VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

Screening and Treatment Pocket Card 

1 

Screening and Treatment Algorithm
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

2 

Screening Tools for Unhealthy Alcohol Use

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- Consumption 

(AUDIT-C)

Single-Item Alcohol Screening 

Questionnaire (SASQ)

When 

to use 

this 

tool

May be preferable in the following situations:

 When the clinician preference is to obtain information regarding:

• Any drinking (for those with contraindications)

• Typical drinking (for medication interactions)

• Episodic heavy drinking

• Severity of unhealthy alcohol use provided by the AUDIT-C

 When there is a specific service requirement

 When an electronic medical record can score the AUDIT-C and 

provide decision support

Easier to integrate into clinician 

interviews

Items

1. How often did you have a drink containing alcohol in the past

year?

1. Do you sometimes drink beer,

wine, or other alcoholic

beverages?

(Followed by the screening

question)

2. How many times in the past year

have you had...

Men:

5 or more drinks in a day

Women:

4 or more drinks in a day

Never 0 point

Monthly or less 1 point

2-4 times per month 2 points

2-3 times per week 3 points

4 or more times per week 4 points

2. On days in the past year when you drank alcohol how many

drinks did you typically drink?

0, 1, or 2 0 point

3 or 4 1 point

5 or 6 2 points

7-9 3 points

10 or more 4 points

3. How often did you have 6 or more drinks on an occasion in the

past year?

Never 0 point

Less than monthly 1 point

Monthly 2 points

Weekly 3 points

Daily or almost daily 4 points

Scoring

The minimum score (for non-drinkers) is 0 and the maximum possible 

score is 12.

Consider a screen positive for unhealthy alcohol use if AUDIT-C score 

is ≥4 points for men or ≥3 points for women. 

Note: For VA, documentation of brief alcohol counseling is required 

for those with AUDIT-C ≥5 points, for both men and women. This 

higher score for follow-up was selected to minimize the false-positive 

rate and to target implementation efforts. Follow-up of lower 

screening scores <5 is left to provider discretion. 

A positive screen is any report of 

drinking 5 or more (men) or 4 or 

more (women) drinks on an occasion 

in the past year.
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

3 

Brief Intervention

Elements offered consistently as part of a brief intervention (BI): 

1. Providing individualized feedback on patient’s level of alcohol-related risk (i.e., mild, moderate, high) and any 

alcohol-related adverse health effects

2. Providing brief advice to abstain or drink within recommended limits

Additional components: Discussion of benefits of and effective strategies for reducing alcohol consumption; 

supporting patient in choosing a drinking goal when he/she is ready to make a change

Criteria to Consider Referral to Specialty Care

A referral to specialty SUD care should be offered if the patient has at least one of the following:

 Potential benefit from additional evaluation of his/her substance use and related problems

 A substance use disorder diagnosis

 Willingness to engage in specialty care 

Addiction-focused Medical Management

Addiction-focused Medical Management is a manualized psychosocial intervention designed to be 

delivered by a medical professional (e.g., physician, nurse, physician assistant) in a primary care (or general 

mental health care) setting. The treatment uses a shared decision making approach and provides 

strategies to increase medication adherence and monitoring of substance use and consequences, as well 

as supporting abstinence through education and referral to support groups. While variably defined, 

addiction-focused Medical Management typically includes: 

1. Monitoring self-reported use, laboratory markers, and consequences 

2. Monitoring adherence, response to treatment, and adverse effects

3. Education about alcohol use disorder (AUD) and opioid use disorder (OUD) consequences and 

treatments

4. Encouragement to abstain from illicit opioids and other addictive substances 

5. Encouragement to attend community supports for recovery (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous [AA], 

Narcotics Anonymous [NA], Self-Management and Recovery Training [SMART] Recovery) and to 

make lifestyle changes that support recovery 

Session structure varies according to the patient’s substance use status and treatment compliance. An 

initial session (40-60 minutes) includes assessment and initial treatment. Subsequent monitoring visits 

typically last 15-25 minutes and occur twice weekly for the first week, tapering to once weekly then once 

every two weeks for 12 weeks. 
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

4 

Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diagnosis)

The table below is an abbreviated version of the table included in the full CPG. Please see Appendix B, Table B-1 for the full version of the table.

Naltrexone Oral Naltrexone Injectable Acamprosate Disulfiram Topiramate1 Gabapentin1

Indications2

 AUD, pretreatment 

abstinence not 

required but may 

improve response

 AUD with difficulty 

adhering to oral 

regimen and 

willingness to receive 

monthly injections

 Pretreatment 

abstinence not 

required but may 

improve response

 AUD with abstinence 

at treatment 

initiation

 AUD with BAL=0, 

abstinence >12 

hours, able to 

appreciate 

risks/benefits and 

consents to 

treatment

 Consider in patients 

with combined 

cocaine dependence

 AUD, pretreatment 

abstinence not 

required but may 

improve response

 AUD, pretreatment 

abstinence not 

required but may 

improve response

Contraindications3

 Opioid-related 

findings,4 acute 

hepatitis or liver 

failure

 Opioid-related 

findings,4 acute 

hepatitis or liver 

failure, inadequate 

muscle mass

 Severe renal 

insufficiency (CrCl 

≤30 mL/min)

 Severe 

cardiovascular, 

respiratory, or renal 

disease, hepatic 

dysfunction, and 

psychiatric 

disorders5

 Combination with 

metronidazole or 

ketoconazole

 No contraindications 

in manufacturer’s 

labeling

 Known 

hypersensitivity to 

gabapentin or its 

ingredients

1 Not FDA labeled for treatment of AUD

2 Patients should be engaged in a comprehensive management program that includes psychosocial intervention; disulfiram is more effective with monitored 

administration (in clinic or with spouse or probation officer). 3 Hypersensitivity to the agent is a contraindication to use for each medication listed. 4 Receiving opioid agonists, physiologic opioid dependence with use within past seven days, acute opioid withdrawal, failed naloxone challenge test, or positive 

urine opioid screen are contraindications to oral or intramuscular naltrexone. 5 Disulfiram is contraindicated in patients with severe and unstable psychiatric disorders (especially psychotic and cognitive disorders, suicidal ideation) and impulsivity.
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

5 

Naltrexone Oral Naltrexone Injectable Acamprosate Disulfiram Topiramate1 Gabapentin1 

Warnings/Precautions

 Active liver disease

 Severe renal failure

 Pregnancy Category 

C 

 Active liver disease

 Uncertain effects (no 

data) in moderate to 

severe renal 

insufficiency

 Use intramuscular 

injections with 

caution in patients at 

risk for bleeding

 Pregnancy Category 

C 

 Watch for 

depression/ 

suicidality

 Decrease dose in 

renal insufficiency

 Pregnancy Category 

C 

 Alcohol-disulfiram

reaction; patients 

must be vigilant to 

avoid alcohol in all 

forms including 

mouthwash, over 

the counter 

medications, etc.

 Pregnancy Category 

C 

 Footnote6

 Pregnancy Category 

D 

 Footnote6

 Pregnancy Category 

C 

Baseline Lab Evaluation- Obtain urine beta-HCG for females

 Assess liver function  Assess liver and renal 

function

 Ensure adequate 

muscle mass for 

intramuscular 

injection 

 Assess renal function  Assess liver function 

and electrocardiogram

 Verify ethanol 

abstinence

 Assess renal function  Assess renal function

Dosage and Administration

 50-100 mg orally 1 

time daily

 380 mg 1 time 

monthly by deep 

intramuscular 

injection

 666 mg orally 3 

times daily, 

preferably with 

meals

 250 mg orally 1 time 

daily (range: 125–

500 mg daily)

 Initiate at 50 mg 

daily

 Titrate gradually to 

max dose of 100 mg 

2 times daily

 Initiate at 300 mg on 

day 1 and increase 

gradually by 300 mg 

daily to target of 600 

mg 3 times daily 

6 Topiramate and gabapentin should not be abruptly discontinued; taper dosage gradually. Potential CNS effects may include dizziness, somnolence, cognitive 

dysfunction, and sedation. There is an increased risk of suicidal ideation with all anti-epileptic agents, including topiramate and gabapentin.
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

6

Naltrexone Oral Naltrexone Injectable Acamprosate Disulfiram Topiramate1 Gabapentin1

Alternative Dosing7

 Footnote7  Consider 333 mg 

orally 4 times daily 

for patients whose 

body weight is <60 

kg

 Footnote7  Footnote7

Dosing in Special Populations

 Use caution in 

hepatic or renal 

insufficiency 

 No dose adjustment 

needed for CrCl 50–

80 mL/min

 Uncertain effects (no 

data) in moderate to 

severe renal 

insufficiency

 Reduce dose by half 

when CrCl 30–50 

mL/min

 Do not administer in 

severe renal 

insufficiency 

 Halve dose and slow 

titrate when CrCl <70 

mL/min/1.73 m2

 Dosage adjustment 

may be required in 

hepatic impairment

 Consider target dose 

<1800 mg daily when 

CrCl <60 mL/min

Adverse Effects

 Common: Nausea

 Other: Headache, 

dizziness, 

nervousness, fatigue, 

insomnia, vomiting, 

anxiety, somnolence

 Major: Eosinophilic 

pneumonia, 

depression, 

suicidality

 Common: Injectionsite reactions, 

nausea, headache, 

asthenia

 Major: Suicidality 

 Common: Diarrhea 

 Other: Anxiety, 

asthenia, depression, 

insomnia 

 Major:

Hepatotoxicity, 

peripheral 

neuropathy, 

psychosis, delirium, 

severe disulfiramethanol reaction

 Common:

Somnolence, 

metallic taste, 

headache

 Major: Paresthesia, 

dizziness, 

somnolence, loss of 

appetite, weight loss

 Other: Nervousness, 

fatigue, decreased 

concentration, 

memory 

impairment, 

confusion 

 Major: Dizziness, 

somnolence

 Other: Peripheral 

edema, fatigue 

 7 Alternative dosing schedules as follows: For oral naltrexone, 25 mg 1-2 times daily with meals to reduce nausea, especially during the first week OR 100 mg on 

Monday and Wednesday and 150 mg on Friday. For disulfiram, decrease dose to 125 mg to reduce side effects and, for monitored administration, consider 

giving 500 mg on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. For topiramate, in geriatric patients with CrCl <70mL/min/1.73m2

, give initial dose of 25 mg/day followed 

by incremental increases of 25 mg at weekly intervals until an effective dose is reached.
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

7

Naltrexone Oral Naltrexone Injectable Acamprosate Disulfiram Topiramate1 Gabapentin1

Drug Interactions

 Opioid-containing 

medications, 

thioridazine 

 Opioid-containing 

medications, 

thioridazine 

 Naltrexone, 

antidepressants 

 Meds and other 

alcohol-containing 

products, phenytoin, 

isoniazid, warfarin, 

monoamine oxidase 

inhibitors, rifampin, 

tricyclic 

antidepressants, 

metronidazole

 Combination with 

alcohol or other CNS 

depressants, oral 

contraceptives 

 Combination with 

alcohol or other CNS 

depressants, 

antacids

Monitoring

 Repeat liver 

transaminase levels 

at 6 and 12 months 

and then every 12 

months thereafter

 Discontinue 

medication and 

consider alternatives 

if no detectable 

benefit after an 

adequate trial (50 

mg daily for 3 

months)

 Repeat liver 

transaminase levels 

at 6 and 12 months 

and then every 12 

months thereafter

 Discontinue if there 

is no detectable 

benefit within 3 

months

 Monitor renal 

function especially in 

elderly and in 

patients with renal 

insufficiency 

 Maintain therapy if 

relapse occurs

 Repeat liver 

transaminase levels 

within the first 

month, then 

monthly for first 3 

months, and 

periodically 

thereafter as 

indicated

 Consider 

discontinuation in 

event of relapse or 

when patient is not 

available for 

supervision and 

counseling

 Monitor renal 

function (especially 

in elderly and in 

patients with renal 

insufficiency) and for 

behavioral changes 

indicative of suicidal 

thoughts or 

depression

 Discontinue 

medication and 

consider alternatives 

if no detectable 

benefit after an 

adequate trial (300 

mg daily for 3 

months)

 Monitor renal 

function (especially 

in elderly and in 

patients with renal 

insufficiency) and for 

behavioral changes 

indicative of suicidal 

thoughts or 

depression

 Monitor quantities 

prescribed and usage 

patterns

 Discontinue 

medication and 

consider alternatives 

if no detectable 

benefit from at least 

900 mg daily for 2-3 

months
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

8

Naltrexone Oral Naltrexone Injectable Acamprosate Disulfiram Topiramate1 Gabapentin1

Patient Education

 Focus on patient 

compliance and 

commitment to 

treatment plan

 Side effects occur 

early and typically 

resolve within 1-2 

weeks after dosage 

adjustment

 Report injection-site 

reaction, any new or 

worsening 

depression/suicidal 

thinking

 Contact provider for 

signs/symptoms of 

pneumonia

 Report any new or 

worsening 

depression/suicidal 

thinking 

 Avoid alcohol in 

food, beverages, and 

medications

 Avoid disulfiram if 

alcohol intoxicated

 May cause sedation

 Discuss compliance 

enhancing methods 

and provide wallet 

cards

 Family members 

should not 

administer disulfiram 

without informing 

patient

 Bitter tablets

 Do not crush, break 

or chew

 Take without regard 

to meals

 May cause sedation 

or decreased 

alertness

 Take first dose on 

first day at bedtime 

to minimize 

somnolence and 

dizziness

 May cause sedation 

or decreased 

alertness

 If signs/symptoms of acute hepatitis occur, stop 

naltrexone and contact provider immediately

 Very large doses of opioids may overcome 

naltrexone effects and result in injury, coma, or 

death

 Opioid-based analgesics, antidiarrheals, or 

antitussives may be blocked by naltrexone and 

fail to produce effect

 Patients who have previously used opioids may 

be more sensitive to toxic effects of opioids 

after discontinuation of naltrexone

Abbreviations: AUD: alcohol use disorder; BAL: blood alcohol level; CNS: central nervous system; CrCl: creatinine clearance; kg: kilogram(s); m: meter(s); mg: milligram; mL: 

milliliter(s); min: minute(s)
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

9

Pharmacotherapy for Opioid Use Disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 

Disorders Diagnosis)

The table below is an abbreviated version of the table included in the full CPG. Please see Appendix B, 

Table B-2 for the full version of the table.

Methadone 

Buprenorphine/Naloxone or 

Buprenorphine Naltrexone Injectable

Indications

 OUD and patient meets Federal 

OTP Standards (42 C.F.R. §8.12)

 OUD  OUD with pretreatment 

abstinence from opioids and no 

signs of opioid withdrawal; 

willingness to receive monthly 

injections

Contraindications

 Hypersensitivity  Hypersensitivity  Hypersensitivity

 Opioid-related findings1

 Acute hepatitis or liver failure

 Inadequate muscle mass

Warnings/Precautions

 Concurrent enrollment in 

another OTP

 Prolonged QTc interval

 Footnote2

 Buprenorphine/naloxone and 

buprenorphine may precipitate 

withdrawal in patients on full 

agonist opioids 

 Footnote2

 Active liver disease

 Uncertain effects (no data) in 

moderate to severe renal 

insufficiency 

 Use intramuscular injections with

caution in patients at risk for 

bleeding 

 Pregnancy Category C

Baseline Evaluation- Obtain urine beta-HCG for females

 Baseline electrocardiogram and 

physical examination for patients 

at risk for QT prolongation or 

arrhythmias

 Liver transaminases  Assess liver and renal function

 Ensure adequate muscle mass 

for intramuscular injection 

 1 Receiving opioid agonists, physiologic opioid dependence with use within past seven days, acute opioid withdrawal, 

failed naloxone challenge test, or positive urine opioid screen are contraindications to intramuscular naltrexone 2 Use caution in patients with 1) Respiratory, liver, or renal insufficiency 2) Concurrent benzodiazepines or other CNS 

depressants including active AUD 3) Use of opioid antagonists (e.g., parenteral naloxone, oral or parenteral 

nalmefene, naltrexone)
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

10

Methadone 

Buprenorphine/Naloxone or 

Buprenorphine Naltrexone Injectable

Dosage and Administration

 Give as single daily oral dose; 

individualize dosing

 Titrate carefully; consider 

methadone’s delayed cumulative 

effects

 Initial dose: 15–20 mg single 

dose, maximum 30 mg 

 Daily dose: Maximum 40 mg/day 

on first day 

 Usual dosage range for optimal 

effects: 60–120 mg/day

 Individualize dosing regimens

 For any formulation: Do not 

chew, swallow, or move after 

placement

 Sublingual induction dose: 2–8 

mg once daily. Day 2 and 

onward: Increase dose by 2–4 

mg/day until withdrawal 

symptoms and craving are 

relieved

 Sublingual stabilization/ 

maintenance dose: Titrate by 2–

4 mg/day targeting craving and 

illicit opioid use 

 Sublingual usual dose: 12–16 

mg/day (up to 32 mg/day)

 380 mg 1 time monthly by deep 

intramuscular injection

Alternative Dosing Schedules

 Give in divided daily doses based 

on peak and low levels that 

document rapid metabolism 

 Give equivalent weekly 

maintenance dose divided over 

extended dosing intervals (every 

2, 3, or 4 days)

Dosing in Special Populations

 Reduce dose in renal or hepatic 

impairment and in the elderly or 

debilitated

 Hepatic impairment: Reduce 

dose

 For concurrent chronic pain, 

consider dividing total daily dose 

into 2- or 3-time daily 

administration

 No dosage adjustment needed 

for CrCl 50-80 mL/min 

 Uncertain effects (no data) in 

moderate to severe renal 

insufficiency

Adverse Effects

 Major: Respiratory depression, 

shock, cardiac arrest, 

prolongation of QTc

interval/torsade de 

pointes/ventricular tachycardia

 Common: Lightheadedness, 

dizziness, sedation, nausea, 

vomiting, sweating, constipation, 

edema 

 Less common: Sexual 

dysfunction

 Major: Hepatitis, hepatic failure, 

respiratory depression (with 

intravenous misuse or combined 

with other CNS depressants)

 Common: Headache, pain, 

abdominal pain, insomnia, 

nausea and vomiting, sweating, 

constipation

 Sublingual buprenorphine/ 

naloxone: Oral hypoesthesia, 

glossodynia, oral mucosal 

erythema

 Major: Eosinophilic pneumonia, 

depression, suicidality

 Common: Injection site 

reactions, nausea, headache, 

asthenia
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

11

Methadone 

Buprenorphine/Naloxone or 

Buprenorphine Naltrexone Injectable

Drug Interactions

 ↓ Methadone levels: Footnote3

 ↑Methadone levels: Footnote4

 Opioid antagonists: May 

precipitate withdrawal

 ↓ Buprenorphine levels: 

Footnote3

 ↑ Buprenorphine levels: 

Footnote4

 Opioid agonist: 

buprenorphine/naloxone or 

buprenorphine may precipitate 

withdrawal

 Opioid antagonists: May 

precipitate withdrawal

 Opioid-containing medications

 Thioridazine 

Monitoring

 Signs of respiratory/CNS 

depression

 Liver function tests prior to 

initiation and during therapy

 Repeat liver transaminase levels 

at 6 and 12 months and every 12 

months thereafter

Patient Education

 Give strong advice against selfmedicating with CNS depressants 

during methadone therapy; 

serious overdose and death may 

occur

 Store in a secure place out of the 

reach of children

 Strongly advise patient to 

continue in long-term 

methadone maintenance

 If discontinuing methadone, 

recommend transition to 

extended-release injectable 

naltrexone

 Serious overdose and death may 

occur if patient relapses to opioid 

use after withdrawal from 

methadone

 Give strong advice against selfmedicating with CNS depressants 

during buprenorphine/naloxone 

or buprenorphine therapy; 

serious overdose and death may 

occur

 Store in a secure place out of the 

reach of children

 Strongly advise patient to 

continue in long-term 

buprenorphine maintenance

 If discontinuing buprenorphine, 

recommend transition to 

extended-release injectable 

naltrexone

 Serious overdose and death may 

occur if patient relapses to opioid 

use after withdrawal from 

buprenorphine

 Report any injection site 

reactions, new or worsening 

depression, or suicidal thinking

 Contact provider for signs and

symptoms of pneumonia

 If signs and symptoms of acute 

hepatitis occur, discontinue 

naltrexone and contact provider 

immediately

 Very large doses of opioids may 

overcome the effects of 

naltrexone and lead to serious 

injury, coma, or death

 Opioid-based analgesics, 

antidiarrheals, or antitussives 

may be blocked by naltrexone 

and fail to produce effect

 Patients who have previously 

used opioids may be more 

sensitive to toxic effects of 

opioids after discontinuation of 

naltrexone

Abbreviations: CNS: central nervous system; CrCl: creatinine clearance; IV: intravenous; mg: milligram(s); OTP: Opioid Treatment 

Program; OUD: opioid use disorder; QTc: the heart rate corrected time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave

 

3 Drugs that decrease methadone or buprenorphine levels: Ascorbic acid, barbiturates, carbamazepine, ethanol 

(chronic use), interferon, phenytoin, rifampin, efavirenz, nevirapine, other antiretrovirals with CYP3A4 activity 4 Drugs that increase methadone or BUP levels: Amitriptyline, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, cimetidine, delavirdine, 

diazepam, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, ketoconazole, voriconazole
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Substance Use Disorders

12

Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders

Recommended Psychosocial Interventions by Substance Use Disorder

For patients with any substance use disorder, choice of psychosocial intervention should be made considering 

patient preference and provider training/competence.

Alcohol Use Disorder Opioid Use Disorder Cannabis Use Disorder Stimulant Use Disorder

 Behavioral Couples 

Therapy for alcohol 

use disorder

 Cognitive Behavioral 

Therapy for substance 

use disorders 

 Community 

Reinforcement 

Approach 

 Motivational 

Enhancement Therapy

 12-Step Facilitation

 For patients in officebased buprenorphine 

treatment: Addictionfocused Medical 

Management with 

choice of psychosocial 

intervention based on 

patient preference and 

provider 

training/competence 

 For patients in OTP:

Individual counseling 

and/or Contingency 

Management

 Cognitive Behavioral 

Therapy

 Motivational 

Enhancement Therapy

 Combined Cognitive 

Behavioral 

Therapy/Motivational 

Enhancement Therapy

 Cognitive Behavioral 

Therapy

 Recovery-focused 

behavioral therapy

• General Drug 

Counseling

• Community 

Reinforcement 

Approach

 Contingency 

Management in 

combination with one 

of the above

Abbreviation: OTP: Opioid Treatment Program

Suggested Patient Resources

In addition to the VA/DoD SUD CPG patient summary, consider referring patients to the following 

resources (also included in the patient summary):

• Department of Veterans Affairs:

 Treatment Programs for Substance Use Problems:

http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/substanceabuse.asp

 Substance Use Disorder Program Locator, which will help you find local VA Substance Use 

Disorder Treatment Programs: http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/SUD_flsh.asp?isFlash=1 

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: http://www.samhsa.gov/atod 

Toll-free Number: 1-877-SAMHSA-7 (1-877-726-4727)

For a teletype device (TTY): 1-800-487-4889

• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)’s resources:

Toll-free Number: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)

For a teletype device (TTY): 1-800-487-4889

 Rethinking Drinking: http://rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/Default.aspx

 Treatment for Alcohol Problems: Finding and Getting Help: 

http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Treatment/treatment.htm

• Seeking Drug Abuse Treatment: Know What To Ask: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/seekingdrug-abuse-treatment-know-what-to-ask/introduction

• Alcoholics Anonymous: http://www.aa.org/

• Narcotics Anonymous: https://www.na.org/

• SMART Recovery: http://www.smartrecovery.org/

• Smoke Free Vet: www.smokefree.gov/vet/