Historic, Archive Document

Do not assume content reflects current

scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.
/
Reserve

.I2S6

United States Department of Agriculture

Soil Conservation

Service

Economic

Research

Service

Forest Service

Idaho Department "^^^ of Water

Resources

July, 1982

SNAKE RIVER BASIN

COOPERATIVE STUDY

IDAHO

Lower Snake

Main Report
5^ ^-i^

AD-SS Beokpiato
SNAKE RIVER

COOPERATIVE

IDAHO

BASIN

STUDY

LOWER SNAKE

MAIN REPORT

COVER PICTURE

COURTESY IDAHO TOURISM

U.S. Department of Agriculture

I Soil Conservation Service

j^Economic Research Service

J Idaho Department of iAiater Resources

Forest Service

and

July 1982

781220

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE vii

MAP OF SNAKE RIVER BASIN X

SUMMARY 1

CONCERNS - CHAPTER I 7

Soil Erosion 9

Sediment 20

Shortage of Recreation Facilities 25

Inadequate Supply of Wood Fiber 30

PREFERRED PLAN - CHAPTER II 32

OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PREFERRED PLAN - CHAPTER III . 54

US DA Programs 70

ALTERNATIVE PLANS - CHAPTER IV 77

APPENDIX

Resource Base 108

Effects of Changing Energy Conditions on Recreation 156

Procedure for Developing Linear Programming Analysis

of Erosion and Sedimentation 157

Procedures for Developing the Outdoor Recreation

Environmental Quality Alternative Plan, Lower Snake

River Basin, Idaho 164

NOTE: Due to an error in numbering there are no pages 45, 99, 100, or 101

t

i
LIST OF TABLES

Page

I. Comparison of the present and without plan condition with the

Preferred Plan, the Environmental Plan, and the Economic

Development Plan effects, Lower Snake River Basin, 1978 6

II. Problems and concerns, present and future without plan conditions, Lower Snake River Basin, 1978, 2000, and 2020 8

III. Plan elements. Preferred Plan, Lower Snake River

Basin, Year 2000 34

IV. Impacts of the Preferred Plan,

Environmental Quality Account 36

National Economic Development Account 40

Social Well -Being Account 43

V. Present condition and projected plan effects, Preferred Plan,

Lower Snake River Basin, 1978 44

VI. USDA programs and opportunities for implementation of the

Preferred Plan, Lower Snake River Basin, Year 2000 61

VII. Estimated cost for implementation of the Preferred Plan,

Lower Snake River Basin, Year 2000 75

VIII. Plan elements for the Environmental Quality (EO) and National

Economic Development (NED) alternative plans. Lower Snake

River Basin, Year 2000 78

IX. Impacts of the Environmental Quality Alternative,

Environmental Quality Account 81

National Economic Development Account 85

Social Well -Being Account 88

X. Present condition and projected plan effects. Environmental

Quality alternative. Lower Snake River Basin, 1973 89

i i
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Page

XI. Impacts of the National Economic Development alternative.

Environmental Quality Account 90

National Economic Development Account 94

Social Well -Being Account 97

XII. Present condition and projected plan effects. National Economic

Development alternative, Lower Snake River Basin, 1978 98

13. Average precipitation and temperatures at representative

stations. Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho, 1978 110

14. Acres of prime timberland by ownership and management

category. Lower Snake River Basin, 1980 119

15. Average annual flow at selected gaging stations. Lower Snake

River Basin, Idaho 121

16. Summary of land use and land ownership by county. Lower Snake

River Basin, Idaho 125

17. Ownership of commercial forest land by county. Lower Snake

River Basin 130

18. Net volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land by ownership

group, by county, for Lower Snake River Basin, 1978 132

19. Net volume of growing stock on commercial forest land by

ownership group, by county, for Lower Snake River Basin,

1978 133

20. Sawmills and annual capacity, by county. Lower Snake

River Basin, 1978 134

21. Population by County, Lower Snake Planning Region 147

22. Employment Statistics, Lower Snake, 1970 and 1979 148

23. 1982 Employment Projection, Lower Snake 149

24. Per Capita Personal Income, Lower Snake, 1975 and 1979 150

i i i
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Page

25. Use of farmland, all farms. Lower Snake River

Basin, 1974 and 1973* 151

26. Agricultural Statistics, Lower Snake River Basin,

1974 and 1978 152

27. Cash Receipts from Farm Marketings, Lower Snake, 1977 153

28. Average annual lumber and wood products employment and

wages, by county, Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho, 1978 155

29. Erosion and erosion-control practice, Musselshell Creek,

1978 158

30. Analysis of the more significant environmental impacts (X)

which would result from providing all outdoor recreation

facilities demanded, Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho, 1980 176
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Wood Fiber Supply and Demand Over time,

Lower Snake Basin 31

2. Geologic Profile, Lower Snake, Idaho 115

3. Linear programming analysis activity flow diagram 162

4. Opinion survey form 165

LIST OF GRAPHS

Page

1. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 12,454 camping sites by the year 2000, Lower Snake

River Basin, Idaho 168

2. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 3,100 picnic sites by the year 2000, Lower Snake

River Basin, Idaho 169

3. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 81 boat ramps by the year 2000, Lower Snake River

Basin, Idaho 170

4. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 7,541 linear feet of swimming beach by the year 2000,

Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho 171

5. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 118 miles of cross-country ski trails by the year 2000,

Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho 172

V
LIST OF GRAPHS (Continued)

Page

6. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 504 acres of downhill skiing area by the year 2000,

Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho 173

7. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 498 miles of snowmobile trail by the year 2000,

Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho 174

8. Environmental impacts from action needed to meet demand

for 10,035 surface acres of water for boating and skiing

by the year 2000, Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho 175

LIST OF MAPS

Page

1. Location Map x

2. Soil Erosion 11

3. Critical Erosion 14

4. Stream Channel Erosion 19

5. Sediment Yield 24

6. Intensity of Outdoor Recreation Use 29

7. Identified Potential Recreation Sites 60

8. Status of Identified Free Flowing Rivers 144

vi
PREFACE

PREFACE

Authority For Cooperative studies of the water and related land

Study resources in the Snake River Basin were made under

Section 6 of the Watershed Protection and Flood

Prevention Act of the 83rd Congress (Public Law

566, as amended). The agencies cooperating in

these studies include the Soil Conservation

Service, the Economic Research Service, and the

Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture and

the Idaho Department of Water Resources. The

Wyoming State Engineer's Office participated in the

Upper Snake River Basin Study.

Request For The Idaho Water Resource Board requested on June 10,

Study 1968, that USDA participate in a cooperative water

and land resource planning study of the Upper Snake

River Basin. On March 25, 1971 , the Board

submitted an amendment to their previous request to

include all of the Snake River Basin in Idaho in

the study. On May 5, 1971, the Wyoming State

Engineer's Office requested the inclusion of the

Wyoming portion of the Basin in the study.

Area During the early planning activities, it was deterStudied mined--due to the large size of the area and the

need for infonnation--to carry out only the

inventory, and evaluation portion of the study in

the whole Basin within Idaho and Wyoming. After

this was completed and the working materials

reports prepared, the plan formulation phase was to

be carried out independently for the Upper, Middle

and Lower Basin Area's, respectively. The Upper

Snake River Basin formulation phase has been

completed and the main report prepared. The area addressed in this part of the study is the Lower

Snake River Basin in Idaho.

Part of the hydrologic boundary of the Basin was adjusted to follow county boundaries. This was

done in response to requests from State Planning

Agencies, Soil Conservation Districts, and other

local entities that data be inventoried and

analyzed on a county basis.

vii
The purpose of this study was to develop alternative solutions to specific water and related land resource problems of the Snake River Basin through

USDA Programs. Problems addressed in the study

include erosion, sediment, recreation, agricultural

productivity, and wood fiber productivity.

The study provides data that confirms and further

emphasizes the critical erosion problem in the

Basin and the resulting sedimentation. The data

has and will continue to broaden the awareness of

the problem and the real need to take corrective

action.

The study has provided some much needed technology

and has demonstrated its effectiveness in

evaluating erosion and planning for its treatment

through USDA project implementation.

The data on outdoor recreation facility needs and

development and wood fiber production has and will

continue to be useful in the development of

recreation and forest management plans for both

public and private lands.

Output from the study is currently being used extensively in 208 planning activities in Idaho. Information from the study has also been used in ongoing

programs of the Idaho Department of Water Resources

(IDWR) and other water and related land resource

planning activities in the state.

This study was made and the report prepared consistent with the Principles and Standards for planning

water and related land resources _pu]LLisJi£d_by_jti]e

Wa ter „Re s ou rc e s C ou n c_i 1. Se p tembe r 10 , 19 7 3 , and the

USDA Procedures developed for implementing the

Principles and Standards, March 1974.

The tables displaying the material follows the

Principles and Standards and the USDA Procedures.

The narrative material follows the outline in the

Soil Conservation Service National Basin and Area

Planning Manual, August 31, 1981.

vi ii
Report

Content

and

Format

(Cont.

)

In addition to the Preface, this report includes:

1. A summary of the study.

2. A discussion of the concerns studied and how

they were selected, Chapter I.

3. A discussion and display of two alternative

plans formulated; the Environmental Quality

Alternative and the National Economic Development Alternative. They are each displayed in the

Environmental Quality Account, the Economic Development Account and the Social Well Being Account of

the Principles and Standards, Chapter IV.

4. A Preferred Plan - Developed from the Environmental

Quality and the Economic Development Alternative.

It is presented in Chapter II also in the Prin

ciples and Standards Account format.

5. Opportunities for implementing the Preferred Plan,

Chapter III.

6. A discussion of the Resource Base as it pertains

to the study is included in the Appendix.

Other The cooperating agencies appreciate the assistance

Agency of the following who provided data and information

Assistance for various parts of the study:

Agricultural Research Service

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Bureau of Land Management

Bureau of Reclamation

Geological Survey

Heritage Conservation and Outdoor Recreation Service

Idaho Association of Soil Conservation Districts

Idaho Department of Employment

Idaho Department of Fish and Game

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare - Division

of Environment

Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation

Idaho Historical Society

Idaho Soil Conservation Commission

Idaho Water Users' Association

National Park Service

University of Idaho

Cooperative Extension Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

ix
I

4

I
Source:

Base map prepared by SCS, WTSC Carto Unit from Landsat 1, Bond 7, Mosaic (Formerly ERTS). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE usoascsportwno or i98i M7-L-24023-4
ii
SUMMARY
t
SUMMARY

National National objectives of enhancement of environmental

Objectives quality and economic development are the overriding

objectives of the plan developed in the Lower Snake

River Basin Cooperative Study.

Specific Specific objectives of the study focused on (1) ProStudy tection of the Land Resource Base, (2) Enhancement

Objectives of the environment, (3) Improvement of the quality

of the Basin's water, (4) Improvement of the outdoor

recreation experience, (5) Evaluation of USDA

opportunities to improve the economic condition of

the Basin.

Concerns Considering the above five specific objectives some Studied twenty-five concerns were identified and screened.

The following were selected for detailed study.

Soil Erosion On:

Irrigated cropland, dry cropland, rangeland,

forest roads, and stream channels

Sediment From:

Irrigated cropland, dry cropland, rangeland,

forest roads, and stream channels

Shortage of Outdoor Recreation Facilities

Inadequate Supply of Wood Fiber:

Plan Two alternative plans were formualted incorporating

Formulation these concerns and the respective plan elements.

One plan emphasized Environmental Quality (EQ

Plan). The other emphasized Economic Development

(NED Plan).

1
Planning The alternative plans were evaluated using three

Accounts Economic multiple objective planning accounts

National Development (NED), Environmental Quality

(EQ), and Social Well Being (SWB), The Regional

Development Account was not used for formulation

because the impacts on primary production were not

expected to effect commodity prices. Therefore,

the Regional Development Account and National

Economic Development Account show the same overall

economic development effects.

Plan Using the alternative plans as a basis a Preferred

Selection Plan was selected by the study staff which would

provide feasible, practical solutions to the study

concerns. The selection process utilized information developed during the study from several other

sources, including public meetings directed by the

Idaho Department of Water Resources, discussions

with local, State and Federal agencies, outputs of

the Pacific Northwest River Basin Commission's

Comprehensive Coordinated Joint Plan, the Idaho

State Water Plan, and base studies made within the

Lower Snake Study.

Irrigated The Preferred Plan includes the conversion of

Land 30,000 acres from surface to sprinkler irrigation

and Treatment other irrigation improvements on 25,000 acres. Irrigation water distribution and use will be

improved, productivity increased and erosion and

sediment from these lands reduced. Irrigation

return flows will be reduced enhancing water

quality in receiving streams by reducing movement

of sediment and associated chemicals to streams.

Dry Cropland Dry cropland treatment including, elimination of

Treatment summer fallow, contour farming, conservation tillage

systems, divided slope farming and stripcropping on 940,000 acres will reduce erosion by 4.3 million

tons (4.6 tons/acre) and sediment delivery by 2.5

million tons annually.

2
Rangeland Rangeland seeding, brush control fencing, water

Treatment development and proper grazing on 2.7 million acres

will improve range forage production, reduce

erosion by 125 thousand tons and sediment by 73

thousand tons annually.

Forest Road Forest road treatment, primarily seeding, will

Treatment reduce erosion on some 53,900 acres of roads by 1.2

million tons and sediment by 2,000,000 tons

annual ly.

Stream

Channel

Treatment

Stream channels with moderate to severe erosion problems were identified. Treatment of 16,000 feet of

these problem areas will reduce erosion and

sediment by 6,000 tons annually.

Erosion and

Sediment

Reduced

Planned treatment includes some 3.7 million acres

and would result in a combined reduction in erosion

of 5.6 million tons annually and a reduction of

sediment by 2.8 million tons annually.

Environment The visual quality of the landscape will be

Enhanced enhanced, the land resource base protected,

sediment delivery to the Basin's streams, rivers,

lakes, and reservoirs reduced, water quality

enhanced and fish and wildlife habitat improved.

Outdoor

Recreation

Facil ity

Development

The Preferred Plan includes a number of outdoor

recreation facility developments including those

for camping and picnicking, boating, swimming,

skiing and snowmobil ing. This development would

reduce the unmet demand for recreation by 3.8

million recreation days per year by the year 2000.

Outdoor New outdoor recreation developments will be planned

Experience to relieve pressure on areas being used beyond

Enhanced their capacity, thereby, reducing the impact of

recreation on the environment and enhance the

outdoor recreation experience.

3
Wood Fiber

Production

Elements to increase the wood fiber production

include felling and bucking, sawmill and timber

stand improvement. This would increase the supply

of wood fiber by 29 million cubic feet and

eliminate 90 percent of the projected supply

deficit.

Economic

Impacts

Implementation of the Preferred Plan would cost

approximately 100 million dollars and create over 4,000 jobs. Approximately one-third of these jobs

would be in construction with the remainder spread

throughout other sectors of the economy. Employment in the trade and service sectors would also be

significantly affected.

Use Of

Study Data

Data developed for this study have made and will

continue to make significant contributions to

various planning and implementation activities

throughout the Basin. Section 208 Planning under

the Rural Clean Water Program, PL-565 Planning,

RC&D Planning Soil Conservation District Program

Planning, are some of the program activities

presently benefiting.

Reports

Prepared

The Field Advisory Committee (FAC) decided early in

the study to provide finished reports of inventory

data and preliminary analysis as soon as available

in order to obtain the maximum timely use and

benefit from the study activities. Twelve reports

have been published and distributed to interested

individuals and agencies. These include reports of

Economic Overview and Projections, General Soils,

Recreation, Land Resources Data, Environmental

Quality, Erosion, Land Productivity, and the

Analysis of Erosion and Sediment on Lolo Creek, an Assessment of the Forest Resource, Irrigation Water

Distribution and Use-Upper Snake River Basin, Irrigation Water Distribution and Use-Test Case Upper

Snake River Basin Main Report.

Data from these reports was provided

state cooperating agencies as the

became available.

to local and

information

4
Opportunities There are a number of ongoing USDA Programs of

For Implemen- technical assistance, cost sharing, loans and

tation grants that provide a sound framework for

implementing the land treatment elements of the

study. Lack of adequate funding, however, is a major deterrent in the rate of progress that can be

made. Current emphasis on reducing non-point

pollution lends support to the acceleration of the

land treatment elements.

Outdoor recreaction facility development in the

plan would occur primarily through acceleration of

ongoing Forest Service programs. However, some potential exists for private development in high

recreation demand areas. The Forest Service and

Soil Conservation Service can provide technical

assistance to assure environmental compatibility

and economic viability.

Increase in wood fiber supply will occur primarily

through acceleration of ongoing Forest Service,

Soil Conservation Service, and Extension Service

Programs.

Comparison of The table on the following page gives a comparison

Impacts of of the impacts of the Preferred Plan, the Environthe Plans mental Quality Plan and the National Economic

Development Plan and the present and without plan

conditions for the concerns addressed in the study.

The "without plan" is the term used to identify

future conditions that would be expected if no plan

elements were implemented.

5
c

ra

Cl. o

0)

tr

0) 4-

0} CO

Cl. cn

0) ^+-> c

-C

+-> </> fO s CQ c s- o ai> M

XJc ID ou fO c Ln

<o

^. a. 013

t-> o 3 1 O

cn

+-> 3 O

Ol -oc 4-

(O OJ

+->

C

rO

Ol

(/I a.

Ol

S- +-> Q. c

Ol

OJ E

-C CL

+-> o

14-o >

OJ c Q o

t/1

u

s- i

fO o

CL

a E o o <_) <_) LlJ E >, c +-> O -rLT) C>J CSJ

Ln 00 CM

un c\j CNJ o CO

P~-. OJ C\J <NJ I— r— n O 00 1— CO CO lO

•O r- -O

0>U <U I/) o

CO CO CO CM .— r— CM I— CO CO I

CM CO LD CM CO CO CO r— CO CO CO

CM un ^ I— CO CO CO E s- s- (O •-•-•0 0;

CTi r-^ o 00 .— CM 00 CM

kD I— CO I

kc cri cTi o CO CM CO CM I— CO I

CO un CM 00 CM

CO cji un CTi r-~

un CO CM csjo •— •-

OJ r—

ro -r- >

OJ

01

>1

It) X) I— </) — I CMl 6
CONCERNS - CHAPTER I

CONCERNS - CHAPTER I

A wide range of water and related land resource problems and concerns were identified by the USDA-State

Study Staff from the public meetings held and the

public opinion surveys conducted under the

leadership of the Idaho Department of Water

Resources. A number of inter-related physical,

social, economic and environmental issues came

forth.

The Study Staff, acting under the direction of the

Field Advisory Committee and in conjunction mth

the Idaho Department of Water Resources selected

four concerns for study. The selection of concerns

was based on public interest and the direct

relationship of the concerns to agricultural

programs of U.S.D.A. and the State of Idaho.

The concerns studied and their present and future

without plan conditions are displayed in Table II on the ''oil owing page. The future without plan

condition assumes continuation of present programs.

A brief narrative description of the concerns

studied follows the table.
o

oC\J

S-

>- o

ooCNJ

CO -o

to

13o

00

1— o 1— «^co

o CO tn cr,cn CO o~> un ID CNJ

<^ r-^ un 0-=^

o o r-^ ^co

CO o tn "=3-

1— CO LD I

o CO 1— o CO CO 00 CNJ

oCO

o

Lf)

oCNJ

CNJ

O

to

too

o

toE

C

>

<v

CD 4-

toc

s-CUu

c

o

C_5

c

fOCL

•• O

e s- t3 w

o u c -a E -a I— -a o

o CD Q. c i-

•t- -»-> o fa to fO S- 1— +-> O CD O OJ (/I S- -f- cn OJ OJ s- >, E ss- s- (o o

I— I—I Q Ll_ o

00

o

CU

4->

sI/) CU r— TD

CU O

O — CO

CNJ r— CNJ CNJ CO

1— CO CO

r» CO

CNJ CO LO ^ ^ CNJ CO CO 00 CO

I— CO CO CO

tnuncNji— crior-^CT>cj^ cnj CT>Lnr^OLncT>r-^r-^r-^ o

cocNjr^oo<x)iorocr>c3^ cr> I— CO CNJ

CO

CO r~>. CNi I

CNJ to to CO I— C^ CO CO

r^CNjcoOLr>r^<^^o

rOLnCNJ00CNJtDC3^Ln«^

cocTiLDCT^r^CNji— inco

ivj- CO O tn CO CNJ CNJ 0'^^«=t>— or^CNi|co|

•^r CT> CNJ «=f 1— CO

c

o

+-> E

O)E

•r- -o

CU

to :

E

ra>

Jo>,

fO D

E : O

•r4-J fOCU

S-o

CU

cc:

to

(U

to

o to SJul <U E E >

(O «3 CU

(U QQ to

S- 4JCO

CLO O)

s- -a irt E

• • a E -o E

E CD fO (O O r— T3 O ^ S_ CU CL E S- U

4- +J O ra

ra S- p— 4-> E

-l-> O) U CU l/l fO E -r- C7) OJ CU

<D S- >, E S- S- E s- ra o -t-> •r- I—< Q D; Ll_ t/^ -o

CU

C/1

u

raE

o

•f— CT> C7)

+-> (O

O)

sCJ

(U

S-

— OJ CL

M- CU O CLo

OJ I—

cn CU (O >

-M <U

i_ Q

o

CO

CL E

E o

ra •- U CL -o -o

CU CU

to Q.

S- o

CU >—

Q. CU

iA >

•r- CU Q Q

CL to

to

E

E

+-> ^E to

COE

o CU

O) u

to <J

s- ra

CUCL+J

CO la

•r- O o oa t/^

O I— 't- L> •— j=,

I •- o

to ^ E

to E S

o s o

S- O E

C_) Q C/)

s-

£3. I—

fO3

tn -a o •1— • CO > >i

•r- fC

CNJ -o -o

CO E

(UE o

O

tn r—

<+- r— o to to CD i. r— E o

+-> E

to o •1

•1— to +-> E s_ o o

u CL

O) CU to jQ

fO E E

O O

•r— t/) +J ftj fO CU CU Ss-o >>

4-> CU E

CU S- fO

CU ^- «4- • o E CO to

• •->,>,

+J S- fO fO

C_J •r— T3 E

E E

o

T3 •1— s- •1- +-> +-> > fa ra -a •I- CU CU E +-> s- s- fO u u u

<u +J <a CU CU J3 to s- S-

•1— E

^- fO o o o •1- T3 1 -M O

o n3 " r> o >, OJ O LO s to S_ CO o o U 1—

4- CU O E i. 4- 4- o O o

>i CU

-l-> E to to CL fO O 3 3

CL CU

Z3 S- E CL CL

to o •f- i- S- CU 3 3

O) cntn

4-> E

facr fa CNi CO

cu T3

fO u

E •r— 1—

1

-l->

8
SOIL EROSION

Soil Resource The soil resource of the Basin is sufficient to

provide both the short-tenn and projected future

food and fiber production needs (OBERS). y To

maintain this resource and efficiently produce the

projected food and fiber demand it will be

necessary to reduce erosion on cropland, rangeland,

and forest land.

Erosion Rates Erosion exceeds the tolerable soil loss limit "T"

2J on about 580,000 acres, or 49 percent, of the

Basin's cropland. This amounts to a substantial

loss of the soil resource and sediment damage.

Hov/ever, recent emphasis placed on water quality

improvement and the need to protect the soil resource for crop production has provided

incentives for reducing erosion.

Use of USLE The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to

obtain erosion data displayed in the Lower Snake

River Basin Erosion Report. ZJ These result: have

been correlated with data obtained from the SCS

National Inventory (LIM) for Idaho and surveys made

by the Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service,

and Geological Survey.

IJ OBERS is an acronym representing a nationally

consistent set of agricultural and economic

projections developed by the former Office of

Business Economics, U.S. Department of Commerce

and Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

y "T" is defined as the maximum gross erosion rate

in tons per acre per year that will sustain

productivity of the soil resource.

ZJ One of several reports prepared by the Planning

Staff during interim of this study.

9
IRRIGATED CROPLAND EROSION

More than 300,000 tons of soil are eroded annually

from the irrigated cropland. Fifteen hundred acres

were identified as having excessive erosion.

Eroded soil that leaves the fields finds its way

into irrigation systems or streams and becomes

redistributed onto fields or as sediment in

ditches, borrow pits, tributary streams, rivers,

and reservoirs. Erosion on these lands occurs both

from irrigation and from overland flow of snowmelt

and flood waters due to the lack of adequate

vegetative protection during periods of winter

runoff.

IRRIGATED CROPLAND EROSION

Opportunities exists for converting some of the

wild flooding methods employed along the Lemhi,

Pdhsimeroi, and Salmon Rivers with small community

gravity sprinkler irrigation systems from tributary

streams. Along the Big Lost River the main

opportunities that exist deals with improvement of

their existing on-farm surface irrigation systems.

DRY CROPLAND EROSION

Excessive erosion occurs on about 564,000 acres of

the 947,000 acres of dry cropland in the Basin.

This represents 60 percent of the total. Erosion

on these lands is estimated at 6.7 million tons or about 12 tons per acre per year on the average.

This causes nearly 4 million tons of excessive soil

erosion in the Basin by today's standards of soil

loss tolerance. Erosion on all dry cropland is

nearly 7.9 million tons per year. Approximately

200,000 acres or 21 percent of dry cropland is

adequately protected.

10

• /
Erosion over the last

potential productivity on cropland by 23 percent,

bushels of wheat per acre.

50 years has reduced

50 percent of the dry

the equivalent of 20

Erosion and Sedinent in the PalousG -- SCS Photo

12
Surface runoff from rainstorms and snowmelt over unprotected land is the major cause of soil erosion

on dry cropland in the Basin. Improper tillage

operations tend to bury surface residues and break

down soil structure leaving the soil bare, and

unprotected. These conditions promote runoff and

soil movement. Tillage direction is very important

too. Farming on or near the contour tends to hold

precipitation on the field while up-and-down hill

operations leave equipment and tillage marks that

increase runoff and erosion in the furrows.

The complexity of the dry cropland resources due to

the wide variations in topography, precipitation,

and soil profile characteristics, limited the

analysis of the land treatment practices to those

applicable to the more significant parts of the

Basin. Practices included; elimination of summer

fallow, convert to contour farming, convert to

conservation tillage, implement divided slope

farming with a change in cropping pattern, and the

installation of stripcropping. Water control

systems were excluded from the study due to the

lack of an adequate data base and their site

specific characteristics. Water control systems,

however, will be an integral part of many watershed

protection plans in the Basin.

Long-term crop reductions from soil and fertility

losses caused by soil erosion is a serious problem.

Measurements show grain yields decrease from one to

five bushels per acre for each acre inch of top

soil eroded from a field. On deep soils,

diminishing crop returns caused by soil loss can sometimes be compensated for by added increments of

fertilizer, technology, and other financial

expenditures. Where soils are shallow, however, it

is difficult or impossible to compensate for soil

loss.

13


RAMGELAND EROSION

Problem Rangeland erosion is not excessive in the Basin in

terms of tolerable soil loss ("T" values), however,

due to the large amount of rangeland, a significant

quantity of sediment is produced. Approximately 28

percent, or four million acres of the Basin is

rangeland.

Major Cause Most soils erode when vegetative cover is removed

or disturbed on steep slopes. This is particularly

true of the loose sandy rangeland soils of the

Idaho Batholith. Improperly constructed roads,

trails, range fires, and overgrazing have caused

serious local erosion. Steep cut-and-fill slopes

have been constructed often leaving poorly

compacted soils vulnerable to overland and stream

flows. Roads collect runoff which erodes fill, cut

bank, and ditch areas. When released downhill,

water severly erodes the fill unless adequately

controlled in a non-erosive waterway.

Rangeland is grazed by livestock which disturbs the

soil structure by compaction and physically moves

the soil downslope. This is most obvious on steeper south and west facing slopes in areas of

lower precipitation where vegetation is sparse.

Livestock also prefer to graze along the

streambanks, close to water, which results in soil

disturbance, loss of vegetative cover and

degradation of water quality.

There will be greater demands for red meat from

rangefed livestock in the future, will create a need for improved range conditions. Beef

production will increase on rangelands in fair and

good condition. Improved range conditions with

more forage and vegetative cover also offers

increased protection from erosion. Maintaining

soil depths on rangeland can be critical for

keeping vigorous vegetative growth because the

soils are usually thin and marginal for forage

production.

Impact On

Range

15
FOREST ROAD EROSION

Roads are the leading source of erosion on the

forest lands. Erosion rates may range from 7 to

105 tons per acre per year. The most intense and

rapid rate of erosion occurs the first year after

the soil is disturbed in road building.

There has been a general improvement in road

building and harvesting techniques to prevent

erosion on forest land in recent years. However,

there is a backlog of approximately 950 miles of

abandoned roads in need of rehabilitation. New

roads are being constructed each year that add to

the total disturbed area.

Roads that are properly designed to provide proper

drainage and when grass is seeded cuts and fills

will minimize erosion.

Forest Road Erosion -- SCS Photo

16
STREAM CHANNEL EROSION

There are about 100 bank miles of moderate and severe channel erosion in the Basin, some occurring

in almost every county. Most of these eroding

channels have banks five feet or more high.

Channel entrenchment and enlargement usually occur

during exceptionally large runoFf events. Once

developed, the channels draining larger watersheds

do not return to their original condition.

Stream Channel Erosion -- SCS Photo

17
On Cropland On cropland, a channel eroded deeper than that

which can be removed by tillage equipment divides

the field into smaller farming areas. This results

in increased costs in time and energy to farm. The

channel continues to enlarge from erosion unless

corrective measures are taken.

On Rangeland Many entrenched channels are located on rangeland

associated with accelerated runoff from adjacent

cropland. Generally infiltration rates on cropland

are too low to permit adequate percolation of

melting snow or rainfall. As a result a large

percentage of the water runs off causing channel

erosion.

Some channels become areas of soil deposition and

channel filling. It is common for soil from

eroding croplands to be deposited in areas of lower

gradient. These sediments are easily transported

during periods of high runoff and enlarged

entrenched channels are formed.

On Forest Land Erosion and surface runoff from undisturbed forest

land is very low. Consequently, conditions

conducive to the formation of eroded stream

channels generally do not exist except for isolated

areas.

18


SEDIMENT

Source Sediment rates have been relatively low in the

Basin especially when it is the product of slow

geologic erosion. Undisturbed forests and

rangeland are the major areas that can be

categorized as having geologic erosion rates. When

farming started, cultivation of the land caused

accelerated sediment damage due to the lack of concern for the soil resource. Extensive damage

occurs when sediment is deposited in areas where it

cannot be utilized effectively and thus becomes an undesirable product.

Amount Sediment and accompanying nutrients and chemicals

degrade water quality as well as shorten the life

of man-made structures. Average annual sediment

from Idaho on the Palouse River has been estimated

to be about 370,000 tons above Palouse, Washington

and 833,000 tons on the Clearwater River at

Spaulding. Much of the sediment from the Palouse

is trapped above the locks at Monumental Dam.

Sediment from the North Fork of the Clearwater is

not included in this total because it is trapped in

Dworshak Reservoir. These amounts represents a large amount of soil being transported from the

Basin each year to reservoirs on the Lower Snake

River.

Impact On

VMter,

Crop Production,

and

Navigation

Emphasis is being made to improve stream water

quality by reducing sediment delivery rather than

controlling erosion and thereby stopping the

sediment at its source. Application of proper

treatment practices that reduce erosion on cropland,

rangeland, and forest land will reduce pollution

caused by sediment. The need to increase crop

production for a growing world population should

provide another strong incentive for reducing soil

loss and sediment damages.

Sediment in the Clearwater River is trapped behind

Lower Granite Dam. It is accumulating at a rate

that has required dredging of the Port of Lewis ton once since the Dam was constructed 10 years ago.

20
Most of the irrigated land in the Basin lies along

the Lemhi, Salmon, Pahsimeroi, and Big Lost Rivers.

Sediment from these lands is primarily from erosion,

from irrigation, and periodic flooding. Sediment

reaching the rivers is quickly carried downstream.

Sediment from irrigated lands can be reduced by

controlling erosion with better irrigation water

management. Erosion of streambanks in irrigated

areas, however, is a natural phenomenon and

difficult to control on large streams except by

protecting eroding sections with rock and removal

of fallen trees that deflect the streams toward the

bank. This is an expensive process and usually

only limited results can be accomplished.

Dry cropland is a big producer of sediment in the

Basin. Steep slopes permit a large amount of

eroded soil to move downhill toward the more gentle

slopes and channels. Valley areas accumulate the

sediment which causes damage to roads, bridges,

culverts, and swamps the drainage systems. The

best soil with associated nutrients is removed from

the hills and deposited in the valleys, usually to

be buried later by more sediment.

Virtually all of the streams in the cropland areas

and those downstream suffer degradation of water

quality because runoff waters from these lands are rich in sediment, nutrients, and other contaminates.

It is estimated that over 307,000 tons of sediment

are discharged annually into the Palouse River

alone.

Erosion and corresponding sedimentation rates are

low on rangeland where the vegetative cover is un- disturbed by road building, overgrazing or burning.

There is ample precipitaion to support soilprotecting vegetative growth at most locations.

Rangeland becomes a source of sediment from channel areas when upstream runoff becomes abnormally high.

This is particularly true when runoff is from dry

cropland, areas of recent timber harvest, and

burned-over land. Greater efforts are needed to

increase vegetative cover on rangeland. This will

have an economic benefit by protecting the soil and

increasing the forage and livestock carrying

capacity.

21
Sediment

From Forest

Roads

Road building associated with timber harvest is

the major contributor of sediment from forest land.

Roads tend to channel storm runorf, thereby,

increasing the erosive force of the water.

Sediment is carried toward the streams and

eventually leaves the area unless it is trapped in

vegetation and debris bedore it reaches the stream.

The estimated average annual sedi.nent from forest

roads is 342,000 tons at the present time. This

quantity is projected to be 384,000 tons by the

year 2000.

Sediment

From

Stream

Channel

s

Sediment from channel erosion is the natural result

of increased runoff from higher portions of the

watershed. The eroded soil becomes unwanted sediment downstream. Soil eroded fro;ri channel banks

and bottoms is swept away and doesn't settle out

until the water velocity subsides. This is usually

in grassed waterways, borrow pits, reservoirs, the ocean or points between.

Sediment from Land Distributing Activities

SCS Photo

22
Northern There are numerous eroding streams in the northern

Basin Area portion of the Basin that contribute to the sedimen

tation problem. These include the Palouse and

Potlatch Rivers, Lapwai Creek, Big Camas Creek, and

small tributaries of the Clearwater River. These

streams transport eroded soil to mainstreams and

flush channel materials increasing sediment loads

downstream during periods of high flow.

Southern The Salmon, Lemhi, and Big Lost Rivers are the big

Basin Area sediment contributors in the southern part of the

Basin. Channel erosion rates are close to low

geologic erosion caused by climatic changes and

periodic large runoff years. Local areas, however,

are aggravated by channel straightening, over- grazing of watersheds, and grazing adjacent to

channels. Disposal of irrigation water along river

banks tends to keep them saturated and vulnerable

to stream energy and sediment production.

Sedimentation from the Salmon River to the Snake —

USPS Photo

23
M7-EN-24023-5

SHORTAGE OF RECREATION FACILITIES 1/

Participation Increases in population and greater per capita

participation in outdoor recreational activities

stimulated by increases in income, leisure time,

and mobility will continue to expand the demand for

recreational facilities and services and is

creating greater demands on the resources and

facilities associated with outdoor recreation.

Demand Participation in outdoor recreation in this Basin

is projected to increase by over 50 percent by the

year 2000. This projection indicates an annual

resident and non-resident demand of almost 69

million recreation days by the year 2000, which

represents a potential benefit of over 15,800 man

years of labor and more than $130 million of annual

income to the Basin.

Overall recreation use continues to increase in

spite of energy conservation concerns although

mechanized recreation travel has dropped.

Participants are not traveling as far to engage in

outdoor recreation activities, but when they do,

visits are extended. Gasoline costs, in comparison

to overall costs, remain a bargain and at present

does not represent the concern that availability

presents. Information addressing how the changing

energy conditions may affect recreation

participation are found in the Appendix.

Shortage Although there is an ample supply of some resources

and facilities, the present rate of development

will not keep pace with the demand for camping

sites, designated cross-country ski trails, groomed

snowmobile trails, picnic sites, swim beaches,

downhill ski areas, boat ramps, and areas for

boating and water skiing.

!_/ SOURCE: Idaho State Comprehensive Outdoor

Recreation Plan (SCORP) 1977

25
Presently there are approximately 2,300 camping

sites with a demand for over 6,000 additional

sites. Of this demand approximately 30 percent is

for developed campsites and 70 percent is for

dispersed types. Nonresident campers make up over

40 percent of the total . Future demands are projected to exceed anticipated development by an average of about 500 sites or 25 campgrounds per

year. 1/

Family Enjoying a Developed Camp Site

USFS Photo

There is a current demand for 1,404 picnic tables over the 840 presently inventoried. About 35

percent of the demand is for developed sites and 65

percent is for dispersed type picnicking. Although

it was assumed that this activity will have a slow

rate of growth participation per capita, demand

will exceed anticipated supply by over 3,000 tables

by the year 2000.

1/ Using an average of 20 sites per campground.

26
Boating An inventory of 56 boat ramps indicates a present

Access demand for 13 additional ramps for the sport of

boating and sailing. Projections indicate a shortage of 81 ramps by the year 2000. This is a conservation estimate as no attempt was made to

determine boat access in connection with fishing,

water skiing or other water activities.

Swimming Area at one of the Basin's Many Lakes

USPS Photo

Swimming Although the State of Idaho has ample supply of

water facilities to meet recreation demands well

into the twenty-first century, there is a present

shortage of this area of 1,800 linear feet of beach

suitable for swimming. This is especially evident

near population centers. By the year 2000, the

unmet demand is anticipated to be over 7,500 linear

feet of beach.

27
Cross-Country Presently there are 23 miles of designated trails

Ski Trails in the Basin. The fast increasing participation in

cross-country skiing has created a present demand

of approximately 44 additional miles of designated

trails. By the year 2000, unmet demand is

projected to be over 117 miles of trails.

Downhill Presently there are 822 acres of developed downhill

Skiing ski areas. The increasing demand will soon exceed

the surplus of downhill skiing capacity available

today. This demand is expected to exceed

anticipated supply by an average of 20 acres per

year or almost 900 acres by the year 2000.

Snowmobile The Basin area has over 850 miles of groomed trails.

Trails The rapidly increasing demand for groomed snow- mobiling trails, especially the access trails, will soon exceed today's surplus of about 150 miles.

Anticipated development is projected to fall short

of demands by about 500 miles by the year 2000.

Without grooming, popular access trails soon become

so bumpy they are intolerable to use, especially by

elderly participants.

Boating and There is a present supply of 37,062 surface acres Water Skiing of water available for boating and water skiing.

This indicates a slight surplus today but it is

anticipated that by the year 2000 there will be an unmet demand of 10,035 surface acres. This concern

was not addressed by the study team due to the

surplus of available sites near the Basin and the

willingness of participants to travel for the

purpose of this sport.

28


INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF WOOD FIBER

Importance " Timber resources in the Lower Snake River Basin are

Of Timber an important part of Idaho's economy. The lumber

and wood products industry generates employment

for over 5,600 people and represents 18 percent of

total employment in the Basin.

Supply Demand for wood products has exceeded the timber

Depletion harvest from national forests for several years and

has partially depleted the commercial timber

inventory. Timber production is currently being

sustained by increasing the harvest from state and

private forest lands. There is a limit to how long

this practice can continue because a large part of

the forest resources, approximately 79 percent of

the nearly 7 million acres of commerical forest

land in the Basin, is owned by the Federal

Government.

Projected

Demand

The market (demand) for Idaho's timber is national

in scope. The projected demand for sawtimbc

produced in the Lower Snake River Basin is 214 and

258 million cubic feet for the years 2000 and 2020,

respectively.

Projected

Supply

Historically, the Lower Snake River Basin has

produced approximately 40 percent of Idaho's

timber. The projected timber supply from the Basin

is 181 and 193 million cubic feet for 2000 and

2020, respectively. The supply of wood fiber

produced in the Basin does not meet present demand

and the deficiency is projected to increase "over

time. The present deficiency is approximately 16.5

million cubic feet. The projected deficiency for

the future without plan condition is expected to

nearly double by the year 2000 and be four times as great by 2020. These relationships are illustrated

in Figure 1.

30
til|| M||| tiDii <g|||

CMo

CVJ

D

^ ^ ^ ^ ^

.llil .llll ^llll .llll lllli

ftJlf t|||| ..,||

.III

T3

(0E

0) Q

a

Q. CO ^

t]

^ ^

II filll fiHl filll

g

"toCO OQ

COc

CO

k.

(Do

E

0)>

O

T3

C

COE

a> Q

o

c.

C9>.

Q.

Q. CO

v_a> JD

UTJO

O

<D

ZJ

00

<D LL 1 i — u 2 O

o

lO

CM O

CM O

to

31
PREFERRED PLAN - CHAPTER II

PREFERRED PLAN

CHAPTER - II

Introduction The Preferred Plan was developed from the Environmental Quality (EQ) and National Economic Development (NED) Alternative Plans in Chapter IV. These

alternatives were developed to solve specific

problems related to environmental enhancement,

erosion and sedimentation reduction, recreation

enhancement, improved utilization of wood fiber,

and USDA Programs with potential for increasing

economic development in the Basin.

Plan Elements Plan elements are the actions necessary to achieve

the level of problem solution identified in the

selected plan. Selection of plan elements

considered both environmental and economic factors.

Elements of the Preferred Plan are a mixture of the

NED and EQ plan elements from chapter IV.

Public Input Public input to this study v/as obtained initially

from meetings held in conjunction with the State

VJater Plan and Coordinated Joint Plar. of the

Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission. Information received from public meetings and surveys was used to select concerns for study and establish

program levels in the Preferred Plan. During this

study, 19 meetings were held to present preliminary

results and receive inputs from local groups.

Plan Selection The Coordinating Staff, consisting of representatives of the three USDA agencies, and the Idaho

Department of Water Resources, under the direction

of the Field Advisory Committee, made final determination of elements included in the Preferred

Plan. These plan elements were then reviewed and

concurred in by SCS's West National Technical

Center and the USDA Washington Advisory Committee.

32
The plan elements, their unit values and estimated

installation costs are displayed in Table III.

Table IV displays impacts of the Preferred Plan in

three accounts: Environmental Quality, National

Economic Development, and Social Well -Being.

Present and projected plan effects of the Preferred

Plan are displayed in Table V. A narrative of each

major element of the Preferred Plan and a summary

of significant environmental impacts follows these

tables.

Measuring Erosion with "Rill Meter

33
d

O) •- 1—

I

+-> +-> fO fO </) E - +J

•1-1— </)

-(-> fO o

l/l +-> o

LU COc

o CO C\J CM O

o U3 r~ CM o LD CM CO

r\ o CO LO

CO

M

C

o-

-ME

C

OlE

<u

(UE

KO

cr»

o o

O IS) CO CM

O)

s- = o

E

E

o

o o o o o

o o o VO LO CT> CO LD

n «\ tft «^ «\ «^ 1— 1— f— o 00 CTi CM «^ U3 O <X> CM

o o o o o o o O O 00 cyi o

00 rI— CO

CM CM

00

o o o o o O 00 — A «V #t CTi CO 1

I— CO

ooo

<D O) I— • s-

•i- o o s cc

c

o

+J

<oN

to (U E

<u +J T3 c (O O <-> i~ ^1 'o to CU to

</) OJO)

cr» E

to

S- S-

<o CU o ro fO a> E

4-> nt E <u>)

>> an E (D cn ro CM x: O E E +> 1+- CM o

E 'r— OJ SO) 4-> > E E QJ S- oa E 10 o o s- O Q. <u -o

+-> CD J- fO O CTi x: > E +J E

<a •n- Q. M- 13 E 1/1 4-> o 3 E O

O) S- E to •1

zs E CU •r^ s- s- E <+- S- > CL S- CU +> to to E -t-> -M (U 3 S- T3 Q. E 4-> E o o 4-> U

E E S- o cu <U O 4-> OJ E <U <a fO fl3 CU T3 O) O +-> <D 4-> (/5 -o S- E oO cn OJ E o o CU +J E o fO E E E •1

o <U "O (O E CD 4-> to t. s- i~ o

(O fd +J CD E O O > E E C/1 E D. E (O E -o 4-> s- 4- fO S- 3 O o -»-> rtj -a (O O CU O fO CL

Q. i- CT) -t-> to -o rc3 1— <D E N s. o

O 'r— o o CU O) CU CU +-> to s- fO CU

S- to s- "O CD +-> -t-> »-> to J- cr> S s- > i- to s- S- E E

o s- E -l-> E -t-> E o CU -o <T3 o o E na

+-> <a fO +-> +-> <U fO 4- -o S- fO CL CL fO JD

-o i_ 1— E s- s- E -o s_ "o s- o CD o E E E

OJ CU i- CL-r- cu O) fO E S- CU s- CU s_ o CU CU u OJ

+-> > O) O E > > 4-> fa "o 4-> O cu CL -o _J 1— 1— CU

rO E JE S- -r- E E CL lO i— OJ E E +J O +J O) E sD-> o •(-> O 1— o o E E OJ CD O <U fO s- to CU lO +->

•r- o UJ o (J 1—1 1—

1

C71t/0 <_) u_ CU Ul CU l/^ s- E S- Ss1—

1

o

ro Fn1

KJ st

34
c

O) -I- I— I

+-> 4-) fC C3 l/l E — +J

•r- 1 C/> +-> fO O

t/) +->u

LU 00E E

o-

+->

«/) 00 M- CO 00 oo

4-> QJ Q. O) <D OJ

+-> = E • E (O E •rO -r- r5 Ul d; _I 2: s: o 0~i o Ln

«\ f— CO

CM

CM »^ 00 1— o o U3 o >;a- I— c\j in LD

CO 1— in

-i-> E

O)E

Q.O

00 o o o o o CTi CTi CO

t\ 0^n

OO CTi CM CSJ ^ O

CO

O)

s-u >

(U c

T3 OL >> </) +J +J

4-> o E

(L) fO E

s_ o O)

O +-> i- cn4-> >

a. E E O 14- O) 00 ra CO CU S-

•r- O) OJ S- E Q. E +-) •r~ CO s- •r— OJ U O) E O -r- 4-> fO 03 > -r-

'r—

u S~ •r— o

4J +-> ^- -a

fO

U •r— CO CU +-> -a Q- E

CO O) fO o CO E CO OJ -a E E TCS 4-J S_ 14- :3 o 03 •I- 4-5 E o M- o en o '1

o 00

me

U E u cn

S- E a ro -r- 1 O E 1— S- (U •r— E CO E <L) •1- QJ

s- c:l E +J E 00 E CO E

'oi o E (J ro -r- o S o (O S E O n3 •1

O S S- o E O) <D fO -r- E ^ O D_ CQ CO C_) Q S- U. oo 1—

fO -t-J

u

:3 c

D_ o 1—1 n 00 o

*\ CMO

T3E

fOco

ta

(/I

-o

fO +Ju

OJ

•r-j O) o u

S- E

Q. (T3 4-> "O 00

CD -r-

+-> CO

fO CO E fO

•I—

4-> I—

CO to CD O

>— E

ro j=

4->

O

O OJ I— 4->

4-> 00Ou

-o

CL) 4-> fOE

•rTM

+-> CO

+-> o

Q.

4-> raCD

00

OJ

i-o

fO ooo

C\J r— QJ

CL O. O ro

QJ

rO

CO

QJ -> 1 ^ u

QJ ro

S4—' Q. -a

QJ o >

-Q o

ro S-Q. E E

fO

sCO

to QJ

QJ rs 4-> O E •r" o

•r— E CO 4-> S- fO

Ci. -o SCO QJ QJ

4-> QJ 00 X2 E S_ s- E

OJ

u Q)

S- 03 Q.4->

S- CO

:3

O "O

u -o Q) CO QJ 4-> +j o CL Q CO o O E QJ

(U CM ro >

CO i.

<+- -o ro

OJ -a Q) ^ i_ CD CX

OJ -a o ct- 00 CTi O

QJ E > QJ

4-> fO > 00

ro -E -a O) QJ E U -a

•r- Q)

4-> CI ^ CO ro 00 E +-> Q) >

CU 'r- o cx S CO

+-> Q. o 1 to

I/)

Ou o o S- QJ E S- o 1—1

|cm|.° coI^I

4-> ro +JO

i35
oo

sea

O) >~

c: -M

(/) f

(O :3 CO oo

O)>

+J

'r— <u 1

fO fD 13 c ooo

s- 03 O) 4-) C o <D _1 Eco E s- n3 r

>

-a

UJ

(U

sO) MOJ

i- Q-^4-> M-O

(/I +JO

fODlE1—1

CO

+-> o

O) M-4-

(/) SO)>a

-oE

fDU

(UC

O) CO

CO

cu "O

>^ > E

cu E •r~ fD 1 o 4-3 CU E

T3 fD fD to fD CO S- E t- 4-J fD E CU >

ro S- o E E cu S- +-> Z5 CO r~ Z5 O to me an

s_fD

<U +J

fD

S- eq

i_CU

ce

CO #1 cu sN cu "O -a S- E Ln cn CO cu fD E S- • • E E cu O C\J fO E E O cu ,

T3 ,

13 to +J 1_ E O o CU CO .,

E E ,

O -M fD M- -O fD +-> CO CO -t-J fD +-> 13 •1

CO E E 13 fO <U S- CO O t/) fD o E o S- cu s- o S- S- <4- CU E o "O •1

tou 4- cu

•r- 4-> CU CU

O S- " O o E 5 cu +->

+-> E a s- cu fD CL o -a E fD

a» CU E CO fD CU -t-> CTi a. S- s

x: E E f— fO C\J fD It- T3 rD

-i-> +-> O) E +-> o O cn fO ,

E "4- <4-

1/) > O •rO E 1— >>+-> E E fD

O

OJ E o ^- +->

O -r- s- JD E O s- D-) fO o s- CO o (D to •> S- S- s- O •1— E >-> Q. •I

S- cu

O CL • • E cu +J +-> E •1

+J , CO E s- s- <u o CO CO o -l-> +J fD <U •- •o "1

03 o •o s- i- f— •r— fD CT, S- JZ -a

(U CD 4- o cu •t

— CO s o O fD fD

(/) "O -a CO o o +-> -E s o -a u. E fD 13

•1— OJ E > E CO 4-> S- cu fO

O CU sW > "O fD cu o cu E E O to cu ^ o

-M CO CU o OO +-> +-> cu •4-> M- cu CO

OJ O) to fD

u •r— -1

^- E cu cu fD CU > E > u O) E CO -M o CU u S- u C7) O co o fO o :3 S- s_ fD +-> S- fO E ZJ cu > 13 •r- 3 4-> s- (U

s- -a CUa fD CU cn CO cu T3 3 o -o S- X3 E CL s- a. cu JD E E > -I- cu > CU o s- CU S- CU CU E -M E E 1—1

LxJ fD -o E S- S- o q; _1 •1- CC E 1—1

CO 1—1 1 1 •r— I— 1 1 13 Cr an o

C_) •!- ac

S- 1 1 1

T3

cuEO

C_)

00

cu

CU > -o CU i- E o E (U o 1 s- (O o -a to

-t-> o J2 CJ

O 4-> •1

E 1

cu o 3 fD •r- 4-> fD to 03 4-> E E E r— CU <+- cr E U =5 cu o •r— O fD O 1— > CU fD to •1

to to to -o . E <4- S- CO 1

+-> fD -o CU CO i +J cu CO O O 4-> > cu cu T3

cu cn

O fD

O +J coO 00

r— s_ E CU E i_ CO +J Z3 •- 4-> to 4-> C\J E 4-> •r— fO o CL

fO CU -O CU "O CO fD CU E o UO LT) o E

fD S- E cn cu o CU s- CU »> o CU 03 (U o +-> cu fD CU S- Q. S- o E CO ^- Cf- 1 cu •1

•1— to o 1— > CU CJ 03 E "O • 1

> 2 4-> E -a Z3 T3 -a cu O o fD 03 E cn cu cu 03

•1

E CU -o E s_ 1

•r~

O

O 03 to o E SfD cu ^ CU fD +-> 00 CD 4-> s- "r— s- zs o CU

1/5 S- 4-> > E s_ > fD 4-> C4- S- S- '1

E

CU Q.

O " CU o CU 4-> c+- 03 cu fD 4-> CU

sO M- S- c/) E o CVJ -a CO

O CU E > CU <D CD

fD Z5 SO Q. S- -1- -o SO o E N CU

CU CO o fD ID 4-5 4-> O) 4-> CO 4-> o •r— s- J3 fD ^'^ U CU O sz E cu E cu 4-> CD S_

CU CO CO to o fD \— CU CU o E r3 E 00 (U •1- ^ Q. E •1

E 03 CJ 4-> 03

fD

a S- I— CJ) §^ M- E 4J E CL <4- CL

U o 13 SS- 4-> fD u fO 3 O "r— 03 o O E E o 3 E -O o fD 3 O •1- 4-3 (/) CU ^» •1

CU -a 4-i

+-> CU E S- cr i. CO E fD i- CO E o to

fD E fD E O CJl o CU 4-> > O cu Z. o E E +J 4-> o r— +-> S- -r- •1

•r- s- o cu to •ru CU •r— 2

<D -a CO fD CU CO 4-5 03 CU E -o CJ 4-> 13 CL 2 CU

it- CU cu <D 13 T3 E 03 CD. 03 fD

aX -o

u

O s_ 4-> S- CO CU CO fD E 4-> cu CU E cu E

-M fD o •IO cu cu fD CU i_ o > fD

CO E > E fD S- CU to 03 ^ 03 to •r— o JC

fD X3 '1

fD => o +-> 4-> CO CL4J 4-> 4-) 03 +-> s- E

CU E S- -o CU ^ -o to 4-> E S- to (A CU

a CL LU

i_ fD i~ E E cu D. E fD CO CU CU E s_ 03 E < _1 •1

fD CO 1— CU %. Z3 1—1

•1

E C\J C_) fO 1—

H 2 fO CL 1

36
(U

S-13

(/) ro

O)

+-> C

O)E4->

O)

s1-J "O

IT3 O

s-

+-> to

O)S-o

I 1- <u

OJ s- Q.

-o

to C

C fO o

+-> to -o O fO o o O S- O MCVJ o

CM

•> to 1— O)

s- X3 fO c o

o•1- CTi

(/) o

s- in

OJ c

OJ o

u

3 SI

1— £Z

I— ra

fO r

E OJ c ^fO +->

to >+- E O

o

-M O -1- O 1— O fO

•< Z3 CM O"

-Q to

4-> >

E

OJ OJ E -E

•I- +J x>

OJ O)

to u

E

QJ fO O ^

r3 E

"O LU

I

<u

fO

=5

S-

<+-O

T3

:3 to cr OJ

s- cu o ^ H-

+-> O)

CU ^

o +-> O) E

Q. (T3 03 ^O

to UJ M-

•1— I

s- o

•I- O -E

4- QOJ to ^ -a o

4-> E ^03 Q.

s-O "T3

^- -a E

E 03 "O 03

OJ .— -M E a> E

E CD OJ 03 E E

I— 03 -r- Q. -a

OJ

to "to

CL) -O

S- E O) ZS 03 U

to I— rj 03 CL-O o a»

s- s- o

to

03 CO

OJE

+-> E

a;_E T3 S +J

03 "O oo

CU E -a

S- 03 03

+-> O

-O S- -O CU E 4-> +-> 03 03 to

I C71 CD

toE

03

+-> CU

S_

-)-> O to CnT3

03o

O

E

O

O •• QJ I—

-M I— O -r- s- 2

Q.

to E E

03 03 E E O OJ

•r- QJ -M S- 03 +-> N to

•I- O

03

+-> to

CU

-l-> QJOJ

1+- OOO

E

03

O)

S- +J

to

CO E

E o

03 S- to CU H- E -M QJ 03 </l (J -Q S- QJ 3

QJ ^ O ^ +-> to

4-> CU E S- E -r- o -a

4J E

E E 03 O QJ I—

to -r- QJ E CU O "O ^ QJ ^ S- CU -M E 4-> Q) to JiZ

4-J O QJ

I -o

QJ

+-> O

03cr

o3

to

QJ

4->

Scu

+-> 033

M-O

>>

+->

cr

QJ

T3

13

OO

QJ O) U 03 U

U U QJ

ZJ 13 +-> C3 XJ O CJ

QJ QJ S- E

Ct: D_ QJ

I I I

CU to > E

QJ O 03

03 c:i. s- CU E 03 Q. i- E CJ E »->

-lJ to I—I to

I I

1 >> E -o T3 T3 T3

03 E E QJ E E OJ

03 03 JZ ro 03 ta jE

QJ 1 Q. +-> 3

£3. <J CO O E E S- s- QJ E E E QJ s= E

to •!— 03 u O O 03 o o

E 03 O r- >, >.

+J •I- S_

+-> M- 03 CO

+-> •r- S-

+-> It- to -(-> 1— S- ^- 03 U E 4- 03

QJ •r- O -a o > S- "5 i- S- O O > SS- O S LD S- QJ 03 3 4J S- QJ O Q) >i QJ 4-> CO > O >> QJ 4-> to O -O E ^ -(-> CO 03 O) O to O 4-> CO 03

03 •> E -e- +-> E S S- o QJ O •(E S 4-) QJ LD 03 O 3 S- O O 03 E to E H- 03 O 4- CO QJ 03 O 4- 4-> CM to O O 13 M- 03 > O LO 3 •1

-)-> QJ •!— cr •> O CU E CM CD" " o X) E S- -4-5 to >^ E E- +-> 03 I— 03

QJ U U +-> +-> 3 03 +-> 3 x: E >) 03 =3 QJ •r— 03 •r- S- +-> 4-) QJ >, 03 •1- S4-) -Q -a x: E O) CDJD 3 QJ

03 o o to 03 to 1o M- QJ CD E CO 'ro 4-

QJ E O S- Z3 13 O E QJ 03 E 3 o

S- O O CLJD cx > cr +-> > S- O > cr

+-> •r— E T3 03 E

to O +-> E QJ QJ QJ O E QJ QJ OJ to CU QJ O

-o O 03 o x: x: -r- 03 S- x: x: o JZ x: •!- •r— E S- Cn QJ +-> •t-> 4-) +J r— -M 4-> 4J s- +-> +J 4-> 03 O) -E QJ 3 CL QJ 3 E

E S QJ U QJ 03 O o QJ QJ 03 QJ X2 03 OJ a. QJ O <J S_ a U -r- S- E > O QJ U a -r- >

o O QJ E E Z3 E QJ E S- O 03 O E U E Q3 E s- QJ o

S- 13 S- to (O o 03 CX 03 +-> %. 03 3 03 Q. 03 4J CD s_ u O ro 03 CO to JLi 03 JZ CO >i "qj CX-E "O jE 03 x: to E Q.

Q) QJ QJ E QJ E U E -I- S- CD E E QJ E U E -r- 03 E

>^ Q: >, i_ CM LU S- LU CO LU -O "O E t 1 LU ct: LU to LU -O S- 1—1 S- 03 o I III ct: I I I I I I

37
E

O

U

o

1 ce CD

1 "O

d) 0) • • (O E CO S- "O cn to cu E

c: CO J_ E -o 4-> 03 <u cu r3 i_ to fO > JH 4-> S- T3 (/) (O -»-> zs 3 JZ

Q) CO u CU t(- E o to T5 cu E S- E CD cu o

CU •1— S- cu o cu E E to

• • <J s_ cu 4-> t_ Q. CD •c— ex. to u

<u > t

ll— O E "O o +-> S- r— c +J c: o ra cu 1

E +-> cu o o •n" •p— CJ to to Q. CU cu cu cu CO i. cu cu to > E "O

to ZS T3 x> s_ TO O cu o cu c +-> o CU to E o E CU S- o to ZJ o S- OJ rO 1 ro O "O U E O) -o E

CJ cu S- •1— -r— Q. fO S- cu (O E •r— +J c , o Z5 "O O +J > •- 1— CU > <a +-> S- "O o to to o O fO •!— S- cu 4-> cu E

N cu c 4- ra O O CD-O -l-> CI fO -o fO o

J3 fO +-> O cu tt- -M •1— to E S E

E •1— E CO O i~ <+- fO E to o

+J -(-) 4-> cu S- +J CO S- O 4- i~ XI o •r- M +J cu CO +-> cu +-> o •I- O E > -M +-> cu 4-> CO d. E J2 «+- C/5 to <o +-> fO <o CO E cu CU >, fO O S- CU to cu I—

-o •n- > CD E -l-> CU s- CU i- cu cu u cu -r- o cu o cu E E 4-> •r— E 1— O s- U CJ> i_ CO a)jD

o cu s_ 'r— fO -o O ^ CO u fO E CJ CL cu CO s in (-> CU s- "f— E fO CO cu E > ^

cu cu 1

to to s- •r~ t/1 •r- O o s- scu o CU CU +J CO s- i- o o o •< cu

cu •r- to a c: o CD i. cu CLOO o o o s_ >) > :3 CO M- E o -o > to «^ un ^ o o •)-> -r- o CT c -o ^ S- CO -o E (O E E CO C7^ o cu s- cu (o cu c OJ JE E to > CO o O o -a to I— -o

Q. ct: E LlJ +-> C_) fC fO C_) +-> CNJ 1 CVJ 4-> s_ CO 1— E <T3 Q. cu Z3 Tt—

1

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 o > cr 3

CO ZJ -o E CD- cu

C/1 to ws cu

nc

S- CO to E o 3 JC CO cu cu 1 cu 4J 4-) -o cu 4J JE sz to 3 E U cu +-> lO E 4-> o

o cu 1 CO to to cu E cu 1— JCZ _J E o CL =3 >~> E i. o I— in. E cu E s- to >> s- 3 i- CU

•s o s_ cu cu o Z3 to C4- CO i -o E o CU > u +J CO E

CO •r— s_ E to 1

o cu -o cu cu s- E in CO r— > o CU Z3 CD cu s- E cu o E

Q. E o •r- S- -M a o +-> cu +->

LlJ s- CU E o cu E E +-> (O 3 to E

-o «> +J cu > <U +-> CO o E 3 cu in cu

cu Q. O E u JC cu to s- >> E to

i- o X E s- (U E •4-> E E Z5 in •!- E s- (U -o o cu cu CO 4-> M- cu to o -o CO

cu o E S- > CD CO o +J n3 o cu CU

If- cu fO •- o in cu cu E to cu cu to Scu E CO > o i_ >, E +-> S- E E CD E cu -a s- +-> s_ to -a T3 to O- CO r— o E CU s- E o 4J cu cu

•rTM CO tj- CJ E 4-> U cu 0) 'q.-i- TD CU c»- •r— M- ca o <u cu CO 3 ^ JZ 3 (O 3 > o to 3 o o E 1— T3 +-> -M cu cu o •<- cu s- +J >. cu -l-> cu cu ^ to s_ to to cu o to E E 4-> > CO S- s- <+- »»- +-> cu u o to fO +-> S- E +-> o cu •1

•r- cu 1 o

o cu S- CU cu CO Z3 cu to E +-> S- s- ^ i- cu u i. s_ o +-> cu to (O rO +J cu CD CD

in O -1- > X (O to to CO s_ o a +J +-) Z3 E

+> cu o cu cu cu >5 Z3 o S- OJ CT cu (O o

u E -r- cu ^ s- in C3-1+- cu in E 3 S- o CO o o +-> cu cu 1— 4-> o cu cu (O CO a. •I- <o +J -l-> •1

o -a •o cu cu > > I— 4-> O

E cu CO (O CD cu lO cu cu E CJ u o in

t—

1

CO u •r— •!

fO > o > CO 3 Z5 -a CJ cu cu rO "O

1 I— E E > > s- o to •r- CJ o -o -o c:l e cu ^ to cu 00

I 1— o fO cu cu tt- S- fO CD •r- s- T3 cu cu E CO +-> +-> 3 4-> U

»o •>- Q. cu o 4J CL E cc: DC t—<

1

o to E o > 4-> 4-> E E E S- CO E CO cu E -O O CO s1—

1

in CO UJ ct ct O 1 CO 'o Z3 1—

1

_J O E E -E o

E CU o- cu S- fO 1— E JE

(U »-i S- 1 1 1 1 CD <: 1 1/1 4- I— ct QJ Q.

C_)

38
4JC

o

o

u

>^

4->

o- c

i- cu

OJ -4-> E

</) +J o O) «\ +J 4- •.- E E O E

c fa OJ E

o QJ -a o E +J o 00 O

S- O •n- 4-> cu (J cu -)-> s_ 13 CD •(

cu •r— > O o E "4- 03 +-> 03 D_ o u E •r— cu UJ (/) o O to 1

S- -o O) to OJ o O -M 1

03

O) s- -M -E O E U

s_ c u OJ «^ O) fO

S- cu i_ UD to u- fC

OJ fO E 03 I— CU SIf- o cu 03 s- E 13

r\ > O CL o 4-> . s_ z. O) E CU •f— to +-> D. o 03 fO S- -l-> E E

+-) E o . s- to d)

OJ to n3 •I— to 4-> E E cu 4- E

s. <v (1) O O s- o a.

-M 'q. o o •r— •!

o o

4-> i- s- cu to 1

4- 4- 00 3 03 U s_ cu cu O c O •r- O rsj cu s- > ^ to s- •I- +J <+- u cu

c/) C <u o I— o o 03 -a

+-> o E S- •r- S_ • O •r— O O) ^ Q. to E

fO <j +J Q-r— 03 CU o 00 03 Q. fO 03 1q +-> ^ U ^ E

E CD +J s- E S- +-> r. O 1—

1

o C -E 13 U) 03 3 03 CVI -r1 1"— OJ O +-> s- r— JD O +J

1 o E 03 .

cu CU E 00 +-> 03

O) O) O =5 > E 03 CU 03 •I- cu U cu E CU +-> E s1—

1

o Q. O 03 S- l/> E o

i_ E E S_ ^ 4J M- E o cu

<u <c 1—

1

O) O 1—

1

C_) to O 1—1 CJ s39
,

1 13E to E S- 03 03

a»CO

O

03 -o

S- 11 ^—

> 1 o 1

ZJc

"O

4-> OJ C s- o •r" o^ ' O"

(U o S- oo to

CSJ O)o

s- in i_ «a •-> cu +-> o o

>- E CD to

13 H- (U O <+- s- E

CD 03

•1—

u %

4-

(/)

O Q.

"3 </) CQ 4-> S- O) 03 E Ol S- OJ > S- E -o 03 o > Q. > 1- • 1

O1

O) a; >

OJ Q

oo «J 1— 1 1 •r— 1—• 1 s- E fO 1 O Z5 1 E E to o O E s- _J (_) 03 03 LU

QJ E 1

C7>O

03 -o ( E S- Q- O 1 •1

> 1 a +-> 1 OJ (T3 sS-(U M-

<U to

s- OJ D- -a o

O)

to >

03 s- +J (U O)

S- to M- o O E T3

•r— E

to to 03

4-> -(-> M- U o O to

«3 OJ T3

CL ^- 01

O E <+- S- 1—I

QJ (U cn 1 to \ M03 O > o t—1 o 4-> to

+-) O) OJ

13 Q. JD E +J

fO <U 03 h- QQ > o o o o o o o o +-> o o o o O o o o o o o o o to o o o o o o o o o o 00 i-D o LD O •vt- r>-. o o CO oo o ro cr> o oo (iD 00 cn C\J o un r— CO

IX)

O «^ CO OJ ro

+j +-> +j -!-> »-> to to to to to to o O o o o o o u o o u u u o E E E E E E E o o o o O o o

to •1— to to •1— to •1— to to to

4-> +J +-> -(-> +-> -M 4-> 4-> +J -M +-> -M

fO to 03 to 03 to 03 to ro lO 03 to 03 to O o o O r— O p— O O O <_> o U 1— U CJ U

03 ro 03 03 03 ro 03

+-> q: 4J cc -t-> cc 4-> Cc: 4-> q: •4-> q; +-> OH

to to to oa to oa to oS to oa to oa E E E s: E E S E s: E 2: 1—1 o 1—H o 1—1 o 1—1 o i-< O 1—1 o 1—1 0 ooun

r« ro

+-> E

O)E

+-> 03

CU

S- 4J

03

aE

03Q.O

S-ooCD

4-> 03cn

•r-Ss_ o

«£> 00

00

OOO o oo

CM

OO

ro

to

in

*> oE

03

r

Q_O

S-u E

03

OJ

cx> E

03 OH

to o03O

S-

+-> to

OJ

s-o o

r-^ 00

ro

CO

ro E0 E

-a •r— 0 E 4J 1 •r- 03 03 U

OJ CU at E E CU 0 0 u s- CU 0 u 0 +J +J s- CU U 03 s- OJ N CD

+-> -r- E CO to 0 r- •r- r~-. •r- un

S- -r- E in 03 E to 0 -0

03 ro >i >^ •r- >> ^ +-> 0 JD 03 E E to -a 0

03 CU to CU to ^ r— (O -M E CO -l-> 4-> E O) ro •>- 0 OJ •!- 03

03 E CU M- <U M- CU

<U E S- CU 4-> $- CU SS- 03 U E 03 0 E u

+-> E CU CU E CU CU 00 0 1—( J3 S- 1—1 J2

-a

CU

szo

c_>

40
n3 11 </) c %. ro n3 1

O) 1 cn

O

fO •o

S- 11 > 1 -a

O)C

+-> Co^—

o

OJ

</) 4-> (U +-> U

>- c O)

<+-

n o li- c (J eu

•r— o

ct <U

n3 to CO •)-> c

i- <D >

QJ E > CX

•I

o

d;

QJ CD >o

£= oo

u 1 'r— 1 E ro 1 Ol O Z3 1 c £= U) o o C %- 1 o fO fO

LlJ OJ c CJ> o

(O IT! (C "O

S- 1 ri Q o 1 >

"O +-> I O)

scu MQ.

CD

+->

<4—O

</) +-> +-> o (_> «3 <u CXE <+- t—1

O) t1 fO > •r" 1—1 u

•r- O) <+-<u JD E

fO QJ 1— CO o o

CO

in ro o un r— ^ o oo o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o

00 CO O U3 1— C\J un LOI—

in ^ 1

o o O o o O o o O o o O o o CM o o O ft ro 00 ro CVJ ro 1^ cr» o cn LO <£> ro

<^ «\ «% r— C\J LO CVJ ICi E to O >-

•r— ro

+-> -o

C

ro o E Q» E •r— E E O &. O +J O O

CO E •r— E roU 'r— ro -M o +j •r- 1^ O) +-> O) 4-) +J

•rO •r— ro •r— " s- ro S- ro o O +-> OJ ^ LO QJ o QJ

O) o ro i~ to vo C7) S- QJ Sa E O) U E S- u o

(U 00 S- <u >> >> •rTM QJ QJ S- o S- S- CL

LD O) +-> E c s_ o E t/) o o J- +J o >> o 3 4-J o ro OJ Ol

•r" O) CO

O -r- to JD QJ +J E O M- •r- M03 to «/) •rTM VO 1 d) 1/5 o o

(U CL >, E ro to E >> LO

O

S- E E 00 </1 (U ro E LO ro -O o fO "D O X> o 3 o O J3

O) S- s >> s- o >5 E >)

O 3

i. E (/>

O E E -a to 3 o

+J

O o o

OJ ro T- O) to O) •>- QJ to QJ to QJ s:

</)

O to +-> to -J-J +-> lO +-> t/1 +-> to 2:

ro fO ro ro ro ro ro •1

ro •p- ro

CD OJ (U (U OJ QJ QJ M- QJ CT> s- E S- S_ OJ to i- S- S_ s- QJ S- QJ to S- CVJ u o o u E >> U U u o E o E >) E i- O) E (U ro E QJ QJ E QJ E CU ro

1—4 <+- s- t—1

-o •-I S- S- 1—1 »—1x> •o 1—1 ^

T3

(U3C

-l-> -M 4-> +-> +-> +J

to 00 to 10 to to £ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u u U U 0 E E E E E E 0 0 0 0 0 0 •1— to •r— to •r— to •1

to •r— to •1— to +J +-> +-) +-> +J +J +J +J +-> •»-> +-> +J

ro to ro I/) ro to fO to ro to ro to 1— 0 0 0 0 0 r— 0 1— 0 u u 0 0 •— 0

ro ro ro ro ro ro

+-> OH +J ct: +-> cn +J +J cc +-> q:

to o3 in oa to oC CO to oO to o3 E 2: E s: E 2: E E 2: E 2:

t—1 0 t—1 0 —1 0 1—1 0 l-H 0

41
X)

OJ

033

OJcn

s->

I

I

I

I

o

I

o

00

COCO

o

WD

CM

to

4-*

t ^ •1—' OJ

ii o

E O) CO erf CD

<T3 CO 03 +-> s_ d

S- (U >

E o

rv

(—

1

1 1 Q [• •> E CO o r— f>—

1 w

t 1 1

• cu E r— o

fO -o c s_ 1 a. o OJ 1 > o 1 (U 03 sSO) 4-

<U

sO)

4->

«f-O

C/J (/) 4-> +-> U u

(O OJ CL 4- E 4-

1—

1

O)

1

1 (O > •1

1—

1

o'p- (U 4-

<UE

<u »2 1 CD

oo

00

CO

lO

in

u

4-

<U

4-

CUE

Ol X)

»-> o

o

00

COo

CO

0)u E E CO O fO 4-) •f- +J +-> O

+-> U) o Ol

fO -r- CD 4-

S- 00 4- 4-

+-> to 4- O)

«/) «a 0)

•r—E r— O) <o

•I- fO lO E u i. o

XJ -r- (U <0 E > 4-

O) +J U E

U O) (U

<U -M J3

fO o -a +-> +J

S_ E o O) 1— 2:

42
-o

<u

•r-

-l-J Oo' oo

CM

s-

(O

OJ >-

to 4-> fO CQ 13O

Su >

d; cnc

'1

CD CO c 1 oo 1

1 S- QJ o 1

1X3 •I—O c o

na 1

Q-

-a

OJs_

i.

(U M- to

(U +Ja

Q_ O) M-

(U 4- JC LU

•4-> QJ 4-o i~cu

(/» >

4-> U

raQ. -o E

t—t n3 1 nD >1—1 U

OJ MO) JD

O) 1—

<uEouE

+-> Eo * to

<u 1 * *^ L) r— >- (/) (/) QJ CO 1 1 ^ QJ

*r— <u QJ 03 +-* 1 E 03 QJ

O QJ -Q "r~ _o •n" QJ 03 (O C _i ^ >- +J

03 -c: +-5 t S— CD Q.4-> H

•r~ fO Z3 Q. QJ -a 1— t

c: fci o

r— •1— 4-> 03

cu •r~*

-T—t AJ (/) fC CJ o QJ

CI QJ QJ E O SZ. 4-J QJ n3 03 +j -a E t/)

(I 03

O (O (cz •i

— 03 ^ > O 4-> j:: o •r— O CD E •r— CO

fO •r— a» OJ 1 t>- CO o CD M

QJ QJ CO /-^ V—

o QJ •r— fO M

1 % -r—

.£3

a 4- E o 03 4-

fO o QJ •r—

O o ^~ rl )

•r— 13 03 o •rf\ \ C/1 QJ 4^ E O "O CO QJ

fO t>— 4-> +-> O) "r~ QJ CO

d QJ CO _Q O OD O O a. 03 CO fO

J"" 03

QJ C7) o X 03 +J QJ ^ 1 o ^ QJ QJ •r" t (J +J •r— ^ <+- o CO o QJ

>» -M OJ 03 t>—

C "O 03 >^

O > fO > s_ CL o /—\

v_/ <>— o S_ -)-> fO QJ

(/) "O +-) -l-> cr; >,+JM CO

O QJ i ^ U E E OJ rrc: 03 CL Q. r \ QJ Z3 03 O) •r— > QJ "O o. 3 CD O o o o >1 QJ o CO o CU E ^ -M u o

CU c: QJ ^ . U

O o Q. OJ QJ 4-> 1 1

H— 03

>- <_) <u E 4- S- E r— CI o D

-o s- 03 QJ CO c o QJ to QJ E QJ -CI QJ o CU U QJ .d ' U

O .p- ^— O) to to cn QJ •r—

c/) s_ OJ 03 fO 03 03 QJ r— > o _T!3 4J QJ E E O o 03

s- ^- "O •f—•r— SO c: 03 13 QJ QJ s_ CU

LlJ o 03 <t to 03 to QJ E "O Q. o: Cl- oo

s-QJ +-> Q.T4-

QJ QJ ^ E

+J QJ jQ

sm

:3 -a -o Eo

to (J jd QJ O 1/1

to S QJ

QJ 4-5 E 03

QJ

O S- O C-J O

to

O 03

CT) • O

S- •.- QJ S- > QJ O CL O O

"r— E +J O rO

•r- 3

+J 1—

fC 03 ^ >

QJ

QJ -E QJ

+-> ^+J O

+-> CT1 I O I Q.T3 _ O QJ 03 4- S- -O O

4- T3 4- S-. fO 03 +-> J- O CD E 4-

4J S- E QJ

O

SO E -1- QJ -r- O S- > +J -r- 13 O 03 +-> XJ

to I— -Q E

QJ fC •!-

O

-M > S- -r- fO OJ +-> r QJ to 

S_ l4_ .,- .^-

(_)

O -O E

QJ 4-

fO

(/I -oE

03

QJ

QJ

OQ

QJ -E O +-) 3 -1- -O S

QJ

J- T3

QJ -O +-> r— 03

+-> •-

I— "O 3 QJ to to

QJ

4-

S-QJ

+-> to u -o 3 S- "O 03

QJ

N

S_ (Q JE E

to QJ O 4-

S- 03

LlJ to

QJcn

03E

'r—03

_ S- > T3 O

cn 03 E O

•r- S- cn

03 QJ E 4-> 03 03 "O 13cr x QJ

to "O

4-> 03E O -rcnE

+J

+-> o

SQJ oE

to>^ CO

03 QJ S -O O -r- 03 I— O to

s- -D E E O 03

I/) to +J -o

•I- QJ

00

to

QJ I S- O 3

to 1

S- to -1- 03 03 03

QJ 4- E to

•r- T3 r— S_ 03

03O

O

N i- 03

O -E -OE

to QJ fO 1— O

ZJ »> E -O QJ o OJ cn

s- -o E -r- O I— S-

•r- 1

+J .,- 0 2" QJ

+-> C/) E O E 03

S- 03 Q. QJ

i- SZ ^ +-> +J E to

03 2

JD 4- E O -O

03 QJ

QJ -)-> -l-> S- QJ 03 +J QJ -r- OO 4- U I to

03 QJ E

03

+-i EO

Q.

S-QJ

to +J

Q) fC u 2

Z5 TJ I—

QJ 03

S- Q.

+-> 3 U E

13 TD -O

QJ E

S- 03 4J O E -1- QJ +J E 00

•r- QJ T3 E

QJO E 4- O O

00 E O O

S- -IQJ

QJ(

4-> 4J

:3ot— o

cn

13Q (_) <~ i_

4_>

I/) QJ Eo O o UE E

•r~ QJ T3 2 E

to 03 to

s- S03 +-> 03

QJ E QJ >, QJ >> E

>,o

LO o CM r

Q. +-> E to

Cj_ QJ S-

,1 % E

CO

O

QJ QJ

s_ +J

QJ o -)-> 4-> 03 E Q. E

•1

E 'f—

•p—

•<-> S- E

QJ 03

O

Uu

5- E o

QJ E

CL 03 00 QJcn 2

03

S- to

QJ •r" > -C

03 +J

03 E 4- -o fO O

QJN +J -(-> •r- E to

+-> QJ o

s- 00 S. o QJ E S_

03 Q.

QJ -a

QJ SO

to •p— <o to S- J3 QJ QJ

S- CL

QJU cn E

•rO

S- 4- 'p— Q. +-> QJ 03 O to 13

cx) QJ

CT) x: 03 1— >

QJ 1^

QJ E

>,-r- I ^ O 03 tn +J

43
cvj CTi n <J3 00 CTi CT^ CO CT» c\j «^ ro

O CM

1— cn I— n

csj ro cvi ko 1—

n CTl LT) r- n n

IT) LD

CO CSJ CO 1^3 to n CTi CTi

M- M ID O lO CO CM i£) CM UD CTl I— 00

<Ti CTi CO ^X) Ln

csj LD I— n Ln CO

Ln CM o o CO

r-~ ^ in CM CM

CM CM

a-, lo CO CM

CM 00 CM

CM n IT) r-^ CM CO n IT) CM CM <.o Ln 53-

r-- CM I— Lf) n

OJ »->

r~. I— CO O CO r— n CO koCO r-^ I— CM I

CM lO LT) ^ n r— CO CO CO

Lf> CO CM CM ^1 CMl

OJ

s.

s.(U

4-> U

u

T3OO

3

S- O

OJ "O </l o o

E S- \ OJ 3

Ol in S. _^ (U c >

(O O) cQ in

Eo -o

C7> U O) VI

•r- CD <D

S- >, C i.

S- S- ro o i-i o ce Li_

rt) -t- -rI— QJ I— O tA

a>

O) •-

IT3 -1-

*-> I— <LJ -I— S- •.- Q Q CQ 1/1 O

-I CMl

44
PLAN ELEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Irrigated

Dpi and

Treatneri t

Dry

Cropland

Treatinen t

Implementation of the Preferred Plan will reduce

erosion on 55,000 acres of irrigated land by ?9,000

tons and reduce sediment yield by 12,000 tons

annually. The erosion rate will be reduced to less

than the tolerable soil loss rate on all irrigated

cropland in the Basin.

The Preferred Plan will directly or indirectly

effect nearly all the 940,000 acres of dry cropland

in the Basin. The treatment will reduce erosion by

4.3 million tons, sediment by 2.5 million tons

annually, conserve more moisture for crop production, protect the soil resource base, improve the

visual quality of the landscape, reduce flooding,

increase minimum stream flow, improve fish and

wildlife habitat, and help to minimize non-point

pollution problems.

The EQ Alternative would reduce erosion by an additional .5 million tons and sediment by .2 million

tons per year over the Preferred Plan.

Dry Cropland Treatment ~ SCS Photo

46
Rangeland The Preferred Plan accomplishes proper range use Treatment on more land than either the NED or EQ Plans. In the Preferred Plan proper range use would be accomplished by increasing grazing on the good condition

under utilized range. Rangeland in poor and fair

condition would be treated to improve its carrying

capacity. The carrying capacity of the Preferred

Plan will be gre^^ter than either the NED or EQ

Alternative. Wildlife habitat will equal that of

the EQ Alternative. The reduction in erosion and

sediment yield will equal the effects of the EQ

Alternative.

Forest Road The Pref-irred Plan primarily treats roads as the

Treatment leading source of erosion and sediment on forest

land. Treating roads as planned will reduce the

amount of erosion on forest land from 2.2 million

Lons to 1.2 million tons annually, and sediment

from 342,000 tons to 192,000 tons annually.

The Preferred Plan and the NED Alternative are the same for both erosion and sediment control on forest land.

Implementation of the plan will reduce erosion,

improve water quality, and enhance environmental

quality of the forest resource.

Seeding Grass on Forest Road -- USFS Photo

47
stream

Channel

Treatment

The plan will accelerate the protection and stabilization of critically eroding streambanks and

channel bottoms. Plan measures applied will reduce

channel erosion and sediment yield by 6,000 tons

and stabilize 16,000 feet of banks by the year

2000. This will reduce sediment damages to lakes,

reservoirs, navigation facilities, and irrigation

systems. Fisheries and wildlife habitat will be

adversely affected in the short-term along stream

reaches involved. However, vegetative cover will

be regenerated as the channel stabilizes, enhancing

the long-tenn effect on wildlife and on fishery

habi tat.

The plan will

treating short,

streams.

minimize stream alteration by

critical segments of selected

Outdoor The Preferred Plan includes development of outdoor

Recreation recreation facilities at the rate necessary to mainFacility tain present levels of supply versus demand.

Development

The Preferred Plan represents the NED Plan with the

addition of developed campsites. Even though

analyses, based on the willingness today, did not

indicate a favorable B/C ratio for developed

campsites, maintaining developed camping facilities

at the present supply-demand ratio was recommended.

This conclusion was based on the results of an opinion survey of rec reation planners in the Basin

who emphasized the unmeasured environmental and

social benefits attributed to planned camping

development.

The Preferred Plan will provide 232,000 recreation

days over the NED Plan. The EQ Plan would have

provided 3.6 million recreation days over the

Preferred Plan. The EQ Plan was not selected as full utilization may not be realistic.

A review of National Forest lands and State parks

indicate present shortages may not be as severe as previously thought. Therefore, recommendations for

the Preferred Plan are to maintain a static

recreation supply in relationship to projected

demands

.

48
Proper planning and installation of these

facilities will provide 3.8 million recreation days

and, therefore, will alleviate crowding of popular

recreation areas. Implementation of this plan will

affect less than two tenths of one percent of the

Basin area and will allow an increased number of

people to enjoy the natural environment more fully

through increased participation in outdoor recreational activities.

The Preferred Plan recommends a combination of the

Sawmill Improvement, Felling and Bucking and Timber

Stand Improvement Programs. The planned level of

development would increase the supply of wood fiber

by 29 million cubic feet and remove 90 percent of

the projected deficit supply.

The Preferred Plan includes timber stand improvement practices where determined economically

feasible. These include thinning and pruning on 49,300 acres of forested land.

Less tangible values such as improved water

quality, aesthetic appeal, and overall enhancement

of the forest resource would be realized.

The wood utilization programs would be expanded to

provide more cooperative assistance to landowners

and mill operators.

The EQ Plan was not selected, even though

economically feasible, because required program

participation at the EQ level was deemed

unobtainabl e.

Other forestry practices were considered but were

not selected because positive economic returns

could not be realized within the planning horizon.

49
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Erosion The Preferred Plan would reduce erosion in the

Lower Snake Basin by over 5.6 million tons

annually. Most of this erosion reduction comes

from treating 940,000 acres of dry cropland.

Reducing erosion maintains soil resources for use by future generations; improves visual quality of

agricultural land; reduces the incidence of

gullying; improves visual quality of roadways and

campgrounds; enhances the watersheds capacity to

absorb water and conserve it in the groundwater

systems of the Basin; and reduces hazards

associated with erosion of roadbeds and bridges.

Sediment The Preferred Plan will reduce sedimentation by over 2.7 million tons annually. Reducing sediment

enhances the environment by improving water

quality; enhancing fisheries; improving visual

quality along roadways and stream channels; and

reducing the incidence of sediment associated

chemicals in rivers, lakes and streams.

Areas of Almost 2,500 acres will be impacted by the construcNatural Beauty tion of outdoor recreation facilities in the Lower

Snake Basin. Compaction will occur in and around

developed sites. Reducing overcrowding and overuse

at other sites will enhance the natural beauty of

those areas.

Erosion reduction will enhance the visual quality

of agricultural and rangelands.

50
Water Quality Erosion and sediment reduction will enhance water

quality, reduce damage to navigation and municipal

water treatment facilities and improve fish habitat.

Fragile Areas Recreation development will reduce impacts on undeveloped fragile areas and areas of overuse by

concentrating recreation activities in developed

sites. Planning developed sites will reduce the

impact of recreation on areas chosen for

devel opment.

Aesthetic Values Certain recreational facilities development will

affect aesthetic values and could disturb

historical, archaeological and cultural resources. Implementation of the Preferred Plan must consider

the impact of development on these vital resources.

Fish and Sediment reduction will enhance fisheries by

Wildlife improving water quality in the fish habitat.

Recreation development may have a negative impact

on certain fisheries.

UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS

Adverse Upland bird habitat will be altered by conversion

Impacts of 30,000 acres of irrigated land from surface to

sprinkler irrigation and by controlling weeds and

brush on 341,000 acres of rangeland. Recreational

visitor traffic, noise, and waste control problems

will increase in some areas.

51
ALTERNATIVES

One alternative to the Preferred Plan is the

"future" without plan". Under this plan present

trends would continue, including inefficient

irrigation and deterioration of the irrigation

systems; inadequate treatment of the eroding

cropland, rangeland, forest roads and, stream

channels, resulting in serious sedimentation of

streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. The

shortage of outdoor recreation facilities will

become critical if present trends continue. The

inadequate supply of wood fiber will become more

serious. There is some progressive actions

presently being carried out but accomplishments are

far too slow to meet the need.

The EQ Alternative emphasizes environmental quality

preservation and enhancement. Compared to the

Preferred Plan this plan generally has more

intensive treatment for the reduction of erosion

and sediment, more outdoor recreation facility

developments and wood fiber production.

The NED Alternative to the Preferred Plan emphasizes economic development, and is basically

the same as the Preferred Plan with only slight

variations in some elements.

52
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USE OF THE

ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE OF LONG-'T.ERM

PRODUCTIVITY

Effects Of The Preferred Plan will contribute toward the

Preferred proper use and management of land resources by

Plan encouraging the protection and improvement of its

productive capacity and by dispersing the outdoor

recreation use of the land.

The Preferred Plan measures will provide for better

use of the land while conserving and protecting it

for use by future generations. The treatment

measures will enhance the fish and wildlife habitat

and have a positive sustaining impact on the

envi ronment.

Land and Water Resources of the Basin

USES Photo

53
i
OPPORTUNITIES

FOR IMPLEMENTING

THE PREFERRED PLAN

CHAPTER - III

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR IMPLEMENTING

THE PREFERRED PLAN

CHAPTER III

INTRODUCTION

Concerns addressed in the Lower Snake River Basin

Study were identified through public input received

during previous studies by the USDA and Idaho

Department of Water Resources. Plan elements focus

on those activities that will solve problems

associated with the identified concerns.

Programs currently exist to implement plan elements

through either USDA or State of Idaho authorities.

Hov/ever, implementation of the Preferred Plan will

require expansion and acceleration of present

programs and additional funding to achieve

projected results.

The interest and concern of those who control the resources of the Basin will determine the final

acceptance of the plan and the level of

accompl i shment.

Considerable progress has been made in implementing

elements identified in the Plan through ongoing

programs. However, there is a need to accelerate

these programs extensively to meet the goals set

forth in the Plan by the year 2000.

54
Impacts Implementation of the Preferred Plan will have both

beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment

and the economy. These impacts are set forth in

the Preferred Plan chapter and must be considered

when implementation decisions are made.

Implementation It is neither practical nor feasible at this time

to consider that all elements of the Preferred Plan

would or could be implemented as one effort or as a total plan. Rather, it is anticipated that this

planning effort would provide information to

promote detailed planning and installation of

various measures needed in selected areas of the

Basin at an accelerated level through various

ongoing programs.

From contacts made with local groups, State and

Federal agencies during the study, it is evident

that the cost sharing rate and low levels of

funding are major deterrents to implementing

solutions to the problems studied.

USDA has a number of programs that can be used to

help implement the Preferred Plan. In addition,

individual landowners may need to undertake this

activity using their own financial resources in

many cases.

The following pages discuss, in detail, the

implementation of the Preferred Plan elements,

including amounts, estimated cost and USDA Programs

currently available that could be used to implement

various elements.

IRRIGATED CROPLAND TREATMENT

Treatment

Elements

and Costs

Irrigated cropland treatment elements of the Preferred Plan include the conversion of 30,000

acres of surface irrigation to gravity sprinkler

systems and other irrigation improvements on an additional 25,000 acres. The cost of implementing

this portion of the plan is estimated to be

$30,768,000. The 160,000 acres of irrigated land

in the Basin lie mainly along the river bottoms of

the Lemhi, Pahsimeroi, Salmon, and Big Lost Rivers.

This land is primarily used for forage production.

55
DRY CROPLAND TREATMENT

Treatment The dry land treatment elements of the Preferred

Elements Plan include the elimination of summer fallow on and Costs 86,600 acres, convert 621,900 acres to conservation

tillage systems, convert 691,500 acres to contour

farming, implement divided slope farming on 241,800

acres, and install stripcropping on 60,500 acres. The cost of implementing this portion of the plan

is estimated at $8,512,000.

Implementation of dry cropland treatment will be

promoted by intensifying educational activities to

make SCS personnel, landowners and operators, and

others more aware of the seriousness of erosion

problem areas of the Basin. The need and value of

implementing the dry cropland elements in relationship to their resulting impact on water quality

will be stressed.

RANGELAND TREATMENT

Treatment Rangeland treatiTient elements of the Preferred Plan

Elements Plan include range seeding on 178,000 acres, brush

and Costs management on 341,000 acres, 870 miles of fencing

for management, 2,900 water developments, and

1,182,000 acres of proper grazing. The estimated

cost of implementing this portion of the plan is

$14,222,000. Rangeland is distributed throughout

the Basin mainly along the rivers and river breaks

with the largest block being found in the Lemhi and

Pahsimeroi drainages.

Implementation Implementation of the Preferred Plan for the

Problems rangeland in the Basin will not be easy. Many

divergent views of what should be done by concerned

groups and agencies exist. These divergent views

will need to be compromised before real accomplishments can occur. A greater understanding of

problems, concerns and how to develop and manage

rangeland at a higher complementary level for both

livestock and most forms of wildlife is needed.

56
Research More localized range research is needed to deterNeeded mine the forbs and shrubs that are palatable to

both livestock and wildlife. Inclusion of

palatable forbs and shrubs into a proper managed

rangeland program will be complementary to both the

livestock industry and wildlife interests. This

type of accomplishment will begin to bring the

divergent interests closer together with

significant rangeland improvement.

FOREST ROAD TREATMENT

Treatment Forest land treatment elements for the Preferred

Elements Plan includes seeding grass on 19,000 acres of and

Costs local roads and 34,900 acres of temporary roads.

The cost of implementing this portion of the plan

is estimated to be $5,390,000. There are over 8.9

million acres of forest land distributed throughout

the Basin, mainly in the higher elevations.

Implementation Implementation will be promoted through commitment

of USDA, State, local and other agency personnel

and through private landowners and operators who

have responsibility for planning and managing road

construction and maintenance activities.

STREAM CHANNEL TREATMENT

Treatment The Preferred Plan for streambank protection and

Elements channel stabilization includes treatment measures

and Cost on 16,000 feet of stream channel at an estimated

cost of $96,000.

Implementation Segments of moderate and severe streambank erosion

are found in almost every county in the Basin.

Channel erosion is expensive to treat. Consequently, it is recommended that implementation be

made for selected areas where the most benefits can

be accomplished.

57
Accomplishment Implementation of the stream erosion element of the

Preferred Plan will be accomplished by increased

educational contacts by specialists of SCS, FS,

BLM, and other Federal , State and county resource agencies with local people. Through this effort,

landowners and operators should become more aware

of causes and effects of stream system changes and

USDA Programs for correcting these problems.

OUTDOOR RECREATION DEVELOPMENT

Costs The Preferred Plan includes development of outdoor

recreational facilities that maximize net public

benefits to the extent possible. The total cost of

implementing these plan elements is estimated to be

$23.6 million.

Development These facilities would be located in areas experiencing the most use and in aroas deemed

technically, economically and environmentally

feasible.

Planning Proper planning will necessitate research to

determine environmental carrying capacity, new methods for preserving the natural setting and

energy conservation improvement. Barriers to a quality experience such as poor accessibility and

inadequate or poorly maintained facilities need to

be overcome.

Attractions covering a wide area of recreation

preferences are offered by the vast expanses of

high mountains, free-flowing white waters,

abundance of fish, big game and upland game. These

resources attract an ever increasing number of

recreationists throughout the different seasons of

the year adding a new dimension to the complexity

of traditional recreation management problems.

58
Implementation Entrepreneurs would be provided with technical,

legal and financial assistance to encourage

quality, energy efficient recreational development

where it is needed, especially near population

centers. Long-term leasing of publicly owned lands

where appropriate would be encouraged.

Implementation will be promoted through contacts

with USDA agency employees and other State, local

and Federal agencies that have responsibility to

plan and program recreation development for their

agency or to assist the private sector with their

implementation plans. Results of analyses

completed for this study may be used as a guide to

change or establish new management direction needed

to attain program implementation.

The map; "Identified Potential Recreation Sites",

displays suitable sites. However, further study

would be needed to identify other suitable sites in

the Basin. USDA Program opportunities are identified in TABLE VI.

INCREASE WOOD FIBER PRODUCTION

Treatment

Elements

Costs

Treatment elements to increase wood fiber production include improved felling and bucking and and

sawmill improvement practices on the harvested

timber. These elements would be applied to 121

million cubic feet of timber estimated to be

harvested. Timber stand improvement would be

applied to 49,300 acres of growing timber. The

estimated cost to apply these treatments is

$2,958,000.

Implementation Implementation will be promoted by expanding wood

utilization and timber stand improvement programs.

59

I / Ifi
I I I •.- c c

S- 03

O

S- 1—

•I- Cl4-o

s- > o E O 4- O

S- •r- Q.-0 +-> E E 03 03 11

• to o +J 03 to

Ol 4-> E +-> E

•r— OJ to (U +J O) E E 4-> •r— (J CD •r— to E E cn >.

23 03 03 -o to

4-> +-) E E

c: i_ to 03 fO E

03

O E o

Q. to Q- Q. to S-. E +-> 03 cu cn 03 T5 4-J •r— 0} 03 to

S- 03 CU Si- O -a S-

<u •r- E •r- 4- E O

<U ^ CT> E

$-

U -t-> E

a. <u 03 <i

03 cn E 4-

(U +J4- E O O

•r— E +-> O"1— >

+-> s03 (U

•4-) toE

OJ to o E E o

O) 03 r— S- o

CL C7) +-> £ O

•r— S_ (U D. o

s- E o o =a; (0 4- O Q +-> CO to to

to CVJ rD •r~ -)-> to o

•1- S- to

+-> fO 03 S-

•r- O) -l-> C >- W) to O "r~ +J ^ 00 "O

S- E O -r- Dl to Q. 03 O CQ -a s- • • +-> E OJ E

03 > d) 1 •1— E 03 to Qc: -t-> C7) E 03

03 CD 0) S_

i- S- s_ CD rc +-> •1

sO E cu E

S- CO -a cu

O

Q. E u

S- CO 03 E 4-> «=C OJ 1

4- 03 to

O S Q. S- s- C7) +-> oo o to O 13 CL •(

E

=3 —1 +-> S_ to to S- CU E u i. E

<D +-> o <u E -a S- +J >

(U OJ S- o > +-> > E <u s-

<u 03 E O Q.

<u a> o 'r- E E •r— t_) +-) O J=l fO s_

s- I— 1—1 o 1 E •r- 1 cu o +J CD

-o > -o •1

03 E o E +-> E to

03 CU S- 03 03 • 1

1

cu

U a. CD ru "O

cr> E E C7) to +-> E 03 E Z. 4-> CO E

•1- +-> S- E E .,

E to E E CU >i— E -r- cu E E to

fO to +J 03 S- cu S- cu I— to CO • f— o > o o

Q. rt! >) to Cl4- o 4- •r— to +-> s_ -M E CD CJ E cu CL CU O

•r- E E cu •(o E o 03

•r—

O ••—> E •r- E S-

(U i- *,

o CU 03 03 a.

O 03 -Mu 4-> E -l-> E ^ 03 CL E to cu to

03 lO O) 03 •r- +-> •I

E

4J 1 >i— -o -l-> to to to CU to 4-> S- CU to to to E

•I— to s_ > •103 to • 03 CU to O o to to ai

toO s- to a: E KJ) fO 03 E CL 03 E o cu E E

-a s- CL • 1— S- 03 I— E 03 03 +-> 03 E

fO ro 4- 03 03 13 03 O 1 E (J jE +J 4-5 •r- E E •r— to U to to E DO O E 1 CU 1 CU JC -1— +J +J +-> •>-> -M JD u to £- E O to to o to

cu <u

O CU CU o sO 4-

1— -a 4- E ha T3 C3. C_3

O 1 -O Q E E oi3 03 E 03 C_) S03 CD

S- E O

CD

O sO •r- E Q.

i- +-> 03

Cl. 03 S- S- > CD CU -a s- o +-> cu cu s- 03 tO D_

to E CO

SO 4J E O cu C_) E o3 CM

+-> CU CU

03 CU E I— E

CJ Q. CJ

O

CO SO •1

r— to 13 1

1— 4-> I— un O CU 03 O

fO 1 00 > S- CU E —1 CU CU 3 C>0 CO D_ cc: Q cc: —

to E E O

cu +J

to JD 03 CU

•1—

O

O

s- E E Q. 03 03 E O 4-> +J S-

•r- >> to to fO to 4-> E • •r— « 4- O •!— •I— to to E 1 S- r— E to O E

CU CO s- cu 03 •p—

O o +-> 4-> CU cr 4- to ,

03 4-

s_ >, CD

O

cu s- CU to o

-E CUu 'r— sl E S +J E E E s- O

03 03

O JE .,

•p- 00 S +-> -1- u +J

03 to +J cu E 03 • OJ r— •r- 03 S- E "O

S- 03 to CD 03 ,

CU cu

03

O to -a 4- 4-> =J

03 S- E 1 +-5 to E

-l-> +J E to >, •r- U -r- CTi-r- O E to 4-> CU S- E ,

'f— E

•>- E 03 CU E O

O s- s- E > SO o S- CD 03 03 o o o •r— CL C JZ 4- s- 4- 4-5 00 1 4-> CL 03 -o +J 1 E 03 E to CD

CU 03 4->

O

a E

4-) CU to r3 03 %^ 03 i- O 4- -a o O S- E CJ O O UJ •4-> _J E

fO

S-CD E E O 03 O i~ O •1

Cl. _l

4-> CO E 4-> > O E

s- •r— CU (U to E

to E Q. E CU O O 4-> o X CU'-- LU > <c 1— D. cu

03

O CU

Q E

s- d: > Ll_ Z3 •r—

4-> 4-> 4-> .— E cC •.- E

=5 03 E 03 U S- CU 3 S-

•1- CD Q. E CD

SO

O E O

CD 5-

O o

C_) Q.

61
to -M 1 "O O ra c c OJ , ro •r- 1 •'—> , E to T3 O ra cn E •r- E S- +-> c (T3 tO fO CL to

•r— 1to 1

E C E ra >-,-o '1

to i- CU J— O) cnT3 > s- 1

>> E O o

Q. s_ +-> •r- M- S_ tt- a S- O CL

U) E ra CL O)

<D .,— -a -E E rau •1

CD to

O E

+-> OJ E • Ol 1 -r- E ra u E to o +->+-> -1- +J

fO O) E to ra to

fO 1— o ra

O 1— I/) •r—

+-> +J Q-T- +->

U r— E to

S- to to ro O) to c: o •r- M- U •r— T3 -M +-> ra Q. t/) o to E CO to Q. S- to ra E >, cn Q. O E Q. 03 ••— to E O E •r— -a 1

•r- 4-> 1— s- O) IT! +-> E fO •- O E ra O ra OJ u to •+- CU x:

s- •1u E <lCU E to

O) E •I- 4J E TD O) -J 1 1 1 SZ 1— fO JE O ra O) u CL O) U a E Qj to S- a> CL S_ O) E ra i- o

CL. 1— fO +-> 1— ra +-> -t->

<u JZ

+-> to c *^ o in o 1 +-> _j

o. o > E

•r" s-

+-> O) E sCO fO

-(-> tr E sO C Ol V5 o O) s-

<U 13 E o o Q- E fO SO) -r- S- o Q. S_ r— +-> D-) +-> O) a. C O o +-> E O s- OJ (U ro

•1- (_) Q. o J= 3: ^

E to

S- ct fO S- E o o O +-> (U ra M- O C/1 to to +J <D o ID -4-> fO r— W C\J to (J o OJ to • r—

•1- S- fO S- ,1 +-> fO +-> r— ra

•r- CD oo ra S- c >- •1

E :3

Z2 t/0a

m cc:

+-> •> s- c O -r- Q- (/) O. fO O QQ

D>

-o sC C CU "r- fO > E E OJ

•r" o s- o CL

CO OC 1 o cn E • • r— 4- 4-> E

+-J fO to •1

s- ^ E 4- s- > Q.

CD fO O) 13 s_

a CL o c E O O) OJ O

s_ oo 4-> OJ +-> to to o S- Q. (T3 E E E E u

i- CD E O o OJ > CL

S- 3 o u +-> • r—

4-> to to -a S- oo o (/) o o >, +J ZD _J +-> -a OJ +-> +-> to +j to 1 e E 4-> E

1' OJ fO fO +J +-> O) OJ CT) 1

• E I— E s- S- cn E E r~- t—i O) CL -1- Ol ra CU -r- ra > I

O E > > r— >— E +J

OJ S- -r- E E J.

— CL S- to (U U 1— o o • 1

E ,fa E c UJ C_) 4-> 1—1 ^-

fO \— QQ

to • E E E 0 O 1 E ro E -r- ro 0 CU s- to

•1- to

u cn sO >, 1— +J E 0 (U

to S_ ra ro ra S- >

(U OJ .,

+-> > 4-> CL •rO ,

to s- to -a

•I- (U ra E (U +-)

+-> S- Z3 •r— to to E 4- a O) cr E to O) 0

ra -E s- 0 ra E

S- S s- 0 CJ cu E

Q. <u M- ,

cn 0

to +-> -a ra ra +J ra ra <U E 0 E -M E OJ U ra •1

ra ra

CU S- E 1— E E E ra ra >,

CU ra +J s- 0 -a ra D)4-> u tO "O O) E +-> T3

rau • f— +-> ro to CU E <U -l-> to "O E Zi

ra •'~3 CO CU -a Q. E E O s- ra > E 0 •r— s- 0 0 ra S- CU -t-> +-> CL O) s- u -E E

to cn E CL 1 4-> 0

OJ "O E •r- CL • ra >, C_) JD OJ s- ra (/) E c s- +J +J to ra CU 0 0 14- ra ra E JZ M- 0 •r" 4- 0 E QJ CU to 0 +J CU cn i- 1 +-> ra SZ to E •!- u 4J E CJ 0 -l-> E 0 to 0 to 0 ro fO

•1- CU to s- 0 -t- s- XJ E 0 +-> -0 (_> +J 0. LU _1 E

n3u. E c 0 ro 0 s- 0

0. _J

4-> c -M > 0 c

CU

OJ to E

to E Q. E CU 0 0 +J

(_)

X cu-^ , ^ LU > <

CO 1— Q_ CU 3C 0 ra 0 CU 0 E

C\J s- <: > u_

=5 ^

.,— >)~—

E -M +-> +-> 0 1— E ro •- E

•r~ 3 fO S- E ro +J U i- cu rj i- u •r- cn a. E cn

CU s- 0 0 E 0

CJ) s- 0 0 s- <: Q- <_) CJ) Q_

62
toO)

•1

4J

'r—1 ^ tS-o c

CL o D.-o

<U

SS-O)

<+-(D

SCl.

<u th

M—Oo•1—

+-> <—

-a

CDE

CL) • 1

+-> to Q. E E o fO —

C_) Ss_o o S- ^- o Q.

C\J -=C CD Q s_ CO

*-> n3OJ

£= >-

+-> S- c o •r— Q. to

C2. ra O ca

S- c QJ fO >

'1

t/) ct: E

ro QJ

SC7> ra O sz

S-Q.

s- =cQOO o to ZD 1 -)-> 1 e 1 Q)E 1—1

QJ > QJ

QJ J3 fO

ro H- Q. c O) QJ

•I- CD +-> E E E fO

0.-0

QJ QJ ID .E QJ .E

-M QJ 4-3

QJ E E

•I- QJ

O

QJ +-> OE 4-

(O

O

+-> to E

•rO

ca r— a D.

•1- Q. E CO x:

QJ E

I— nD

to to

Q> fO O CD

4-> O) U .E

fO +J

S-Q. E

•r4-> E T3

QJ E E fO

QJ I—

cn QJ

fC C71 E E

n3 (a E S- EO

+J>

QJtnEOUo

+->

Q)aE

fO +J

to to

•I- +->

i/)

u

to •!- fO CO to o •-

CO -a

ca

s- -a

cn E O fO

S-Q.

+J

+-> E

U) Q)

QJ E

S- QJ O CD

U_ n3E

I— CO

CO E EO

•r- 4J

-)-> E

CO QJE

CL

QJ

O

+-> I—

fO QJ

S- >

QJ QJ 1— -a

QJCJ i. o o E X3 O E

ro

to 1

QJu -o

S- QJ

13 S- O QJ

to +-> QJ iA

S- -I-E

Q) -r-

<=n E E -O

CO CO

QJu> E S- O QJ

•I- CO

-MU +-> QJ t/1 +-> QJ O SS- O

CLUQJE

QJ

CO

+-> to

QJ

$-O

fO Li- Eo

+-> +J

ro

O

.E

to

13

S- +-> JD

en "O E +->

-l-> E QJ E E (T3 cn QJ

O) "O CO E E E to E CL E +J (O -o (O O

CO QJ E N

QJ QJ QJ QJ ra S- cr> S- > s-

+-> E o QJ CT) fO <+- -o "O s- O S- E s- QJ S- QJ fO o +-> U QJ Q.

QJ E E 4->

O

QJ QJ o QJ fO J- CD CO <_) U. E

CO

00 E

QJ T- O iLi_ O

fO to E XJ O QJ I- QJ

+-> E

ro ^ QJ x:

•)-> 4-3 E

QJ 4-> to QJ

QJ QJ

i- E

CL

O

QJ 4-> 4-) ro to

5- E

QJ ro I— SQJ Cr. O O

O to oQJ E U ro

S- I—

Z3o -o

to QJ QJ S- S- QJ

+-> QJ CO Cn-r- E E

ra -r- s- E

-a

QJ ra

4-O

CL

QJU

•r—>

+-> QJ E tn

QJE 4-> QJ to > QJ O SS- O

ClU.

QJ -O 4-> E ra

ra S_QJ CDi— E QJ

•rO E U E ra ra .— o

Q. 4-> E QJ

•IuE

QJ ra O +-> E to

ra -r4-> to

to to

•r- fa Mto O

to CD

4-> E

QJE

QJCD

raE • ra to E 4-> o

QJ QJ CO-r-) E O

ra

i- CL XJ -o

QJ QJ

QJ

QJE >O

S-CLCL

ra

ra E

•I

t— s- ra ro O

•1— to E I Jd -M o to QJ O

I—

O E •- O

•r- (/) 4-> QJ

ra CJ U T-

•I- +-> I— O

CL ra CL Sra CL I ra

ra to

4-3 QJ

if) CJ E -r-

•1- 4-3 (J

5- ra o s- M- CQJ 4-3 U E E QJ

ro E

4-3 QJ

to CT- •I- ra

t/) E

to ra

ra E

cr. 4-3 E U)

•I- QJ ra JC <4- to o I +J E

t/1

O

O •- O 4->

4-3 I ra O =3cr

QJ

s_

QJ QJ

S- 4-3 QJ ro

to ra

ra

O

QJ -r- S- 4-> ra -r-s-

+-3

O o

QJ CDE O •-

S_ 4-> CL roQJ TO ^

QJ

U • 4-3 to

ro to E E -r- QJ cn r—

•1- E

to

O

O

OJ •.- S- O to CL Eoo

QJ VD

LO X3 1 ra _J

D.

QJ E E ra

O) E S- q; 4-3 ra CT) tj &_ o

-D << CT E o D_

ra CD s- 1— E Q- s- QJ -r- QJ CD E o 4-3 E E QJ ro

ra fO x: r— to CO

Q_ i~ E O

D QJ ra CVJ E to 4-3 QJ

ro QJ _ra r— E

CJ

O

O 4-3 S_ •r-

</) 3 r— 4-3 QJ O ra a

S- to <a S- QJ O QJ E

Li_ q; oo cc

63
• E 1 O +-> -M o cu fO E c S- C 1

•I— to 1 OJ o OJ •i-j -o -a +-> f— o >,

O) E M- E to cu c CO -o s fO to +->

r—

<D O) <U cu fO CU cu +-> cu cu -r- D- CD to s- c s- cu -xj to O p- E (t3 Q. O r— o c c •1- cu fO

•1

13 c Li_ to •- Li- •(

4-> S- =3 n3 O - o CO u cu CX

</1 S- E s- E 1— sz CO S_ fO jE

<U o O) rt3

O re c •.- o s- S s-

•r— M- <u -o

C -1- M- E •rO <+- CL CU

+-> CD -o c:

O 4->

OO CO to CO +-> • r— OJ c c (O *i— fO cu 4-> fO fO C o ro 4-> 2: >, +J CQ M- o E CU 3

c: s- +-> fC 4-> fC o E CU s-

+-> ra to c S cu T- cu (T3 E fO .— T3

S- +-> -o r— 0) ^ 1

-c >> +-> CU fO O) o (/I OJ na E +->+-> fO +-> +-> +-> to cn4-> U

Q. -a :3 CL

C 3 fOO -rC

C O. to O) -o o cu +-> O" cu to E cu +-> •r— as O CO cu 1 t/> cu CO CU fO to fC •Ti— •-> 1

rO c > cu cu cu cu cu 13 ra E o s- c

O- • 1— > S- E s_ E cr s- o o

CD 4- -o O) Q- -(-> D. CD 4-i o -o C o c o o cu E CO CD

d) •p- • cu -M cu (U +-> sz CU "O E

s- c to "O to 4-' > -M +J sl CU •<- • s_ 03 O OJ o C QJ fO CO O CO to +-1 +-> to cu sz •I- o 4-> fO o S- E i- s- E cu J3 4- fO td E

00 +J -r- OJ fO Q. - CU fO > to

O E cu cu

fO +-> to OJ 4J 1— S- E i- s- o 1 CD S- 1—

s- -i-s +->

a CDO CU CD-I— CU cu CD i. +-> E •!-O JD

to

C ro n3O

O 4-J o O Q- CO

O to

O o OJ s- O <C S- o s- o fo u S- E o I- CU CO S-

(U C_) E Q- 1 S- Q. «=C Q-+-> S CL-r- c_) +-> TD -1- Q.

to

+-> E

CUE

cu

cuE

•r— 1 -M

+J E 3 0 +J E ra CU <C E E +-> ID 0 0 E CU ra E CU _i CU CD E s~ <U 3 +J 01 E cu cn E E 4^ CD 0

(U •- > E -0 E ra s- p- +J CO s_ <U E E E Q.

Q. E E cu E ra ra ra E O 03 to Q. s: S-

•r- C_) S- E 0 CU D- cu CD 0 CD 4-> 4-> s- O CJ) "aj '

E t/1 (A _ra o o s_ > =a; ro CU CU 4- O Q. 1— Q. CU cc 0 S- 00 O 03 C_J Q E s- 0 E 0 to CNJ =3; i- < Ll_ -0 zs U- ^ ra <NJ cu Q 13 >>—

E 0 <: cu

•r- S- LO -»-> ra CO I— s: 1— E

+-> (D ZD .— E ••- E cu ra U- C_) 0

•1- CU 3 ro E ra +J OC E 2: •r- c >- u s- 13 S_ CO ^ I— +-> =3 •r- CD E cn cu cu cC •r- ra 0

-M " s- 0 E 0 S- I— Q_ +-> !-> i- cu

S- E CD S- 0 s- 0 ^ Qc: ro

U

O Td a. C_) Q. u. <a

— 2: "a: csl

— E

CU

racu

s-

+-> -a

rao

sCO

cu

S-o Eo

cn

CO

ra

s-cn aOJcu 00

SS- cu cu u > E 0

oo 1/1 0 0

la ra 0 0

CO s- -0 s- -0

ra >> 0 0 SS- ra to ra to

S- S- s_ s- 0 ra 0 ra ra D. (U CL cu u E >, £ > 0 cu cu _J H- C\J 1— OJ

64
O 4-^ 1 c QJ CO

QJ o ro cn +-> o 1 ( QJ O c o C7) QJ

QJ QJ ••"^ 1 ^ -t—

U E O

(/) (/)U > s- c: (T3 -M Ol

C/l o

(/) I/) S- +JO QJ \J

QJ

C

J CL CL 4-> QJ S- o T—' , q_ o cu QJ M- O

fO +-> Q.

O

O c -a 1 <u OJ 1 ^ c~ (J 4-> -a to r QJ c~ CO QJ o fO fO QJ

r— 4J CO

C '1— (U (/) (/) (/^ CO

t/i fO (/) QJ

i- QJ

O

QJ n3

/It 1 > s- , OJ O

s. 03 <+- ^ (0 1 (J ( C~

/II

O 1 1 ^ 1 i- d r— 1 \ QJ (_) (J CO Q_ c t

C/) QJ Q-

/1 1 1 1 rO cz

QJ vo t

CO

p;

O LO

Q +J 'l

.[ > QfO >

if) S-O)

QJ {Ac

QJ o

</) o o o

QJ +-> i_ T—1

OI (1 ) O ^3 o c~ O I/) QJ fO

>. 4-> QJ

QJ t/5 CO

•I- S- oo •r" +-> +-> ra ZD E «/) u

*r~ QJ CO

fO

CJ) +J [ ^ O o CO

•r— CI

O T- ^ </)

^"•^ fO O CQ

"n ^

c~ ni »o

</) crc:u ^_ \/ O CI I—1 ^

CO— o t/) S 1 1 \

QJE

QJ >

QJ CU JO ra CO h- ^ 1 "n CLi fO QJ

fO s- en £^

QJ 03 CD 1— E [ ,\ QJ fO t/) "n lO o E U QJ (/) ^ C fO +-> S- r— CO /-^ C^

fO CO fO fO 14_ O QJ J , [ ,1 Cf_

n \ Q (_) Q

QJ <+- QJ QJ o.O QJ

•rU (J f~ E T3 Q* C QJ

QJ fO QJ i_ O 4-> -O O- 4j

O fO 1

•> c/) E to QJ (/) QJ fO (J

rO •r- QJ fO 4J 00 E CO > c:

t/) to fO

fd M— CO rO QJ

t/) QJ I/) CO

(J p)

_ fO Q ., ^ -13 u +-> o c: +J i- E

r— o o QJ

(J •r* QJ c:£z

1/5O Q_ CO o -M S- QJ

C; 1 CO n3

O CO CD

-M 1

4-> 4->

O E

t/) CL s_ QJ O Q- QJ c^ "O E rrt 1

(_) fO cz (_) Cj_ 1 1 1 .,

c:

c:

JO ^ ^ "O Qo3 i_

Q

fO

Q

n 1 E C" 4-> o Q E E > QJ

4-> (/) E

s- QJ C~ a. > CJ) iA <U o

S- o c~ 4J

QJ i. o QJ

to Q- 1 1 1 > =a: E OJ m O +-> <u QJ Q E E S-- > Lj_ QJ •r— QJ E +-> )-> U CL E 03 E

S_ o :3 fO S_ rO

:3 CJ QJ o Q) •r— cn Cl. cn

CO > %. o O o

O) QJ o O Q < a. o o a.

65
E (U CD E 1 E CD "O O "O 4-' "O 4-> ro O) to O 3 E -r- • E ro • E ro > "O o

fO +-> to ro i- to ro E E O E CU S- U (U <v 4-' QJ 1

ro o s- ro o ^ CD OJ C7) OJ CJ cn r— QJ <u •!— O-i

E 4-> E +J 3 E CU E CU c: CU E • S- 4-> E ro

•rO to •1— CJ •r—

U E to 4-J ro •1— CU 4-> to E S- ro E o ro o E u ro ro to N CJ (/) "O E O. CU E ro E ro -E O) 'r- "O •!— •1— E

to E <a o a. ro

u i- 1

CU > to ro

a 1

o o ro

O T- JCZ S- to 1

'1

— CX E E Q. 4-> "O Q.4-) "O "4— JD tO CU ro to

+-> ra o E CU E 4-5 ro S- tn 4-5 T3 E X) •r— E CU ro > E CU ro tj CU 4-> CU 1— to E E •t- E o o •r— D CU CJ to 4-> 4-5 ro CU ro

ra ra E E %- E E •1-5 ro to •I— ^ 1 OJ CD N CU ro o Cl. (U ro o o ro (U S CU u o O S- 'r- o 4-J CX O 4-> -1- 4-> "O E 4- M—

O E +-> E to 4-> ro E tO 4-> Q- to ro +J o ro o

Q. ra to ro •»

tj ro •1— o •r- S- E U. E CU CX 4-> to CU E 4-> to CU E tO CD QJ •1— 4-5 4-5 o to "4— fO to to 4-J to to 4-5 to to E 4— ro E

•rO 4-' 'r-' ro

O 'r— ro o ro "o CU o > OJ

to to to S- E to E E "O •!- £

"D to E to O"O to CJ1 CX

O CD ro CX E E S- 4-5 <U ro O ro E 'r— ro E E ro ro Cl S-

%- CD 4-J •r- ^ 4-> •I—

C CU S- ro i- 1— -t-J E E ro i- E ro i- o 4-> CD 1— "O Q.

O) CO ta E ro ro ro

N ro ro ro

N ro •!— ro o ro E OJ M- U 1

ra o -E X3 •p— o •r— ^ 4-J i- S- CJ roQ

O) • r~ p— JE •r- to E 1 *'

to E to CJ CU CX •1

&- E ro o E 1 ro • r—• E 1 ro •r— 1 CU E a) o

o_ -E +-> SZ 4-> CU JD 4-) CU 4J 4-> CU 4-' -d 4-5 _CZ o to (_> to S- ro CJ to S- ro to O O £Z CJ ro ro

(LI CU E E CU

O 4-) 4-> CUO 4J 4-5O i- (_) CU CU 4-5 "O 1— -I— fO 1— CJ to to f— O 1/1 to <_) Cl <t: E 1— OO 1—1

•4->

•4—O EO Ln o 'r- 1 •r~ +-> 1 •M ra Q. '—

4-5 ro '—

> E E

4-J T3 E O (U E CD CU E ro o £

CD 3 to ro 4-> CU £ E E S- E ^—

ro O)

O) •!— o CT/

O > ro >> 1— +-> to o o •r— E S- E

Q- E £ S- 4-J ro (U ro 4-5 E £ O o D_ ro s- t/) SI to ro

•r- <_> 4-J > E CU S- ^—

C7> "OOO 4-* S- CD

>-

O O) CU C_J to o o o o &- o to Q_ d) U— ^

•4—

O o. E E 1— CX O ro o 4-> ro c_5 o (U (A CVJ <c +-> CU o E > CU

OJ

Q to to 4-> CD :3

—

•1— o

•I— i- •r— 4-' ro CU E 4-' 1— SI 4-5

C

+-> fO to

O o Q. 1— £ ro L-1— ro ro

•r— <D to •!— SO 13 ro E ^ 4—5 C >~ ra S- Z3 o s- o CU to

4->

O CU •r- CD •r— cx-<- oo CO ro to > S_ O 4-* 4-5 O to S— E C > •!

£ CU CU CT> S— ro CJ O t/l O CO "O Di o erf Pt -—I' —-1- r "i crT CX to

Dl. (0 O CQ "D i- "O E OJ E

ro > ro

•r— • • -M £1 E £ E O O

r3 CD CD •!— •!— S i<C E +-5 4-' C7) ra 4-> U fO O E ra a) N

CU +J •!— Q. t- o ^ ^- 4-> S- •!— <C CD Q- 1— fO CO o to CU -^4-'

ZD

—1

+J E E lO 1 E E ra 1 O) fO -Q 1

• E -E £ CU

/I I > CU E

O) E S- ra

CD (O 4-J ^ c: CU oo u

03 S- to 4-> 1— Q_

T3

CUCoo

66
o 1 1 <xi S- 03 cz 0 to n 0 •c— 1 fO to "O s_ 0 Z3 E 1 E CU c; +-> 0

03 to S- CJ" 03 +J r- +J 03 CO '4—

4-> CU CU S- 13 CJ 03 CU

-2^

N to (_) s_ CD 0 CU > to

C •!— •I— CU CU 1— -f- +J 0 "O

fC 1

+-> S- +J S_ S- i_ to U- CU to

I/) l~l T- CJ CU 03 O- 0 CU CU CU OJ E -Q CO -C M- s_ 1— E 0 S_ 2 +-> to S- 0 03 -1-) CU -M tt- 0 to to d) 0 Lu E to

S- I/) to fd CU "O •1- M- 0 - +J cu »-> 03 (J i- CU +-> •1— E

to 1

0 C CU 0 CU •I— CJ> 03 0

CU c: CU S- +-> u_ c: 1—C E 03 •!— 03

S_ CD

C n3 E fO 0 ^ +-> ^- c c: +-> OJ s_ 1— to CJ to 03 T3

ex. •I— fO to CD +J CJ 03 - 03 03 +J +-> ^ E CU 0 1— x: 03 CJ E SZ M— CU 03 0 13

to 0 1— CJ CO

C CU cn 0 •!- CU QJ E

fC to *<

—?

c: •r— to E to +J D_ 4-> "O 03 E 0 +-> 03 0 "O CU +-> 03 -|->

I/) c S- 4J 03 OQ •1— E 0 CU E

"O CJ: -M Q. 03 to +-> 03 0 +J S_ 0

CD to CU E CU 03 +J CU CJ ej

S_ c <D -0 S- CU CU ^ CU CU E CU CU CU

i- S- 0 -Q CU 4-> +-> S- CJ CU +J E S- cu 03 4J 03 CJ E E 03

t»- <+- +J M— 03 to 0 S- -4-) CU 03 Q. s- 0 S- cu 0 to 0 cr s- CU CU i- +-> CU +-> 0

i_ to CU C7) Q. 1— CU to 0 c +-> 4-> C •!— CU E %. CU CU to -a

ro 0 to 0 to 0 >-, (J 0 to > (J E +-> OJ 0 i- 0 •1— CU 0 0 0 to CU 0 (t3 ZJ

t~ 1 0. +-> to <C -)-> "O ro "O 0

4-> o

CU o <c JZI -—>

•r— 03 +J e: to ~ E CU ct; 0 fO CU E C CD 1 s_ E OJ

O) =3 CJl O) E C 0 C7) CJ

QJ •!— S- fO "O <c 1— -M (/I CU a. E E

Q.C E E fO 03 CJ) E O n3 0 s_ s: 1— c

•r— CJ S_ 0 CU CU •>— CD -M CD E

s_ 0 <U '—03 to E E O O S- > =a; IS ^—,

CU fO CO

O CL CU :jz CX3 S- d; 1

O Q E 0 0 d.

to C\J ca: u_ C\J Lj_ "O

CD >)

CU E to

•1- S- oo c I— 03 CU +J ro ZD •p- E 0 0 (0

•1— CD

C n3 E +-> SC >- 13 , +-> 0 CO 13

13 E cx> 03

u "r- SI CU 0

+-> •> E 0 s_ CU -M U_ S- to

S_ c 0 J- r3 03 ^ 0 CU O •!— C_) D_ oc S —

Li_ Q. (/) O- n3 O CQ

"O S- C CU 10

n3 >

•r— CO q; 03 E •r~ s_

fO OJ

&- ^ fO to

CJ) n3 M- CU to o c •r" CU

S- oo E +-> to Q- 0 S- cC OJ 03 o S ta CJ to CU +J o (/I CU 03 CO jO E

ZD _J 4-> s_ 14- 03 CU 13 1 0 M- u CD 0 1 O) (U C7) u E E S- CU E U 03 •n- 1 1—1

CU E *r- to

s- a. Q. E +-> to

OJ 0 0 E a 03 *r— 0

OJ 0 r— 03 0 S- r— c: -0 CU C_5 Q_ CQ C/1 0 JD fO +-> >

(O <u I— 0 T3

67
\^ tu

n 1 CJ (_) • U to

QJ 1 ^ [ \ to CO

cu *'~" \U QJ to

to 4->

j_\ fO %- r—

'r— 1 1 /1 1

03

O to [ ^ <a

QJ fO ( J

Q

O >

fO <+- <—>— r-s ft3 i- o (

fO •r— +j iJZ p •I— c c

to

O -o cu

t/) E E f

(T3 Q.O s_ 1— QJ ,

cu fO E fO cu q O o U > ^

r~

O •r— O)

d r— QJ

p c~ o > U S- (J

CD QJ QJ OJ

Q QJ 1 -i-j 1

f—) 11

<X)

Q LO

Q 1 1 n

fOC (D QJ fO

Q) ^ to fO

P= CI i_ <~

QJ T— C7>Q

C/)

Q

Q_ ^ CZ J_ j ^ n3 n

•1

—

O i_

QJ cu o oO Q- (/) c~

s_

(/) c\J ca^ 4-) QJ

d)

Q (/) (/) 4-J •1— i- C/) •r— 4-> fO CU ^5 oo (J U

to s_ c >-

4-^

Q +J « CO to 03 (/) <_J 'f— E 1 U.' O T— c/>

f"^ CO

(T3

O ClD C Q,) to >

p:fO QJ CD eri (/I o c n 1 t- CO %_ o (O

S- <C QJ

\y o to i/) •—i 1 ^, ;> (— { OJ r~i E O

—I CU E

sz

<D

O

Ol o d Q

-Q

fO 1— • +->

I/) 1 -a SQJ S- o "O fO

•1

o CU Q-

+-> +-> S

(J •r— •r~

Q "O CU >

OJ •r— QJ P 9- </) O (J ro >- JE

n3 E -O Q- fO E "O

+J

O (/) t—1

S- E s— CJ

CU •!— o o OJ QJ

+-> to •< ^ n3 to +-> to +-> S CU E QJ -a s- r— QJ CJ E QJ M— E E n3 s- cn O •!— £2. fO ' O +-> >,-M O

t/5 Su s- E O CL) fO ro ^ • CU ro > to E +-> lo E ^ CU to •1

3 TD

Q. *o (O s_ E S- E O E Q. ro O fO 1 Q s_ E -J

O) -r- o fO > +-> 14- (J to 4-> I— <+- CU fO • •r— s- O -!-> O

T3 OJ (/) co E QJ 13

U E +-> "O QJ -M

SO QJ fC

U to

O i- E O QJ S- o QJ O) S- •!- O)

<4- S- fO _J 1— > Q-TD E

OJaE

fO

4-J E to

fO •r- oS O V)

C_> _J (/I cc: < E E QJ ro E <-> S- Q. to CD O O) O S- s- QJ <C o

Q- > 3: Uu

QJ E +J Q LU QJ E >

OJ >^ E 4J </) +J CL •r- E ro E O E ro &- ro

13 S- QJ S- CU E ^ Q. CD > E O O O

cu o s- o s- Q C_J Q_ C_J D_

4-> £

O)E

QJ cn •4-> > E E O

•r— QJ S- E Q.

0)O QJ E

J3 Z5 > •1

•rTM

O

M- s- -o •o Q. E o E E ro O ro +-> O to E cn O E SQJ cu

to •(-> E JD

rou S E

QJ QJ ro •r— S- "a Li- U~> u o E S68
rl 1 J_ CO (J

r1 1

UJ •r—

4—* cz

t/1 CU t/l "O

GJ

a e OJ QJ CU c •p— ^ _ >— OJ

fC o 1 1 CO 1 1

t/j CU -a

OJ OJ c •D o _

£^

J ^ t—' > [ ^ C^ o fO 1 > t 1 CI

cu

vu c~ o r— 4—* ^— c (J

1—1- (J t/) 4-^ j, > [ ^ O- OJ t

CI

d

n 1 fl 1 U-* ^ > ^

to o QJ f1 1 • \U C/) QJ • c: nUJ1 ^ cu OJ (1 »

QJ S- CIw ' O O -r- o 1

QJ >— O) 4- cu O p)

n 1 CO CO "O

t4_ fO r- CI

w QJ

QJ t/) OJ fO

O fOO

%_ ~o c>— > fO Q OJ OJ cu u O i- (_) O SQJ t/) u o i- o "O f

1 1

Cl M— LU

-Mo

cr

Q

fO

—» o

cu

C QJ a; c

OJ ^ ai cn OJ

F=c ^*— c: cz O T— r— 4—) I/) c

Q_ ^ c: QJ CO

P= o ^. f

•»— C_) i_ OJ QJ CD OID- QJ +J Q C (/) o o i_ fT3 QJ OJ 1 1 1

M—

O Q_ o:U > CO

i- c cu

(/) C\J c-r "O

OJ

Q c: o

s- oo fO COOJ ^, > •r- OJ M QC C >- CO o QJ CO QJ o; OJ CU O-

+j t—'

C_J o

S- c o X) 1 1 o Q O "r- U- ' Ll_ ( ^ CO ^ fO O CO

13 >

t/) d

fO QJ w«\ r—*—

i- CO

OJ

I—J ^

C/O o

ZD _J +-> 1 c 1 OJ (—1

OJ >

O) O) c

1—

69
USDA PROGRAMS

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE ASSISTANCE TO CONSERVATION

DISTRICTS

Under the authorities of this program, the Soil Conservation Service through local conservation

districts, assists both individuals and groups in

the planning and application of needed soil and

water conservation on private lands. The implementation of a large portion of the elements in the

Preferred Plan could be accomplished through this

program with an acceleration of technical assistance to soil conservation districts.

THE SMALL WATERSHED PROGRAM

The Small Watershed Program (PL-566) administered

by the Soil Conservation Service provides assistance to sponsoring local organizations in planning

and carrying out a program for the development,

use, and conservation of the soil and water

resources of a small watershed area.

The Preferred Plan elements in approved watershed

projects including erosion control, irrigation, and

recreation could be implemented. Treatment and

protection of federally owned lands within such

projects could be included.

A substantial increase in the level of this program

will be needed if the opportunities it provides for

implementing the Preferred Plan are to be realized.

70
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

The Resource Conservation and Development Program

(RC&D) administered by the Soil Conservation

Service is designed to expand the economic

opportunity for people in a given area. Under this

program, USDA agencies provide technical, costsharing, and loan assistance to local sponsors by

developing and carrying out action plans for conservation and improvement, development, and wise use

of natural resources. The RC&D Program can be

utilized to implement the Preferred Plan in

approved RCSO project areas where group action is

needed to solve erosion, irrigation, recreation,

and related problems.

The RC&D Program provides an alternative vehicle

for implementing the Preferred Plan in approved

RC&D project areas. As elements of the Preferred

Plan are implemented, opportunities for RC&D action

can be identified.

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP)

administered by the Agricultural Stabilization and

Conservation Service provides funds for costsharing with individuals and groups of landowners

and operators for the installation of conservation

practices. To be effective in the acceleration of

the land treatment, as outlined in the Preferred

Plan, the present level of cost-sharing assistance

under the program would need to be increased.

The ACP Program could be used to implement the plan

elements associated with irrigated land, dry

cropland, rangeland, private forest land, and

streambank stabilization.

71
CLEAN WATER ACT

Rural Clean The objective of this act is to restore and mainWater Program tain the chemical, physical, and biological

integrity of the Nation's waters. Section 35 of

this act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to

enter into contracts to provide technical and

cost-sharing assistance to owners and operators of

rural land. The Rural Clean Water Program, where

authorized, can be utilized to implement the plan

elements associated with irrigated land, dry

cropland, rangeland, forest land, and streamchannel

stabil ization.

COOPERATIVE FORESTRY ASSISTANCE ACT

Assistance On Under this program the Forest Service is authorized

Non-Federal to work through and in cooperation with State

Forest Land Foresters or equivalent State officials in

implementing Federal programs affecting non-federal

forest land by providing assistance in (1)

advancement oP forest resource management; (2)

encouragement of the production of timber; (3)

prevention and control of insects and disease

affecting trees and forests; (4) prevention and

control of rural fires; (5) efficient utilization

of wood and wood residues, including the recycling

of wood fiber; (5) planning and conducting urban

forestry programs; (7) improvement and maintenance

of fish and wildlife habitat; (8) forest resource

planning, training, and technology implementation.

This program complements the policies and direction

set forth in the Forest and Rangeland Renewable

Resources Planning Act of 1974.

72
THE FOREST AND RANGELAND RENEWABLE RESOURCES

PLANNING ACT (RPA)

RPA This act directs the Secretary of Agriculture to

periodically assess the status of the Nation's

forest and range! and resources and recommend a Forest Service program for management and use of

these resources. It requires the development of an assessment every 10 years and a Recommended Program

every 5 years. The National Forest Management Act

is an amendment to this act.

NATIONAL FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT (NFMA)

NFMA This act provides the direction for program development on National Forest lands in accordance with

long-range management plans.

National Forest programs could be used to implement

portions of the Preferred Plan elements including

forest road treatment, increase wood fiber production, and outdoor recreation facility development.

A substantial increase in funding for these

programs will be needed if the Preferred Plan is to

be implemented.

73
FARMERS HOME ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMS (FmHA)

The Farmers Home Administration is authorized to

make loans to various non-federal landholders for

the implementation of various land and water

development measures. Landholders eligible for

these loans are public and quasi-public bodies,

nonprofit corporations, and private individuals or groups owning land.

Loan assistance is available for plan elements

associated with the development of recreation

areas, irrigation facilities, forestry, and land

treatment measures including erosion control.

Loans from FmHA may also be used to pay the local

share of most watershed projects and RC&D measures.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO COOPERATIVE EXTENSION PROGRAM

The Cooperative Extension Program acts as the information, education arm of USDA. University

extension specialists and local county agents

cooperate with other USDA agencies to provide

individuals and groups information and assistance

concerning the proper use and management of Idaho's

soil and water resources.

74
(/I +-> COo

u

-o

+-> CO

o o 1^ vo o cn CO o CO CO CO CO o o

+-> c

O)E

Ql

o

O)>

o

on

eel Dei

+-> •1— +-> e +->

4-> O cu a -o E

1/1 C\J E •r— E CU O +J 4-> -o ro E O S- ro •r— o cu

<U CU o s- E s- "O OJ S- c: E CL O •1

oj :^ +-> <u ^- 13

+-> E +-> cu 4-> CT

13 +-> C E cu E cu ra cu E c C ra CU +-> O i- S- <o O) E fC +-> "I

4J CO s_ 4-> cu -M CO S- CO fO Q. +J n3 s- 03 ro LU CQ CO O cu +J cu CU E CU _i

s- -a S-. E s- o CJ ec

1 u c: -M -D E o o E E 1— O

cu fO fO CU a ra O Q 1—

1

E "O -o O s- ra -l-> ^-

1—

1

CD CD Q. s- o cu CO > +-> O S- CO +-> •r- 'oj fO i- +J E o ra u CO CD u cu CO fC o cu cu CO c •r— Oi cu cu -a S- ••-} ta J3 ra s- s- s_ +-> o o

fO o +J :3 E S- 1— 1—

1

u_ 00 o 1—

(

Q.

75
USDA PROGRAM OPPORTUNITIES

Areas Several areas were identified in the study as Identified having potential through USDA Program implementation for solving the concerns addressed. They

Include:

Soil Erosion

and Sedimentation

Potlatch River

East Fork Potlatch

Little Potlatch Creek

Paradise Creek

South Palouse

Red Rock Creek

Shebang Creek

Stockney Creek

Meadow Creek

Big Canyon Creek

Little Canyon Creek

Cottonwood Creek (Myrtle)

Tammney Creek

Big Bear Creek

Little Bear Creek

South Fork Clearwater

Deadwood Creek

Elk Creek

American River

Ruby Creek

Orofino Creek

Five Mile Creek

Six Mile Creek

Outdoor See Identified Potential Recreation Sites map.

Recreation Further study would be required to identify other

Facility suitable sites.

Development

Increase Timber stand improvement programs would be carried

of Wood out in areas of greatest land capability (prime

Fiber timberl ands) . Expanded wood utilization programs

Supply would occur at mills and plants and in logging

areas througout the Basin, where efficiency could

be improved.

76
ALTERNATIVE PLANS - CHAPTER IV

ALTERNATIVE PLANS

CHAPTER IV

INTRODUCTION

Development of Alternative Plans for the conservation and use of water and related land resources

of the Basin are based on two National Objectives

(1) Protection and Enhancement of Environmental

Quality (EQ) and (2) Enhancement of National

Economic Development (NED).

A number of plan elements were identified to

satisfy problems and concerns displayed and

discussed in Chapter 1. Elements included in these

plans represent the judgement of the Study Staff

and desires of other Federal and State agencies,

and the public as received through the Idaho State

Study Team, XJ

Two Alternative Plans were formulated. One emphasized Environmental Quality, which maximizes contributions to the EQ Objectives; and one emphasized

Economic Development, which maximizes the contribution to the NED Objectives. The plan elements

address one or both of the Objectives.

A third alternative, the without plan condition,

was also developed. This alternative represents

the situation estimated to occur without implementation of the Preferred Plan. It provides a base for

measuring the effectiveness of the other plans and

aids in selecting the Preferred Plan.

Tables VIII through XII display the alternative

plans, their estimated costs, benefits impacts and

effectiveness. Three accounts were used to display

the plan effects National Economic Development

(NED), Environmental Quality (EQ), and Other Social

Effects (OSE).

\J Representatives of State and Federal agencies

associated with Pacific Northwest and River

Basin Planning in Idaho.

77
+-' szcvE cz o o o o o o o o CD o o 0 CL o o o o o o o o O o o o O 1 <0 LO CT) CO LO o O CO ^ 0

Q. «> 1 1 o LO LO 1

' ' o CO CO 00 > CO C\J CO CTi to to CVJ UJ *.0 CVJ CO

dlo

"r— Eocoo

UJ• CJ o o O o o o o o o o o o 0 n3 d LO O uo LO o o o o o o o r-. o 0 C O O ro ' tsD LO CTi CO o o o 0 O O *^ 1— o 00 LO 1 LD 1

' ' ' CO 1

CVJ CVl

+-> CVJ C\J Cv] CO CVJ 00

n3 LD LD CVl to CO

%- UJ

fO "O <u c >-

*^ '—^ CI cy

LlJ (/) >— (O CO S- >) </) QJ CO CO CO QJ to H

QJ -O QJ QJ QJ JD QJ

•r- dJ

— ~ E S~ - z <— E %~ r— > o o CJ •1- ^ 0

fO "r—

cu EC QJ >- O 3 QJ E

>- o QJ • p— ) > CO

•r- UJ CO (/) CVJ

d) ro to QJ C7) _d r— CT) d

+-> D- o fO

4-* '— E

QJd 1— iO > d QJ •r— C3 ^— *r- +J o E CO d 4-J H— C QJ QJ ^ (/) fO CD 4J > •r— S E d QJ Jd

4->

C E fOO 4->

O iO Q- to £1 •)-> C75 S- 1— fO •1— O CTi 13 QJ QJ 03 •r- Q. f— M— +-> r— d S- -M E +-' QJ %- E +-> <D ro to JD d

QJ 1

i- %-

O

d M— S- > o. QJ 1— to +-> 'r— CD QJ S- "O Q- • • o E -•-> QJ d d <4- E S- o QJ QJ O •t-> d QJ d

"O QJ

O -r- +-> QJ +-> to "O

d ro CD QJ

d I—1 o •1- 4J i- 03 E c d T- o QJ "O ra E CT)

(T3 UJ ra <X3 +->d QJ QJ E O

O > Q. E d to

d CL

d

g— n3 (T3 +->

—^ o C_J

T [ ^ ro -o ra 0

D.

—

Cl S- CTIr— ra +-> CO -a il ra QJ E rN 1 CO O •r- Q. 2 O o +-> QJ QJ QJ QJ ro 1 *-> S- (/) s_ -o QJ +-> +-> -M t/1 s- CD S- > i. o S- QJ QJ d 4-> d -)-> d 0 QJ cn

»—I

QJ -M •1- M- ^- (O (T3 +-> +-> QJ to If- -o 1—1 E -a S- •p— d S- i- E -o S- o s- 1—1

QJ QJ QJ I— Q. •I- QJ QJ QJ ra

d s- QJ S- QJ > -*-> > QJ "O -o O E > > 1

-M ra +J CJ QJ Cl

QJ ro JZ 1

r— s_ •rd

d Q. CO QJdd +-> 0

QJ cn o +-> -r- o I—

OO E d QJ QJ o QJ ro SC •r— o O 3 UJ O CJ 1—4 1—1

LO CJ U- 3 Q- J3 fO S- >, d

n3 S- s- fO 1— Q_ 1—H Q

-o

QJOO

78
Q

LU

toQ. oo o oo O 00 r—

«^ rt cr> CO I— I— n

o o o o CO oo

I—

ro ro

o o

o o Ln o

CTi CO

s- = o

r— O

o

o o O o O o o O CO o ro

LO

oo C\J ro ro

<u

</) 1/5 CO «4- OJ O) O) O)

J- = S- = S- s_ u u o u

_l

UJ

ns o o o

00 CU OJ fd on s- to to i- to E

i- ro s_ ro "O E

+-J Q. ro <D O) >, O)

ro

OJ

ro

cu cu>v

roo

ro sz

S- OJ >. N

oo

to >) E o

fo tiv s1

• r—

to

ro

i_ O

CD

CM

S- ro O

to T3E

(/) fO s- cu +-> CD c 5- cu a CL ro

4-> c: (D X3 s- cu cu o ro

S- > C O) > o +-> > E i- +-> E

O) OJ O =3 4- o CU +-> o +-> E o

E -M CU cu cu CU •f— CD CO to to to to E 00 to N +-> E 4-> fO C CO o "o -a x: o -a o E +-> O

O) cu -a fO ro ro o E ro CU ro ro CU ro CU E (0 o o o o O lO u o o •r— E to OJ 4-> q" +J • • o 00 Z3 CO S- en ro i- u S- O

ro UJ (C c s- -o E cr)T3 c

>i

ro o ro 4-> S- E

z: <D o S- ro E ro >^ Cl. +j cu o c o

Q. S- 1 o o •r- o s_ s- to to s- •r—

1 CO +-> +-> i_ ro ro to 4-> ro -o ro ro 'a; +->

1 +-> CO T- u s_ s- to +-> s- cu cu i- S- -a +-> S- E E ro e XJ fO S- CD o o ro Ol r— o cu M o o E a o E ro N

1—

(

O) S- OJ ro a. cx s_ c ro Q. 00 Cl Q. ro Z2 -l-> ro •!-

1—

H

E o ai+-> a E E o E E E S- u E r1—

1

QJ S- S- o o O) OJ CD O CU 4-> CU CU cu 4-> cu u ro -r- > _i 1— 1— -o U _J 1— +-> 1— 1— CO to CU -Q

O) +J OJ CD ro ro i- o E E s- ro

0) CO O) O) cu o o ro C OJ oo OO C_) o a (U oo to J2 fO S- i_ fO h- Q.

o

u_

4-> OO

oOJE

•r—

4-> C

o

79
+-> c

<u o E c LU Q. ro O o CO CO 1— o o o o o o '

CO o o o o o c

Q- CVI CT> CTi CO CU > O IX) o o CTi +J

CU UJ CVi OJ O "Z. 1— r

c:

*'

•I— O) "O E ^ d) o a "O C •'— o o

UJ o' " +-> C O ro o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O o o o o CO "^1" CM o o c o o • •t— o Q- 1—• (— o LO I—- LD LO o o CO CU • CVJ *^ *^ CU CO. CU n3 C CO CO 1— C\J en i- o Cl S S- UJ LO LD CU O

ro ' ' ' 3 in "O OJ CO C >- >^ TD

CU CU d) "O

"D Cl CU •—» C 'r— O "O cy •!— +J >

UJ CO +J CU *^ •r- QJ CO >

03 O) (U CO "O Cl. (U 4— O "O "O ^ 5_ CO CO CO CO CO CU 1

CU

>- +J d) c CU CU CU " CU s— > CO "C3 5 1— d) 'r~ 4-> - — - E • ID = ^- CU o *' o 1 > C ro c •r- U -r- (J tj c: JO "O > '~

fO •!— ZD C/J .-J ^ co: <c CU ro CU 'n- CU o -Q X3 jO

(J •f— > d) E f

'r— ro "r- > o E i- "O o

4-> e o CD JO +-> cz CU ro ro o CD JC E 5- o C +J o C Q) CU '(

O 3 S- 5 ro

SO CU CO. o ro

•1— 1 +-> > (/) 1

CD CU > c: ro CU cx

CD _d • t— JO ' UJ LO E CU ro ro +j

Q. CO > :3 CD ro

CD fO

O +-> -I— c: c: CU x: r— ' c +-> C •!— E JZ

+-> CL > CO CO • • CU

u E CUro ro 3 ^ (U CU d) dl CO CO a CU o o o o o > a •r- CU (U o 1— M— +-> i. -M +J

+J +-> •1 •! *^ CU d) CJ

•1— -t-J +-> co +-> +J CO to LO

(/) ro +-> f— 1

'1

— 'r— CJ c: CU c <u CU

+->

C •r— •n- "1

' ' CU ro CO t- 'r— S- %-

C SU

O ro "O E 1— o CU CJ o o

O) O) ro ro o u s_ o CU CL

U CD ro CU ro ro E ro ro CD +J > c CD

CL) 1ro Cl c: c o r— d) ro

O SZ o o r— fO •4— CD cr. •1- ro t/1 •I— CU ^- 1— S- o ro c o o

(L) o o CU I— E CL ro <u o c CO -C ro CO o •I— •r- CO -r- cu (J CU E 3 ro •^ CJ o O. Q. C C ro ro JO 13 > cn Cl_ o

ro UJ E E U

O o >> s- JO o CD >> Q_ CMO CM C\J ,

M ro S_ T- +j (4_ i_ Z3 CU 1— 2: c:o D. —

rouu CX Q- to CUO CL

O -C O-Cir UJ 1 l/l OJ CO JD £Z CO CU -o c E ro CL UJ 1 4-> S- T3 -a -o -o CU r3 r— o ro -r- -t-J o u OJ dJ CU CU CJ CT) O r— -r- o CO 1— oo i.

h-4 OJ O) Q- CO CL CO

u c U 1— JD 3 CTlr— ct CO o I—1 t—t E

O)

s_

O i- r- CU o s- 1— CU ro T- 1 -rO

CO j:i E CU

C 1

S-cu

CU > i_ CU a. CU CL +-> E CO c 3 CO E JO

O) o > CO > CO ro -1-

O 3 O ro r- 3 E

OJ o CU -r- CU T- o 3 SO E CU CU ro •r— c: Q Q Q Q CO C>0 CJ o l/^ U_ LO 1— JO ro 4-> u ro

ro I- fTM Z3 osz 1—1

o_

80
c

o

a

u

c

o (/> •r— CO +J cu c

n3 > C cu

cu O) to E

o "f— -»-> cu rO S- CO ra CO s- M- &. c: cu •p- >

>»-» •r- cu s- +-> 3 'r— fO 3 cu to CT CD CO S- (O S- cu O

CO CL) s- <u -O T3 E sz cu CO c i-

• • C c: T3 O +-> E o cu

r-— rs m s- o • • o cu •r— CO CO c

r-~ o +j M- 1 CO CO +-) to S- •f— s- CO [— -o 1 3 to cu cu c *l

c o S- N ss- 4- CL) ra • 1

-a •1— 00 O -i- cu +j <U O S- c: CU r— 4-> o i~ CO <u to CL o TD •!- to

O) E t/) to cu 4-> Cl +-> E •1— C 1— c to M- -o S- C 4-> o o <u C CU > o •n- ID c E +-> to c c to ^- O

o 4- 4-> •r- OJ c: o ss- O (O CO S- > s- o 13 ai E >> Cl •r— S- (U 00 D. o cu •I

-M +J 4-i E S- S- cu o C\J CO s_ +-> +J to CU •r- 03 •r-

'1

o -o i- Q. •r— s- x: <+- p—

O) CD •1- 3 M- O E s -o o (O o X( (A O O -o £Z to a> 3

> <u to S- o cu c afO O) o cu c •r— 1 •!— +J CO OJ O i- o o +-> cu 4-> "O cu CO

CO fO o cu a CU fO <U "O > E

CD s- CO -M E S- u CD o to o (O

s- J- 4-> 'f- s- cu <u > 13 3 i- cu

O) o •r- ns cu c:d s o -a U. -a s- Q. i. c c > •r— (O o S- CU %- cu o E 4-> E 1—

1

UJ fO T3 c s- E _J D_ 1—

1

CO o S- to

1 czr (tJ o E 1 1 1

T3

CU3

C

O

C_3

CO

to3

CDto

4-> C

CUE

c

o

S-

•r—>

CO

+-> o

cu >>

+-> 3

LU (O

CU CU J3

CO

S-cu to > S- a 3 < 4-> fO a E

c

to 4-O

fO COto o cu

•r— i.

<+- «=c CUE

CU CQ

+-> "O CO 03 E O S- -a 1 XJ cu to cx 3 CU o E E

E > <u +J C7) E CO 03 o

to o •>-a to 03 03 E U cu CJ • •r— r— S- CO E 5 •r— CO

£3. Q. S- +J E CU " 03 +-> +-> 03 1— cu O E to E O 4- CO CO 4-> (U •p- CU •r- 4-> CO S- -r- cj cu •1— O Q. S- x: S- O

cu U CO E +-> CVJ E CU 4-> •P" 03 CO CO

S- •r- 03 I/) 3 O CO o

o CU CD E -O cu CU T3 CU 03 CU cu -o

to ^ 3 o cu S- s- cu to 4- E O)

-t-> O •r- CO o o i_ O CL E s- CO cu 03 E cnc/^ o O M- J= s- 3 03 O 03 O 03 T~ O -)-> O C3r4-> -i- 3 S- cu •p" cu +-> S- CO CU •r- +-> I/) 4-> 4- . > s

r~ >>-o o (T> s- E CJ •r— 03 cu cu

•p— +J E T3 CO o 03 3 > O) E CO "O E

E •1- (O cu -r- -o co CO S- S- o 3 O O CO -M -4-> +-> o s_ s- •p~ 1^ to (U 3 E 3 -)-> E CVJ CO o cu •l-> CU 03 4J 3 cn-a 3 o O CU CO E CU i_ > cu 03 CO CT E CU 03 E O 4- to O E N

to s- <+- cu Cl. Cl 4- cu CL •1— E 1— s_ o jE E O CO fO x: E CD i. o fO n 4-> E XJ +J •P" E 3 •p— 3 -O S_ Q. CU O 03 p— •p- U +-> E CO E cu 3 4- > •r- O 4- cu O O 3

O •1- to > o cu 4-> S- o x: E O

> o -a •r— -o 03 s 4J CU -o

CO U r— E +-> 4- E o

O cu T3 o cu U) O 4-> O cu Z. ^ o

S- x: E <U 3 CO x: E a CU •- <: 0) +J to > J3 CU 1— +J in CU +-> 3 CL 3 r~ 03 •r- E CU E 03 X -o

T3 CU +J -o 4-> CU 1— a. cu cu E cu

CU U 4-> to cu o S- O >

O E CO +J (J 03 f

CO -^1 to W •!— o

3 to cu cu 3 +J • 1

03 03 cu +J 1 03 +J u. -o x: i- CO U CU CU "^J- > CO CU a Cl

CU E O cu (U E 03 s- S- r-l cu E •P" S- 03 E

cu t- > i- t—

1

4- 03 4-> t-H -o 1—

1

3 03 CL 1—

1

E

O

3O

+J CO

to o

%- -r- cu -i-> cn E cu cucn+J

cu CO +-> s- cu

03

cu

E

o

03 r—

S- 03 CO 3 3-1-

-»-> CO S03 •!- E > CU -a

CU CU O > CU E O U

03 S- 3

x: Q.-a E E cu UJ i—i a:

1—1 III

81
«/) fO CQ

s.

(U>

•r— CC

lac

oo

O)o

0)>

+J

roC

s-0)

>>

-(->

fO

=J o-

(O

4-> c

O)Eo

$- T3

<U > 3 C C

UJ •r—

4-> a> £= SI O

4-> o

»4-O o

I/) o +-> CsJ U

«a s- Q. <0 E Qi •—1 1 >- 1 X1—H

(U JD

fO 1—

4JCoou

rtJ +-5 c

O)Eco

s->

LU (—1 /—\ /—V—

fit VI/ o

$_ lo 1 % v) ro <u 4—* kJ

f~ ^ ( QJ o (U

Qj (

03 CO

vx^ > i4_ cr W— O. -C O O "1

O ro ro a> E 4_> ph r— f— UJ

•r— QJ

n 1 £^ /—\

x> to I/) ^~ i_

—

03

4-5 QJ ^ > ro ^J v) c:

cr UJ V—J o cr o ro -[ t rl 1 \jj QJ QJ ~0 +-> . > fO c s_ o t/) Q

QJ QJ j_ >> q;O fl 1 UJ E to 1— OJ QJ CO •r— t-> QJ fO

s_ • • fO c CU C ro M- CD fl) UJ

</) ro

Q o fO tQJ J_ CU s- to t

s- OJ r— .| > n 1 >> o 4-5 QJ C|_ 3 •« r— +j TJ /-\ \J +J ro •r- UJ QJ fO E \^ n ^ t/j fl\ UJ QJ fO ro U) ro 4-* (_) I/) 03 4-5 E 1— o f

UJ QJ flUJ1 fO CL 13 •r— _0 QJ r— > cr t|_ S- QJ (_j 5_ +J o TD QJ , £ > C S- O) QJ QJ 0) QJ fl )

UJ QJ U J- _Q QJ "O H\U1 JC SI flUJ1 E n 1 cr 4-> +-> 4-5 QJ flUJ1 4-5 ^> QJ (/) 4-5 fO S- o ro (/) (/) (J CU OJ I/) 4-5 QJ CD fO flUJ1 Qj -a /1 1

'VJ

O > E a fO

S- i CD i- (_j o ro 4-5 c > > s-

+-> •> (— +-> ^ 4-5 ro S- QJ flUJ1 OJ M- 03 o *r~ (_0 Q CL «- fl) UJ -a QJ XJ QJ QJ i_ c E 4-> 4-> c c CI J_ ro ro "o Ct^ fV p\ LiJ t—t to UJ o rO ro ro o o c r- QJ _j cn i_ 1— ro O <4- 1 1 1 H-1

^- 1 S 1

X3

QJ3CCO

C_3

QJ 73

i- I/) E

QJ ro ro CL OJ CL

to CJ o c c CM S-

•r—

O -r- o

4-> >>

toC r—

O)O -1- to

s- •r- S s- 3 ro OJ to T3 QJ ^

mea •rC E ro >> o

4-> 4-

C30 to tn

O

t-> • QJ c E >)

CD o 'r~ +-> E >-> ro

+-> E

ro o O I/) ro CU c o 3

s- o 4-> QJ CT

•1— " o s:

to

O 3 CU o O -U 3 E s- cr> O JD +-> ro QJ S- E Cl E QJ o. QJ O O O o <_) M •r— E 3 S- ro ro o o ro QJ r— jE

Q)CL

ro >, u s_ to "O oE XJ QJ ro E ^ r- ro ^-J

QJ QJ . UJ

QJ E ^ o

+-> -r-

+-> «+- ro o >

s- >> QJ

+-> l/l •1- E

r—

O

ro o 3

cr ».

ro •!- 3 I—

to ro

•I- 3 > oQJ QJ

jz: ^ 4-> +J

OJ CU 0 u E E

ro ro sz sz E E

UJ LU 1 I EO

S-

<+-

sQJ

4-> ro5oE3

S- ^-oEO

•r-

*-> 3 -O ^ E

•r- ro

i- .—

+J CL

toO

•r- S- -o u

in

QJ

X-3

in

ro

CUE

-ME

QJE

+-> ro

QJ

s4-> •oE

ro r~

QJcnE

ro

QJ>Ou

QJO

S-3O

i/) QJ

i- QJ> X)

•I- E

+J ro

ro 1—

4-> QJ

<U CD

CD E

QJ ro E > S- o

QJ QJ SI JC

4j +j

QJ QJ > a QJ O E O

s- ro 3

CLx: XJ E E QJ

CUQ.

ro X3 O E

to ro XJE E

ro o

+J

QJ ro JC >

+J sQJ

»J- I/) O EO

>, o

+-> •I— •> >— >>

ro 4-) 3 •!- CTi—

ro I— 3

ro cr 3

to QJ

•f- SI > +J

QJ CU o a E E

ro ro JC ^E E

XJE

ro

QJE

ro

SQJ JC

+-> o

s-

«+-

CU MroS -•-> ro

-i-> -1-

O J3 E ro 3 ^s_ Q) ^- ^- o -r- E x> O r— 3

XI CU

•I- >

s- o

+->

I/) Ci. •r- E

T3 I—<

QJ

S-3

l/l ro

QJE

-(-> E

QJE

+-> ro

QJ

s-

+-> x:

roo

sto

CU

s-o pE

QJE

S- -r- ro XI

QJ QJ 5^ 1/1

S- QJ <u o

£3. 3

T3

to QJ E S- O

+J XJE o ro oo to

r-i ro

Lf)

O

cr. I.

cu

QJ x: CL4J

rou E

to

O

XJ s- E Mro .— $-QJ

QJ 4-> SI ro O «+-O M 3

JDEO

too

s_ o

in

QJ

S-o

ro oo I I I I

QJ "dcu tn O CTl 3

T3

QJ E

CC

O I

r— ro

ro 3 3 cr EE r—

ro ro3

l/» to E •«- O >

+J

QJ

O JC O 4->

•V QJ

V£)O

O E

CO ro sz

>. c

J3 LU

<+-O

>,

+->

ro3

cr

QJ XJ

SI E

A-> ro

QJo +J E CO

ro Qi sz s_ E O

LU ^- I

82
>> 4-5 «D QJ 4—* 0 CO

•4-5 r >> -Q ~o QJ 4-5 fO

CI QJ •I— _C

fO (U <T3 bu rO QJ

I/) >> •r- —^ ii -J *T—

*

' c fO >— O" T—

>> •r- <D S- CO r'"~ -Q •4-5 c </) CO fO —

XJ QJ

CO 0 QJ rT\ t^J H- QJ r~~

J CD a SZ v—J CU CJ 4—' r~ OJ C >- CD 0 •rTM QD CJ> QJ E TO ^

>— CD

c>- 4-5 Q. C QJ O- CO 4-5 QJ __Oi 0 •r- I/) 0 H—

0 fu L-i. CU V— Q

• •r— * r— I/) to D. 0 QJ QJ ^ QJ cx cr

c= -1—' -a rO QJ CX -CI QJ (/) £Z QJ to O) U 1— -o 0 " CO

QJ fO ^- CU "O Q- QJ CO

r>- •r— •1— 'r- •r- C7> QJ ( ^ Cl^ 0 Z3 c 4-> > S- C QJ

c/) 0 LO 0 -0 "1— "1

4-5 4-> CU

n3 0 •1

1— T3 (/) fO CL' CU CD +J •r— i- c: fO WJ fO a It- <+- 4-

4-' Q) I/)

(J •4-5 C\J cn <t( 0 0 0 "O /—

\

CJ CO 0

fO +j -a 4-^ *'~ ^- c "f~ QJ

+-> 1X3 0 C -Q tl 0 to c/) n3 4-5 fO 0

*^ •r— OJ s- QJ QJ r- to d

-O s_ E •f— to c s_ QJ QJ

fO c <u 4-> c •r- U 0 0 cn r>- sz •r— Q. (O * 0 i- s- S- (O fO fO c ^ •* CU <u 0 O) fO QJ CO CZ

(/> CD I/) 1— fO 4-5 0 0 0 i- s_ •1— 0 '2 (U C n3 t- ra 0 0 0 > -r- 0 cr> 'r— c 0 2 00 0 0 0 s- 4-5 c: +-> "O •r— XJ > •r- Lf) 0 4-5 to

J- c c S- CO 0 >—< T-t CO in 0 0 4-5 OJ <u fd > n3 0 Q- LO <t a <0 QJ

+-> -J 0 co I—

1

cT) »—* 00 4-5 Cl CD

fO Cl 13 E QJ 3 1 ID 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 •I- >

to 2 4-J E QJ to E 0 re JZ QJ T3

<D r— 4-5 E -E 4-> -Q E

4-> 0 E XJ re

to <u s_ OJ r- r— E E

>» c E 14- I— re QJ

to >> S- 4-> Q) lo •r- 0

0 x> 3 fO i. 2 +J 0 +-> CU <u E E QJ

OJ <U s-

$- 4-> at <— 0 wi gj E E to

ev 0 0 2 QJ •!- E •r- a> c c -0 2 QJ re

+-> <o 0 rtJ «4- 10 a> QJ 0 x: •1- 0 <+- to -T- S- re c 4-i S- ^ +-» 4-5 E

(U »a C Q) 0 0 -0 to •r— 0 0

Cr>4-> 3 4-> re a QJ 2 4-> >> •1- 1/5 S- t/) s- QJ 0 QJ cn 0 x> J- CU >i Ol 3 JE E 4-> 0

s- t- I/) -a -0 4-5 0 3 S- c 0 0 0 4-> 0) QJ 0 QJ

(O <4- 0 E 4- +J E

4-> >i CU QJ re 0 re J- -D 0

1/1 *i 0 -u c c 4-> E 1— QJ N QJ E •r— OJ c 0 CU •r— O) 4-> CU ^ 05 •r- J2 re +J 0 in >1 ftJ •f— E > re S- 4-5 E E re

s_ E 2 to •r— fO •1- O) 1 •r— •r— 4-5 4-5 3 CU •r- 4-> 0 T3 3 +J s- s- ^ -0 4-5 4-> E CU 0 +-> 1— c 4-> S- CU 0- re 4-> QJ CD re 3 QJ CD

10 to fO CU fO cu to 4-> 4-5 3 0 to E QJ

(U >> 3 E -C cu CU "O re 0 to >

s- I/) cr4-> 4-i CU CU > cn E 2 0 QJ -a QJ 0 fO 0 a 0 QJ re x: to 0 QJ l- 0 TD CU I/) 3 3 $- -a > r— . 1— 4-5 3 2 10

n3 (U CU s_ CU -a 0 Q. E to 0 QJ QJ a > 4J S- (U CU E CO 0 QJ O) re T3 S- T3 s_ QJ 0

0 0 3 1—< r— CU -E to QJ 0 QJ •n- E

ai •r— s- -0 to 4-5 4-> 3 4-5 0 JZ > 3 3 re 0 -(-> Q. C re 1 1 1 U I/) E a. 0 C3--0 x:

ro E fO Q> E T3 0 re to S- QJ CU E 0 t—1 _J I— 0 E E -E 0 Gl 01 LU CT O) s- re r— c: sz E

cn cC 1 1 OO M- r— cC QJ Q. *—^ 1 1

33
.1 ^ QJ

\XJ •1— 0 czcz 4_> 4_) to 1 ^ ^—t %

(/)

vU 1 ^ S 0 QJ

OJ o

OJ o (4— fo C r—

pz

V ^ 0 fO ( ^ •r4-> 33 *0 4-^ vu LI J U/ QJ CO I/) i- C

OJ (J

OJ M—

V-* La. i- 0 ^ ni c rrt ro S- t/^ •r— 0 OJ

{/) r— r— 0 5- n3 OJ "O 0 QJ

tXJ 4-5 fO E

1—' ' Z3 pi

>— fO o 0 Q

tsj OJ CO

•rTM 1 ^ L| Q>j QJ

Q r—

O 0 >

LX. •1— S- • QJ

OJ

fO OJ 0 4-*

4-5 ^v; o

t/J £3 4^ E Q

t/) CO JL-J r— 0 4^ r— 0 fO < C fO OJ OJ

£Z OJ So 4~> r~ Sto

c" 4-> M—

d "r—

O c/1

O »—I ^ o > 1 1 1

r-'

_i 1 33 O' 1 %' 1 \ •1—' o <o

r— "O OJ QJ

Z3O fO

f—

O S- /—v O fO OJ

(—

(/) 4-3 ro

"t—

/—

w. QJ

O

O

cuc: OJ ^ t/^ C r— O QJ

QJ 4-^

O

I/) (J C "r- r3o

i2 CO

J_3 CJ S-

<L)

C r- U_ r—

1—' V—«' 40 If. ro *o *+-. 13 w I / d 0 r~~*

(/> CD

C ^ 0 c 0

fO •r— 0 fW-t t 4-* 0. S0-. t) (O ^ 0

r—1 o 1 w (T% <Tl m OJ 0 0 X r~

1—4 (_) s_ E c 0

HH QJ

r ~

T3

0)3C

•r—coo

84
1 '

1 ro 1 3 1 t/i C i- ro Its

OJCD o

ro -o

s_ 1 Q) 1 > 11

** c

l/>

res CO c

tA to > O) 1

O Q. O S-

+-> 3 ro

QJ

u o +-> <u CO SfO H— <u o c 3 <+- i~ M—

to o O u 4— "O

S- o Q)

O OJ

<u <x. sQJ .1- o +-> OJ 3 3

—J c > 1— cr

<u ro <L) E > S- o Q. > o

+-> CD fO > c OJ s~ o

•r—EO •"-•I 1 c 1 +J o ro 1 •r- o 3 1 UJ C </) 03 C l- 3 '~ ro ro O" roc 0) r— o oi 'o

<o •r— ro T3

+J ^ c ro 1 Q) > 11 CO * i. T3

•I— O) > 3 l/l C C

LlJ •!— o o 4-> Q) -r- d) C l/l > O ro s_

4-*

O <D OJ

i- «/) o O O E -O

•r- E

</)

O t/) ro

+-> C\J 4-J O

O fcO rO ^ (1) o

Q- (O tn o E <U 4- s- o t—t >- (U cu 1 to3 «4- • ro O X •p- O t—t o +J «/J •r— -l-> (U M- <U 3 O 3 Ol

J3 E 1—

ro a> ro 3 1— > o o o O

O

OO o o o o o o o o o o o o o UD O CO <r~t o •^t- CM •o

tn ro U3 0) CM ^ O 1^ CM Lf) 3

r» vo <-• o o O E

•r— o 1—4 ro +J

r—1

CM E

4J +J +J 4->

I/) I/) (/) o O o 0 0 a U u E E E E E O O o 0 0

•r~ in •r— CO •r- CO - 1t/) •1— in

4-> +-> 4-> +-> 4-> -M )-> 4-> ro CO ro CO ro to ro CO ro to O O r— 0 0 0 O O r— 0 0 u

ro ro ro ro ro cn +j csl +-> cc +J 01

(/) lA CO o3 CO oa in oS E s: E 2: E S c s: c s:

k—1 o (—1 o •-< 0 1—1 0 0 o

cy>

CTi CO

#1 ro

+-> E

<UE

+J

ro

(U

sT3E

ro

•aE

roo

s-u

XJ

cu -p

ro

CT> •r—S- ooo

CM o

ir> o Oocy> o

4-> ro3

ro>

cu ->oc

T3E

roa.o

i-o

ro

(UE

ro

tn aroo

S4-> CO

CUo

"OE

roE E 0 0

4J +-> U ro

CU

N

l-> •r— 0

S-Q-JD

ro ^ +j E CO

ro x»E O) ro E

cu

s- ro

+-> lyO 0 o

c_>

85
"-•I 111 13

to o o O

O o o O

O o o o O S- o o O O o o o o o o o o (T3 o o O O o o o o o o o o

QJ CO to

O CO CT^ OJ t 00 CVJ in

cn "o to C\J 1—. o *^ 1—1 T-H CVJ fO -o to CO in CO >=r cr> Ln LO

i_ rt #t Q) j CSJ I—<

l-H I—1 > 1 c 1 •r—to CD

$- -(-> +J 4-> i-j 4-> 4-> to to to to lO to > o o O o O o

•I— • u o O o U o

in c c c c c c +J o o o o o o

(J •r- to •1- to t— to •r- to •r- to to

ra QJ +-> +-> +J 4-5 +-> +J +J 4-> +-> +-> c c 14- 03 to (O to fO to 03 to «o to ro to CO Z3 ^- r— O >— o r— O I— O 1— o O o UJ r— a r— O 1— O r— U 1— o u

S- o 03 03 03 03 03

<u o O) ->-> q; 4-> -M a:

ct to to oS to o5 to o3 to o3 to o3 to o S- c 2: c :s c s: c s: _J 4J QJ t—< o 1—1 O 1—1 o h-i O l-H O t—» >

O) <u E a: ^ I

to QJ c >

S- O)

cu

Q +JI O

•r—EO ^\ 1 +-> c r—

•r- o m 1 r— u 3 1 03 UJ C to o o o o o o C S- o o o o o o cr r— <: (0 C50

#1 "id- o in«\ o

r— c QJ o CVJ CVJ to

rc o O) o CO ro CVJ +J • r— fO D KO cn o CTi CO to c +-> s- 1 Q) 1 T—1

un CVJ CVl LO > 1 r—t c 1 O c

S- -D o

•I- <u •r— c o > 3 C o +-> CD O o c c c o 'r- C 03 C -i- to

UJ -r- o •»->

O QJ •1- +J

+-> •r- c -13 03 •r- S- •r- 03

QJC +-) o to Q) 4J

O js^: cu to ^ o fC Q) i_ 03 QJ lO J- cnuo

QJ +J sO QJ S- o c: » S- 03 o QJ 5- >> Q) •r- >»

4-

a

O QJO Q) SOO

C s- o o Q) O S- CVJ QJ cr> 4-> o S- O O CTi o S- 00 c o to to

t/1 o to QJ •> Q. o 13 Lf) +J

-M CM +-) E o CD to

OO •r" o u C cn o 03 c to O " 4-

ro J- QJ •rO LO to J- •1- CVJ 1 ro QJ to Q. <0 »+- Q. " >i •r- « >, CVJ to C >> E QJ »f- E CNJ <o C 03 4-> to »—t c Q) 03 •—" >- UJ -o o 03 o XI -o 1 o r- >> O >> 3 s- >> o 1 JD XI to ja a jn o c C

ro -a

O

O o o X •r- QJ to -r- QJ to •!- QJ to 0) 1/1 QJ to QJ •r— 1—1 O to 4-> +-> to •»-> +-> to •4-> to -M to 4-> -13

•r— «o •r- ro 03 'r— to 03 fO -p- ro •!- 03 ro 03

QJ 4- QJ M- QJ CU 4- Q) QJ Q) 4- QJ <+- QJ QJ Q)

QJ J- QJ t- i. Q) S- i- QJ to t. QJ to S- QJ to S- S- $- JD O c: U O C O O C >, o c o o U

03 0) c QJ QJ

C QJ QJ c QJ 03

C QJ <0

C <U ro c QJ QJ h- CQ ^ S- 1—1 ^ S- *—1

-a >-i jQ -a »-l JQ -O $- S_

QJ

ZJc

•r—

t-J coo

86
1 r— t1 zs 1 to

i-fO r—

O) f

C7) o

<o -o

s- 1 cu 1 > 11

tnm

CQ

S-

(U>

•r—

O) to

+->

4-> o C Q) to 13 ^— o 4- o (U <u u

<i: <U o </) 1 -M S_ C 0) cu >

0) E "a > o.

•r— o

4-> ta a;

sz >

i.Qi

+-> r— o < •r— '-*\ 1 E I >> O ra 1 +* c: 1 •r~ o C (A r~ o S- <0 UJ «c ra 3

O" 0) r—

cn o c fO "U

(O o 1 +J •r— 1 c +-> > 1 0) 03 <: 1 Ec

•r- <U > 3 c c

us 'f-

+-> (U co

+-> (_>

«4-O

O

CO CO

+-> CM 4-> o O

*o S- <u Q. (O E <u >- 1

<L) 1 fO ><

•—1 O

<U 0) X> E

«a 0) H- CO o o o

T-i rv. in o o o^ 00t—• ID CO O CM cr> o o Oo

cr> tn

#^ Ln ro UD 1—1

CM

in UD

CM

«£) CO1

(Uoc to to to o fO to +J

4-> 4-> +-> 4->

u

CO to CO

O O)

O o •r~ (U M- u o s- to ^- M4-> to QJ c: c CO 03 <u o o •r— •r- t/) •r— to C r— <u fO +J 4-> +j -t-> •r- to

(0 CO to E o S- o

1—

O o T3 •r- •r- I— <J o fO C >

«C JC •o <u +J 4-5 u fO E

to t>a CO oa

O CU c s: OJ -!-> o 1—1 o fO O -D +-> +-> S- c o QJ D_ h- oo

CO

CM

OOocy»

rt LO

Oo

CM

CO

CO • to to +J >> >> o o E XJ M-

•r- to s- M- r— 4-> C cu 0)

•r- •!-

O

*4- •!- CM

Q <U +-> CO E E fl3 S <U O) -o

U

O J3 S_ o •r- E O o 4-

to E (U E <U o s- O E

O) (U

to 4->

O to 4-> jQ

fO fO oo rtJ (J (U O) to <u 3 r—

J- S- s- -o (O o o o o O +> E <U E i- O i-< S_ CO 1—1

Q. 1—

87
c

•r-CO

03 CO

S->^toc

u~>

%-—»o1

-+—

>

"r—O

4-> o

ro o C*>—O) CD

+-> c

•r-CJ CO >> 1 +-»

CD

fC IS

'r—O

-M

O

C

OJECO '—»

S- "O

•r- <U CO > 3 4-5 C C O

LU <U

+-* 4

O)

C M- ^ O UJ

+-'

O^—

OJ M- (/) O O fV- O O) CO > O c£

ra S- E OJ

i-< >- ro I1 (O X •r- 1—1 O

OJ *C

CU Xi E

n3 O) 1— CO

O) • CD CD • CO

03

C CO CU >)•- C -r- OJ s- >->-o • +J CD •1- +-> 1 •r— 3 4-> E s- 0) tJ ra 4-> E f— r— ro cu M- E S- 3 •r- Q. •p- J3

fO fO o O E Q. CO <0 •r— CO •p— • CO "O S- 03 3 -o <+- MXJ d) +J CO s- 03 SZ >, o 03 T3 E 03 "O Q.4-> T3 03

•1— CO

OCO SN fO (O E X>

S- 3 (J CU 03O o CU 03

+-> sz s- T3

C

fo o O) -o (/) 03 CU •r- -a o

5- JZ -t-> E CU 3 cu -o > o

+-> </) 03 (Q

u «J E 4-J o o

n3 3 3 1

3 (O rC

0) S cr -o rC TO CU Cl. CU O <D CO CU Q. CU " o , SS- S- CU E o rd o

03 fO 03 fOO CD fO 4-> •4-5 CU ^ O E 3 c r— 1— -o sz CO S- C $- •1- -a o E E CU > CU

(U 3 CU I/) •r- E

sz E O 4-> E 3 X> 03 SZ +-> o

1— -M o s- o JD -(-> •r- S- 3 T3 E *> •r- E ,

•r- 3 C,-

C -a E o ^ •p- CU 3 3 o CU 03 •r- E 3 U +J o S- +-> 03 s- CO S- E c <u E CO U CJ J3 E 3 E o o +-> •1- +J +-> CU o O o D.

•r- fO +J -r- E +J +-> ^ CO D.

+-> T- I— CO CU CO

O +-> CU 4->O r-^ o a =3 O E CU S- •.- o s_ 03 3 o CO Q. • •r— E Q- 3 3 S- ,

s- T3 to O) O) CO -a o -o -a cu o

Ol CO s- -o -o CU T3 ^ T3 CU E E E 4-

S- fO CO E CU S- (O CU

O <+- ro +-> CD •1TM co

C COO E T3 E o J3 03 E 4-> CU

O "O 1— CU fO

O E •.- o CU CU fO T3

•1- S- M- E O •f— E 03

a •r- S- CU 'r— lO 03 S- -1- i- C/1 o CU o CO -M 3 i_ > O N CU "O O S- CO O 4J o o

S- fO > OJ 4- S- +J CO S- c»- 3 CU S- LU SZ O CO O LU 03 OO 03 LU O 4- Q_ EOoE

-oE

03

4-> E

CUEO

CO JDO

•i-j . -o o o O -r- o s-

«> CUcxE

I— o

<U T-

-4-> +-> 03 03 E 3 X 03 O >

S_ CU Q.

Q. CU

03 SZ

+-> CO

<U CD

4-> E

03 'r- CU SJ- 3 O T3 EO

•I- E

+J

O 3 TXI 4-> •I- 03

S- 3

-l-> I—

{f) 03

•f- >

T3 CU

CO CU +J J=

•c- -»-> <+-CU CD E E

CU •- -Q S-3

^"^

03 E

-oO E T- O I— O I—

(U -r- CO E

CO

CU • +j uo

03 «—•

CU

S- 4-

C_)

O

CU

•1— 1^ 4-> E E CU 3 E O 3

4-> OJ E > CU

•I- 4-> ^- VI E to

•r- SCU

CO Q_

X5O cn

CO >

CU ro T3 s: > CO O (O

s- Q- -O

CU • •I- 4-> • ^- E O •!- CU O 4-> E

•r- E >,

S- (U o

CU TD I—

C2.T- CX

-oE

03

03EO

-M

03

CU

S-o

OJ

s_

s-oo

-o I >>•->

-t-> 03

•r- S- > +JE

CU M03

CO -aE

03 4-> 3

x: o

4->

03 03

CU E

zn. o

•r—

(U •!- 4- -O

•I- -o

_J ct

4-> U

O

03 EO

CU

a o

=3 >, X3 JD

CU CU

S_ Scu I— sz

I— +J 3 <a

CU

CO s- <U 03 +J -a

•r- CU r— +J

•r- ro

<_> E

03 CD 4- TCD CU E T3

•r- E

CL 3 E

ro +-> O 03

CDE

•r—O i 3 • O CO

CU ro

S- CU

s- ^ ro

CO

CU xt

+J CU

•I- 4-> CO roE

"O CD

CU •-

+-> CO

03 CU E -O

CD E

•I- 3

CO

CU

O

-o +-> E CU

•r- CD

03

O E

•p- 03 -O

03 CU

S_ r4-> O

CD^ E CU

•r- >

CU>o

sCl. rO " E CD O E

CO •!— S_ ^

CU s- Q. 03Q.

CUU XI E 03 03 O

SZ s- E

CU <+- 4- « O 3O CD 1— E

H- -r- X! O -p-

•p- >

MO

M- S- 03 Q.

S_

-t-> >i

CU> >> O 4-) S- CU Q.4- E 03

•p- CO

r- CUO

•> 3

CU XI U CU E Scu

p- T3E

CU 03

Cl. X "

CU >>

-(-> E

CUo

CU CO

-l-> XIE

CU 03 OE S- 03 CU SZ +J E 03 CU 3

cuCLO

ssz

XI

CU . -M CO

03 p—

•p- 03 O •!- O S- CO <U

CO -)-> 03 roE

to XI CU

S- +J

03 00 N 03

03 3

jE

XI

x: o)

4-> p- r- X3

03 E

CU 03

03 CO

to SS- •> (O

03 +J O) CU E >, >> CUE o o >>CM

tn

O

1— 4-> S- Cl to o E Stl- CU •-

tf-

-!-> E

CO

O CU CU x:

i. +J

cuO

4-> ro E E Q-'i-

•p" E

•I- S-

+-> 3 E 1— O

CU 03

O o 3 O E

CU E 1—

Q. 03 rCO CU 3

CD LO 03 in

CU sz > +-> 03 03 l»- E O

XJ 03

CU -M M +J CO

'p— E O

4-> CU 2:

S- to o CU E s_ • 03 CLX3

CU 0

CU S- •!- CO s03 co CU X3 CU Q.

s- CU 3 E U CD 0

•f— "P- S-CL 03

CU 3 (U o m 1

0

CO CU 03 03

cy> sz >

I—1

h- CU CL ^1

88
CM .— LO C\J o o un .—

00 r- r—

.— ID IT) ^ .

00 i-D CO <Tl cn

C\i LD l£) to 00 CVJ

ro CTi LT) <JD CM 1— oo CO n

Ln Ln CM 1

CO i-D

II CO

CM LO n U3 CM

CO CM tX3 CT) Ln «^

cji CM I— LO ro

</1

so

c

o

CI •4->.^

00 O CTl

LT) CO

r— «3- ^

CM 00 OJ o o o o o

n CO n ro Ln c\j CO CM CTl CO CTl Ln CTl CM 1— Lf)

<D +->

(/> •»- 01 "O

r~ I— n

O 00 .— n CO to 1— n po CO

Ln n cvj CM

-I ool

>)

ra a

ra T3

O

s-o.

c

o

c Ol o O OJ o c: 3 ro

l-J o

c +-I cn cr. 14- to s_ o <o <D c u O O 4-

to <D to OJ LO CD O Q. a t/i CL s- Q. CL c c >1 o 0) o o O OJ o E E o u LO

s_ T3 c E s_ s_ X) (/) c OJ fO ro o. CL 3

o u c o c Ol (_) TD c s_ u <_) CL CL cn c CL Q a

<a 3 E ru nj ro (/) on CL

c: o o -C Ol o X) T3 O _c: "O o XJ o OJ on i- o OJ CL c t- u s_ s_ OJ Q. c S- o O <u CD OJ QJ o cn o *-> O (O OJ 4- +-> O ro tn c lyi Q. on u -Q QJ to <o i- !-> E c: > <u s_ +-> E <u o S- O s_ ro 1 O -u o D. u QJ (/) fO CO 01 ^-> a. u OJ tn (O OJ Ol OJ E t/) ro s. CJ. QJ Ol 00 t/1 c OJ tu cn M OJ D- OJ CL +-> E on e

OJ >, c: S- L. OJ s_ s_ s_ ID > on > (/I m o 3 O cr

, s- S- n3 o +J E s- o +-• +-> 01 o S s_ o ni S_ Q CC U- <^ en u. oo s_ Q Q CO Q X) OJ X) o (_> ro JD o OJ (O on 4-

89
CO

s-OJ>

OJc

S-a>o

0)>

•r- E

+J 3

fO

O E a

Su

O) et

4JI

>>

ro +-> •r— +JE fC OJE oQ-O

fT3 OJ +-> > E

CU

Q E O O

s- io > E E O UJ o

UJ

fDEO

•r—

+->

cu

+->O

Ooto o 4-> C\J O

fO s- a.E ai >—1

>-

X

OJ

J2t

1/1 +-> U

O)

a;

sQJ>

<:

O)E

O)

T3C o

<+-&-

CO S_ -1-

to

OJ TD > E

•r- fO

+-> to ra to to E O)

O) S- -»-> S- QJ <0

fO 4J Sto

4-> E

CUE

CU

s_

•r- > 3 -r- cr

cu

s- E

(Uo

<u to s- E sz <U ro E S- • • a -o CU o -M to E O O) 1

E E +-) s- O +J o CU •1— to tO E

-o 1 fO fO <+- E to to +-> ro S_ 'r- E •p

O 4-5 s T3 cu ro CU cu to 13 s- to Mto E E E U s- O O CU (O CU -o • 1

tou •r- CU

•r- S- +-> i~

O J- > E I— S CU 1— +->

C

+-> CD E CU CU o S- o CU ro d. o -o •I- ro •r— OJ O) J2I to ro cu S- r—'

CL 1

-)-> S •!-> xz cu E 4-> E E Q. J3 ro M- -a £ -(-> -E CU •(

O O ^ E ro E CU O

to +J > E +J

O E 4-> ro E E ro 4-

O

<U o o -J-> o E O S- fO E S- fO to +-> i. O '1

3 CJ) E >> O Q. to O s- CU o Q. E CU +-> 4J E S- 4-> E CU o ro to CU +-> +J ro CU -r- ro TfO l/J s- S- •o S- E ro cn S- XZ <+- 1— 3 •!- o •r- 3 <+- O CU S -o U ro 00 S- -o CU cn to o o 4-> CD o s- E ro

•I- ^ E XI '(

E to ro CU ro sO CU E CJ- > CU fO > O CU E E E • r— f

-a +-> CU o sO

O ro CU -M CU to

CU 00 U) CU •rTM E -a CU ro CU -a > E > CU fO o s- to 4-> S- a C7> U ro O ro o u s_ CU E 4-) -r- S- ro E cu > •r- 3 S_ CU

S- 13 O) s_ •r- ro OJ cn

O o -a s- -o S- CL S- Q.-0 u > o CU S- CU O E +J E CU E E E (O "O E s- *-> _J Q. •I- l+- t—1 to 1—1 Dd 1 1 •r— H- t—1 1 LU1 3 E

O" fO

Oo

s- roCD 1 1 1 1

CO

r~— 1 'f to E ro E

s_ XJ

O OJ o

CU E U (O •r— CU > XI ro <v 1 CU ro +-> E CU o cnx M- •1

u

+->

O JD

O •1E ro ro rO +->

X ro o 3 O M- 5 O '1

E O. E E E 1— CU •r— O CU S_ fO E O ro O I— > +-> to •1

o

'r— XJ ro to H- '1

o tou

-o CU to CU to CU CU CO

O ro ro

CU CDO ro

u +J S- 4- CU 1 E s- to 4-> 3 '1

u C_) CU lO +-) S- * r— CO f (O CU -a CU to CU (O S- CU E E rO o CU E

ra s- E cr> OJ o s_ CU

O to 4->O

4-> CU ro CU i- CL 3 • p— E •r— CU •r— to o r— > CU cr E a. 4-> CU to 4-J E T3 3 x> X) o (U o ro E ro

•1

E a CU E o S- C\J CU CD

O

X E Sro CU -E CU ro 4-> X C\J «=d- CU S- ro tn CU O cu to s_ -l-> > E 4-> to > CJ S- CL •r" E

-)-> CU O.

O CU 3 4-J 4->

X CU to CU +- o 4-> CU 3 s- O 4- S_ to E o U E E x> o s- rO O)

ro 3 S_

O Q- S- •1

ro CU ro •r— E CU CU

N CU

CU to

u •1— E ro x> CU Q. E E 4-> CUO to > •r" i- ro a CU JE E Q. to •1

CU xz 3 CU

CU >) to +J to to 4J

O E ro JE +J 4-> SX •r" E s- to CU •r- ^ O •4-> 4J U <u +J rO

ro -o -a 1— cn E >1 M- OJ •n- S- to <+- ro > S- 3 sS- 4-> ro o ro 3 o O > +j CU CU o CL o ro 3 3 E -a o ro 3 O +-> •r- CU ro tj) ro E CU X3 4->

+-> CU E s- cr s- to E X 4-> E E O ro ro E ro E o cr> O to o E O E E -)-> 4-> O r— 4-> s_ *r— to CU ro CU •1

S_ 3

ro -o to ro CU to -)-> CU JE +-> E 3 -t-> -E <_) 3 CU 4- CU CU (U 3 -O E ro "1

I— E o to rO 4-) E o X3 o O S- +-> s- to CU X 3 -(-> CU CU u CU E

4-J ro o •rO CU •1— E +-> > OJ •r- o > ro to E > E o <+- ro 4-> u ro a i- o ^

ro "O ro 3 O -»-> rO ro 3 +-> +-> 3 cu S- E

CU E S- T3 CU j::X to o CU CU S- o to

X CL Ql UJ

S- ro E SZ E CU cl E ro s- S- +J CU E CU

X *l

E

<: •r— ro CO 1— CU s- 3 1—1

^- ro 4-> to 4- 1—

r

S- CU t—t 1

90
ouu

>> M

(13

CO

ra E E CU

<u inOO s-

•r— CO Q. E ra

CU ra ra 4J CO

i- S- CO E U CU ra -l-J -o O 3O

CO

s- CU (/5 S- -o +J 1C ac se

O) s- <+- E E CO

U

"O o > o ra ra CU E S-

+-> E ^ra Q. s_ E

re 1— CU

ce

'r— ve

i- CO o +j CU -M E o o •> o •r- CO J3 o CU ra 4- a x: CO 4-> 4-> E o •r- 4-> E CL s- u •• CO E •rTM -a i. E o

"O fO •1— O) r— E o 4- 4-> CU CU

dJ r— -O o 4-> 1— ro s- o s- cx E c OJ E > O -r- CO O) CU o X E

sz C7) fO S- Ji^ £- CU

O CU

ra E <u Q. E +J CU +-> ra -o s- > CU

ra -M CO ra CO o •r- S CU o

Q. S- E Ol

a ^ s- E la > o sz

O) S- E E OJ ra M- E E E CU

CO - E ra ra O) -E o :3 o ra

O CU sO) u -1- co ^ +-> CO cr 1 c

s- E -O E E •4-> O) a. 4J CU w- o

Z3 ra Ol E O ra E s- 1— -t-i ra > o o

CO 1— CO r- •r- a; E •- ra •- CU CU '1

(O CL (/) 4J SO 3 1— s- CO CU

d)O O) ra ra +-> -l-> E C/1 ra +-> o CO -M E o CO N CO E E ra •r- 3 • • CU CU ra o :3 o a» > o- 1— s- o C/1 s4-> -o OJ 1— 4- •r- E O r— X ra C <D -E •r- O 00 •!— OJ CU CU •r— cu CU CU cu

QJ S- s- -l-> • o -a JE -M E S- E -o CO ro +-> S- Ol •t-> E -l-J +-> O +-> CU ra +-> +J E CU CO CU CO +J

fC o I—

O ra crt O) +-> E CU CU +J CU CU rO CU CU

O) E •!- O) M- <D OJ

O -E o > ra •r- o 'r- >

i. ra S CD S- o u CU

u E O r~ -•-) E > o

-!-> E +J OJ o 13 Z3 +-) ra ro S- •r" ra CU CD "O t/1 •r- CO E O -O T3 o o ^ Q. ra ra Q.

-o O) "O -o E O O) CU S- S- E E +J •r" E s- E E -4-J ra ra T3 ra *> a: q; Q_ u LU t—I

C/1U LU <+- 1—1

n3 ra o O E ^ CO E ra _J r— (O 1 1 1 1 1 I—1 1 1 1

CUE cy

a.o D +-> CU

ra s- cu CU 1 E s- E CU

CU +-> ra Q. CL CO ro rO CU CL 4-> > E CU ra >> ro CU E ro

CU CUa s- o -O CU

su E Q nm

ra

S- CU nd ds o

sp CD -a E

ed ds ro o o CU -E E ra E E CU E E ro cu CO E 4-

•1— i- a. s o ra ra jr ra fO s- CL ro E CL +-> CU s_ o > CO CU r— o " CU CO o CU E E E CO r— s- CU E E CU E sz E 3 CU 4-> o LlJ O ra •r- o o o sz o +-> o d ro o +J CU E 4-> •r- i. -l-> r- •r— -M CU -l-> UJ s_ 4-> 4- CU +-> E 2 i~ CO E O ro 4- ra •r— u 4- ra o E 4- 4-

CU

O E o o > S- 3 s_ s- o > s- C/i o -o o 4-

<o ^ s- •r— •!CM S- CU OJ 3 S- 4- CU E o

=^ T3 O OJ

Z5 OJ >1 (U +-> CO > o >, CU S- ro >^ E

CO >> ^ +-> CO ra CU o CO +-> CO S- 3 -M 3

ra • 1— ; JD +-> E 2 s- o CU E CU +J CO CO sCU E -r- o 3 s- O 4-> ro ro i -a E CO 4- ra CJ 4- CO CU ro O ro 4-> CU ro ro 4-

ro s- o zs 4- ro > "O 3 E o >> =3 o

-M • -a rO cr •> o CU •(

E cr s- 1— cr ^ o E vl- E CU >^ E +-> ra ra 4-> r

CU ra >) +-> +J 3 ro 4-> 4- x: E 4- 03 I— 4-> 5^ E >, •r-* ro •r- S- 4J •4-> CU rO •- o CU >^ o 3 fO •r~

+-> -Q CO o E CU CD 3 1— E CU E E 3 f ro CU LO ro CO 'ra 4- CU CD E CO ro 3 4- +J co E CO ra o o CU E S- 3 O CU ro E -1- 3 i- ro E CU ro -r- 3 o s- O <-) E CT > cr > S- o > cr CU o i- > aCO O +-> •r- ra E ro •r— 4- "O S- •r- o CO

CO CU CU CU o CU CU cu CO CU cu o 4-> CO ro E CU CU T3

u •a o o E •!- s- JZ jz:

O sz sz • r-« o O -E ^ E

fC S- E S- o o 4-> +-> +-> +-> 4-i +-> +-> s- +-> +J E T3 o +J +-> -M ro Q. ra ra CU o CU 3 CU o CO CU o E CU +-> CO CU o CU CU -O E T3 CU CU CU CU CU o O CU CU •—1 >- o. CU o u u S- u O 'r- ro E > u CU o U 4-> > i. CU n o u U +J 1 o o ^ Z2 CU E E E S- ro o E U E E 3 o o ro O E E CO 1 i_ cn -a ra o ra ra +-> Q. s- ro 3 ro ro ^ s- 4-> 3 ID " ra ro CU o -o o sz CO jr CO o CU O.SZ -a sz jr: -c- CL CO T3 Cvi ^ sz sH-H CU E S- Z3 E CU E E -1- s_ cr. E E CU E E S- E CU CU E CTi E E O X o LU S- LU Lu -a u E 1—1

UJ D:: LU LU -M 1—I

s- DC o 1— LU LU 4-

ro o

CU 1 1 1 1 q: 1 1 1 1 1 1 u_ 1 1 1

91
E

fO

OJ CD CO E fC J3

>> '1

OJ X3 +J s- "O

to

u QJ

•r- "O OJ E &- 10 E "f— S— QJ

(O- ^ OJ +-> CD CD > ' +-> E o CO

>» r— o

a> &- 2 OJ > "D .o

OJ T3 to E

It. reto r—

o "O

00O

fO

O

QJ

M

+-> %— E fO

OJ (/) s— 4->

<T3 -M "O +J

O

+-> fO

O E •>

OJ to o E +-> -E

—J E OJ +J

•1— Q. fO ' *** QJ cu CO CD S- *' > OJ E +J -O

+-> o CT) •!— E *+— E a •r— "O —5

>* c/) E E o OJ -E OJ fO > ^ -l-J 1 o fO

4-^ <c 1 1 —)

r—

fO >1

+J

+-> r—

£Z

OJ ro

<—

c: Z5 O. cr O

<D ro CO CO > +J -o E

O) E E QJ O me ma St o E OJ >1 O -o CO E i- o o •r— OJ o E > > QJ O E OJ Ec LU • *

•r- szo

tedo E QJ E o o O +J -r- OJ

•I- CD CO 1/5 +-> 13 E +-> o

fO E o -a 2: -r- 'r- U OJ E +J +-> E ra

cu E fO s- -o

O ^ o N OJ E CO

•r~ -M OJ ^* E fO u

M- 'r- •1- +J 4-> 5- O O +-> +-> E OJ ZJ O QJ CD o

00 00 E OJ CO

4-> CO CO T- > OJ O o OJ XJ OJ i. o 1— OJ 1. O. «T3 CO E <U OJ OJ 03 1—1 > o S- 0) (J U

OJ •rO E 1 > CD o cr-u o I—1

i- OJ OJ E X cxE

LU

O

<u »—1 1 1 1 CO

QJ •>- <U > 3 o cn -a i- E 03 QJ "O

<+- 'r~ +-> E

S- -o 03 03

CO 13 ^ <+- O QJ CO E CD+J U ^ •1

o QJ E E +-> <4— &- Q. CD •1- OJ I/) ^- O E XJ E +-> OJ Q. E CO OJ CO Q. OJ O OJ o x:

QJ O. CO 1

E +-> "O

SD

O QJ cx+-> o OJ

a E OJ s_ -o > o QJ 13 O -o u E OJ 1— TD E

*r- •r- CL OJ +-> E o 4-> > -r- > 00 03 o ro •r- S_ OJ QJ E o CD-O +-> CD OJ -o 03 n O

CO E +-> E o z. (O 03 E O

ro S- o <+- i~ 5 o 03 o 13 •M 4- CO CO "O CO fO o i. OJ CO QJ E 03 "r- +-> QJ S- QJ S- 03 QJ > QJ • E O S- U 1

S- CD+J o ^ fO O 03 OJ u +-> OJ 03

•r- E 03 CD OJU > 4-> CO O O E S- 03 •r- i_ z. o o O 03 Q. xXl

QJ Q.0O

OO S- s- E >, 03 > 00 »> U1 o E CO o o o O o -o >> I— QJ

C_J +J CM 4-> 03 MZ3 QJ 13 -r- 1 1 1 1 o CO CTr—

•a

-a E

QJ 03 CO u S 0) E o jE 03 QJ QJ

-»-> jQ CO

en E

en +J ho E E o Q.

S- +-> S- QJ •r— JD 13 03 4- X) 03 S -O

+-> OJ E o OJ S- s_ E 00 03

QJ s_ +-> QJ

O E a +-> OJ +-> E E -D 03 i 00 +-> E

ro

O 03 s QJ to OJ • x: •r— O CO S- >^ E to E 4-> S- 4- E 13 CO •r- E

QJ 03 M- OJ 00 o O 03 CD +-> O -)-> ro U OJ QJ

QJ co E CO QJ OJ CO U.

S- OJ E +-> S- S- S- CO -a "O CO o o +-> QJ QJ 4- 4- u E +-> U QJ

•r— ^-O OJ QJ 03 13 x: 3 o T3 E -o +-> E +-> >> QJ +J QJ QJ >» 03 E E +J > 03 s- S- 4- E +j O QJ •r— QJ 1 o

QJ +J E r— +J S- s- x:

+-> E 4J CO 03 03 4-> OJ CD CD

CO 03 OJ 03O th 13 +-> +-> 13 E

>1 13 E x: s- OJ cr OJ "O 03

O -r- 00 cr-t-> +-> QJ CO CD E s- -a O 03 OJ QJ 03 x: 03 u -o OJ CO OJ QJ > > 4-> O

OJ QJ S- OJ

O

U o > -M S- 13 13 s- -o QJ 03 -a

u o -o TZI CL E OJ QJ t/> •r— -o 00 QJ QJ E 03 +-> 4-> +-> O 13

4-> Q. E fO q; t—t r—~

u 00 E O

03 E 03 QJ QJ E co o 03 S13 1—1

_J E o QJ E -E

O

CT QJ s- CO E x: ct tn l+- 3 OJ Q.

92
3oao<

(13 Z3 o-

-aC

SZo

fO 4-> > E

cu E O) 1

o <D U) E E +J <+- 4-> • r~- u E E O 3 O OJ E s- -a 1 E +-> E to o o I— o +J cu o CU +-> £= > 3 <D cu u O E O J= E <+- +J 03 a LU o o E en •r- CU LU o o s- o O -l-> '1

03

to

O E O

(0 E " <v cu «> <u 03 C O) 1— o f— CO to 03 O "O (TJ E « s- J3 to <u s-

•I- OJ

U O)u sC

+j :3 •r- o > o -(-> . S- t/) a> E (U •r- 03 4J

•!- o o O) fO S- +J E E

4-> E +-> s- s- 03 O)

<u c l/> fC to +-> E E CU ^4- E

-E

O

r— "r— (U

OO SO Ql

+J <_) Clxz (T3 s- •r- •r- o O

s- i- +J -l-> <u to 1

^- -a M- CD 03

O i- CU CU o o E O -E +-> N cu S_ > o 03 +J s- •r- -M o cu to O E o >— O O 03 TD

+J CO

O E o •1- S- . o fC •r- O OJ JD CX to E

fO i.

U -)-) Q. S- fO CU

O 03 Q. fO o 4-> -i<: u r— E E OJ CD 4-> to E S_ 4-> " O

>-

O E ^ t/) 03 CM T- ( 1

<UO 1— o 4-> 1 o E ro cu E to 4-> ra

OJ (U o u > E fO cu 03 •1- cu I—r

x: r— E cu i- +-> E iX u Q. U cn i. 03 S- 1/1 E O

s_ E E o s- ^ 4-> 4- E o cu O) =c 1—1 O) 1—4 CJ to O 1—4 U i- X)

ro 1—

Q LU

93
fO o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z3 o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 E o o o ^ o o to to 0 0 00 E

fO r-^ o to U3 ' ID 1

r-^ CM to cn c o cn IX) 00 cn CM 00 00

O) WD to o CM

CO cn

ro fO CM to CD i~

O) bes~ >

(U>

-o

re

•I—Z3cr

£= (U

s- SU ot cfSt St

iO o O 0 0 0

<u O)

u o o U 0 u o o to s_ E E E E E E 1 -l-> :3 O o O 0 0 0 +-> o o •1- lO •r- to •p- to "rTM to •1- t/) •1

to E <u to +-> +J +J +J +-> -t-> +-> +-> 4J 4-> +J +-> OJ <+- OJ «3 to 03 to fO to fO to fO to 03 t/1 > O <+- S- E r— O 1— O 1 o 1— 0 1— 0 1

0

•r" o O) <a r—

O I—O 1 o r—

u 1— 0 1

+J

u <+- I03 fO ra 03 03 03 fO d OJ o CL +-> CC +J CC -M +-> Cd 4-> d; +-> oc

s= to to oS to oO to to oa to oa to oa

S- +-> S- O) 03 E s: E s: E 2: E E s: E 2:

O) E 1—t O l-HO 1—1 0 0 1—1

+J 0 CD > E "O O

fO do > <+-

4-> £Z

O) > E QJ Q- Q O U > E fd o o 0 0 0 OJ O o 0 0 0 Q E E LT) kO c? 0 0 O E O o 03 r— CO cr> CM 00

UJ r— 00 0 un 1

CM E O) o cn c ro CO o o E s- to- Ec O

•rTM +J

nVc

(0 n3o -a

•1- OJ

+-> to 0 to c cu to

'r— "O

a

4-> OJ cnto

OJ E to > E ^ ^ O (0 -o c •r- LO

4->

O <D OJ E (T3 CL

s- to fO E >. u E E 03 o a E -a CL 0 0 U o •r- E O •r— 'r- t/) to O to fO S- T3 to 4-> 4-> T3 +-> +J OJ +J 4- +-> U E -0 U 03 CD •!- o U O to E 03 fO OJ N to "4- (O s- OJ o O) -o 0 +-> ••- i- CU to

if- to o E OJ CL E s- 0 1— CU E >> E OJ M- s- o 4J +-> O 03 S- •!- Q. CU 03 t—1 >- <U QJ CD fO 03 s- 4-> to -a 1 to O) CD o a» to 03 1 <+- i_ •r" cn O) ^ 4-> 0 E E

«aO +-> s. E s- E to 0 0 1—1 o i- 03 0 03 CU •>- X u

'r— +J ts DU

h—1 o u_ JD 1

E CU

to +-> 03 03 at

OJ M- O) 03 rO E CU CU CU O) 13 CL _J QJ E s- s_ S- J3 E +-> i. 03 0 0 u

O) n3 E CU cu h- CO >• O f-* S- i~

•a

O)3EO

94
, 1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O o o o o c c o CO o o o o o tn r-- O

(/) (O CTi LT) C^ 00 oo Lf) 1

03 COO LO o to 1— C\J Ln CO -^a- CO CU OJ 1— ^ C\J to ir> Lo cvj cn

C7) u. CO 1 S- fee- > cu>

5:c

oo +-> +J 4-> 4-> +J 4J

to to U) to to to to

S- o o o o o o o

OJ

u CJ o o o o u o to c E E E E E

_J +-> o o o o o o o

-l->u to •r- to to to •I— to •r- to •r— to

CU 4-> +-> +J -(-> 4J 4-> +-> +-> 4-> +-> +-> -t-J +-> CD rj l+- fC3 to 03 to 03 to 03 to CO to 03 O) 03 to > o ^- o 1— o o o 1— o 1— o r— O o <u ,

u I— o , u r— u 1— u I— o 1— CJ -M o fO 03 ro 03 03 03 «o cC CU -(-> cc +-) (X. -(-> q: +-> ai 4_) cc +J cc 4-> cc c to to to oa to oa to oa to o3 to oa to oa

S- +-> S- E C 21 E s: E s: E s: E 2: E s:

O) c: <u »—1 o l-HO 1—1 o t—i o H-i

O I-. o 4-> OJ > E a rO Q.o

4-> C O) O) > E OJ D. o O o --Ir— > E fO o o o o o o o 13 o o o o o o Q c o o o o o o c u u fO CO , CO to CO CO

LU ro cr> o E CU cn LD in to CO o CD c fO m C\J LO CM LO o c S- o o cu UJ >

+-> c - 1 O XJ CU to

•I- OJ c:

C E o +J 3 <u o o o 1 fO c ^ -o •r- T-* E E CO to 03 1 2: -r- +J 4-> o 1 •r- to CU 03 +j c c n3 fO 03 S- N

CU c o o CU CU 4-> CU ^ LT) to o

JZ o S_ S- 03 s_ to to CU o 1— 4-) +-> o +-> -M U (J CU o E S- CO •r- CU

fO fO CU CU s_ CU >> >1 to -M CU

CU CU 4- S_u S- S- J3 O) 3 <+- o o s- S- CU -M E O o CJ u to O S- o E to to lo •r- -si- u

CO

O iA CU CU Q.O o 3 4-> +-> r— CO CU -r- -M C\J 4-> S- i. E O CO o •>- ^ J3 U o 03 E U M- -S >, •I- Z5

ra i- o o S- CO •r- <^ 1 CU to CU 1/1

O to If- CJ Q. fO o CO (/I E >. E >, g >^ E <U ^- +-> un CO to CU 03 E CU 03 S to 03 -o s:

•—1 >- cu o 03

O JD o O +-> T3 o 2: 1 o >, >^ s- o E -1- o 1 f— CLLn jQ JD CO CJ E E -a E E tO <+- E 3 CT. n3 Ln to o o o o CU o CNJ CU CU to CU to >1 CU •<- CU CU E •!- CU X o to >> to to +J 03 to -l-J +J to -l-> 4-> to CU +-> to >>

(U (0 -f- 03 TJ fO fC 03 03 03 03 03 XJ 03 03 X)

OJ OJ O) *+- CU CU CU CU CU CU CU CU CU CU CU s- to i- CU to i- CU E i. S- s_ S- S- E S- S- E

Jd c u •4-)

U E >> o E o «Juu o uu o o u

u o

OJ c •r— E CU 03 E CU E CU CU E CU CU E -1- CU E •-

CO 1—1

^- t—1 -O 1—1

X5 4-> t-t i- s- 1—1

S- s- 1—1 4-> S- l-H 4->

95
— 1 o o o o o o C\J

(/) C\J ID

fO CO

CQ cu o LO

O C7) s_ n3 , CO LD

S- CVI > •t>o- >

CD

ro c cu t/i O CJ +j oo •1— c: o

-M (13

u cu S- (T3 +J cu <+- <D S- </) 4- ^-

4J .,_ <+- cu o to I/) I/) cu 1 -(-> •I— I/) ,

4-> o C fO cu ro

cu t/1 •1— rs M- E r— s- u > o <+- O n3 cu •r^ o cu n3 O > <+- o -a CU

fO cC cu +-> c c

c: CO

O x: cu s_ +-> S- cu o r— J2

CD c: cu •i-^ cu +J cu > o +-> +j 4-> E s_ o CU

fO Cl < 1— o

4-> CD

CD > E

Q.Q o «^ U ,— 1 CD , > E ro o o 13 Q o o CJ CVJ UJ n

cu vo o 1 CD

ro fO CO o s_ o o cu

LiJ >

c: .—» O "O

•I- CD

+-> Z5

fO

C ^ •!—

+->

CL)

Co (/) +-> (—>

(J

<u o o (4-

I/) o t/) +-> CO +-> u o

ta s_ cu ta Q. fO M- •r- E 0) C4- (J 1—1 >- CU •r- 1 M- 1 (U

fO t—1

<u

X

u

ai HCU <o

£= -•-> CU O

CQ »—

-acoo

96
CO I 1 «3 E QJ E O TD O O • 1

S_ 1 M- -O <+- +-> cn ra c 4- 03 E E CO CL

'r— fOO CT- QJ •r— QJ •1

If) S- i- E E +J

au

to 4-> 4J Z5 CO < +-> a Z3 -o E

OJ +-> QJ

U QJ 13

i~

O -r- CO S- S- E

=3 2 t/) QJ > o QJ n o E -o

•r- OJ "O S- E O E

CC S- QJ CD •r- TO

+-> 2 CD

CD I— n3 o 03 -o o O f—• • 1

E E 13 •r-

•iU If^ •r" TO -CD 4-> E 2 o i_ TO CD to

CO QJ S- CO i~ QJ E t/1 > -o E

SO fO

O TO +J o

<u -o 2 E -o • +-> CO cn TO -a QJ CO o o -o E O TO E 4- QJ _J i_ o '1

O -r- T3 rO C7) i~ o 1 n (1) N TO QJ QJ E Q.

<u E »-> E • COO Q- > 03 TO O CO **—

•r- 13

•r- E -o 13 -CD E +-> CO

+->

O O" CO QJ

O TO fO •I- +-> QJ +-) J2l •1

E S- C E CO CD CO "O •1- ID CO •r- QJ

S- Z3

O 4- TO to TO o E 4-J O) o S- n3 E o o TO TO +J o UJ CO o D. UJ M 2

r— o

rO «=cCD C E

OJ •r~ E OJ Q. CQ CO 1 O 1 QJ Sr-^ 1—

"O QJ OI 1

co •r- Q. > QJ OI >

MO CD-) o +-> O S~ E 1

D_ T- o to CT E >

•r— E O TO E O •1— • -E o o S- -M o c: 00 O CO o -o •f- TO u SUul U) S- QJ -O

J2l »-> Q. QJ r— O

•I—) 'r— E <^ T3 O -r- o -o O •r- +-> •r- QJ to o CO 4-> E

+-> 3 +-> o +J TO QJ n3 E o ^3 TD ^ 'r- OJ 4- +J

+-> •4- QJ TO QJ

O) E 4- >> E > t/) • M- x: o LjJ 1 QJ QJ QJ +-> TO

+->

—o O) E CO

OJ +J . QJ +-> QJ CO fO "O >-,J=: E E -a o o S- E O i_ +J =3 >y E o •r— "r- TO O O TO

(/I o > X s- -o O)

O

+-> C\J X3

O OJ E E Ol o =1 S- CL O -r~ CD E

n3 S- Q.

U s- > QJ -l-> Q. (O T3 Q. E QJ -p- E E OI E n3 O CO Xl ZJ TO >- fO •r— QJ 1 CO +J CO E E 4-^ 1 QJ ra QJ O T- E

na +-> •r1—1 n3 1

TO 1— to 4->

X

u QJ 03 QJ 1— JD to 4-

s- > S- •rO •r- •r— O) <_) QJ t_> E T-? _l

O) XJ E

OJ 1— CQ CQ 1 T3O

JD QJ 4- "O TO "O E CI. r— 1 TO TO > TO

TOU

O -M

•> S- •r- QJ Q) Q. >

QJ CD ^ O TD +->

O 3 •!- +J +-> "O S- QJ

QJ JD CJ QJ 2

&- E CO

TO TO CO 1— ^ E 1— E E O •1— TO QJ QJ — 2 -o U +-> S- TO E S- O +-> •r— o Q)

•r— 'r— 2 CO E 2 QJ QJ o E S- CD

QJ T3 o

+-> QJ -o QJ o +-> • •43 E SS- TO CO U TO 13 CX-i- CD 13 4-> U S- "O ^ o QJ QJ 4- E to r— S- .E S- TO CO •!— +-> -a QJ

.£3 TO TO E E JD E H- O 4- TO •r— TO CO O 4^

QJ T3 T3 CO CO

S- i- TO

O >i 'p— -o

-M TO

O +-> E

t/) Nl S- UJ TO

CO >5

JD TO 4-J 1 CD QJ QJ 1 CO 2 S- S- 4- QJ QJ a TO

QJ CO TO TO .E 1

•1— TO CO sz QJ to 4J E •r^ QJ -M 4-> -a 0 QJ 0 i_

•1

•r— OJ 1

QJ (J to QJ

+-> t/) to +-> rO to CO +J

TO TO E E QJ TO TO

QJ TD E 0 TO +J -0 E

•r- S- QJ CD to x: to E CO a TO +-> S- E TO TO -0 QJ

TO TO CO QJ QJ 2 4-> 4- -o E QJ CL S- TO CO

QJ cn-o QJ QJN TO E 4-> E QJ cn > *-> TO 2 O TO to a E 0 TO XT

•r— E QJ E r— S- 2 TD

-M CD-C3 0 TO cx X= CD

TO +J JZ S- E QJ +J

QJ to E E TO > fTD

S- QJ QJ QJ CL 0 ra E u T3 CD S- QJ TO

QJ E O TO 0 QJ Q-x: -E

ZS E 2 TO

U E 4I TO 0 0 E QJ >>

S- 4-J 4- -0 S- QJ

U r— o TO TO 4^ 1 •r~ Z5 S- o S- QJ 4- S- TD QJ T3 >,-)-> U 4- QJ TO CD CL

+J •)->

a 0 CL > i~ 0

CT)

X 0 S- o > E ^ 4- cn QJ E TD CD.

'p~ QJ TO E CD E E

l-J +-> > S_ •r— E S_ TO •1" TO U TO 4-> -0 0 E TO S- CD T3 •% x: O +-> E QJ > 4-> E >>4->

'r— QJ E > TO TO

4->

O QJ 0 i_ QJ 2 •1

13 13 S- CL S- E a -o E TD 0. 0 TO -a

TD QJ 0 QJ c= >, QJ •n- 13 QJ

SU S- •1

i- 4J

CO>>

TO 0 0 113 4-*

J"" 0 0

4-' _C 113 fO

OJ ^ 4-^ w

OJ jC 0 H—' V—/

UJ ^

4-' 0 cr cu * '" •r~~ CO ^ d 0

0. ^ UJ

/-\ i-Jm t/) +J CD

1^ 1 £Z CnJ <o -0 QJ £Z ti cz 4-J 0 CD

CO lo

4-* OJ

vW UJ

-1—' >— -f—'

rv CO

UJ1 ^ 0. ^

•r— 0

OJCJ

—

J_OJ

L-iUJ • CD ,CT LO nD 4-^ i-OJ 4— > 0

fO 1 ^ CZ CO0

OJ

Ni 4-^ •r~ d

4-* OJ • (/) 0

OJ i

LJ« ^

QJ OJ

OJ ^ LJ. CO

fO COC 0 OJ 0

OJ

OJ 0 u

•f— •r- 13

s- «4- rQ_ fO

OJ > cn 0 CO OJ CO OJ cn

1— fO fO QJ 4-> >>

QJ csjIoLO

0) r—

x:

4-> '2

97
1/) "t^

1 {4_ II

1 o*

1 c

]

]

1

1 _

1

1 >- -C T3

l-J C

, CO

1

1 cn

1

1 c 1

t/) _4-> O- ' cn

s11 >

1 CO

(-' •oc

O) ^ 4- II cn c ^- ro rj lO 0) 1 o^ s. c • 01 to C_J a.

_J { o

1

Ol o 1 >

C\J c: c

-l-> n3 o 1 <o s_ c ID CL+-> 1 s- <U 1 O) >-

-M +-' c < o

lO 2 O ]

+->

1

1 OlE 1 o. +-> t o 3 c

O rO

0) 1

> +-> Q. ' o 3 1 o 1 E 1 o 1 co -l-> o

o c •>- LU <D -M I on •!—

1

dJ TD 1 <D S- C 1 c Q. O o 1

+-> z

V) 4Ju

OJ

•4-

«[(Uc

R3

,—

Ol

+-> o01 c +JU

01O

a. o

njc

O

+J

•r— T3C

ou

+J

c:

0)

i/i 01s1

</) X c

I.

OJ 0)u

X} eo

I— c_)

m I—

r— O r— ^ 00 O CO U1 Ol ro n Ol LT) IX)

cn Lf) n

<NJ ID LO

Ln cvi CM

ro CO LO

>>

ssai •D c

o o

E

(/I x: o

+-> s-

•r- (D 3

OJ

l/l s- ^ Ol

c: >

CO 1/1

»x) ro vo

LT) ro CVJ n CM C^J

O ^ .— LD

CM I— CM CM

rr- n CO ^

r— crt ro

O CM "II- CM 00

I— CTl O <Tv CM

I— c^ ro ^

CM CO CO CO CO

1— CO n CO

1— cn n ro

CO cn cn

<T> CM LD CO

LO LD CTi CO ro cn

cn O o

CO lO LO ro cn cn

CO cn I— CO I— LO

g- cn LO CJl CO LD

LO cn cn

rOLOCLJCOCMLOCTiLD^ cocnLno-ir^cMi— ldco

Ln n CM ^1 CMl

o

a; ••- I—

cn+-> cu

(D 'r- >

OJ OJ <L> CJ cn o 1— -1-

.,- 1—. o CQ oo t_> 3o

C2l 03 JD

1—1 t- 98
LAND TREATMENT

Erosion problems on agricultural land and forest

land present a continuing problem for resource managers in both public and private sectors.

Consequences of erosion, including productivity

losses and sediment damage, needs to be more effectively communicated to the public. One

purpose of this study was to detail the impact of

erosion on land users, consumers, and the

productive capacity of the Lower Snake River Basin.

Without The without plan condition represents programs at

Plan their present level of treatment. This level was

used as a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of

alternative plans for further reducing erosion and

sedimentation in the Basin.

EQ Plan The Environmental Quality (EQ) Plan would apply

conservation practices necessary to reduce erosion

to tolerable soil loss rates. Productivity and

cost of treatment were used to guide the selection

of alternative treatment combinations to achieve

the goal of tolerable soil loss.

NED Plan The National Economic Development (NED) Plan

emphasizes productivity and net income maximization

to achieve a feasible level of erosion control.

Marginal cost and income effects of alterntive

treatments were used to rank treatment levels for

each plan. Treatments in the NED Plan represent

the best judgment of the study team.

Plan Effects,

Benefits

and Costs

The NED Plan will reduce erosion by 5.6 million

tons and sediment yield by 2.8 million tons annually. The EQ Plan will reduce erosion by 6.9

million tons and sediment yield by 3.1 million tons

annually. Dredging at Lewiston area marinas has

already led to expense associated with sediment

from cropland and forest land in the Basin.

102
Plan Effects, Selection of a feasible level of treatment requires

Benefits a comparison of benefits and costs. Costs

and Costs associated with treatment levels are presented for

(Cont.) each plan. Comparison of these costs with benefits

of erosion control cannot be made directly.

Measurement of benefits on site is possible and

certain downstream benefits can be assigned

arbitrarily to the source of erosion. However,

assignment of benefits is at best a crude

approximation. Hence this report does not attempt

to select optimal levels of erosion control. Its

purpose is to present as much relevant information

as possible for decision makers to utilize in

implementing an erosion control policy.

IRRIGATED CROPLAND TREATMENT

Plan The major use of the 160,000 acres of irrigated

Alternatives land in the Basin is forage production. The forage

and Effects crops include pasture, alfalfa hay, and meadow

lands used for both grazing and wild hay

production. Only 1,500 acres are experiencing

excessive erosion. Both the NED and EQ Plans will

reduce erosion by 29,000 tons annually and sediment

yield by 12,000 tons. The EQ Plan would enhance

wildlife habitat for upland game birds and winter

feed for large game animals on 1,350 acres.

DRY CROPLAND TREATMENT

Evaluation An erosion by crops by land capability classes and

Procedure land treatment practices analysis was developed for

the 940,000 acres of dry cropland in the Basin.

Computer programing techniques were employed to

determine the cost marginal of treatment practices.

The following treatment practices were included;

elimination of summer fallow, convert to

conservation tillage, convert to no-till, implement

divided slope farming, and install stripcropping.

The value oi^ the loss of surface soil over time was also included in the analysis along with a sediment

damage factor of two dollars per ton for sediment

leaving the field.

103
Plan

Effects

The NED Plan will reduce erosion by 4.3 million

tons and sediment yield by 2.5 million tons

annually. The EQ Plan will reduce erosion by 4.8

million tons and sediment yield by 2.7 million tons

annual ly.

RANGELAND TREATMENT

Mul ti-Purpose

Use

Of the 4,117 acres of rangeland in the Basin;

1.4 million acres are considered wildlife lands,

while 2.7 million acres are multi-purpose lands

used by both livestock and wildlife. The overall

goal for the multi-purpose lands is proper range

use.

NED Plan Under the NED Plan proper range use would be accomlished on the treatable portions of the rangeland

in poor condition, and on the under utilized

rangeland in good condition. The better balance

between grasses, forbs, and shrubs that will be

accomplished by improving the poor condition

rangeland will enhance range carrying capacity for

both livestock and most forms of wildlife. It will

also reduce erosion by 53,000 tons and sediment

yield by 31,000 tons annually.

EQ Plan Under the EQ Plan proper range use would be

accomplished on the treatable portions of the

rangeland in fair and poor condition. The erosion

rate would be reduced by 125,000 tons and sediment

yield by 73,000 tons annually. The carrying

capacity for both livestock and most forms of

wildlife would also be enhanced.

104
FOREST ROAD TREATMENT

The undisturbed forest lands are generally stable

and have a minimal amount of erosion. However,

logging roads constructed and used in timber

harvest activities create an erosion and sediment

problem on the forest land.

Various treatment measures were analyzed to control

erosion on the forest roads using a least cost

linear programing model. The model compared

alternative treatments, costs and effects and

selected the most effective treatments to achieve a specified level of erosion control. The analysis

showed a rapid increase in costs above the 50

percent erosion reduction level.

The EQ Plan represents an 80 percent reduction in

erosion and associated sediment. The marginal cost

at this level of reduction is very high - $204.00

per ton.

The NED Plan represents a 50 percent reduction in

erosion and associated sediment. The marginal cost

at this level of reduction is relatively low - $5.60 per ton. It was determined to be uneconomical to apply treatment measures beyond this level.

STREAM CHANNEL TREATMENT

Erosion of stream channels is divided into two

categories--moderate and severe. The EQ Plan would

treat selected reaches of both moderate and

severely eroded stream channels. The NED Plan

would treat portions of the severely eroded stream

channels. The Without Plan treatment applies only

to the most critical areas as defined by the hazard

of continued erosion to nearby structures such as roads, canals, reservoirs, and urban development.

105
OUTDOOR RECREATION FACILITY DEVELOPMENT

The Without Plan condition represents current

levels of planning, interpretive services and

facility development. This will result in

continued overuse and deterioration of the

recreational resource in some areas of the Basin.

The EQ Plan emphasizes the need to increase

research on environmental carrying capacity and user attitudes. Areas selected for facilities

would be planned and developed to reduce impacts on the area with a minimum disturbance of the natural

environment. Facilities would be designed to

disperse recreationists , enhance visual quality and

minimize recreational impacts.

The NED Plan calls for increased recreational

development on private, State and Federally owned

land to the degree that would be economically

feasible. This additional construction and

reconstruction would stimulate the economy,

complement present recreational sites and reduce

the impact on overused facilities.

The procedures used to determine the environmental

effects are included in the Appendix.

106
WOOD FIBER PRODUCTION

Without Plan The Without Plan condition represents current

levels of planning, timber harvest, sawmill output,

timber stand improvement, and reforestation.

Although, there will be some increase in the supply

of timber over time, the present shortage of 16.5

million cubic feet is projected to be over 32

million cubic feet by the year 2000.

EQ Plan The EQ Plan emphasizes aesthetic values with

increased wood fiber production on all forest

lands. This plan emphasizes a minimum disturbance

to the environment and does not require economic

feasibility to justify the supply of timber. The

projected deficit of 32 million cubic feet of wood

fiber by the year 2000 would be removed if this

plan were implemented.

NED Plan The NED Plan calls for increased timber production

on all commercial forest land whether private.

State, or Federally owned. It requires economic

feasibility to justify the supply of timber. The

emphasis is on improved management and cooperative

assistance to increase wood fiber production using

the most economical methods of harvesting and

processing. Implementation of the plan would remove 90 percent of the deficit supply projected

for the year 2000.

107
1

APPENDIX
i
RESOURCE BASE

LOCATION

The Basin The Lower Snake River Basin includes portions of

the States of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. This

study included 'only that part of the Basin within

Idaho.

Boundary

Adjusted

In response to requests from State Planning Agencies, Soil Conservation Districts and other local

entities that data be inventoried and analyzed on a county basis, parts of the hydrologic boundary were adjusted to follow county lines.

Counties

Incl uded

Counties included from north to south are Latah,

Clearwater, Nez Perce, Lewis, Idaho, Lemhi, and

Custer.

Size The study area contains ap|.roximately 14,716,000

acres or 22,994 square miles.

Making Hay in a Cut Over Area SCS Photo

108
CLIMATE

Climate of the Basin varies considerably due to the

wide range in elevation and topography. Air masses

from the Pacific and Canada contribute to the

weather variations that occur.

Precipitation Average annual precipitation varies widely.

Lewiston, located at the mouth of the Clearwater

River at an elevation of 740 feet, has an average

annual precipitation of about 13 inches, while

Challis and Salmon in the Salmon River Drainage,

average 9 to 7 inches, respectively. The elevated

plateaus and mountainous areas of the Clearwater

Drainage have their average annual precipitation

from 25 to 50 inches.

Generally, the winter months receive the greatest

precipitation. However, in the Upper Reaches of

the Salmon River frequent showers and thunderstorms

during May and June produce the most precipitation.

The Lewiston and Grangeville areas also have the

highest precipitation during these months.

Growing The growing season averages about 160 to 180 days

Season in the warmest locations, and 110 to 130 days on the prairies south of the Clearwater River. In the

Sawtooth Valley and other high elevation areas, the

frost- free period is near zero.

Summary The average monthly and annual precipitation,

average and extreme temperatures, and annual frostfree period and growing season for the Basin are summarized in Table 13.

109
i

cn a^ CO O

O

I— LD OJ

<o m Kx:) <o

I— CM CM

cr^ cn I— o CTi CTt

un LO LT)

>=r I— >—

00 un CO U3

1^ *-o "X)

1— IX) CO CO CT) ro CTt

I— cn CM csj <NJ CM 0-) CM CM CM

1—

CO

CD

CO IT) cn kD CM CO LD

CTi CD ro CD I— CM roLD CM CD ro CM «a- CM CM CM I— CM CM

O CD CO

CO r— 1— cn CO ro

CM ro CD

in ID ut I— I— ro

ro ^ ro ro CD CD LD LO CO CD

CTi un cji ro O — CM CM

CO CD CO CD CD CO

OO CD

O) I— I—

C — I—

CO T- •!-

110
LAND

Topography The Basin lies in an area of diverse topographic

relief. Elevations range from about 720 feet at

Lewiston to 12,662 feet on Mt. Borah, the highest

point in Idaho.

Palouse The Palouse area in the northeastern part of the

Area Basin has generally rolling topography with a veneer of thick wind blown soils. This area is

used extensively for dry cropland and represents

about 2 percent of the Basin.

Camas and

Nez Perce

Prai ries

The prairie is an uplifted dome with relatively

smooth profile perched between 3,000 and 4,000 feet

elevation lying south of the Palouse Area and north

of the Seven Devils. It is bound on the north and

east by the Clearwater River, to the west with the

Snake River and to the south by the Salmon River.

Seven Devils Topographic relief in the Seven Devils ranges from

about 1,000 feet on the Snake River to 8,000 feet

on the peak of Smith Mountain.

Idaho The Idaho Batholith in the central part of the

Batholith Basin has been formed by erosion and dissection of

a hugh granitic body extending from north of the

Clearwater River to the Snake River Plain in the

Middle Snake River Basin. Topographic relief

ranges from approximately 1,000 feet along the

Clearwater to nearly 11,000 feet in the Sawtooth

Mountains.

South Mountains in the southeastern part of the Basin are Eastern nearly parallel ridges trending northwest-southeast

Area with broad valleys. The most prominent are the

Lost River, Lemhi Ranges, and the Beaverhead

Mountains. Elevations range from 4,000 feet at

Salmon, Idaho to over 12,000 feet on Mt. Borah in

the Lost River range.

Ill
GEOLOGY

Two The Basin falls within two physiographic provinces - Physiographic Northern Rocky Mountain and Columbia Plateau.

Provinces Sections included within the Northern Rocky

Mountain Province are the Panhandle on the north,

Idaho Batholith in the central part and Southeast

Ranges to the southeast. The rolling hills of the

Palouse, Craig Mountains, and the Seven Devils

Sections cooiprise the Columbia Plateau Province.

The Idaho Batholith consists of a large igneous

intrusion that replaced and engulfed older rocks as

it moved toward the surface of the earth. This

section, the second largest in the Basin,

encompasses over 7,000 square miles of weathered

granitic rocks eroded into hills and mountains of

high relief. Great compressive forces were exerted

on adjacent rocks causing folding and faulting and some metamorphism. After cooling, erosion has

exposed and dissected the crystalline rocks by

removing most of the rock mantle that originally

covered it. The intrusion is believed to have

occurred during Cretaceous Time, about 100 million

years ago. Since then the Batholith has been

intruded by additional solutions and igneous rocks

that formed veins and dikes. Lava flows were also

deposited locally on the surface.

Panhandle The Panhandle Section mostly west of the Batholith,

is composed primarily of dissected metamorphic,

granitic rocks with some lavas of Tertiary age.

Presence of these rock units represent conditions

similar to those that existed further south in the area of the Batholith prior to intrusion and

erosion. About 2,800 square miles of this Section

lies in the Basin.

Nearly parallel mountains make the Southeast Ranges

Section unique to the Northern Rocky Mountain

Province. This is the largest Section in the Basin

with over 8,000 square miles. The mountains trend

mostly NW-SE similar to those of the Middle Rocky

Mountains to the southeast across the Snake River

Plain. Compressive forces from the southwest

caused folding and faulting of Paleozoic

sedimentary and metamorphic rocks to form ridges

and broad valleys. Mountains in the northern

portion are composed of older Cambrian and

Precambrian metasediments.

Idaho

Batholith

112
Panhandle A variety of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks

(Continued) as well as metamorphic and sedimentary rocks occupy

the transitional zone along the eastern side of the

Batholith. This has been an area of instability

subject to large tectonic forces. Molten rocks

have been forced toward the surface to be deposited

as lava flows or as intrusive crystalline rocks

similar to those of the Batholith.

Snake River Country

113
The Palouse The Palouse Section is the Northern most Section of

the Columbia Plateau Province in the Basin. It is

different from the remainder of the Basin in that

it consists of rather uniform underlying basalt

flows capped with a thick mantle of loess. The

area is used primarily for cropland and because of

its undulating topography and steep slopes it is

highly vulnerable to erosion. This Section occupys

2 percent of the Basin or about 400 square miles.

Craig South of the Palouse is the Craig Mountain Section

Mountains composed primarily of uplifted Columbia River

Basalt capped with silty soil. This Section lies

west and about 2,000 feet above Camas Prairie

occupying 7 percent of the Basin. The highest

portions of this area are over 4,000 feet above the

Clearwater and Snake River Valleys to the north and

west respectively.

Seven The Seven Devils Section is composed primarily of

Devils dissected Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanics that

extend westward into Oregon. This has been a zone

of crustal weakness on the west side of the Idaho

Batholith. There are over 4,000 feet of lava flows

exposed in Hells Canyon adjacent to this Section.

When about 1,000 feet is added to this figure for

that which has been eroded away, the original

thickness of volcanics had to be at least one mile.

This Section represents 4 percent of the Basin or about 850 square miles.

114
_J

LLo

crQ.

o

o

o

o

HI(5

CO a

I

c

CO

k_(Do

IDAHO -MONT. BORDER

BITTERROOT RANGE

133J 5,000*1

SELWAY RIVER

CLEARWATER MTNS

MEADOW CREEK

S FK CLEARWATER RIVER

GRANGEVILLE

SALMON RIVER

> > >!> f>> >>>>»!

^, >>>>>>>^l

>>>>>>>>>!.

>>>>>>>>>w

>>>>>>>> >t" >>>>>>>>1

>>>>>.> >p

>>>>>.

SNAKE RIVER a IDAHO- ^^>>>>-

OREGON BORDER

LUo

111

COu

o

Vi3

o

01d

uo

a

X!

o

4-) mm

o

«

•T3

U

•HX!o

E

njO

+ - + -

u

«

U

i-HO

>

>

>>

CVJ

115
SOILS

Soils in the Lower Snake River Basin formed in a wide variety of parent materials, topography,

vegetations, climates, and ages.

Characteristics Soils are mostly deep with some shallow soils on lava flows and on ridgetops. Some soils in the

eastern part have a cemented duripan. The soils in

the eastern part are mostly neutral or alkaline; in

the mountains they are neutral to slightly acid and are mainly neutral in the western part.

Parent The parent materials for the soils in the eastern

Materials part are mainly alluvium, colluvium and glacial

till from the mountains that have varied materials

of limestone, granites, volcanic materials, etc.

The soils in the central mountains are mainly

formed in alluvium, colluvium, and glacial till

from volcanics and/or mixed sedimentary rocks.

The soils in the western part are mainly formed in

loess from the Columbia Basin. The youngest soils

have the least soil development and are formed in

the recent alluvium along the Salmon River and the

oldest soils have the strongest soil development

are on the upper reaches of the Salmon River

Valley.

Vegetative The soils in the eastern part are formed under

Types mixed grass/shrub (sagebrush). In the mountains

they are mainly formed under coniferous forest or grassland/ shrub vegetation. In the western part

the soils are mainly formed under prairie grassland

with some forests.

116
The soils in the eastern part are mainly formed in

a climate that had precipitation of as little as 8

inches in the lower areas to 40 inches or more in

the mountains. The soils in central mountains

formed in a precipitation of 16 to greater than 80

inches with most of it coming as snow. The soils

in the western part formed under 16 to 24 inches

precipitation which comes in winter and early

spring

.

The soil temperature ranges from about 47 to 52

degrees F in the lower areas to 38 to 47 degrees F in the mountains. The growing season is less than

60 days in the mountains and is 150 days or greater

in the lower areas of the western part and 90 to

120 days in the eastern part.

General soil information for the Basin can be found

in the publication "General Soil Map of Idaho - Selected Soil Features and Interpretations for

Major Soils, River Basin Type IV Survey August

1976".

Approximately 15 percent of the Basin's 14.7 million

acres have detailed soil survey information on which to base detailed resource management and

planning. Most of the privately owned land in

Idaho and Latah Counties has been completed and the

data is available in published form or is awaiting

publication. The remaining counties have soil

surveys of privately owned land in progress with

expected completion dates of 1983 through 1985.

Information concerning the above publications can

be obtained from the Soil Conservation Service,

Room 345, 304 North Eighth Street, Boise, Idaho

83702.

117
PRIME AGRICULTURAL LAND

Characteristics Prime agricultural land has the best combination of

characteristics for producing food, feed, fiber,

and oilseed crops.

Loss The loss of prime agricultural land to other uses

is a concern in the Basin. Consideration needs to

be given to the need to retain the productive

capability, and high environmental values of these

lands. Areas of greatest concern are adjacent to

urban areas where home sites spread into good

agricultural lands and the expansion of rural

recreational home sites.

Identification and mapping of prime agricultural

lands has not been made and the total acres of

these lands in the Basin is not available at this

time.

118
PRIME TIMBERLAND

Characteristics Prime timber! and is land capable of producing

timber at the rate of 85 cubic feet per acre per

year or more.

Amount There are over 6 million acres of commercial forest

land in the Basin of which approximately 3.7

million or 62 percent is considered prime

timberl and

.

Table 14. —Acres of prime timberland by oi^nership and raanagiiment qategory. Lower Snake River Basin, 19 30

Productive

Prime Productive Productive

Ownership Timber Land Nonstocked Reserved Deferred Total

1,000 Acres

National Forest 1,745 2 153 7 514.7 148.5 2,562 1

Other Public 277 4 16 6 294 0

Industry 2/5 6 12 9 288 5

Small Private 460 4 100 6 561 0

TOTAL 2,758 6 283 8 514. 7 148.5 3,705 6

Source: U.S. Forest Service data.

Loss The loss of prime timberland to other uses is a matter of growing concern, hov/ever, further study

is needed to determine the location of prime

timberl ands and the rate at which land use conversions are occurring.

119
SURFACE WATER

Quantity

Reservoir

Storage

Qual i ty

The Snake River flows along the western border of

the Basin from above Hells Canyon Dam to Lewis ton

where it turns west into Washington. Water from

the Idaho portion of the Basin enters the Snake

River via the Palouse, Clearwater, and Salmon River

Systems. Table 15 shows the average annual

discharge from these rivers and some of their major

tributaries as measured at selected United States

Geological Survey (USGS) gaging stations. The

flows were computed using data collected from 1961

through 1978.

Two reservoirs with capacities greater than 5,000

acre- Feet are located in the Basin. The Dworshak

Dam is on the North Fork of the Clearwater River

near its confluence with the Clearwater River. The

total storage capacity of the reservoir is

3,453,000 acre-feet with an active storage of

1,433,000 acre-feet. The surface area of the

reservoir is 16,970 acres. The reservoir is used

for flood control, power production, recreation,

and navigation. The Hells Canyon Dam on the Snake

River is used for power production. Its reservoir

has a total storage of 164,000 acre-feet with an active storage of 16,000 acre-feet.

The Salmon River System has concentrations of

dissolved solids that are less than 100 milligrams

per liter (mg/1) except for the Lemhi and

Pahsimeroi Rivers, which contain 200-300 mg/1.

Water in the Clearwater River averages about 33

mg/1 dissolved solids. The Palouse River contains

about 170 mg/1 at its mouth.

120
Dissolved solids concentrations in the Snake River

above its confluence with the Salmon River range

from near zero to 350 mg/1. This drops to about

200 mg/1 at Clarkston which is downstream from the

Salmon River. At Central Ferry, Washington, which

is downstream from the confluence of the Snake

River and Clearwater River, the average dissolved

solids concentration is less than 150 mg/1. High

sediment concentrations occur in many streams

during periods of high runoff. The Palouse River

contains especially high concentrations during

these periods.

Dissolved oxygen levels in the Basin's water are generally high. Bacterial densities vary considerably. Unsuitable conditions occur below some communities. This problem is being addressed by

most communities and the situation is improving.

Table 15. —Average anri'ial flow at selected gaging stations, Lower Snake River Basin, Idaho

USGS Gage Averav ' Annual Number Name of Gaging Station Discharge in cfs \J

1 3305003 Lemhi River near Lemhi, Idaho 279 13316500 Little Salmon River at Riggins, Idaho 834

1 331 7000 Salmon River at White Bird, Idaho 12,349

1 3336500 Selway River near Lowell, Idaho 4,067

1 3337000 Lochsa River near Lowell, Idaho 3,126 13338500 South Fork Clearwater River at 1 ,141 Stites, Idaho

1 3340600 North Fork Clearwater River near 3,774 Canyon Ranger Station, Idaho

1 3342500 Clearwater River at Spalding, Idaho 16,250

1 3345000 Palouse River near Potlatch, Idaho 290 13290450 Snake River at Hells Canyon Dam 21 ,170

\J Cubic feet per second

Source: U.S. Geological Survey

121
GROUNDWATER

Four Four aquifer units have been delineated in the

Aquifers Basin. Tv/o of these furnish most of the groundwater supplies for irrigation, stock, municipal,

and industrial uses. The other two are primarily

in uninhabited mountainous areas and used for

maintaining the base flow.

Lemhi

and

Pahsimeroi

Alluvial deposits including glacial outwash of

Quaternary age occur as narrow flood plain and

terrace deposits along many streams. This forms

the first major aquifer unit. The thickest and

most extensive portions of this aquifer unit are located in the headwater valleys of the Salmon

River, especially along the Lemhi and Pahsimeroi

Rivers. Where this aquifer is ten to fifty feet

thick, wells yielding 500 to several thousand

gallons per minute can be developed. Its water is

generally a calcium bicarbonate type, low in

fluoride and iron, with dissolved solids less than

250 mg/1.

Salmon

and

Clearwater

Medium to dark gray or black basalts and basaltic

andesites of tertiary age in flows 25 to 100 feet

thick form the second major aquifer unit. These

are found primarily along the lower reaches of the

Salmon and Clearwater Rivers. Deep wells which

penetrate several permeable zones may yield a few

hundred to several thousand gallons per minute.

Water from this aquifer is a calcium bicarbonate

type with dissolved solids less than 300 mg/1.

LAND OWNERSHIP

Amount By There are nearly 14.7 million acres in the Basin,

Categories of which approximately 11.1 million acres, or 76

percent of the land area, are managed by the

Federal government (Table 16). Approximately 3.2

million acres, or 22 percent, are privately owned.

State, county, and municipal ownership totaling

about 0.4 million acres make up the balance. Of

the Federal lands, about 9.5 million acres are administrated by the Forest Service, 1.5 million

acres by the Bureau of Land Management, and 0.1

million by other Federal agencies. Slightly less

than 90,000 acres of the private land are Indian

lands held in trust by the Federal government.

122
LAND USE

Land use in the Basin falls into four major use categories: cropland, pasture and rangeland,

forest land, and other land (Table 16).

Approximately 1.1 million acres, or 7 percent of

the land area of the Basin, are cropland, of which

940 thousand acres, or 85 percent, are dry farmed

and 165 thousand acres, or 15 percent are irrigated

.

Dry cropland crops consist mostly of winter wheat,

barely, peas, lentil, and grass seed with some alfalfa for hay. The irrigated crops grown include

small grains, pasture alfalfa, and orchards.

Multiple Use of the Basin's Resources

USPS Photo

123
About 4.1 million acres, or 28 percent of the land areas in the Basin, are used for pasture and

rangeland. Rangeland is distributed throughout the

Basin except for the forested area in the south and

east portion and the cultivated areas. Perennial

grasses, forbs and meadow type vegetation are the

predominant cover on 65 percent of the pasture and

rangeland area. About 28 percent is in good

condition, 40 percent in fair condition, and 32

percent in poor condition.

Forest Land More than 8.9 million acres or 61 percent of the

land area are classified as forest land. Of this

total, more than 90 percent is publicly owned with

about 94 percent of the public land administered by

the Forest Service. Forest cover dominates the

mountainous areas, including all but the Snake

River Valley, its lower tributaries, and the drier

portions of the Salmon River Drainage.

About 7 million acres, or 67 percent are classified

as commercial forest land. Douglas fir and true

fire-spruce type predominate, with ponderosa and

lodgepole pine a close second. Other major types

include the larch and white pine. The remaining 33

percent is classified as noncommercial forest land.

Of this, 14 percent is classified as productive but

reserved from cutting. The balance is classified

nonproductive from a commercial forest standpoint.

More than 3.6 million acres of forest land are classified as forest range and are grazed by

cattle, sheep, and big game.

Forest areas are extremely important as part of the

Basin recreation resource, providing a variety of

opportunities for outdoor experiences.

Other Land Other land uses such as roads, railroads,

farmsteads, urban and industrial uses, and rock

outcrops account for about 0.5 million acres, or about 3 percent of the land area of the Basin.

Pasture and

Rangeland

124
+-> C o ro

0--0 o c

s- ro o r—

I— ro

r— r— CO

125
OUTDOOR RECREATION

Recreation The Basin contains over 14 million acres of which

Base 80 percent are in public ownership and essentially

available for recreation opportunities such as hunting, fishing, backpacking, and hiking.

Elevations range from about 740 feet at Lewiston

and less than 1,700 feet in Hells Canyon to

mountain peaks which tower to heights of over 8,000

feet. This area of Idaho possesses the greatest

potential for recreation expansion. Near desertlike areas to higher lusher meadows and forested

mountains provide habitat for one of the most

diverse collections of plants and animals to be

found in the United States. This Basin is bounded

by fingerlike valleys and ranges to the southeast,

the Middle Snake Basin to the southwest, the

Bitterroot Range to the east and north, giving way

to the rolling hills of the Palouse and the Snake

River to the west.

This area remains mostly in a natural state and

represents virtually all of the life zones found on the North American continent. This area also

possesses one of the last free-flowing river

systems in the nation.

Wild Rivers Excellent white water floating resources include

the Snake, Salmon and Clearwater Rivers and their

tributaries. The Middle Fork and the main Salmon

Rivers are nationally famous for providing the

thrills of river floating. The steep gradient of

the Middle Fork has over 155 rapids to challenge

the white water enthusiast whether traveling by

rubber boat, canoe or kayak. Along the 85-mile

section of the main Salmon there are approximately

190 rapids, numerous campsites, outfitter lodges

and dude ranches. Also scores of old mining sites

are located along the river.

126
Wild Areas Over 4.8 million acres in the Basin have National

classification. Management of these areas is

primarily oriented for recreation and related

activity. Other uses and activities are permitted

when their utilization does not impair the purposes

for which these areas were established.

Scenic Areas The unique topography provide some of the most

scenic resources in the Nation. These sites range

from beautiful lakes such as Redfish and Stanley to

the scenic canyons of the Snake, Clearwater,

Selway, and Salmon Rivers and are highlighted by

the famous 5,500-foot deep Hells Canyon--the

deepest gorge in North America.

Fishing and The 53,790 acres of surface water provide an Hunting excellent opportunity for fishing and water sports.

"Fisheries consist of resident trout (rainbow,

cutthroat and Dolly Varden) as well as anadromous

steel head trout and Chinook salmon." Excellent

hunting is afforded here with an abundance of elk,

deer, bear, sheep, goat, cougar, and upland game

birds.

Summer Homes There are over 500 summer homes in the Basin with over 3,000 lots sold for subdivision and condominiums. Second homes are especially popular in

the Stanley Basin due to its proximity to popular

lakes, the National Recreation Areas, cross-country

skiing, and snowmobiling opportunities.

127
Winter Sports Interest in winter sports is increasing. In the

winter, snow closes the back country to all but the

snowmobil ers and cross-country skiers who utilize

logging roads on their journey to high alpine peaks

and meadows. The more accessible developed areas provide opportunities for downhill skiing and other

winter sports.

Interpretative The National Forest administers several visitor

Sites information centers and interpretive sites. The

National Park Service administers the Nez Perce

National Historical Park which represents a series

of 22 sites designed to interpret the native

American (Indian) history and culture of the area. There are also interpretive sites located along 133

miles of the original Lewis and Clark route.

These resources provide the setting for millions of

people who enjoy outdoor recreation. Commercial

airports at McCal 1 and Lewiston make the Basin

accessible to recreationists from all parts of the

Nation.

128
FOREST LAND RESOURCE

The forest land resource in the Basin has many

uses, including watershed protection, grazing,

recreation, wildlife, and timber production.

Maintaining an adequate hydrologic condition is an important management aspect of the forest. This

helps to insure high quality water for domestic,

recreation, fish and wildlife, industrial, and

irrigation purposes.

Livestock grazing, including cattle, horses, and

sheep, is a significant use of much of the Lower

Snake Basin's forested area. Presently, grazing

amounts to an estimated 81,600 animal -unit-months

(AUM's) annually on National Forests. Summer

grazing on forested areas in the Basin is an integral and essential part of many livestock

operations.

The large Idaho Primitive Wilderness and other

recreation areas are located in the River Basin.

Other areas include part of the Sawtooth Primitive

Areas, the Salmon River Breaks Primitive Area,

Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, Gospel Hump,

Hells Canyon and the Selway-Bitterroot National

Wilderness Area. The Basin also includes several

rivers for which special classification has been

made or is proposed. A significant portion of

forest land in the Basin is presently being managed

in a natural or near-natural state.

The forest land resource supports an extremely

valuable and varied wildlife population by

providing both food and cover. Big game, upland

birds, and many nongame wildlife species depend on the forest land resource for part or all of their

habitat.

129
The Basin has approximately 7 million acres of land

suitable and available for producing commercial

timber 1/ . Of this, 5.3 million acres or 76

percent is on National Forests, .2 million acres is

Bureau of Land Management, .4 million acres is

State and County land and 1.1 million acres or 16

percent is on private land.

Ownership of commercial forest land by each county

in the Lower Snake River Basin is given in Table

17.

Table 17-- Ownership of commercial forest 1 and by county, Lower Snake River Eiasin

Cou nty National Forest

Bureau of

Land Mgmt. OtherFed. State and County Private Total 1,000 acresCI earwater 730 14 15 244 437 1440

Custer 990 44 1 13 1048

Idaho 2209 42 7 47 292 243

Latah 105 7 52 183 343

Lemhi 1277 50 13 1340

Lewi s 6 6 6 69 86

Nez Perce 17 8 95 120

Total 5312 180 28 357 1102 6979

Source: Based on data from Forest Survey, U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, 1974, and does not reflect RARE II or classified wilderness areas since that date.

\J Land capable of producing 20 cubic feet of

wood or more per acre per year.

130
Sawtimber The net volume of sawtimber on commercial forest

land by ownership group and county is given in

Table 18.

Average annual timber harvest in Idaho is about 1.7

billion board feet. The Lower Snake Basin provides

about 45 percent of the total

.

Growing Stock Net volume of growing stock on commercial forest

land by ownership group and county is shown in

Table 19. Approximately 60 percent of both growing

stock and sawtimber occur on National Forests,

followed by private, land 25 percent, and other

public land, 14 percent.

Lumber The lumber industry utilizes most of the annual log

Industry production. Timber harvested in the Basin have

many uses including; lumber, plywood, pulp, paper,

house logs, posts, poles, firewood and

miscellaneous products.

In 1978, 30 mills produced more than 748 million

board feet of lumber. The number of sawmills and

their production class is given in Table 20.

Harvesting Timber — USPS Photo

131
S_ -1- O) r—

I— o

03 S +J +-> O 4-

— O

<* 1—

CO

cn oI

ro I— I

132
o

o

5

+-> +-> O 4-o O r— I

00

CO

CO

133
Table 20. --Sawmills and annual capacity^ by cpunty, Lower Snake River

Basin, 1978

Production Plywood

County Mills class production class

Number MM Bd. Ft. MM Sq

.

Clearwater 9 55-81 155

Custer

Idaho 6 115-150

Latah 7 125-160

Lemhi 3 62-85

Lewi s 3 . 85-110

Nez Perce 2 140-250 158

TOTAL 30 582-836 313

SOURCE; Forest Products and Utilization Directory for Idaho,

Idaho State Department of Lands, 1978; and Forest Industries, 1974

Buyer's Guide and Yearbook.

134
FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Habitat Suitable habitat for many varieties and an abundance of fish and wildlife species exists in

the Lower Snake Basin. This conies from a wide

range in elevation, 730 feet to 10,000 feet, many

climatic conditions, land forms and vegetation

types. Portions of all waters, forests, ranges,

croplands, and other lands supporting vegetation

provide habitat for some species of wildlife.

As Idaho continues to grow and to develop, changes

will occur affecting habitat for both fish and

wildlife. Habitat changes over time may result in

plant and animal species becoming endangered or threatened in the Basin. There are, however,

abundant opportunities for enhancing and developing

fish and wildlife resources to offset the losses

created by man's resource development activity.

Threatened

Species

There are three threatened animal species in

the Lower Snake River Basin. These include:

Peregrine

Falcon

The Peregrine Falcon has never been a high density

species. Population decline is occurring, however,

and is generally attributed to the use of

chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Bald Eagle Historically, the Bald Eagle has nested along the

Snake River. These birds are primarily fish

eaters. Wintering populations are common around

and along river valleys, lakes, and reservoirs

where adequate food can be found.

Northern

Rocky

Mountain

Wolf

Historically, the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf

occurred throughout most of Idaho. Settlement of

the area started the decline in wolf populations.

The wolf needs a continuing food supply and an environment free from undue human harassment if

they are to survive.

135
Upland Game Habitat for upland game includes semi -arid

sagebrush rangelands, high mountain, dense

coniferous forests, cultivated farmland, and brushy

foothills. Such a varied habitat has a great

variety of upland species.

Upland Game Species and Estimated Annual Hunter-Days \J

Species Hunter-Days

Ring-necked pheasant 16,620

Chukar 22,330

Hungarian partridge 17,330

Quail 20,180

Forest grouse 42,950

Sage grouse 5,620

Mourning dove 7,800

Rabbit 6,180

Total 139,010

Waterfowl Waterfowl are found throughout the state and

account for 21 percent of the total hunting effort.

Fifteen or more species of ducks are found in this

basin during the year. Some nest in the area and

others are only in the area during seasonal

migrations. There are no major duck or goose

breeding areas, however, mountain meadows and

meadowlands bordering streams produce ducks.

Waterfowl and Estimated Annual Hunter-Days TJ

Waterfowl Group Hunter-Days

Ducks 8,150

Geese 4,790

Coots 1,120

Total 14,060

y Idaho Department of Fish and Game Data

TJ Columbia North Pacific Comprehensive Framework

Study, November 1971

136
Duck populations have remained fairly stable over

the years. They are easily attracted to protected

areas and are federally regulated due to their

migratory nature. The number of waterfowl hunters

has increased gradually each year and the total

harvest has been increasing at a rate of nearly 2

percent per year for the last 10 years.

Coots are migratory but maintain stable annual

population levels. There is little hunter demand

for coots. Snipes are found near water bodies and

wetlands but have little hunting pressure.

The Basin is nationally known for its exceptional

opportunity to hunt, observe, photograph, or study

a great variety of big game species. Big game

hunting accounts for 43 percent of the total

hunting effort and is the most popular hunting in

Idaho.

Antelope, elk, deer, moose, bighorn sheep, mountain

goat, mountain lion, and black bear are found in

the Basin. Habitat for these animals includes

high, rough country and extensive coniferous

forests.

Big Game Species and Estimated Hunter-Days \l

Species Hunter-Days

Mule deer 50,890

White-tailed deer 95,480

Elk 111,430

Moose 345

Mountain goat 195

Bighorn sheep 75

Black bear 4,790

Mountain lion 255

Total 263,460

y Idaho Department of Fish and Game Data

137
Several factors affect the big game resource of

the Basin. Numbers depend upon trends in timber

management, road construction, livestock grazing,

and regulations concerning land, water, and

wildlife. All of these activities, if properly

planned, aid big game.

Thirteen species of animals are currently being

trapped in Idaho for their fur. However, eight

species account for 92 percent of the catch.

Beaver, muskrat, and mink are found in aquatic

habitat throughout the state while Marten are found

in forested areas of the Basin. Red fox roam agricultural and adjacent lands, foothills, and

mountain meadow areas. The racoon is found in

similar surroundings. Bobcat are widespread

throughout the Basin in a variety of habitat. Lynx

inhabit remote heavily timbered country where

winter snows are deep. Only a remnant population

of wolverine remain in remote timbered areas.

Anadromous fish are important in this Basin,

although most of the fish are harvested downstream.

Habitat for successful reproduction and survival of

anadromous salmonoid fish consists of accessible

streams, with a minimum of pollution, cool water,

and an abundance of spawning gravel and rearing

pools, and an adequate and stable stream flow.

These conditions are characteristic of the Lower

Snake River Basin.

Habitat for resident fish includes many clear,

cold, small streams in the higher elevations, more

than 1,000 natural mountain lakes, a few

reservoirs, and large rivers in the lower valleys.

Several State and Federal fish hatcheries and

wildlife refuges are found in the Basin.

138
The following table gives the name and acreage of

fish hatcheries, big game ranges, and wildlife

management areas and refuges in the Lower Snake

Basin in Idaho. \l

Acres

Spring Valley Dam Public

Fishing Area 296

Elk River Dam Public Fishing Area 407

Winchester Lake Public Fishing Area 292

Waha Lake Public Fishing Area 32

Chamberlin Basin Segment 407

South Fork Salmon River Segment 4,625

Big Creek Segment 2,080

Middle Fork Salmon River Segment 1,106

North Fork Salmon River Hatching

Channel

Jimmy Smith Lake Public Fishing Area 32

Circle C. Hatchery

Dworshak National Fish Hatchery

Total 9,277

Rainbow trout is the principal resident salmonid

fish. Brook trout and cutthroat are also

important. Many other types of fish provide sport

fishing. Almost all Idaho lowland lakes,

reservoirs, and ponds with suitable water

temperatures contain rainbow trout in varying

abundance. Cutthroat trout are also found in large

lakes and reservoirs throughout the northern part

of the state.

The exceptional aesthetic values related to fishing

in the Lower Snake Basin probably exceed the

economic values by which the fish resource is

commonly measured. Because certain areas are difficult to get to, fishing capacity is unknown

but considered to be above present levels.

y Columbia North Pacific Comprehensive Framework

Study, November 1971.

139
other Many other kinds of wildlife are found in the

Wildlife Basin. There is a special interest in mountain

lions. Research in the Idaho Primitive Area is

expected to lead to more purposeful management of

mountain lions in the future. Many rodent and bird

species are important to mankind. The variety of

wildlife, both game and non-game is an outstanding

attribute of this Basin.

UNIQUE OR SPECIAL FEATURES

Archaeological Evidence of man in the Basin has been found dating

Sites his presence back about 15,000 years during the

close of the Wisconsin Ice Age. There have been

2,367 archaeological sites identified in the Basin

and more are found each year.

Early People The dominant tribe in the Basin was the Nez Perce

who lived primarily in the proximity of the

Clearwater River. They were primarily fisherman

even after they obtained horses near the beginning

of the 18th century. They were noted for their

intelligence and social morality. Lewis and Clark

found good friends among the Nez Perce in 1805

during their trip as did Captain Bonneville in 1834

and others through the years.

Horses played a big part in the lives of the Nez

Perce for they permitted part of their tribes to

travel long distances over the Lolo Pass into

Montana to hunt buffalo. It is believed other

tribes from the Columbia Basin, the Cayuses,

Wallawallas, Yakimas, Spokanes and Coeur d'Alenes

followed the Nez Perces to buffalo country and also

adopted the tepee and other cultural trappings of

the Plains Indians. In 1877, the Nez Perce elected

to leave their homeland rather than move to a new reservation that had been reduced to one-fourth of

its original size by 1863 treaty. Chief Joseph led

them westward to Wyoming, then north toward Canada.

He surrendered in October, north of Montana's Bear

Paw Mountains.

140
Fur Trade White trappers were probably present in the Basin

before 1805 when Lewis and Clark came through but

they left little record. Fur trapping became

highly competitive with traders buying furs from

Indians as well as white trappers until about 1840

when the industry went into a rapid decline.

Mining The next large group of inhabitants were miners

following 1860 when gold was found in the area. By

1862, there were more whites than Indians occupying

reservation lands. Many miners left when the gold

ran out or when it became uneconomical to mine but some stayed to farm, ranch or purse other

occupations.

Historical The West continued to be increasingly settled by

Sites ranchers and towns people. Through the years, many

of the old relic buildings and historical sites

have deteriorated and are in jeopardy of

extinction. The elements of man through economic

growth, development, thievery and vandalism have

also taken their toll on historical sites.

Preservation There are over 250 pieces of Federal legislation

which affect historic preservation. This has

substantially reduced losses. In the Basin, three

hundred and thirty historical sites, including

twenty-seven national historical sites, have been

designated for preservation.

Wilderness Areas in this Basin designated by Congress as "wilderness area" total 2,538,978 acres and include

Gospel Hump, Hells Canyon, Selway-Bi tterroot, part

of the Sawtooth, and over half of the recently

designated River-Of-No-Return Wilderness. These

areas are protected and managed by the Forest

Service to preserve their natural condition.

Other Wilderness The President may, within a specific area as he

Uses deems desirable, authorize establishment and maintenance of water projects, power projects,

transmission lines, road construction and other

facilities needed in the public interest.

Mining and mineral leases acquired prior to the

effective date of the Wilderness Act are permitted

until December 31, 1983, to the same extent as applicable prior to the act. Reasonable mining

activities as prescribed by the Secretary of

Agriculture are permitted.

141
The Idaho and Salmon River Breaks Primitive Areas

total 1,448,769 acres and are now included in the

2,239 ,000-acre River-Of-No-Return Wilderness, which

was designated by the President signing the Central

Idaho Wilderness Act of 1980.

There are 133,300 acres classified as National

Recreation Area (NRA) . This includes parts of

Hells Canyon and Sawtooth NRA's. These areas are managed to provide a broad range of land uses and

recreational opportunities. The Hells Canyon

National Recreation Area was established by PL

94-199 on December 31, 1975. This legislation was the outcome of a lengthly contest between interests

proposing additional dam construction in Hells

Canyon and advocates of preservation. When the

Hells Canyon NRA was established, part of this area was designated the Hells Canyon Wilderness.

Roughing it in the Wilderness — USPS Photo

142
Wild and The Wild and Scenic River's Act of 1958 came into

Scenic Rivers being in order that certain rivers of the Nation,

which with their immediate environments possess

outstanding, remarkable, scenic, recreational,

geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values which shall be preserved in a free flowing condition in that they and their

immediate environments shall be protected for the

benefit and enjoyment of present and future

generations. Over 1,000 miles of rivers in this

Basin have been identified as having free flowing

values.

The NRA Establishment Act designated 68 miles of

the Snake River along the Idaho-Oregon border and

27 miles of the Rapid River within the National

Forest as components of the National Wild and

Scenic Rivers System. An additional 33 miles of

the Snake River, located upstream from the northern

boundary of the Hells Canyon NRA, and the Salmon

from the town of North Fork to its confluence with

the Snake, have been proposed for designation under

Section 5 (a) of the Wild and Scenic River Act.

The Central Idaho Wilderness Act of 1980, provides

for Wild and Scenic designation for the 125 mile \J

segment of the Salmon River included in the

Wilderness. The balance of the recommended

designation of 237 miles is pending.

Other river systems or river segments in the Basin

classified as a wild, scenic or recreation river

include a 185-mile stretch of the Middle Fork of

the Clearwater from Kooskia upstream to Lowell, the

Lochsa River upstream to Powell Ranger Station and

the Selway River from Lowell upstream to its

origin, the famous Middle Fork of the Salmon and a 105-mile stretch from its origin to its confluence

with the main Salmon River.

Nez Perce

National

Hi storic

Park

This 2,114-acre park is located 16 miles east of

Lewis ton. This park, administered by the National

Park Service, represents a series of sites established to interpret the Native American (Indian)

history and culture of the area.

y The 46 mile portion from the confluence of the

North Fork the Salmon downstream to Corn Creek

"recreational river", and the 79 mile segment

from Corn Creek to Long Tom Bar, "Wild" river.

143
MSP

STATUS OF IDENTIFIED FREE FLOWING RIVERS

LOWER SNiKE RIVER BASIN

COOPERATIVE STUDY

IDA HO

NOVEMBER 1981

\
I-
ECONOMIC PROFILE

Basin The Lower Snake Basin consists of seven counties

Description and makes up 29 percent of the State's total land

area. The terrain is rugged, mountainous, and

forested with the exception of the western portions

of Latah County on which the rich loess soils of

the Palouse Hills support soft-white-wheat

production. The Camas Prairie and the rolling

hills of the Clearwater Drainage also support a productive wheat-pea-lentil industry.

About 51 percent of the area is forested and a major forest products industry exists in the

region. Agriculture, limited by topography and

climate, is modest, yet an important industry.

However, perhaps the greatest resource value lies

in that the region is one of the last and largest

recreational areas in the United States, existing

almost wholly in its natural state. The largest

landowner is the Federal government with about 75

percent of the total land area. Dealing with

conflicting issues of conservation versus increased

utilization and development of this region's

natural resources will be of prime importance in

coming years.

The Port of Lewiston (Nez Perce County) is of major

economic importance to the Lower Snake River Basin.

This port, located 465 miles inland from the

Pacific Ocean, provides slackwater river barge

service along the Columbia/Snake River System.

This port became operational in 1975 with the

completion of Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River.

The port has general cargo and container-handling

facilities, but its prime asset is a 3.8 million

bushel grain storage capacity. Wheat from growers

in Idaho, Montana, the Dakotas, and Wyoming is

transferred from truck to river barge for transport

to export facilities at Lower Columbia River ports.

The Port of Lewiston has had a positive impact upon

the economy of the City of Lewiston and the sur- rounding area.

145
Population growth in the Lower Snake Planning

Region was 10 percent (9,483 residents) during the

decade of the 1970's (Table 21). This is the

slowest growth rate of the five state planning

regions and compares with a 32 percent population

increase for the State as a whole. The 1980

population density for the Lower Snake was 4.1

residents per square mile. This compares to an average of 12 residents per square mile for the

State and 55 persons per square mile for the

nation.

Nez Perce and Latah Counties account for 60 percent

of the region's population. Each of these counties

is the site of a major commercial municipality

--Moscow, in Latah County (1980 population 16,513),

and Lewis ton in Nez Perce County (1980 population

27,986). Clearwater County's population decreased

by 4 percent (488 residents between 1970 and 1980)

while the remaining four counties showed moderate

increases.

In the decade of the 1960's, rural population

declined by 6 percent while urban population

increased by 26 percent. This change in the

urban/rural population distribution continued

through the 1970's.

Employment statistics for the Lower Snake Planning

Region are shown in Table 22. The civilian labor

force increased by 29 percent during the 1970's.

Nonagricul tural wage and salary employment

increased by 46 percent, while agricultural

employment declined by 1,172 workers (26 percent).

Farm mechanization and consolidation are prime reasons for the fall in agricultural employment.

146
Table 21-- Population by County, Lower Snake Planning Region

Projected

County 1970 1980 1982

Clearwater 10,871 10,383 10,583

Custer 2,967 3,392 3,457

Idaho 12,891 14,724 15,008

Latah 24,891 28,667 29,220

Lemhi 5,566 7,444 7,588

Lewi s 3,867 4,084 4,163

Nez Perce 30,376 33,218 33,859

TOTAL 92,429 101,912 103,878

IDAHO 712,567 943,134 961,337

% of State Total 12.9 10.8 10.8

SOURCE: Annual Planning Information Report, Idaho Department

of Employment, March 1981.

147
Table 22-- Employment Statistics, Lower Snake, 1970 and 1979

Item 1970 1979

No. of workers

Civilian labor force 38,158 49 ,276

1 U La 1 cHip 1 uyiilcil L sJU 3 ^ U

U

4fi 5?fi

? 71?

1 IncimnT n\/mon"f" v^^^'ho f i UilclillJ 1 uyillcil L 1 a Lc \

J

5 n

Agricultural 4,499 3,327

Nonag. wage and salary 26,088 38,182

1 lu 1 1 L4 1 a L> L U 1 1 1 1 ^ 6 996 8 172

Fnnrl nrnrp^^inn 273 201

1 umhpr 4,554 5,685

Paper 1,025

Chemicals — -- Primary metals — —

Fabricated metals -- 656

Machinery except electrical — --

Electrical equipment --

•

Transportation equipment --

INUi lillul 1 U 1 UU 1 111^ iq 092 29 997

11 1 ll 1 iiy 83KjsJ 145

LunbtrucLiun

1 425 1 735

1 laQc R 785 8 508

Wholesale trade 1 , /^D

Retail uradc 6,784

Finance, insurance, & real estate 709 1,640

Service and miscellaneous 3,297 5,692

Government 6,132 10,882

Administration 4,457

Education 6,426

SOURCE: Idaho State Department of Employment.

148
The employment gains during the 1970 's were not

shared equally among the 7 counties of the Lower

Snake. While Latah and Nez Perce Counties have

enjoyed relatively strong growth and low

unemployment, Clearwater, Idaho, and Lewis Counties

have not faired as well (Table 23). These counties

are heavily dependent upon the timber industry.

Below normal lumber demand during most of 1980 and

1931 has caused unemployment projections for 1982

to be above 10 percent. Clearwater County's

unemployment rate for 1982 is projected to be 16.3

percent. The poor condition of this County's

economy helps explain why its population declined

by 4 percent during the decade of the 70' s.

Table 23-- 1982 Employment Projections, Lower Snake

Population

Labor

force Employed Unemployed

Unempl oyment

rate

percent

Clearwater 10,583 4,546 3,805 741 16.3 Custer 3,457 1,691 1,611 80 4.7

Idaho 15,008 6,922 6,119 803 11.6 Latah 29,220 16,460 15,790 670 4.1

Lemhi 7.588 3,354 3,024 330 9.8

Lewis 4,163 1,769 1,587 182 10.3 Nez Perce 33,859 19,190 17,944 1.246 6.5

TOTAL 103,878 53,932 49,880 4,052 7.5

Idaho 961,337 464,254 434,542 29,712 6.4

SOURCE: Annual Planning Information Report, Idaho State Department

of Employment, March 1981.

Per capita personal income, by county, is listed in

Table 24. All counties are below the 1979 State

average per capita income of $7,632 except Nez

Perce which is well above the average at $9,258.

Economic activity spurred by the development of the

Port of Lewiston is a significant factor in Nez

Perce's high per capita personal income.

149
Employment

(Cont.

)

Table 24-- Per Capita Personal Income, Lower Snake, 1975 and 1979

County 1975 1979

dollars

Clearwater 4,711 7,593 Custer 4,039 6,768

Idaho 4,736 7,212

Latah 4,931 7,082

Lemhi 4,160 7,297

Lewis 5,579 7,594

Nez Perce 5,954 9,258

Idaho 5,205 7,632

SOURCE: Idaho State Department of Employment.

Agriculture The rich Palouse Hills of Latah -County and the

Camas Prairie and rolling hills of the Clearwater

Drainage support the production of wheat, peas, and

lentils. Only about 14 percent of the cropland in

the Lower Snake Region is irrigated as rainfall is

adequate to support most grain production.

In terms of land use, only about 6 percent of the

total land area of the Lower Snake is in cropland.

Land use did not change significantly between 1974

and 1978, although, irrigated acreage did increase

from 11.1 to 14.4 percent of total cropland (Tables

25 and 26).

The market value (Table 26) of all products sold

declined between 1974 and 1973 ($131 million in

1974 to $113 million in 1978). Wheat is the prime

crop of the Lov/er Snake Region and the average 1978

price of wheat was $3.12/bushel as opposed to a 1974 price of $3.90/bushel . Thus, the low 1978

wheat price was the prime cause in the decrease in

value of products sold.

150
Table 25. --Use of farmland, all farms. Lower Snake River Basin, 1974

and 1978*

Crop 1974 1978

1 ,000 acres

TOTAL CROPLAND 1 ,043 1 ,011

Harvested cropland 785 734

Field corn 1 0

Wheat 337 305

Other grains 106 207

Hay 168 156

Potatoes 1 2

Vegetables 7 7

Orchards 1 1

Other crops 164 56

Cropland pasture 143 105

All other cropland 114 174

Woodland and woodland pasture 355 395

* Rounding errors may cause some inconsistency.

SOURCE: 1978 Census of Agriculture, Bureau of the Census,

U. S. Department of Commerce.

151
Table 26. --Agricultural Statistics, Lower Snake River Basin,

1974 and 1978

Category

Farms and land in farms:

Farms

Land in farms

Average size of farm

Total cropland

Irrigated farms:

Farms with irrigation

Proportion of all farms

Irrigated land

Proportion of total cropland

Value of land:

Average value per farm

Average value per acre

Value of marketings:

Average value of products

sold per farm

Market value of all

products sold

Crops

Livestock

Unit 1974 1978

Number 2,758 2,797

1,000 acres 2,445 2,507

Acres 887 897

1 ,000 acres 1 ,043 1 ,011

Number 507 693

Percent 18.3 24.7

1 ,000 acres 122 146

Percent 11.6 14.4

$1 ,000 261 448

Dollars 309 513

Dollars 44,408 41,695

$1 ,000 131 ,487 118,550

57,859 76,464

27,319 20,083

SOURCE: 1978 Census of Agriculture, Bureau of the Census,

U. S. Department of Commerce.

152
Cash receipts by county for 1977 are listed in

Table 27. Nez Perce, Latah, and Idaho are the

major agricultural counties. Crop production,

mostly wheat, accounts for 72 percent of cash

receipts in 1977. (The data in Table 27 were

compiled by the USDA Statistical Reporting Service,

while Tables 25 and 26 are from the Bureau of

Census, Department of Commerce. Hence, the tables

are not directly comparable.)

Table 27 — Cash Receipts from Farm Marketings, Lower Snake, 1977

Total Total Total County recei pts crops livestock $1,000—

Clearwater 2,559 1.909 650 Custer 5,714 1,737 3,977

Idaho 17,894 10,788 7,106

Latah 19,225 17,558 1,657

Lemhi 6,260 897 5,363

Lewis 9,054 8,912 742

Nez Perce 19,390 17,012 2,378

TOTAL 80,096 58,823 21,273

SOURCE : 1980 Idaho Agricultural Statistics, U.S . Department

of Agriculture.

The forest industry is a significant part of the

total economic sector. Both primary and secondary

wood-using industries are important in terms of

output, employment, and income.

Timber harvested has many uses including lumber,

plyv/ood, pulp, paper, house logs, posts and poles,

and miscellaneous products.

Stumpage value of the annual log production in the

Basin was $41 million in 1978. Value added through

processing was approximately $164 million for a total of $205 million annually (based upon a stumpage price of $50/thousand board feet and

wholesale lumber price of $250/thousand board

feet)

.

153
Employment in the wood products industries in the

Snake River Basin is significant. Over 3,500

persons are currently employed in the lumber and

wood products industries in the Lower Snake Basin.

The number of persons employed, by industry group

is given in Table 28.

Wood industry employment compared to total county

employment is significant in the heavily forested

counties. In 1978, the wood industry in Clearwater

County employed 49 percent of the total work force.

Wood industry employment in Idaho County was 35

percent, and Lewis County accounted for 17 percent

of the total county employment. These counties

have been impacted by the poor timber economy in

1980 and 1981.

Forest industry and forest management income is

significant in the Snake River Basin. Statewide,

lumber sector employees earn 31 percent more than

the average State wage level. The average annual

salary is given in Table 28.

154
1 ^ CM 00 WD Ln

cn 1 oo 00 1 CM WO <^ CO CM

(13 (13 1 1 O o CO

1- 1 n r< ro (/) in wo LO wo CO > (/) S- , ,

,—

_

1

i

1— ,

fOo O cn CM CT) CO C\J Q CT> r_ p— CO

CO cn O C3~> wn WD

CU 1 «\ 1 r>

-t-> cn 1 r_ oo 1 O •vj- C3~i CM CM o fC 1 CM 00 WO WD CM

1— ' n CM CM

>,

+J

r\ r— CM CM CM c un CM

13o

o +J

c: 00 un r

Ln CM

>> O) jQ E o 1 OO 00

(t3 >5 o 1 CO cr. ro in

4-> o o WO

if) O n

O) Q. CO r—

CJ) E

fO O)

-oO t/) O 4J

• -a o o

CO S-

•I- Q.

(T3

C7)

'r—CDo

o >,

•r- 4-> CD E

CU 3

S- O

JD U

c>o oes

CO CO

CO

wo

CM

CTi CO

CM

wn

CM

CM

CM o

CO cr, CM

CO CM CO CO

CO in CO wo Ln

CM

oo

LU

CO

s-

(U +J u

fO sS- (U

S- CU o x: CO O-

«3 +-> m •r— CU (/) +-> E s N

<c CU CU

C_) o 1—

1

_J _J

155
EFFECTS OF CHANGING ENERGY CONDITIONS ON RECREATION

Rising prices of gasoline have raised the question

of what effect this will have on outdoor recreation

participation. As of today, there remain many

uncertainties but it seems that recreational

purposes will likely remain a high priority use of

gasoline, as long as it is available. Even with

gasoline at a price of $1.30 per gallon compared to

$1.00 the total expenditure for the average family

of four on a 1-week, 1,000-mile vacation would

increase less than 5 percent.

It does seem, however, that outdoor recreation

activities are changing. Even though overall

recreation use increased from 1978 to 1979,

mechanized recreation travel dropped. In contrast

there was a sharp increase in hiking, swimming and

gathering forest products.

Policies and programs should be developed that will

offer opportunities for quality, energy efficient

recreation. Experience has shown that people alter

their leisure time activities in response to kinds

of opportunities provided and information about the

opportunities. An aggressive program involving

improvement of forest recreation facilities of all

types, visitor information and coordination with

the recreation service industry to develop

attractive destination recreation packages could

encourage many people to spend their leisure time

in outdoor recreation activities rather than

traveling long distances in their automobiles. If

these programs attracted 2 million visitor-days of use annually consumption of gasoline would be

reduced by 7.5 to 10 million gallons per year.

156
PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING LINEAR PROGRAMMING

ANALYSIS OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION

Purpose The intent of this section is to describe the

procedure used to develop linear programming

models for evaluating erosion control alternatives in the Middle and Lower Snake portions of

Idaho. The models were designed during the

USDA-Cooperati ve River Basin Study sponsored by

the Idaho Department of Water Resources.

The Model

Linear Program- A linear programming tableau was adapted to the

ming Model specific requirements of the erosion model.

Sources of erosion occupy rows in the LP matrix

while Alternative methods of controlling erosion

occupy the columns in the LP matrix. An example

matrix is presented later to illustrate data needs

and the relationship between sources of erosion and

sediment, and the methods of achieving control.

The quantity in acres of each source is essential

to the operation of the model. Acreage was used to

provide a common denominator for all sources of

erosion.

Costs Costs of applying control measures are identified

on a per-acre basis as are all coefficients in the

model. Therefore, it was necessary to convert all

erosion sources to acres including miles of streams,

roads, power corridors, fire trails, etc.

Model Right hand side values for each model represent

Constraints acres of erosion source. Projections of future

management scenarios can be incorporated in the

system by changing the right hand side values. The

model requires several data inputs including those

based on physical relationships that reflect the interaction of water and soil, those reflecting the

impact of human activities on physical relationships,

and those based on the costs associated with controlling sediment and erosion. These will each be discussed in turn.

157
LL^^SL^ssn^^

aAL:te:;36aA ^.uaiuaBeuem

BuLDuaj. r^uaiuabeuem auoz ap!.siueaj:is

( [ L) qDLnujojp/CLj pue 'azLLLjja^ 'paas ta^eag

(OL) speou aso[D puB azLLiqeis

(6) aDGjjns peoj LS'^euS

a:ieia6aA pue jeq Jar^efi

(/_) spuod azLLir^ja^ pue ssej5 :;au-s6uL Lpaas :iueLd

(9) AeMpBOJ

sBuL^paas aaj:; ^ubij

(g) s^p!.suIe^J:^s uo sqnjqs aA.L:^BU iweid

(I7) ssBvib :iau pue

'ij3[nuj 'azLLU-iai 'pass

(£) ssbjB azL [ iriuaj. pue 'qDinui 'paas

(Z) ssea6 paas

(L) sa:iBj uoLSOja t^uaojaj

3 <u o o

+J c 0

o 10

•1- s_ on D.

LO LO C\J LO 00 ro cn

c\j crt CO o

O

00

00 CTi 1X1

00 <Ti un

CO 00 cn

CO — «d- un

r— I— CO Ln

LO 00 CNJ «^ osj cri

o

1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 LO LD l£5 0 1 1 Ln 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 m CM 1 1 f

1 1 1 0

CM CM CO CNJ 0 CM

Lf) r- ro 0 0 a\ 0 in in 0 Ln 0 0 CO 0 1 1 0 0 CM CM 0 CO CM CM 0 CM 0 0 Ln 1 1 LD in CO un LO Ln CO CM

CO CM <J\ in

0)

c: QJ u

i- u rtj 3 ro i)- +J >t- s_ X)

LO 00 s_ 3 (O >

t/) CO 1- s_ ^ 3 LO 0 0

s_ S- 13 10 QJ LO s_

in rT3 (0 OJ O) cn C QJ +-> cn OJ Ol >1 >1 c: fO c QJ > 4-> u

c QJ >, >> > S- LO Q) LO

IT) in +-> +J i- l-J 0 C\J +j QJ +-> 03 -D QJ ro QJ l/l o a. V A 3 CM 03 c -a QJ LO 0 Q)

OJ V A 0 JD \ C QJ <e c >i LO

OJ J= oS LO LO 3 (Z 0 ro LO CO +J 1-J +J OJ QJ QJ 0 D fO s_ CM ro 4->

t/J OJ at > •0 n3 rt3 (_> ro C QJ o3 0 cn S- s_ 0 S- s- V s- u QJ 10

!- c l-> +j l-J S- +J QJ QJ E 4-> s_ 3 E LO x: cn S- S- QJ 0) OJ ro to QJ 0 4-> 3

(0 ro -0 -a QJ > > S- -0 cn <z QJ c QJ s -a ro •0 0. Ol Ol OJ QJ 3 0 s- s_ S- E ro 0 QJ

S- Its 01 QJ QJ S_ S- Q. 4-> 3 0 OJ 0

CQ 0 oo <_) (_> oo Ln 1/1 C3 I/O uo oo Q. tn DD U- 0 I—

158
Model In general, the model takes information concerning

Operation the present erosion situation and selects alternative means of controlling that erosion subject to a specified objective function. In the forest land

models, the objective function selects the least cost

alternatives for a given level of erosion control.

In the agricultural models, a least-cost analysis is

made to analyze the most cost-effective means of con- trolling erosion and sediment, and a profit maximizing

run is made to select that mix of control alternatives

which would maximize net income for each level of ero- sion control. Later, we will discuss the implications

of these two analytical approaches.

Forest Land

Erosion Sources The first step in developing an erosion-sediment

linear programming model (E-S LP) was to identify ero- sion sources occurring in the forested areas. These

sources include roads, streams, vegetative cover types,

fire trails, power corridors, and several management

conditions such as clear cuts, burned areas, selective cuts, etc.

Erosion Rates Once the erosion sources were identified, it was nec- essary to estimate the acreage of each source and its mean erosion rate. By multiplying the acreage of an erosion source by its mean erosion rate, it was possible to obtain an estimate of total current erosion.

Sediment estim.ates were developed in a similar procedure with measurements of sediment loads in streams

in the study area being used to estimate the relationship between erosion and sediment on each erosion

source.

Erosion Control The next step was to determine the relevant control

Alternatives measures to be applied to each of the several erosion

sources. It is important to construct alternatives

so that each is unique. If alternatives can be mixed,

new alternatives should be set up to combine the mixed

alternative as a single action. This increases the

number of available alternatives and enhances the interpretation of results by eliminating internal com- binations and (transfer) statements. For example,

seeding grass on roadways will reduce erosion to a specified level. If the grass seeding is mulched, it

is somewhat more expensive and also more effective.

Fertilization could be added to again increase the

159
Erosion Control

Al ternati ves (Cont.)

cost and effectiveness of the alternative. In the

Idaho Cooperative E-S LP, alternative control measures

were specified for each erosion surface with the ero- sion-sediment level which would result if the control

measure were in place. Estimates of erosion-sediment

levels were made for two major soil types in the Lolo

Creek drainage -- forest soils and batholith (granitic)

soi 1 s

.

Application

Costs

Erosion Control

Model

Crop Rotations

Costs of applying control measures were estimated using

engineering cost estimates provided by Forest Service

personnel and Forest Service working documents. These

costs are necessarily generalized values intended to

reflect cost relationships between alternatives in

broad applications. A required assumption is that

application costs of the several alternatives on specific sites would tend to vary in the same direction

from the average prices used in the model, and may

each be represented by average relative costs. This

may or may not be true in all situations; therefore,

application of the procedure to specific sites will

require close scrutiny of cost relationships.

Agricultural Lands

The emphasis in the agricultural lands analysis was toward crop rotations and tillage practices to re- duce erosion and sedimentation. As with forested

lands, the first step in developing the ag lands model was to identify relevant erosion sources. In

the Lolo Creek model the SCS technical staff determined that roads and other land (as identified in the

CNI), did not contribute a significant portion of the

erosion and sediment to the total ag land problem and

hence roads should be ignored. The judgment was also

made by SCS that streams within the boundaries of the

agricultural lands did not have a significant erosion

problem relative to the cultivated land. The data

base generated for ag lands began with the identification of cropping patterns and associated erosion-sediment levels. Crop rotation and tillage practices were

also identified for each erosion source and the present

acreage and erosion-sediment levels estimated.

Crop rotations by tillage practice are also used as alternative means of controlling erosion and sediment

in the evaluation matrix. Erosion/sediment coefficients for each cell in the matrix were estimated by

SCS personnel

.

160
Crop Yields

and Costs

Crop yields and production costs were also estimated

using normalized yields as a guide for crop yields

and the ERS adaptation of the Oklahoma Budget Generator to determine production costs. Normal practices were identified for each crop under conventional tillage and a base budget was run to determine a base

cost of production. Then each alternative tillage

practice production cost was estimated by altering

the practices and machinery complements in the production cost relationships between the alternative

practices. These costs should not be viewed as production cost estimates for a typical or individual

farm.

Flow Chart

Model

Operations

Appl ication

of the Model

Specific requirements for setting up the E-S LP are outlined in Figure 3. There are many steps in this

activity. Failure to accomplish each one accurately

will result in questionable results.

The model is normally referred to as a Least-Cost

Linear Programming System (LC-LP). The most often

used objective is to minimize the cost of achieving

a predetermined level of erosion or sediment control.

One popular method has been to reduce the allowable . erosion to some predetermined percentage of the

current situation, then find the least-cost solution

for achieving the lower level. Many other scenarios

can be analyzed with the LP system including, but

not limited to, the following:

1. Set an allowable erosion or sedimentation rate

for each erosion source. Then find a least-cost solution for lowering present rates to that value.

2. Select environmentally sound control measures and

constrain the model to utilize those measures. The

LP analysis would determine the least cost of achieving an environmental alternative.

3. Use a profit maximizing objective function to determine that set of alternatives which would maximize

net returns at various levels of erosion or sediment

reduction.

4. Determine the greatest reduction possible in erosion or sediment for given amounts of expenditures on control measures.

The cooperative study developed a series of linear

programming models to evaluate alternative strategies

for reducing erosion and sedimentation in the Lower

and Middle Snake River Basins.

161
a. •- o -i->

•IO ro CL4-

>> -U

Qu E o -I- <u UJ fO

-IT s4-> O O) CO 03 +-» O O) I— . Q. O +J 1 O M- C — tu I <u (O E : > +J O) I OJ ITJ cr : "o "O rec

SO E O -r-

<u (-) o

cpx: s- 3 to

in H- OJ i- c

Z3O D- Q.-f1/1 .— s_ I— C fO •!- Ol o ^

-I- ^ . O •>-> O CD E <J (O 3 Ol

-CJ

O S- -r- c s. o

r— >

H- Lrt •f- D^ O -M +->

4-' cr c

S- i/i TD O O = _

UU JO -t-J

IT3 J3

S- I—

(O •-

ro ro >^ > "-> 0 10(0 > — ^CL (J +J a. (O c

(o <u o)E

OJ S- •.- c o -o • •1- 4- Ol OJ

-(-> CO > 03 I T3 •- Ol

C

to I— (/)

O 4-

O) QO

+-> Q. OJ cn

03 03 > (L) CD

S- T- S- <_> OJ +-> 3 i-

+-> ^ 03 i/l 3 C +-> C 03 O

<U S- dJ 00 E e <u E •1- O -!-> +-> -O S- r- ,— C

<U M— 03O 03 I—

C

OJ OJ

1- E

a; c -a

X > o I— •.-

•r- -ru s_

-l-> -!-> o +J

03 •'— -C 03 c X) 00 E

s- c

OJO 03 ol -U U +-> -1- .— 03 -C

(O 4-J "O +J c i 4-) O) c c C 00 o

03 O) I > S- -l-> -o I O) Cl 03 O) i r— (_) X!

O) QJ •- =3 E 3 S- ^ I +-> a. o I -C Q- C 0 Ol 03 -1- ' 03 C : OJ T- M- O) I -o O J3

01 1— +-) o i "CJ u tn to I C C O 1— I 3 •- <_> 03

03 be ter 3 03 O) o CL iequir age t e

com

Seve

uq

an

runs bletr

u th eb03

— no

03 s_ -o

<u Q. ttJ +-> "O c o o O- 03 c 4-> E _J S_ 03 ''~ 0) E -a

01

U Q- OJ <U 03 x: O s_ E

+J l+- c +-> O <u 3 O

M—

u +-> cr dJ

O OJ -u OJ "O

03 s- Ol CT tA l-J O- s- C >> (_) 03

OJ <_)

C c 03 +-> o OO e M Q- c 03 o c 3 03 0) E 3

s_ MU i- >, S_ O u o

<L> 03 c +-> 3 c

t— ci-o 4- OJ 4- Ol o C <U S- 01 3

OJ 03 03 cn cr c Ol Ol

0) 3 -o <o tn

U cn

+-> o 01 c U jn o on 3 3 3

2r 3 i- CO

03

O S_ I—

•r- CD

O

+J +J S03 (— -t-J U 03 C

•1-

O

1— ^ CJ Q. (_> Cl 03 C

03 CD

O

CD i- 00

CD +-> 0) on

-l-J cn > o3

CD cn. CD CD S_

S_ CD +->

O cn -C 03

C +-> c cn c O S- CD O •.- E CD s_ -1- cn o +-> 3 cn O S- 1— 00 o

S- M- (D 03 S03 -tJ C O 03

•M cn +-> c I— o o

lO CD

C

.— 03

-Q 2 O S- c o +-> cr"o

•t- <+-

C CD CD E CD s- c c c/1 e •.- CD +^ -03 CO

+-> -r- -a 4J !-> CD C 0) 03 -Q Q 3 cn T3 O

cr cn c o -o

•1-

O r—

X S_ CD o c cn +J

•1- 3 -a c o

SO

C 03C

O CD > C CD c •.-+-> -t- o c -a O 00 03 +-> U O 3

•.-

O S_ 03 -r- rcn s_ c: +-> +J u O CD C S- C 03 C

S_

O <D CD

O .-

CD CD-I— +-> CO (- C OO r— CD I— CD

03 s- c:i--ci Q. Q.

a.-r- o 3 -l-> S_ 03 CD

O CD 00

CD 4->

O 03

cn S- CD 03 c: • O- C +-> N CD -r- >^ I O c/l >> • cn 03 T3

•IC I— OO CD S_ 3

+-'+->O03CDi-+J+-> c Q- CJ c > cn cn

CDO 03 - CD !=

•r- +-)+-) CL 03 c CD CTir

03

C CD Q- > -1- x:

CD C71 4-> CO

i- c: CD E 00 x:

CC E 03 !- • > 4J 1. +J

CD •>-O CD ai f— >*- E

>>!-' H- C

C cn

•r- 03 o CD

+-> > o C CD S- CD .— O 3

-O CD s_ o

1—1 S_ CD cn

00 T3 E i~ CD 03 OJ +J o o O CD c: 4- SS- CD 3

-l-> E cn o

+-> cn

O I/) c -o

CD +-> CD !->C E c cn 03 O

(D S- -1- •o CD cn

CD CD- >, o

-cn S- S_

CJ E <D (D cnc

re

ter >

1— _C 1— u

00 c CD <D 03 =) o -a CD

cn 03 T- c 1— +-> ci_ o

CDC T- -r- > CD CJ +-> (D E QJ 1— -I- CL-O

T3 00

C

+J CD

O

cn c/) CD (D cn "O -l-J +-> CD C 03 C

S- 03 S- CD

cn. cn C CT> CD

CD

O

C SCD CD C +->

-O 03 c -a

03

C

CD

OO E

+-' E

I— o 3 U

CD

0) 03

•r- E

•r- 03 CD U O C CD OO

03 -t-J 03

CD c s_ s_ o o

•r- Cl- -a

cn c O cn 03

S- CD

(D 4-) >,

03 CJ 3 t- 03

CD t- • •f- 4-J 3 00 > C U cn CD CD (J CD

ci: E 03 c

s-o<4-

CD f—

162
Application Output from these analyses were used to develop alof the Model ternative plans. The LP model generates erosion

(Cont.) levels, sedimentation estimates, cost of treatment,

and net income for alternative land treatment scenarios .

An LP model requires detailed data. Steps required

to generate a model include:

- Delineation of the study area

- Selection of land units for base data

- Determine data requirements (varies by study

depending upon study objectives, major land uses,

and type of soil resource)

- Develop erosion rate estimates for each base unit

- Develop sedimentation estimates for each base

unit (sediment delivery ratio)

- Determine alternative treatments for each base

unit

- Determine effect of alternative treatments on erosion and sedimentation

- Estimate cost of alternative treatments

- Organize input information into a matrix for

processi ng

- Develop report writer to organize LP results

- Interpret result

- Establish criteria for plan selection

- Select plan

Specific Models A total of six linear programming models were developed to analyze the erosion control alternatives,

Each provide insight into the interrelationships of

man's activities associated with use of soil resources.

163
PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING THE OUTDOOR RECREATION

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ALTERNATIVE PLAN,

LOWER SNAKE RIVER BASIN - IDAHO

The intent of this paper is to describe procedures used to determine

environmental impact of outdoor recreation facility development in the

Lower Snake River Basin in Idaho.

Situation

The Soil Conservation Service, Economic Research Service, USDA-Forest

Service, and the Idaho Department of Water Resources are currently engaged

in a USDA Cooperative River Basin Study, sponsored by the State of Idaho.

One of the concerns identified and selected for study was the present and

projected shortage of outdoor recreation facilities in the Basin. Estimates of environmental impacts from proposed development are required by

USDA River Basin Study guidelines. Empirical data were not available for

identifying or analyzing environmental impacts of comprehensive program

objectives for outdoor recreation facility development. Therefore, an opinion survey was conducted to obtain information needed by the study team

to estimate environmental impacts of alternative program levels for outdoor

recreation facility development.

Procedures

An opinion survey was designed to identify where environmental impacts from

recreation development are likely to occur and to obtain judgmental quantitative values to serve as an indicator of their significance. IJ See

figure 4

.

Only State and Federal recreation planners associated with the Basins were

surveyed. Their judgments were based on professional experience and knowledge of the area. Their responses were further generalized because comprehensive program development is not site specific.

Over 80 percent of the recreation planners contacted returned the survey

forms. Quantitative values, attained from the returned forms, were organized and coded to utilize the statistical capabilities of an electronic

computer. 2J

The computer printout displayed the average impact of facility development

by each type on all environmental characteristics. See graphs 1 through 8.

If Based on Geological Survey Circular 645 - Procedure for Evaluating

Environmental Impact , 1971.

2J Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) , Nie, Hull,

Jenkins, Steinbrenner, and Bent, 1975. Available from McGraw Hill.

164
Figure 4 . —Opinion survey form

165
Survey Findings

The grand average environmental impact from all program developments were

low. Summarized survey results averaged 1.43 on a scale of 0 to 10. The

standard deviation was 2.85. Development of boating and waterskling areas followed by camping sites and downhill skiing were indicated as having a greater environmental Impact on a larger number of environmental characteristics. Environmental characteristics Impacted the most often by the

different program elements were waste control, habitat modification, and

water quality. See table 30 for the basis of these findings.

Recreation planners, in filling out the form, consistently identified

Impacts in the column titled "Other" as Impacts of development on fish and

wildlife.

Recreation participation was the only impact consistently identified on the

survey form as a beneficial Impact. To avoid confusion, this Impact was not included on graphs 1 through 8, which display only adverse Impacts.

The survey responses indicated that facility development would not greatly

affect recreation participation. The average beneficial environmental

impact on a scale of 0 to 10 was 2.4.

Returned survey forms indicated an amazing degree of consistency, even

though the sample was small. Activities associated with camping development indicated the highest degree of Impact, affecting the greatest number

of environmental characteristics. Ironically, the demand for camping participation was also greatest of all program elements studied in the Basin.

Survey Resul ts

Survey results were summarized by presenting each program element in graphic

form to provide a visual perspective of how each element Impacts each

environmental characteristic. For comparison, the grand average environmental Impact of all program elements on all environmental characteristics and

the average Impact of all program elements on each environmental characteristic were also displayed on each of the above graphs. See graphs 1 through 8.

Table 1 display those facility developments which had a more significant

impact on specific environmental characteristics in the Basin.

166
Conclusions

Due to the small number of planners sampled, the resulting information is

somewhat limited. However, definite patterns emerge which identiy areas sensitive to recreation development. Although this procedure was used to

identify environmentally sensitive areas in a broad planning arena, it

could be used as a guide for site specific development.

Survey results indicated facility developments would not significantly

affect recreation participation.

Based on survey results and professional judgments, the study team con- cluded that (1) increased outdoor recreation participation in the Basin

would take place regardless of additional facility development; (2) environmental impacts from unmet outdoor recreation facility demands would be

greater than impacts of planned facility development. This would occur

from recreational pursuits taking place in areas not designated for rec- reation use, infringing on fragile environments unprotected by measures and

management practices designed to protect and perpetuate the environment.

Therefore, recreation planners must also consider environmental impacts

which would result from no further planning or development.

167
in

o

'—

'

o

>-< •o o

<u

l-l

•a c

c H

o W

eo

•o

4-1 <u >

(U •H E Cxi o 01 4J o c

OJ t/5 •oa V4

01 (U c o

c •-3 o

•H

J-) O

o o

ra oCM eo 1-1 u nl

U-l 0)P> u

0) o

o tj c

e >1 •H ,Q

U)

(U u

c •H u Ul ec oc o B

>J •A

•H a

> E c rt w

1 o

1

1-1

C

o o 0) •H

4-» iJ

i-i •H •H

nJ i-H o iJ *j C

c w O OJ

14-1 O ^

e -H o u

O -H ^1 iJ r) C > u 4-) •H

•H -rl (U nJ c > c o. OJ •a C O •r( e e 01 01 al t-l H c c

o •ri 0) r-i 0) a) u l«

60 M 1-1 oc •H 0)

11) M •H n! > •a

4J u

a) li-i C 01 01 Ul > o 0) > n)

n) O n) x:

V4 o *J •d o 0) n) o

C D a. d OJ n)

to a. nj P. U B o u c e O -H O o

Other

Trespass

Air

quality

Water

([uality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

features

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Was-te control

Historical

sites

Wetland

-Environmental impacts01 U) i-H O. 0) i-H 05 <

•H W

t- w

=> H ^ o o

.-l|t/l z

168
i-(nj o XJ Xi C to

ra dJ

a

"O e H

h-l c -u o •H

tJ > c •H •H

•H > c

tn c O •H

(U CO iH «

(U 0) oc

CI

n •H > u

a) c > O (U

n) o

4J

u ^ -0 o 0)

roC ra p.

C ra a.

^1 E o O •H >

01c c •H

cu 1-1 ec to rH o •H 00

ON

•H l-l >c a)

0) > to o M

(U OJ 10 C u C a (0 c .-1 o OJ Ph

4-1 tn c; c (11 o o •H

•H to AJ

*J <u 10 •H •H 0) •a 4J 1-1 c T-l o o > a; o

XJo e c 10 o

ra IJ 0)

r-lw

to rH 1-1 o rt ;>-. a) •H > u e >

I/) o to •H 3

IJ to a)

01

M

4-> (0

C (0 o XJ o

to

u •H •X3 ^l to XJ a)

(0 p. (0 E <u to H 1-1 o p.

i-( 0)w

t-l

u

to 13

to

»4-l tn o U-l j-i o o

iJ to

Wetland

-Environmental impactsai 4-> O rH

(J 3

a) to p. 01 Pi

e5 «

rH t/5 ^.

169
i-i c u o 0) ra ti t

i

i-i •H •H

T3 !-> C v> O CJ (U 0) O

6 H o i-> c 4-1 r-l o •H i-i re c

I-I f> u •H •H H (1) a c > 4-> c cx (1) 13 c (J •H E E 0)

cu ni r-l •H c C

o •H

a) f-H 0) <U U-l o iH 60 H 01 .c w re •H re > a

ra i-1 M c

•c (U c M M > o OJ > re

C3 o

i-i M O 4-) e •a u OJ •a re o

•H c CO CI. c <D re

n) p. re &

re ij E o . c E « O •H o o M

p.

n) O

/ /

c

IZ

Otlicr

Trespass

Air

quality

Water

quality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

f ea tures

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Waste control

Historical

sites

Wetland

-Environmental impacts170
O o dl CO •H i-l m U 4-1 ^ • r-i •H

'XJ U

nJ c; C (/) o (U O

c: E o u

•H C

(/I O -H u to C

nj o i-t •H

PQ -H -H 0) c

<D •o

Vj C O •H e' B 0)

Q) 03 ,H (:: c

> o •H

f—

1

<1) QJ v-< a; 1—

i

60 H

nJ to •H CO > a

4J M e

QJ <U (U Ul > o OJ > to C CO u (13 j:: u I-J o u

<D X) CJ d) to o

QJ u C tt) a) to E OJ to a. (0 o. 3 P E o e

o U "H o M

^ 1 1

1

1

1

1 (U o 1

; r a o 1 L

0) o 1 (U CM

1

1 cc td o OJ H

O (U m X4J E

o >

U-l

(0 <j 4J a o a

nl Xt a oc

•H c

•I-I 1-1nJ

4-1 •H C

(U cn

U-l o o u

•H u

> a

c (U w

a

ffl

i-i o

/

/

1

It It ?t ?7" -Environmental ImpactsOther

Trespass

Air

quality

Water

quality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

features

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Waste control

Historical

sites

Wetland

(U u c

C •rl 0) r-l B • c cn I-l o •H 00

4J >

c CJ

<u > Ul o

<u 1) x; CO c p C

•a CO

li-i c .-1 o cu pj

4-1 cn X C

C QJ o

o •H

•H M 4-1 U (U to

>-( •H CU t3 4J U

C •H o

O > cu o •H Pi

4-1 •v o e c CO o

(0 IJ QJ I-l to U} I-l U

u to >^ QJ •H Q) > E •a

U) o to •H u 3

IJ <4-l cn QJ

(U V-i 4-) cn C to U 4-) o

(0 V •H •d

>-l to 4J QJ to a to

QJ to i-H o

f-i QJ cn

I-l M •H

to o

to tM cn o 4-1 O ej

to c cn a.

11 4-1 e

(J i-i •H

(J 3

QJ cn tH

p. QJ 1-1 « <

AJ •H O

H OiO O iH|C/)

171
C/} (U •H

4-» •H>

-H o AJ c U o 0) a CO •a 4J O-J .H .-1 •H

-o 4J

jj CO c: in c w 3 di

CO lie

to e -H o i-> r-< ca O -H ^1 4-) CO C p > o -U •H u a) CO c

(LI > J-" c CI. dl o > C o •H E e O

•H Q) nJ r-H •H c c

OJ o •H

QJ iH OJ (1) (U 00 i-H •H 00 OJ

CO CO •iH CO > •a

a Vj iJ

M c CD M-l c a) 0)

t/2 > O <u > CO (0 o CO M 4-) IJ o 4-1 GJ •a o CD o CO U 5 C CO P. c 01 CO c CO a. CO Cu J u e o U C e o O

to

l-ZcalancJ

-Environmental impacts- •c c •H

iHW o v^ CO

CTN •H 4J >

QJ

CU > 0) o i-i (U OJ ^ CO c

4-> c

•D CO

M-l e O cu 4J

tn

X c C o o •H

i-i 10 4-1

4-1 CD CO

1-1

H QJ T3 4-1 1-1 C O O > CU O 1-1 Oi

4-1 •d tj e d CO o

CO i-l QJ

1-) C4-I CO

(fl iHU o CO QJ •H CU >

4J e > T3

cn o u CO •H 3

V4 C4-1 Ul 01

OJ 1-1 u in c CO o 4-1 o

CO o •H -a

CO 4-1 CU

CO D. CO x: e QJ CO u iH H rH o a

r-( Q) (0 iH 1-1 (0 •a

CO

C4-I CO O 14-1 4-1 o CJ 4J CO c 01 D.

cu 4-1

B o f-l H H 3

0) cn rH

D.

a

Pi <

>^

4-1 ^^

•ri U4

(-1 «o o

172
o o QJ o nJ •H r-t

4-1 4-) in o r-H H •rH (U to f-H tJ JJ M 4J n) c o •a C ui o (U la M 01 QJ M-( O E -H O -i-j * C t—1 o C O 'r-l 4J nd c

in •H ^4 > o •H

cn *H -H QJ fd

C

u rt > 4-1

C cx QJ o a C O •H E OJ

Qj re fH -HC

u o H

13 OJ OJ rH QJ (U

u M-J e > i-H bO •H GJ

re re *H ca > Id £ u 4-J c

OJ M-J QJ T3 (3 a) > O QJ >

re (J

J-J re

4-1 V-i <J c rd

0) c re P. c OJ g re a. Ci. n E o u C E o o o r^ o o

*J 3 1 I oJ I 1 a 1 [ T3 i OJ o

a) o 1 1 e o co IJ •H t\) 4J <1) O

n)Eo

>J

14-1 >

(/) 4-1 re O OJ

njP. re e Mc

t-H

H

COH

4-) C

<uEco -r-( p

•H>c o w •o

-1 [J

3; 5 S TT

-Environmental impactst:

Other

Trespass

Air

quality

V/ater quality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

features

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Waste control

Historical

sites

Wetland

OJ

4-1 c C •H

OJ 1-1 Bc in iH o •H 00 u J= 0^

4-1 iH >c OJ

0) AO rs

OJ ,0 CJ

re c u

-d an

U-l c .H o te Ph

v>

X c 0) o o •H

ti tn

0) at •H H 0) 13 U Vj e H o o > 0) o ti

•o

u e c re o

re )-l 0) i-i tn m iH ^J o re a

0) >

4-4 E > •a

0) o V4 to

1-1 V4 3

Vj >4-l tn 0)

0) Wi

4-1 tn c re o 4-1 o

reu •rl T3

(J re AJ 01 n) re >>

jc: E 01 re u •H

cr iH

ex

1-1 rH re

tn

CD

re T3

<4-l tn O of 4Ju

4J re c tn D.

OJ 4-1 E o rH •1-1 u 3

OJ tn .H a 0) <

4-1

1-1 •H

w

J= o H O OT ^1 to Si

173
t/i 01 •HU

•H>

•H

4-> c O o (U TM •H

4-1 Li •H •H

ra •o 4J u ra c c U) o <u

<u CJ M-l o B •H o 4J c 4-) o •H ^1 4-1 ra c

1-1 > O •H

•H <u rj c > c t3 c O •H e E

0) CO ^-^ •H

on c

•H

0) .-1 (U 0)

u M-f 60 1-1 I-( M •H <U

nj ra •H ra > •a u JJ c a a) CJ m > o 0) > ra o ra

4-1 l-l o 4-) •o o 0) •a ra o C ra (i c 0) n)

n) D. ra a.

ij e o c E O •H o o M i

Other

Trespass

Air

quali t;y

Water

quality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

features

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Waste control

Historical

sites

Wetland

-Environmental impacts- 1 • (U 4J c c •H

<u r-i EC 0) T—1

CO

V4 •H 4-i 1-J >C 0)

dJ > 01 o

(U CJ ra c

4-t e a ra

tt-l c o (U P-' iJ

CO

X c c <u o o t-l T^ 0) 4J

4-1 HI •H •H <i T3 4-» ij c •H u o > o

CJ •r) P£ •o U E c ra o

ra l-l CJ . r-4 U-l 01

01 t-l Vj u TO ?^ a) •H >

4-» E > •a

01 o 1-1 ra •H

V4 >4-J 01 0) (U ij 4J 01 C ra

(J 4-1 o

ra tj •H •o

1-1 ra 4-) 0)

ra p. ra >, j: B o ra u •H 1-1 u Df-H CJ 01 t-H u

ra ID

ra

01 o o O

ra

d 01 Q.

4-J E o t—* •H

01 01 cx o .-1 Oi >^U

•H Ul x: u H w tu

f- c o

174
(d<U

•rl

4-1 H

>

-H

4-1 c

a o 0) m H

4-J i-f 4J

r-i i-i •H •H

(d i-i 4J

i-1 c C Ul o a) HI 0) o

6 -H O 4-) r-f O -H 4-1 c

I-' > u H

•f-t -H 0) to C

> tJ c 0) •o e o •H g e CD .H •H c

O

C

•ri <U t—

)

111 0) ^4 W-l .H •H <U

ra n] •H « > T3

4-t M c

a) u-i C 0) 0) 0) > o aj > CO u (0

4-1 >j O 4J -o o T3 nJ O

C tfl C a) ra w a. to p. p e o 1-1 c E o o M

J

Other

Trespass

Air

quality

Water quality

Visual

esthetics

Erosion

Sedimentation

Land use

Endangered

plants

Endangered

animals

Compaction

Unique

features

Habitat

modified

Noise

Forestry

Grazing

Waste control

Historical

sites

Wetland

aj

a)

Ul o •H 03 u .c O

•H u iH >

c a)

ai > 01 o u

a) x> Q)

(0 cc

"O CO

>i-i c o ai CM

4-1 (0 aJ o

o •H

•H 01 4-) U ai CO •H •H a)

4-1 Vj C -H o

o t> QJ o tH CrJ u

•o u e c <0 o

CO 1-1 a)

Ij-I 0) (0 1-1 <J 10 >^ 0) •H aj >

4-1 e >

Ul o 1-1 CO •H 3 U 01 ai aj u u 01 C CO u XJ o

rt o •r^ •a u w 4-J a) ra cx (0 ^ e a) ra o •iH 1-1 o cx iH a) 01 r-l 1-1 •H

CO •a

CO

C4-I Ul O 4J O o

4-) ra c 01 a

aJ 4-1 e o I-I •H

>-i aj Ul 1—

1

p. CJ c; <

u

u

•H

x: u

OS Ul -Environmental impacts- r-<\lO 2

175
Table 30. —^Aral)'sis of t±ie nrire significant erwironmental imnicts (X) _1/ v^iidi would result fron providing all outdoor recreation facilities darandcd, Lower Snake River Basin, Idaln, 1980

En/lromental

Characteristics FaciUtles

Camping

Sites

Boat Ramps

Picnic SitesSwinming

Beach

Sncwnoblle Trails

Do\>inhlll Ski Areas

Boating and Water

Skiing Area

Totals

Wetlands X X 2

Historical

Sites

X X 2

Waste Control X X X X l<

Noise X X 2

Habitat

htxiLflcation X X X 3

UriiqiE Features X 1

Ccnpactlon X 1

Erdnngered

Aninnls X X 2

Endangered

Plants X 1

Land Use X 1

Erosion X 1

Vis<jal Eiithetics X 1

Water Quality X X X 3

VJTAIS 6 1 1 2 2 3 9 1

\_/ Slgnifloiiic/-! Is detonaincd when exceeds 70 parcentile.the impact of any one facility type on an enviroinwnCal characteristic

SiXIKO:: Result s of an opinion survey of Recreation Planners in thi Basin, 1981,

176