

Rheedia 

Rhexia 

Rhizophora 

Rhimphoraceae, 183 

Rhus 

antillana Eggers, 207 

metopiwn Linnaeus, 58 

erythrinoides Schlechtendal& Chamisso, 11 1 

minima (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle. 11 1 

phaseoloides (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 11 1 

reticulata (Swam) A.P. Candolle, 11 1 

androsaemifolia Nees, 16 

grandis Vahl, 88 

communis Linnaeus, 79 

Rhynchosia 

Rhyt ig lossa 

Richeria 

Ricinus 

Ringworm shrub, 112 

Rift era 

Rivina 

grandijlora Vahl, 1 14 

humilis Linnaeus, 176 

octandro Linnaeus, 176 

condida (A.P. Candolle) Roxburgh, 114 

rosea Miller, 108 

sepiwn Jacquin, 105 

violacea Jacquin, 108 

cuneata Swartz, 53 

spinosa (Jacquin) Urban, 53 

Robinia 

Rochefortia 

Roi bois, 134 

Roi de l’arbre, 134 

Rolandra 

argenteo Ronbll, 44 

fruticosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 44 

muscosa (Jacquin) Baillon, 23 

arborescens Grisebach, 196 

martinicensis Krug & Urban, 196 

microdon A.P. Candolle, 194 

odorata Jacquin, 195 

parviflora Poiret, 196 

repens Linnaeus, 189 

stereocarpa Grisebach, 1% 

nasturtium-aquaticum (Linnaeus) Hayek, 57 

Rollinia 

Rmdeletia 

Rorippa 

Rosa alba, 224 

Rosaceae, 184 

Rose apple, 168 

Rosenbergiodendron 

Rothmannia 

formosum (Jacquin) Fagerlind, 195 

longflora Salisbuly, 195 

ROU-COU, 52 

Rousselia 

humilis (Swartz) Urban. 221 

lappulacea (Swam) Gaudichaud. 222 

Royal poinciana, 101 

Rubia 

Rubiaceae, 184 

Rubus 

guadalupensk Sprengel, 195 

coronarius (Sims) Sweet, 184 

rosifolius J.E. Smith, 184 

caribaea Bentham, 196 

citrifolia (Swartz) Schumann. 196 

alopecwoidea Vahl, 17 

blechwn Linnaeus, 15 

coccinea (Linnaeus) Vahl, 17 

picta Loddiges, 17 

tuberosa Linnaeus, 17 

Rudgea 

Ruellia 

Rutaceae, 198 

Ruy s chia 

clusiifolia Jacquin, 144 

Sabiaceae. 200 

Sabinea 

carinalis Grisebach, 1 12 
270 SMITHSONUN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

Sagotia 

Sagraeo 

trifrora (Linnaeus) Duchassaing & Walpers, 103 

guadalupensir A.P. Candolle, 147 

tetragona A.P. Candolle, 147 

coccinea Etlinger, 123 

densflora Bentham. 123 

occidentalis Swartz, 123 

serotina Linnaeus, 123 

splendens Sellow ex Nees. 123 

saman (Jacquin) Menill, 90 

coriacea Swam. 160 

canademis Linnaeus, 63 

var. bciniafa Gray, 63 

intermedia Carriere

var. insularis Schwerin. 63 

simpsonii Rehder, 63 

Salvia 

Samanea 

Samara 

Sambucus 

Sandbox tree, 79 

Sandoricum 

indicum Cavdes, 154 

koetjape m. Burman) Menill, 154 

Sapindaceae, 200 

Sapindus 

saponaria Linnaeus, 201 

f. inoequalir (A.P. Candolle) Radlkofer, 201 

Sapium 

Sapodilla, 203 

Saptaceae, 201 

Sapote creme,203 

Sarcorhachis 

Saua, 189 

Sauvaguia 

caribaeum Urban, 89 

incurva (Schultes) Trelease, 180 

ereda Linnaeus, 170 

Savonette, 94,107,108 

Schefflera 

Schlegelia 

ScWelia 

subsp. brownei (Planchon) Sastre. 170 

attenuata (Swam) Frodin. 28 

axillaris Grisebach, 50 

occidentalir Swam. 200 

racemosa Linnaeus. 200 

excira Grisebach, 96 

splendens (Kunth) Bentham, 96 

amricana Willdenow. 170 

arborescens (Vahl) Schultes, 170 

schreberi Gmelin, 170 

capifata sensu Vahl, 196 

capitata Vahl ex Willdenow, 196 

exotica (Gmelin) Standley, 196 

vahlii Steyermark, 196 

Schnella 

Schoepfii 

Schradera 

var. acutifolia Steyermark. 1% 

Schwartzia 

spiciflora (Jussieu) Beddell, 144 

Sciadophyllum 

Saparia 

Scqmlia 

Scmphularia 

Scrophulariaceae, 204 

Scutellaria 

coccinea Kunth, 123 

havanensis Jacquin, 123 

purpurascens Swam, 123 

ventenatii W. Hooker, 123 

capitatum (Jacquin) Grisebach, 27 

dulcis Linnaeus. 206 

chinensis (Loureiro) Clos, 115 

j7wninensir Vellozo, 204 

Sea almond, 68 

Seaside mahoe, 140 

Sebastiania 

Sea grape, 181 

hexaptera Urban. 89 

hypoleuca Bentham 

var. farinara (Grisebach) J. Mueller, 85 

Sec cacao, 137 

SeChiUm 

Securidaca 

Semen contre, 64 

Senacia 

Senecio 

edule (Jaquin) Swam, 75 

diversifolia (Linnaeus) Blake, 181 

elliptica Lamarck, 64 

cacalwides Fischer ex Sprengel, 39 

hieraciifoliw Linnaeus, 39 

lucidus (Swartz) A.P. Candolle. 44 

valerionifolius Link ex Sprengel, 39 

guadalupenrb (A.P. Candolle) Brinon & Rose, 

muricata (Linnaeus) Britton & Rose, 94 

westiana (A.P. Candolle) Brim & Rose, 94 

alata (Linnaeus) Roxburgh. 112 

bacillaris (Linnaeus f.) Irwin & Bameby, 112 

bicapsularis (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 112 

hirsuta (Linnaeus) Irwin & Barneby, 113 

multijuga (L. Richard) Invin & Bameby, 112 

obtusifolia (Linnaeus) Irwin & Barneby, 113 

occidentalis (Linnaeus) Link, 113 

sophera (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 112 

tora (Linnaeus) Roxburgh, 113 

Senegalia 

94 

Senna 

sept anS.200 

Bsbania 

grandflora (Linnaws) Poiret. 90 

sericea (Willdenow) Link, 90 

portulacastnxn (Linnaeus) Linnaeus. 18 

bsuvium 

Shaddock. 198 

Sida 

acuta N. Burman, 142 

carpinifolia Linnaeus f., 142 

cordifolia Linnaeus. 142 

crirp Linnaeus, 140 

fruficosa Miller, 141 

glabra Miller, 141 

glomerata Cavanilles, 142 

glulinma Cavdes, 141 

indica Linnaeus, 139 

retusa Linnaeus, 142 

rhmbifolia Linnaeus, 142 

spinosa Linnaeus, 141 

wens Linnaeus, 142 

ferreum Jacquin, 191 

foetidissimum Jacquin, 204 

guyanenre A.L. Candolle. 203 

pentagonwn (Swam) A.L. Candolle, 204 

salicjfolium (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 204 

trilobatum Linnaeus, 46 

var. retwu (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 142 

Sideroxyloides 

Siderox ylon 

SiIphiUm 

Silverseed gourd, 74 

Simarouba 

amara Aublet, 207 

glauca Swartz, 207 

Simaroubaceae, 206 

Simamba, 207 

Sinapis 

cuneifolia Roxburgh, 57 

integrifolia Vahl, 57 

integrifolia Willdenow, 57 

juncea Linnaeus, 57 

pratensis Aublet, 185 

glabrescens (Presl) A.L. Candolle, 156 

scabra Perkins. 156 

urbaniana Perkins, 156 

berterianw (Sprengel) G. Don, 129 

indicus Linnaeus, 224 

nasturfium-aquaticum Linnaeus, 57 

Sipanea 

Siparuna 

Siphocampylus 

Siphonanthus 

Sisymbrium 

Siyou, 208 

Skiophila 

Slipper plant, 79 

Sloanea 

melittifolia (Linnaeus) Hanstein, 119 

berteriana Choisy ex A.P. Candolle, 77 

caribaea Krug & Urban ex Duss, 77 

dentata Linnaeus, 77 

massonii Swam, 78 

fruncata Urban, 78 

Bowbush, 79 

bap tree, 201 

bapberry, 201 

blanaceae. 207 

blandra 

grandiflora Swam. 21 1 

longflora 'hssac, 21 1 

macranfha Dunal. 211 

minor Grisebach, 21 1 

aculeofirsimum sensu auctt., 212., 

arnericanum Miller, 21 1 

asperwn sensu Grisebach, 212 

capsicoides Allioni. 212 

blanum 

var. Mdiflorum (Jaquin) Edmonds, 21 1 
NUMBER 77 27 1 

caribaewn Dunal, 21 1 

ciliotum Lamarck, 212 

jicifolium Ortega, 213 

houstonii Dunal, 212 

igneum Linnaeus, 212 

lancifolium Jaquin, 2 12 

mammosum Linnaeus, 212 

melmgena Linnaeus, 21 1 

neglectum Dunal, 210 

nigrum Linnaeus, 212 

var. omericonum (Miller) 0. Schulz, 21 1 

var. nodiflorum (Jaquin) Gray, 21 1 

nigrum sensu auctt. mult., 21 1 

nodiflorum Jaquin, 21 1,212 

paucijlorwn Vahl, 210 

racemosum Jaquin, 212 

var. igneum (Linnaeus) 0. Schulz ex Boldingh, 212 

rugosum Dunal, 212 

scobrum Vahl, 212 

seaforthianum Andrews, 213 

speciosum Dunal, 210 

tom Swam. 213 

triste Jaquin, 213 

verboscifolium sensu auctt., 212 

scutetlorioides (Linnaeus) Codd, 120 

ogrestis Swartz, 39 

oleraceus Linnaeus, 44 

monosperma Swartz, 110 

tomentosa Linnaeus, 90 

Sotenostemon 

Sonchus 

sophora 

Sou marque, 1 12 

Sow-thistle., 44 

soursop, 22 

Sporgonophorus 

sparganophorus (Linnaeus) Jeffrey, 45 

voillonfii Crantz, 45 

campandata Palisot de Beauvois, 49 

Spathodea 

spearmint, 120 

Sperm a c oc e 

assurgens Ruiz & Pavon. 197 

berteroana Howard, 197 

confusa Rendle, 197 

emstii Fosberg & Powell, 197 

eryngioides (Chamisso & Schlechtendal) 

Kuntze, 197 

var. questelii Fosberg & Powell, 198 

hirto Linnaeus. 192 

mauritiana Gideon, 198 

ocymifolia Willdenow, 188 

ocymoides N. Burman, 198 

ocymoides sensu auctt., 198 

prostrata Aublet. 198 

repens (A.P. Candolle) Fosberg & Powell, 198 

st&utescens Jaquin, 197 

tenuior Linnaeus, 197 

tenuior sensu auctt., 197 

verticillata Linnaeus, 198 

villoso Swartz, 192 

anthelmia Linnaeus, 13 1 

Spigeila 

spilanthes 

uliginmo Swam, 33 

luteo Linnaeus, 22 

munbin Linnaeus, 22 

kamorckiano (Roemer & Schdtes) Decaisne, 

microntho (Linnaeus) Decaisne, 219 

molh (Willdenow) Decaisne, 219 

cayennensis (L Richard) Vahl, 227 

jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, 228 

urticifolia Sims, 228 

occidentdir Swartz, 213 

Spondias 

Sponia 

218 

Stachytarpheta 

Staphylea 

Staphyleaceae, 213 

Star apple, 202 

Star fruit, 172 

Stemodia 

durantifolia (Linnaeus) Swam, 206 

parvijloro W.T. Aiton, 206 

verticillata (Miller) Hassler, 206 

verticilloto (Miller) Kunm, 206 

coccineus (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 17 

olbicans Berg, 163 

resinosum (Vahl) Grisebach, 192 

data Roxburgh, 214 

apetala (Jacquin) Karsten. 214 

caribnea R. Brown, 214 

foetida Linnaeus, 214 

Stemodiocro 

Stemnoconthus 

Stenocolyx 

Stenostomum 

Sterculia 

Sterculiaceae. 213 

Steriphuna 

Stidocardia 

Stigmaphyllon 

ellipticum (A.P. Candolle) Sprengel, 60 

tiliifolia (Desrousseaux) Hallier, 74 

cordifotiwn Niedenzu, 138 

diversifolium (Kunth) Adr. Jussieu, 138 

emarginatum (CavaniUes) Adr. Jussieu, 138 

lingulotum (Poiret) Small, 138 

ovatum (Cavanilles) Niedenm, 138 

puberum (L. Richard) Adr. Jussieu, 138 

laxiforo Tdasne, 85 

Stiloginello 

Stinking weed, 113 

Stizolobium 

String bean, 90 

struchium 

Struthonthus 

Stylog yne 

prwiens (Linnaeus) Medikus, 109 

sparganophorum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 44 

coribaeus (Krug & Urban) Stehlb, 131 

canaliculata (Loddiges) Mez. 161 

lateriflora (Swam) Mez, 161 

smithiorum Mez, 161 

hamata (Linnaeus) Taubert, 113 

Stylosanthes 

Styracaceae, 215 

Stym 

Sugar apple, 22 

Sunflower, 30 

Sumu m-, 213 

Suredu, 63 

Suriana 

Surinam cheny, 162 

Suyeau. 63 

swortsio 

Swartzia 

glaber Swartz, 215 

maritima Linnaeus, 206 

grondijloro (Swam) Gmelin, 21 1 

caribaea Grisebnch, 114 

grondifloro (Vahl) Willdenow, 114 

simplex (Swam) Sprengel, 114 

var. genuina Urban, 114 

Sweet broom, 142, 180,206 

Sweet calabash, 75 

Sweetheart, 101 

Sweetsop, 22 

Swietenia 

macmphylla G. King, 154 

mahagmi (Linnaeus) Jacquin, 154 

Swizzle-stick tree, 53 

Symphonia 

Symphysia 

globulifera Linnaeus f., 67 

racemosa (Vahl) Steam, 78 

officinale Linnaeus, 53 

Symphytum 

Symplocaceae. 215 

Symplocos 

opiculoto Brand, 215 

guadeloupensis Kmg & Urban, 215 

martinicensis Jacquin, 2 15 

urbsniana Brand, 215 

nodiflora (Linnaeus) Gamer, 45 

aromaticum (Linnaeus) Merrill & Peny, 168 

jambs (Linnaeus) Alston, 168 

malaccense (Lmnaeus) Merrill & Peny, 168 

Sylledrella 

Sy zy gium 

Tabebuia 

dominicensis Urban, 51 

heterophylla (A.P. Candolle) Britton 

subsp. dominicensis (Urban) Stehle, 51 

subsp. palti& sensu Stehle.5 1 

subsp. dominicensis (Urban) Stehle, 51 

subsp. pentophyllo (A.P. Candolle) Stehle, 51 

pcntophyllo (A.P. Candolle) Hemsley, 51 

riparia (Rafimesque) Sandwith, 50 

msea (Bertoloni) AX Candolle, 50 

citrifolia Linnaeus, 26 

ereda Linnaeus, 30 

patula Linnaeus, 30 

pallida (Lindley) Mien, 50.51 

Tabemaemontana 

Tagetes 

Taka-taka, 166 

Talauma 

dodecapetala (Lamarck) Urban, 135 
272 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

plwnieri A.P. Candolle, 135 

var. longifolia A.P. Candolle, 135 

paniculatum (Jaquin) Gaertner, 183 

ptem Willdenow, 183 

Talinum 

Tamarind, 114, 185 

Tamarind grand bois, 87 

Tamarindus 

indica Linnaeus, 114 

Tomonea 

guianetwis Aublet, 151 

Tan, 207 

Tanaecium 

Tapioca, 79 

Tapura 

crucigetum B. Seemann, 51 

antillana Gleason, 76 

latifolia Bentham. 76 

Tarikai. 175 

Tawai, 53 

Teak, 2.22 

Tecoma 

capensis (Thunberg) Lindley, 52 

leumxylon Martius ex A.P. Candolle. 51 

pentaphylla Jussieu ex A.P. Candolle. 51 

stans (Linnaeus) Jussieu ex Kunth. 52 

capemis (Thunberg) Spach, 52 

grandis Linnaeus f., 222 

flavogrisea Urban, 19 

alopecuroidea (Vahl) Nees. 17 

candida A.P. Candolle, 114 

noctiflora Bojer ex Baker, 114 

purpum (Linnaeus) Persoon, 115 

labialis (Linnaeus f.) Sprengel, 115 

subsp. mbicus Verdccurt, 115 

Ecomaria 

Tectona 

Telanthera 

Teliostachya 

Tephrosia 

Teramnus 

Erebraria 

Terminalia 

resinosa (Vahl) Sprague, 192 

arjuna (Roxburgh) Wight & Amott, 68 

catappa Linnaeus, 68 

elliptica Swam.. 216 

obovalis A. Richard, 216 

peduncularis A.P. Candolle, 216 

Ternstmmia 

var. stenophylla Krug & Urban, 216 

TBte negresse, 44 

Tetrapteris 

Tetrazygia 

inaequalis Cavanilles, 135 

angustifolia (Swartz) A.P. Candolle, 153 

discolor (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 153 

semicrenata (L. Richard) Grisebach, 152 

villosa (Grisebach) Cogniaux, 153 

var. villosa Grisebach, 153 

Theaceae, 215 

Theobroma 

Theophrastaceae, 216 

cacao Linnaeus, 213 

Thespesia 

Thevetia 

Thunbergia 

populnea (Linnaeus) Solander ex Coma, 142 

peruviana (persoon) K. Schumann, 24 

alata Bojer ex Sims, 18 

ereda (Bentham) T. Anderson, 17 

fragrans Roxburgh, 18 

grandiflora Roxburgh, 18 

laurifolia Lindley, 18 

tamnifolia (Linnaeus) Rafiiesque, 73 

Thyella 

Thyme, 120 

Thymelaeaceae, 216 

Thymus 

vulgaris Linnaeus, 120 

nitidus (Jacquin) Nees, 16 

Thyrsacanthus 

Ti baume, 121 

Ti buanda, 187 

Ti citron, 26,27 

montaigne, 27 

Ti feuille, 79, 153,167 

Ti frosia, 114 

Tibouchina 

chironioides (Grisebach) Cogniaux, 154 

ornata (Swartz) Baillon, 154 

strigosa (L. Richard) Cogniaux, 154 

Tick trefoil, 102 

Tiliaceae, 217 

Titain, 180 

Tithonia 

Tobacco, 207 

Tobinia 

diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray, 45 

punctata (Vahl) Grisebach, 199 

spinosa (Linnaeus) Desvaux ex Hamilton, 199 

ternuta (Swartz) Hamilton, 199 

Tomato, 207 

Torchon, 75 

Torenia 

Torr ubia 

fournieri Linden ex Foumier, 204 

fragrans (Dumont de Courset) Standley, 169 

suborbiculata (Duss) Britton, 169 

caribaea (Grisebach) Taubert, 114 

simplex (Swartz) Taubert, 114 

bicolor Swanz, 56 

f. laevigata (Lamarck) Grisebach, 56 

caribaea (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 56 

filiflora Grisebach, 56 

foetidissimurn Linnaeus, 56 

foetidissimwn sensu Grisebach, 56 

hinutissima Linnaeus, 56 

laevigata Lamarck, 56 

maculata Jacquin, 57 

psilostachya Chamisso 

volubilis sensu Johnston, 56 

volubilis Linnaeus, 57 

plumieri Grisebach, 67 

Tomtea 

Toumefortia 

var. caribaea A.P. Candolle, 56 

Tovomita 

Tragia 

Trerna 

volubilis Linnaeus, 89 

domingensis Urban, 218 

lamarckianum (Roemer & Schultes) Blume, 218 

micranthum (Linnaeus) Blume, 219 

molle (Willdenow) Blume, 219 

portulacastrum Linnaeus, 18 

cistoides Linnaeus, 229 

marimur Linnaeus, 229 

diversifoh Adr. Jussieu, 155 

pallida Swartz, 155 

septentrionalis A.C. Candolle, 110, 155 

simplicifolia (Sprengel) Sprengel, 155 

octandrum (Linnaeus) H. Walter, 176 

procumbens Linnaeus, 45 

crucis (Linnaeus) Grisebach, 116 

trifoliata (N. Burman) Wilson, 198 

althaeoides sensu Grisebach, 218 

bartramia Linnaeus, 218 

glabra Rottler, 217 

grandiflora Vahl, 217 

indica Lamarck, 218 

lappula Linnaeus, 217 

homboidea Jacquin, 217 

semitriloba Jaquin, 218 

erosa Swartz, 36 

Trianthma 

Tribulus 

Trichilia 

Trichostigma 

Tridax 

Trilir 

Triphasia 

Triumfetta 

Trixis 

Trois quarts, 174 

Trumpet tree, 157 

Trumpet wood, 157 

Tuli, 188 

Tulsi. 201 

TyPa 

cirsiifolia (Lamarck) A.L. Candolle, 130 

digitalifolio Grisebach, 130 

flavescens Presl ex A.L. Candolle, 130 

corymbosa (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, 69 

cistoides Linnaeus, 218 

ulmifolia Linnaeus, 218 

Turbina 

'Amera 

Turneraceae, 218 

Turpinia 

Tussilago 

occidentalis (Swartz) G. Don, 213 

nutam Linnaeus, 35 

Ualiapa, 168 

Ualukuti. 24 

Ulmaceae, 218 

Umbelliferae, 23 

Urceolaria 

capitata Fritsch. 196 

exotica Gmelin, 196 
NUMBER 77 273 

Urena 

lobata Linnaeus. 143 

f. sinuosa Miquel, 143 

subsp. sinuata (Linnaeus) Borssum Waalkes, 

var. sinuata (Linnaeus) Miquel ex Kuntze, 

var. swartzii (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach, 143 

143 

143 

sinuata Linnaeus, 143 

swartzii A.P. Candolle, 143 

typhalaea Linnaeus, 141 

caracasana (Jacquin) Gaudichaud ex Grisebach, 

crassifolia Weddell, 219 

involutwn Liebmann, 158 

aestuans Linnaeus, 220 

caracasana Jacquin, 222 

ciliaris Linnaeus, 221 

hwnilis Swartz, 221 

inaequalis Jussieu ex Poiret. 220 

lappulacea Swartz, 221 

nmulariifolia Swam, 221 

prietaria Linnaeus. 221 

semidentata Jussieu ex Poiret, 221 

trianthemoides Swartz. 221 

Urera 

222 

Urostigma 

Urtica 

Urticaceae, 219 

Utauaho, 188 

Utricularia 

alpha Jaquin, 128 

amethystina Salzmann ex St. Hilaire & Girard, 

gibba Linnaeus, 128 

jamesoniana Oliver, 128 

~R[OM Jacquin, 128 

pusilla Vahl, 129 

laurifolia Swartz, 23 

128 

Uvaria 

Vaccinium 

hayi W. Hooker, 78 

racemoswn (Vahl) Wilbur & Luteyn, 78 

smilacifoliwn Grisebach, 78 

farnesiana (Linnaeus) Wight & Amott, 94 

dima Linnaeus, 205 

madagascariensis Gmelin, 185 

caracasana A.P. Candolle, 40 

dasycephala Desvaux, 54 

divaricata (Kunth) Borhidi, 54 

globosa Jacquin, 54 

martinicensis Jacquin, 54 

nesophila (Johnston) Borhidi, 54 

polycephala harck, 55 

Vachellia 

Vandellia 

Vangueria 

Vargasia 

Varronia 

Vegetable sponge, 75 

Verbena 

cayennensis L. Richard, 227 

jamaicensir Linnaeus, 228 

lappulacea Linnaeus, 227 

Verbenaceae, 222 

Verbesina 

alba Linnaeus, 38 

gigantea Jacquin, 45 

howardiana J. Olsen. 46 

nodifIora Linnaeus, 45 

prostrata Linnaeus, 38 

albicaulis Persoon, 46 

cinerea (Linnaeus) Lessing, 46 

longiforia Persoon, 46 

Vemonia 

vahliana kssing, 46 

Vigna 

adenantha (Meyer) Maechal et al., 115 

luteola (Jacquin) Bentham, 115 

marina (Buman) Merrill, 115 

repens (Linnaeus) Kuntze, 115 

unguiculata (Linnaeus) Walpers. 115 

vilca, 95 

Villamilla 

VinCa 

Viola 

Violaceae. 228 

Viscaceae. 13 1 

viscoides 

Viscum 

octandra (Linnaeus) J. Hooker. 176 

rosea Linnaws, 24 

stipularis Swam, 228 

pendulum Jacquin, 194 

anceps Sprengel, 132 

Javens sensu Swartz, 132 

hexastichum A.P. Candolle, 133 

latifolium Swartz, 133 

martinicense A.P. Candolle. 133 

mucronatum A.P. Candolle, 133 

myrtilloides Willdenow, 133 

saururoides A.P. Candolle, 133 

trinervium Lamarck, 133 

undulatwn Pol& 134 

verticillatum Linnaeus, 134,228 

Vitaceae, 228 

Vitellaria 

Vitex 

paradoxa Gaertner, 201 

divaricata Swartz, 228 

incisa Lamarck, 228 

negundo Linnaeus, 228 

vinifera Linnaeus, 228 

aculeata Linnaeus, 223 

aphyb (Jacquin) Persoon, 117 

Vitis 

Volkameria 

Voyria 

Waltheria 

americana Linnaeus, 2 14 

indica Linnaeus, 214 

Hosaka, 215 

var. americana (Linnaeus) R. Brown ex 

Water feather, 119 

Water lemon, 174 

Watercress, 57 

Waterlily, 169 

Watermelon, 75 

Wedelia 

buphthalmoides (A.P. Candolle) Grisebach 

calycina L. Richard, 46 

var. dorninicensir Grisebach. 46 

var. dominicensir (Grisebach) Domin, 46 

var. padflora (L. Richard) Alain, 46 

carnosa L. Richard, 46 

jacquinii Linnaeus 

jacquinii sensu 0. Schulz, 46 

trilobata (Linnaeus) Hitchcock, 46 

antillana Mez, 159 

pinnata Linnaeus, 76 

tulipiflora (J. Hooker) Fryxell, 143 

var. calycina (L. Richard) 0. Schulz, 46 

Weigeliia 

Weinmannia 

Wercklea 

West Indian locust, 105 

White cedar, 5 1 

White daisy, 34 

White mangrove, 68 

Whitewood, 68 

Wild almond, 21,68 

Wild balsam apple, 75 

Wild basil, 122 

Wild black pepper, 180 

Wild cashew, 155 

Wild coffee, 113 

Wild egg-plant, 213 

Wild orange, 114 

Wild spinach, 188 

Wild water-lemon, 175 

Winter crook-necked squash, 74 

Winter squash, 74 

Winterana 

Wormseed, 64 

Wulffia 

canella Linnaeus, 60 

baccata (Linnaws f.) Kuntze, 47 

havanensis sensu Grisebach, 47 

stenoglossa A.P. Candolle, 47 

frigidus (Swartz) Maguire & Boom, 117 

Wurabckanthus 

Xanthium 

chinense Miller, 47 

echinatwn Murray, 47 

occidentale Bertoloni, 47 

orientale Linnaeus, 47 

strumarium Linnaeus, 47 

corniculata (Linnaeus) Small, 173 

americana Linnaeus, 171 

Xanthoxalis 

Ximenia 

Yabrico maron, 66 

Yam bean, 90 

Yellow mang, 67 

Yellow sweet pea, 100 

Hang-ylang, 22 
274 SMITHSO" CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 

YoPo. 95 

Youngia 

japonica (Linnaeus) A.P. Candolle, 47 

Z'aboca, 128 

Z'abrim, 67 

Z'amande, 68 

Z'eb apite, 130 

Z'herb acoue~te, 197 

Z'herbe couresse. 178 

Z'herbes a pique, 42 

Z'herbes puantes (female), 113 

Z'herbes puantes (male), 113 

Z'icaque, 65 

Z'olivier. 68 

Z'oranger blanc, 114 

Z'oranger muge, 114 

Z'oreilles mulatre. 175 

Z'ortie, 220 

Zamandier, 68 

zanthox ylum 

caribaeum Lamarck, 199 

martinicense (Lamarck) A.P. Candolle, 199 

microcarpurn Grisebach, 199 

mmophyllum (Lamarck) Wilson, 199 

ochroxylum A.P. Candolle, 199 

rhoifolium Lamarck, 199 

spinifex (Jaquin) A.P. Candolle, 200 

spinosum (Swam) Swam, 199 

ternatum Swartz, 199 

trifolliatwn (Swam) Wright, 199 

pctatum vahl, 199 

Zeb amere, 21 1 

Zeb crab, 164 

Zeb crare, 104 

Zepiante marrow, 113 

Zetan grand chemin, 180 

ti crab, 65 

Zinnia 

Zizier poule, 21 

elegans Jacquin, 30 

zjrphus 

jujuba (Linnaeus) Lamarck, 183 

mauritiana Lamarck, 183 

microphylla Desvaux, 115 

Zomia 

Zucchini squash, 74 

Zygophyllaceae, 229