NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

WILLIAM LEONARD PICKARD, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 17-15945

D.C. No. 3:06-cv-00185-CRB

ORDER

Before: GRABER and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and ZIPPS,* District Judge.

 

The memorandum disposition filed on December 13, 2017, is amended by

the memorandum disposition filed concurrently with this order, as follows:

On page 3 of the memorandum disposition, in the paragraph beginning

"Plaintiff argues that," delete everything in the paragraph except for the first

sentence. Replace the deleted text with the following:

Even assuming that Plaintiff is correct that exemption 7(D) may be

"waived," he is entitled only to exactly the same information that has

been publicly disclosed. Pickard v. DOJ, 653 F.3d 782, 786 (9th Cir.

2011). If, for instance, the DEA had in its possession a videotape of

Skinner’s trial testimony, Plaintiff might be entitled to that videotape. 

FILED

FEB 22 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

*

 The Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps, United States District Judge for the

District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
But what Plaintiff seeks—records that may contain some of the same

information about which Skinner testified—is not exactly the same

information that was publicly disclosed, so FOIA exemption 7(D)

applies.

With this amendment, the panel has voted to deny Appellant’s petition for

panel rehearing. Judges Graber and Smith have voted to deny Appellant’s petition

for rehearing en banc, and Judge Zipps has so recommended.

The full court has been advised of the petition for rehearing en banc, and no

judge of the court has requested a vote on it.

Appellant’s petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc is DENIED. 

No further petitions for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc may be filed.

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NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

WILLIAM LEONARD PICKARD, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 17-15945

D.C. No. 3:06-cv-00185-CRB

AMENDED MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Charles R. Breyer, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 6, 2017

San Francisco, California

Before: GRABER and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and ZIPPS,** District Judge.

 

Plaintiff William L. Pickard filed this action under the Freedom of

Information Act ("FOIA"), 5 U.S.C. § 552, seeking records held by the Drug

Enforcement Agency ("DEA") pertaining to a confidential informant named

Gordon Todd Skinner.

FILED

FEB 22 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

*

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps, United States District Judge for the

District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
1. We review de novo whether, as the district court held, FOIA exemption

7(D) prohibited the release of Skinner’s name and the information that he had

divulged previously at trial.1 Animal Legal Def. Fund v. FDA, 836 F.3d 987, 990

(9th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (en banc). We conclude that the exemption applies

and that the information was properly withheld.

The question for decision is whether Skinner spoke, at the time he spoke, on

the understanding that his communication to the government would remain

confidential. U.S. Dep’t of Justice (DOJ) v. Landano, 508 U.S. 165, 172 (1993). 

One way for a source to be confidential is for the government to give an express

assurance of confidentiality. Id. An express promise is essentially unassailable

and is easy to prove. Rosenfeld v. DOJ, 57 F.3d 803, 814 (9th Cir. 1995). Here, a

senior lawyer for the DEA swore in a declaration that the DEA gives express

assurances of confidentiality to its informants in Skinner’s position, and his written

agreement confirms that the assurance was given to him. The fact that the

government stated that it could not "guarantee" that Skinner’s identity would never

be divulged merely describes the reality that the future cannot be known, but does

1

 On appeal, Plaintiff does not challenge the district court’s application of

exemption 7(E) to the request for Skinner’s identifying number. He therefore has

waived any challenge to that ruling. Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th

Cir. 1999).

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not undermine the assurance of confidentiality at the time Skinner gave

information to the DEA.

Plaintiff argues that public disclosure of information avoids the exemption. 

Even assuming that Plaintiff is correct that exemption 7(D) may be "waived," he is

entitled only to exactly the same information that has been publicly disclosed. 

Pickard v. DOJ, 653 F.3d 782, 786 (9th Cir. 2011). If, for instance, the DEA had

in its possession a videotape of Skinner’s trial testimony, Plaintiff might be entitled

to that videotape. But what Plaintiff seeks—records that may contain some of the

same information about which Skinner testified—is not exactly the same

information that was publicly disclosed, so FOIA exemption 7(D) applies. 

2. The district court "consider[ed]" Plaintiff’s request for all additional

materials to have been "withdrawn." Plaintiff did not ask to withdraw his other

claims, so we view this ruling as, in essence, an involuntary dismissal under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b), a decision that we review for abuse of

discretion. Tillman v. Tillman, 825 F.3d 1069, 1074 (9th Cir. 2016). We conclude

that the district court abused its discretion. The mere failure to seek summary

judgment on all claims does not mean that a party abandons the remaining claims. 

Rather, it means (in the absence of some other indicator of failure to prosecute)

simply that the party intends to go to trial on those claims because issues of fact

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remain. Indeed, the district court did not grant Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment regarding all categories of information, and Plaintiff specifically opposed

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment alleging remaining issues of fact. 

Accordingly, we vacate the involuntary dismissal of these claims and remand for

further proceedings.

3. We review de novo the sufficiency of a Vaughn index.2 Hamdan v. DOJ,

797 F.3d 759, 769 (9th Cir. 2015). The most recent Vaughn index gave sufficient

detail. We therefore affirm on this issue.

4. The district court failed to make findings on segregability. But no such

findings were necessary as to the two categories of information that are at issue on

appeal, because Plaintiff is not legally entitled to any of the information. Thus

there is nothing to segregate.

AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; and REMANDED. The parties

shall bear their own costs on appeal.

2

 Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973).

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