GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 206 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF 

PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

WEST NORTH-CENTRAL STATES, 1952 

. By E. W. Lohr, P. C. Benedict, H. A. Swenson, and T. B. Dover 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

W. E. Wrather, Director 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CffiCULAR 206 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES IN THE 

WEST NORTH-cENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, P. C. Benedict, H. A. Swenso~ and T. B. Dover 

Washington, D. C., 1952 

Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. 

THE INDUSTRIAL UTILITY OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES 

IN THE WEST NORTH-cENTRAL STATES, 1952 

By E. W. Lohr, P. C.L: Benedict, H. A. Swenson, 

and,~~r. B. Dover 

INTRODUCTION 1 

The location of industrial plants is dependent on an ample water supply of 

suitable quality. Information relating to the chemical characteristics of the water 

supplies is not only essential to the location of many plants but also is an aid in the 

manufacture and distribution of many commodities. 

Public water supplies are utilized extensively as a source of supply for many 

industrial plants, used either as delivered for domestic consumption or with further treatment if necessary to meet specific needs of the plant, such as water for 

processing, cooling, and steam generation. The industrial use of water in the 

United States in 1950 was estimated to be more than 75 billion gallons per day from 

private sources. In addition, about 6 billion gallons per day was estimated to be 

taken from public water supplies. 

U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 658, "The industrial utility of 

public water supplies in the United States, 1932" contains information pertaining to 

the public water supplies of 670 of the larger cities throughout the United States. 

This report, which is still in print and being distributed, has filled an important 

need in the field of water-supply engineering. The demand for more up-to-date information and more extended coverage has led to studies by the Geological Survey 

for revision of the information contained in the 193.2 report. The revised report, 

which will include data pertaining to public water supplies of more than 1, 200 cities 

in the United States, will eventually be published as a Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper. However, in order that the information might be available at the 

earliest possible time, nine preliminary reports are being issued which give data 

on the larger cities in each state. These nine reports are being released as Geological Survey Circulars, each covering a group of states as delineated by the Bureau of Census i~ taking the census of the population of the country. (See fig. 1)o 

The reports give descriptive information and analytical data for approximately 

three-fourths of the cities that will be included in the final report for each of the 

states. 

This circular is the third of the series ·and includes data for the States of Iowa, 

Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. (See 

fig. 1). The report giv,es the population (1950) of the city, population supplied, 

ownership, sources and treatment of supplies, capacity of treatment plants, storage facilitie~ for both raw and finished waters, and chemical analyses of the water 

for a total of ·112 citie.s firthe 7 states. The data for each city are essentially the 

same as will appear in the complete report for the whole country. · 

Data for the supplies in all the states except for 13 cities in Kansas were compiled under the direction of H. A. Swenson, chemist, under the general supervision 

of P. C. Benedict, regional engineer, Lincoln, Nebr. Data for 13 of the 20 

cities of Kansas included in the report were compiled by T. B. Dover, chemist, 

Stillwater, Okla. Review and final assembly of the data were made by E. W. Lohr 

in the Washingt~n office, under the supervision of S. K. Love, Chief, Quality of 

Water Branch. , · 

1 

/ 
~ 

.WEST 

SOUTH 

Figure 1. -Map of the United States showing sections covered by the nine circulars on the Industrial Utility of Public Water Supplies of the 

United States, 1952. The shaded portion represents the section of the country covered by this circular. 
Ownership: Municipal. 

IOWA 

AMES 

(Population, 22, 898) 

Source: 4 wells (1, and 3 to 5), 109, 112, 120, and 127ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be 500, 600, 1, 000, and 1, 600 gpm. Normally well 5 is 

used most of the time for the supply. The other wells are pumped as needed. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, sodium hexametaphosphate, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 750,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well5 WellS WellS 

(raw (finished (raw 

water) water) water) 

Silica (SiOJ •••••.•••• 24 15 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••••••• 6.3 • 13 Total ................. 363 

Mari.ganese (Mn) ••••• . 20 . 03 Noncarbonate •••••• 60 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 98 23 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 29 3.8 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 13 27 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3. 2 3. 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 -- (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 369 1 6 25 c. ) ............... 716 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 87 85 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 8.0 9. 0 Temperature (F.) ••• 52 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 4 . 3 Date of collection ••• 2/23/51 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••• . 3 1.3 

Dissolved solids ••••. 464 190 

Depth (feet) .....................•...............•...•....•••.••..•.•....••••••..••.••..••• 

Diameter (inches) ....................................................................... 

Date d.I'illed ................................................................................ 

Percent of supply ......................................... , .............................. 

1/Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03). 

3 

Well 5 

(finished 

water} 

73 

44 

4 

8.5 

284 

0.2 

52 

2/23/51 

127 

30 

1947 

--
BOONE 

(Population, 12, 164) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12,400. 

Source: 10 wells (11 to 20), 46, 67, 52, 54, 67, 51, 61, 55, 56, and 64ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be (well 11 not reported) 900, 780, 600, 

875, 900, 300, 300, 300, and 300 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •..•......••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•.•..••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....•... 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

18 

. 08 

. 57 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Nonearbonate •••.•.•••••• 

Finished 

water 

(comoosite) 

418 

126 

103 ~~------------------~--------

39 

27 

3. 7 

0 

357 

141 

31 

. 2 

2.5 

564 

Color ......................... . 

JPII •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••.•••.•.....•.•...... 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.•••.. 

4 

5 

7. 7 

844 

0.7 

54 

2/23/51 
BURLINGTON 

(Population, 30, 613) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 32, 200. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 7, 200, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500,000 gal. 

The chemical composition of the raw water varies consideraoly throughout the 

year. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water8.8 

• 12 

• 0.0 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total .•.•............... 4!1··· • 

Noncarbona.te •••.•.•.•••. 

Finished 

water 

154 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 49 

Calcium (Ca) ......•..•• " .. 

Magnesium (Mg) .•....... 

Sodium (Na) .•.•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

41 l~-------------------r---------

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•.••.... 

Nitrate-(N03 ) ••••••••• ; •••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•.••.. 

13 

4.1 

' 2. 1 

0 

128 

47 

8. 0-

. 1 

3.6 

248 

Color ......•••.•••••..•.•••.•.. 

JPII •••..•..•.••••••..•..•..••.••. 

Specific conductance. 

(micromhos- at 

25 C.) ••••••••.•. ~ ••.•...••• 

Turbidity .•.........••••.••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection ••••••... 

Regukl,r determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 JPH as CaC03 

(pJPm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- 178 92 7. 9 8.4 6.6 180 200 90 

Finished water ..... 152 158 90 7.3 7.7 7. 1 180 200 122 

5 

12 "L 

7.8 

'' 324-

: 16-

47' 

4/11/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

60 1100 40 

.37 5. 5 0 
CEDAR FALLS 

(Population, 14, 334) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 25 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 14, 359. 

Source: 7 wells (1 to 7) each 125 ft deep. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 750, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million~ by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells Wells 

(composite) (composite) 

Silica (Si~) ..........•..•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.......••.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••. 

Carbonate (COs) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.• 

Fluoride (F) .•.•...•..•.... 

Nitrate (NOs) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

City tap - City _tap 

15 Hardness .as cacas: 

. 06 Total • • . • . . . . . . • . . • . • • . . . . . . 244 

. 00 Noncarbonate • • • . • . • . • • . • 24 

65 ~~-------------------r----------

20 Color •••••••••••••.•..•••.•••.• 2 

4. 6 pll •••.•••••.••••••.•••.•........ 7. 6 

1.0 

0 

268 

21 

4.5 

• 2 

8.3 

278 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity •.•...•...••••..••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••.•• 

Date of collection •••••••.. 

475 

1 

5/9/51 

Depth (feet) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

Diameter (inches) .•••..••.•••..••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. ·-••.••.•••.• 

125 

8-16 

1912-49 

100 

.Da.te drilled ••• -~ •••••••••••••••••••• ..-••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

Percent of supply .••.••••..••..•.••••...•..•••••••••••••••••••••• , .••..•••.•••..•.•• 

6 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Cedar River. 

CEDAR RAPIDS 

(Population, 72, 296) 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum and ferric 

sulfate, activated carbon, recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 24,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 8, 200,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw water 

Finished 1/Raw water water 

Silica (SiOJl •••••.•••••••••••••.•••••• 12 9. 7 11 

II' on (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• . 18 . 11 . 07 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 00 . 00 . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••• •• ...................... 64 30 58 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 17 5. 9 19 

Sodi'UID. (Na) ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• - 6. 9 12 11 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1. 8 1.9 2.4 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••.•••••••• o'-- -- 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 207 .!/44 218 

Sulfate (SO,.). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44 61 37 

Chloride (Cl) .•••.•••••••••••••••••••• 9. 0 12 13 

Fluoride (F') •••••••••••••••••••••••••• • 2 .3 . 2 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 18 13 8.1 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 300 182 277 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ................................ 228 99 224 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 58 63 -- Color ................................... 10 1 14 

pH •..••••••••..••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 7 9.0 7. 7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 464 278 455 

Tu.rbidity ..............•.............. 30 0.5 -- Temperature (F. ) ••.•••••••••••••••• -- 5112/si 

54 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• 5/12/51 1944-45 

Regular determinatimuJ at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 152 -- -- 8.4 -- -- 192 -- -- 145 -- -- J'inished water ... 43 -- -- 9. 5 -- -- 88 -- -- 0 -- --- 1/ Average of 36 analyses of 10-day composites of daily samples of Cedar River 

at Cedar Rapids, 1944-45 (Water Supply Paper 1030, p. 148, 1949). Extremes:-

Dissolved solids, maximum 370 ppm; minimum 193 ppm. Total hardness, max300 ppm; minimum 151 ppm . 

.,Yincludes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03 ). 

7 
CHARLES CITY 

(Population, 10, 309) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 10, 5.00. 

Source: 4 wells (1, and 3 to 5), 1, 241, 1, 260, 1, 315, and 287ft deep. The yield 

of the wells is reported to be 500, 580, 690, and 1, 500 gpm. Well 5 is a 

flowing well, reported as yielding from Cedar Valley limestone. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 800, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .........•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Wells 

1, 3, and 4 

(composite) 

8. 5 

. 17 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Totlll ...................... . 

Non.carbonate ..•.•.•••••. 

Wells 

1, 3, and 4 (con~posite} 

244 

13 

61 ~~------------------~----------

22 

13 

5.8 

0 

282 

39 

2. 5 

. 8 

1.7 

294 

Color .......................... . 

llll ..•........................... 

8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•................ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ....•.•..• 

Date. of collection .••..••.. 

3 

7.8 

515 

0.4 

5/9/51 
CHEROKEE 

(Population, 7, 705) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Illinois Central Railroad Co. Total population supplied, 7, 705. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 209, 201, and 210ft deep. The wells are located in the 

same area. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.•••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

TCltlll ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity .......•...•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ...••.•.•• 

Date of collection .••...... 

Depth (feet) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Date dbrille<l ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Percent of supply •••...•.•.•...•..••.•••.•••••••••••••.•......•••.••••••...•...•.. 

9 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

704 

3 

53 

2/21/51 

201-210 

8-:-15 

1912-47 

100 
CLINTON 

(Population, 30, 379) 

Ownership: Clinton Water Works Co. 

Source: 5 artesian wells (3, and 5 to S), 1, 6S5, 1, SOO, 2, 101, 2, 101, and 2, 106 

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 000, SOO, 1, 250, 2, 000, 

and 1, 34S gpm. WellS furnishes about one-third of the supply. 

'Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished WellS Finished 

l!fwater (finished Jjwater water) 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 10 9. s Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 14 • 33 Total ••••••••••••••• -. 277 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• s 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 64 54 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 29 30 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 36 13 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• S.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• s.o 7.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 329 306 25 c.) •.....•.••.••.. 670 

SuHate (S04) •••••••••• 47 23 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 0. 6 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 29 11 Temperature (F.) ••• 6S 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 4 . 3 Date of collection •.• 5/11/51 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• • 9 1.0 

Dissolved solids ••••• 3SS 300 

Depth (feet) ..................................................•......•...••............... 

Diameter (inches) .......................................•...•..••••••.••................. 

Date drilled .••......•............................•.......•..•...•.••••.••................ 

Percent of s'UJ)ply ..•••.••..••..•••••...••.•.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...••.•••••• 

.!/Composite sample from well 3 (10 percent) and well 7 (90 percent). 

10 

WellS 

(finished 

water) 

25S 

s 

2 

7.9 

535 

1 

-- 5/11/51 

2,106 

16-12 

1944 

33 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Missouri River. 

COUNCIL BLUFFS 

(Population, 45, 429) 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, ammoniation and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 13, 000,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the 

year. The new treatment plant, now under construction, will have provisions 

for softening the supply. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...........•.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) · ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•••.....•.....•.. 

Turbidity •.•.......••••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••...... 

11 

Finished 

water 

720 

4 

34 

2/27/51 
CRESTON 

(Population, 8, 317) 

OWnership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 8, 400. 

Source: Artificial lake (impounded surface runoff). 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, carbon, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 461, 900,000 gal in lake. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 200, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••. 8.2 7.3 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•••.•••. • 08 . 03 Total •••••••••••••••• 96 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• • 04 • 02 Noncarbonate •••••. 13 

Calcium (Ca) ••••.•••• 26 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 7. 6 7.8 Color .................... 20 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 6.0 5.3 pH ••••••••••••.•••••••.•• 7.4 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 5. 9 4.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs} 101 108 25 c.) •....••••••...• 225 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 23 31 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 45 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 3.0 6. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• 42 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. • 4 . 3 Date of collection •.• 2/27/51 

Nitrate (NOj .•••.•••. 2.8 1.2 

Dissolved solids.-. ••. 160 172 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

112 

24 

4 

7.8 

256 

2 

44 

2/27/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm). 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•....... -- 92 . 60 -- 8.0 7. 2 -- 103 86 -- -- -- Finished water ... -- 90 50 -- 8.0 7. 0 -- 103 86 -- -- --

12 
DAVENPORT 

(Population, 74, 549) 

Ownership: Jl>avenport Water Co. ; also supplies about 500 people outside the city 

lin1its, ru(ld the city of Bettendorf. Total population supplied, about 80, ~00. 

Source: Misf issippi River. 

Treatment: <~oagulation with alum, sedimentation, carbon if necessary, lime for 

pH adjust~ent, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation (approved 

1952). 

Rated capacitf of treatment plant: 14,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-watl~r storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

The water frc m the river flows by gravity into a raw-water well from which it is 

pumped a~ the beginning of the treatment process. 

ANALYSIS 

(AI alysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Finished 

water 

7.9 

. 07 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

T<>~l .....................•. 

Noncarbo11ate •...•...••.• 

Finished 

water 

128 

Manganese (l~) •••••••••• 61 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•.....•. 

Magnesium (~g) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•.......•... 

Potassium (E ) •••••••••••• 

36 l~------------------~----------

Carbonate (CPs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) •••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) ..••..•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved so ids ........ . 

9. 3 

3.4 

2.2 

0 

82 

56 

5. 0 

. 1 

5.4 

196 

Color ......................... . 

JPH .••..•.••...•••...•..•..•..•.. 

SJPecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...••..•.........•.. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••••.•. 

Date of collection ..••..•.. 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 so 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) {pJPm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•. ...... 125 139 108 7.6 8. 1 7. 2 140 162 112 

Finished wa1 er .•. 107 123 94 7. 0 7. 1 6. 9 144 162 127 

13 

5 

7.2 

291 

1 

55 

5/11/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

130 570 35 

• 20 . 83 - 11 
DES MOINES 

(Population, 177, 965) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a population of about 1'7, 600 in other communities outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 195, 000. 

Source: Infiltration gallery along the Raccoon River, 50 to 75 percent of supply; 

Raccoon River impounded, 25 to 50 percent of the supply. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, recarbona--

tion, rapid sand filtration and addition of polyphosphate for stabilization, and 

chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 48, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Impounding reservoir, 1, 570,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 10,000,000 gal; tower, 2, 000,000 gal. 

The infiltration gallery is constructed of reinforced con crete rings 2 ft long and 

4 and 5 ft inside diameter, placed in the sand and gravel 15 to 31 ft deep 

in one continuous line parallel with the river and from 150 to 300ft back from 

the main channel. It is constructed to permit the entrance of water from the 

surrounding sand and gravel through openings between each ring, and serves 

the double purpose ~f collecting the water and carrying it by gravity to the 

pumping station. A1 the present time the gallery is approximately 3 miles 

long. 1 

The impounding reservpir is located southwest of Commerce in the Raccoon River 

valley. Water from this source is used during drought periods or in emergencies. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

!/Raw Finished 1/Raw Finished 

water 1/water water 1/water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 16 11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••••••• . 10 . 03 Total ................ 342 78 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 03 . 02 Noncarbonate •••••• 71 31 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 88 12 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 30 12 Color ................... 5 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 16 38 pH ••••• ·•••••••••••••·•••• 7.6 9. 8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3. 1 3.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) .•••. 0 26 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 330 4.0 25 C.) •••.••••••••••• 677 341 

SuHate (S04) •••••••••• 87 90 Tu.rbidity .............. 2 0.4 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 14 14 Temperature (F.) ••• 48 52 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 . 2 Date of collection ••• 2/26/51 2/26/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 1.4 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••• 432 212 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppn1) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 229 275 206 7. 5 7.8 7.4 290 365 202 21 1000 0.30 

Finished; water ... 39 49 '29 10. 1 ~0.3 9.8 83 114 44 .18 . 61 0 

.!/Infi~tration gallery. 

14 
DUBUQUE 

(Population, 49, 671) 

Ownership: · cipal. 

Source: 8 wel s (1 to 8), 1, 300, 1, 300, 1, 460, 1, 460, 1, 500, l, 504, 1, 563, and 

1, 781ft d ep for regular supply; mine tunnel (known as the "Levels" Spring}, 

auxiliary upply. · Tbe yield of the wells is reported to be 2, 800 (wells 1 to 4, 

pumped as a unit~ 900, 2, 000, 2, 400, and 2, 430 gpm. 

Treatment: C orination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacit of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water sto age: None. · · 

Finished-wate storage: Reservoirs, elevated tanks,and standpipe 12,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

ysis, in parts per million by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •........•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•.........••... · 

Manganese ( 

Calcium (Ca) .....•...•.•. 

Magnesium g) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .••........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate ( C01 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • •••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved soli s .•....••. 

Wells 

(finished 

water 

Wells 

(finished 

12 Hardness .as CaCOs: 

• 24 Total ..• ·•... . . . . . . . . ... • . . . • . 2.82 

. 00 Noncarbonate . • • • ... . • . • •• 18 

57. 11-------------1~----

34 Color •••...•...•••.•....••••.. ,. 3 

3. 4 pH •••• · ••.• , .•••••••••••• ~....... . 7. ~8 

2.6 

0 

322 

18 

5. 5 

• 2 

. 4 

296 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... ·. 

Turbidity •..•...••.•••••.•.•. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

. Date of collection ....... .. 

.525. 

2 

5/10/51 

.Depth (feet). ·································································~·······-·· 1 300-1 781 Diameter (inc es) .••...•••.•.......••.•••.•••..•••.•.•••••••••.••••.•...•• ~........ ' 6-15 

Date drilled •••....•...... ~ ...••.....• ~............................................... 18.99-1946 

••• 0 •••••••••••••••••• •• • • • • • • ... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 100 

15 
FORT DODGE 

(Population, 25, 115) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 28,600. 

Source: 5 artesian wells (8, 9, 12, 14, and 15), 1, 040, 553, 507, 973, and 2, 307 

ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 000, 1, 500, 1, 500, 2, 800, 

and 2, 800 gpm. The greater part of the supply is furnished by well 15. 

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 9, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well 15 

l!/(raw 

water) 

Silica (SiOa} • . • • • . • • • • 2 9 

Iron (Fe) •.••••.••••••• . 4 

Manganese (Mn) • • • •• __ 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 104 

Magnesium (Mg)..... 42 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 175 Potassium (K) ••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 318 

Sulfate (S04) • • •• •• •• •• 223 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 227 

1/Wells 

8, 9, 12, 

and 14 

14 

. 16 

. 03 

115 

44 

/60 

\_ 6. 6 

0 

448 

170 

40 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total •••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •••••• 

Color ••••••••••••••••••• 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ............... Turbidity •••••••.•••••• 

Temperature (F.) ••• 

Well 15 YWells 

l!fraw 8, 9, 12, 

water) and 14 

432 466 

172 99 

-- 4 

7. 1 7. 6 

-- 1, 050 

-- 2 

-- 52 

Fluoride (F) • • • • • • • • • • . 2 • 7 

3. 1 

692 

Date of collection ••• 12/31/48 2/23/51 

Nitrate (NOJ . • • • . • • •• --

Dissolved solids ••••• 1, 073 

Deptll {feet) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) ..•....•••...••..•••...•.•••..•••••••••••••••• •· · ·• · • ·· · • 

Date drilled •.......•........•......••...•.•.•.•••••••••••••••••••.•....•••. 

Percent of supply ..••......••...••......•..••..••••.•••••.••••••••..•.....• 

.!/Analysis by Sanitary and Hydraulic Engineer, Ames, Iowa . .VFinished water. 

16 

2,307 

12 

1948 
FORT MADISON 

(Population, 14, 954) 

Ownership: M11tnicipal. 

Source: Missi.~sippi River. 

Treatment: Cc agulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration,· and chlorination. 

Bated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water stoJ·age: 650, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 130, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~alysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

Silica (Si~) •. •......••••. 9. 2 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Iron (Fe) .. .•.. ••.•. •..••.. . 18 Total ....................... . 

Manganese (III ) • . • • . •. • • • • 00 NC~M:arboute •••••••••••• 

Finished 

water 

135 

83 

Calcium (Ca) •.•.•••.•••••. 38 &1-------------t------

Ma.pe!;ium <KIV • • • • • • • • • 9. 8 Color •••••••••.•••.•.••.••••..• 

Sc>d.i:um (Na) ••• •• • • • • • • •••• 4.. 0 pH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 3. 0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (C~) •••••••••• 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BP<>s) . • • • • 64 25 C. ) •••••••••••.••••...••• 

&llfate (804 ) • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 Turbidity .••.......••••..•.•. 

Chloride (Cl) . . . . . . . ••.•••• 13 Temperature (F.) •••••••.•• 

Fluoride (F) . • . • . . . • . ••• .•• . 1 Date of collection ••••.•... 

Nitrate (N03) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7. 9 

Dissolved solid~ .•.•..••. 228 

Alkalinity 

as caco, 

(ppm) 

pH 

Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

4 

7. 0 

304 

2 

49 

4/11/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water......... 100 150 90 7. 4 7. 8 7. 0 ·100 150 -- 200 3000 --

Finished wate r... 110 140 100 7. 0 7. 2 7. 0 120 164 -- • 5 . 5 0. 5 

17 
IOWA CITY 

(Population, 27, 212) 

Ownership: Iowa Water Service Co. ; also supplies University ·Heights and 

Coralville. Total population supplied, about 28, 600. 

Source: Iowa River. 

Treatment: Aeration (spray), prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorinationo 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpdo 

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 700, 000 gal. 

The composition of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year. Extremes for the year (Oct. 1, 1944 to Sept. 30, 1945, 36 analyses of 10-day 

composites), dissolved solids, 400-203 ppm; total hardness, 345-156 ppm 

(Geological Surv~y Wo S. P. 1030, page 142, 1949). 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•.. 0 0 ••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .. 0 •• 0 o o •.• 0 ••••• 0. 

Finished 

water 

11 Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Nonearbonate •••.•.••.••. 

Finished 

water 

238 

Manganese (Mn) o .•..•.•• 0 114 

Calcium (Ca) ~ .••..•...••• 0 

Magnesium (Mg) o·····••o 

Sodium (Na) ..••. 0 ••••••••• 

Potassium (K) . 0 •••• 0 ••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) ••....••. 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) o ••. o •..•• o o ... 

Chloride (Cl) o. o o ..•••..••• 

0 12 

• 00 

68 ~------------------~---------

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03} o. o ....•.•... • 

Dissolved solids .•....••. 

17 

4 .. 6 

2.4 

0 

151 

90 

11 

. 1 

17 

332 

Color ......................... . 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ••••...••.••••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) ••.••••.•• 

Date of collection .••..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 5o 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ...... o•· -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ..... -- -- -- 7.6 BoO 7.2 . 240 340 120 

,.JB 

5 

7.2 

491 

1 

5/12/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

350 3200 3 

-- -- --
Ownership: J~unicipal. 

Source: Mis:~issippi River. 

KEOKUK·· 

(Population, 16, 144) 

Treatment: JPrechlorination, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, sedimenation, activated carbon, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), recarbonation, 

rapid sar. d filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capaci1 y of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water s1 orage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

The composi1 ion of the raw water varies considerably throughout the year. 

ANALYSIS 

(~r alysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•......••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Manganese (1~) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (~g) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ............•.. 

Potassium (I~") •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C 0,) •.....•... 

Bicarbonate HC03) · ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.••.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitra~.e (N03 ) •••••••••••• •. 

Dissolved so ids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

Hardness as CaCOa: 

Total ....................... . 

Color .............•............ 

pll ••••.•.••.•.•••.••••.•..••..•. 

·Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••..•••.....•........ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant,-1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pll as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Finished 

water 

3 

7.8 

362 

1 

4/11/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min Av. Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Ra\V water .. ....... 160 198 40 7. 7 8.6 6. 8 198 230 62 80 1200 5 

Finished wa ~er ... 72 122 32 8.8 9.3 8.0 100. 170 68 0 2 0 

l9 
MARSHALLTOWN 

(Population, 19, 821) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Soldiers Home and about 150 people outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 20,500. 

Source: 4 wells, 50, 100, 170, and 225ft deep for regular supply. Iowa River, 

auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 350, 2, 000, 700, 

and 700 gpm, respectively. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, recarbonation, sedimentation, and 

rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Wells Wells Wells 

(raw (finished (raw 

water) water) water) 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••• 16 9. 1 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 2. 7 • 08 Total ................. 308 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 46· . 02 Noncarbonate •••••• 70 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 81 23 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 26 13 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 21 21 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.3 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micrombos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 291 49 25 c.)················ 643 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 105 105 'l'urbidity •••••••••••••• l5 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.0 5. 5 Temperature (F. ) ••• 46 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 4 • 3 Date of collection ••• 2/24/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 1. 8 3.5 

Dissolved solids ••••. 416 220 

.Depth. (feet) ..•...•••••..•••..•••••......•...•..•••.••••.••••••••.•..••..••• 50-225 

Diameter (inches) ································~······················ 6-12 

Date drilled ......................•.........••....•.••..••...•............. -- Percent of supply .......................................................... 100 

20 

Wells 

(finished 

water) 

112 

72 

4 

7. 5 

33'1 

0.5 

47 

2/24/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MASON CITY 

(Population, 27, 980) 

Source: 6 wells (7 to 12), 1, 230, 1, 219, 1, 200, 1, 243, 1, 306, and 1, 585 ft deep. 

rhe yield of wells 7, 8, 9, and 10 "is reported to be 1, 000 gpm, each, and of 

wells 11 and 12, 1, 200 gpm, each. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 6, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ............... . 

Iron (Fe) ...•....••..•.••... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..••.••.•••••. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.••••. 

Sodium (Na) •.••.......•••. 

Potassium (K) •..•....•... 

Carbonate (COs) ••....•••. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.•••• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•..•.•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

Wells 

(composite) 

8.3 

. 19 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Totlll ...................... . 

Non.carbona.te •••••••••••• 

Wells 

(composite) 

330 

0 

79 ~------------------~---------

32 

40 

2.4 

0 

407 

66 

7. 5 

• 6 

2.2 

444 

Color ~ ................ · ........ . 

pll •••.•••••.••••••••••••..•••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . 

21 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature , (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of collection •••••••.• 

1 

7. 5 

760 

0.8 

50 

5/9/51 
MUSCATINE 

(Population, 19, 041) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 20,600. 

Source: 12 wells, each 50 ft deep. Five 8-in. wells, and five 12-in. wells are 

pumped into a single suction line. The two 20-in. wells (1 and 2) are pumped 

separately. The yields are reported to be (not' reported for the 8-in. wells) 

900 gpm, each, for the 12-in. wells, and 1, 100 gpm,each, for wells 1 and 2. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS. 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•.•...••... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

16 . 14 

. 00 

Hardness as caco.: 

Total ....................... . 

Nonc.arboll8.te .••.•.•.•••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

162 

31 

42 ~~-------------------+---------

14 

4.4 

. 6 

0 

160 

20 

7.0 

. 1 

11 

204 

22 

Color ......................... . 

~»II ............................. . Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 C.) ••••••••.•.. , •.••..••• 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection •.•.••... 

1 

8.0 

334 

0.7 

5/11/51 
NEWTON 

(Population, 11, 723) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 13,200. 

Source: 11 wells 51 to 65ft deep. The yield for most of the wells is reported to 

be 300 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 3,,200, 000 gal; elevated tank, 600, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•.. 0 0 ••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) ........... - .. . 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

22 Hardness as CaCO,: 

. 68 _ Total ....................... . 

. 31 Noncarbonate .••.•.••..•. 

86 

30 Color ......................... . 

7. 7 pH •••..••••...•••.••••.•.•.....• 

1. 8 Specific conductance 

0 (m.icromhos at 

294 

95 

5.5 

. 1 

1.3 

414 

25 c.) •••••••• ·····•···.····· 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

23 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

337 

96 

3 

7.5 

622 

3 

53 

2/26/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

OELWEIN 

(Population, 7, 858) 

Source: 2 wells (35 .and 42), 119 and ~' 328 ft deep. A third well (31), 122ft deep, 

is to be put into service soon (1951). The yield of the wells is reported to be 

520 and 750 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 780, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) •..•.•..•.•.•..•.. 0 

Manganese (Mn) . 0 •••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•....•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) •••.•••.• 

Sodium (Na) ..••. 0 ••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 0 •• 0 0 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••• o ••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) •••• o •••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••. 0 ••• 

Fluoride (F) . o •• o o •••••••• 0 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 

35 and--.42 

8.0 

. 08 

. 00 

44 

30 

20 

7.8 

0 

282 

45 

2.5 

. 9 

2. 9 

302 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

1rCltlll ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbo.nate .••.• o •••••• 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•••••..•.•••.••.•..••...• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . 1rurbidity ..•........•••...•.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection .••.•••.. 

24 

Wells 

35 and 42 

234 

3 

1 

7.7 

526 

0.6 

5/10/51 
OSKALOOSA 

(Population, 11, 124) 

Ownership: Municipal; also sUpplies about 275 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11, 400. 

Source: Skunk River, 70 percent of supply; 4 wells (11 to 14), 52, 54, 44, and 44 

ft deep, 30 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 900, 

975, 900, and 1, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 750,000 gal. 

At the time of the collection of the sample for analysis in May 1951, the wells were 

furnishing the entire supply because of a special condition of the Skunk .River 

which required a long detention period for clarification. There is a possibility that the river may be discontinued as a source of supply, although this was 

the principal source in 1950. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by State Hygienic Laboratory, Iowa City) 

Well 11 Well 12 I Well14 l/Wells _g/Wells 

I 

Silica (SiOs) ....•........... -- 7~51 -- -- 12 

Iron (Fe) ••.......•...•..... 0.4 5.0 0.1 . 08 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••.•• . 6 3. 2' 2. 2 .o . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ...........••. 68 82 92 24 25 

Magnesium (J4g) •••••••.•. 21 24 26 4.9 { 5. 5 

Sodium (Na) ........•..•... } 12 14 13 22 17 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••.• 1.3 

Carbonate (CO,) .••••.•••• 0 -- 0 5 0 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) •••••• 251 303 361 46 58 

Sulfate (S04 ) • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • 1 57 71 59 66 59 

Chloride (Cl) .•.•.......... 10 6 6.0 7 8.0 

Fluoride (F) ••.•....•...... . 3 . 1 . 2 . 1 .2 

Nitrate (NO,) .............. 2.1 1. 8 1.8 3.5 2. 9 

Dissolved solids ......... 325 372 411 167 166 

Hardness as .caco,: 

Total ...•.•••.............. 258 326 349 80 85 

Noncarbonate · · · • · ·· ·· · · 50 54 44 34 37 

Color .............•.....••.•. -- -- -- -- 2 

J)ll •••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 7.4 7.2 7. 2 8.6 8.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) 492 562 621 241 264 

Turbidity .•.•.•.••.......... -- -- -- -- o. 5 

Temperature (F.) •••••••. 58 52 -- -- -- Date of collection ........ 12/5/50 12/5/50 12/16/50 12/5/50 5/14/51 

Depth (feet) ..•.•.......... 52 54 44 

Diameter (inches) ...... 26 26 26 

Date drilled ............... 1945 1947 1949 

Percent of supply ...... -- -- -- l/Finished water, composite. 

1/Finished water, composite. Analyzed by Geological Survey. 

25 
OTTUMWA 

(Population, 33, 631) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 34, 100. 

Source: Des Moines River. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum or 

iron sulfate, activated carbon, recarbonation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 11, 000, 000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout the 

year. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw lt'inished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •..••..••. 12 7. 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) .•.•••.••••••• • 29 • 12 Total ................... 131 80 

Manganese (MD) ••••• • 13 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 32 50 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 38 30 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 8.8 1.3 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 40 2 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 1.6 11 pH •••••.••••••••••••••.•• 7.4 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3.3 3.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ••••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 119 36 25 c.) ..•...•..••...• 271 233 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 30 63 Turbidity •••••••.•••••• 310 0.9 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.0 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 •. 1 Date of <;ollection ••• 4/10/51 4/10/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••. 11 7. 9 

Dissolved solids ••••• 186 162 

Regular determinations· at treatment plant, 1949 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•..•..•. 161 270 85 7. 8 8.5 7.0 224 338 156 '416 8000 20 

Finished water ... 36 80 16 8.0 9. 2 7. 2 86. 122 70 • 20 1.5 0 

26 
SIOUX CITY 

(Population, 83, 991) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Morningside, Leeds, and Riverside. Total 

population supplied, about 91, 000. 

Source: 12 wells (2 to 7, 11, 14, and 16 to 19), 288 to 377ft deep. The yield of 

the wells is reported to range from 1, 110 to 1, 750 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 24,000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Finished 

.!/water 

25 

.40 

. 12 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

N.oncarbonate .••.......•• 

Finished 

·J.!water 

472 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 141 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........••. 

125 ~~-------------------+----------

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

39 

37 

8.4 

0 

404 

183 

26 

. 1 

1.2 

672 

Color ......................... . 

pll ·••··•·••····•···•···•········ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Depth (feet) ..................•...........•......•...••.....•••••••.•.•............. 

Diameter (inches) ................................................................ . 

l)ate clrilled •••...•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••. 

Percent of supply ...................................... , .......................... . 

2 

7. 5 

982 

1 

54 

6/15/51 

323-374 

16-20 

1940-48 

1/Composite sample, wells 14, 17, 18, and 19, Main Street pumping station. 

27 
WATERLOO 

(Population, 65, 198) 

Ownership: Municipal. , Source: 7 wells (7 to 13), 84, 82, 87, 81, 82, 87, and 81-ft deep. The yield of 

each well is reported to be 2, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 9, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

16 

. 04 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

T<>illl •..•......•..••.•.•.... 

NoncarboMte .•..•..••••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

241 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 48 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•...•....•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•• 0 •••• 

Fluoride (F) 0 ••••• 0. 0 •• 0 •o 0 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••• o ••••••• 

Dissolved solids ...•..••. 

67 ·~------------------~----------

18 

6.6 

. 8 

0 

236 

35 

10 

0 2 

13 

294 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•.••...•.••.•••••..••..•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . ·Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•. 

Date of collection ••••.•... 

Depth (feet) ...•.....•.............•.......................•.•....................... 

Diameter (inches) ................................................................ . 

Ilate dbrilled ••••.•••••.•..•.•••.••••..•.•••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.•.•••••••••• 

Percent of supply ...........•..............•••.••.••••.••.•••.•.•.•....•.......... 

28 

2 

709 

477 

0.6 

5/9/51 

81-87 

16L24 

1931-48 

100 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 8 wells. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

KANSAS 

ARKANSAS CITY 

(Population, 12, 903) 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpq. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) •••.••••. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium -(K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) .•.....•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

~ulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.••.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

14 

. 0 

106 

19 

107 

2.8 

0 

260 

119 

162 

. 3 

5. 0 

706 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

Total . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 342 

Noncarbonate .••••. •••••• 130 

Color .. .. . . . .. . .. ......... .. . . . 5 

pH .••.••.••...•..•.•••.•...•..•• 7. 5 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25C.)...................... 1,110 

Turbidity ....... ........ ..... --

Temperature (F. ) • . • • • . • . . • --

Date of collection •••••••.. 5/25/51 

29 
ATCIUSON 

(Population, 12, 792) 

Ownership: Atchison City Water Works, Inc. (nonprofit company); also s~pplies 

about 1, 500 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 

14,300. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation in two basins of 2, 000,000 gal capacity., each, 

coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, break point chlorination, and 

rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

The composition of the raw water varies throughout the year. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ............... . 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Finished 

water 

14 

. 01 

• 00 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ....................... . 

Non.carboute •••.•.••.••• 

Finished 

water 

286 

Manganese 94 (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••.......•... 82 ~~------------------~---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ..••........•.. 

Potassium (K) •..••...•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ......•••..••• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....••.. 

20 

59 

5. 6 

0 

234 

181 

27 

. 4 

2. 7 

538 

Color ......................... . 

pH································ 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) ....... ··············· 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••••• 

Date of collection •••.•••.• 

2 

8.0 

779 

0. 3 

35 

3/23/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alk.alin1ty Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av ltfax Min 

Raw water .•....... 160 280 88 7.9 8.4 7. 1 210 360 120 1500 2000 10 

Finished water ••. 150 240 80 7. 9 8.6 7.2 220. 380 120 • 1 .2 • 05 

30 
Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Verdigris River. 

COFFEYVILLE 

(Population, 17, 113) 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, softening with lime and soda ash, activated 

carbon at times, sedimentation, recarbonation, coagulation with alum, secondary sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 6, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••• 9.0 7.9 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••.•••••••••• . 02 . 00 Total •••••••••••••••• 176 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 32 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 54 30 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 10 1.7 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 50 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 28 28 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• - 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.2 2. 1 Specific conductance ,. 

. Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 8 (micromhos at '" Bicarbonate (BCOa) 176 13 25 c. ) ............... 480 

Sulfate. (SOJ •••••••••• 26 39 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 51 '57 Temperature (F.) ••• 74 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• -- . 1 Date of collection ••• 5/31/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 2.2 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••• 297' 215 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 so 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

82-

58 

5 

9'. 4 

32-1 . 

57 

5/31/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av I.-Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•......• -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 58 -- -- 9. 0 -- -- 114. -- -- 1 -- --

31 
Ownership: Municipal. 

DODGE CITY 

(Population, 11, 262) 

Source: 6 wells. The yield of the wells is reported to range from 500 to 1, 200 

gpm. The water is pumped from the wells directly into the distribution 

system. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••• 0 •••• 0 

Calcium (Ca) 0 •••• 0 •• 0 ••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •o•ooo••· 

Sodium (Na) .... 0 0 • 0 ••••••• 

Potassium (K) . 0 ••••••••• 0 

Carbonate (COs) ..... o ••• o 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Su~ate (S04 ) o ••• o ••••••• o. o 

Chloride (Cl) .. 0 0 0 ••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ...... 0. o •••••• 

Nitrate (N03) ••••••••••••• o 

Dissolved solids ···o····· 

Wells 

(city tap) 

29 

63 

22 

17 

. 00 

306 

0 

234 

54 

15 

1. 6 

13 

368 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .•••.....••• 

Color ......................... . 

pll .••..•..•...••••..•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•••.............. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

32 

Wells 

(city tap) 

248 

56 

5 

706 

528 

5/23/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

ELDORADO 

(Population, 11, 037) 

Source: Satchel Creek impounded in Lake ElDorado, 4. 7 miles from the Courthouse in the city. Walnut River, emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, activated carbon at 

times, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for control of algae, when necessary. 

Rated capacity of treatmenf plant: 2, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

,Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ............•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Finished 

water 

9.2 

. 00 

43 

3.4 

5.0 

2.8 

0 

85 

50 

7.8 

• 0 

1.4 

179 

Hardness as CaC<Js: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ••....••.... 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..•.••...••••.•••••.....•.. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••••.•.•.............. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Tempera~e (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••..... 

33 

Finished 

water 

121 

52 

10 

7.8 

268 

5/24/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

EMPORIA 

(Population, 15, 669) 

Source: Neosho River (impounded). Emergency supply, Kaholo Lake. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, carbon at times, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: (Not reported.) 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 10' 10 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•••••••••• 1.8 0 01 Total .•••••••••••••••• 115 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 6 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 36 41 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 6.2 1.1 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 100 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 7.3 6.5 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.5 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 9 2.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••••• 0 1/41 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 133 0 25 c.) •.•...••.••..•. 244 

Sulfate (SOJ ........... 13 45 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 2.8 8.0 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• -- • 1 Date of ~ollection •.• 5/24/51 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••.•••• 3.9 1.7 

Dissolved solids ••••. 192 168 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 5o 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

107 

39 

5 

10. 5 

269 

--

-- 5/24/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma;x Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ... 68 -- -- 9.0 -- -- 102 -- -- 1 -- -- Yincludes the equivalent of 1. 0 ppn1 of hydroxide (OH). 

34 
GREAT BEND 

(Population, 12, 665) 

Ownership: Western Light and Telephone Co. , Inc. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 75, 117, 68, and 99ft deep. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

Water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution system. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in pa~ts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 

Silica (SiOa) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • 18 

Iron (Fe)........................... . 0 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••.•••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 

Sodituol (Na) .•••••••••••.•••••••••• 

Potassituol (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO:J ••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCO:J ••••.•••••••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Fluor. ide (F) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••.•••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••.•••.•••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~CJtaLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •.••••••••••••••• 

Color •••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 

pH •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) •••••• 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 

Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• 

92 

18 

107 

3.6 

0 

202 

156 

135 

• 6 

3.0 

678 

304 

138 

0 

7.6 

1, 040 

5/23/51 

Depth (feet) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) •••...•••..•••••••••••••••••••• 

Date drilled ......••.•....•....••.••.••..••••.••••• 

Percent of supply ............................... . 

35 

212 204 204 

170 145 140 

688 660 713 

292 306 296 

118 139 129 

1, 080 

5/23/51 

11? 

18 

1937 

1, 030 

5/23/51 

68 

18 

1937 

1,030 

5/23/51 

99 

19 

1946 
HUTCffiNSON 

(Population, 33, 575) 

Ownership: Glenn Dunn Co., Wichita, Kans. 

Source: 8 wells (Adams Street, Main Street, Northwest, Northeast, Cleveland, 

Lorraine, North, and East), 65, 75, 60, 58, 80, 50, 65, and 59ft deep, respectively; each 24 in. in diameter. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Finished-water storage: None. 

Water from the wells is pumped directly into the distribution system. Partial 

analysis of a sample from each well indicates a range in dissolved solids from 

479 to 1, 070 ppm and hardness from 232 to 366 ppm. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Northeast Adams Street water well well (composite) 

Silica (SiOJ •.•.•.•••••••••••.•.•••••• 16 -- -- Iron (Fe) ••••••••..•••••••••••••••••••• .0 -- -- Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) • • ••••••• •••••••••••••••• 110 -- -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 19 -- -- SCHiitua1 (Na) •••••.••••••.•.•••••••••••• 144 -- -- Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 3.4 -- -- Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••••••••••••••.• 255 230 270 

Sulfate (SO .c). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 125 -- -- Chloride (Cl) .•••••••••••••••.•••••••• 230 125 385 

Fluoride (I? •...•....•••...•......•... . 5 -- -- Nitrate (NOs) .•••.•••••••••••••••••••• 11 -- -- Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••••••• 853 479 1,070 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()taLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 352 232 364 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 144 44 143 

Color ................................... 0 -- -- pH········································ 7.3 -- -- Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••.•••• 1,340 854 1,810 

Tu.rbidity •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• -- -- -- ~em perature (F • ) ••.•••••••••••••••• -- -- -- Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• 5/23/51 5/23/51 5/23/51 

36 
Ownership: Municipal. 

INDEPENDENCE 

(Popul_ation, 11, 335) 

Source: Verdigris River (impounded). 

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, coagulation with alum, activated carbon 

at times, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: (Not reported.) 

Finished-water storage: 2, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiO:J •••••.•••. 9.4 7.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•.•••••• • 12 • 00 Total •••••••••••••••• 186 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 29 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 58 42 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 10 9. 2 Color-••••••••••••••••••• 100 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 29 29 pH •••••.••••••••••••••••• 7. 9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 5 2. 6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 191 74 25 c. ) ............... 501 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••. 27 69 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 52 49 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 2 • 1 Date of collection ••• 5/31/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 1.8 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••. 322 281 

37 

Finished 

water 

143 

82 

0 

7.5 

432 

--

80 

5/31/51 
JUNCTION CITY 

(Population, 13, 462) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14,000. 

Source: 6 wells (2 to 7), 66, 59, 73, 67, 71, and 70 ft deep. The yield of well 2 

is reported to be 950 gpm, and of remaining wells, each 1, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity.of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 200, 000 gal. 

Water from se'Veral wells is mixed before entering treatment plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

1/Raw 

water 

Silica (SiOJl •.•••.•••. 23 

Iron (Fe) •.••••••••.••• . 01 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 88 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 16 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 28 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 7. 3 

Carbonate (COs) .•.•• 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 295 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 55 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 32 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 4 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••.•••. 15 

Dissolved solids ••••. 424 

.!/Composite of all wells . 

..2/Three wells. 

Finished 1/Raw 

Ywater water 

20 Hardness as CaC03 : 

• 01 Total •••••••••••••••.• 284 

. 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 42 

27 

~ 13 Color··············~····· 3 

26 pH .•••••••••••••••••••.•• 7. 5 

7.4 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

79 25 c.) •...••••••••..• 658 

50 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 1. 0 

33 Temperature (F.) ••• 58 

. 3 Date of collection ••• 3/20/51 

26 

254 

38 

Finished 

Ywater 

122 

57 

2 

8. 1 

392 

0 

59 

3/20/51 
KANSAS CITY 

(Population, 129, 553) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 35,000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 164, 600. 

Source: Missouri River. The raw water is obtained by means of either or both 

of two intake structures and equipment. It is first pumped to the electric 

power station where it is used for condensing purposes.. When it leaves the 

condenser a sufficient amount is pumped to the settling basins at the water 

plant for the city supply. The remainder is wasted back into the river. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum, lime, silica, activated carbon, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 31,750,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 17, 000, 000 gal; elevated storage, 1, 800, 000 

gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

15 

. 01 

. 00 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total •..•..............•..... 

Noncarbonate .•....•..••• 

Finished 

- water 

276 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 82 

Calcium (Ca) .•............ 75 ~~------------------~~----------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodiuni (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ..•...•.. 

22 

59 

5. 6 

0 

237 

172 

29 

. 4 

2.8 

520 

Color .•...•....••.......•.•.•.. 

pH ••••.•..•...•••••••...•....••.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••••.•••.....•........ 

Turbidity ...........•••..••.• 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection ••••••... 

Regular determinati»ns at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 (ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 153 253 102 8.2 8.6 7. 9 220 368 136 

Finished water ... 152 252 99 7. 9 8.4 7. 4 235 360 158 

39 

3 

7.9 

770 

0.3 

46 

3/23/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

1870 9830 26 

c::::1 <:1 <:::1 
LAWRENCE 

(Population, 23, 351) 

Ownership: Municipal; supplies also the University of Kansas and about 3, 000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 31,300. 

Source: Kansas River (60-75 percent of supply); 3 wells (1 to 3), 50, 50, and 51 

ft deep (25-40 percent of supply). The yield of the wells is reported to be 

450, 450, and 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

alum, copperas (part time only}, chlorine dioxide when needed, carbon, recarbonation, addition of calgon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and 

ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 900, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 373,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

.!/Raw Finished 1/Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •..••••••. 24 18 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•.•.•.•••••• • 02 • 01 Total .................. 368 

Manganese (Mn) ..... . 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 54 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 118 32 

MagneSium (Mg) ••••• 18 7. 1 CQlor .•••••••••.••••••••• 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 53 55 pH .••••••••. ••••••••••••• 7.5 

Potassium {K) ••••••• 6.8 6. 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 17 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 384 34 25 c. ) .. -............. 890 

SuHate (S04) •••••••••• 82 80 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 95 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 64 70 Temperature (F.) ••• 46 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 2 .2 Date of ~ollection ••. 3/21/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 4.4 2.0 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 568 324 

Regular determinations at treatment plant , 19 so 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

109 

52. 

2 

9.0 

506 

0.3 

47 

3/21/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 220 350 100 7. 9 8.3 7. 2 275 450 120 1800 1500C 20 

Finished water ..... 50 80 36 9. 1 9.6 8.7 112 152 84 <1 ...:;;:;:: 1 <::::.1 

1/Kansas River 75 percent, wells 25 percent. 

40 
LEAVENWORTH 

(Population, 20, 579) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21,200. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 15, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

The composition of the raw water varies throughout the year. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

13 

• 05 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

T<>llil ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate .••.•.....•• 

Finished 

water 

130 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 56 

Calcium (Ca) ............•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

27 l~-------------------+----------

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

SuUate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......••. 

15 

55 

5.3 

14 

62 

140 

24 

. 4 

2.9 

346 

COlor ......................... . 

JPH .••..•.••.....••.•••.•......•. 

SJPecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25C.) ..................... . 

Turbidity •......••.•••••.•••. 

TemJPerature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection ••••••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(pJPm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... _ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished wate.r ..... 60 112 42 8.2 9. 6 7.2 110 118 100 

41 

2 

8.9 

523 

0. 5 

74 

3/23/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -==1 -<1 <::.1 
MANHATTAN 

(Population, 19, 056) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 21, 100. 

Source: 5 wells (5 to 9), 68, 68, 63, 64, and 68ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1, 600, 1, 200, 1, 500, 800, and 1, 700 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime.and soda ash, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 600,000 gal in reservoir and elevated tank. 

A different well is pumped every half hour. Determinations made at the treatment 

plant show little or no difference in the chemical composition of water from 

each of the wells. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

_!/Raw ,inished .!/Raw Finished 

water !/water water .!/water 

Silica (SiOa) ••.•••.••• 31 17 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• 6. 9 . 01 Total ................... 370 54 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 1.4 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 20 12 

Calcium (Ca) .......... 113 14 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 21 4.6 Color···················· 2 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 22 33 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.3 8.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 5. 1 5. 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• · 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 428 51 25 c .. ) .. -............. 755 296 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••• 52 55 'Pu.rbidity · •••••••••••• · •• o. 9 0.2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 18 25 Temperature (F. ) ••• 56 56 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .4 . 1 Date of ~ollection ••• 3/20/51 3/20/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••.••••. .9 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••• 488 196 

Depth (feet) ·······························································~ 63-68 

Diameter (inches) ........................................................ • 18-26 

!)ate ctrilled •• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••• 1929;_45 

Percent of supply .............. !' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _. fl• ••••••••••• 100 

Regular determinations at treatment plant , 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .•..••.•. 424 430 400 6. 9 7.5 5.3 450 463 425 100 120 90 

Finished water .•. 45 48 38 9. 5 10.6 8.6 75 85 65 c:::::l <::1 ~1 

_!/Composite. 

42 
Ownership: MUI).icipal. 

NEWTON 

(Population, 11, 590) 

Source: 7 wells in use; four additional wells drilled but not in use at this time. 

The wells are located 7 to 10 miles from the city. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: --

Finished-water storage: 4, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •.........••.•. 

Iron (Fe) .•.•....•.....•••.. 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..•.•.•.•.. 

.Magnesium (Mg) .••...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•.......•••. 

Potassium {K) •••••...•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•...••.••.. 

Fluoride {F) .......•.••...• 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .....•••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

26 

. 00 

53 

8.4 

27 

1. 4 

0 

211 

28 

8.8 

.0 

7. 7 

264 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

T<>tlll ••••....•••..••••••..•• 

Non.c.arbonate .••.•••••.•• 

Color ••••.•••..•••.•..••••••••. 

JPII ••••.•••••••••••••••.•..•••.•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••.•.•• ·······-·-·~-····· ~rbidity •••••••••••••••••••• 

TemJPerature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

Date of collection ••••••••• 

43 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

167 

0 

0 

7.0 

416 

5/24/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

PARSONS 

(Population, 14, 750) 

Source: La Bette Creek. Auxiliary supply, Neosho River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and -chlorination. Copper sulfate is used for the control of algae when necessary. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 5, 180,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 10, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 510, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•..•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ..••.....•..... 

Potassium (K) ...•....•... 

Carbonate (CO,) .•........ 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.•.•. 

Fluoride (F) ...••..•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03) .............. . 

Dissolved solids .•...•••. 

La Bette Cr. 

(finished 

water) 

4. 9 

. 00 

43 

5.8 

10 

2.4 

0 

79 

82 

7. 2 

.0 

1.1 

224 -

Hardness .as CaCOs: 

TCltlll •..•....•.•...••.•..... 

Nonc.arbonate •••.•••.•••• 

Color ......................... . 

pll ••••••••••••••••••••••..••.••. 

Specific conductllnce 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••.••••...........•.. 

Turbidity .................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••••• 

Date of collection •••.•••.• 

44 

La Bette Cr. 

(finished 

water) 

131 

66 

25 

7.2 

329 

79 

. 5/31/51 

l60!t8 
Ownership: Municipal. 

PITTSBURG 

(Population, 19, 341) 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), about 1, 400ft deep. 

Treatment: Softening with excess lime, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 630, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-·Water storage: 2, 700, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(An a 1 yses, in parts per. m ill" 1on, bus y . . Gel 0 OglC "alSu rvey ) 

Well1 Well2 Well3 Finished 

(raw (raw (raw water 

water) water) water) (composite) 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••.•••••••••••••••• 10 9.7 8.9 4.7 

Iron (Fe) •••.••.••.••••••••••••••••• . 02 . 12 . 25 • 02 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) ..•••.•.••.•••••••••• 66 68 67 11 

Magnesium (Mg) .••••••••••••••• 31 33 34 14 

Sodium (Na) .•••••••••••.•.•••••••• 86 82 91 87 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 5 .. 4 5. 1 6.2 5.4 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••••••••.• 0 0 0 -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••• 333 334 355 Y68 

SuHate (S04) •• • .................... 72 82 90 87 

Chloride ( Cl) •••••••••••••••••.••• 100 86 82 98 

Fluoride (F) ..............•...... . 5 . 5 . 7 . 3 

Nitrate (NO,) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 1 . 9 .8 . 7 

Dissolved solids •••.•••••••••••• 535 531 556 342 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()tall ···········~················ 292 305 307 85 

Noncarbonate ••••••.•••••••••• 19 32 16 30 

Color ................... ............ 5 5 10 5 

pH ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 5 7. ·4 7. 3 8.6 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.--) •••••• 929 929 933 615 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Temperature (F. ) ••••.••••••••• 70 -- 68 85 

Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• 11/29/51 11/29/51 11/29/51 11/29/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min - Raw water ......... 272 -- -- -- -- -- 297 -- -- -- -- -- Finished water ..... 60' -- -- -- -- -- 85 -- -- -- -- -- 1)Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03). 

45 
Ownership: Municipal. 

SALINA 

(Population, 26, 176) 

Source: 10 wells (N-1, N-2, N-3, and 4 to 10), 62, 69., 86, 77, 62, ·78, 70, 71, 

64, and 75ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 040, 900, 800, 

1, 090, 1, 040, 1, 120, 1, 090, 1, 020, 900, and 1, 200 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 11,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 671,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•.•...•••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.••....•••.. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

24 

. 08 

.44 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ••.•.....•.....•••...•. 

N oncarbonate .••.•.••.••• 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

552 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 184 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•..••... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•.•.......•••. 

Potassium (K) ...••...•... 

Carbonate (CO,) .•.•..••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••.••.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.••.... 

Nitrate (N03} •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•.••.. 

176 ~~------------------+---------

27 

47 

8.5 

0 

450 

188 

68 

. 2 

1.8 

800 

Color .•...•.••.•••.•..••..•.... 

pll •••••••••.••••••.•••••.•••.••• 

Specific con&.lctance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••••.•••....••.......• 

Turbidity •••••.•••••••••••••. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •••••••.• 

Depth (feet) .••••..•...•.•.•....••••••...•••••.•..•••..••••••..••••••••••.••.•••..••• 

Diameter (inches) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Date ~illed ....•.....•......•••••••.•.•..•••••••••....•••••••••••••••••.•....•...•• 

Percent of supply .......•.•••...•...•....•.••.•..•.••..••..••••••••••...•.•.••..• 

46 

3 

7.3 

1,150 

0. 6 

58 

3/20/51 

62-86 

24 

1924-49 

100 
TOPEKA 

(Population, 78, 791) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 14, 200 people outside the city limits 

and 1, 000 at Forbes Air Base. Total population supplied, about 94,000. 

Source: Kansas River, 90 percent of supply; 3 wells, 37, 50, and 50 ft deep, 10 

percent of supply. Water from the river and wells is mixed before entering 

the sedimentation basin. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with excess lime and soda ash, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. .. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd (to be increased to 16, 000, 000 

gpd). 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs and elevated storage, 13, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •.•••••••• 20 14 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ............... . 02 . 01 Total •••••••••••••••• 317 100 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 78 56 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 95 29 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 19 6.7 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 7 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 71 83 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.9 8.3 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 7. 9 7.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 5 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 292 43 25 c. ) ............... 906 638 

SuHate (SOJ .......... 113 112 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 230 0.8 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 88 93 Temperature (F.) ••• 37 41 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 . 2 Date of ~ollection ••• 3/21/51 3/21/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 4.9 3.6 

Dissolved solids ••••• 572 390 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 204 327 77 8.3 8.7 8.0 253 418 90 1754 9040 100 

Finished water ... 50 95 32 9.4 10.1 8.9 98 143 68 0 0 0 

47 
WICIUTA 

(Population, 168, 279) 

Ownership: The city owns the production facilities; The Wichita Water Co. (a subsidiary of the American Water Works Co., Inc.) owns the pumping station and 

water-distribution system. 

Source: 35 wells (1 to 35) ranging in depth from 90 to 265 ft, with average of about 

200 ft, located in the Equus Beds west and south of the city of Halstead 30 to 

35 miles from Wichita, for regular supply. Seven local wells (1 to 7) near the 

treatment plant are used in case of an emergency. Two wells (16 and 17) belonging to the Wichita Water Co. are so connected to the system that the water 

from them can be treated at the treatment plant. Shallow wells of the Wichita 

Water Co. located in the vicinity of the treatment plant and which have a total 

capacity of 20, 000, 000 gpd are available but are never used except in case of 

emergency. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, chlorination, ammoniation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and polyphosphate (Calgon) for 

stabilization. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 48,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear wells, 1, 000, 000 gal; 2 reservoirs, 3, 000, 000 gal 

each. Wichita Water Co. , 1 reservoir, 3, 800, 000 gal; 2 elevated tanks, 

1, 000,000 and 300,000 gal. 

The regular supply wells are spaced at least half a mile apart in the well field and 

have an average yield of about 1, 000 gpm. The wells, equipped with turbine 

pumps, pump into spur lines connected to the 48-in. supply line which conveys 

the water to the treatment plant located in the city. The control, the operation 

of which is manual, of the wells is centered at the treatment plant, so that individual wells may be cut in or out of the pumpage as desired. There is considerable variation in the chemical composition of the water from the individual wells. The hardness ranges from about 115 to 250 ppm. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

.!/Raw Finished _!/Raw Finished 

water 1/water water J/water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 21 20 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• 1. 6 . 00 Total •••••••••.••••••.• 200 86 

Manganese (Mn) ...... -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 0 0 

Calcium (Ca) .......... 62 19 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 9. 4 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 0 5· 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 56 56 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.3 9. 1 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 1 1. 9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 13 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOs) 255 84 25 C.) •• -••••••••••••• 595 418 

Sulfate (SOJ ........... 54 54 Turbidity •••••••••••••• -- -- Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 36 43 Temperature (F. )u. -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 .5 Date of collection ••• 5/24/51 5/24/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 1. 8 1.9 

Dissolved solids ••••. 370 260 

!/Composite. 

48 
MINNESOTA 

ALBERT LEA 

(Population, 13, 545) 

Ownership: Municipai; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14,000. 

Source: 2 wells, 400 and 600ft deep; tie-in with Wilson Co. for auxiliary supply. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 750 and 1, 250 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination, addition of sodium metaphosphate (Nalco-18) for water 

stabilization after the water leaves the storage reservoirs. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 2, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) ..••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl} .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 } •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

25 

1.0 

. 01 

92 

29 -

12 

1.8 

0 

421 

20 

5.5 

. 1 

2. 1 

404 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

TCl~l •..•................... 

Noncarbona.te .••.•....•.. 

Color ..•.......••.........•.... 

JPII .••..•..•...•..•..•..•.....•.• 

SJPecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••.••••............... 

Turbidity ..••.......••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

DeJPth. (feet) ••••••••••.•••••••.•.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) ..•.........................•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...... 

Date ~illed .•...••................•......•..•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Percent of sup]ply ················~················································ 

49 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

350 

5 

3 

7.6 

645 

2 

48 

5/8/51 

400, 600 

12 

100 
Ownership: Municipal. 

AUSTIN 

(Population, 23, 100) 

Source: Sargeant Springs, 50 percent of supply; 1 well, 112ft deep, 50 percent of 

supply. The yield for Sargeant Springs is reported to be 2, 200 gpm, and for 

the well, 1, 940 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. Fluoridation of the supply has been proposed. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 2, 186, 000 gal; elevated storage, 750, 000 galo 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ..........•..•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•.•.•.... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ...•..•..••.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) •.••........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•• o. 0. 

Nitrate (N03) •••• o ••••••••• 

Dissolved solids o••······ 

Finished 

water 

(composite_} 

15 

0 12 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Finished 

water 

(composite} 

Total . ..•... .. . .. . . . •••... .. 236 

Noncarbonate .••.•.••.••• 12 

59 l~-------------------+---------

22 

4.2 

1.0 

0 

274 

13 

3.0 

• 2 

30 5 

256 

Color . .... .....•..... ....... ... 1 

pll .••••••••..••••••••..•...•.•.. 7. 8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.)...................... 446 

Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . • . . . 0. 6 

Temperature (F. ) • . • • • . • . . • --

Date of collection ••••....• 5/8/51 

50 
BRAINERD 

(Population, 12, 637) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 4 wells (3 to 6), 120, 120, 145, and 150 ft deep. The yield of the wells 

is reported to be 1, 200, 1, 200, 2, 400, and 2, 500 gpm. Two wells are pumped 

at one time into reservoir and tower storage and then into the mains. 

Treatment: Iron and manganese removal by upward flow of water through beds of 

manganese ore, aeration and percolation through beds of coke, and rapid sand 

filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 300,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoir, 800, 000 gal; tower, 300, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica -(Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•.•..•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•..•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

!Wells 3 and 6 

(finished 

water) 

20 

• 02 

. 00 

66 

16 

9. 5 

. 5 

0 

254 

29 

5. 5 

• 0 

4.4 

288 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total .•.•...........••....•• 

N oncarbollS.te .•..•.•••••• 

Color .•••.••.•.•••....•.•.•.... 

JPH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••.•.••............... 

Turbidity ...........••••..... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

Depth (feet) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

~te dbrilled ••••.•••••••••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Percent of Sllpply .•••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

51 

Wells 3 and 6. 

(finished 

water) 

229 

21 

3 

7. 6 

439 

o. 2 

47 

5/2/51 

120, 150 

16, 16 

1939, 1947 
DULUTH 

(Population, 104, 511) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 700 people in Proctor. Total poplation supplied, about 107,200. 

Source: Lake Superior for regular supply; Fond du-Lac wells for auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, detention 4 hours, postchlorination, and ammonialion. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 30,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, tanks, and standpipes, 55,380,000 gat 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

-silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ............. . 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ....•...•... 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..••• 

Fluoride (F) ............•.. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

lLake Superior (finiShed 

water) 

3.3 

. 15 

• 00 

14 

2.2 

1.1 

.4 

0 

50 

1.0 

3. 5 

. 1 

1.6 

54 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

TCltJll •..•.•..•........•...•. 

Noncarbo11ate .••.•••.•••. 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..•.••...••...••..•.....•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection ••••.•.•. 

!Lake Superior (finished 

water) 

44 

3 

1 

7. 4 

102 

0. 9 

35 

5/3/51 

Regular determinations at t.,-eatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Finished water .•. 43 44 42 7. 6 -- -- 46 47 45 0.35 13 0 

52 
FARIBAULT 

(Population, 16, 028) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 3 wells (1 to 3), 750, 450, and 1, 385 ft deep. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 2, 400, 2, 400, and 1, 360 gpm, 

Treatment: Chlorination and aeration. 

Raw-water, storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••• o ••••••• 

Iron (Fe) .. 0. 0 •••••• o,. 0 •••• 0 

Manganese (Mn) • 0 ••••••• 0 

Calcium (Ca) ..•.. 0. 0 •••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ... 0 •••• 0 

Sodium (Na) ...•. 0 •• 0. 0 ••• 0 

Potassium (K) ........•.. 0 

Carbonate (COs) .. o ••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) •••••••••••••• o 

Chloride (Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. 0 

Nitrate (N03 ) ••••• o ••••••• o 

Dissolved solids .....••• 0 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

14 

• 70 

• 02 

88 

31 

9. 0 

2o0 

0 

403 

33 

4.0 

0 1 

4.4 

376 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Non.c.arbonate ••..•.••.••• 

Color ......................... . 

JPII •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

S]pecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ·······••o••·······. 

Tem]perature (F. ) •..••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••... 

53 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

348 

18 

2 

7.7 

642 

1 

48 

5/7/51 
FERGUS FALLS 

(Population, 12, 917) 

Ownership: Municipal; also. supplies 2, 000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 14, 900 .. 

Source: Otter Tail River. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate and sodium alum- . 

inate, slow mechanical mixing and sludge blanket clarification, recarbonation, 

carbon when needed, fluoridation with sodium silicofluoride, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, chlorination, and stabilization with polyphosphate. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake. 

Finished-water storage: 700,000 gal.(additional .storage of 1, 500,000 gal is planned for in 1951). 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw ·Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

' 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 9.8 7.1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• • 02 . 05 Total •••••••••.••••••• 176 75 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Nancarbonate •••••• 1 0 

Calcium (Ca) •.••••••• 31 9.0 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 24 13 Color ·····•············· 4 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 5.2 6.5 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.9 9. 2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 3.1 2.9 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 13 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 214 65 25 c .. )················ 345 179 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 11 10 'Pllrbidity •••••••••••••• 2 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.5 3.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 68 68 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 1. ~ Date. of collection ••• 5/25/51 5/25/51 

Nitrate (NOs} ••••••••• 1.0 .4 

Dissolved solids ••••• 212 118 

RegiJJD,r determinatimuJ at treatment plant, 1951 !I 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 205 220 170 8.0 8.1 7. 9 213 220 180 2 5 0 

Finished water ... ~. 68 70 65 9. 2 9.2 9. 2 63 66 61 0 0 0 

!/Fiscal year (Apr. 1, 1950 to Mar. 31, 1951). 

54 
mBBING 

(Population, 16, 276) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19,300. 

Source: Mine shaft, 50 percent of supply; 7 wells (1-A, 2-A, 3-A, 4, 8-A, t, and 

12), 112, 118, 148, 88, 135, 182, and 138 ft deep, 50 percent of supply. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 700, 500, 700, 300, 700, 450, and 450 

gpm. All the wells are connected to a 1, 000, 000 gal reservoir at the- main 

pumping station. 

Treatment: Chlorination of water from mine shaft. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: underground storage, 4, 000,000 gal; elevated tank, 

650, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ...•.•...•••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•..••..••.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) .••..••.. 

Sodium (Na) ••••.....•.•••. 

Potassium (K) •.•.•.•••••. 

Carbonate (C~) ••...••••. 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) ••••. 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..••• 

Fluoride (F) .•.•...•.••.••. 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•..••••. 

Finished Finished 

water water 

(composite) (composite) 

15 Hardness .as caeo.: . 08 Total .•••..•.•.•....•••..••• 

• 01 Noncarbonate •••••.••.••• 

28 

15 

5. 6 

• 6 

0 

140 

19 

8.0 

. 1 

. 7 

168 

Color •••••••••••••..•.•.•.••••• 

pll •••••••••••.••••••••.•.•••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) •••••••••....•.•••.••• 

Turbidity ••••••.••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••. 

55 

132 

17 

2 

7.-0 

274 

0.8 

45 

5/3/51 
MANKATO 

(Population, 18, 809) 

OWnership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19,000. 

Source: 6 wells (5 to 10), 68, 325, 65, 68, and 67ft deep (depth not reported for 

well 10). The yield of the wells is reported to be 600, 500 (flow), 700, 600, 

1, 500, and 1, 700 gpm. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, iron removal by aeration and contact beds of manganese ore and coke, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: High tower, 250,000 gal; concrete reservoir, 3, 500,000 

gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) .............•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ..........•.... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....... 

Finished water (composite)Y Y 

20 

2. 2 

. 00 

77 

32 

a2 

4. 7 

0 

294 

107 

11 

. 1 

4.4 

462 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Nonc.arbona.te .••.•.••••.. 

Color ......................... . 

1>11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •..••.•..• 

Date of collection .••..•... 

Finished water (composite)_!/ Y 

324 

83 

5 

8.0 

714 

9 

50 

5/31/51 

_!/Chlorination only. Treatment J>lant out of service for repairs at time of 

collection of samJ)le. 

bfWells 5, 8, and 9. 

56 
:MINNEAPOLIS 

(Population, 521, 718) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 11,000 people outside the city limits 

and about 3, 700 at other places. Total population supplied, about 536,400. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

ferrous sulfate, and Ferrifloc as required, clarification stablization with 

alum, carbon dioxide or Ferrifloc or a combination of these as required, 

rapid sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Fridley softening plant, 100,000,000 gpd; 

Columbia Heights Filtration Plant, 78, 000, 000 gpd; Fridley Filtration Plant, 

80, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 61, 000, 000 gal. 

The public supply of Minneapolis is obtained from the Mississippi River at the 

Fridley pumping station No. 5 located north of the city proper. After the 

water is softened at the Fridley water-softening plant it is divided for filtration. Centrifugal pumps deliver part of the water to the Columbia Heights 

Filtration Plant from which after filtration and sterilization finished water is 

supplied to the city by gravity from the covered finished-water reservoir. The 

other portion is pumped by low service pumps to the Fridley Filtration Plant 

from which the finished water is pumped directly into the mains from the covered reservoir. The western half of the city is supplied by direct pumping 

into the mains and the balance is served by gravity. The Columbia· Heights 

Plant generally serves the entire city from midnight to 5 o'clock in the morning. ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw !Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 10 4.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••.•••••••• . 04 . 17 Total ................. 148 68 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 13 43 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 40 20 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 12 4.4 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 47 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 3.6 4.2 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.9 7.6 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.0 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 165 30 25 c.) •••.••••••••••• 296 182 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 18 44 Turbidity .............. 5 0.9 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1.0 8.0 Temperature (F. ) ••• 69 66 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••. . 1 . 1 Date of collection ••• 5/29/51 5/29/51 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••• 2.0 • 9 

Dissolved solids ••••• 198 126 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•...•... 151 196 95 8. 1 8. 7 7. 5 163 194 142 9. 6 90 2 

Finished water ... 42 58 18 8.0 8.6 7.4 77. 83 74 . 3 2. 2 0 

57 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MOORHEAD 

(Population, 14, 870) 

Source: 5 wells (5 to 9), 265, 265, 116, 116, and 116 ft deep. The yield of the 

wells is reported to be 500, 500, 200, 1, 400, and 1, 400 gpm. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulphate, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

·aated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 800,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiO;J •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

~um (!la) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Car 'bonate (COs) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Bicar'bonate (HCOJ ••••••••••••••••• 

Sulfate (SOc). .......................... . 

Chloride ( Cl) ......................... . 

Fluoride (I? •...•......•....•.••••••.. 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()t;Ll •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Color ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

pH ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) ••••••••••• 

~bidity ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

~em perature (F. ) • •• • • • • • • •• • ••••••• 

Date of collection •••••••• ~ •••••••••• 

.Depth (feet) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) .•..••••••••.••..• 

Da.te drilled ••...•..••...•..•...••..• 

Percent of supply .....•....••.•••.. 

Well5 

(raw water) 

28 

. 63 

. 00 

55 

13 

155 

5. 0 

0 

329 

144 

74 

• 2 

3.8 

644 

189 

0 

4 

7. 7 

1,010 

2 

48 

5/25/51 

58 

265 

16 

1930 

Well9 

(raw water) 

27 

~ 26 

. 04 

70 

26 

74 

5.5 

0 

380 

104 

14 

.2 

3.3 

518 

280 

0 

3 

7. 6 

801 

1 

45 

5/25/51 

116 

12 

1947 

Wells 5 & 9 

(finished water) 

20 

. 14 

. 00 

22 

8.3 

100 

4.9 

10 

142 

121 

32 

.. 2 

3.4 

396 

89 

0 

2 

8. 7 

616 

1 

49 

5/25/51 
ROCHESTER 

(Population, 29, 885) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 11 wells (2 to 11), 43 0 to 510 ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported 

to range from 190 to 1, 100 gpm. 

Treatment: None (chlorination planned to be started in June 1951). 

Storage: 2, 400, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •.••......••.•• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•...•••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) .••..••.•.•.•• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ••••.......•••. 

Potassium (K) •.•.•..••.•. 

Carbonate (COs) ••....•••. 

Bicarbonate (HC01) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ..••.••••.•••• 

Fluoride (F) .•.•...•.••.•••. 

Nitrate (N01) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••.••••. 

Wells 

(composite) 

11 

• 15 

• 00 

70 

21 

3. 7 

1. 6 

0 

292 

23 

5.0 

. 1 

4. 1 

288 

Hardness .as cacas: 

T()tal ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

N~tNllUlte •••.••• , •••• 

Color ••••••••••••••••.•.••••••• 

pll ••••••.•••••••••••••••.••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•..........•..... 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••• 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••• 

59 

Wells 

(composite) 

260 

20 

1 

1.7 

471 

l 

52 

5/7/51 
ST. CLOUD 

(Population, 28, 410) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, ammoni4tion, coagulation with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•... ·~· .•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ............•.. 

Potassium (K) ...•....•... 

Carbonate (C03) •• ~ ••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

6.0 

• 04 

. 00 

35 

11 

3. 6 

2. 1 

0 

101 

53 

4.5 

. 0 

• 8 

190 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Nonc.a.rbonate ............ . 

Color ......................... . 

J)ll •••..•.••..••••..••.....•..... 

SJ)ecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Tu.rbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•.•• 

Date of collection •••.•.•.. 

60 

Finished 

water 

134 

51 

4 

7.0 

287 

1 

55 

5/1/51 
ST. LOUIS PARK 

(Population, 22, 644) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 6 wells (1 to 6). Wells 1, 2, and 3 are 290ft deep; wells 4, 5, and 6 ,~x;~ 

500ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be as follows: Wells 1 and 2, 

930 gpm, each; wells 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1, 20D gpm, each. 

Treatment: Chlorination, polyphosphate for stabilization, and aeration in surface 

st orage tank. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tank, 1, 600,000 gal; steel surface tank, 

1, 500, 000 gal. 

Continuous problem with _C!:enothrix. Water is pumped directly into mains. The 

iron content is reported to vary from 0. 8 to 3. 4 ppm. '- _ _::; 

; ·-- \-.; {~! :~ 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well3 

_ (finished 

water) 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••. 

Iron (Fe) •••.•.•••••••• 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••.•• 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

SuHate (SOJ •••••••.•• 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••. 

Dissolved solids ••••. 

20 

81 

. 18 

. 00 

32 

3.6 

1.7 

0 

320 

52 

16 

. 1 

7. 3 

432 

Well4 

(finished 

water) 

17 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Well 3 W.ell 4 

(finished ~finf:shed 

water) water) 

. 65 Total :-··············· 334 290 . 02 Noncarbonate.. ••• • 72 13 

73 ~--------------~------~-------

26 Color •••••• •• •• •••• ••••• 5 · -· -- 4 

4. 0 pH . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 . 0 8. 1 

1.7 

0 

338 

13 

6.5 

. 1 

1.4 

308 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) .............. . Turbidity •••••••••••••• 

. Temperature (F.) ••• 

Date of collection ••• 

!.,. 

.. ,; -

Depth (feet) ........•......................•...........•.••........•......... 

Diameter (inches) ........................................................ . 

Ilate dbrilled .••••...•••••••••.••••••••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Percent of supply ...............................•..•........•............. 

61 
ST. PAUL 

(Population, 311, 349) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 10,000 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 325,000. 

Source: Mississippi River and watershed of impounding lakes for regular supply; 

Centerville Lakes System for auxiliary supply. The principal impounding reservoirs of the present water-supply system are lakes Vadnais, Pleasant, Otter, 

Charles, and Sucker. Water storage in the Vadnais impounding system may 

be augmented from two principal sources: water pumped from the Centerville 

Lake system, which consists of four principal lakes and lies 18 to 20 miles 

north of the city; water pumped from the Mississippi River to the Vadnais 

storage reservoir through Charles and Pleasant Lakes. 

Treatment: Aeration, coagulation with alum, softening with lime, recarbonation, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 70,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 6, 750, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 70, 000, 000 gal. 

Water from Otter Lake and the overflow from Bald Eagle Lake may be taken by 

gravity into the Vadnais system as a reserve source of supply. During low 

water stages, however, the water in Otter Lake is highly colored and is seldom used. Two artesian well fields are held in reserve. One field which has 

28 wells with an average depth of 400ft, is located. along the shores of Center- · 

ville Lake. The other field which has 6 wells ranging in depth from 700 to 

1, 000 ft is located at McCarron Station. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw ~inished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOj •••••••••• 5. 1 5.1 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 04 . 13 Total ................. 149 58 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 6 10 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 39 21 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 13 1.4 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 15 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 4.2 4.4 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 8. 1 7. 9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 0 2. 1 Specific conductance 

Carbonate ( COa) .•••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOa) 174 59 25 c.) •.•.••••••••••• 301 148 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 12 15 'Pu.rbidity •••••••••••••• 3 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1. 0 4.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 64 67 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection ••• 5/29/51 5/30/51 

Nitrate (NOs) ••••••••• 1. 3 .8 

Dissolved solids ••••• 180 92 

Regular determinations at treatment pW.nt, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as·CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•....... 148 168 132 8.3 806 8.1 159 179 144 3 6 1 

Finished water .. .' 57 70 42 8.6 808 8.5 72 86 56 Tr Tr Tr 

62 
Ownership: Municipal. 

SOUTH ST. PAUL 

(Population, 15, 909) 

Source: 3 wells (2 to 4), 982, 340, and 960ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 200, 1, 900, and 2, 000 gpm\ The water is pumped directly to 

the mains and to storage. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 2, 400,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well2 Well3 Well2 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 18 19 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 25 . 10 Total ................... 306 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 48 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 76 84 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 28 31 Color···················. 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 6.8 25 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2.3 2.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 315 317 25 c. ) ............... 578 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 42 53 'Purbidity •••••••••••••• 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 7.5 39 Temperature (F. ) ••• 52 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 1 Date of collection ••• 5/29/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 13 23 

Dissolved solids ••••• 380 476 

Depth (feet) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 982 

Diameter (inches) ......................................................... 10 

Date drilled ..........•........•.......•.......•••••••••••••.•.••..••...•..•. 1923 

Percent of supply ...........•...........•..•••••••.•••.••••••.....•.•..•• --

63 

Well3 

337 

77 

2 

7. 7 

735 

o. 8 

51 

5/29/51 

340 

24 

1937 

--
VIRGINIA 

(Population, 12, 486) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 800 people outside the city limits. 

Total.population supplied, about 13,300. 

Source: Mesabi pit shaft for regular supply; 1 well, 400 ft deep, for auxiliary 

supply. 

Treatment: Softening with lime, coagulation with sodium aluminate, sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand (pressure) filtration, stabilization with polyphosphate, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 200,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••.•.•••• 14 14 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ...••.•••••••• . 08 . 04 Total ................. 197 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 31 

Calcium (Ca) •.••••••• 47 30 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 19 . 1 Color •••••••••• ~ ••••••••• 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 7. 9 20 pH .•••••••••••••••••••.•• 7. 6 

Potassium (K) ••..••• 1.4 1.3 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••. 0 ·1/20 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 203 0 25 c. ) ............... 400 

Sulfate (804) •••••••••• 35 35 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• 5 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 10 12 Temperature (F.) ••• -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 1 Date of collection ..• 5/3/51 

Nitrate (NOs) .•••••••. 3.4 2. 2 

Dissolved solids ••••• 248 148 

_!/Hydroxide (OH) 10 ppm. 

64 

Finished 

water 

75 .,. .. 42 

1 

10.6 

272 

5 

43 

5/3/51 
WINONA 

(Population, 25, 031) 

Ownership: Board of municipal water works. 

Source: 6 wells (5 to 10), 500, 486, 452, 150, 149, and 150ft deep. The yield 

of the wells is reported to be 1, 002, 1, 110, 840, 900, 1, 136, and 1, 100 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoir, 2, 000,000 gal; elevated tank., 

500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •.........••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ..••........••. 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl} .......••.••.• 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.••.•.. 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .••..•••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

14 

. 59 

. 05 

58 

23 

57 

4.8 

·0 

306 

52 

44. 

. 4 

. 8 

412 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Totlll ...................... . 

No~awrlH>ruite •••...•••••• 

Color ......................... . 

1)11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

SJ)ecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••.•• 

~Date of collection ••••••.•• 

65 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

241 

0 

4 

7.7 

696 

1 

50 

5/8/51 
MISSOURI 

CAPE GIRARDEAU 

(Population, 21, 578) 

Ownership: Missouri Utilities Co. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and ferrous sulfate, s_edimentation, rapid sand 

filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatn1ent plant: 2, 200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo. 

Silica (Si~) .... 0 •••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...• 0 •••••• 0. 0 ••••• 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.... ~ •. 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.......•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (804 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

) 

Finished 

water 

8.0 

. 08 

-- 63 

20 

17 

0 

173 

100 

20 

-- 3.8 

364 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••....•.... 

Color ......................... . 

JPH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•................ 

tf'urbidity ...........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection .•..•.... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1.951. 

Raw water ......... 

Finished water ... 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm} 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

-- -- -- -- -- -- 120 142 110 7. 3 8.4 7.0 

CLAYTON 

(Population, 16, 035) 

Hardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 213. 241 196 

Finished 

water 

240 

98 

6.9 

1.4 

2/4/52 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

-- -- -- 0.2 1.4 0.1 

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City) 

66 
COLUMBIA 

(Population, 31, 974) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies approximately 150 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 32, 124. 

Source: 4 wells, 1, 100 to 1, 500ft deep for regular supply; connection with a limited number of wells at the University of Missouri for auxiliary or emergency 

supply. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 5, 000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•.....•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) ..••.......•... 

Potassium (K) ..•.....•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ......••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 1 & 5 

(city tap) 

Hardness ·as CaC<>s: 

1rCltlll ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..................... 

'I'ur bi eli ty •..........••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of collection •••••••.. 

67 

Wells 1 & 5 

(city tap) 

668 

0. 7 

56 

4/16/51 
HANNIBAL 

(Population, 20, 444) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about· 21, 400. 

Source: Mississippi River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 7, 500, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 7, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.......•.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

6.3 

• 07 

• 00 

47 

9.7 

3.2 

2.7 

0 

98 

71 

6.5 

• 0 

7.9 

246 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

T<>tlll ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

N oncarbonate ........... . 

Color •••.......••.......•...... 

pll .••..•.••...•.•.•.•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •..•.••............... 

Turbidity ...........•••...... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•... 

Date of collection •••..•... 

Regular dete'rminations at treatment plant, 1950 

Raw water ......... Finished water ... 

Alkalinity 

as CaC03 I pll 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

120 164 

119 150 

76 7. 8 8.2 7. 2 

72 7. 4 7. 9 6._9 

INDEPENDENCE 

(Population, 36, 963) 

llardness 

as CaC03 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min 

161 198 122 

176· 204 142 

Finished 

water 

157 

77 

8 

7.5 

340 

0. 9 

49 

4/12/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

315 2000 25 

. 1 . 3 0 

Ownership: Missouri Water Co. --Independence Division; also supplies about 

24,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 61,000. 

Source: Missouri River. (See Kansas City.) 

Finished-water storage: Closed surface reservoir, 2, 000, 000 gal; elevated tank, 

600,000 gal; and stand pipe, 25, 000 gal. 

68 
JEFFERSON CITY 

(Population, 25, 099) 

Ownership: Capital City Water Co. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment; Lime, iron compound, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 2, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological SUrvey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) .............. . 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...... 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Finished 

water 

8.4 

. 12 

. 00 

41 

1.6 

27 

3.5 

0 

57 

99 

15 

• 2 

2.8 

248 

Hardness as CaC<>,: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .•..•....••. 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••••••••·••••••••••••·••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity .•.•......••••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•.•• 

Date of collection ••••.•... 

JENNiNGS 

(Population, 15, 282) 

Finished 

water 

109 

62 

4 

7.8 

366 

0.6 

46 

4/17/51 

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City.) 

69 
JOPLIN 

(Population, 38, 711) 

Ownership: Joplin Water Works Co. (private). Total population supplied, about 

40, 000. 

Source:· Shoal Creek. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lin1e, carbon-when required, sedimentation, 

rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water ste~;age.: 2., 1.00,--0QO gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 360,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

. Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo. 

Silica (Si~) ..........•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ..••........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC09 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ...........•.• 

Fluoride (F) .•••••.•.•••••. 

Nitrate (N09 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•...••.. 

~-

Finished 

water 

6.0 

. 04 

-- 48 

2.7 

6.4 

0 

146 

9.9 

7.6 

-- 5.3 

167 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total -JI •••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate .••.......•. 

Color ......................... . 

JPII •••..•.••...•••...•..•......•• 

SJPecific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ..•.........•••..••.. 

. Temperature (F. ) •••••.•..• 

Date .of collection •.•..•... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pll as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av M~ Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 114 120. 108 7. 5 7.6 7. 2 -- -- -- Finished water ... 112 115 106 7.5 7.5 7.2 112 130 100 

70 

Finished 

water 

131 

11 

7.4 

0.1 

6/18/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

30 3000 20 

0 0 0 
KANSAS CITY 

(Popul&.tion, 456, 622) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Avondale, Grandview, Independence, Lees 

Summit, Sugar Creek, a number of water districts in Clay and Jackson 

Counties, and private water companies. Total population supplied, about 

689,000. 

Source: Missouri River. The intake is located about 4 miles upstream from the 

city. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation (clarifier-equipped basins), softening with lime 

and soda ash, clarification and coagulation with ferric sulphate and alum, recarbonation, ammoniation (ammonium sulfate), activated carbon (aqua.Nuchar), 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 150,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 52,000,000 gal. 

The raw water is pumped from the river to the purification works by the Low 

Lift Pumping Station. From the finished-water reservoirs at the purification 

site the water is pumped by the Secondary Pumping Station through a tunnel 

under the Missouri River to reservoirs at the sites of two pumping. stations. 

in the city, Turkey Creek and East Bottoms Pumping Stations. The water is 

delivered from these reservoirs by these two to pumping station into the city's 

main distribution system. Turkey Creek Pumping Station is steam operated 

and handles about two-thirds of the total demand on the distribution system. 

All others are electrically operated. Repumping is required,during hours of 

maximum demand in the summer months, in an area in the south and· southwest part of the city and in an area to the south of the city limits. · · 

71 . 
ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Finished Finished Raw water water 

water liaverasze 1/average 

Silica (SiO:J •.•••.••••.••.•••.•.•••••• 11 9. 4 12 

Iron (Fe) •••••.••.•••••••••••••••••.••• . 04 -- -- Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• • 00 -- -- Calcium (Ca) • •••• •• •••••••••••••• •••• 21 23 61 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 8.2 6.3 17 

Sodium (Na) ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 66 } 51 41 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5.2 

Carbonate (COJ .••••.••••••.•••••.•• 9 -- -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••.•••••••••••••• 24 _!/49 _g/192 

Sulfate (S04). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 159 126 120 

Chloride (Cl) .•••••••.••••••••••••.••• 27 19 19 

Fluoride (~ •.•.•••••••••..••••••••••• . 3 -- -- Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 2.6 -- -- Dissolved solids •••.••••••••••.••••• 346 297 1/365 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

_Total ..... ~ ...................•...... 86 84 221 

Noncarbonate •••••.•.•••••••••••.•• 51 43 64 

Color .................................•. 3 -- -- pH ••..•••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.7 9. 4 8.3 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) •.••••.•••• 520 -- -- Tu.rbidity •.•••.• ~ •••••••••.•••.••••••• . 3 . 26 2,170 

Temperature (F. ) . • .•••••••••••••••• 45 54 54 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••••••• 3/23/51 -- -- Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1951.1/ 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ........ :j157 238 113 8.3 8.4 8 •. 2 221 305 145 2170 5800 200 

Finished water... 40 47 37 9. 4 9. 5 9. 3 84 91 66 . 26 . 6 • 1 

1/ Analyzed by Purification Division, Kansas City Water Dept. Composite 

analyses, May 1950 to Feb. 1951, inclusive • 

..2/Includes the equivalent of any carbonate (C03). 

Y Sum of determined constituents. 

1/May 1950 to February 1951. 

72 
KIRKWOOD 

(Population, 18, 640) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 19, 100. 

Source: Ranney collecter, 53ft deep and 13ft in diameter, with valve controlled 

lateral perforated infiltration pipes along Meramec River. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with quick lime, prechlorination, mechanical floccuiation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJl •.•••.•••. 11 9.2 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.••••.••••••• . 03 . 02 Total ................... 267 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 71 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 65 21 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 26 18 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 21 20 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 2 

Potassium (K} ••••••• 1. 8 1.0 Specific £onductance 

Carbonate (COs) ••••• 0 18 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 239 36 25 c.) •.•..••••.••..• 585 

Sulfate (SOJ ........... 61 65 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 3 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 41 31 Temperature (F.) ••• 55 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .0 . 1 Date of coliection ••• 4/14/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••. 1. 3 1.0 

Dissolved solids ••••• 420 244 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 - Alkalinity Hardness 

-

!Finished 

water 

128 

68 

2 

9. 5 

373 

0.2 

56 

4/14/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

.Raw water .•....... 213 217 

Finished water ... 56 61 

Min Av Max Min 

197 6. 6 6. 6 6. 5 

50 9.4 9. 5 9.3 

MAPLEWOOD 

(Population, 13, 416) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

279 328 256 1.9 8 o. 9 

120. 127 110 . 1 . . 1 • 1 

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City) 

73 
MOBERLY 

(Population, 13, 115) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies Huntsville and about 300 consumers outside 

the city limits. Total population supplied, about 14, 900. 

Source: Sugar Creek (impounded) for regular supply; Old Water Works Lake for 

auxiliary or emergency supply. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity· of treatment plant: 2, 304,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Reservoir, 1, 145, 000, 000 gal .. 

Finished-water storage: 817, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •.........••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

.!/water 

2.7 

. 14 

• 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•..•..•. 

Finished 

1/water 

137 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 55 

Calcium (Ca) •.....•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ......•.. 

Sodium (Na) .•••........... 

43 ~~------------------~~--------

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

7.2 

5.2 

2.8 

. 0 

100 

60 

5.0 

. 1 

2. 1 

210 

Color ......................... . 

JPII .••..••••...••••.••..•.....•.. 

SJPecific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•. ···········~··· Turbidity •.........••••..•... 

Tem]perature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 50 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 JPH as CaC03 

U>JPm) U>JPm) 

Av Max Min Av Ma~ Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- 98 65 -- -- -- -- 151 111 

Finished water ... 82 100 70 8.0 8.4 7.8 120 151 111 

.1/Sugar Creek Reservoir. 

74 

9 

7 .. 9 

295 

6 

4/16/51 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

20 80 6 

5 5 5 
POPLA.R BLUFF 

(Population, 15, 064) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 75 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 15, 139. 

Source:· Black River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with lime and alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 336, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 200, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo. 

Silica (Si~) ..••......••.•. 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•...•.•••.. 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ••••..•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ••.•.......••.. 

Potassium (K) •.•.....•... 

Carbonate (CO,) ••....••.. 

Bicarbonate (HC09) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•...•....... 

Nitrate (N09 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....••. 

} 

Finished 

water 

5.0 

. 10 

-- 27 

15 

8.2 

0 

149 

15 

6.3 

--

.4 

150 

Hardness as CaCO,: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•.•..••• 

-

Color .......................... . 

pH .•••••.••....••••.•..•.•...•.• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ...........••••.••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••.•• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

Regular determinations at treatment plant , 1951 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av 

Finished 

water 

129 

7 

7.8 

0.4 

9/11/51 

Turbidity 

Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 25 170 20 

Finished water4 .•. 122 129 122 8. 1 . 8. 3 8.0 

RICHMOND HEIGHTS 

(Population, 15, 045) 

130 134 128 . 1 • 1 

Ownership: Supplied by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See Univ.ersity City) 

75 

• 1 
ST. CHARLES 

(Population, 14, 314) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 14,500. 

Source: Missouri River. . 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, softening with lime, coagulation and clarification with alum, stabilization with calgon, chloramine, rapid 

sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000,000 gpd; 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal (fill and draw system). 

Finished-water storage: Steel standpipe, 1, 000,000 gal; concrete and steel standpipe, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••• 11 7.8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• . 08 . 08 Total '!'··············· 166 116 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 0 0 Noncarbonate •••••• 45 60 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 48 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 11 8.8 Color···················· 15 12 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 24 23 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.8 9. 2 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.3 3.6 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 10 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 148 48 25 c •.) ............... 437 359 

SuHate (SOJ ••n•••••• 85 90 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 2,000 0.6 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 9.0 12 Temperature (F.) ••• 46 46 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 3 Date of ~ollection ••. 4/13/51 4/13/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 5.4 4.6 

Dissolved solids ••••• 318 232 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity· 

(ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 120 250 75 7. 9 8.2 7.8 200 350 80 !2000 18000 50 

Finished water ... 50 100 40 9. 1 9. 5 8.8 100 175 50 . 1 1.0 • 05 

76 
ST. JOSEPH 

(Population, 78, 588) 

Ownership: St. Joseph Water Co.; also supplies 3, 708 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 82,300. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain ~edimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum and lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 14,800,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 16, 680, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•...........•... 

Finished 

water 

14 . 01 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate ....•....... 

Finished 

water 

250 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 73 

Calcium (Ca) ..•........... 71 l~-------------------+---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••.•••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

18 

49 

5.2 

0 

216 

153 

20 

. 3 

.2. 8 

462 

Color •....•....•.•.... -..•...... 

pH ·····················~········ Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•••.....•........ 

Turbidity ..•........•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •...•••..• 

Date of collection •••••...• 

6 

8.0 

678 

0.9 

42 

3/26/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2570 19830 25 

Finished water ..... 160 272 99 7.8 8.4 7.2 232 372 136 -- -- --

77 
ST. LOUIS 

(Population, 856, 796) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 2, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 858,800. 

Source: Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks Plant, 5 miles below the confluence with the Missouri River, 67 percent of supply; Missouri River at the 

Howard Bend Plant, 37 miles above its confluence with the Mississippi .River, 

33 percent of supply. 

Treatment (both plants): Plain sedimentation, softening with lime, coagulation 

with ferrous sulfate, sedimentation, secondary coagulation and sedimentation 

with alum, ammoniation (ammonium hydroxide), chlorination, rapid sand filtr ation, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plants: Chain of Rocks Plant, 160,000,000 gpd; 

Howard Bend Plant, 80,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Plain sedimentation basin at Chain of Rocks Plant, 

24,000, 000 gal; plain sedimentation basin at Howard Bend Plant, 11,000,000 

gal. 

Finished-water storage: Mississippi River water--Baden basins, 20,000,000 gal; 

Bissell's Point basins, 54, 000, 000 gal; and Compton Hill Reservoir, 

85, 000, 000 gal. Missouri River water--Howard Bend basin, 5, 000, 000 gal, 

and Stacy Park reservoir, 100, 000, 000 gal. Total, 264, 000, 000 gal. 

The raw water from both sources of supply is pumped into the plain sedimentation 

basins at the respective treatment plants from which it flows by gravity 

through the treatment plants. The finished water from the Chain of Rocks 

Plant flows by gravity to storage basins at Baden, 3~ miles south, and Bissell's 

Point basins, 7 miles south of Chain of Rocks. From these basins threefourths of the output of the plant is pumped into the city mains connected with 

the Compton Hill Reservoir, which floats on the system, and supplies the lower 

part of the city. The remainder of the output is pumped from the Baden basins 

directly into the mains at a higher pressure and serves the higher sections of 

the city. 

The finished water from the Howard Bend Plant is pumped into Stacy Park Reservoir, about 9 miles distant, at an elevation high enough to supply by gravity 

flow the highest sections of the city. 

78 
ANALYSES 

(Analy-ses, in parts per million, by the St. Louis Water Department) 

Mississippi River Missouri River 

Raw water Fin. water Raw water Fin. water 

1/averae:e 1}averae:e 1/averae:e 1}averaf,?;e 

Silica (SiOj •••••••••••••••••.•••• 13 9.0 12 9. 3 

Iron (Fe) .•••••.•••.•••••••••••••••• -- • 01 -- -- Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••.•••• -- -- -- -- Calcium (Ca) .•••.••••••••••.••••• 50 23 50 23 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••.•••.•••. 14 9.7 13 9.4 

SCHiitu01 (Na) .•••••••••••.•.•••••••. } 35 33 34 '33 Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••..••.•.•••.••.• 1.2 13 0 12 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.••••.••• 156 20 163 22 

SuHate (804) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • ... • •• 97 109 96 108 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••.••••••.•••••.••• 16 17 16 17 

Fluoride (F) ..•....•......•...... -- -- -- -- Nitrate (NOJ •.••••••••••.•••••••• 4.6 5.4 4.9 5.4 

Dissolved solids •••.•.•••.•••••• 326 236 326 241 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()taLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 183 97 181 96 

Noncarbonate •.•••.••••••.•••• - 53 60 48 58 

Color •••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 7 21- 8 

J»H ••..••••••.••••••••.••••••••••••••• 7. 9 9. 2 8.0 9.2 

SJ)ecific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) •••••. -- -- -- -- Tu.r bidity ..••••••••••••••.••••••••• 1,100 . 07 1,300 0.07 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••••••• 58 -- 57 62 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• -- -- -- -- Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1.950 Y 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(pJ»m) (pJ»m) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 130 226 77 7.9 8. 1 7.6 183 289 107 1100 6400 80 

Finished water ..... 37 86 20 9. 2 9.6 8.5 97 156 70 • 07 . 60 . 02 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1.950 V 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm} (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max 

Raw water .•....... 133 232 77 8.0 8.3 7. 6 181 296 

Finished water ... 38 85 23 9. 2 9. 9 7.9 96. 150 

1/Monthly composite analyses. 

YChain of Rocks (fiscal year ending April 1950). 

,VHoward Bend (fiscal year ending April 1950) . 

. 79 

Turbidity 

Min Av Mai Min 

102 1300 6600 105 

66 . 07 .30 . 03 
SEDALIA 

(Population, 20, 354) 

Ownership: Sedalia Water Co.; also supplies about 400 people outside the city 

limits. Total population supplied, about 20, 750. 

Source: Spring Fork Lake and Lake Tebo. The two lakes are interconnected, and 

water from both is mixed before going into the mains. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, lime for pH control, activated carbon as needed, and rapid sand filtration. Copper sulfate is used for 

algae control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Spring Fork Lake, 560, 000, 000 gal; Lake Tebo, 175, 000, 000 

gal; Reservoir (settling basin), 50, 000, 000 gal. Total, 785, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 600, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ..........•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Finished 

water 

4.3 

• 10 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

T()~l ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•.•.•.•. 

Finished 

water 

55 

Manganese (Mn) 37 ..•••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

• 00 

13 ~~-------------------+---------

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ...•...••..... 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

5. 5 

2.7 

1.4 

0 

22 

35 

4.0 

• 0 

2.8 

106 

Color ......................... . 

1)11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specilic conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •••..••.............•. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) ...••••.•• 

Date of collection •••...... 

80 

3 

7.8 

140 

0.6 

4/17/51 
SPRINGFIELD 

(Population, 66, 731} 

Ownership: Springfield City Water Co. (private); also supplies about 10,000 

people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 76, 700. 

Source: Springs, 70 percent of supply; lake, 20 percent of supply; 1 well, 1, 404 

ft deep, 10 percent of supply. 

Treatm.ent: Prechlorination, coagulation with alum, carbon, sedimentation, rapid 

sand filtration, postchlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 12, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 300, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 5, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

Analysis, in parts per million, by Div. of Health of Missouri, Jefferson City, Mo. 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) ••••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride (F) ...•........... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

} 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

4.0 

. 17 

-- 62 

5.7 

6.4 

0 

196 

13 

9.7 

-- 5.3 

24'7 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .•........•• 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•..•...•.....•..•........ 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••....••............. ~ 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperatu:te (F. ) ..•••.•..• 

Date of collection .••...... 

Regular determi1tations at treatment plant , 1951 

Alkalinity I Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water .....•... 157 178 130 7. 5 8.7 7. 1 -- -- -- Finished water ... 157 184 130 7.4 7.8 7. 2 --. -- --

81 

Finished 

water 

(city tap) 

178 

18 

7. 1 

0.1 

10/2/51 

.. 

Turbidity 

Av Max Min 

6 25 1 

0 0 0 
UNIVERSITY CITY 

(Population, 39, 892) 

Ownership: St. Louis County Water Co.; also supplies Berkeley, Brentwood, 

Clayton, Ferguson, Jennings, Kinlock, Ladue, Maplewood, Overland, Pine 

Lawn, Richmond Heights, Webster Groves, Wellston, and a large number of 

incorporated and unincorporated places in St. Louis County. Total population 

supplied about 268, 000. 

Source: Missouri River for regular supply; connection to the supply of St. Louis 

for auxiliary or emergency use. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime, coagulation with ferric sulfate, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 45,000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 50, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 12, 000, 000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located on the Missouri River near St. Louis' Howard 

Bend Plant. 

ANALYSES 

(Ana.lyses, in parts per million, by the St. Louis County Water Company) 

.!/Raw J!inished .!/Raw Finished 

water water water water 

average average average average 

Silica (SiOj •••••.•••. 13 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••••••••••• . 03 . 0 Total •••••••••••••••• 1/174 y91 

Manganese (MD) ••••• -- -- Noncarbonate •••••• 2/40 y5o 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• ]/48 .V22 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• ]/16 1/17 .V8.6 Color ••••••••••••••••••• yg. 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• } 33 34 pH ••••••••••••••••••.•••• ~/7.9 _;l9o7 

Potassium (K) •••.••• Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) •.••. . 2/1 Y8 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCO,) ;/l62 _gj28 25 c. } ............... -- -- SuHate (SOJ •• ; ••••••. 91 98 Turbidity .••••••••••••• Yt, 7oo l/0.1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 17 19 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- 56 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .4 .4 Date of collection •.. -- -- Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 2 2 

Dissolved solids ••••. ~314 Y224 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av 

Raw water ......... 135 267 99 7. 9 8.3 7.2 174 321 81 1700 

Finished water ... 40 74 25 9. 7 .10. 2 8.6 91 134 51 . 1 

.!/Monthly composite analyses of daily samples, except as indicated. 

_gjDaily determinations. 

82 

Max Min 

10000 60 

2 . 1 
WEBSTER GROVES 

(Population, 23, 3 90) 

Ownership: Suppli~d by the St. Louis County Water Co. (See University City) 

NEBRASKA 

BEATRICE 

(Population, 11, 813) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), 94, 95, 93, and 96ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to be 1, 250, 820, 800, and 800 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 3, 000,000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•.•. 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ..•.....•... 

Carbonate (CO,) •......... 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..... 

Fluoride {F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 1, 2, 

and 3 

(composite) 

30 

. 01 

. 00 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... , . 

Noncarbonate .••...•••.•• 

Wells 1, 2, 

and3 

(composite) 

168 

0 

53 ~~------------------~------~,~-~~ 

8. 7 

20 

3. 5 

0 

216 

25 

10 

. 1 

2. 9 

276 

Color ......................... . 

pll •••..•.••...••••..••.•.....••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •• ~ ..••.......... -..... 

Turbidity ..........••••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) ..•••.•... 

Date of collection •••.....• 

83 

2 

7.4 

398 

0.4 

63 

3/19/51 
FREMONT 

(Population, 14, 762) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 200 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 15,000. 

Source: 3 wells (Northwest, Northeast, and Southeast), 100, 102, and 105ft deep; 

4 condenser by-pass wells for use in emergency. The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 1, 900 gpm, each. The water is pumped directly into the mains. 

Treatment: None. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•............... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•....... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •.......•... 

Carbonate (COs) ......... . 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 

(tap sample) 

29 

. 14 

. 03 

78 

29 

31 

10 

0 

253 

146 

18 

. 3 

8.3 

490 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

T<>illl ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbolla.te •••.••••..•• 

Color ......................... . 

pH .••..••••...••••.•••.•..••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity .•......•.•••••.•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••.•..• 

Date of collection •••.•.••. 

84 

Wells 

(tap sample) 

313 

106 

4 

7.4 

723 

0.6 

54 

2/27/51 
• Ownership: Municipal. 

GRAND ISLAND 

(Population, 22, 682) 

Source: 12 wells, seven of which are standby for summer use. Five of the wells 

(Harrison 'St. , Locust St. , Park View 1 and 2, and Dodge Acres) are 84, 113, 

81, 78, and 101ft deep, respectively. The yield of these wells is reported to 

be 820, 1, 300, 1, 000, 890, and 910 gpm. 

· Treatment: None. 

Storage: Reservoir, 4, 000, 000 gal. 

The analysis given represents reasonably well the composition of the water served 

to theconsumers. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) ..........•.... 

Iron (Fe) ...•......•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••. 

Carbonate (COs) .......•.. 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......•...•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 

1/(composite; 

27 

. 06 

. 00 

62 

8.3 

19 

7. 6 

0 

166 

64 

13 

.2 

20 

324 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

T<>taLl ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate .••.•.•••••• 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•.••...•.•...••.•..••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ..••...••..•••..•... 

Temperature (F. ) •.•••••..• 

Date of collection •••..••.. 

jJClebum, Hart, Parkview 1 and 2, and Harrison St. wells. 

85 

Wells 

!/(composite) 

189 

53 

2 

7.2 

465 

0.6 

60 

4/27/51 
HASTINGS 

(Population, 20, 211) • 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 54 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, 20, 265. 

Source: 9 wells (1 to 9), 180, 215, 156, 180, 182, (not reported), 195, 195, and 

190ft deep. The yield of wells is reported to be 980, 2, 254, 1, 012, (not reported, not reported), 1, 025, 1, 000, 2, 040, and 1, 000 gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 550, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) .............. . 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•...... 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) ........... . 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••....• 

Fluoride (F) ............... . 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

Wells 1, 2, 

and5 

(tap sample) 

25 

. 08 

. 00 

51 

6.7 

26 

5. 7 

0 

208 

34 

8.0 

. 3 

3.8 

266 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

T<>~l ••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate •••.••.•.••• 

Color ......................... . 

pH ••••.••.•.•.•••••.••••...•.••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••..• 

Date of collection •••.••... 

86 

Wells 1, 2, 

and5 

(tap sample) 

155 

0 

1 

7. 5 

410 

0. 3 

55 

5/1/51 
KEARNEY 

(Population, 12, 115) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 9 wells (2 to 10), 41, 42, 39, 50, 54, 50, 47, 50, and 44ft deep. The 

yield of the wells is reported to be 500, 600, 500, 600, 900, 600, 600, 875, 

and 500 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•..•.•.•....•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..•...•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) .•••.••.. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......••..•.• 

Fluoride (F) .......•.•..... 

Nitrate (N03) ••••••••••••••. 

Dissolved solids .•....•.. 

Wells 2, 6, 

and9 

(tap sample) 

36 

116 

26 

98 

10 

0 

333 

272 

28 

. 02 

. 00 

. 4 

21 

ao8 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•.•••••• 

Color ......................... . 

pH .•••.••••...••.•..••••..••.••• 

Specific conductance 

(m.icromhos at 

25 c.) ••...•••.....•.•...... 

Turbidity ................... . 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•.•• 

Date of collection ••••••.•. 

87 

Wells ·2, 6, 

and 9 

(tap sample) 

395 

122 

2 

7. 5 

1, 110 

1 

55 

5/1/51 
LINCOLN 

(Population, 98, 884) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 850 people outside the city limits 

and other places. Total population supplied, about 100, 700. 

Source: 13 wells (1, lA, 2-2, 2A, 3, 3A-2, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9150, 92, 88, 

85, 65, 49, 54, 53, 67, 85, 84, 83, and 87ft deep, located 3 miles northeast 

of Ashland, Nebr. for regular supply; 18 wells, located within Lincoln city 

limits, 130 to 188 ft deep, for auxiliary supply. The yield of the wells of the 

regular supply is reported to range from 1, 170 gpm (well 4) to 2, 090 gpm 

(well 9). 

Treatment: Prechlorination, aeration, postchlorination, ammoniation, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration, for regular supply. Chlorination only for 

auxiliary supply. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 27, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Underground reservoirs, 30, 100, 000 gal; elevated storage, 385, 000 gal; concrete tanks, 2, 000, 000 gal. Total, 32, 485, 000 gal. 

A collecting pipeline carries the water from the wells to the treatm.ent plant just 

east of Ashland. After treatment the water is pumped into a concrete reservoir and then into a 36 in. cast-ironpipeline to Lincoln, a distance of 25 

miles. 

ANALYSES 

Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiOJ •.•••••••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) •••.••••••.•••••••..••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..••..•..•••••••••••• 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) .•.••••••••.•••••.••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COj ••••••.•••••.•••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOj •••••••.•.••• 

Sulfate (S04) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • ••• • •• 

Chloride ( Cl) •••••••••••••••••.•.• 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOj ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••.•••.••.••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

Total ............................ . 

Noncarbonate •••••.••••••••••• 

Color ................... ........... . 

1»11 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) ••.••. 

Turbidity ......................... . 

Temperature (F. ) .•••.••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• 

.Depth (feet) ••••..•••••••••••••••• 

Diameter (inches) ••••••••.••••. 

Da.te drilled ••...••..••..•.•.••. 

Percent of supply .••••.••..•.• : 

Regular Supply Auxiliary Supply 

1-r~-:shr-r-l:an-td ..... --Will ~rand wells Lincoln Lincoln wells 

2-2 1.1../lfin water) well 16 1/(fin. water) 

24 34 25 39 

. 09 . 1 . 07 . 2 

.32 .02 .00 .0 

55 59 56 69 

10 16 14 18 

32 } { 30 I) 8. o 31 4. o I 40 

-- -- -- -- 202 212 239 239 

83 76 42 55 

8.0 16 14 55 

o4 . 3 . 1 . 3 

. 5 . 1 9. 6 2. 0 

336 310 336 396 

180 206 196 247 

14 32 0 51 

-- -- -- -- 7.5 7.8 7.0 7.3 

492 -- 500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 55 -- 5/29/51 9/51 7/17/51 9/51 

88 142 

24 12 

1,950 -- -- --

1.) Analyzed by Lincoln Water Dept. 

88 
NORFOLK 

(Population, 11, 335) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 11, 400. 

Source: 4 wells (1 to 4), each 110ft deep. The yield of the wells is reported to 

be 900, 800, 500, and 700 gpm. One or two of the four wells are held in reserve. 

Treatment: Aeration, sedimentation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 3, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal in clear wells and under pressure. 

The water from the different wells is mixed before it reaches the treatment plant. 

The analyses given of the raw and ·finished water do not represent water from 

the, same 3 wells. The composition of the finished water varies to some extent depending on what wells are being pumped for the supply. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

3 Wells Finished 3 Wells 

1/(raw _!/(raw Finished 

water) .!/water water) .!/water 

Silica (SiOJ •..•.•.••. 31 32 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•.••.•.••• 1.4 . 04 Total •••••••••••••••• 284 310 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• .29 . 03 Noncarbonate •••••• 34 55 

Calcium (Ca) ..••••••. 85 94 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 18 18 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 5 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 15 16 pH ..••..••••••••••••••.•• 7.4 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 6.8 7.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) .•••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 306 311 25 c. ) ............... 585 633 

Sulfate (SOJ .••••••••• 61 83 Turbidity .••••••.•••••• 10 0.5 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 10 13 Temperature (F.) ••. 55 55 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 . 3 Date of collection •.. 2/20/51 2/20/51 

Nitrate (NO,) .•••.•••• 0 . 5 

Dissolved solids •.••. 398 442 

.!/Composite. 

89 
Ownership: Municipal. 

NORTH PLATTE 

(Population, 15, 433} 

Source: 45 wells. Forty-one wells in one well field (field No. 1) with an average 

depth of 100ft; in another well field 4 wells (2, 3, 4, and 5 or Dunlap well} 

97, 92, 135, and 256ft deep. The yield of the four wells is reported to be 

1, 750, 1, 800, 500, and 800 gpm, respectively, and the combined yield of the 

41 wells is ·3, 400 gpm. 

Storage: None. 

The wells in field No. 1 are operated as a unit, whereas the other four wells are 

pumped separately. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...•....•......•... 

Manganese (Mn) .•••.••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••. 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) •••••.•••••. 

Carbonate (C03} •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl} .......••..•.. 

Fluoride (F) .......•....... 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ......•.. 

1/Wells 

(tap sample) 

41 

. 03 

. 00 

99 

19 

112 

12 

0 

252 

268 

64 

• 8 

11 

798 

Hardness as CaC<>s: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••.•.••.••. 

Color ......................... . 

pH •••..•.••..•••••.•••.•..•..••. 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c. ) ..................... . Turbidity • .................. . 

Temperature (F. ) •••••.•..• 

Date of collection •••..•... 

_!/Well Field 1 and well 5 (Dunlap well}. 

90 

1/Wells 

(tap sample} 

326 

120 

2 

7.8 

1,100 

0.6 

60 

5/1/51 
OMAHA • 

(Population, 251, 117) 

Ownership: Metropolitan Utilities District; also supplies about 13,000 people outside the city limits. Total population supplied, about 264, 100. 

Source: Missouri River. The intake and treatment plant are located on the 

Missouri River at Florence. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, prechlorination, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 90,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 86, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 44,000,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the chemical quality of the water throughout the 

year .. ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per· million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw water Finished Finished 

water water 

Silica (SiOJ •...•.••••••....•...•••••• 13 8.5 -- li-on (Fe) •••••.••••••••••.•.•••••••.••• . 04 . 02 0.11 

Manganese (Mil) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 01 • 00 • 03 

Calcium (Ca) · •••• •· •• •••••••••••••••• 72 64 -- Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••••••••••••••• 6.4 20 -- SCHiitUOl (Na) ••.••.••••...•.•••...•••••• 41 62 -- Potassium (K.) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 4.7 2.8 -- Carbonate (COJ .•••.•••••••.•••.•.•• 0 0 -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ .•.•.•••.•••.•••• 174 170 175 

SuHate (SO~ •...•••••...•.•.••.••••••. 138 221 158 

Chloride (Cl) .•..••.•..•••••••.••••••. 9. 5 14 -- Fluoride (11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .4 . 6 -- Nitrate (NQJ ••••.•••••••.•••••••.•••• 4.0 1.4 -- Dissolved solids ••••.••••••..•.••••. 386 492 418 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1rCltaLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 206 242 230 

Non car bonate •••••.•.•••••••••••.•• 64 102 86 

CCll<>r ••.•••..•••.••••••.•••••...•••••••• 5 -- 4 

pH •..•.•••.•...•••••••.••••••••.••.•••••. 7. 7 8.0 7. 8 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C. ) .••.•••...• 575 756 629 

Turbidity •.••....••.••••.•.••.•..••••. 500 -- 1 

Temperature (F. ) .•.•.•••••••••••••• 34 -- 34 

Date of collection •••••••.•••••••.••• - 2/27/51 10/12/47 2/27/51 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH 

(ppm) 

as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 200 15000 25 

Finished water .... 146 232 91 7. 8 8.2 7.3 261 380 175 . 2 6.0 0 

91 
., SCOTTSBLUFF 

(Population, 12, 858) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 100 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 12, 950. 

Source: 4 wells (2 to 5), 105, 105, 100, and 100ft deep, for regular supply; 3 

standby wells for emergency use. Two additional wells 102 ft deep are under 

construction. The yield of wells 4 and 5 is reported as 1, 361 and 1, 380 gpm. 

Treatment: None. 

Storage: 2 elevated tanks, 300, 000 and 100, 000 gal. 

Three of the wells used for the regular supply are located in the south part of the 

city and the other in the north part. The water from the wells is pumped directly into the mains, which are interconnected in the midcity area, and consumers in the area receive mixed water from the four wells, whereas in the 

other sections they receive water from three wells and one. The analysis 

given is of a sample collected in the midcity area. 

ANALYSIS 

(Analysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si02) ••••••••••••••• 

Iron (Fe) ...............•... 

Manganese (Mn) .••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ..........•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ........ . 

Sodium (Na) ...•........... 

Potassium (K) ........•... 

Carbonate (C03 ) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03 ) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride {Cl) ............. . 

Fluoride (F) .............. . 

Nitrate (N03 ) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ........ . 

4 Wells 

(composite) 

48 

• 04 

. 00 

76 

24 

104 

9.9 

0 

364 

178 

22 

. 3 

14 

670 

Hardness as CaCOs: 

Total ...................... . 

Noncarbonate .••......... 

Color ......................... . 

JPH •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) •....•.•.............. 

Turbidity ................... . 

Tem]perature (F. ) .••••.•..• 

Date of collection .••..•... 

Depth (feet) ......................................................••.••••.•..•....... 

Diameter (inches) ..........................................•...................... 

Date drilled ....................................................................... . 

Percent of supply ...........................................•..................... 

92 

4 Wells 

(composite) 

290 

0 

2 

7. 7 

952 

1 

55 

4/30/51 

100-105 

16-36 

1935-48 

100 
NORTH DAKOTA 

BISMARK 

(Population, 18, 640) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 800 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 19, 440. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation 

with alum, activated carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 500,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiO:a) ..••...••. 6.6 3.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ....•..••••••• . 04 . 05 Total •••••••••••••••• 130 84 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 23 55 

Calcium (Ca) .•••.•••. 35 28 

Magnesium (Mg) ..•.• 10 3.4 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 33 5 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 31 31 pH .•••••••••••••••••.•.•• 7. 9 8.3 

Potassium (K) ••.•••• 3.4 3. 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs) ..••. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 131 35 25 c. ) ............... 393 338 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 85 114 Turbidity .••••••.•••••• 330 2 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 2.5 7.0 Temperature (F.) ••• 32 32 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 • 1 Date of collection •.• 4/6/51 4/6/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .••..•••. 2. 7 . 5 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 250 244 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 151 232 74 8.0 8. 5 7. 1 208 338 104 1295 4600 25 

Finished water .... 72 148 18 8.8 10.2 7. 7 90 200 44 0 0 0 

93 
DICKINSON 

(Population, 7, 469) 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Source: 6 wells, 199, 214, 173, 175, 140, and 129ft deep, about 59 percent of the 

supply; Heart River, about 41 percent of supply. During the 1950 calendar 

year the supply consisted of a mixture of river water and well water from May 

through September, and well water, exclusively, the remainder of the year. 

The use of well water will be discontinued as soon as the new treatment plant 

is ready for operation. The completion date for the plant is set for Mar. 1, 

1952. • 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and lime, activated carbon, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation for river water. Addition of polyphosphate (Nalco) to both well water and river water for stabilization and corrosion 

control. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 400,000 gal. 

There is tremendous variation in the composition of the river water throughout the 

year. The analyses show approximately the range in composition of the raw 

river water. 

The wells furnish water of similar composition. The analysis given represents 

water of the maximum concentration of dissolved solids. 

ANALYSES 

( Analyses, in parts per million, by u. s. Geological Survey) 

Well 

(raw 

water) 

Silica {SiOa) •.••••••••••••.••••••• 12 

Iron (Fe) •••.••.•••.•••••••.•••••••• 0 05 

Manganese (Mn) ••••••••••••••••• -- Calcium (Ca) .•.•••••••.••••.••••• 9. 0 

Magnesium (Mg) •••••••••••.•••• 7. 0 

SCMiitUDl (NaL) .•••••.•••••.•.•••••••• 574 

PotassiUm (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 6.4 

Carbonate (CO:J •..•••.•••••••••• -- Bicarbonate (HCOJ ••••.•••••••• Y9tl 

SuHate (S04) • ...................... 528 

Chloride (Cl) •••••••••••••.••••••• 7.0 

Fluoride (F) ..........•...••...•. 0 2 

Nitrate (NO:J ••••••••.•.•••••••••• . 5 

Dissolved solids •••••••••.•••••• 1,600 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1r~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 

Noncarbonate •.•••.••••••••••• 0 

Color ................... ............ -- pH ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.4 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) •••••. 2,260 

Turbidity .......................... -- Temperature (F. ) .•••.••••••••• -- Date of collection ~ •••••••••••••• 7/18/47 

..!/Composite of well and river water. 

Y Alkalinity as bicarbonate (HC03 ). 

94 

Heart River Finished .Raw Raw ywater water water 

4.2 6.0 10 

0 70 .25 0 03 

-- -- -- 9.4 60 53 

3.6 19 21 

10 } { 199 

6. 6 290 3.6 

0 31 -- 68 500 388 

9.0 376 316 

2. 5 2. 0 10 

.o • 5 0 2 

.2 .5 • 5 

87 1, 07Q 814 

38 228 219 

0 0 0 

-- -- -- 7. 5 8.2 8.5 

136 1,430 1,260 

-- -- -- -- 52 -- 3/23/47 5/26/47 8/3/47 
FARGO 

(Population, 38, 256) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 600 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 38, 900. 

Source: Red River of the North for regular supply; 1 well, 195ft deep, for aux- · 

iliary supply. The auxiliary supply is used only during extremely dry periods. 

During 1950 a tot_al of 6, 100,000 gal of well water was used. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, recarbonation, chlorination, ammoniation, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 10,000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 600,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJl •••••••••• 13 9.4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 02 "05 Total •••••••••••••••.• 314 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00. • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 129 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 66 30 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 36 19 Color···················· 9 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 23 49 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 7. 5 7. 5 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 15 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (BCOJ 226 69 25 c. ) ............... 669 

SuHate (SOJ .......... 167 165 'Purbidity •••••••••••••• 40 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5. 5 8. 5 Temperature (F. ) ••• 67 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 1 Date of collection ••• 5/25/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 1.8 .4 

Dissolved solids ••••• 464 360 

Regular determinations at treat-ment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

155 

74 

3 

9. 1 

536 

1 

68 

5/25/51 

as CaC03 pH!/ as CaCQ3 . Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av- Max Min Av Max Min· Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water .•.•••••• 250 350 70 8.0 8.4 7. 6 273 431 155 50 1500 0 

Finished water ••. 85 178 60 9. 0 9. 8 8 8 129. 226 89 0 0 0 

.1/1949. 

95 
GRAND FORKS 

(Population, 26, 836) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 300 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 27, 136. 

Source: Red Lake Ri;rer, 60 percent of supply; Red River of the North, 40 percent 

of supply. Water from both rivers is mixed before entering the treatment 

plant. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, coagulation with 

alum, occasionally sodium aluminate, sedimentation, recarbonation, ammoniation, rapid sand filtration, and postchlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 500,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the river water throughout 

the yea:. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Red Lake Red River of 

1/River ii7the North Raw water Finished 

·(raw water) lraw water) water 

Silica {SiOa) •.•••••••••••••••.•••• 10 2. 0 

Iron (Fe) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ................. . 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Magnesium {Mg) •••••••••••••••• 

~CHiium (Na) .•.•••••••••.•.•••••••• ) 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••• 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ •••••••••.••• 

Sulfate (804) • • .................... . 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Fluoride (F) ••••••••.•••••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••• 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

~()tal •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••••••• 

Color ................... ........... . 

J»H ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Sl)ecific conductance 

(micromhos at 2.5 C. ) •••••• 

Turbidity •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Teml)erature (F. ) •••••••••••••• 

Date of collection ••••••••••••••• 

· J! Analyzed by University of North Dakota. 

9.8 

• 03 

. 00 

61 

23 

10 

4.5 

0 

216 

88 

4.0 

. 1 

1.6 

338 

246 

69 

23 

7. 6 

508 

55 

66 

5/24/51 

]/Includes the equivalent of less than 5 ppm of carbonate (C03 ). 

96 

3.8 

. 03 

. 00 

36 

1.5 

33 

4.3 

_y'50 

114 

9. 0 

• 1 

.8 

248 

96 

55 

3 

8.4 

363 

3 

66 

5/24/51 
Regular determinations at treatment plant, 1.950 !I 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) 

Av Max 

.Raw water ....•.... 203 330 

Finished water .•. 67 120 

YFiscal year. 

Ownership: Municipal. 

Min Av Max Min 

75 7.4 8/2 7.2 

30 9. 4 9. 8 8.8 

1AMESTOWN 

(Population, 10, 697) 

(ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min 

271 425" 85 10 120 5 

81. 170 44 1 5 0 

Source: 6 drilled wells (1 to 6) 80 to 87ft deep; 1 dug well, 36ft deep and 25ft in 

diameter •. The yield of the wells is reported to be 300, 300, 300, 300, 500, 

over 500, and 1, 300 gpm. 

Treatment: Aeration, softening with lime, coagulation with sodium aluminate, 

sedimentation, recarbonation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and addition of polyphosphate. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 250,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 610,000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

..,WRaw Finished !/Raw 

water .!/water water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 26 14 Hardness as CaC01 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• 2.8 . 07 Total ••••••••••••• .-•.• 432 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 1.0 . 00 Nancarbonate ....... 55 

Calcium (Ca) •••••.•••• 107 35 

Magnesium (~ ••••• 40 6. 9 Color ••••••••••••••••••• 2 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 113 110 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 8 

Potassium (K} ••••••• 6. 7 6. 7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 25 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 460 42 25 c .. ) ................ 1,180 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 233 222 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 35 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 38 38 Temperature (F.) ••• 43 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 1 Date of c;ollection ••• ~/11/51 Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 3.8 2. 5 

Dissolved solids ••••• 810 510 

1./ Composite. 

97 

Finished 

!/water 

116 

40 

1 

9. 5 

746 

0.2 

47 

4/11/51 
MANDAN 

(Population, 7, 298) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 500 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 7, 800. 

Source: Missouri River. The intake is about 5 miles north of Mandan. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, aeration, softening with lime and soda ash, 

coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, ammoniation, chlorination, sedimentation, recarbonation, polyphosphates (918-Y balls), and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 2, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 500, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOa) •..••••••• 11 9. 4 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.•••..•.••••• • 03 . 03 Total •••••••••••••••• 192 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 50 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••. 49 32 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 17 8.3 Color···················· 7 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 57 63 pH .••••.••••••••••••••.•• 7. 7 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.6 4.7 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 10 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 173 50 25 c._) ••••••••••••••• 636 

Sulfate (S04) .......... 155 178 'Purbidity •••••••••••••• 500 

Chlnride (Cl) ••••••••• 7. 5 12 Temperature (F. ) ••• 63 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 4 .4 Date of collection ••• 5/17/51 

Nitrate (NOs} ••••••••• 1.7 • 9 

Dissolved solids ••••. 408 348 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

Finished 

water 

-- 114 

56 

2 

9.1 

533 

1 

62 

5/21/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 160 222 120 8. 1 8.3 8.0 229 316 142 -- -- -- Finished -- water 

·---· ·- ~ 

... 87 125 64 9. 1 9. 2 8.9 112 133 89 -- -- --

98 
Ownership: Municipal. 

MINOT 

(Population; 22, 032) 

• 

Source: 7 wells (1, and 3 to 8) 131, 158, 158, 147, 139, 125, and 132 ft deep. 

The yield of the wells is reported to be 533, 350, 450, 800, 800, 860, and 

860 gpm. In 1950 well 7 furnished 75 percent of the supply, and wells 3, 4, 

and 5, the remainder. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: 4, 100,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage:' 4, 100, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well3 WellS Well 7 

(finished (finished (finished water) water) water) 

Silica (SiOJl •••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 26 26 23 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 2. 6 2. 7 2. 5 

Manganese {Mn) ••••••••••••••••••••• . 04 . 22 . 02 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••• •• •••••••••••••••• 86 112 84 

Magnesium {Mg) •••••••••• : •••••••••• 29 42 33 

SCHiitUDl (~a) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 359 180 233 

Potassium (K) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5.8 6.7 4. 9 

Carbonate (COJ ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 0 

Bicarbonate (HCOJu••••••••••••••• 789 558 748 

Sulfate (SO 4). •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 120 153 70 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 240 156 128 

Fluoride (" •••••••.•••••••••••••••••. . 2 . 1 . 2 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3. 0 2.2 .8 

Dissolved solids •••••••••••••••••••• 1,280 980 972 

Hardness as CaC03 : 

1rCltaLl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 334 454 347 

Noncarbonate ••••••••••••.•••••••.•• 0 0 0 

C()lClr ........••..••..••••••.•.•.•••••••• 18 7 13 

pH ••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7. 6 7. 5 7. 7 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 25 C.) ••••••••••• 2,070 1,550 1.,560 

1rur bidity •••••.•••.•••• ·• •••••••••••••• 25 35 5 

1remperature (F. ) ••••••••••••••••••• 51 49 48 

Date of colle~tion ••••••••••••••••••• 5/17/.51 5/17/51 5/17/51 

Depth (feet) ......••.•....•.......••.. 158 158 125 

Diameter (inches) •..•..••.•.••.••••• 12 16 16 

.Date drilled .......................... 1931 1939 1948 

Percent of supply ...•..••..••..•...• -- -- --

99 
WILLISTON 

(Population, 7, 378) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 650 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 8, 050. 

Source: Missouri River for regular supply; 2 wells each 220ft deep for auxiliary 

supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 550 and 609 gpm. 

Treatment: Plain sedimentation, softening with lime (soda ash in winter), coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, 

ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant': 1, 200,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 1, 000, 000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 630, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw 

water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••• 10 9. 8 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••. . 02 . 11 Total •••••••••••••••• 191 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 01 . 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 56 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 50 41 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 16 12 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 9_ 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 55 57 pH···········-············ 7.9 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 4.9 4.2 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••. 0 16 (micromhQs at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 165 89 25 c .. )··············· 599 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 161 158 Turbidity· •••••••••••••• 95 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 8.5 9. 5 Temperature (F.) ••• 60 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .3 .3 Date of ~ollection ••• 5/17/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 1.5 .8 

Dissolved solids ••••. 394 374 

Regular determinations at treatment plant, 19 50 

Alkalinity Hardness. 

Finished 

water 

151 

52 

4 

8. 9. 

553 

20 

64 

5/17/51 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Temperature 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... 145 170 120 -- -- -- 257 340 205 40 54 32 

Finished wate.r .... 55 68 53 -- -- . -- 137 214 68 40 54 32 

100 
SOUTH DAKOTA 

ABERDEEN 

(Population, 21, 051) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies 175 people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, 21, 226. 

Source: Elm River (impounded) supplemented by Maple and Willow Creeks (impounded) for main supply; 2 gravel pits, located northeast of treatment plant, 

for auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Softening with lime and soda ash, sedimentation, activated carbon, 

recarbonation, addition of polyphosphates (918-Y balls), coagulation with alum 

and sodium aluminate, secondary sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: No. 1 dam, 60, 000, 000 gal; No. 2 dam, 170, 000, 000 gal; 

No. 4 dam, 76, 000, 000 gal; Elm Lake, 5, 000, 000 ~1. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 700,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located 8 miles northeast of Aberdeen. River was at high 

stage when samples were collected. Fluoridation of public supply will be 

started soon. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U . S. Geological Survey) 

_!/Elm YElm 1/Elm ..2/Elm 

River River River River 

Silica (SiOa) •••••••••• 9. 8 6.0 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••••••••••• . 03 . 06 Total •••••••••••••••.• 97 75 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• • 00 • 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 17 41 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 25 28 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 8.4 1. 3 Color···················· 33 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 26 25 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.; 8.8 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 7. 0 6.8 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 3 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 98 35 25 c.) ..•...••••••..• 326 313 

SuHate (SOJ •••••••••• 56 80 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 10 0.4 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 14 16 Temperature (F.) ••• 39 39 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 1 . 1 Date of collection ••• 4/11/51 14/11/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 3.6 . 5 

Dissolved solids ••••• 204 188 

Regular determination.B a.t treatment plant, 1950 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Turbidity 

(ppm) . (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

Raw water ......... -- 400 40 -- 8.6 7. 2 -- 500 40 -- 400 20 

Finished water ..... -- 75 20 9. 5 10 9 70 110 30 -- -- -- 1/Ra.w water. 

Y Finished water. 

101 
BROOKINGS 

(Population, 7, 764) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies a few people outside the city limits. Total 

population supplied, about 7, 800. 

Source: 3 wells (1, 2, and 3), each 60ft deep, and each reported to yield 1, 000 

gpm. ·. Treatment: Aeration (for iron removal), sedimentation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 4, 000,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is 2 miles north of Brookings. 

ANALYSES 

{Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Well1 Finished Well1 

(raw (raw Finished 

water) water water) water 

Silica (SiO:a} •.•••.•••. 24 25 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •..••.•••••••• 4.5 • 19 Total .••••••••••••••• 656 672 

Manganese (MD) ••••• . 75 . 93 Noncarbonate •••••• 370 383 

Calcium (Ca) .•••••••• 171 173 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 56 58 Color···················· 2 3 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 17 18 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.0 8.3 

Potassium (K) ........ 2. 5 2.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ ••••• 0 10 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 349 333 25 c. ) ............... 1,160 1,160 

Sulfate (S04) •••••••••• 383 388 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 70 1 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 5.0 9.5 Temperature (F.) ••• 48 48 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• . 3 • 3 Date of collection ••• 4/3/51 4/3/51 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••.•••• 1.6 1.4 

Dissolved solids ••••. 874 890 

Depth (feet) •.•.......•......•.......•.•.••••••• _ •.•••••••.•••.•.•...•...•••. 60 

Diameter (inches) ..•.•.....••.....•••..•..••••••••••••.••••..........•..• 18 

Date drilled ··············~················································ 1930 

Percent of supply .......•...•...••..• , ••••••••••••••••••••.•............• --

102 
Ownership: Municipal. 

HURON 

(Population, 12, 788) 

Source: lames River for regular supply; 3 wells for auxiliary supply. 

Treatment: Prechlorination, activated carbon, softening with lime and soda ash, 

coagulation and clarification with sodium aluminate, recarbonation, sedimentation, charcoal, and rapid sand filtration. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 4, 500,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 600,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the water throughout the 

year. The treatment varies throughout the year. 

ANALYSES-

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiOJl •••••.•••• 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···'!····· 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 

Carbonate (COs) ••••. 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 

Sulfate (SOJ •.•••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) .......... 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 

Dissolved solids ••••. 

..!/Raw water. 

YFinished water. 

lames 

!/River 

9. 0 

• 02 

. 00 

37 

15 

39 

11 

0 

138 

97 

21 

.l 

5.6 

340 

lames lames 

YRiver _!/River 

8.2 Hardness as CaC01 : 

. 05 Total :-··············· 152 

• 69 Noncarbonate •••••• 39 

38 

15 Color···················· 45 

46 pH ••••.•••••••••••••••••• 7. 5 

11 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

85 25 c. ) ............... 497_ 

149 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 15 

·30 Temperature (F. ) ••• 37 

. 1 Date of collection ••• 4/10/51 

1.4 

384 

103 

lames 

yruver 

158 

88 

7 

7.3 

559 

0.3 

38 

4/10/51 
LEAD 

(Population, 6, 422) 

Ownership: Homestake Mining Co.; also supplies about 1, 000 people in Deadwood 

and 500 in Central City and Terraville, and Pluma. Total population supplied, 

about 7, 900. 

Source: Springs in upper Spearfish Creek basin. 

Treatment: Chlorination and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: Unknown. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Reservoirs, 2, 165,000 gal. 

The water is pumped from the springs as needed to keep the reservoirs full. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJl •..••..••. 12 11 Hardness as CaC03 : · 

Iron (Fe) •...•.•••.•••• . 07 . 08 Total :-··············· 250 255 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 00 • 00 Noncarbonate .•••••• 1 2 

Calcium (Ca) ···'!····· 62 60 

Magnesium (Mg)-••••• 23 26 Color .•••••••••.••••••••• 1 1 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• . 6 . 6 pH······~················ 8.0 8-.2 

Potassium (K) ••••••. . 3 . 4' Specific conductance ~ 

Carbonate (COJ ...•. 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 304 308 25 c. ) ............... 444 446 

Sulfate (SOJ ••••.•••••. 1.0 1.0 Turbidity •.•••••••••••• 0.4 0.9 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 1. 0 1.3 Temperature (F.) ••• -- -- Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 1 . 1 Date of collection ••• 5/15/51 5/15/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••. 1. 3 1.8 

Dissolved solids ••.•. 251 255 

104 
MITCHELL· 

(Population, 12, 123) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 125 people outside the city limits, and air 

base, and Hormel Packing Co. Total population supplied, about 12,250. 

Source: Firesteel Creek impounded in Lake Mitchell. 

Treatment: Softening with lime-soda ash, coagulation with sodium aluminate, carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, recarbonation, and chlorination. -· 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 6, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: 3, 565,000,000 gal. 

Finished-water storage: 1, 550,000 gal. 

There is considerable variation in the composition of the raw water throughout 

the year. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. s. Geological Survey) 

Raw !Finished Raw Finished 

water water water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••.•••• 5. 4 5. 1 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •.••••••.•.••• . 14 . 14 Total .................. 392 126 

Manganese {Mn) ••••• . 20 . 03 Noncarbonate •••••• 214 20 

Calcium (Ca) ···~····· 82 31 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 46 12 Color .••••••••••••••••••• 9 4 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 66 144 pH •.••••••••••••••••.•••• 7. 6 9. 7 

Potassium {K) •• : •••• 14 14 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COJ .•••• 0 37 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 217 54 25 c. ) ............... 1,010 960 

SuHate (SOJ •••••••••• 323 311 Turbidity· •••••••••••••• -- ... - Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 24 24 Temperature (F.) ••• 36 36 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• • 3 . 3 Date of collection ••• 2/18/52 2/18/52 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 2o3 2.0 

Dissolved solids ••••. 724 631 

Regular determinations at treatment plant 

Alkalinity Hardness 

as CaC03 pH as CaC03 Temperature 

(ppm) (ppm) 

Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min Av Max Min 

.Raw water ...•.•.•• -- -- -- -- -- -- 240 300 190 -- 65 33 

Finished water .•. -- -- -- 9. 5 -- -- 85 -- -- . -- 65 33 

105 
Ownership: Municipal. 

RAPID CITY 

(Population, 25, 310) 

Source: Jackson Springs (82 percent of supply, 1950); 4 wells (1 to 4) 1, 460, 902, 

957, and 1, 075 ft deep (18 percent of supply, 1950). The yield of the wells is 

reported to be 380 (flowing), 240 (flowing), 669, and 690 (flowing) gpm. 

Treatment: Chlorination. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: 3, 000, 000 gal. 

.c\NALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. ·Geological Survey) 

Silica (SiOa) ••••••.••• 

Iron (Fe) ..•••••••••••. 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ···~· .. •• 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 

Carbonate (COs} •.••• 

Bicarbonate {HCOJ 

Sulfate (S04) ............ 

Chloride (Cl) ••••.•••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••.•••. 

Nitrate {NOs} .•••••••. 

Dissolved solids ••••. 

.!/Raw water. 

]/Composite. 

Jackson 

l!fsprings 

13 

. 05 

. 03 

41 

20 

) 1. 8 

0 

200 

20 

1. 6 

. 2 

1.1 

210-

Finished Jackson 

_g/water !/Springs 

11 Hardness as CaC03 : 

. 06 Total ~···········~··· 185 

• 00 Noncarbonate •••••• 21 

43 

21 Color···············-····· --

{ 5.2 pH ••••••••••••••••••••.•• 7.9 

2. 1 Specific conductance 

0 (micromhos at 

211 25 c. ) ............... 369 

28 'Purbidity •••.•••••••••• -- 3.5 Temperature (F. ) ••• -- . 1 Date of collection ••• 7/27/49 

1.4 

219 

106 

Finished 

Z/water 

193 

20 

0 

7.8 

376 

0.7 

-- 5/23/51 
SIOUX FALLS 

(Population, 52, 696) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 1, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 53, 700. 

Source: 17 shallow wells 36 to 45ft deep in the Big Sioux River bottoms. The 

yield of the wells ranges from 300 gpm (well 10) to 1, 025 gpm (well 14), and 

averages 779 gal. 

Treatment: Aeration, chlorination, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,. and 

stabilization with polyphosphate (Nalco). 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 8, 000,000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Elevated tanks, 1, 905,000 gal; storage reservoirs; 

5, 200, 000 gal. Total, 7, 105, 000 gal. 

The quality of the water· from the wells is affected by change in the stage of the · 

Big Sioux River. There is considerable variation in the composition of the 

water throughout the year. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

1/Raw· Finished 

water _g'water 

Silica (SiOa) •••••.•••• 18 20 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) ..•••.•••••••. 6.3 • 42 Total .._ •••••••••••••••• 

Manganese (Mn) ••••• . 71 1.6 Noncarbonate •••••• 

Calcium (Ca} ••••••••• 85 122 

Magnesium (kg) ••••• 26 44 Color .•••••••••••••• ~ •••• 

Sodium (Na) •.•••••••. 7.6 17 pH .••••••••••••••••••••.•• 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 2. 6 3.4 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (COs} ••••• 0 0 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCOJ 233 314 25 c.) ..•..•••.••...• 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 131 237 Turbidity .••••••••••••.• 

Chloride ( Cl) ••••••••• 5. 5 14 Temperature (F.) ••• 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .3 .4 Date of collection •.• 

Nitrate (NOJ ••••••••• 1. 8 . 6 

Dissolved solids ••••. 430 646 

1/ Composite, all wells except well 24. 

Y Composite, all wells. 

107 

1/Raw 

w~r 

320 

129 

5 

7. 9 

624 

1 

45 

·4/3/51 

Finished 

_t/water 

484 

227 

4 

7.6 

921 

2 

50 

4/3/51 
Ownership: Municipal. 

WATERTOWN 

(Population, 12, 699) 

Source: Lake Kampeska, 75 percent of supply; 3 wells (2 to 4), each 28ft deep, 

25 percent of supply. The yield of the wells is reported to be 104, 104, and 

139 gpm. 

Treatment: Lake water: coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand· 

filtration,. ammoniation, and chlorination. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 000, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: Lake Kampeska. 

Finished-water storage: 2, 400,000 gal. 

The treatment plant is located near the lake. The-finished lake water is mixed 

with the raw well water and the mixed water is delivered to the distribution 

system .. 

ANALYSIS 

(~nalysis, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Silica (Si~) •.........•.... 

Iron (Fe) .. :..·_· ..•......•... 

Manganese \Mn) •••••••••• 

Calcium (Ca) ......•...•... 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••••••• 

Sodium (Na) ...•........•.. 

Potassium (K) •••••••••••• 

Carbonate (CO,) •••••••••• 

Bicarbonate (HC03) ••••• 

Sulfate (S04 ) ••••••••••••••• 

Chloride (Cl) ...•...••.•••. 

Fluoride (F) .......•.••.... 

Nitrate (N03) •••••••••••••• 

Dissolved solids .•.•..••. 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

19 

. 02 

. 00 . 

Hardness .as CaC<>s: 

Total ....................... . 

Noncarbonate .••...•....• 

Finished 

water 

(composite) 

342 

124 

81 ·~--------------------+-------~-

34 

53 

6.8 

0 

266 

115 

88 

. 1 

5.7 

586 

Color ......................... . 

pll ••••.•.••...••....••••......•• 

Specific conductance 

(micromhos at 

25 c.) ••••••••.............. 

Turbidity .•••......••••..••.. 

Temperature (F. ) •••••••••• 

Date of ·collection •••.•..•. 

108 

3 

7.8 

901 

0.8 

43 

4/12/51 
YANKTON 

(Population, 7, 709) 

Ownership: Municipal; also supplies about 3, 000 people outside the city limits. 

Total population supplied, about 10,700. 

Source: Missouri River. 

Treatment: Coagulation with alum and sodium aluminate, softening with lime, 

sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, chlorination, and ammoniation. 

Rated capacity of treatment plant: 1, 500, 000 gpd. 

Raw-water storage: None. 

Finished-water storage: Clear well and tank, 1, 250, 000 gal. 

ANALYSES 

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U. S. Geological Survey) 

Raw [Finished Raw 

wafer water water 

Silica (SiOJ •••••••••. 15 12 Hardness as CaC03 : 

Iron (Fe) •••••.•••.•••• . 10 • 05 Total .................. 245 

Manganese (Mn) • •••• . 03 • 01 Noncarbonate •••••• 78 

Calcium (Ca) ••••••••• 65 26 • 

Magnesium (Mg) ••••• 20 12 Color···················· 5 

Sodium (Na) •••••••••• 57 61 pH ••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.0 

Potassium (K) ••••••• 5. 1 4.0 Specific conductance 

Carbonate (CO,) ••.•• 0 17 (micromhos at 

Bicarbonate (HCO,) 203 5.0 25 c.) •••..•••••••.•• 693 

Sulfate (SOJ •••••••••• 187 194 Turbidity •••••••••••••• 45 

Chloride (Cl) ••••••••• 11 12 Temperature (F.) ••• 35 

Fluoride (F) •••••••••• .5 • 6 Date of ~ollection ••• 2/20/51 

Nitrate (NOJ .•••••••• 1. 6 1. 6 

Dissolved solids •.••. 494 368 

109 

Finished 

water 

113 

80 

4 

9. 8 

531 

1 

37 

2/20/51 

GPO 8 3 • 381 91