*

 The Honorable Gregory W. Carman, Judge for the United States Court of International

Trade, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 05a0281n.06

Filed: April 13, 2005

No. 04-1328

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DWAIN PERKINS,

Defendant-Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Before: MOORE and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; CARMAN, Judge.*

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Dwain Perkins pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute

cocaine, and the district court sentenced him to 80 months in prison. Perkins’ plea agreement

reserved the right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence that police

obtained during a protective sweep of his residence. Because the officers’ protective sweep was

consistent with Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990), and with our cases applying Buie, we affirm.

I.
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On March 28, 2001, a confidential informant told Michigan police officers that Perkins had

called him the day before and told him that a female would be delivering guns to him. According to

the informant, Perkins asked him to transport guns to Chicago and return to Michigan with nine

ounces of cocaine. Shortly after that conversation, a female arrived at the informant’s residence and

delivered four revolvers in a maroon backpack.

The officers instructed the informant not to proceed with the transaction but to bring the guns

to them. The informant complied, and the officers determined that three of the four guns had been

stolen. At this point, the informant told Perkins that he had a family emergency in Florida and would

not be able to bring the guns to Chicago but that he would store them for Perkins at a secure location

in Big Bay, Michigan. 

On April 5, 2001, the informant contacted the officers and told them that Perkins had asked

him to bring the guns to 1449 Lynn Street in Marquette, Michigan. The informant told police that

he had reminded Perkins that Perkins still owed him eight grams of cocaine from a prior transaction

and that Perkins had said he would provide the cocaine if the informant brought the guns to the

residence. The informant agreed to call Perkins later that evening to schedule a time to deliver the

guns. According to the informant, Perkins also told him to bring enough money to purchase one

ounce of cocaine. 

In anticipation of the controlled delivery—by which the informant would deliver guns to, and

receive cocaine from, Perkins—the officers set up a surveillance at 1449 Lynn Street where they had
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Perkins v. United States

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spotted Perkins’ car several times before (during prior surveillances) and where Perkins had told the

informant he was staying. Prior to the controlled delivery, the officers also obtained an anticipatory

search warrant to seize the maroon backpack containing the four guns from the residence after the

informant delivered them to Perkins. 

At approximately 8:00 p.m. that evening, the officers observed Perkins and another male, later

identified as Nathaniel Edgecomb, enter the residence. They instructed the informant to call the

residence. An unidentified woman answered the phone and told the informant that Perkins and

Edgecomb were out of town. At approximately 8:10 p.m., the informant met with the officers outside

the residence. They patted him down to ensure that he was free of any controlled substances, gave

him the backpack with the guns and provided him with $1,200 in funds to purchase cocaine from

Perkins. The officers observed the informant enter the residence. At approximately 8:20 p.m., the

informant left the residence without the backpack and gave the cocaine he had purchased to the

officers. 

Shortly thereafter, the officers executed the search warrant to retrieve the guns. The officers

confronted Perkins as he was trying to leave the residence in his car, detained him at the scene and

entered the residence to execute the warrant. Upon entry, the officers’ “first action was to secure the

residence and to identify any persons who might be present.” JA 129. Shortly after entering the

residence, the officers located Edgecomb and secured him while they looked for the backpack. They

eventually located the backpack in the kitchen but did not see the woman who had answered the

telephone roughly twenty minutes earlier. During the protective sweep of the area, one officer went
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into the basement and in plain view observed a green tray with a plastic bag containing a quantity of

marijuana as well as a digital scale.

Based upon the evidence obtained from the controlled purchase and from the seizure of

marijuana and the digital scale in the basement, the officers obtained a second warrant to search the

residence for drugs and drug-related materials. In connection with the second search, the officers

found additional controlled substances (including cocaine), a spoon with a white residue and the

$1,200 that the informant had used to purchase the cocaine. 

A federal grand jury indicted Perkins on April 25, 2001, and returned a superceding

indictment on May 30, 2001, charging him with one count of distributing a “substance containing a

detectable amount of cocaine,” one count of possession “with intent to distribute 5 grams or more of

a mixture or substance containing cocaine base,” one count of possession “with intent to distribute

a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine” and one count of being a felon in

possession of a firearm. JA 20–23. 

Perkins moved to suppress the evidence seized during the protective sweep and during the

execution of the second search warrant. The magistrate judge recommended that the motion be

denied, and the district judge, adopting the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, denied

the motion.

The government and Perkins eventually reached a plea agreement. Perkins pleaded guilty to

one count in the superseding indictment—possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of
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crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)—in return for which the government agreed to

drop the remaining counts in the indictment. The plea agreement also permitted Perkins to seek

review of the denial of his motion to suppress the evidence.

On May 20, 2002, the court sentenced Perkins to an 80-month prison term and to five years

of supervised release. Although Perkins intended to appeal the judgment, his attorney failed to file

a timely notice of appeal. As a result, Perkins filed a § 2255 motion, claiming ineffective assistance

of counsel and claiming that his criminal history category had been miscalculated at sentencing. On

March 1, 2004, the district court granted Perkins’ motion, vacated his original sentence and sentenced

him to a 60-month prison term and four years of supervised release. Perkins filed a notice of appeal

on March 4, 2004, which perhaps unsurprisingly was filed seven days ahead of the deadline.

 II. 

The sole issue raised by Perkins on appeal is whether some of the evidence seized by the

police during the protective sweep of the residence—the marijuana and the scale—should have been

suppressed because the scope of the sweep violated Perkins’ Fourth Amendment rights. We review

a district court’s conclusions of law on a motion to suppress de novo and its findings of fact for clear

error. United States v. Hammond, 351 F.3d 765, 770 (6th Cir. 2003). And when reviewing the denial

of a motion to suppress, we consider the evidence regarding the search in a light most favorable to

the government. United States v. Rodriguez-Suazo, 346 F.3d 637, 643 (6th Cir. 2003).
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 Ever since Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 327 (1990), it has been clear that police officers

may conduct a “protective sweep” of a residence in the course of making an arrest without running

afoul of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against “unreasonable searches and seizures,” U.S.

Const. amend. IV. As the phrase implies, however, such sweeps are limited by the police-protection

concern that animates them. A “quick and limited search,” Buie holds, is permitted “to protect the

safety of police officers” when they “possess[] a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable

facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant[] the

officer[s] in believing that the area swept harbor[s] an individual posing a danger to the officer[s] or

others.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 327 (quotation and citations omitted).

In Buie, two men, one of whom was wearing a red running suit, robbed a pizza restaurant.

Id. at 328. The officers obtained an arrest warrant for Buie and another individual. Before executing

the arrest warrant for Buie, the officers had a police department secretary telephone Buie’s residence

to verify that he was home. The secretary initially talked to a female, then spoke to Buie himself.

Officers entered Buie’s house, searched the first and second floors, and secured the basement door

so that no one could come up from the basement and surprise the officers. The police announced

their presence and ordered anyone in the basement to come upstairs. Buie eventually emerged from

the basement and was arrested, searched and hand-cuffed. One officer then “entered the basement

‘in case there was someone else’ down there.” Id. While the officer did not find anyone else in the

basement, he did see a red running suit in plain view and seized it. Id. 

The Supreme Court rejected Buie’s effort to suppress the running suit, holding that
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as an incident to the arrest the officers could, as a precautionary matter and without

probable cause or reasonable suspicion, look in closets and other spaces immediately

adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack could be immediately launched.

Beyond that, however, . . . there must be articulable facts which, taken together with

the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent officer

in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those

on the arrest scene.

Id. at 334. In upholding the search, the Court reasoned further that “an in-home arrest puts the officer

at the disadvantage of being on his adversary’s ‘turf’” because “[a]n ambush in a confined setting of

unknown configuration is more to be feared than it is in open, more familiar surroundings.” Id. at

333.

In the fifteen years since Buie, this circuit has had several opportunities to apply the decision.

And in each instance that the officers had a reasonable belief that another person (besides the seized

individual) was on the premises and posed a threat to the officers who were making the arrest the

court has upheld a protective sweep incident to the arrest. In United States v. Biggs, 70 F.3d 913 (6th

Cir. 1995), the suspect was a fugitive, and officers set up a surveillance outside of his motel room.

Id. at 915. After Biggs exited the room, the officers placed him in custody in the parking lot. Two

of the officers then went inside his motel room through the partially opened door and conducted a

protective sweep of the room, during which they found a gun in plain view. In upholding the

protective sweep, the court reasoned that the officers had pointed to specific articulable facts that

would warrant “a reasonably prudent officer to believe that the officers might be in danger from

someone in the motel room”: Namely, the officers had been told that someone would be meeting

Biggs at the motel room; Biggs left the door open so that anyone in the motel room would have a
No. 04-1328

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clear view of the officers; and the officers knew that Biggs had been arrested on two previous

occasions in the presence of someone with a firearm. Id. at 916.

In United States v. Taylor, 248 F.3d 506, 510 (6th Cir. 2001), the officers heard shuffling

noises inside Taylor’s apartment before Taylor’s brother, Hill, permitted them into the apartment.

Upon seeing a marijuana stem in plain view, the officers informed Hill that they would secure the

residence until they could obtain a search warrant. Even though Hill had assured the officers that no

one else was in the apartment (he claimed Taylor was at the gym), the officers conducted a protective

sweep of the apartment. During the sweep, an officer located Taylor hiding in the bathroom and in

opening a nearby closet found an open duffle bag revealing several bags of marijuana. Id. at 510.

In rejecting Taylor’s Fourth Amendment claim, the court noted the following legitimate explanations

for the protective sweep: The officers had heard shuffling noises inside the apartment, suggesting

the presence of more than one person in the apartment; a report from local police indicated that

Taylor was believed to be a drug and weapons dealer and that he was suspected of involvement in

more than one murder; and Hill’s demeanor indicated that he was trying to hide something. Id. at

514.

In United States v. Bass, 315 F.3d 561 (6th Cir. 2002), officers received a report that a male

had fired gunshots at two other males and retreated into an apartment. Id. at 563. The officers

knocked on the apartment door, and a woman answered. When asked who else was present in the

apartment, she responded that her husband and children were present. When a man came into the

living room, police handcuffed him and proceeded to conduct a protective sweep of the apartment.
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One officer lifted the box springs of a bed to see if anyone was hiding underneath it and when

dropping the bed back into place, he spotted a sawed-off shotgun hidden between the box springs and

the mattress. The court upheld the search because the officers were not sure that the man that they

had handcuffed was the shooter, they had reason to believe there was a loaded weapon in the

apartment and the woman’s description of the apartment’s occupants left open the possibility that

other people remained in the apartment. Id. at 564. See also United States v. Talley, 275 F.3d 560,

564 (6th Cir. 2001) (protective sweep of residence was justified when officers had articulable reason

to believe that others were in the house); compare United States v. Colbert, 76 F.3d 773, 777–78 (6th

Cir. 1996) (protective sweep of apartment after defendant was arrested outside was unreasonable as

the officers had no information that additional individuals may have been present in the apartment).

As in these cases and as in Buie itself, the officers in today’s case pointed to “articulable facts

which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably

prudent officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those

on the arrest scene.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 334. The officers established a surveillance of the property

and saw Perkins and Edgecomb enter the residence. The informant called the residence, and a

woman answered the phone. The officers arrested Perkins outside of the home and had little trouble

seizing Edgecomb and eventually the guns upon entering the residence. The woman who had

answered the phone was nowhere immediately to be seen, and accordingly the officers had

“articulable facts” that “would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to be

swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id. Adding to the officers’
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concern, they could reasonably believe that Perkins and his companions had ready access to

weapons—remember, he had just asked the informant to transport stolen weapons for him—and

accordingly could reasonably fear that not only was another individual present in the house but that

she was armed. As in Buie, moreover, Perkins has not shown that securing the basement was an

unreasonable act on the part of the officers—either because it was not near the kitchen (where the

guns were found) or because its opening to the upstairs otherwise did not present a risk to the

officers. Indeed, Perkins has not presented any evidence regarding the proximity of the basement to

the other rooms in the house that would make us question the reasonableness of the search. Cf.

Rodriguez-Suazo, 346 F.3d at 643 (considering the evidence regarding a search in the light most

favorable to the government when examining the denial of a motion to suppress). 

Neither United States v. Akrawi, 920 F.2d 418 (6th Cir. 1990), nor United States v. Hatcher,

680 F.2d 438 (6th Cir. 1982), undermine this conclusion. In Akrawi, it is true, the court invalidated

a protective sweep. But in that case, the officers—after arresting the subject of the arrest warrant and

detaining others found immediately upon entry—remained in the residence an additional forty-five

minutes and eventually searched rooms on the second floor. Akrawi, 920 F.2d at 420. The officers

in Akrawi “articulated no specific basis for believing that the second floor of the . . . residence

harbored any individual posing a threat to the agents” and failed to present any justification for the

length of their stay. Id. Here, in contrast, the officers had a legitimate reason for believing another

person was in the house, and Perkins has not argued that the officers stayed in the house for an

unjustifiably long period of time.
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Hatcher likewise invalidated a protective search but is likewise beside the salient point here.

After arresting Hatcher, a suspected drug dealer, authorities conducted a search of his entire house,

including several rooms in the basement. Hatcher, 680 F.2d at 442. The district court found that

“there was no evidence that Hatcher was a dangerous individual and no indication that any other

persons were in the house at the time of Hatcher’s arrest,” id. at 444, but nonetheless concluded that

the search was valid because “the subject of drugs is a dangerous one, dangerous for all of those

persons involved in it, especially those on the law enforcement side.” Id. (quoting district court

opinion). In reversing the district court’s decision, the court made the point that officers may not

justify a protective sweep solely on the ground that the arrested individual was suspected of drug

dealing. In contrast to Hatcher, the officers here had more than a generalized suspicion of the risks

associated with narcotics investigations; they had a legitimate reason for believing another individual

(and an armed individual at that) was in the house—which, since Buie, has always been a sufficient

reason for a protective sweep. 

III.

For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Perkins’ motion to suppress.