United States Department of Agriculture

Final Environmental Impact Statement

for Revision of the Inyo National Forest 

Land Management Plan

Volume 2: Appendices

Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region R5-MB-304-B August 2018 
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Cover Photo: Convict Lake during the winter. Photo by Richard Perloff.
Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan – Vol 2

i 

Contents 

Appendix A – Timber Suitability and Management................................................................................ 1

Determination of Suitability for Timber Production .................................................................................. 1

Lands that May be Suitable for Timber Production............................................................................... 1

Lands Suitable for Timber Production................................................................................................... 2

Planned Timber Sale Program............................................................................................................... 4

Methodology.......................................................................................................................................... 7

Definitions............................................................................................................................................10

Appendix B – Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest......................................................13

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................13

Relationship to the Forest Plan Revision Process.................................................................................13

Inventory ...................................................................................................................................................13

Process Used to Inventory Areas that may be Suitable for Inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System...........................................................................................................13

Preliminary Inventory Map...................................................................................................................13

Public Input on the Preliminary Inventory Map ...................................................................................15

Final Inventory Map .............................................................................................................................16

Evaluation .................................................................................................................................................19

Process Used to Evaluate Areas that may be Suitable for Inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System...........................................................................................................19

Wilderness Inventory Evaluations........................................................................................................24

Maps........................................................................................................................................................111

Analysis...................................................................................................................................................121

Process for Identifying Areas to Analyze as Recommended Wilderness in the Environmental 

Impact Statement ................................................................................................................................121

Maps and Descriptions of Areas Analyzed.........................................................................................126

Rationale for Areas Not Analyzed as Recommended Wilderness in the Environmental 

Impact Statement ................................................................................................................................179

Recommendation.....................................................................................................................................186

Appendix C – Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest...............................187

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................187

Relationship to the Forest Plan Revision Process...............................................................................187

Wild and Scenic River Evaluation Requirements...............................................................................187

Process to Identify Rivers to be Considered for Eligibility for Inclusion in the National Wild 

and Scenic Rivers System...................................................................................................................189

Process Used to Evaluate Each River for Eligibility for Inclusion in the National Wild and 

Scenic Rivers System .........................................................................................................................192

Summary of Public Input on Wild and Scenic Rivers........................................................................194

Results of the Evaluation.........................................................................................................................196

New Inventory ....................................................................................................................................196

Summary of Eligibility and Classification Findings ...............................................................................306

Eligibility Tables and Maps ....................................................................................................................307

Appendix D – Range Management.........................................................................................................323

Status of Livestock Production Rangelands............................................................................................323

Appendix E – Consistency with Other Planning Efforts......................................................................327

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................327

County Governments ..............................................................................................................................327

Fresno County ....................................................................................................................................327

Inyo County ........................................................................................................................................327
Contents

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan

ii

Madera County ...................................................................................................................................333

Mono County......................................................................................................................................334

Tulare County.....................................................................................................................................336

Esmeralda County...............................................................................................................................339

Mineral County...................................................................................................................................348

Appendix F – Persistence Analysis for Species of Conservation Concern..........................................349

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................349

2012 Planning Rule Framework for Species Persistence Analysis.....................................................349

“Viable Population” Defined..............................................................................................................350

Organization of this Species Persistence Analysis .............................................................................351

Forestwide Plan Components for Species At Risk .............................................................................351

Individual Evaluations – Animals...........................................................................................................354

Background.........................................................................................................................................354

Assumptions.......................................................................................................................................356

Determinations - Animal Species of Conservation Concern ..............................................................356

Crosswalk – Animal Species of Conservation Concern .....................................................................455

References ..........................................................................................................................................479

Individual Evaluations - Plants ...............................................................................................................486

Background.........................................................................................................................................486

Category 1 Botanical Species.............................................................................................................487

Category 2 Botanical Species.............................................................................................................488

Category 3 Botanical Species.............................................................................................................489

Forest Plan Components that Support Persistence..............................................................................489

Determinations for All Botanical Species of Conservation Concern..................................................490

Crosswalk – Plant Species of Conservation Concern .........................................................................520

References ..........................................................................................................................................537

Appendix G – Aquatic and Riparian Strategy ......................................................................................539

Relationship of Strategy Elements..........................................................................................................539

Relationship of Plan Components...........................................................................................................539

Relationship between Priority Watersheds and Conservation Watersheds.............................................540

Conservation Watershed Descriptions ....................................................................................................540

Conservation Watersheds Identified for the Inyo National Forest......................................................540

Mono Lake Headwaters......................................................................................................................541

Middle Fork San Joaquin River Headwaters......................................................................................541

South Fork Kern River Headwaters....................................................................................................542

Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters...........................................................................................543

List of Tables 

Table A-1.Acres of National Forest System lands that may be suitable for timber production ..................... 2

Table A-2. Acres of timber production suitability, Inyo National Forest....................................................... 3

Table A-3. Planned timber sale program, decadal volume outputs in millions of cubic feet per 

decade by alternative, Inyo National Forest..................................................................................... 6

Table A-4. Acres of vegetation management practices implemented per decade, Inyo National 

Forest................................................................................................................................................ 6

Table A-5. Stocking criteria for suitable lands by forest type ........................................................................ 9

Table B-1. Preliminary wilderness inventory acres for the Inyo National Forest..........................................15

Table B-2. Final wilderness inventory acres for the Inyo National Forest ....................................................16

Table B-3. Inyo National Forest wilderness evaluation polygons (or portions thereof) analyzed for 

recommended wilderness in alternatives B and C.........................................................................128
Contents

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan

iii

Table C-1. Inventory of rivers considered for eligibility on the Inyo National Forest ................................190

Table C-2. Results of the initial review of the inventory for river-related values and free flow on 

the Inyo National Forest................................................................................................................199

Table C-3. New inventory river segments with river-related values but no associated outstandingly 

remarkable values (ORVs)............................................................................................................230

Table C-4. Middle Fork San Joaquin River Findings of the 1988 Sierra National Forest Land and 

Resource Management Plan Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix E of the 

Sierra National Forest Draft Environmental Impact Statement and determined Suitable in 

the 1991 Sierra National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan .......................................252

Table C-5. Previously evaluated river segments with river related values but no associated 

outstandingly remarkable values (ORVs) .....................................................................................300

Table C-6. Inyo National Forest rivers that meet eligibility requirements to be considered for 

inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System ............................................................307

Table D-1. Summary data of current grazing allotments.............................................................................323

Table F-1. Key to individual analyses tables. Key Ecological Conditions: Briefly describes key 

ecological conditions, including habitat, unique features or requirements for life cycle ..............355

Table F-2. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Pacific fisher.......................................357

Table F-3. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Nelson desert bighorn sheep................362

Table F-4. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Sierra Marten.......................................366

Table F-5. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on bald eagle.............................................372

Table F-6. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on bi-state greater sage-grouse 

population......................................................................................................................................377

Table F-7. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on California spotted owl ........................383

Table F-8. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on great gray owl......................................388

Table F-9. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Mt. Pinos sooty grouse ........................394

Table F-10. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on willow flycatcher...............................398

Table F-11. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on black toad ..........................................404

Table F-12. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Inyo Mountains slender 

salamander ....................................................................................................................................410

Table F-13. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Kern Plateau salamander...................416

Table F-14. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on California Golden Trout ....................421

Table F-15. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Sierra sulphur ....................................426

Table F-16. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on square dotted blue butterfly ...............429

Table F-17. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Mono Lake checkerspot 

butterfly.........................................................................................................................................432

Table F-18. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Boisduval’s blue butterfly .................435

Table F-19. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on San Emigdio blue butterfly...............437

Table F-20. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Apache fritillary ................................440

Table F-21. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on cave obligate pseudoscorpion............442

Table F-22. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Owens Valley springsnail..................445

Table F-23. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on western pearlshell ..............................448

Table F-24. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Wong’s springsnail............................453

Table F-25. Crosswalk between species of conservation concern, key ecological conditions, key 

threats and primary plan components that provide for persistence ...............................................456

Table F-26. Persistence determinations for Inyo National Forest botanical species of conservation 

concern, with key ecological conditions and risk factors for each species, and the plan 

components that mitigate those risk factors, provide for persistence and contribute to 

maintaining a viable population of each species of conservation..................................................490

Table F-27. Crosswalk between plant species of conservation concern, key ecological conditions, 

and key threats with primary plan components that provide for persistence.................................520
Contents

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan

iv

List of Figures 

Figure B-1 Updates to wilderness inventory merging polygons 1350 and 1351 into polygon 1550, 

a 4,000-acre parcel ..........................................................................................................................18

Figure B-2. Map index for Inyo National Forest lands evaluated for their suitability to be 

recommended for wilderness designation .....................................................................................111

Figure B-3. Inyo National Forest evaluation map A ...................................................................................112

Figure B-4. Inyo National Forest evaluation map B....................................................................................113

Figure B-5. Inyo National Forest evaluation map C....................................................................................114

Figure B-6. Inyo National Forest evaluation map D ...................................................................................115

Figure B-7. Inyo National Forest evaluation map E....................................................................................116

Figure B-8. Inyo National Forest evaluation map F ....................................................................................117

Figure B-9. Inyo National Forest evaluation map G ...................................................................................118

Figure B-10. Inyo National Forest evaluation map H .................................................................................119

Figure B-11. Inyo National Forest evaluation map I...................................................................................120

Figure B-12. Overview of Inyo National Forest areas analyzed that may be suitable for inclusion 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System...........................................................................127

Figure B-13. Map of Adobe Hills area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C..................130

Figure B-14. Map of Ansel Adams Wilderness Addition – Northeast area analyzed as 

recommended wilderness in alternative C.....................................................................................132

Figure B-15. Map of Deadman Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C.........134

Figure B-16. Map of Deep Springs North area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative 

C ....................................................................................................................................................137

Figure B-17. Map of Dexter Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C.............140

Figure B-18. Map of Glass Mountains area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C ..........142

Figure B-19. Map of Golden Trout Wilderness Addition – East area analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternative C............................................................................................................144

Figure B-20. Map of Huntoon Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C.............146

Figure B-21. Map of Inyo Mountain Wilderness Addition area analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternative C............................................................................................................148

Figure B-22. Map of Marble Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C ............150

Figure B-23. Map of Marble Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C...............152

Figure B-24. Map of Mazourka Peak area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C ............154

Figure B-25. Map of McBride Flat area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C................156

Figure B-26. Map of Piper Mountain Wilderness addition area analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternatives B and C................................................................................................160

Figure B-27. Map of Pizona-Truman Meadows area analyzed as recommended wilderness in 

alternative C..................................................................................................................................162

Figure B-28. Map of Redding Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C ..........164

Figure B-29. Map of Silver Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C.................166

Figure B-30. Map of Soldier Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C ............168

Figure B-31. Map of South Huntoon Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in 

alternative C..................................................................................................................................170

Figure B-32. Map of South Sierra Wilderness Additions – East (1) and East (2) areas analyzed as 

recommended wilderness in alternatives B and C.........................................................................174

Figure B-33. Map of White Mountains Wilderness Additions areas analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternatives B and C................................................................................................178

Figure C-1. Map of Inyo National Forest wild and scenic rivers inventory ................................................191

Figure C-2. Wild and scenic river evaluation map A ..................................................................................312

Figure C-3. Wild and scenic river evaluation map B ..................................................................................313

Figure C-4. Wild and scenic river evaluation map C ..................................................................................314

Figure C-5. Wild and scenic river evaluation map D ..................................................................................315

Figure C-6. Wild and scenic river evaluation map E...................................................................................316

Figure C-7. Wild and scenic river evaluation map F...................................................................................317

Figure C-8. Wild and scenic river evaluation map G ..................................................................................318

Figure C-9. Wild and scenic river evaluation map H ..................................................................................319
Contents

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan

v 

Figure C-10. Wild and scenic river evaluation map I..................................................................................320

Figure C-11. Wild and scenic river evaluation map J..................................................................................321

Figure D-1. Livestock grazing allotments; wild horse and burro territories on Inyo National Forest 

2017...............................................................................................................................................325

Figure G-1. Map of the Mono Lake Headwaters and Middle Fork San Joaquin Headwaters 

Conservation Watersheds..............................................................................................................544

Figure G-2. Map of the South Fork Kern River Headwaters Conservation Watershed...............................545

Figure G-3. Map of the Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters Conservation Watershed......................546

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan – Vol 2

1 

Appendix A – Timber Suitability and Management

Determination of Suitability for Timber Production 

Timber production is the purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of regulated 

crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections for industrial or consumer use (36 

CFR 219.19). Timber production activities can contribute to social, economic, and ecological 

sustainability. Timber production may offset some or all of the costs of silvicultural treatments 

and other forest management activities that restore ecosystems to desired conditions, lower 

uncharacteristic fire and insect risk, increase understory plant diversity and abundance, and create 

employment opportunities. 

The National Forest Management Act requires that the agency determine the suitability of 

National Forest System lands for timber production and has specific requirements for timber 

suitability analysis in land management plans. Note that there is a distinction between timber 

harvest as a resource use (that is, timber production) and timber harvest as a management tool to 

achieve desired conditions. Timber harvest on lands classified as not suitable for timber 

production may be utilized as a tool designed to achieve desired conditions.

Lands that May be Suitable for Timber Production

Identification of lands that may be (tentatively) suitable for timber production is the first step in 

the process of determining lands that are suited for timber production. This preliminary 

classification is made prior to consideration of objectives and desired conditions as part of the 

forest plan revision process, and excludes National Forest System lands that are not suitable for 

timber production based on the following criteria:

• Timber production is prohibited by statute, executive order, regulation or where the Secretary 

of Agriculture or the Chief of the Forest Service has withdrawn the land from timber 

production. Examples include designated wilderness areas, designated wild river segments, 

research natural areas or other designated areas where timber production is specifically 

prohibited. 

• Land that is not forested (nonforest), identified by having less than 10 percent occupation by 

conifer trees of any size or having a nonforest use (powerline clearings, residential or 

administrative sites, and improved pasture). 

• Known environmental factors exist that preclude reasonable assurance that restocking can be 

achieved within 5 years of final regeneration harvest.

• Technology to harvest timber is not currently available without causing irreversible damage.

Forest lands that remain after this initial screening are termed “lands that may be suitable for 

timber production,” and do not vary by alternative. Based on this initial suitability analysis, the 

Inyo National Forest has 85,025 acres that may be suitable for timber production as shown in 

Item C on the last row of Table A-1. 
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

2 

Table A-1.Acres of National Forest System lands that may be suitable for timber 

production

Land Classification Category Acres

A. Total National Forest System land 1,990,042

B. Lands not suited for timber production due to legal or 

technical reasons 1,905,017

a. Land withdrawn from timber production 1,555,616

b. Nonforested lands and/or lands where adequate 

stocking is not assured 349,400

c. Lands where irreversible resource damage is likely 0 

C. Lands that may be suited for timber production 85,025

The planning directives (FSH 1909.12 chapter 61.11) list the following areas as lands on which 

timber production is prohibited or lands withdrawn from timber production: National Wilderness 

Preservation System, designated wild river segments, research natural areas, and other designated 

areas where timber production is specifically prohibited. These areas along with inventoried 

roadless areas were removed as lands not suited for timber production due to legal or technical 

reasons (Table A-1). While there are exceptions to the removal of inventoried roadless areas in 

the Roadless Rule (294.13(b)(4)), the inventoried roadless areas on the Inyo National Forest do 

not meet the “substantially altered” exception. The Pacific Crest Trail Management Area is 

included in lands suited for timber production as timber harvest and related management actions 

would be designed to be compatible with desired conditions and objectives for a naturally 

appearing landscape surrounding the trail.

As stated above, nonforested lands have less than 10 percent occupation by conifer trees. This 

was represented using 10 percent canopy cover as identified in the “Existing Vegetation” 

corporate geographic information system data layer.

The following Regional Dominance Types (CALVEG Forest Types) are recognized as capable of 

adequate restocking within 5 years: Eastside Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Mixed Conifer Fir, Red Fir, and 

White Fir. All other CALVEG Forest Types are currently regarded as not capable of the same 

level of reasonable assurance and are excluded. On the Inyo National Forest, slopes exceeding 35 

percent are excluded from timber production. 

Lands Suitable for Timber Production

The final step in determining lands suitable for timber production is to determine which of the 

lands that may be suitable for timber production are suited for timber production. The following 

land categories have objectives that are not compatible with timber production and are not 

suitable.

• Recommended wilderness areas included in each alternative.

• The corridor (approximately one quarter-mile on each side) surrounding wild river segments 

of eligible wild and scenic rivers.

• Riparian conservation areas.

• Eligible or suitable wild river segments.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

3 

The remaining lands meet the following criteria and are defined as suitable for timber production. 

1. Timber production is a desired primary or secondary use of the land. 

2. Timber production is anticipated to continue after desired conditions have been achieved. 

3. A flow of timber can be planned and scheduled on a reasonably predictable basis.

4. Regeneration of the stand is intended. 

5. Timber production is compatible with the desired conditions or objectives for the land. 

On lands not identified as suitable for timber production, harvest may still occur to protect 

multiple-use values, other than timber production. Common examples include salvage, sanitation, 

public health, or safety, but may also include various other restoration activities. For example, 

meadow restoration may require cutting encroaching trees. This activity may produce timber, but 

the area treated would have objectives other than timber production and would not be identified 

as part of the suitable landbase.

The Inyo National Forest includes approximately 70,608 to 85,025 acres that are suitable for 

timber production, depending on the alternative (see Table A-2 for specific information). Lands 

suitable for timber production are lands where this use is a management objective. Site-specific 

project designs incorporate actions to meet a variety of objectives, such as riparian area 

enhancement, habitat maintenance or development, scenic stability, and integrity.

Table A-2. Acres of timber production suitability, Inyo National Forest

Land Classification 

Category Alternative A Alternative B

Alternative 

B-modified Alternative C Alternative D

C. Lands that may 

be suitable for 

timber production

85,025 85,025 85,025 85,025 85,025

D. Lands where 

management 

objectives limit 

timber harvest

01 12,792 12,792 14,417 12,792

a. Recommended 

wilderness areas 0 11 11 1,636 11

b. New eligible wild 

river segments 0 4,399 4,399 4,399 4,399

c. Riparian 

Conservation 

Areas (RCAs)

0 8,382 8,382 8,382 8,382

E. Lands not 

suitable for 

timber production

1,905,017 1,917,808 1,917,808 1,919,434 1,917,808

F. Lands suitable for 

timber production 

(total)

85,025 72,234 72,234 70,608 72,234

It is important to note that between the draft environmental impact statement and the final, several 

corrections were made to the determination of suitable lands. Approximately 4,000 acres 

 

1 Previous existing land where management objectives limit timber harvest were removed in step B in Table A-2 above 

to facilitate comparison of alternatives for this analysis.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

4 

administered by the Inyo National Forest omitted by mistake in the draft environmental impact 

statement have been added to the final for the determination of suitable lands. Also, eligible wild 

river segments that were missed in the draft environmental impact statement have been removed 

from suitable lands under lands where management objectives limit timber harvest in the final 

environmental impact statement (Table A-1). 

Other changes made in the final environmental impact statement include the removal of new 

eligible wild river segments from suitable lands, updated wilderness boundaries in Alternative C, 

and the removal of riparian conservation areas from suitable lands. Timber production is defined 

as the purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of regulated crops of trees to be 

cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections for industrial or consumer use (36 CFR 219.19). The 

determination that riparian conservation areas are not suitable for timber production is based on 

this definition and consideration of the five criteria stated above, especially number five which 

states that timber production is compatible with the desired conditions or objectives for the land 

designed to fulfill requirements of (36 CFR 219.8 to 219.10). 

In the final environmental impact statement, timber management activities along with prescribed 

burning and other management tools, are used to make progress towards desired conditions, 

maintain healthy riparian vegetation resilient to wildfire and maintain habitat conditions for atrisk plant and animal communities while restoring highly diverse ecosystems that provide for 

ecological integrity. Plan components are established to provide for timber harvest for purposes 

other than timber production that protect riparian conservation area values including soils, 

riparian vegetation, at-risk species habitat and water quality. The change in timber production 

suitability classification affects 8,382 acres with no predicted change in operational timber 

harvest between alternative A and alternative B-modified. 

Planned Timber Sale Program

The planned timber sale program is an estimate of forest product yields associated with projects 

designed to contribute to the accomplishment of the plan’s desired conditions and objectives, 

consistent with the other plan components during the plan period (by decade). These estimates are 

based on the projected fiscal capability and organizational capacity of the planning unit. They do 

not require any specific actions to be taken, rather, they are estimates of actions taken to 

accomplish the intent of the final Plan.

The timber sale program contributes to economic sustainability through the production of timber, 

specialty woods for furniture, and fuel as a renewable energy source. Timber harvest, whether for 

wood production, restoration, or other reasons, can support local businesses and employment.

Sustained Yield Limit

The sustained yield limit is the amount of timber, meeting applicable utilization standards, “which 

can be removed from [a] forest annually in perpetuity on a sustained yield basis” (National Forest 

Management Act at section 11, 16 USC 1611; 36 CFR 219.11(d)(6)). It is the volume that could 

be produced in perpetuity on lands that may be suitable for timber production. The calculation of 

the sustained yield limit is not limited by land management plan desired condition, other plan 

components, or the planning unit’s fiscal capability and organizational capacity. The sustained 

yield limit is not a target but is a limitation on harvest.

The sustained yield was calculated on the acreage of the dominant forest types (by acreage). A 

representative productivity class was determined by evaluating the full range of forest inventory 

analysis plots for each modeled forest type. The modeling process used two forest stand 
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

5 

development models, Conifers and the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS). Conifers was used to 

simulate the growth and development of seedling conifers for the first two decades and FVS was 

used beyond that timeframe. Thinning was simulated, based on a stand density index density 

management regime that maintained stand-level index values between estimated full stocking and 

threshold of imminent mortality bounds. Mean annual increment and periodic annual increment 

values were calculated by FVS. The length of the simulation was extended through the 

culmination of mean annual increment and the associated cubic feet per acre value was identified 

for each forest type. 

The total sustained yield limit is 40 million cubic feet (MMCF) per decade.

Projected Timber Sale Quantity

The projected timber sale quantity is the estimated quantity of timber meeting applicable 

utilization standards that is expected to be sold during the plan period. As a subset of the 

projected wood sale quantity, the projected timber sale quantity includes volume from timber 

harvest for any purpose from all lands in the plan area based on expected harvests that would be 

consistent with the plan components. The projected timber sale quantity is also based on the 

planning unit’s fiscal capability and organizational capacity. Projected timber sale quantity is 

neither a target nor a limitation on harvest. 

The estimated quantity of timber and all other wood products expected to be sold from the plan 

area for the plan period is called the “projected wood sale quantity.” The projected wood sale 

quantity consists of the projected timber sale quantity as well as other woody material such as 

fuelwood, firewood, or biomass also expected to be available for sale. The projected wood sale 

quantity includes volume from timber harvest for any purpose based on expected harvests that 

would be consistent with the plan components. The projected wood sale quantity is also based on 

the planning unit’s fiscal capability and organizational capacity. The projected wood sale quantity 

is neither a target nor a limitation on harvest.

Although the National Forest Management Act provides that the plan period is at least every 15 

years, it limits the sale of timber to less than the sustained yield limit for each decade of the plan 

(16 U.S.C. 1611). Providing estimates in the plan of the annual projected wood sale quantity and 

the annual projected timber sale quantity for the first two decades aligns with the National Forest 

Management Act decadal periods limiting the sale of timber, and provides estimates to cover a 

second decade if revision of the plan is delayed beyond the 15-year limit.

In Table A-3, timber products include volumes other than salvage or sanitation volumes that meet 

timber product utilization standards, while other estimated wood products include fuelwood and 

other volumes that do not meet timber product utilization standards. 

Alternative A is generally maintaining the existing standards and guidelines; therefore, it is used

as a baseline and derived from “Cut/Sold” reports (5-year average). Yields were estimated by 

simulating intermediate harvests (using FVS with Forest Inventory Analysis data), compliant with 

the alternative’s goals and objectives. Volumes displayed in the previous table were derived by 

multiplying simulated harvest volumes per acre by the anticipated area treated shown in Table A4. As displayed above, more volume per acre is available for removal to meet restoration 

objectives than is generally being removed under the existing management direction. 

Implementation of alternatives B, modified alternative B, and D would be expected to expand the 

size of projects over alternative A. Because alternative C constrains the amount and size of 

harvested trees, as well as incorporates the provisions of the settlement agreement for the Sierra 
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

6 

Nevada Forest Plan Amendment, timber production is estimated to be less while requiring higher 

costs in project design.

Table A-3. Planned timber sale program, decadal volume outputs in millions of cubic feet per decade 

by alternative, Inyo National Forest

Timber Products

Alternative 

A 

Alternative 

B 

Alternative 

B-modified

Alternative 

C 

Alternative 

D 

Lands suitable for timber production

A1. Sawtimber 1 1–1.5 1–1.5 0 1.5–3 

A2. Other products 2 2–3 2–3 1–1.5 3–6 

Lands not suitable for timber production

B1. Sawtimber 0 0 0 0 0 

B2. Other products 1 1–1.5 1–1.5 0–0.5 1.5–3 

C. Projected timber sale quantity

(PTSQ) (A1+A2+B1+B2) 4 4–6 4–6 1–2 6–12

Other estimated wood products

D. Fuelwood 3–5 3–5 3–5 3–5 3–5 

E. Projected wood sale quantity

(PWSQ) (C+D) 7–9 7–11 7–11 4–7 9–17

Table A-4. Acres of vegetation management practices implemented per decade, Inyo National Forest

Forestwide Vegetation 

Management Practices

Alternative 

A 

Alternative 

B 

Alternative BmodifiedAlternative 

C 

Alternative 

D 

Thinning (intermediate harvest) 8,000 8,000–11,500 8,000–11,500 2,250–4,500 11,500–16,000

Regeneration (group selection) 1,000 1,000–2,000 1,000–2,000 0 2,000–4,000

Due to the distance between the Inyo National Forest and existing mill facilities, the vast majority 

of local processing of forest products is for fuelwood. As such, current and projected sawtimber 

opportunities are driven by the projected capability of the infrastructure. The capability of the 

land to provide sawtimber products to achieve desired conditions exceeds the opportunities 

above. 

Vegetation Management Practices

Forest management on the Inyo National Forest consists of restoration and fuels reduction 

treatments designed to achieve desired conditions for the associated terrestrial vegetation type on 

suitable timber lands. Most treatments would occur in the montane zone, with minor amounts in 

the upper montane zone. 

The projected management approach uses an uneven-aged management system. Thinning would 

be used to increase individual tree vigor, increase horizontal heterogeneity, and reduce fuel 

hazards. Group selection would be used to regenerate suitable lands, increasing vertical structure, 

heterogeneity and tree species diversity. More diverse silvicultural practices may be used to 

achieve site-specific objectives such as those related to insect and/or pathogen concerns, and 

meadow enhancement.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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7 

Forest management activities on lands not suitable for timber production are likely to be 

responsive to safety concerns or disturbance agents such as wildfire, windthrow, insect and 

disease, or other restoration objectives.

While only one decade is displayed in the tables immediately above, the second decade is 

projected to be comparable to the first decade. As the Inyo accomplishes projects already in the 

planning stages, and moves toward designing new projects, it is anticipated that productivity will 

increase. It is anticipated that the second decade will likely achieve the upper ranges of the 

projected treatments, as landscape-level project planning becomes more streamlined and 

efficiencies are developed.

Methodology 

The sustainable yield is substantially higher than the current capacity of the Inyo National Forest 

to implement given current appropriations, as well as current regulatory and management 

constraints. The projected area treated in the table immediately above was established based on 

projected fiscal and personnel capabilities in conjunction with management objectives and 

limitations of each alternative.

In general, alternative A describes the existing condition under existing management direction 

(prior to forest plan revision efforts). Alternative B and alternative B-modified assume an increase 

in accomplishment by removing some of the prescriptive constraints associated with existing 

management direction, in favor of guiding management actions to achieve desired conditions. 

Alterative C is more prescriptive than alternative A and guides management actions with limits 

and restrictions intended to minimize changes originating from timber harvest. Like alternative B

and alternative B-modified, alternative D removes many of the prescriptive constraints across all 

wildfire zones. Also, alternatives B, alternative B-modified, and D encourage larger, landscapescale projects.

Based on current levels of funding and production, it is assumed that alternative A, with few 

changes in regulating direction, future treatments would be relatively consistent with historic 

treatments (based on Cut/Sold reports and Forest Activity Tracking System 5-year averages). 

Alternative B and alternative B-modified have the potential to treat more acres, up to 1.5 times 

current levels, given a focus on desired conditions, especially in wildfire protection zones. 

Alternative D is assumed to further expand management to achieve increased long-term 

ecological resilience, at the landscape scale, resulting in improved project efficiencies, leading to 

projects 1.5 to 2 times the current level of timber harvest. Alternative C, with an emphasis on 

projects that minimize mechanical treatments, such as timber harvest, by retaining and expanding 

prescriptive constraints, likely increases costs and reduces design flexibility. Feasible project 

areas are expected to be less than current production, perhaps to 0.25 to 0.5 times less due 

primarily to a focus on minimizing short term impacts of management on habitats for at-risk 

wildlife species.

Silvicultural Treatments Used to Achieve Plan Objectives

While uneven-aged management will be the primary management system used to achieve desired 

conditions and timber production, other silvicultural treatments may be utilized to better meet 

specific forest health and restoration objectives for long-term sustainability.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Reforestation 

Reforestation is the act of renewing forest cover by establishing young trees. Prompt and 

successful reforestation is an essential phase of managed forests. This is typically accomplished 

by planting nursery-grown seedlings, originating from selected trees with favorable growth 

characteristics. The establishment of seedlings from nearby sexually-mature trees may 

supplement areas planted with seedlings. In some cases, seedlings originating from nearby trees 

may be used to meet management objectives. In the case where desired tree species are capable of 

sprouting (for example oaks and aspen), these sprouts commonly provide for effective 

reestablishment.

Site Preparation

These treatments are designed to enhance the success of regeneration efforts. A variety of 

methods may be used to reduce competing vegetation, planting obstacles, and fuel levels. 

Ground-based equipment and/or hand tools may be used to reduce tree and shrub levels, 

providing a more favorable environment for developing seedlings. Selective herbicides may be 

applied to suppress competing plants, reducing competition for soil moisture and sunlight. Fire 

may be used to reduce surface fuel or to consume woody material piled by machine or hand. One 

or more of these activities may be used to prepare sites for reestablishing seedlings.

Seedling Establishment

New forests may be established by planting seedlings or by germinating seed from nearby mature 

trees. Seedlings are grown in tree nurseries from selected seed sources to meet the expected 

demands of the future growth environment. Selected species, numbers, and arrangements are 

designed to provide a variety of options for the future, including the sustained production of 

desired forest products. Seedlings developing from seed provided by nearby mature trees vary 

widely in number and arrangement and commonly establish, in pulses, over time. 

In managed environments, planting selected species at designed numbers and arrangements, 

provides advantages over the development of seedlings from nearby mature trees. Seedlings 

originating from nearby trees often provide numbers in excess of need and undesired 

arrangements. They may, however, provide for successful establishment of new forests in places 

regarded as difficult to plant or when planted seedling mortality levels are unacceptably high. 

Regardless of origin, both sources benefit from actions taken to provide more favorable growth 

environments. 

Seedling Stocking Criteria

The stocking criteria for lands suitable for timber production are indicated in Table A-5. They are 

designed to provide for the attainment of the long-term desired conditions, as well as provide 

sufficient trees to meet the potential forest product yields over time. The values apply after 

regeneration harvests, as well as after disturbances, including, for example, areas affected by 

high-severity fire.

On lands identified as suitable for timber production, successful restocking is expected to occur 

within 5 years of the final harvest.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Table A-5. Stocking criteria for suitable lands by forest type

Forest Type

Region 5

Site Class* 

Trees per Acre 

Minimum

Trees per Acre 

Recommended

Jeffrey pine 0-1 150 200

Jeffrey pine 2 125 200

Jeffrey pine 3 100 150

Jeffrey pine 4-5 75 125

True fir All 200 300

Mixed conifer All 150 200

* As defined by the Pacific Southwest Region of the Forest Service

Release

These treatments are designed to free young trees from undesirable competing vegetation. 

Treatments are aimed at increasing the availability of moisture, sunlight, and nutrients to planted 

seedlings, thus increasing the seedlings chance of survival, as well as favorable growth rates. 

Depending on conditions, release can be performed using hand tools, herbicides, or ground-based 

machines.

Precommercial Thinning 

This treatment removes selected trees to reduce stocking and to promote growth and development 

on the more desirable trees. The removed trees are typically small and without sufficient value to 

cover the cost of the treatment.

Timber Harvest

The projected activities associated with scheduled suitable land forest management are geared 

toward uneven-aged management, a system that uses a planned sequence of treatments designed 

to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes. The types of treatments used 

are primarily thinning and group selection: 

Thinning is commonly applied to lower stand density and improve the health and growth rates 

of the remaining trees. It may also be designed to alter tree arrangement. Trees of 

merchantable size are selected for removal, providing the largest portion of forest products, as 

estimated above. When economically feasible, trees less than merchantable size, may be 

removed, especially when the reduction of ladder fuels is an objective. 

Thinning treatments would emphasize variable density thinning to restore heterogeneity, 

decrease overall forest density, decrease surface fuel continuity, and increase understory cover, 

density, and vigor, particularly of sun-loving plants. The approach would be similar to that

described in General Technical Reports 220 and 237 (North, Stine, O'Hara, et al. 2009) and 

(North 2012b), emphasizing restoration of heterogeneity. Some areas would be thinned more 

and some areas less or not at all. Thinning could occur across a range of diameters, between 

small- to medium-diameter trees. Some small openings would be created while clumps of trees 

would be retained in some areas. There would be retention and creation of heterogeneity in the 

understory as well, as described in the desired conditions. Some patches of high surface fuel 

would occur, and other areas would have little to none. 

Group selection is the projected method used to regenerate portions of forest stands. All, or 

most, of the trees are removed, followed by the establishment of seedlings. The size of the 
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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opening is variable, but is designed to provide sufficient site resources for favorable seedling 

establishment and growth. 

In addition to scheduled forest management, management actions may also respond to 

disturbance events (such as, wildfire, windthrow, insect, parasite or pathogen-related decline). 

Other harvest methods may apply to specific conditions. For example, after wildfire, especially 

on suitable land, salvage harvests may be implemented to recover the economic value of the 

dead/dying trees, as well as reduce the fuel environment that would promote the persistence of 

reestablishing forests. Other events, such as windthrow, insect- or pathogen-related mortality, or 

mistletoe infections, may lead to salvage or sanitation harvests, as well to recover economic value 

and improve residual stand health.

Safety considerations, although not regarded as a component of a harvest system, will likely lead 

to the harvest of dead/dying trees, as well as living trees that may fail, along roads and other 

places where people or property are threatened. This action, commonly referred to as hazard tree 

removal, may be used extensively along roads and trails within wildfire areas.

Definitions

Canopy closure: The percentage of the sky hemisphere obscured by vegetation when viewed 

from a single point. 

Canopy cover: The percentage of forest floor covered by the vertical projection of the tree 

crowns. 

Even-aged harvest: A method of regeneration of a forest with a single age class. An even-aged 

system consists of a planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand 

with predominantly one age class. The range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of the 

rotation (length in years). Treatments include clearcutting, seedtree, shelterwood, and coppice 

regeneration methods. 

Final regeneration harvest: The final timber harvest in a sequence of harvests designed to 

regenerate a timber stand or release a regenerated stand. A final regeneration harvest could be a 

clearcut, removal cut of a shelterwood or seedtree system, or a selection cut.

Forest land: Land that is at least 10 percent occupied by forest trees of any size or formerly 

having had such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest uses. Land developed for 

nonforest use includes areas for agricultural crops, improved pasture, residential or administrative 

areas, roads of any width and adjoining road clearing, and powerline clearing of any width (36 

CFR 219.19). 

Fuelwood: Wood used for conversion to some form of energy. 

Group selection: This is the anticipated regeneration method to be used. Groups of trees are 

removed and seedlings are established within areas that may range up to 3 acres. 

Growing stock: All trees growing in a forest or in a specified part of it, usually commercial 

species, meeting specified standards of size, quality, and vigor, and generally expressed in terms 

of trees per acre, density, or volume. 

Hazard tree removal: The abatement of tree hazards, generally near roads, trails, and facilities. 

Tree hazards include dead or dying trees, dead parts of live trees, or unstable live trees (due to 
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

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structural defects or other factors) that are within striking distance of people or property (a target). 

Hazard trees have the potential to cause property damage, personal injury or fatality in the event 

of a failure.

Integrated resources service contract (IRSC): A stewardship contract where the cost of 

services or construction exceeds the value of the goods (usually timber product removal). The 

IRSC may trade goods for services, use appropriated funds, and/or use retained receipts from 

another stewardship contracting project to pay for service work. Each IRSC includes mandatory 

restoration work items and may include optional restoration work items, which may be added at 

the government’s option. 

Integrated resources timber contract (IRTC): A stewardship contract where the value of goods 

(usually timber product removal) exceeds the cost of services. Each IRTC includes mandatory 

restoration work items and may include optional restoration work items. Funds received for 

product removal in excess of service work are retained by the Forest as retained receipts to be 

used to accomplish restoration work in designated stewardship areas.

Management practices (Vegetation management practices): Silvicultural practices such as 

reforestation, prescribed fire, thinning to reduce stand density, and other practices designed to 

facilitate growth and development of trees. 

Management intensities: The set and schedule of management practices typically used for 

certain forest or timber types to achieve desired conditions that may include timber production. 

Mean annual increment of growth and culmination of mean annual increment of growth: 

The mean annual increment of growth is the total increment of increase of volume of a stand 

(standing crop plus thinnings) up to a given age divided by that age. The culmination of mean 

annual increment of growth is the age in the growth cycle of an even-aged stand at which the 

average annual rate of increase of volume is at a maximum. In land management plans, the mean 

annual increment of growth is expressed in cubic measure and is based on the expected growth of 

stands according to intensities and utilization guidelines in the plan (36 CFR 219.19). 

Mechanical thinning: The thinning of trees in even- and uneven-aged stands involving removal 

of trees in rows, strips, or set spacing intervals. Mechanical in this sense does not necessarily 

indicate the use of machinery, but rather the set way in which the thinning is implemented. 

Nonforest land: Lands that do not meet the definition of forest land. 

Reasonable assurance: A judgment made by the responsible official based on best available 

scientific information and local professional experience that practices based on existing 

technology and knowledge are likely to deliver the intended results. Reasonable assurance applies 

to average and foreseeable conditions for the area and does not constitute a guarantee to achieve 

the intended results.

Restocked: The condition of the growing space occupancy of trees to be achieved after a 

disturbance that has substantially altered the existing stocking.

Rotation: The number of years (including the regeneration period) required to establish and 

grow timber under an even-aged management system to a specified condition or maturity for 

regeneration harvest.
Appendix A: Timber Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Salvage cutting: The removal of damaged, dying, or dead trees after injury for outside forces or 

disturbance. Injury could be caused by wildfire, disease, insects, weather events or other agents. 

Salvage is conducted to recover economic value that otherwise would be lost, remove trees that 

present a safety hazard to people, property, or wildlife, reduce available fuels, or other 

noneconomic purposes. Reforestation after salvage is usually by artificial regeneration.

Sanitation cutting: The removal of individual trees which have suffered or likely to suffer 

disease or insect attack, to reduce the actual or anticipated spread of the disease or insects, and to 

recover potential mortality.

Single tree selection: Individual trees of all size classes are removed more or less uniformly 

throughout the stand to promote growth of remaining trees and provide small spaces for 

regeneration.

Special forest products: Products or natural resources that are not the traditional timber and 

wood products. Examples include such products as moss, Christmas trees and boughs, 

mushrooms, transplants (trees, shrubs or herbaceous plants), cones, medicinal plants, seeds, nuts, 

berries, and decorative wood. 

Stand: A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition, 

and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit, 

such as mixed, pure, even-aged, and uneven-aged stands.

Timber production: The purposeful growing, tending, harvesting, and regeneration of regulated 

crops of trees to be cut into logs, bolts, or other round sections for industrial or consumer use (36 

CFR 219.19). 

Two-aged system: A planned sequence of treatments designed to regenerate or maintain a timber 

stand with two age classes. A two-aged system is a form of even-aged management. 

Uneven-aged management system: A system which is implemented to regenerate and maintain 

a multi-aged forest structure by removing some trees of all age classes and, at the same time, 

creating microsites for the establishment of seedlings. An uneven-aged system is a planned

sequence of treatments designed to regenerate or maintain a timber stand with three or more age 

classes. Treatments include single-tree selection and group selection regeneration methods. 

Utilization standards: Utilization standards are specifications for merchantable forest products 

offered in a timber sale.

Variable retention: An approach to harvesting based on the retention of structural elements or 

biological legacies (trees, snags, and logs) from the harvested stand for integration into the new 

stand to achieve various ecological objectives—note the major variables in the variable retention 

harvest system are types, densities, and spatial arrangement of retained structures; aggregated 

retention is the retention of structures or biological legacies as (typically) small, intact forest 

patches within the harvest unit; dispersed retention is the retention of structures or biological 

legacies in a dispersed or uniform pattern.
Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Appendix B – Wilderness Evaluation for the

Inyo National Forest

Introduction 

Relationship to the Forest Plan Revision Process

The Inyo National Forest is required as part of the land management plan revision process to 

“identify and evaluate lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System, and determine whether to recommend any such lands for wilderness 

designation” (Title 36, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 219.7(v)). 

The process used to identify and evaluate lands is found in the Forest Service Land Management 

Planning Handbook FSH 1909.12-2015-1, Chapter 70 – Wilderness (Wilderness 

Recommendation Handbook). The Wilderness Recommendation Handbook contains Forest 

Service guidance and instruction on how to carry out the direction contained in 36 CFR Section 

219.7(v). It includes the November 15, 2013 Federal Advisory Committee recommendations on 

the chapter 70 wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

The process occurs in four primary steps: inventory, evaluation, analysis, and recommendation. 

Each step requires public participation. The inventory step identifies all lands in the plan area that 

may have wilderness characteristics as defined in the Wilderness Act. This step is intended to be 

reasonably broad and inclusive. The evaluation step evaluates the wilderness characteristics of 

lands in the inventory. The inventory and evaluation steps use criteria set out in the Wilderness 

Recommendation Handbook and are further described below. In the analysis step, the Forest 

Supervisor considers the areas evaluated and determines which areas to further analyze for 

potential recommendation as part of one or more alternatives analyzed in the environmental 

impact statement for the revised plans. Not all lands included in the inventory and subsequent 

evaluations are required to be analyzed as potential recommended wilderness. Based on the 

analysis and input from Tribal, State, and local governments and the public, the Forest Supervisor 

decides which areas, if any, to recommend for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. The Forest Supervisor will document this decision in the final decision document for 

Inyo National Forest Revised Land Management Plan. 

Inventory 

Process Used to Inventory Areas that may be Suitable for Inclusion 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The wilderness inventory process includes: (a) the preparation of a preliminary inventory map; 

(b) public input on the preliminary inventory map; and (c) preparation of a final inventory map 

that incorporates public input and corrects mapping errors. 

Preliminary Inventory Map

We created a preliminary inventory map of undeveloped areas that may have wilderness 

characteristics using the three sets of criteria identified in the Wilderness Recommendation 

Handbook (roads improvements, other improvements, and minimum size). During that process 

we completed the following:
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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1. We identified all lands that met the roads improvements criteria, as outlined in 

Chapter 70, 71.22(a). Roads improvements data were developed through the travel 

management planning process. The objective maintenance level of each road was 

used. The Forest Service analysis of roads improvements incorporated the travel 

management decisions on the Inyo National Forest. The undeveloped areas on the 

preliminary inventory map were unroaded, contained decommissioned or 

unauthorized routes, or contained objective maintenance level 1 roads. Motorized 

trails were included in the preliminary inventory because they met the Wilderness 

Recommendation Handbook’s definition of unroaded. 

2. We excluded lands that met the roads improvements criteria but had less than half a 

mile across between roads. These areas are not of sufficient size to make practicable 

their preservation and use in an unimpaired condition. 

3. We excluded lands that met the roads improvements criteria but had “power lines 

with cleared right-of-ways, pipelines, and other permanently installed linear right-ofway structures,” as outlined in chapter 70, 71.22(b)(9). The Wilderness 

Recommendation Handbook allows areas with other types of improvements, such as 

timber harvest areas, historic mining areas or range improvements, to be included in 

the inventory as long as they are not substantially noticeable.

4. We created a draft preliminary inventory map based on the above steps, identifying 

polygons in the following categories: 

a. Areas 5,000 acres or greater.

b. Areas less than 5,000 acres and noncontiguous to existing designated wilderness, 

primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on both National Forest System 

lands and adjacent lands of other Federal ownership. 

c. Areas between 1,000 and 4,999 acres and contiguous to existing designated 

wilderness, primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on National Forest 

System lands and on lands of other Federal ownership. 

d. Areas less than 1,000 acres and contiguous to existing designated wilderness, 

primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on National Forest System lands and 

on lands of other Federal ownership. 

5. We included all areas 5,000 acres or greater (chapter 70, 71.21(1)). 

6. We included areas between 1,000 and 4,999 acres and contiguous to existing 

designated wilderness, primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on National 

Forest System lands and on lands of other Federal ownership (chapter 70, 71.21 (3)).

7. We reviewed areas less than 5,000 acres and noncontiguous to existing designated 

wilderness, primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on National Forest System 

lands and lands of other Federal ownership. All these areas were excluded because 

the forests determined during their reviews that they were not of sufficient size to 

make practicable their preservation and use in an unimpaired condition (chapter 70, 

71.21(3)). 

8. We reviewed areas less than 1,000 acres and contiguous to existing designated 

wilderness, primitive areas, or recommended wilderness on National Forest System 

lands and on lands of other Federal ownership. Most of these areas were very small 

and oddly shaped and had been purposefully excluded from previous Congressional 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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wilderness designations. These areas were excluded unless we determined that they 

were practicable additions in shape and size.

9. We excluded improvements in the polygons that did not meet the criteria in chapter 

70, 71.22(b). 

10. We updated preliminary inventory maps based on the above steps. 

The preliminary inventory maps of lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System can be viewed or downloaded at the following websites:

• Inyo National Forest (North): 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3804531.jpg

• Inyo National Forest (South): 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3804526.jpg

The maps display two categories of areas that are part of the preliminary inventory: 

(1) Preliminary inventory, greater than 5,000 acres, and (2) Preliminary inventory, 1,000-5,000 

acres, contiguous. These areas represent undeveloped lands that may have wilderness 

characteristics because they meet the size criteria, improvements criteria, and roads 

improvements criteria. The maps also display two categories of areas that were considered, but 

eventually excluded from the preliminary inventory as described in the steps above. 

Table B-1 displays the total acres on each forest that were considered for inclusion in the 

inventory, the total acres on each forest that did not meet the wilderness inventory criteria, and the 

total acres on each forest that met the wilderness inventory criteria.

Table B-1. Preliminary wilderness inventory acres for the Inyo National Forest

National Forest

Total undeveloped 

acres considered in 

wilderness inventory

Acres that do not meet 

wilderness inventory 

criteria

Acres that meet 

wilderness inventory 

criteria

Inyo 791,409 192,855 508,544

Public Input on the Preliminary Inventory Map

The Forest Service posted the preliminary inventory map (map version 3.1, dated June 4, 2014) to 

the Pacific Southwest Region’s planning website on June 4, 2014 

(http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/planning/?cid=STELPRD3803608). During a 

public workshop and Tribal forum held in mid-June, the preliminary inventory maps were 

introduced, and the public was invited to provide input on the maps through June 30, 2014. The 

tools used to inform the public about the upcoming workshops included news releases to 

individuals and the media, emails to parties on the schedule of proposed actions database list, 

radio spots, and the Pacific Southwest Region’s planning website. The public input primarily 

focused on whether roads existed on some of the undeveloped lands on the Inyo National Forest. 

Public input also included a comprehensive citizen-developed inventory of areas that may be 

suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The citizen inventory 

included a total of 456,157 acres on the Inyo National Forest. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Final Inventory Map

The final inventory maps (map version 4.1, dated August 29, 2014) incorporated the following 

adjustments after reviewing the citizen-developed inventory and other public input: 

• We fixed cartographic reference layers on the maps that had errors.

• We enlarged one undeveloped area.

• We carefully reviewed the citizen-developed inventory. Of the 456,159 total acres in the 

citizen inventory within the Inyo National Forest administrative boundary, 440,446 acres 

were consistent with what we had identified in the inventory. The areas that were not 

consistent with our inventory were not included in the final inventory because they did not 

meet the inventory criteria. Ultimately, we included 97 percent of the citizen inventory in the 

final inventory for the Inyo National Forest. 

The final inventory maps of lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System can be viewed or downloaded at the following websites: 

• Inyo National Forest (North): 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3815404.pdf

• Inyo National Forest (South): 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3815405.pdf

The maps display two categories of areas that are part of the final inventory: (1) Final inventory, 

greater than 5,000 acres, and (2) final inventory, 1,000-5,000 acres, contiguous. These areas 

represent undeveloped lands that may have wilderness characteristics because they meet the size 

criteria, improvements criteria, and roads improvements criteria. The maps also display two 

categories of areas that were considered, but eventually excluded from the inventory as described 

in the preliminary inventory steps above.

Table B-2 displays the revised total acres on the Inyo National Forest that were considered for 

inclusion in the inventory, the revised total acres that did not meet the wilderness inventory 

criteria, and the revised total acres that met the wilderness inventory criteria.

Table B-2. Final wilderness inventory acres for the Inyo National Forest

National Forest

Total undeveloped acres 

analyzed for wilderness 

inventory criteria

Acres that do not meet 

wilderness inventory 

criteria

Acres that meet 

wilderness inventory 

criteria*

Inyo 795,190 180,674 614,516

The acres listed here represent the final inventory dataset. The final inventory dataset and the dataset used for the 

evaluation (see Evaluation section) are the same except for some small corrections that were made in the evaluation 

dataset after the final inventory was completed. For this reason, there are some small discrepancies between the polygon 

acreage totals shown here and those calculated for the evaluation dataset.

Wilderness Inventory Results

There are 78 wilderness inventory areas (totaling 614,516 acres) that meet the wilderness 

inventory criteria for minimum size, improvements, or roads improvements. Fifty-three 

wilderness inventory areas are larger than 5,000 acres in size. Twenty-five wilderness inventory 

areas are between 1,000 and 5,000 acres in size and adjacent to designated wilderness. 

The 180,674 acres that do not meet the wilderness inventory criteria comprise three categories of 

area: (a) 321 areas that are less than 1,000 acres and not contiguous to designated wilderness; (b) 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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39 areas that are between 1,000 and 5,000 acres; and (c) 126 areas that are less than 1,000 acres 

and contiguous with designated wilderness.

After the draft environmental impact statement was released, we discovered a GIS mapping error 

in the final inventory map that resulted in approximately 4,000 acres of lands the Inyo administers 

for the Humboldt-Toiyabe missing from the inventory. Once we realized the omission, we re-ran 

the inventory script for this 4,000 acre parcel. This resulted in an addition to the wilderness area 

that merged two former polygons (1350 and 1351) into one polygon large enough to bring 

forward to the evaluation. We designated it as polygon 1550. We completed an evaluation per the 

directives (a motorized trails evaluation and a built features evaluation) on 1550 and the polygon 

was updated accordingly. See Figure B-1 for update. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-1 Updates to wilderness inventory merging polygons 1350 and 1351 into polygon 1550, a 

4,000-acre parcel
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Evaluation 

Process Used to Evaluate Areas that may be Suitable

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The primary function of the evaluation step is to evaluate the wilderness characteristics of the 

lands included in the final inventory, using criteria set forth in the Wilderness Act of 1964 as 

described in the Wilderness Recommendation Handbook (FSH 1909.12, chapter 70, section 72).

Creation of an Evaluation Dataset and Map Based on the Final Inventory

The first step of the evaluation phase was to create a clean dataset with which to begin the 

evaluations. The evaluation map and dataset include all the areas that met the inventory criteria in 

the final inventory and exclude the areas considered, but eliminated from the final inventory. 

Consideration of Motorized Trails

We examined the evaluation polygons to determine whether wilderness characteristics were 

affected by authorized motorized trails. Motorized trails were authorized as part of the Inyo 

National Forest transportation system through recent travel management decisions.

The following process was used to examine motorized trails. We: 

1. Mapped designated motorized trails on top of the final inventory polygons. 

2. Created subpolygons within the final inventory polygons to separate areas containing 

authorized motorized trails from the rest of the polygon. 

3. Evaluated subpolygons with authorized motorized trails to determine the impact of those 

trails on wilderness characteristics, considering: 

a. The prevalence of motorized trails. 

b. The level of commitment to these trails.

Based on this process, we found that the wilderness characteristics of approximately 99,332 acres 

across the Inyo National Forest were affected by authorized motorized trails. The final inventory 

maps with the identified areas affected by motorized trails were posted online for public review 

and input between September 5, 2014 and September 24, 2014. See a more detailed discussion on 

public input below. 

Evaluation of Wilderness Characteristics

Our interdisciplinary team evaluated the final inventory polygons to determine potential 

suitability for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. We considered the 

following criteria, based on direction found in the Wilderness Recommendation Handbook: 

1. The degree to which the area generally appears to be affected primarily by the forces of 

nature, considering factors such as: 

a. Whether the composition of plant and animal communities appears natural (e.g., past 

management activities have created a plantation-style forest with trees of a uniform 

specie and age and planted in rows). 

i. Extent to which the area appears to reflect ecological conditions that would 

normally be associated with the area without human intervention. 
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ii. Extent to which improvements included in the area represent a departure from 

apparent naturalness. 

2. The degree to which the area has outstanding opportunities for solitude or for a 

primitive and unconfined type of recreation. The word “or” means that an area only 

has to possess one or the other. The area does not have to possess outstanding 

opportunities for both elements, nor does it need to have outstanding opportunities on 

every acre. Considerations include:

a. Impacts that are pervasive and influence a visitor’s opportunity for solitude 

within the evaluated area. Factors to consider may include topography, presence 

of screening, distance from impacts, degree of permanent intrusions, and 

pervasive sights and sounds from outside the area. 

b. The opportunity to engage in primitive and unconfined type of recreation. Factors 

may include the degree of challenge or risk while using outdoor skills. 

3. The degree to which the area may contain ecological, geological, or other features of 

scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value. These values are not required to be 

present in an area, but their presence should be identified and evaluated where they 

exist.

4. The degree to which the area may be managed to preserve its wilderness 

characteristics.

a. Shape and configuration of the area. 

b. Legally established rights or uses within the area.

c. Specific Federal or State laws that may be relevant to the availability of the area 

for wilderness or the ability to manage the area to protect wilderness 

characteristics.

d. The presence and amount of non-Federal land in the area.

e. Management of adjacent lands.

Maps of the final inventory polygons along with their evaluation narratives can be found below. 

Public Input on the Evaluation 

Public input was gathered in a number of ways throughout the process and was considered in the 

development of the evaluation narratives. There will be further opportunities for the public to 

provide input on the evaluation narratives during the public comment period after the draft 

environmental impact statement is released.

In September 2014, we notified the public that the final inventory maps were available on the 

“Talking Points” website at https://my.usgs.gov/ppgis/studio/launch/16850 and we asked them to 

provide any information to help document the wilderness characteristics of the final inventory 

polygons. These maps also identified areas within final inventory polygons where wilderness 

character was affected by authorized motorized trails. Stakeholders provided information via this 

website through general written comments and also by highlighting specific points or areas on the 

map and attaching comments specific to those areas.

In addition, we received comments regarding the wilderness evaluation through the project 

website, email, and postal mail during the scoping period. The wilderness evaluation process and 
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final inventory maps were also part of the public workshops and tribal forums held on the Inyo 

National Forest in September 2014. 

From June to November 2015, we received and reviewed additional public input on the initially 

selected areas for analysis as recommended wilderness (see “Analysis” section), as well as the 

evaluation process. As a result, we further refined the evaluation narratives to include any new, 

relevant information; to improve consistency and clarity in the evaluation narratives; and to add 

more detail regarding wilderness characteristics in the evaluation narratives.

In December 2015, we provided the public an opportunity to review and provide feedback on the 

draft wilderness evaluation narratives prior to the completion of the draft environmental impact 

statement. This resulted in further adjustments to the wilderness evaluation narratives. For more 

information on feedback received, see the “Analysis” section below. 

Summary of Public Input

Several stakeholders were under the impression that the final wilderness inventory maps 

represented our recommendations for additional designated wilderness. In addition, there was a 

perception that the “Talking Points” map did not display all existing roads or other developments. 

These perceptions had a noticeable influence on the input received.

Public input generally fell into the following categories:

1. Views on recommending additional wilderness areas. 

a. Stakeholders opposed to recommending additional wilderness areas generally 

cited the lack of wilderness characteristics in areas with motorized trails, 

mountain bike trails, or other improvements.

b. Stakeholders in favor of recommending additional wilderness areas generally 

cited an area’s natural qualities, opportunities for primitive recreation, or other 

features of value.

2. Wilderness inventory and evaluation process.

a. The motorized recreation community expressed concern that the evaluation 

process would override and nullify decisions on the national forest transportation 

system made through the recent travel management process.

b. Wilderness advocacy organizations wanted to see an assessment of whether the 

areas in the final inventory contained underrepresented ecosystems in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System.

c. Some stakeholders were concerned about excluding the areas with motorized 

trails identified on the “Talking Points” map from being evaluated for wilderness 

characteristics.

d. Some stakeholders wanted to see a broader evaluation process, ranging from 

being more inclusive of all roadless areas to reconsidering designated wilderness 

boundaries. 

3. Impacts or management issues from additional wilderness designations. There were:

a. Concerns with the agency’s ability to manage additional wilderness.

b. Concerns that additional wilderness would reduce the amount of California state 

off-highway vehicle grants coming to the forests and reduce the off-highway 
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vehicle community’s volunteer and financial contributions to maintaining 

motorized trails.

c. Concerns that additional wilderness would limit areas on the forest open to 

multiple-use recreation and would harm the tourism economies of gateway 

communities. 

d. Concerns that additional wilderness would limit a forest’s ability to conduct fuels 

treatments or fire suppression activities, especially adjacent to communities or 

private lands. 

e. Concerns that additional wilderness would affect the ability of people who are 

disable or elderly to access the national forests.

f. Concerns about restrictions on livestock grazing. 

How Public Input was Incorporated

Motorized Trails 

Some of the input we received on motorized trails resulted from viewers not being able to see 

them on the “Talking Points” map. The visibility of motorized trails on this map is scale 

dependent and requires viewers to zoom in to a certain level before being able to see the 

motorized trails.

The presence of authorized motorized trails in an inventory area is not by itself a sufficient basis 

for not conducting an evaluation of the area. The evaluation narrative for each inventory area 

contains a summary of the motorized trails within the area and describes the effects those trails 

have on the wilderness characteristics and manageability of the area.

Wilderness Characteristics

Any new, relevant information regarding the wilderness characteristics of a specific area was 

validated and then incorporated into the evaluation narrative. 

Recommending Additional Areas 

Public feedback regarding which polygons to recommend or not was reviewed, categorized, and 

summarized. The Forest Supervisor then considered this information in deciding which areas or 

portions of areas to carry forward as recommended wilderness in one or more alternatives in the 

draft environmental impact statement. 

Underrepresented Ecosystem Types

The Wilderness Society submitted substantial and detailed information regarding ecosystem 

representation, including several tables and maps. We reviewed and synthesized this information 

and included summaries in the wilderness evaluation narratives.

Broadness of the Evaluation Process 

The Forest Service’s wilderness evaluation process is intended to be transparent and consistent 

for all national forests across the country. All national forests follow the guidance set forth in the 

Wilderness Recommendation Handbook. 

Management of Recommended Wilderness

The revised forest plan provides management direction for any recommended wilderness. When 

developing plan components for recommended wilderness areas, the Forest Supervisor has 
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discretion to implement a range of management options. If any areas are recommended for 

wilderness through a revised forest plan, the forest is required “to protect and maintain the 

ecological and social characteristics that provide the basis for their suitability for wilderness 

designation” (36 CFR 219.11). 

Other Factors and Management Issues

Many of the additional concerns raised by the public are not applicable to the evaluation of 

wilderness characteristics. However, they are considered by Forest Supervisors during the 

analysis phase.

Explanatory Notes on Roads and Motorized Trails

Roads

A forest road is a road wholly or partly within or adjacent to and serving the National Forest 

System that the Forest Service determines is necessary for the protection, administration, and 

utilization of the National Forest System and the use and development of its resources (36 CFR 

212.1). In several instances, reference is made to “level 1 roads” or “level 2 roads” on National 

Forest System land. This refers to the level of service provided by, and maintenance required for, 

a specific road (FSH 7709.59, Ch. 60, sec. 62.3). The following explanation of those maintenance 

levels is taken from Forest Service Handbook, 1909.12, Chapter 12, Wilderness: 

1. Level 1 roads are roads that have been placed in storage between intermittent uses. 

The period of storage must exceed 1 year. Basic custodial maintenance is performed 

to prevent damage to adjacent resources and to perpetuate the road for future resource 

management needs. Emphasis is normally given to maintaining drainage facilities 

and runoff patterns. Planned road deterioration may occur at this level. Appropriate 

traffic management strategies are to “prohibit” and “eliminate” all traffic. These 

roads are not shown on motor vehicle use maps. 

Roads receiving level 1 maintenance may be of any type, class, or construction 

standard, and may be managed at any other maintenance level during the time they 

are open for traffic. However, while being maintained at level 1, they are closed to 

vehicular traffic but may be available and suitable for non-motorized uses. 

2. Level 2 roads are open for use by high-clearance vehicles. Passenger car traffic, user 

comfort, and user convenience are not considerations. Warning signs and traffic 

control devices are not provided with the exception that some signing, such as W-18-

1 “No Traffic Signs,” may be posted at intersections. Motorists should have no 

expectations of being alerted to potential hazards while driving these roads. Traffic is 

normally minor, usually consisting of one or a combination of administrative, 

permitted, dispersed recreation, or other specialized uses. Log-haul may occur at this 

level. Appropriate traffic management strategies are either to “discourage” or 

“prohibit” passenger cars. “Accept” or “discourage” strategies may be employed for 

high clearance vehicles.

Cherry Stem Roads

Throughout the descriptions of polygons, there are references to cherry stem roads. A cherry stem 

road refers to a dead-end road that appears to protrude into a polygon, but the perimeter of the 

polygon is drawn around the road, excluding the road from being within the actual boundary of a 

polygon. The setback to cherry stem these roads was established at 200 feet from the centerline 
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on either side of the road. This buffer was used on all authorized roads that were adjacent, or 

within evaluated polygons. 

Authorized Motorized Trails or Authorized Forest System Roads

Throughout the descriptions of polygons, there are references to authorized motorized trails or 

authorized forest system roads. These were designated by Travel Management Record of 

Decisions.

Wilderness Inventory Evaluations 

Evaluation narratives are provided first, followed by a series of maps for the Inyo National 

Forest. The map section includes an index map (Figure B-2). The appropriate sectional maps are 

referenced in each polygon narrative.

Evaluation Narratives

Polygon 944 (Watterson Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 944 (Watterson Canyon) is located east of Crowley Lake and north of the Benton 

Crossing Road and Watterson Canyon (Figure B-6, Inyo National Forest evaluation map D). It 

consists of 7,629 acres, ranging in elevation from 7,000-7,600 feet. The polygon is elongated 

(horizontal) and bisected by motorized trail. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 61 percent of the area of the polygon 

(4,635 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent groups are intermountain basins big sagebrush shrubland and inter-mountain basin montane sagebrush steppe. An 

additional 2,970 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 

percent of its total national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem types include sagebrush, pinyon-juniper and Jeffrey pine. It is within the BentonCasa Diablo Place, which is described as broad volcanic tableland punctuated by mountain peaks 

of the Benton mountain range. The polygon includes broad, open sandy canyons with minimal 

vegetation cover, and shrublands and pinyon woodlands. It includes Watterson Inventoried 

Roadless Area and a sage grouse priority habitat.

Soils are likely in desired condition, except for site-specific localized effects. Air quality is 

excellent. Riparian vegetation may be present in canyons. There are no perennial or intermittent 

stream channels present. There are no meadows. There is a departure from apparent naturalness 

due to the presence and expansion of cheatgrass, an invasive plant species. Extensive past and 

current grazing has occurred in the area; the area is currently grazed by sheep. The area is largely 

unsurveyed for cultural resources, but there are documented cultural sites that include prehistoric 

lithic scatters, rock rings and milling features.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is highly variable, but generally includes broad, open sandy canyons with 

minimal vegetation cover, providing little screening. A motorized trail nearly bisects the area, and 
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the Benton Crossing Road (a moderate use paved road) is located along the southern and eastern 

boundary. There is a power line along the northern boundary that may be visible from the area. 

The potential for encounters with other users is low and mostly concentrated on the motorized 

trail and roads around perimeter. There is limited opportunity for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation due to the proximity of the road and motorized trail system. The area is 

largely undeveloped and there is likely opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation, such 

as cross-country hiking and general forest exploration. 

Other Features of Value

This is a sage grouse priority habitat. 

Manageability 

There is one motorized trail that runs north to south, splitting the polygon nearly in half. The area 

is surrounded by roads, including Benton Crossing Road (a moderately traveled, high speed 

paved road on the south and east), lightly traveled dirt roads (including a power line on the north), 

and a motorized trail through the center. The polygon occurs within priority habitat for sage 

grouse which may require habitat restoration activities.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

This area is undeveloped. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological 

groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprise 4,635 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 2,790 

acres. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is degraded due to the 

motorized trail system that runs through the middle of the area, and the high speed paved Benton 

Crossing Road along the south and east boundaries. The proximity to roads and motorized trails 

would make it difficult to manage for wilderness characteristics. The location of the roads, 

motorized trails, power lines and forest boundary do not allow the polygon to be reshaped in a 

way that would make it more manageable. There is a departure from apparent naturalness due to 

the presence and expansion of cheatgrass, an invasive plant species. The area occurs within 

priority habitat for sage grouse, where habitat restoration activities may be desired.

Polygon 995 (Kelty Canyon)

General Description 

Polygon 995 is located in the Glass Mountains, Kelty Canyon area west of Benton Crossing Road 

(Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B). It consists of 5,806 acres, ranging in 

elevation from 6,800 to 8,800 feet. The polygon is somewhat elongated, north to south. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 35 percent of the polygon (2,056 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent group is inter-mountain basins 

montane sagebrush steppe. An additional 3,639 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.
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Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany and pinyon-juniper. Roads (including Benton 

Crossing Road) and the forest boundary (private land in Frazier Canyon and Bureau of Land 

Management) surround the area. It is within the Benton-Casa Diablo Place, described as broad 

volcanic tableland punctuated by mountain peaks of the Benton mountain range. The polygon 

includes broad, open sandy canyons with minimal vegetation cover, and shrublands and pinyon 

woodlands ecosystem types. The majority of the area intersects Glass Mountain Inventoried 

Roadless Area.

The area provides some contiguous habitat for wildlife. There have been limited management 

activities in this area. Air quality is excellent. The condition of meadow and riparian areas is 

unknown. Riparian vegetation is present in canyons throughout this area in unknown condition; a 

mapped meadow is present in Kelty Canyon. Pinyon pine expansion is occurring, which could 

indicate a departure from natural fire regime due to fire suppression. There are few invasive plant 

species. Grazing occurs in the area and is evident; it is likely there are localized legacy grazing 

impacts.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is highly variable, but generally includes moderate, open slopes and broad 

canyons. Topography and vegetation provide some screening. The distance from impacts and 

developments varies, including authorized forest system roads along the south and west 

perimeter, a few cherry stemmed roads, a moderately used paved road along the east boundary, an 

extensive network of authorized motorized trails to the west, and Highway 120 is 2 miles to the 

northeast. Sights and sounds from paved and forest system roads and motorized trails would 

likely penetrate throughout the polygon and limit opportunities for solitude. The area is largely 

undeveloped and there are likely opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities such as 

cross-country hiking and general forest exploration. 

Other Features of Value

None were noted.

Manageability 

The polygon is elongated and narrow, north to south, no more than 3 miles across. It is bordered 

by forest roads, Benton Crossing Road, and the straight-line forest boundary with other Federal 

land and private lands. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

The area does provide contiguous habitat for wildlife. Air quality is excellent. The opportunity for 

solitude is limited due to the proximity to roads and motorized trails; sights and sounds would 

likely penetrate throughout the polygon and limit opportunities for solitude. There are 

opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. This polygon presents a moderate 

opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national 

extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 2,056 acres. An ecological group 

with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprises an additional 3,635 acres. There is not the potential to reshape the polygon.
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Polygon 1012 (Glass Mountains)

General Description

Polygon 1012 (Glass Mountains) consists of 40,368 acres ranging in elevation from 7,000 to over 

11,000 feet and is located in the Glass Mountains (Figure B-6, Inyo National Forest evaluation 

map D). This area includes Glass Mountain at 11,123 feet in elevation.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates thirty two percent of the polygon 

(13,003 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two of the groups, inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland and inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, have 

substantial acreage in this polygon. An additional 17,288 acres are comprised of Great Basin 

pinyon-juniper woodland and rocky mountain aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 

15 percent of their national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The polygon includes moderate to steep open slopes and ridges, cresting at Glass Mountain on the 

eastern side. There are gentler slopes in Jeffrey pine forest on the western side. The area includes 

views to Crowley Basin and the Sierra Nevada. The majority of Glass Mountain area is midelevation forests (Jeffrey pine and mixed-conifer forests) with some high forests (subalpine, such 

as whitebark pine) along the southern end, and pinyon woodlands in the foothills. Numerous 

perennial channels are present (O’Harrel Creek, Wilfred Creek, McGee Canyon), as well as 

numerous intermittent channels. Air quality is excellent. This polygon intersects with Glass 

Mountain Inventoried Roadless Area; Indiana Summit Research Natural Area and Sentinel 

Meadow Research Natural Area. Several public comments indicated the area is an important 

wildlife migration corridor. The polygon contains sage grouse restoration habitat, including 

priority habitat.

There is a departure from natural conditions due to the presence and increase in cheatgrass. 

Native fish and fishless areas were stocked with non-native trout species, which has affected 

aquatic ecologic integrity. Exotic fish species have displaced the small minnow species in area 

streams and ponds. There have been legacy impacts to soils and riparian areas from grazing, 

logging, and dispersed camping; however, these impacts are mostly site-specific and not 

widespread. There are some watershed restoration activities, including head cut stabilization 

within several meadow and spring systems, including McGee Meadow and Sawmill Meadow. 

The area also includes aspen restoration.

There is a communication site at the top of Glass Mountain that is accessed via helicopter. Both 

sheep and cattle grazing takes place in this area; there are fences, spring boxes and troughs

associated with grazing allotments and there may be a water diversion to Alpers and Arcularias 

Ranch. McGee Meadow and Sawmill Meadow have headcut structures that are not substantially 

visible. Headcut and fencing treatments exist around springs in the southwest portion of the 

polygon. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

This large polygon is bordered by an extensive road and motorized trail system that is popular for 

dispersed recreation. Many authorized forest system roads shape the polygon with a lot of narrow 

appendages, including an elongated and narrow one on the west side. On the eastside of the 
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polygon, an authorized motorized trail runs north to south through the polygon, limiting 

opportunity for solitude in this area. There is some screening due to topography and vegetation.

Several management activities have occurred or are occurring, including historic logging, 

multiple grazing allotments, woodcutting, outfitting and guiding, dispersed camping and hunting. 

The distances from impacts vary greatly, but generally are up to 3 miles from nearest road or trail 

system from the interior of the polygon. There are likely areas within the polygon that are free 

from motorized noise. The area receives low to moderate amounts of recreation use. There is 

some over snow vehicle use on the east side. There are opportunities for primitive and unconfined 

recreation in the interior portion of the polygon, which is largely undeveloped and likely provides 

primitive-type recreation opportunities including cross-country hiking, hunting and general forest 

exploration and some degree of challenge due to remoteness and steep terrain.

Other Features of Value

Prehistoric use here was significant with a very large number of documented prehistoric sites, 

including lithic scatters, lithic isolates and piagi collection trenches. The Glass Mountains were 

an important obsidian source. Piagi trenches may be maintained by contemporary Indians. 

The polygon includes sensitive plant species including Mono Lake lupine, Raven's milkvetch and 

Mono milkvetch. Unique, diverse conifer communities occur here, including whitebark, limber 

and lodgepole pine. Blister rust resistant white bark pines are in the highest elevation core of the 

Glass Mountains. The area is a sage grouse priority habitat and contains northern goshawk 

breeding areas. There are Lahontan cutthroat trout in O'Harrel Creek. There is exceptional 

geology, including obsidian and pumice. 

Manageability 

This polygon intersects with Glass Mountain Inventoried Roadless Area; Indiana Summit 

Research Natural Area and Sentinel Meadow Research Natural Area; and priority sage grouse 

habitat. The area is surrounded by an extensive forest system road and motorized trail system that 

provides access for management activities and is popular for dispersed recreation. In some areas, 

the polygon is irregularly shaped, particularly the western portion of the polygon in the vicinity of 

Indiana Summit Research Natural Area and Bald Mountain Springs, and west of McGlaughlin 

Creek (elongated and narrow). The eastern portion of the polygon has an extensive network of 

motorized trails within the border of the polygon. There is also one motorized trail in the 

southwest portion of the polygon. Both sage grouse and Lahontan cutthroat trout habitat areas 

may require management activities under the Endangered Species Act. There are three water 

rights in the area. There is outfitting and guiding under special use authorizations occurring in the 

area. There is one private land inholding (40 acres west of Wilfred Canyon). The communication 

site on top of Glass Mountain is a highly developed, permanent facility that is accessed by 

helicopter. Public comments indicate there are trails used by mountain bikers in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation within the interior 

portion of the polygon. Some portions of the polygon have authorized motorized trails within the 

boundary that would limit opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation, 

which would also occur near some of the perimeter areas that are surrounded by an extensive 

network of forest system roads.
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Impacts to soils and riparian areas are localized and not widespread. Air quality is excellent. 

Activities associated with managing sage grouse habitat, Lahontan cutthroat trout, meadow and 

aspen occur in this polygon. The communication site on top of Glass Mountain is visible from 

much of the area is accessed via helicopter. This polygon presents an opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise 13,003 acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise an 

additional 17,288 acres.

There is the potential to reshape the polygon to make the area more manageable (east of 

McLaughlin Creek and west of Wilfred Creek). During the development of the forest’s 

assessment report in 2013, the public suggested four ecologically unique complexes that contain 

ecological, recreational, and cultural values to consider for special designation (not specifically 

wilderness), which included the Glass Mountains. 

Polygon 1039 (Black Mountain and Sawmill Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1039 (Black Mountain and Sawmill Canyon) consists of 11,026 acres ranging in 

elevation from 7,000 to 8,900 feet. It is located on the east side of the Glass Mountain (Figure B4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B) and includes Sawmill Canyon and Black Mountain at 

8,895 feet elevation. Roads and a private land parcel protrude into the polygon, making it oddly 

shaped. The area is bounded by the forest boundary with Bureau of Land Management and a 

private land parcel on the north and east side. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 20 percent of the polygon (2,240 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent group is inter-mountain basins 

montane sagebrush steppe. An additional 1,940 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The topography is highly variable, but generally includes moderate, open slopes and broad 

canyons leading to 9,000 foot Black Mountain. Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, mountain 

mahogany, pinyon-juniper, and sagebrush. The polygon includes moderate, open slopes and broad 

canyons leading to 8,895 foot Black Mountain. There are several perennial stream channels 

(Sawmill Canyon, Wet Fork and Dry Fork). Klondike Canyon is a major intermittent stream in 

this area. The polygon intersects with Glass Mountain Inventoried Roadless Area.

There invasive plant species Russian thistle is stable. Native fish and fishless areas were stocked 

with non-native trout species, which has affected aquatic ecologic integrity. Exotic fish species 

displaced the small minnow species in area streams and ponds. A mapped meadow is present in 

Black Canyon in unknown condition and riparian vegetation is present in canyons throughout this 

area. There have been mostly site-specific legacy impacts to soil from fire, logging and grazing. 

The impacts from fire are mostly recovered. Air quality is excellent.
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There are some opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. Topography and 

vegetation provide screening and distance from developments in the interior portions of the 

polygon. However, in other areas, State Highway 120 is evident. The potential for encounters 

with other users is mostly concentrated in perimeter areas, due to the extensive network of forest 

system roads, including several that cherry stem into the area and partially divide the polygon into 

many small sections, and in areas adjacent to authorized motorized trails. Sights and sound from 

roadways and motorized trails penetrate those areas of the polygon. The area is largely 

undeveloped and there are likely opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation, including 

cross-country hiking, hunting, photography and general forest exploration. There is some private 

property within the polygon.

Other Features of Value

Although the area is largely unsurveyed for cultural resources, there are roughly a dozen known 

cultural resource sites including several historic structural foundations and remains as well as 

prehistoric lithic scatters and a pinyon camp complex of rock rings. The polygon includes 

outstanding views of White Mountains and Adobe Valley. 

Manageability

The polygon is irregularly shaped, with a few cherry stem roads and a private land parcel that 

protrudes into the area at several locations. The north and east boundary are the straight line 

forest boundary with Bureau of Land Management. The polygon intersects with Glass Mountain 

Inventoried Roadless Area. There are three water rights.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The invasive plant species Russian thistle is stable and historic fish stocking has altered native 

aquatic assemblages. The area provides some contiguous habitat for wildlife and air quality is 

excellent. There are some opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in the 

interior portion, but opportunities near the perimeter are limited due to the sights and sounds of 

adjacent forest system roads and authorized motorized trails, including roads that cherry stem into 

the area, partially dividing the polygon into many small portions. There are three water rights 

within the area. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 2,240 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 8,450 acres. The potential to 

reshape the polygon to make it more manageable is unlikely.

Polygon 1068 (Dexter Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1068 (Dexter Canyon) consists of 12,311 acres with elevations ranging from 7,200 to 

8,800 feet. It is located south of Highway 120 and east of Sagehen Peak and includes Dexter 

Canyon (Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B).

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 63 percent of the polygon (7,779 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent groups are inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland and inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe. An 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

31

additional 3,677 acres is largely comprised of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has 

less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, pinyon-juniper, and sagebrush. It is a priority habitat for 

sage grouse. There are numerous perennial channels, including Dexter, Wet, and North Canyons. 

Intermittent channels also are present. Air quality is excellent.

Brown trout are stocked on private land downstream, and are self-sustaining. This has affected 

invertebrate populations and the fishless nature of the streams. A departure in the natural fire 

regime due to fire suppression is evident from pinyon pine expansion in some areas. There have 

been some watershed restoration activities, including head cut stabilization within several 

meadow systems including Johnny and Wild Horse Meadows. 

There have been legacy impacts to soils from logging infrastructure (skid trails) and grazing 

impacts, especially in meadows. There is an active sheep grazing allotment, Dexter Creek 

Allotment. There are no fences, but there are at least three large water troughs and a large water 

tank in the area. Shepherds drive sheep from place to place and set up camps where they stay 

overnight. The camps include a trailer, water trucks, up to 1,500 sheep and herding and guard 

dogs. There are some headcut structures (rocks and logs) that are not substantially noticeable 

within several of the meadows.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

A motorized trail dissects the polygon in two. The polygon is bounded by Highway 120, Bureau 

of Land Management, and private land in the northeastern corner. Private land parcels (Symons 

Ranch and Adobe Reservoir) and roads protrude into the area making the polygon oddly shaped 

and noncontiguous. There is a private land inholding northwest of Dexter Canyon. The polygon 

intersects Dexter Canyon Inventoried Roadless Area. Proximity to motorized recreation (roads 

and trails), private land parcels, and Highway 120 limit opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation. There is gentle terrain with some screening from trees and within the 

drainages. There are opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including cross-country 

hiking, hunting and general forest exploration. Use is mostly focused around the roads and 

motorized trails.

Other Features of Value

The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural resources; however, there are 10 documented 

properties, which include a Basque shelter, a historic dam and reservoir, and numerous prehistoric 

lithic scatters.

There is priority habitat for sage grouse. Features of value in this polygon include the sensitive 

Bodie Hills rockcress. There may be rare springsnails in some of the springs in the area.

Manageability 

Private land parcels (Symons Ranch and Adobe Reservoir) and roads protrude into the area, 

making the polygon oddly shaped and noncontiguous, and there are motorized trails within the 

polygon area, including a motorized trail crosses that splits it in two. Adobe Reservoir is partially 

on National Forest System land within the polygon and is under special use permit. There is a 

private land inholding northwest of Dexter Canyon that likely has an access road. The area 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

32

contains priority habitat for sage grouse and intersects with Glass Mountain Inventoried Roadless 

Area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are few invasive plant species. Fish stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. Air 

quality is excellent. Proximity to motorized recreation, private land parcels and Highway 120, 

limit the opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in some areas. There is 

one motorized trail that runs north to south and nearly splits the polygon in two. The polygon is 

irregularly shaped, with cherry stemmed roads and private land parcels (including one inholding) 

that protrude into the polygon. There is not likely the opportunity to reshape the polygon to make 

it more manageable. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups 

that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological 

groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprise 7,779 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 3,677 acres.

Polygon 1072 (Mono Craters)

General Description

Polygon 1072 (Mono Craters) consists of 7,574 acres ranging in elevation from 7,200 to 9,172 

feet (Crater Mountain). It is located south of Mono Lake and Highway 120 (Figure B-3, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map A) and includes Mono Craters, the youngest mountain range in 

the United States. Most of the polygon is located within the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic 

Area. It is elongated (vertical) and roads protrude into the polygon along the west side, making it 

oddly shaped. The southern portion is bounded by private land (U.S. Pumice), leaving a small 

finger (East Craters Sand Flat) included in the inventory in the southeast corner. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 57 percent of the polygon (4,330 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that may be considered minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent group is inter-mountain basins big 

sagebrush shrubland. The remainder of the polygon is largely comprised of pumice flats with its 

dry forb vegetation type. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types in this polygon include Jeffrey pine, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and a special 

type of dry forb. It is priority habitat for sage grouse. The polygon intersects with the Mono 

Craters Inventoried Roadless Area and a majority of the polygon is located within the Mono 

Basin National Forest Scenic Area. The area includes Mono Craters with exposed domes and lava 

flows and sand flats.

There are rare plants and unique vegetation types on pumice flats. There are a few invasive 

species, including cheatgrass. The area provides contiguous habitat for wildlife. The polygon 

contains limited water and there are no mapped meadows or riparian vegetation. The soils are 

likely at the desired condition. Air quality is excellent. Grazing occurs in the area. There are two 

sheep allotments, but there is not much use. The polygon includes historic mining. The area also 

contains United States Geological Survey monitoring equipment and there is the need to maintain 

and use helicopters to access the equipment.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

33

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There is little screening in the area, with visibility toward the Mono Basin and Highways 120 and 

395. There are several cherry stem roads that protrude into the polygon along the western 

perimeter and Highway 120 is the northern boundary. The polygon is surrounded by an extensive 

road system. There is a commercial operation on the private land along the southern boundary 

(U.S. Pumice). There is a special use permit road for a small road segment on the south end. The 

proximity to the road system and commercial operation on private land limits the opportunity for 

solitude. The potential for encounters with other visitors is low. There may be opportunities for 

primitive and unconfined recreation, including cross-country hiking, photography and general 

forest exploration. 

Other Features of Value

The Mono Craters are a unique volcanic feature.

Manageability 

The polygon is irregularly shaped with cherry stem roads that protrude into the western boundary 

and a narrow finger that reaches south of the private land. The polygon as a whole is narrow and 

elongated (less than 3 miles across). Private land to the south is owned by U.S. Pumice, which 

has a commercial operation. There are haul routes under special use permit. The polygon 

intersects with the Mono Craters Inventoried Roadless Area and a majority of the polygon is 

located within the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area. The area contains priority habitat for 

sage grouse, which may require management activities inconsistent with wilderness.

Summary of Potential Suitability

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Grazing allotments are present but use is low. There is evidence of historic mining activity. There 

are few developments noted. The United States Geological Survey has monitoring equipment in 

the area that is maintained by helicopter. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise 4,330 acres. The opportunity for solitude is degraded 

due to the proximity to roads and highways. There may be opportunity for primitive and 

unconfined recreation. There is limited opportunity to reshape to polygon to make it more 

suitable or manageable for wilderness characteristics due to the proximity to roads and the 

already narrow shape of the polygon. There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and 

use. Some existing uses would be nonconforming with wilderness designation, including 

snowmobile use and mountain biking. 

Polygon 1080 (Anderson Point)

General Description

Polygon 1080 (Anderson Point) consists of 1,137 acres with elevations ranging from 8,000 to 

8,800 feet. It is contiguous to the South Sierra Wilderness and is located between Monache 

Meadows and the South Sierra Wilderness, west of Cow Canyon and the Pacific Crest National 

Scenic Trail (Figure B-11, Inyo National Forest evaluation map I). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 52 percent of the polygon (442 acres) 

consists of an ecological group, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, which has less 

than 10 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

34

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include sagebrush and white fir. It includes dry meadows and rolling forested 

granite outcrops with gentle to moderate slopes. The polygon intersects with the South Sierra 

Inventoried Roadless Area. The area includes perennial channels associated with springs and the 

riparian condition is unknown. Legacy and current grazing impact water quality (fecal coliform is 

present) in the polygon; however, there are no State-listed impaired or threatened streams. There 

are legacy and current impacts from grazing to soil conditions, with localized impacts. The air 

quality is nonattainment for ozone (Tulare County). The area contains headcut and gully 

treatments. They are not substantial, but noticeable. There is a possible spring box near Olivas 

Cabin. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Screening is present. There is some visibility to Monache Meadow below. Occasional to frequent 

off highway vehicle traffic and dispersed camping occurs. Vehicles and campers along the 

western boundary can be seen and heard. There is a cherry stem road that protrudes into the 

western boundary. The area is mostly free from motorized noise except along the western 

boundary. Olivas Cow Camp (parking area, pastures with fences) is within 200 feet of the 

boundary. The parking area for Deer Mountain Trail is in the vicinity. Solitude may be affected by 

these developments. The potential for encounters with other visitors is low to medium, except 

during the Monache stock drive, which happens twice each year. Current primitive recreation 

activities in this area include hiking, backpacking and horseback riding on a forest system trail to 

accesses the South Sierra Wilderness, and also deer hunting in the fall. The degree of challenge is 

similar to the adjacent wilderness. There are also opportunities for wildlife observation, 

photography and enjoying nature. Access for winter cross-country skiing is challenging because 

this area is at least 25 miles from a plowed road.

Other Features of Value

Only 10 percent of the area has been surveyed for cultural resources, but there are known cultural 

resource sites including prehistoric encampments (lithic scatters).

Manageability 

This is a small, irregularly shaped polygon adjoining the South Sierra Wilderness and bounded by 

the Monache off highway vehicle area along the western boundary. The cherry stem road is 

regularly used by the grazing permittee and hikers.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Grazing management and watershed restoration is evident in the area. There are developments 

related to range improvements. This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological 

groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprise a low number of acres. The opportunity for solitude is degraded 

due to the proximity to roads (Monache off highway vehicle area) and developments, primarily 

along the western border. There may be opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

There are no unique features. There is not an opportunity to reshape this small polygon to make it 

more suitable or manageable for wilderness character. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

35

Polygon 1081 (Bakeoven Meadows)

General Description

Polygon 1081 (Bakeoven Meadows) consists of 5,413 acres ranging in elevation from 8,000 to 

9,600 feet. It is located east of Kingfisher Ridge and is surrounded by the Golden Trout and the 

South Sierra Wildernesses (Figure B-11, Inyo National Forest evaluation map I). One road and 

private land parcel protrude into the southern boundary of the polygon. The west, north and east 

boundaries are contiguous with the Golden Trout and South Sierra Wildernesses.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 8 percent of the polygon (408 acres) 

consists of an ecological group, Inter-Mountain big sagebrush shrubland, which has less than 10 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. An 

additional 1,000 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain 

aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include red fir, subalpine fir, and white fir. The polygon’s scenery includes 

granite domes and creeks. The polygon intersects with the South Sierra Inventoried Roadless 

Area. There are no known stable invasive plant species. The polygon does not provide contiguous 

connectivity for habitat. Perennial stream channels include Soda Creek and South Fork Kern 

River; numerous springs and meadows are present. Meadows were evaluated as having fully 

functional and functional at risk watershed ratings; meadow vegetation was rated in excellent 

condition in the meadows evaluated. Riparian vegetation on perennial channels is likely in good 

condition. There are no state-listed impaired or threatened streams. Air quality is nonattainment 

for ozone (Tulare County). A fish barrier on South Fork Kern cannot be removed. There is heavy 

fuel loading along Kingfisher Ridge with fuel reduction treatments planned. The area contains 

watershed treatments, including small structures and rock shoots. The polygon includes livestock 

grazing and range improvements. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Topography and vegetation provide some screening (forested areas and creeks). There is a private 

inholding with residences along the southern perimeter. Several private cabins to the southeast are 

within 400 feet of the boundary. There are occasional vehicles and sounds associated with private 

cabins. One cherry stem road provides access to dispersed camping along South Fork Kern River 

and extends about 4,500 ft. into the polygon. This is a popular dispersed camping area in summer 

and fall. Activities on private property, as well as dispersed recreation along the South Fork Kern 

River, may affect solitude. The potential for encounters with other visitors is low to medium. 

Current primitive recreation activities in this area include hiking, backpacking and horseback 

riding on two forest system trails that access the Golden Trout Wilderness; fishing on the South 

Fork Kern River; and deer hunting in the fall. The degree of challenge is similar to the adjacent 

wilderness. This is a popular primitive recreation area during summer and fall months. There are 

also opportunities for wildlife observation, photography and enjoying nature, particularly along 

the wild and scenic South Fork Kern River. Access for winter cross-country skiing is challenging 

because this area is at least 25 miles from a plowed road. Opportunities for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation are limited along an extensive network of authorized forest system 

roads bordering and cherry stemming to shape this polygon. Sights and sounds from the roads 

would likely penetrate a large portion of this relatively small polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

36

Other Features of Value

The area includes a portion of the South Fork of the Kern River, part of the designated Kern Wild 

and Scenic River, flowing north to south through the middle of the polygon. Also of value are the 

views of Monache Mountain, a unique volcanic feature. 

Less than a quarter of the area has been surveyed for cultural resources. Five known sites include 

remains of a log cabin, other historic structure remains, historic debris scatters and prehistoric 

lithic scatters.

The polygon contains rare and sensitive plant species: Kern milkvetch, mountain yellow violet, 

Tulare rockcress, and field ivesia.

Manageability 

The polygon intersects with the South Sierra Inventoried Roadless Area. The polygon is 

contiguous with Golden Trout Wilderness along the west, north and east perimeters. There is a 

private land inholding (with cabins) along the south perimeter, with road access. One cherry stem 

road provides access to dispersed camping along South Fork Kern River and there is the potential 

for vehicle incursions off of the cherry stem road. There is a state wildlife reserve along the 

boundary in the southeast corner (section 34, T20S, R35E).There is proposed fuel reduction 

through vegetation treatments in this area. Two water rights are present and there is a grazing 

allotment.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 408 

acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 1,000 acres. The opportunity for solitude 

is degraded due to the proximity to the Monache OHV area, dispersed recreation along the South 

Fork Kern River, and private inholdings with developments, primarily along the southern border. 

There may be opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation. There is no good opportunity 

to reshape this polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for wilderness character.

Polygon 1092 (Slide Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1092 (Slide Canyon) consists of 4,252 acres with elevations ranging from 4,400 to 

10,000 feet. It is contiguous to the Golden Trout Wilderness and is located southeast of Horseshoe 

Meadows Road, west of Highway 395, Owens Lake and the Cottonwood Power Plant (Figure B10, Inyo National Forest evaluation map H). Slide Canyon runs east through the polygon. The 

polygon is oddly shaped around Horseshoe Meadow Road on the north and the forest boundary 

on the east side. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 1 percent of the polygon (37acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. An additional 1,000 acres consists of Great Basin 

pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 

15 percent of their national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

37

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, white fir, and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. It does 

not intersect or overlap with any other designated areas and includes steep terrain. There is a 

departure from natural conditions due to the abundance of cheatgrass, an invasive plant species. 

Fish stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. The condition of riparian vegetation 

associated with the perennial stream channel, Cottonwood Creek, and canyons is not known. 

Soils are likely meeting desired conditions. The air quality is nonattainment for pm10 (Owens 

Valley pm10 planning area). There are Los Angeles Department of Water and Power water 

diversions within this area.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is in the vicinity of roads, including Horseshoe Meadow Road (moderately use paved 

road that access campgrounds and trailheads). The area is within one mile of Cottonwood Power 

Plant and Highway 395. Owens Valley and Highway 395 are visible and can be heard from much 

of the area. There may be some opportunity for solitude within the canyons. There is nothing 

notable that would limit the opportunity for primitive or unconfined recreation. 

Other Features of Value

Slide Canyon runs east through the polygon. 

Manageability 

This is an irregularly shaped polygon that is bounded between the existing wilderness boundary 

and the forest boundary. There is a private land parcel that protrudes into the polygon. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are Los Angeles Department of Water and Power infrastructure (water diversions) within 

the area. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise a low number of acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national 

extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 1,000 acres. The 

natural quality is degraded by the abundance of invasive cheatgrass. Air quality is nonattainment 

for pm10. The opportunity for solitude is degraded due to the proximity to roads, the Cottonwood 

Power Plant and Highway 395. There is opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation, 

although it is very limited due to the location of the polygon. There is not really an opportunity to 

reshape the polygon, due to its small size and irregularly shaped boundary that is drawn tightly 

between existing wilderness and the forest boundary. 

Polygon 1098 (Escarpment from George Creek to Hogback Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1098 (Escarpment from George Creek to Hogback Creek) consists of 1,476 acres with 

elevations ranging from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is 

located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment between George Creek and Hogback Creek (Figure 

B-10, Inyo National Forest evaluation map H). The polygon is located between the John Muir 

Wilderness on the west and Alabama Hills Special Recreation Management Area (Bureau of Land 

Management) on the east. A motorized trail dissects the northwestern edge of the polygon and a 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

38

road along the southern portion of the polygon makes it oddly shaped along the southern 

boundary. In addition, the eastern boundary is a straight line due to the forest boundary with 

Bureau of Land Management (Alabama Hills Special Recreation Management Area).

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (5 

acres) consists of an ecological group that has less than 10 percent of its national extent protected 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and sagebrush. It contains steep terrain. The invasive 

plant species cheatgrass is abundant. Fish stocking has also altered native aquatic assemblages. 

Riparian vegetation occurs in the perennial George Creek and canyons. The air quality is 

nonattainment for pm10 (Owens Valley pm10 planning area). A motorized trail dissects the 

northwestern edge of the polygon and a road forms the southern boundary. Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power infrastructure may be in the area. No other developments were 

noted. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in this small area 

that is bordered by roads, including a cherry stem road from the Alabama Hills Special Recreation 

Management Area (Bureau of Land Management) to the east., and a motorized trail along the 

northern and southern perimeter. The Owens Valley and Highway 395 are visible from parts of 

the area.

Other Features of Value

There are no other features of value documented. 

Manageability 

The polygon Intersects with the Independence Creek Inventoried Roadless Area. This is an 

irregularly shaped, small polygon that adjoins existing wilderness and is drawn to the forest 

boundary. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low 

number of acres. The natural quality is degraded by the presence of invasive cheatgrass. Air 

quality is nonattainment for pm10. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation is limited due to the proximity to roads, motorized trails and visibility to Highway 395. 

There is not an opportunity to reshape the small polygon. 

Polygon 1099 (Escarpment – Shephard Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1099 consists of 1,092 acres with elevations ranging from 5,800 to 9,000 feet. It is 

contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment 

between Shephard Pass Trailhead and Bairs Creek (Figure B-10, Inyo National Forest evaluation 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

39

map H). The polygon is located between John Muir Wilderness on the west and Bureau of Land 

Management land on the east. There is one road that protrudes into the polygon along the western 

boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (4 

acres) consists of an ecological group, Great Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland 

and shrubland has less than 10 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

area includes steep terrain. The majority of the polygon intersects with the Independence Creek 

Inventoried Roadless Area. There is a departure from natural conditions due to the presence of 

invasive plant species (cheatgrass is abundant). Fish stocking has altered native aquatic 

assemblages. There is riparian vegetation associated with the perennial stream channel (Shepard 

Creek). Soils are likely meeting desired conditions. The air quality is nonattainment for pm10 

(Owens Valley pm10 planning area). 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is in the vicinity of roads on Bureau of Land Management lands. There is one short 

cherry stem road that protrudes into the polygon. The Owens Valley and Highway 395 are visible 

and can be heard from much of the area. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation is limited due to the proximity to roads and visibility to Highway 395; sights and 

sounds from the roads would likely penetrate most of this small polygon. 

Other Features of Value

None were noted.

Manageability 

The majority of the polygon intersects with the Independence Creek Inventoried Roadless Area. 

This small polygon that adjoins existing wilderness and is drawn to the forest boundary. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are no known developments that would degrade the undeveloped quality. This polygon 

does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low number of acres. 

The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited due to the 

proximity to roads and visibility to Highway 395; sights and sounds from the roads would likely 

penetrate most of this small polygon. There is not an opportunity to reshape this small polygon. 

Polygon 1106 (Escarpment – Onion Valley South)

General Description

Polygon 1106 (Escarpment-Onion Valley South) consists of 1,408 acres ranging in elevation from 

5,500 to 11,000 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the Sierra 

Nevada escarpment south of Onion Valley and Independence Creek (Figure B-9, Inyo National 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

40

Forest evaluation map G). The polygon is shaped by road and recreation developments in Onion 

Valley, Independence Creek, the existing wilderness boundary along the western edge, and cherry 

stem roads that protrude into the area along the eastern edge of the polygon. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 4 percent of the polygon (52 acres) 

consists of ecological groups, Great Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and 

shrubland which have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The area is characterized by steep to precipitous rugged terrain in the canyons and moderate to 

gentle slopes on the alluvial fans and benches. Ecosystem types include sagebrush and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The polygon intersects with the Independence Creek Inventoried 

Roadless Area. The small area is surrounded by roads, including one cherry stem road in the 

middle of the polygon. Highway 395 and the private land developments in the Owens Valley are 

highly visible from most of the area, except within the canyons. There is a departure from natural 

conditions due to the abundance of invasive cheatgrass and past vegetation alteration from 

historic mining activities. Fish stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. Pinyon Creek, a 

perennial stream channel, and canyons are in the polygon. Soils are likely meeting desired 

conditions. The air quality is nonattainment for pm10 (Owens Valley pm10 planning area). 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is located in the vicinity of a concentrated recreation area (Onion Valley), which has 

campgrounds, trailheads, and the Seven Pines Recreation Residence Tract. The proximity to 

roads, a concentrated recreation area and improvements limit the opportunity for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation in these areas. Steep terrain limits access to the area. Use in 

the area includes hiking Pinyon Creek, hunting, pinyon pine nut gathering and cross-country 

skiing.

Other Features of Value

The area includes outstanding views of the Sierra Nevada and features such as Pinyon Pine Falls. 

Riparian water birch (tracked by California Fish and Wildlife) is found in the polygon. Springs 

may contain rare springsnails.

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with an existing wilderness area (John Muir Wilderness) along the western 

edge of the polygon. The polygon intersects with the Independence Creek Inventoried Roadless 

Area. The polygon is surrounded by roads, including one road that protrudes into the middle of 

the polygon. The area is adjacent to lands managed by the Inyo National Forest.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low 

number of acres. Fish stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. Air quality is 

nonattainment for pm10. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

41

limited due to proximity to developed recreation use, motorized road system (including a cherry 

stem road) and visibility to Highway 395. There is limited potential to reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1108 (Escarpment – Onion Valley North)

General Description

Polygon 1108 (Escarpment-Onion Valley North) consists of 2,100 acres with elevations ranging 

from 5,000 to 9,500 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the 

Sierra Nevada escarpment north of Onion Valley and Independence Creek (Figure B-9, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map G). This polygon is shaped roads and recreation developments in 

Onion Valley and a private land parcel that protrudes into the boundary along the eastern edge. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (4 

acres) consists of ecological groups, Great Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland 

and shrubland which have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The area is 

characterized by steep to precipitous rugged terrain in the canyons and moderate to gentle slopes 

on the alluvial fans and benches. The polygon intersects with the Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless 

Area (majority of the polygon along the western portion of the polygon). The polygon is 

surrounded by roads and a private land parcel (Boron Springs) protrudes into the southeast corner 

of the polygon. It is within the 2007 Inyo Complex (a 30,000-acre fire) and 2008 flood and 

mudflow event (Oak Creek); catastrophic events that impacted the hydrologic and soil conditions 

in the area. There are water diversions (including diversions and ditches near Tub Springs), old 

ranch foundations, fences and corrals. In addition, there are three prehistoric sites (lithic scatters). 

There is a departure from natural conditions due to the abundance of invasive cheatgrass and 

presence of salt cedar. Fish stocking has also altered native aquatic assemblages. Water diversions 

have manipulated the species composition. The air quality is nonattainment for pm10 (Owens 

Valley pm10 planning area). 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is located in the vicinity of a concentrated recreation area (Onion Valley), which has 

campgrounds, trailheads, and the Seven Pines Recreation Residence Tract. In addition, Highway 

395 and the private land developments in the Owens Valley are highly visible from most of the 

area, except within the canyons. The proximity to roads, concentrated recreation area, and 

improvements limits the opportunity for solitude or primitive or unconfined recreation in this 

small polygon. The area currently receives low to medium use, primarily focused around Seven 

Pines Recreation Residence Tract, Independence Creek and Rex Montis Mine Road. Hunting is a 

popular activity during the fall months. 

Other Features of Value

Features of this polygon include black oaks, riparian water birch (tracked by California Fish and 

Wildlife), and Inyo star-tulip, a Forest Service sensitive species. There are outstanding wildflower 

displays within the Inyo Complex fire area. Springs may contain rare springsnails. Tub Springs 

lies within the area. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

42

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with an existing wilderness area (John Muir Wilderness) along the western 

edge of the polygon. The polygon is surrounded by roads and a private land parcel (Boron 

Springs) protrudes into the southeast corner of the polygon. The polygon intersects with the 

Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area (majority of the polygon along the western portion of the 

polygon). The private land parcel is believed to be owned by the Los Angeles Department of 

Water and Power and is not developed. Bureau of Land Management land is also adjacent and is 

undeveloped. Most of the area is adjacent to lands managed by the Inyo National Forest. There 

are three water rights in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The appearance of naturalness is somewhat degraded by abundant invasive cheatgrass, some salt 

cedar, impacts to the hydrologic and soil conditions from the 2007 Inyo Complex fire and 2008 

flood and mudflow event, and developments (water diversions, old ranch foundations, fences and 

corrals. This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise a low number of acres. Fish stocking in the lower and upper reaches of Independence 

Creek has altered native aquatic assemblages. The air quality is nonattainment for pm10. The 

opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited in this small polygon 

due to the proximity to developed recreation use, motorized road system, and visibility to 

Highway 395 and private land development. There is limited opportunity to reshape this small 

polygon. 

Polygon 1109 (Escarpment – Oak Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1109 (Escarpment-Oak Creek) consists of 1,318 acres ranging in elevation from 5,000 to 

7,000 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the Sierra Nevada 

escarpment between North Fork Oak Creek and South Fork Oak Creek, southeast of Baxter Pass 

Trailhead (Figure B-9, Inyo National Forest evaluation map G). This polygon is shaped by roads 

and private land parcels that protrude into the area, along the north and southeastern edge. The 

western portion follows the existing wilderness boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 5 percent of the polygon (68 acres) 

consists of ecological groups, Great Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and 

shrubland which have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem type is xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The area is characterized by steep to 

precipitous rugged terrain in the canyons and moderate to gentle slopes on the alluvial fans and 

benches. The polygon is bordered by roads and a private land parcel (Bright Ranch). The polygon 

intersects with Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area (the majority of the area along the western 

portion of the polygon). The area has Los Angeles Department of Water and Power water 

diversions, which need to be maintained. The polygon is within the 2007 Inyo Complex 

(approximately 30,000 acre fire) and 2008 flood and mudflow event (Oak Creek); catastrophic 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

43

events impacted the hydrologic and soil conditions in the area. South Fork Oak Creek jumped 

into a new channel during the flood event, and the channel morphology of both North Fork and 

South Fork Oak Creek were significantly impacted. Following these events, erosion rates in the 

area were accelerated. Riparian vegetation is recovering, but is not likely at pre-fire and pre-flood 

canopy and density levels. There are invasive plants in the riparian areas. There is abundant 

invasive cheatgrass and salt cedar is present in the polygon. The air quality is nonattainment for 

pm10 (Owens Valley pm10 planning area). The area has Los Angeles Department of Water and 

Power water diversions on North Fork and South Fork Oak Creek. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Highway 395 and the private land developments in the Owens Valley are visible, except within 

the canyons and deep stream channels. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to the heavily traveled paved road along the southern boundary, another 

paved road along the north, and an extensive network of authorized forest system roads to the east 

and north. There is a private land parcel (Bright Ranch) with developments adjacent to the 

polygon and there are also two shooting ranges in the vicinity. Sights and sounds from the roads 

would likely penetrate most of this small polygon. The appearance of naturalness is impacted by 

post-fire flooding of Oak Creek, and opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation may be affected in areas currently authorized for active restoration treatments 

involving motorized tools. In addition, there are Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 

water diversions that are maintained in the area.

Other Features of Value

This polygon includes black oaks, riparian water birch (tracked by California Fish and Wildlife), 

and outstanding wildflower displays within the Inyo Complex fire area. Post-flood geography is 

also a feature of value.

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with an existing wilderness area, the John Muir Wilderness, along the 

western edge of the polygon. Hydrologic conditions in the area are somewhat unstable (large 

gullies on Oak Creek), although are recovering and stabilizing. The polygon is bordered by roads 

and a private land parcel (Bright Ranch). The polygon intersects with Tinemaha Inventoried 

Roadless Area (the majority of the area along the western portion of the polygon). The area has 

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power water diversions, which need to be maintained. It is 

an oddly shaped polygon due to roads and private land parcels that protrude into the boundary 

along the north and southeastern edge of the polygon. There is a shooting range in the vicinity of 

the polygon that could complicate management of the area. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The opportunity for solitude is limited in this small polygon due to the proximity to roads, 

visibility to Highway 395 and private land development, and noise from a target shooting range. 

This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low 

number of acres. The appearance of naturalness is degraded by the impact to hydrologic and soil 

conditions from the 2007 Inyo Complex fire and 2008 flood and mudflow event. Air quality is 

nonattainment for PM10. The area has Los Angeles Department of Water and Power water 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

44

diversions on both North Fork and South Fork Oak Creek. There is some opportunity for 

primitive and unconfined recreation. There is not an opportunity to reshape the polygon. 

Polygon 1110

(Escarpment between Sawmill Creek and Baxter Pass Trailhead)

General Description

Polygon 1110 (Escarpment between Sawmill Creek and Baxter Pass Trailhead) consists of 1,650 

acres with elevations ranging from 4,500 to 10,000 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir 

Wilderness and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment south of Sawmill Creek and north 

of Baxter Pass Trailhead (Figure B-9, Inyo National Forest evaluation map G). It is shaped by 

roads and private land parcels that protrude into the area along the eastern edge, and nearly split 

the polygon in two. The western portion follows the existing wilderness boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 2 percent of the polygon (36 acres) 

consists of an ecological group that has less than 10 percent of its national extent protected in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem type is sagebrush. A small portion of the area is within Sierra Nevada bighorn 

sheep designated critical habitat. The area is characterized by steep to precipitous rugged terrain 

in the canyons and moderate to gentle slopes on the alluvial fans and benches. The area intersects 

with Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area along the northern portion of the polygon. The polygon 

is surrounded by roads. A road and private land parcel protrude into the middle of the polygon 

splitting it nearly in half. There are four roads in the vicinity or that cherry stem the area. Bureau 

of Land Management land (eastern boundary) is adjacent and is undeveloped. It is within the 

2007 Inyo Complex (a 30,000-acre fire). The Inyo Complex wildfire burned through the area at 

moderate to high intensity in 2007, which impacted hydrologic and soil conditions in the area. 

Erosion rates in the area were accelerated following the fire, but are recovering. Riparian 

vegetation around the springs is recovering, but is not likely at pre-fire canopy levels. Air quality 

is nonattainment for pm10 (Owens Valley pm10 planning area). There is a departure from natural 

conditions due to the presence of invasive plant species (cheatgrass is abundant). Grazing is 

occurring in the area. A few historic structural remains occur in the area. Known sites include 

several prehistoric sites (milling slicks and lithic scatter) and a historic rock structure, a stone 

foundation near Baxter Pass. No other developments were noted. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is in the vicinity of roads and within 1.5 miles of Highway 395, which are visible and 

can be heard from much of the area. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of authorized forest system roads bordering or 

cherry stemming the polygon. One road nearly bisects the polygon. Sights and sounds from the 

roads would likely penetrate most of this small polygon. The area is popular for hunting and 

receives low to medium use during the fall months. The area receives a low amount of use other 

times of the year.

Other Features of Value

The polygon includes scenic views of Inyo Mountains, alluvial fans with springs, rare pinyon 

rockcress and outstanding spring wildflower displays within the Inyo Complex fire area. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

45

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with an existing wilderness area, the John Muir Wilderness, along the 

western edge of the polygon. The area intersects with Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area along 

the northern portion of the polygon. The polygon is surrounded by roads. A road and private land 

parcel protrude into the middle of the polygon splitting it nearly in half. There are four roads in 

the vicinity or that cherry stem the area. Bureau of Land Management land (eastern boundary) is 

adjacent and is undeveloped. A small portion of the area also contains designated critical habitat 

for Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep, which may require management activities under the 

Endangered Species Act.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads bordering or cherry stemming the polygon. One road 

nearly bisects the polygon. Sights and sounds from the roads would likely penetrate most of this 

small polygon. This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise a low number of acres. The appearance of naturalness is degraded by the presence of 

invasive plant species (cheatgrass), as well as the impact to the hydrologic and soil conditions 

from the 2007 Inyo Complex fire. Air quality is nonattainment for pm10. There is not an 

opportunity to reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1112

(Escarpment between Goodale Creek and Sawmill Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1112 consists of 4,949 acres with elevations ranging from 4,500 to 10,500 feet. It is 

contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment south 

of Goodale Creek and north of Sawmill Creek, and in the vicinity of Division Creek Powerhouse 

and Sawmill Pass Trailhead (Figure B-9, Inyo National Forest evaluation map G). This is shaped 

by the existing wilderness boundary, along the western edge of the polygon. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 35 percent of the polygon (1,721 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain basins big 

sagebrush shrubland. An additional 540 acres of the polygon consists of Great Basin pinyonjuniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem types are sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The area is 

characterized by steep to precipitous rugged terrain in the canyons and moderate to gentle slopes 

on the alluvial fans and lava flows. The area intersects with Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area 

(northern portion of the polygon). The area has a Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 

water diversion dam on Division Creek. There is a departure from natural conditions due to the 

presence of invasive plant species (Russian thistle and cheatgrass are abundant). Frequent fires 

have resulted in a change to species composition. Fish stocking has also altered native aquatic 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

46

assemblages. The conditions of riparian areas are poor due to invasive plant species. There has 

been little cultural resource survey work in the area. There are approximately twenty documented 

sites that include prehistoric rock shelters, lithic and artifact scatters, as well as portions of the 

Division Creek Power Plant, town site, and construction camp within the area. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is dissected by motorized trails, and is in the vicinity of forest roads and the Division 

Creek Powerhouse. In addition, Highway 395 is also visible, except within the lava flow area, and 

can be heard from much of the area. Proximity to motorized recreation (roads and trails), the 

Division Creek Powerhouse and Highway 395, limit opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation. A portion of the area is popular for motorized recreation (four wheel 

drive), dispersed camping, mineral prospecting and hiking (western edge, near Armstrong 

Canyon). The Sawmill Pass Trail is also in the area and receives some hiking use. Hunting is a 

popular activity in the fall.

Other Features of Value

The polygon includes rare narrow leaved cottonwood, Panamint Mountain lupine, and Big Pine 

biscuit root. A small portion of the area is Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep designated critical habitat. 

Springs in the area may contain rare springsnails. There are scenic lava flows and a scenic 

entrance to Spooky Canyon. The area includes outstanding spring wildflower displays. 

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the western border of the polygon. 

Bureau of Land Management land (eastern boundary) is adjacent and is undeveloped. The area 

intersects with Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area (northern portion of the polygon). Motorized 

trails are located within the polygon, and forest system roads border and cherry stem the polygon. 

A small portion of the area also contains designated critical habitat for Sierra Nevada Bighorn 

Sheep, which may require management activities under the Endangered Species Act.

Summary of Potential Suitability

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited due to the 

proximity to motorized roads and trails, Division Creek Powerhouse, and visibility to Highway 

395 and noise from the highway. There may be some opportunity for primitive and unconfined 

recreation. There are some developments, including the Los Angeles Department of Water and 

Power Division Creek Powerhouse and water diversion dam and their effect to the undeveloped 

quality is localized. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 1,721 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 540 acres. The natural quality 

is degraded by the presence of invasive plant species (Russian thistle and cheatgrass). Invasive 

plant species are present within riparian areas and fish stocking has also altered native aquatic 

assemblages. There is not an opportunity to reshape the polygon, as the western edge of the 

polygon which adjoins designated wilderness contains motorized trails. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

47

Polygon 1115 (Escarpment – Tinemaha Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1115 (Escarpment-Tinemaha Creek) consists of 3,485 acres with elevations ranging from 

5,600 to 6,400 feet. It is contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness along the southwest and 

southern boundaries and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment (Figure B-9, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map G). It includes Birch Creek, Tinemaha Creek and Red Mountain 

Creek, and is in the vicinity of Red Lake Trailhead. This is an oddly shaped polygon due to roads 

along the northwestern edge of the polygon which separates this area from the existing wilderness 

boundary (there is a gap between this portion of the polygon and existing wilderness boundary). 

The existing wilderness boundary was drawn to exclude motorized trails and the forest boundary 

along the eastern side of the boundary (private land parcel and Bureau of Land Management 

land).

National Vegetation Classification System data provided by The Wilderness Society indicates 84 

percent of the polygon (2,935 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent 

of their national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most 

prevalent group is inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 540 acres of the 

polygon consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its 

national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem type is sagebrush. The area contains gentle slopes. There has been moderate 

human impact to plant communities and there is a departure from natural conditions due to the 

presence of invasive plant species (cheatgrass and Russian thistle are abundant and increasing). 

This area contains several unauthorized or gated authorized roads. Use in this area is very limited, 

and impacts to wildlife are minimal. Motorized trails that run east to west dissect this polygon in 

three locations. The polygon intersects with the Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area along the 

southern portion of the polygon, south of motorized trails and Red Mountain Creek. Historic fish 

stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. Grazing has occurred in this area. Air quality is 

nonattainment for pm10. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There are three motorized trails that run east to west and dissect the polygon in three locations, 

which limits the opportunity for solitude. In addition, the topography is gentle slopes, with not 

much screening. Highway 395 is visible from much of the area. Nothing was noted related to 

primitive and unconfined recreation, although there may be opportunity for primitive-type 

recreation activities, such as cross-country hiking and general forest exploration. 

Other Features of Value

The polygon includes springs that may contain rare springsnails. The presence of Panamint 

Mountains lupine and riparian water birch contributes to the uniqueness of the ecosystem found 

in the area which is tracked by California Fish and Wildlife. The area is largely unsurveyed for 

cultural resources, but there are known cultural resource sites including two prehistoric lithic 

scatters.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

48

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with existing wilderness on the southern end of the polygon; however 

there are multiple motorized trails that bisect the area. The northern portion of the polygon is 

separated from the existing wilderness boundary by a road. There are private land parcels along 

the boundary of the polygon, including lands owned by Los Angeles Department of Water and 

Power. The area is also adjacent to lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 2,935 

acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 540 acres. The apparent naturalness has 

been degraded by the presence of invasive plant species (cheat grass and Russian thistle) and fish 

stocking has altered native aquatic assemblages. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation are limited due to the motorized trail system and Highway 395. 

Polygon 1116 (Escarpment – McMurry Meadow)

General Description 

Polygon 1116 consists of 2,437 acres with elevations ranging from 6,800 to 8,500 feet. It is 

contiguous to the John Muir Wilderness and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment 

between Little Pine Creek on the north and Tinemaha Creek to the south (Figure B-9, Inyo 

National Forest Evaluation Maps evaluation map G). It is southwest of the Crater Mountain Area 

of Critical Environmental Concern (Bureau of Land Management) and includes McMurry 

Meadow. It is shaped by the existing wilderness boundary on the western edge and private land 

parcels on the northern and southern boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 61 percent of the polygon (1,478 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent group is inter-mountain basins 

big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 911 acres of the polygon consists of Great Basin pinyonjuniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany and sagebrush. There are perennial stream channels 

such as Birch Creek, Fuller Creek and an unnamed perennial flow through this area. It intersects a 

small portion of the Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Area along the western edge of the polygon. 

Fire in 2002 contributed sediment to the channels, impacts to stream morphology and the function 

is unknown. There is a departure from natural conditions due to the presence of invasive plant

species (cheatgrass and Russian thistle are abundant and increasing). Historic fish stocking has 

altered native aquatic assemblages. Drainages and slopes are impacted from grazing activities 

including trampled soils and trailing in shrubs. Meadows are mostly in functional-at-risk 

watershed condition, but old watershed channel structures provide stability. Motorized trails 

dissect the north half of the polygon. The air quality is excellent. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

49

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is moderate to gentle, with some screening from slopes, canyons, and drainages. 

There are very few trees that provide screening. There are authorized motorized trails within the 

north half of the polygon, limiting the opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation. The area receives low to moderate amounts of use, primarily focused around the roads, 

motorized trails and Birch Lake Trailhead.

Other Features of Value

The polygon includes Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep designated critical habitat. Springs may 

contain rare springsnails. The area includes the sensitive plant, Inyo star-tulip, as well as riparian 

water birch, a unique ecosystem tracked by California Fish and Wildlife. McMurray Meadows is 

a large, botanically diverse, unique meadow on the eastern escarpment. Roughly half the area has 

been surveyed for cultural resources; five documented cultural resource sites include prehistoric 

lithic and artifact scatters.

Manageability 

Roads and motorized trails dissect the north half of the polygon. There is a road along the eastern 

boundary which narrows the polygon along the southern half. There is also a private land parcel 

that protrudes into the southern half of the polygon. The area contains designated critical habitat 

for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities under the Endangered 

Species Act. There are two existing water rights.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 1,478 

acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 911 acres. Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive network of authorized 

motorized trails within the polygon and authorized forest system roads along the perimeter; sights 

and sounds would likely penetrate this small polygon. The appearance of naturalness is degraded 

by the presence of invasive cheat grass and Russian thistle. Fish stocking has altered native 

aquatic assemblages. Air quality is excellent. The location of the roads, motorized trails, and 

forest boundary do not allow the polygon to be reshaped. 

Polygon 1140 (Coyote)

General Description

Polygon 1140 (Coyote) consists of 75,299 acres with elevations ranging from 4,800 to 10,400 

feet. It is located southeast of Bishop Creek Recreation Area and southwest of Bishop, west of 

Big Pine, and north of Big Pine Creek Recreation Area (Figure B-7, Inyo National Forest 

evaluation map E). The southwest portion of the polygon is contiguous with the John Muir 

Wilderness. There are private land inholdings and roads that protrude into this polygon. The 

western boundary follows Highway 168 and recreation developments in Bishop Creek, as well as 

the John Muir Wilderness boundary along the southwest portion of the polygon. The southern 

boundary follows road and recreation developments in Big Pine Creek and the eastern boundary 

follows the forest boundary (Bureau of Land Management and private land).
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 29 percent of the area of the polygon 

(21,951 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent groups are intermountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, and 

Great Basin xeric mixed sagebrush shrubland. An additional 27,271 acres of the polygon consists 

of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and woodland, which 

have less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include alpine, Jeffrey pine, mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, red fir, 

sagebrush, sub-alpine forest, white fir, and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography is 

highly variable, with steep to gentle varied aspects. There are gentle open ridges at the top, with 

minimal vegetation, steep slopes and canyons to the north and along the west edge dropping into 

Bishop Creek. This polygon is very large and is adjacent to or includes developed areas such as 

trailheads, campgrounds, trails, day-use areas and dispersed camping sites. The air quality is 

excellent. The majority of this polygon provides a contiguous habitat for wildlife. The area 

includes contiguous habitat for aquatics. Some streams flow to Big Pine Creek, which flows to 

diversions of the Owens Valley. Fish barriers prevent introduced trout from invading frog habitat. 

Along the escarpment (eastern portion of the polygon), streams that flow down the escarpment do 

not make it to the Owens River due to diversions and sub-terrain flows. There are several lakes 

and numerous perennial stream channels, including Coyote Creek, Baker Creek, Cow Creek and 

Onion Creek. There are also numerous areas with high water tables and meadows. Meadow 

restoration projects have been implemented. Areas are mostly stable and the degree and severity 

of current impacts is unknown.

The area includes active grazing allotments and improvements, as well as a landing strip that is 

still evident. Shannon Canyon and other canyons are used as cattle trails to access higher 

elevations. There are legacy and current grazing impacts to meadows and riparian areas. There 

are legacy and current grazing impacts to meadows and riparian areas. Meadow restoration 

projects have been implemented. There was also historic mining activity, with scattered mining 

sites noticeable in the lower elevations. There are structures related to Schober Mine (western 

portion of the polygon, west of Lookout Mountain) and these are deteriorating. There are other 

mining prospects noted on the United States Geological Survey Quad in the western portion of 

the polygon. Most of the area is unsurveyed for cultural resources, but there are two known 

prehistoric sites with lithic scatter and a rock cairn of indeterminate age. Within the Bishop Creek 

wildland-urban interface there is planning for fuels treatments.

Public comments indicate there are trails used by mountain bikers in the area. There is minimal to 

moderate impact to plant communities, however, there is cheat grass (invasive plant species) at 

lower elevations and it is increasing. Historic fish stocking has altered native aquatic 

assemblages. The Coyote Flat area is managed for rare amphibians including the Sierra Nevada 

yellow-legged frog. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There is some screening due to topography and vegetation. There is some visibility to 

developments in Owens Valley (including Highway 395), as well as the Bishop Creek Recreation 

Area and the Big Pine Creek Recreation Area. The polygon is close to recreation developments 
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along the western (Bishop Creek) and southern (Big Pine Creek) perimeter. Housing 

developments and recreation from local neighborhoods occur within adjacent areas. 

Numerous motorized trails dissect this area from the north to south and east to west. In addition, 

there are private land inholdings and the roads that protrude into this polygon. Sights and sounds 

within the polygon are affected by off highway vehicle recreation, recreational shooting and 

dispersed camping, which are popular activities in the area. Bishop Creek (Highway 168) has 

developed recreation facilities. The south side of the polygon is Big Pine Creek which has 

concentrated recreation use and developed recreation facilities. Along the eastern portion of the 

polygon (along the escarpment), Highway 395 can be heard, along with the buzzing of the power 

lines nearby. There is a moderate to high potential for encounters with other visitors. The area is 

popular during the spring and summer, and during hunting season in the fall. There is minimal use 

during the winter. Use is primarily focused along motorized trails and developed recreation sites 

adjacent to area. Shannon Canyon and other canyons along the eastern escarpment are used as 

cattle trails to access higher elevations. There are opportunities for primitive and unconfined 

recreation, particularly in the Green Lake area. There are opportunities for primitive-type 

recreation activities, including hiking, fishing, hunting, and general forest exploration with some 

degree of challenge.

Other Features of Value

Many rare plant and sensitive plant species, including Father Crowley’s lupine, Inyo beardtongue, 

Big Pine biscuitroot, and Morefield’s cinquefoil are found in the polygon. Springs within the area 

may contain rare springsnails. Coyote itself is a unique geologic feature, including a high plateau 

extending from the Sierra Nevada, with mixed carbonate and granitic geology and relict 

moraines. The area includes outstanding views of glaciers, the high Sierra, Big Pine Creek, 

Bishop Creek and the White Mountains. 

Manageability 

This is a large polygon located between the John Muir Wilderness and the forest boundary 

(within one mile of the Owens Valley), and bordered by concentrated recreation areas along the 

western and southern perimeter. The polygon intersects with Coyote North, Coyote Southeast and 

Tinemaha Inventoried Roadless Areas. There are numerous cherry stem roads and motorized 

trails throughout the polygon along the edge and in the middle. There are six private land 

inholdings in the middle of the polygon. Southern California Edison operates a diversion at Green 

Creek. There may be a pipeline from Green Creek. There are seventeen water rights within the 

polygon. There is an important mountain bike route (on old non-system road) that connects 

through this polygon from Road 31E305. There are mountain bike trails leading into Big Pine 

Canyon. This area may be used for tribal traditional purposes (Paiute Mountain School). There 

are special uses authorized including outfitter guides (packer and mountain guides), as well as 

livestock grazing and improvements in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon presents an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 21,951 

acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 22,271 acres. Opportunities for solitude 

or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive network of authorized 
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motorized trails within the center polygon; three large authorized forest system roads cherry stem 

the borders of the polygon in the northern, southern and eastern portions; a high use paved road 

along the western boundary. The sights and sounds from the authorized motorized trails, forest 

system roads and paved road likely penetrate much of the polygon. There are developments 

related to historic mining activity, range improvements, and a landing strip that is still evident on 

the ground. There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use. There is not an 

opportunity to reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1147 (Pine Creek East)

General Description

Polygon 1147 (Pine Creek East) consists of 1,351 acres with elevations ranging from 7,200 to 

over 10,000 feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the eastern and northern 

boundaries and is located in Pine Creek (Figure B-7, Inyo National Forest evaluation map E), in 

the vicinity of Pine Creek Mine, which was one of the largest producers of tungsten in the nation 

by the 1940s. This polygon is shaped by the paved road, Pine Creek Mine and patented mining 

claims (private land in Morgan Canyon). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 22 percent of the polygon (296 acres) 

consists of an ecological group, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland that has less than 

10 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include sagebrush and subalpine forest. The area includes steep, rock/talus 

slopes with sparse vegetation. There are extremely steep rocky canyon walls with loose scree 

slopes between sheer ridges and rock walls. The air quality is excellent. Perennial stream 

channels include Morgan Creek and Pine Creek, tailings ponds have limited hydrologic function 

of the creek. The area intersects with Wheeler Ridge Inventoried Roadless Area and is an 

important Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep lambing area. This area is located adjacent to a paved 

road and a developed mining site. The evidence of mining activity is substantially noticeable, 

including an old town site, portal, mill remains, powder magazine building, roads, platforms, 

towers, mining debris, and tailing piles. Tram towers and other mining structures are in various 

places along Morgan Creek. The Pine Creek mining complex operators indicate they have revegetated mine areas that may be within this polygon with a grass seed mix designed by 

California Department of Fish and Wildlife to provide feed for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. 

Included in the area are introduced trout, maintained by fish stocking, but also self-reproducing. 

There are reduced frog populations due to the trout. Stocked fish do not allow for connectivity of 

isolated frog populations. There is a mapped meadow on Morgan Creek. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The polygon is near Pine Creek Road, a paved road that provides access to Pine Creek Trailhead 

and pack station. There is a four wheel drive trail along Morgan Creek that provides access to 

patented mining claims (private land). The opportunity for solitude is degraded by these features. 

The area receives a moderate amount of recreation use in the summer months, with very little use 

in the winter. Climbing in the crags in the southern and eastern parts of the area is a popular 

activity and occurs year around. The area also is a popular viewing area for Sierra Nevada 

bighorn sheep, particularly in the winter and spring. 
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Other Features of Value

The polygon includes habitat for Yosemite toads, with some occupied habitat. Within the area are 

Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, including a popular viewing area. There is outstanding geologic 

scenery including towering rock walls that provide a spectacular setting.

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with an existing wilderness area (John Muir Wilderness) along the 

northern and eastern boundaries. The southern boundary of the polygon is Pine Creek Road, and 

there are patented mining claims and private land in Morgan Canyon, along the western boundary 

of the polygon. There is a four wheel drive road in Morgan Canyon to access the patented mining 

claims. There is also a private inholding at the end of Pine Creek Road (Pine Creek Mine). These 

features are substantially noticeable, impacting manageability of the area for wilderness 

characteristics. The existing wilderness boundary was drawn to exclude these features. The area 

contains designated critical habitat for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require 

management activities under the Endangered Species Act. This polygon includes extremely 

important lambing areas for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. Extensive climbing, including 

commercially guided, occurs in this area. There are many fixed climbing anchors, mostly placed 

with power drills. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to a paved road 

along the eastern boundary, and an authorized forest system road and private land road to the 

south and west of this small polygon. There is substantial departure from appearance of 

naturalness due to mining activity that is visible from approximately 50 percent of the area, 

including a patented tungsten mine located to the south and west; with highly visible and 

intrusive human materials in and adjacent to the polygon, including several buildings, a road 

network, culvert pipes and equipment, some of which may need costly rehabilitation. This 

polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low 

number of acres. There is not an opportunity to reshape this polygon. 

Polygon 1148 (Pine Creek West)

General Description

Polygon 1148 (Pine Creek West) consists of 1,756 acres with elevations ranging from 8,000 to 

13,000 feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the western and southern 

boundaries and is located in Pine Creek, in the vicinity of Pine Creek Mine, Pine Creek Trailhead, 

and Pine Creek Pack Station (Figure B-7, Inyo National Forest evaluation map E). The polygon is 

shaped by Pine Creek Road (including trailheads and pack station), private land with a patented 

mining claim, a four wheel drive road along Morgan Creek, and an existing wilderness boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 8 percent of the polygon (136 acres) 

consists of two ecological groups, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, and Great 

Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and shrubland, which have less than 10 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
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Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The terrain is steep with talus slopes and alpine vegetation. Ecosystem types include red fir and 

subalpine forest. Perennial stream channels include Morgan Creek and Pine Creek. There is 

riparian vegetation throughout the area, although the tailings ponds have limited riparian 

vegetation on Pine Creek. The polygon intersects with Wheeler Ridge and Horton Inventoried 

Roadless Areas. There has been extensive mining activity in the area. There are no known 

invasive plant species present. Trout were introduced and are maintained by fish stocking and are 

self-reproducing. Stocked fish do not allow for connectivity of isolated frog populations. There is 

evidence of mining activity that is substantially noticeable from the majority of the area; 

including roads, platforms, towers and mining debris. Tram towers and other mining structures 

are in various places along Morgan Creek. The Pine Creek mining complex operators have 

reportedly re-vegetated mine areas that may be within this polygon with a grass seed mix 

designed by California Department of Fish and Wildlife to provide feed for Sierra Nevada 

bighorn sheep. Mining activity has likely resulted in some water quality impairment; however, it 

is not State-listed as impaired or threatened. Tailings ponds have limited hydrologic function of 

Pine Creek. There is a mapped meadow on Morgan Creek. The air quality is excellent.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The polygon is near Pine Creek Road, which is a paved road that provides access to Pine Creek 

Trailhead and pack station. There is a four wheel drive trail along Morgan Creek that provides 

access to patented mining claims (private land). There are designated trails in the area, including 

trails to Gable Lakes and Pine Lake that receive low to moderate use.

Other Features of Value

The area is a habitat for Yosemite toads, with some occupied habitat.

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with the existing John Muir Wilderness area, along the north, west and 

southern boundaries. Pine Creek Road, trailheads and a pack station are in the southeastern corner 

of the polygon. There is private land (patented tungsten mining claims) and a four wheel drive 

road in Morgan Canyon, along the eastern boundary of the polygon. There is also a private 

inholding at the end of Pine Creek Road (Pine Creek Mine). These features substantially limit the 

appearance of naturalness. The existing wilderness boundary was drawn to exclude these features.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There is substantial departure from appearance of naturalness due to mining activity that is visible 

from the majority of this small polygon, including a patented tungsten mine, several buildings, a 

road network, culvert pipes and equipment. Some of the mining structures may need 

rehabilitation requiring mechanized tools. This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low number of acres. The opportunity for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation is limited due to proximity to roads, Pine Creek Mine and a 

four wheel drive trail that provides access to patented mining claims (private land). There is not 

an opportunity to reshape this polygon. 
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Polygon 1154 (Rock Creek East and Sand Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1154 (Rock Creek and Sand Canyon) consists of 5,243 acres with elevations ranging 

from 7,000 to 10,000 feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the eastern and 

southern boundaries. It is located along the east side of the Rock Creek Recreation Area and in 

the vicinity of Swall Meadows, a private community located to the east (Figure B-6, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map D). It is shaped like a horseshoe, as it follows the existing 

wilderness boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 10 percent of the polygon (537 acres) 

consists of two ecological groups, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, and Great 

Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and shrubland, which have less than 10 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. An 

additional 2,100 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain 

aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The area is along the eastern escarpment of Wheeler Crest with steep slopes. Ecosystem types 

include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and subalpine forest. At lower 

elevations, open shrublands dominating the moraines contain scattered pockets of aspen that add 

to the diversity of the landscape. Perennial stream channels include Rock Creek and Birch Creek. 

There are intermittent stream channels from Wheeler Ridge. The polygon intersects with a small 

portion of the Rock Creek West and Wheeler Ridge Inventoried Roadless Areas, south of Swall 

Meadows. The east border of the eastern portion of the horseshoe is adjacent to private land 

communities. There are introduced trout, maintained by fish stocking and self-reproducing. 

Stocked fish do not allow for connectivity of isolated frog populations. Soils are in desired 

condition. Part of Ainslee Meadow is in this polygon. There is riparian vegetation associated with 

a high ground water table and in canyons. There is a special use permit issued to Rock Creek 

Lake Resort for a small Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydro project. Public comments 

indicate there are trails used by mountain bikers in the Sand Canyon area. The area is partially 

within the 2002 Birch Fire Area.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography has steep slopes with mostly open forests, so screening is limited. Within the 

west and north ends of the horseshoe-shaped polygon there is a network of authorized motorized 

trails. The west is bordered by a paved road that includes concentrated recreation areas (Rock 

Creek) with campgrounds, trailheads, picnic areas, and resorts. The portion on eastside of the 

polygon that does not contain authorized motorized trails is located is bordered by the 

communities of Swall Meadows and Paradise, and within 1-2 miles of old Highway 395 (east of 

the area). The area receives year round recreation use, with higher use during the summer months 

focused around the developed recreation facilities in Rock Creek, as well as Wheeler four wheel 

drive trail, mountain biking in Sand Canyon and climbing activity on granite crags. During the 

winter months, there is some cross-country skiing that occurs, including recreation use associated 

with Rock Creek Resort, which is open year round. The proximity to communities, concentrated 

recreation area and motorized trails limits the opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation. 
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Other Features of Value

Within the polygon there may be rare springsnails in spring habitat and Sierra Nevada Bighorn 

Sheep. It also contains water birch (riparian community tracked by California Fish and Wildlife). 

There are views of Owens Valley, Volcanic Table lands and White Mountains. No cultural 

resources are known, but archaeological remains and ruins associated with historic and 

prehistoric occupation may exist. 

Manageability 

The area is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness, and is in proximity to a concentrated 

recreation area with developed facilities (campgrounds, hiking trails and trailheads, and resorts), 

motorized trails, and communities. The existing wilderness boundary was drawn to exclude these 

features. The area contains habitat for listed species, including Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, 

Yosemite Toad, and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities 

under the Endangered Species Act. There is one water right in the area. There is small Federal 

Energy Regulatory Commission hydro project that is under special use permit with Rock Creek 

Resort. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to the presence 

of authorized motorized trails within the polygon, and a paved road with highly developed 

recreation sites along the western perimeter; sights and sounds would likely penetrate this small 

polygon. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 537 acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 2,100 acres. The polygon cannot 

be reshaped.

Polygon 1155 (Rock Creek West)

General Description

Polygon 1155 (Rock Creek West) consists of 3,498 acres ranging in elevation from 7,600 to 9,600 

feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the western and southern boundaries 

and is located along the west side of the Rock Creek Recreation Area and in the vicinity of Aspen 

Springs and Toms Place (private communities located to the north) (Figure B-6, Inyo National 

Forest evaluation map D). The polygon is elongated and narrow, between Rock Creek Road and 

the wilderness boundary. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 3 percent of the polygon (112 acres) 

consists of two ecological groups, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, and Great 

Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and shrubland, which have less than 10 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. An 

additional 1,100 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain 

aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System.
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Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The area includes steep slopes above Rock Creek Canyon with mostly open forests. Ecosystem 

types include Jeffrey pine, pinyon-juniper, subalpine and alpine forest. There are unnamed 

perennial stream channels throughout this area, as well as numerous intermittent channels. It 

intersects with the Rock Creek West Inventoried Roadless Area. No invasive plants species are 

documented. There are introduced trout, maintained by fish stocking and self-reproducing. 

Stocked fish affect connectivity of isolated frog populations. The area is located adjacent to a 

residential community which has led to habituation of wildlife, such as black bears. The condition 

of riparian areas and meadows is unknown. The air quality is excellent. The area is largely 

unsurveyed for cultural resources, but it contains prehistoric and historic sites including 

prehistoric lithic scatter and a multicomponent site with lithics, historic refuse, and a partially 

dismantled log cabin. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography has steep slopes above Rock Creek Canyon with limited screening. The area is 

located in the vicinity of a concentrated recreation area (Rock Creek), which has a paved forest 

highway, campgrounds, trailheads and picnic areas, a pack station and resorts along the eastern 

boundary. The northern boundary borders private communities in Little Round Valley, including 

Aspen Springs and Toms Place. Highway 395 is in the vicinity of the northern boundary. Sounds 

from vehicles, campgrounds and other developed recreation features, highways and communities 

would be present in most locations in the area. The area receives year round recreation use, with 

higher use during the summer months focused around the developed recreation facilities in Rock 

Creek. During the winter months, there is some cross-country skiing and recreation use associated 

with Rock Creek Resort. The lower portion of Rock Creek Road to the Sno-Park is plowed in 

winter. The existing wilderness boundary is currently drawn to exclude these features.

Other Features of Value

The entire area has outstanding views of high peaks in Rock Creek and many lakes, as well as 

outstanding examples of glacial moraines and large Sierra junipers. The area contains habitat for 

listed species, including Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, Yosemite toad, and Sierra Nevada 

bighorn sheep. 

Manageability 

The polygon is an elongated, narrow strip that mostly parallels Rock Creek Road (paved forest 

highway) along the eastern boundary. The western and southern boundary is contiguous with the 

John Muir Wilderness. The polygon is in proximity to concentrated recreation areas with 

developed facilities (campgrounds, hiking trails and trailheads and resorts), residential 

communities, a paved forest road and Highway 395. There are nine existing water rights in the 

area; there is a small hydropower development operating under an existing special use permit that 

includes use of motorized tools and motorized access. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to a paved road 

along the eastern and northern borders with highly developed recreation areas; sights and sounds 

would likely penetrate this small elongated polygon. The polygon is in proximity to developments 

such as recreation facilities. Fish stocking that altered native aquatic assemblages. This polygon 

presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in 
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the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 112 acres. Ecological 

groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprise an additional 1,100 acres. The polygon cannot be reshaped. 

Polygon 1156 (McGee Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1156 (McGee Creek) consists of 5,129 acres with elevations ranging from 7,400 to over 

10,500 feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the southern boundary and is 

located southwest of Crowley Lake and Highway 395, extending north and west of McGee Creek 

and south of Lower Hilton Lakes Trailhead (Figure B-6, Inyo National Forest evaluation map D). 

It includes McGee Mountain at 10,871 feet in elevation. The polygon has three segments due 

roads that protrude into the area.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 24 percent of the polygon (1,236 acres) 

consists of two ecological groups, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, and Great 

Basin foothill and lower montane riparian woodland and shrubland, which have less than 10 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. An 

additional 1,700 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain 

aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The area is mostly steep open slopes along McGee Mountain above the low-angled alluvial runout toward Crowley Lake. Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, 

sagebrush, and subalpine forest. There are open shrublands and forests. The area contains 

perennial stream channels such as Hilton Creek, McGee Creek and Whisky Creek. Hilton Creek 

is on the state list of impaired or threatened streams for dissolved oxygen. No mapped meadows 

are present. The air quality is excellent. Invasive plant species occur in the area; cheatgrass is 

expanding. The majority of polygon intersects with Nevahbe Ridge, Laurel Mcgee and Whisky 

Creek Inventoried Roadless Areas. Sheep grazed the area up until five years ago but the 

allotments are now closed. The area is located adjacent to a residential community which has led 

to habituation of wildlife, such as black bears. 

There is a county television translator installation near McGee Mountain with infrequent access 

using the Tobacco Flat Road. The former McGee Mountain Ski Tow Site consists of the remains 

of three rope tows, including fallen poles with pulleys and rope guards attached, rope remnants 

(one rope along the route of the tow), and remains of tows or platforms located at the top of the 

three routes. Wooden remains from the structures built to house the tow motors are located at the 

tops of Rope Tow 1 and 2. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography of this polygon has mostly steep, open slopes along McGee Mountain above lowangled alluvial run-out toward Crowley Lake, with visibility to recreation activities, development, 

and roads and highways. It includes open forests and shrublands, so screening is limited. There 

are many developments in the vicinity of the area, including campgrounds and trailheads (Bureau 

of Land Management and Forest Service), and old Highway 395 and current Highway 395 just 
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northeast of area. There is a four wheel drive road along the northwest boundary. A paved forest 

highway in McGee Creek, which provides access to a pack station and trailhead, is cherry 

stemmed into the area nearly splitting it in half. Noise from these developments would be present 

from most locations in the area. The potential for encounters with other visitors is high, 

particularly in the lower and eastern sides. There is a lower potential for encounters on McGee 

Mountain. The area has higher use during the summer, but it is also popular for winter motorized 

recreation in the winter. There is a heli-ski competition that has been authorized under special use 

permit on McGee Mountain. There is a hang gliding launch in the McGee Mountain area (Road 

4S47), and there is some mountain bike use on routes along the eastern side of area. The area 

likely provides some opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including crosscountry hiking, cross-country skiing, and general forest exploration with some degree of 

challenge. Opportunities for 

Other Features of Value

The area has designated sage grouse habitat and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep critical habitat. It 

contains water birch (riparian community tracked by California Fish and Wildlife) and views of 

Crowley Basin.

Manageability 

The polygon parallels Highway 395 along the northeastern boundary and the existing wilderness 

boundary along the southern edge. There are paved and other forest system roads that cherry stem 

the polygon, nearly splitting it into three sections. The polygon is in proximity to high use 

recreation developments and activities, residential communities, roads and Highway 395. 

Existing uses that occur in the area include motorized winter recreation, mountain biking, pack 

station, authorized pastures, non-wilderness day rides, hang gliding launch near McGee 

Mountain, and a heli-ski competition that has been authorized under special use permit. There is 

also a county television translator installation near McGee Mountain under special use permit. 

The area is currently within the wildland-urban interface. The area contains habitat for listed 

species, including Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep which may require management activities under 

the Endangered Species Act The area also contains priority habitat for sage grouse. There are 

three water rights in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to US Highway 

395, Crowley Lake residential community, an extensive network of authorized forest system 

roads and highly developed recreation facilities along the perimeter of this polygon; some 

authorized forest system roads (including a paved road) nearly split the polygon into three 

sections. Sight and sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon. This polygon presents a 

limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 1,236 acres. Ecological 

groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprise an additional 1,700 acres. The location of the roads, developments, and the 

forest boundary do not allow the polygon to be reshaped. 
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Polygon 1159 (Mammoth Escarpment–Lakes Basin, Sherwin Creek, Laurel Creek and 

Convict Lake)

General Description

Polygon 1159 (Mammoth Escarpment-Lakes Basin, Sherwin Creek, Laurel Creek and Convict 

Lake) consists of 14,833 acres with elevations ranging from 7,500 to over 10,000 feet. It is 

contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the western and southern boundaries and is 

located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment southwest of Mammoth Lakes to southeast of 

Convict Lake (Figure B-6. Inyo National Forest evaluation map D). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 11 percent of the polygon (1,664 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of its national extent protected in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent group is inter-mountain basins big 

sagebrush shrubland. An additional 2,200 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland 

and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national 

extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The Mammoth Escarpment rises from gentle slopes of sagebrush-bitterbrush to very steep, often 

precipitous terrain. Ecosystem types include alpine, Jeffrey pine, mountain mahogany, pinyonjuniper, red fir, sagebrush and subalpine forest. At lower elevations, open shrublands dominating 

the moraines contain scattered pockets of aspen that add to the diversity of the landscape. There 

are many perennial streams in the area such as Mammoth Creek, Sherwin Creek, Laurel Creek 

and streams in the Lakes Basin between the lakes. Mammoth Creek is on the state list of impaired 

or threatened water bodies for metals below this area. There are some intermittent stream 

channels. It includes the Lakes Basin, Sherwin Lakes, Laurel Lakes and Convict Lake. Air quality 

is nonattainment for pm10 (Mammoth pm10 planning area). Several mapped meadows are 

present and there is riparian vegetation throughout the area. The majority of the polygon 

intersects with the Laurel McGee, San Joaquin and Sherwin Inventoried Roadless Areas.

There may be some localized impacts to soil conditions related to concentrated recreation use, 

legacy mining, grazing activities and historic logging. There are two cattle allotments in the lower 

elevation areas. There are very few invasive plant species (stable trend) in most areas; within the 

Lakes Basin, there are a variety of invasive plant species that are stable to increasing. There are

introduced trout, maintained by fish stocking and self-reproducing. Stocked fish impact 

connectivity of isolated frog populations. There are areas of dense forest due to fire suppression, 

particularly in areas close to communities, recreation developments, and the domestic water 

supply infrastructure for the Town of Mammoth Lakes. Fuels reduction work is currently being 

planned to enhance wildfire defensible space around developments and to create a strategic fuel 

break near Mammoth Pass.

Other noticeable developments include a Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Snow 

Survey Course with associated improvements in the Mammoth Pass area, United States 

Geological Survey installations in the Laurel Pond and Mammoth Pass areas and historic mining 

activity (i.e., old railroad cars, buildings, adits, roads, trails and tailing piles). About a quarter of 

the area has been surveyed for cultural resources, with roughly 40 documented cultural resource 

sites, primarily prehistoric sites with lithic scatters, isolated artifacts and an extensive prehistoric 

village site. The major paved roads and highly developed sites in a portion of the area have led to 

fragmented habitat and habituation of wildlife such as bears and small mammals. Evidence of 
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civilization includes the Town of Mammoth Lakes, Mammoth Airport and Highway 395. Other 

portions of the polygon are less impacted by development and roads. 

Public comments indicate Solitude Canyon is an area with a diverse conifer forest. Public 

comments indicate there is a network of front-country trails used by mountain bikers in this area, 

including Mammoth Rock, Laurel Canyon and trails in the Lakes Basin. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Topography is variable, but includes some steep slopes. There are mostly open views to Long 

Valley and Mammoth Lakes. Within the Lakes Basin, there is screening from large trees. There 

are many developments in the vicinity of the area, including developed recreation facilities and 

concentrated recreation use, paved roads and highways (including Highway 395 just north of area 

in the eastern portion of the polygon), and the Town of Mammoth Lakes with homes and 

businesses prominent. There is a motorized trail, which accesses Laurel Lakes (four wheel drive 

experience and popular dispersed camping destination) and nearly splits the polygon. There is 

also a motorized trail that nearly bisects the polygon near Convict Lake. Several paved forest 

highways (Lakes Basin and Convict Lake) cherry stem the polygon. Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in many locations, due to sight and sounds from 

developed use. The potential for encounters with other visitors is high. It is extremely high during 

summer months, especially adjacent to Mammoth Lakes Basin, Convict Lake, and system trails in 

Sherwin Creek. The area is also popular for winter recreation, including over snow vehicles, 

cross-country skiing and backcountry skiing. There is winter backcountry and over-snow vehicle 

use in the Sherwin Bowls area and at the base of the escarpment. Several public comments 

indicate Solitude Canyon as an area with opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation.

Other Features of Value

The area includes Yosemite toad, Yuba Pass willow (sensitive species), Sierra Nevada bighorn 

sheep designated critical habitat, and sage grouse habitat. The upper watershed supplies water for 

Town of Mammoth Lakes. The area’s mixed carbonate and granitic geology create unique 

geologic and ecological diversity.

Manageability 

The polygon includes four distinct geographic locations. Lakes Basin (western portion of the 

polygon) is in the vicinity of a concentrated recreation area with substantial developments 

(campgrounds, trailheads and hiking trails, paved bike trails, boat ramps, resorts, pack stations, 

and recreation residences). In 2010, a community-driven collaborative planning effort was 

completed for the Lakes Basin, called the Lakes Basin Special Study (LABSS). The LABSS 

provided recommendations for potential additional recreation development including expanding 

the multi-use path that runs through the Basin. The Sherwin Creek area (western half of the 

polygon, east of Lakes Basin), located south of the Town of Mammoth Lakes, has fewer 

recreation developments (campground, trailhead and hiking trail, organization camps) and less 

concentrated recreation use. In 2010, a community-based collaborative planning effort produced 

the Sherwins Area Recreation Plan. The document identified the potential for trail enhancement 

and development in the Sherwins Area to include additional motorized access, mountain-bike 

trails, equestrian and hiking trails, including multi-use paths. The Laurel Lakes area on the 

eastern half of the polygon, between Sherwin Creek is less developed, with the recreation use 

focused on the motorized trail that provides access to Laurel Lakes, which is popular for 

dispersed camping. The Convict Lake area (eastern portion of the polygon) is in proximity to a 
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concentrated recreation area with developments (campground, trailhead and hiking trail, resort 

and boat ramp). 

There is a private land inholding (Mammoth Consolidated Mine) on the western side of the 

polygon near the Lakes Basin, along Mammoth Creek. Existing uses within the polygon or in the 

vicinity include campgrounds, system trails and trailheads, authorized motorized trails, mountain 

biking, boating and fishing, resorts, pack stations, guided fishing, motorized trails, motorized 

winter recreation, dispersed camping, cross-country and backcountry skiing, organization camps, 

grazing, community water systems, and Forest Service water systems. Both motorized uses (off 

highway vehicles and over snow vehicles) and mountain biking are popular activities in the area. 

There are existing vegetation treatments and maintenance treatments, as well as planned 

treatments. The area contains habitat for listed species, including Yosemite toad, and Sierra 

Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities under the Endangered Species 

Act. The area contains sage grouse priority habitat. There are seventeen existing water rights in 

the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The polygon has or is in proximity to substantial developments and improvements, including 

campgrounds, trailheads, resorts, boat ramps, pack station, recreation residences, private land 

communities, motorized trails, roads and highways. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation are limited: due to an extensive network of authorized motorized trails 

within the polygon, including those that split the polygon; due to the many authorized forest 

system roads that cherry stem to nearly split other sections of this polygon; and areas adjacent to 

highly developed recreation areas, recreation residences, and developed communities. Sights and 

sounds from roads and highly developed recreation areas would likely penetrate a large portion of 

the polygon. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 1,664 acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 2,200 acres. It is difficult to 

reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1161 (Reds Meadow)

General Description

Polygon 1161 (Reds Meadow) consists of 1,656 acres ranging in elevation from 7,500 to 9,000 

feet. It is contiguous with the John Muir Wilderness along the southern and eastern boundaries 

(Figure B-6, Inyo National Forest evaluation map D). It is located on the back side of Mammoth 

Mountain Ski Area, west of the Town of Mammoth Lakes. This is a concentrated recreation area 

that includes developed campgrounds, trailheads, pack stations and access to Devils Postpile 

National Monument. It is a narrow and elongated polygon, which encompasses the narrow buffer 

left between areas of concentrated recreation use and development and areas of prior wilderness 

designation. Ecosystem types include red fir and sagebrush. The Pacific Crest National Scenic 

Trail goes through the southwest corner of the polygon, near Rainbow Falls. U-shaped valleys, 

steep precipitous slopes, and basaltic outcrops characterize the area. This place is predominantly 

mid-elevation to high elevation red fir forest. It includes the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the 

San Joaquin River.
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National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (4 

acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The majority of the polygon intersects with the San Joaquin Inventoried Roadless Area. 

Developments within the polygon are historic sites, including Reds Meadow Ranger Station. The 

vegetation is dense in many areas due to fire suppression; past and future hazardous fuels 

reduction work is to enhance wildfire defensible space around developments and to create a fuel 

break along the narrow, one way in and out access road. This polygon includes developed 

campgrounds and trailheads, and is adjacent to a major paved road. There is some habitat 

fragmentation and habituation of wildlife such as bears and small mammals. There are a few 

invasive plant species, including cheatgrass. There are introduced trout, maintained by fish 

stocking and self-reproducing. Stocked fish affect connectivity of isolated frog populations. 

Public comments indicate there are trails in the area used by mountain bikers.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is valley with surrounding slopes. There is some screening from mid-elevation 

red fir forest. This area is the narrow buffer left between areas of concentrated recreation use and 

developments, and areas of designated wilderness. There are many developments in the vicinity, 

including campgrounds, day use sites, trailheads, resorts, pack stations, a paved road, and a 

National Park Service ranger station with employee housing. Noise from these developments 

would be present from most locations in the area; the Reds Meadow Valley may see nearly 2,000 

visitors per day during the peak summer season, limiting the opportunity for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation. The potential for encounters with other visitors is high, particularly 

during the summer months. The road is seasonally closed and infrequently used by snowmobiles 

during the winter months. 

Other Features of Value

The polygon includes a northern goshawk breeding area, the rare plant Robbins pondweed and 

the sensitive plant, short-leaved hulsea. There are outstanding features located adjacent to but not 

within the area and protected by other special designations (e.g., Minaret Falls in Ansel Adams 

Wilderness and columnar basalt formations in the Devils Postpile National Monument).

Approximately half of the area was surveyed for cultural resources, with nine documented 

cultural resource sites including prehistoric lithic scatters, historic trash scatters, the Red’s 

Meadow Ranger Station, and the Rainbow Falls toilet. 

Manageability 

The polygon is an elongated, narrow strip that mostly parallels Reds Meadow Road (paved forest 

road). The western boundary is contiguous with Devils Postpile National Monument, which has 

campgrounds and day use facilities, as well as a National Park Service ranger station and 

employee housing. The south and eastern boundary is contiguous with the existing the Ansel 

Adams Wilderness. The polygon is in proximity to a concentrated recreation area with developed 

facilities and a paved forest road. The majority of the polygon intersects with the San Joaquin 

Inventoried Roadless Area. Fuels reduction work is currently being planned to enhance wildfire 

defensible space around developments and to create a fuel break along the narrow, one way in 

and out access road.
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Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The polygon is in proximity to developments, such as recreation facilities (campgrounds, 

trailheads, pack stations and resort) and paved forest road. Opportunities for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation are limited due to the high use paved road and highly developed 

recreation sites; sights and sounds would likely penetrate most of this small polygon. Mechanical 

fuels management activities may need to continue within the polygon to protect adjacent high 

value areas. This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may 

be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise a low number of acres. The polygon cannot be reshaped. 

Polygon 1164

(Minaret Vista and San Joaquin Four Wheel Drive Trail)

General Description

Polygon 1164 (Minaret Vista and San Joaquin Four Wheel Drive Trail) consists of 1,017 acres 

ranging in elevation from 8,800 to 10,000 feet. It is contiguous with the Ansel Adams Wilderness 

along the northern and eastern boundaries. It is located to the northwest of the Mammoth 

Mountain Ski Area west of the Town of Mammoth Lakes, and northeast of Reds Meadow Road (, 

Inyo National Forest evaluation map D). The polygon is shaped by the Reds Meadow Road and 

existing wilderness boundary. It is a narrow and elongated polygon encompassing the narrow 

buffer left between areas of concentrated recreation use and development and areas of prior 

wilderness designation. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates none of the polygon consists of 

ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include red fir and subalpine forest. There is moderate to high human impact on 

plant communities. There are few invasive plant species, including some cheatgrass. Vegetation is 

dense due to fire suppression. The majority of the polygon intersects with the San Joaquin 

Inventoried Roadless Area, but the area is adjacent to a major paved road and some developed 

sites that have fragmented habitat, causing wildlife to have to cross the road leading to some 

mortality. Small mammals are fed by recreationists around developed sites. Public comments 

indicate there are trails used by mountain bikers in this area. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

This area is the narrow buffer left between Reds Meadow Road, areas of concentrated recreation 

use and developments (Minaret Vista and Reds Meadow Information Station), motorized trails 

(San Joaquin four wheel drive trail) and areas of designated wilderness. Mammoth Mountain Ski 

Area is in the vicinity. Noise from these developments would be present from most locations in 

the area. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited due the 

proximity to concentrated recreation use and developments in this small polygon. 

Other Features of Value

None were noted.
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Manageability 

The polygon is an elongated, narrow strip that mostly parallels Reds Meadow Road (paved forest 

road) and includes San Joaquin Four Wheel Drive Trail. The northern boundary is contiguous 

with existing wilderness (Ansel Adams Wilderness). The polygon is in proximity to a paved 

forest road, motorized trail within the polygon, and concentrated recreation area with developed 

facilities. The area is adjacent to communities and there is a need for wildfire defensible space 

around developments and to create a fuel break along the narrow, one way in and out access road. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The polygon is in proximity to developments, such as recreation facilities and paved forest road. 

This polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. There are no ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System in the 

area. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited due to the 

proximity to concentrated recreation use, including motorized trails, winter motorized recreation 

and mountain biking, and the paved forest road. The location of the road, developments and the 

forest boundary do not allow the polygon to be reshaped. 

Polygon 1179 (Lower Lee Vining Canyon to June Lake Loop)

General Description

Polygon 1179 (Lower Lee Vining Canyon to June Lake Loop) consists of 7,212 acres ranging in 

elevation from 7,600 to 9,000 feet. It is contiguous with the Ansel Adams Wilderness along the 

western boundary and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment from Lower Lee Vining 

Canyon to Silver Lake (June Lake Loop) (Figure B-3, Inyo National Forest evaluation map A). 

The polygon is oddly shaped (elongated vertically from north to south) as it follows the existing 

wilderness boundary along the western edge and roads and private land parcels protrude into the 

polygon along the eastern edge. The north half of the polygon intersects with the Horse Meadow 

Inventory Roadless Area. Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, mountain mahogany, pinyonjuniper, red fir, sagebrush, subalpine forest and white fir. It is designated critical habitat for Sierra 

Nevada bighorn sheep. It includes highly diverse conifer forests and aspen. There are numerous 

perennial stream channels, such as Walker Creek, Gibbs Creek and Parker Creek.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 10 percent of the polygon (734 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. Approximately 3,000 additional acres are 

comprised of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and 

woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The area has fish stocking (current and historic) as well as fish barriers to keep trout out of frog 

habitat. Fuels reduction projects are being implemented (understory thinning). The area includes 

habitat improvement for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and sage grouse. There are aspen 

enhancement projects within the area. There are no open allotments in this area, although there 

was grazing by sheep in the past.
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Fish barriers are necessary to prevent introduced trout from invading frog habitat in upper 

reaches. These fish barriers may need to be mechanically maintained. There are potentially some 

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power structures. Walker Lake Dam is in the area.

The mixed conifer forest in the western portion of the polygon includes limber pines in Bloody 

Canyon. There is some departure of fire from its range of natural variability. There has been 

minimal human impact to the plant community. The area is very diverse, with low invasive plant 

species. Some cheatgrass is present and probably increasing. There are no open range allotments 

in this area, although there was grazing by sheep in the past. Historic and current stocking have 

altered aquatic assemblages. Stocked trout reside in most of the perennial streams, displacing 

native invertebrates. Walker Lake is an important fishery for Kamloops. Fish barriers are 

necessary to prevent introduced trout from invading frog habitat in upper reaches and may need 

to be mechanically maintained. This area does provide contiguous habitat and connectivity for 

wildlife, since developments only account for a small portion of the polygon. Public comments 

indicate an isolated population of southern alligator lizards exists along the Parker Bench trail, 

and there are goshawk and peregrine falcon nests known to be in the area. There are numerous 

perennial stream channels such as Walker Creek, Gibbs Creek and Parker Creek. Riparian 

vegetation is present on perennial channels and other canyons, condition unknown. Numerous 

meadows are present, but their condition is unknown. The soil quality is likely at the desired 

condition and air quality is excellent. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is steep, with many streams or drainages. Screening is minimal in some areas, but 

there is good screening from topography along the western side of the polygon. This area is the 

narrow buffer left between areas of concentrated recreation use, private land and areas of 

designated wilderness. There are developed recreation facilities in Lee Vining Canyon and June 

Lake Loop. The southern portion of the polygon is located immediately adjacent to Highway 158 

(June Lake Loop), and the northern portion is located immediately adjacent to Highway 120. The 

proximity to concentrated recreation use and highways limits the opportunity for solitude. There 

may be opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including cross-country hiking and 

general forest exploration.

Other Features of Value

Walker Lake is an important fishery for Kamloops trout. Springs may contain springsnails. The 

area is a Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep designated critical habitat and houses the rare plant, 

Robbins pondweed. There are views of Mono Basin and Mono Craters.

Manageability 

The polygon is elongated vertically from north to south as it follows the existing wilderness 

boundary along the western edge and roads and private land parcels protrude into the polygon 

along the eastern edge, making for an irregularly shaped boundary. The polygon is in proximity to 

concentrated recreation use and facilities, and highways in the south and north portions of the 

area. The northern perimeter and southern perimeter overlap with a wildland-urban interface that 

surrounds recreation developments in Lee Vining Canyon and along the north shore of Silver 

Lake. The area overlaps a wildland-urban interface and there are needs for wildfire defensible 

space around developments and access roads. The area contains designated critical habitat for 

Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities under the Endangered 

Species Act. Fish barriers that need to be mechanically maintained are necessary to prevent 

introduced trout from invading frog (federally listed frog species) habitat in upper reaches. There 

is existing outfitting and guiding (pack station). The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 
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manages lands adjacent to the boundary. Motorized winter recreation is an existing use. There are 

five water rights in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

The wilderness characteristics are affected by fish stocking, fuels reduction activities and habitat 

improvement projects. There were some developments noted within the area, including Walker 

Lake Dam, fish barriers and possibly Los Angeles Department of Water and Power infrastructure. 

The polygon is in proximity to developments, such as recreation facilities, residences and 

highways. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 734 acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 3,000 acres. The opportunity for 

solitude is degraded due to the proximity to concentrated recreation use and highways. There may 

be opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation. The proximity to concentrated recreation 

use and facilities and highways would make it difficult to manage for wilderness characteristics, 

particularly along the northern half and eastern side of the polygon. In addition, existing 

nonconforming uses, such as winter motorized recreation, occurs in the area. 

Polygon 1195

(West of Mono Lake and Highway 395, North of Lee Vining)

General Description

Polygon 1195 (West of Mono Lake and Highway 395, North of Lee Vining) consists of 2,008 

acres ranging in elevation from 7,000 to 9,600 feet. It is contiguous with the Ansel Adams 

Wilderness along the western boundary and is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment 

between Lundy Canyon and Lee Vining, and between Highway 395 and the wilderness boundary 

(Figure B-3, Inyo National Forest evaluation map A). The polygon is shaped (elongated vertically 

from north to south) by the existing wilderness boundary along the western edge and private land 

parcels along the eastern edge. The eastern edge is within one mile of Highway 395.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 21 percent of the polygon (414 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. Approximately 1,000 additional acres are 

comprised of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and 

woodland, which have less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, and subalpine forest. 

The area is within the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area. It includes steep terrain along the 

escarpment that overlooks the Mono Basin and Highway 395. About half of the polygon 

intersects with Log Cabin Saddlebag Inventoried Roadless Area. There are numerous ephemeral 

and intermittent stream channels with riparian vegetation. There are no mapped meadows in the 

area. Soils are likely at the desired condition due to limited management activities in this area. 

This area is within the Mono Basin PM-10 nonattainment area for air quality. 
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Pinyon pine forests have expanded due to fire suppression. There are some invasive plant species, 

including cheatgrass. Stocked trout reside in most of the perennial streams, displacing native 

aquatic organisms. There are a few developments within the area, including Highway 395, 

avalanche control infrastructure for Highway 395, residential communities and developments 

within Mono Basin. Public comments indicate there is an important connecting trail used by 

mountain bikers in the corridor between Mono Lake and the Hoover Wilderness. It is not certain, 

however, if the trail is located within the polygon boundary. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Within this polygon, the topography is steep terrain along the escarpment that overlooks Highway 

395 and Mono Lake. There is very little screening with Mono Lake and residential communities 

visible. The proximity to the highway limits the opportunity for solitude as the highway can be 

seen and heard from much of the area. 

Other Features of Value

The area features great views of Mono Basin and across to the White Mountains. It contains 

unique meta-sedimentary rocks (“rooftop pendant”). The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural 

resources but there is one known prehistoric lithic scatter site.

Manageability 

The polygon is in proximity to the highway and adjacent to recreation developments and private 

land inholdings. There is avalanche control infrastructure in the area.

Summary of Potential Suitability

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to proximity to 

US Highway 395. Sight and sounds may penetrate most of the small polygon. The area is an 

avalanche control zone for Cal Trans to address safety concerns along the highway. This polygon 

presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 414 acres. Ecological 

groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprise an additional 1,000 acres. The polygon cannot be reshaped. 

Polygon 1208 (Saddlebag Lake)

General Description

Polygon 1208 (Saddlebag Lake) consists of 2,516 acres ranging in elevation from 10,000 to 

10,800 feet. It is contiguous with the Hoover Wilderness and is located north of Highway 120 and 

includes Saddlebag Lake (Figure B-3, Inyo National Forest evaluation map A). The polygon is 

shaped (elongated from north to south) be the designated wilderness boundary (which excludes 

the recreation developments) along the west, north and eastern edge. The southern edge is 

Highway 120, just outside the entrance to Yosemite National Park. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (25 

acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
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Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include alpine, mountain mahogany, red fir, and subalpine forest. There are 

perennial stream channels present including Lee Vining Creek, and numerous intermittent 

channels. The majority of the polygon intersects with Hall Natural Area and Log Cabin 

Saddlebag Inventoried Roadless Areas. Saddlebag Lake is a reservoir with a dam. There is a 

motorized ferry that operates during the summer months. Other developments in the area include 

campgrounds, trailheads and resorts. There is fish stocking in the area and fish barriers are 

necessary to prevent introduced trout from invading frog habitat in upper reaches. The 

Bennettville – Great Sierra Mine is located in the southern portion of the polygon and is likely 

substantially noticeable. The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural resources. In addition to the 

large mining center, the sites include the remains of a historic sawmill and a historic cabin on the 

north side of Saddlebag Lake. There is a developed spring for water on the east side of lake. 

There are several trails used by mountain bikers in the area around the lake.

Stocked trout reside in most of the perennial streams, displacing native invertebrates. Fish 

barriers are necessary to prevent introduced trout from invading frog habitat in upper reaches. 

These may need to be mechanically maintained. Toad habitat has been disrupted from heavy 

recreation use in area. This area does provide for connectivity, but disturbances from the presence 

of developed areas may limit the amount of movement for some wildlife species. The area has 

developed campgrounds, trailheads and resorts located throughout the area. This has led to some 

habitat fragmentation, disturbances and habituation of some wildlife species. There are perennial 

stream channels present including Lee Vining Creek, and numerous intermittent channels. 

Numerous meadows are present. There are user trails through meadows west of Saddlebag Lake. 

There are effects from upstream water manipulation. The air quality is excellent.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

This area is the narrow buffer left between areas of concentrated recreation use and developments 

and areas of designated wilderness. There are many developments in the vicinity of the area, 

including campgrounds, day use sites, trailheads and a resort. Noise from these developments 

would be present from most locations in the area. Potential for encounters with other visitors is 

high during the summer months. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited. When Highway 120 is closed during the winter months, the area receives 

little to no use.

Other Features of Value

The area is a habitat for the Yosemite toad and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. Saddlebag Lake lies 

within the polygon. There is habitat for the sensitive Botrychium spp. (moonworts). 

Manageability 

The polygon is elongated vertically from north to south as it follows the existing wilderness 

boundary and follows the forest road accessing Saddlebag Lake. The southern boundary follows 

Highway 120 to the Yosemite National Park boundary at the Tioga entrance station. The polygon 

is within a concentrated recreation area with campgrounds and day use facilities, trailheads and a 

resort. The existing wilderness boundary as currently drawn excludes these features. Saddlebag 

Lake is a reservoir with a dam. There is a motorized ferry that operates during the summer 

months. There is also an accessible non-motorized trail. The area contains habitat for Yosemite 

toad and Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities under the 

Endangered Species Act. Two water rights are present.
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Summary of Potential Suitability

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to concentrated 

recreation developments and use, adjacency to Highway 120, the Tioga Pass entrance to Yosemite 

National Park, and Saddlebag Lake. There are developments within the area that are substantially 

noticeable, including developed recreation facilities and mining sites. This polygon does not 

present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low number of acres. 

Sight and sounds may penetrate most of the small polygon. There is not an opportunity to reshape 

the polygon. 

Polygon 1211 (Lundy Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1211 (Lundy Canyon) consists of 1,949 acres with elevations ranging from 7,600 to 

10,400 feet. It is contiguous with the Hoover Wilderness and is located on the north side of Lundy 

Lake and Lundy Canyon (Figure B-3, Inyo National Forest evaluation map A). The polygon is 

oddly shaped (elongated from east to west) as it follows the forest boundary along the north, 

existing wilderness boundary on the west, and Lundy Canyon Road on the south. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 4 percent of the polygon (80 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent protected in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, sagebrush and subalpine forest. It is currently 

within a wildland-urban interface. Topography is severely steep rocky slopes and gullies. There is 

little water present, with some ephemeral streams. The majority of polygon intersects with Mt. 

Olsen and Hoover–Mt. Olsen Inventoried Roadless Areas. There are some invasive plant species, 

with cheatgrass increasing. There is contiguous habitat and connectivity for Sierra Nevada 

bighorn sheep. The air quality is excellent. The polygon contains remnants of historic mining. 

The area is adjacent to a concentrated recreation area and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 

infrastructure. Public comments indicate there are trails used by mountain bikers in the area. It is 

not certain, however, if the trails are located within the polygon boundaries. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is severely steep rocky slopes and gullies. There is some screening present, with 

some visibility down to developments in Lundy Canyon. There is southern exposure above a 

dammed lake and recreational developments. The area is adjacent to a concentrated recreation 

area and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission infrastructure. Travelers can see and hear 

evidence of civilization. The area receives a high amount of recreation use during the summer 

months, with little to no use during the winter months. Potential for encounters with other visitors 

is low once away from developments on south side. The opportunity for solitude is limited by the 

proximity to the recreation use at Lundy Lake and the paved forest road. The opportunity for 

primitive and unconfined recreation is limited by steep terrain. 
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Other Features of Value

The area is a habitat for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and a small portion is within a priority 

habitat for sage grouse. There are unique metasedimentary rocks (“rooftop pendant”) in the area, 

as well as scenic aspen stands.

Manageability 

The polygon is elongated from west to east as it follows the existing wilderness boundary and 

parallels the paved forest road accessing Lundy Canyon. The polygon is in the vicinity of a 

concentrated recreation area with campgrounds and day use facilities, as well as Federal Energy 

Regulatory Commission licensed infrastructure. The existing wilderness boundary as currently 

drawn excludes these features. The area contains habitat for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which 

may require management activities under the Endangered Species Act.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to proximity to a 

paved access road in the southern boundary, and to a highly concentrated, authorized recreation 

use area. The sight and sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon. This polygon does not 

present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low number of acres. 

There is not an opportunity to reshape the polygon. 

Polygon 1232 (Willow Springs)

General Description

Polygon 1232 (Willow Springs) consists of 3,205 acres with elevations ranging from 4,400 to 

6,800 feet. It is contiguous with the Inyo Mountain Wilderness, is located east of Mazourka 

Canyon Road and includes Willow Springs and Bee Springs (Figure B-9, Inyo National Forest 

evaluation map G). The polygon border follows the existing wilderness boundary on the east and 

the forest boundary on the west.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates less than 1 percent of the polygon (4 

acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The terrain 

includes the steep western escarpment of the Inyo Mountains with canyons, steep slopes and 

drainages. The majority of polygon intersects with Paiute Inventoried Roadless Area. There is an 

authorized motorized trail that bisects the polygon along the wilderness boundary. Highway 395 

and the town of Independence area can be seen in the middle distance (approximately 8 miles 

west). Mine sites on Bureau of Land Management lands are within a half mile of the western 

boundary. The area has historic mining found in many areas with mine prospects, tailings, roads, 

adits and buildings throughout the polygon. These mining features are substantially noticeable. 

Buildings and trailers are reported to be maintained at Black Eagle Mine. There is some 

cheatgrass and Russian thistle, but they are not widespread. There are unique desert springs 
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flowing and in good condition. There have been some areas of historic timber harvest from 

mines. This area provides some contiguous habitat and connectivity for wildlife. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is steep western escarpment of the Inyo Mountains with canyons, steep slopes 

and drainages. There is some screening due to canyons and vegetation. There is a motorized trail, 

Betty Jumbo Mine Road, along the eastern boundary that parallels the existing wilderness 

boundary. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to the 

Betty Jumbo Mine Road, a highly visible authorized motorized trail along the eastern boundary. 

Sight and sounds of motorized use would likely penetrate most of this small polygon. There are 

authorized forest system roads that cherry stem a portion of the western boundary. Hikers park off 

of Betty Jumbo Road, a motorized trail that parallels the wilderness boundary to walk to 

Winnedumah Paiute Monument. There are some opportunities for primitive recreation such as 

canyoneering, wildlife observation, spring wildflower observation, photography and exploring 

old mine sites.

Other Features of Value

The area includes the rare plant Parry’s monkey flower and Townsend’s big-eared bats (habitat 

associated with mine adits). There are unique desert springs, flowing and in good condition. This 

polygon contains the uppermost elevations of the Mojave Desert in this region, with creosote 

bush and Mojave Desert species, such as Lycium cooperi. There are outstanding views toward the 

Sierra Nevada. Little cultural resource surveying has been completed in the area. The five 

documented properties are all extensive mining sites (Betty Jumbo Mine, Clifford Mine, Omega 

Mine, Black Eagle Mine and Alhambra Mine).

Manageability 

The polygon has a motorized trail that runs along the wilderness boundary. If this was cherry 

stemmed, it would isolate the remaining portion of the polygon, disconnecting it from the 

adjoining wilderness boundary so that it would have a narrow attachment to the existing 

wilderness. The existing wilderness boundary was drawn to exclude the motorized trail (Betty 

Jumbo Mine road). There is a network of old mining roads in the area. It would be difficult to 

prevent vehicle incursions from the Betty Jumbo Road, as well as the network of old mining 

roads. Off highway vehicle recreation, rock hounding and hunting are the primary uses of the area 

and adjoining Bureau of Land Management land. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The developments related to mining activity are widespread and substantially noticeable. This 

polygon does not present an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise a low 

number of acres. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is limited 

due to the proximity to motorized recreation (authorized motorized trails and Mazourka Canyon 

Road). There is not an opportunity to reshape the polygon to make it more manageable. There are 

general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Polygon 1236 (West of Inyo Mountains Wilderness)

General Description

Polygon 1236 (West of Inyo Mountains Wilderness) consists of 73,128 acres with elevations 

ranging from 4,400 to 9,500 feet. It is contiguous with the Inyo Mountains Wilderness and is 

located west of the Inyo Mountains Wilderness, between Eureka Valley Road and Mazourka 

Canyon, and includes Harkless Flat, Andrews Mountain, Mazourka Peak, and Santa Rita Spring. 

It is a large polygon on the west side of the Inyo Mountains Wilderness between Eureka Valley 

Road on the north and Mazourka Canyon on the south (Figure B-8, Inyo evaluation map F and 

Figure B-9 evaluation map G).

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 44 percent of the area of the polygon 

(32,500 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland, inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, inter-mountain basins 

mixed salt desert scrub and Great Basin xeric mixed sagebrush shrubland. An additional 26,000 

acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total 

national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, subalpine forest, xeric shrublands and 

blackbrush. The topography includes the steep western escarpment of the Inyo Mountains, with 

steep slopes, canyons, extremely rugged terrain; and high elevation desert plateaus with steep to 

gentle slopes along the eastern side. The majority of this polygon intersects with the Paiute and 

Andrews Mountain Inventoried Roadless Areas. There are remnants of historic mining throughout 

the polygon, including mine prospects, mine tailings, mining road and mining adits There is a 

boundary fence along the south side of T. 12 S., R. 35 E., section 35 and mining relics east of 

Forest Service Road 12S103. Old mining shacks are found at the narrows (T. 10 S., R. 36 E., 

section 15). There are mining site and ruins west of Andrews Mountain. There are also mining 

ruins, adits and a dump in T. 10 S., R. 36 E., section 20. No mining infrastructure is being 

maintained. There are active grazing allotments in the polygon, with associated fences and other 

range improvements. There are fences along the existing wilderness boundary in T. 11 S., R. 36 

E. and section 18. The area includes the former Saline Valley Road alignments along the northeast 

perimeter. There are no other known structures or dwellings. Very little cultural survey work has 

been done in the area, but there are 20 documented cultural resource sites including prehistoric 

sites with rock rings and artifact scatters and historic sites associated with historic mining in 

Mazourka Canyon. The polygon is mostly unsurveyed for invasive plant species. In the 

northeastern corner, there is some cheatgrass and Russian thistle, but they are not widespread. 

This area provides some habitat and connectivity for wildlife. Mostly intermittent stream 

channels and some springs are found. Riparian areas are mostly in good condition. Some salt 

cedar (non-native plant species) is present.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Topography includes the steep western escarpment of Inyo Mountains, with steep slopes, 

canyons, extremely rugged terrain and high elevation desert plateaus with steep to gentle slopes 

along the eastern side. There is some screening due to topography and vegetation. Screening is 

variable along the western escarpment due to topography, but there is little vegetation. There is 

some visibility of Highway 395. In the northeastern corner of the polygon there are views to 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Death Valley National Park. The western boundary (along the escarpment) is approximately one 

mile from the Owens Valley (roads, transmission lines, livestock grazing) and 3 to 5 miles from 

Highway 395. The northern perimeter is bounded by the paved Eureka Valley Road and Saline 

Valley Road. The southeastern perimeter is bounded by Mazourka Canyon Road (county road), 

which accesses mining claims and the communication site on top of Mazourka Peak. There are 

numerous authorized roads and motorized trails within this polygon, including through the middle 

of the polygon. Off highway vehicle recreation, dispersed camping, mineral exploration and 

sightseeing are popular activities throughout this area, primarily during the spring and fall 

months. There is lower use in the summer due to heat. The opportunity for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation is limited in some the road and motorized trail system areas. In most of 

the area, the potential for encounters with other visitors is low to medium. Marble Canyon is a 

scenic destination for day hikers. The pinyon-juniper woodlands and subalpine areas offer some 

primitive recreation opportunities like hiking, horseback riding and deer hunting (fall). 

Backpacking opportunities are limited to the few areas with surface water. There are also 

opportunities for wildlife observation, photography and enjoying nature. Winter snowpack 

sometimes allows cross-country skiing in higher elevations.

Other Features of Value

There are steep escarpments of the Inyo Mountains with complex geology. The Narrows of 

Marble Canyon is a unique geologic feature in the northeastern corner. The area includes vistas of 

the Sierra Nevada range, prehistoric cultural resource sites and remnants of historic mining. The 

area includes habitat for Townsend's big-eared bat, some in historic mining areas. There are many 

rare plants, including pinyon beardtongue, Inyo milkvetch, pinyon rockcress, Mojave fishhook, 

and cliffdweller (Forest Service sensitive species). The lowest elevation bristlecone pine forests 

occur here, in an ecological refugium that may be challenged as the climate continues to warm.

Manageability 

This is a large polygon located between the forest boundary within one mile of the Owens Valley, 

and the Inyo Mountains Wilderness. There are numerous cherry stem roads and authorized 

motorized trails throughout the polygon, including a large cherry stem in the northeastern portion, 

dividing the polygon into two non-motorized areas. One of the non-motorized areas is partially 

bordered by the Inyo Mountains Wilderness, but most of the polygon is separated from the 

wilderness by roads or motorized trails. There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access 

and use. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. There are developments related 

to mining activity as well as range improvements. This polygon presents an opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise 32,500 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 

percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an 

additional 26,000 acres. The opportunity for solitude is limited in the authorized motorized areas. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Polygon 1242 (North of Little Cowhorn Valley)

General Description

Polygon 1242 (North of Little Cowhorn Valley) consists of 2,678 acres with elevations ranging 

from 7,600 to 8,400 feet. It is contiguous with Piper Mountains Wilderness (Bureau of Land 

Management) and located west of the Piper Mountains Wilderness, north of Little Cowhorn 

Valley (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation map F). 

National Vegetation Classification System data shows 53 percent of the area of the polygon 

(1,410 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. An additional 1,100 acres consists of 

Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The combination 

of alkali flats and old growth pinyon-juniper is a unique feature of this area. Sagebrush converting 

to alkali flat in areas. The topography is flat and rolling hills. The area is not within any 

inventoried roadless areas. There has been some historic mining and timber harvest but for the 

most part, there has been very little impact from humans within this area. Human impact on plant 

communities is low to moderate. There are some invasive species present (some cheatgrass and 

Russian thistle). The area does provide some contiguous habitat and connectivity for wildlife. 

Most of the polygon is within a mapped wildfire restoration zone (60 percent) and a wildfire 

maintenance zone (40 percent). 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is flat and rolling hills with some screening present from topography and trees. 

Potential for encountering other visitors is low. The eastern portion of the polygon follows the 

forest boundary with Bureau of Land Management, and is contiguous with Piper Mountain 

Wilderness (Bureau of Land Management). The polygon is surrounded by a road system to the 

north, west and south, and there is one road that cherry stems the northwest corner. The Eureka 

Valley Road is within a half mile of the southern boundary of the polygon. There are 

opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities such as cross-country hiking, general forest 

exploration and photography during the summer, and deer hunting in the fall. 

Other Features of Value

There are many rare plants including Little Cut Leaf, Compact Fleabane, Inyo Milk Vetch, 

Pinyon Beardtongue, and Inyo onion. The combination of alkali flats and old growth pinyonjuniper is a unique feature of this area. Alkali flats were identified as an under-represented type in 

the R5 research natural area system during the plan revision assessment phase. The area has had 

very little survey for cultural resources; however, there are general tribal concerns regarding tribal 

access and use.

Manageability

The polygon is surrounded by a road system and would form a finger-shaped extension to the 

Piper Wilderness.
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Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The combination of alkali flats and old growth pinyon-juniper is a unique feature of this area. 

Potential for encountering other visitors in this area is low. There are opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation, including cross-country hiking, general forest exploration, 

photography and deer hunting. There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use. 

There are road systems that surround the area, including one that cherry stems the northwest 

portion of the polygon. The Eureka Valley Road is approximately half mile from the southern 

boundary of the polygon. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups 

that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological 

groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprise 1,400 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 1,100 acres.

Polygon 1246 (North of Eureka Valley Road)

General Description

The Polygon 1246 (North of Eureka Valley Road) consists of 43,231 acres with elevations 

ranging from 5,000 to 8,600 feet. A very small portion along the southeast corner is contiguous 

with the Piper Mountains Wilderness (Bureau of Land Management. It is a large polygon located 

between Eureka Valley Road on the south and Highway 168 to the north, between the White 

Mountains and Inyo Mountains (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation map F). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 48 percent of the area of the polygon 

(20,900 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland, inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, inter-mountain basins 

mixed salt desert scrub and Great Basin xeric mixed sagebrush shrubland. An additional 20,600 

acres are comprised of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of 

its total national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

topography includes steep to gentle slopes. It intersects with the Soldier Canyon Inventoried 

Roadless Area. Some historic clearing/harvesting for mining is evident. CARMA (Combined 

Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy, a special use authorization) has developments 

that are substantially noticeable in the northern portion of the polygon. There are large numbers 

of prehistoric sites. There is some cheatgrass that is moderately widespread in portions of the 

polygon. The area provides some contiguous habitat connectivity for wildlife. There is limited 

water. Intermittent streams include Deadman Canyon, Crooked Road Canyon and Soldier 

Canyon. There are no mapped meadows. Soils are at desired condition. Air quality is excellent. 

Ancient bristlecone pines are reported on some north-facing slopes of the Inyo Mountains. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is steep to gentle slopes and there is some screening in the area from vegetation 

and canyons. There is very little visibility of developments. The northern boundary is Highway 

168 and the southern boundary is Eureka Valley Road, a paved road and less traveled route to 

Death Valley National Park. There are numerous roads and motorized trails within this polygon, 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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77

located along the edge and through the polygon. The opportunity for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation in these motorized use areas is very limited. Off highway vehicle 

recreation, dispersed camping, mineral exploration and sightseeing are popular activities 

throughout this area, primarily during the spring and fall months. There is lower use in the 

summer due to heat. 

There are opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. Travel in the lower 

elevation desert environment is challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. 

The pinyon-juniper woodlands and subalpine areas offer primitive recreation opportunities typical 

of the Great Basin: hiking, horseback riding and deer hunting in the fall. Backpacking is generally 

confined to the few areas with surface water. The degree of challenge is accentuated by the 

scarcity of surface water and lack of trails. There are also opportunities for wildlife observation, 

photography and enjoying nature. Winter snowpack sometimes allows cross-country skiing in 

higher elevations. Along the western escarpment of mountains, there are some opportunities for 

primitive recreation such as canyoneering, wildlife observation, spring wildflower observation, 

photography and exploring old mine sites. Several of the canyons along the western escarpment 

of the mountains are scenic destinations for day hikers, though some also have motorized trails 

and off highway vehicle recreationists. While opportunities for primitive recreation do exist, 

Other Features of Value

The area includes rare plants including Mojave fishhook cactus and little cutleaf. There are large 

numbers of prehistoric sites including prehistoric encampments, rock rings and lithic scatters. 

There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use. The polygon includes 

outstanding views of Mt. Palisade glacier area and the Sierra Nevada. There is some limestone 

geology and also unique sedimentary and metamorphic geology. 

Manageability 

This is a large polygon located between the straight-line forest boundary along the western and 

eastern edge. There are numerous cherry stem roads and motorized trails throughout the polygon, 

along the edge and routed through the polygon. There is illegal off highway vehicle use occurring 

that is widespread along the western and southern portion of the polygon. The area includes one 

water right.

Summary of Potential 

Suitability for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in areas away from 

roads and motorized trails. The potential for encounters is very low to medium. Most recreation 

use is around roads and motorized trails where the opportunity for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation is very limited. This polygon presents an opportunity to protect ecological 

groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprise 20,900 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 20,600 

acres. The opportunity for solitude is degraded due to the proximity to motorized recreation 

(roads and motorized trails). There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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78

Polygon 1248 (Redding Canyon, Black Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1248 (Redding Canyon, Black Canyon) consists of 38,756 acres with elevations ranging 

from 5,000 to 10,400 feet. It is located west of White Mountain Road and the Ancient Bristlecone 

Pine Forest, south of Silver Canyon, and north of Highway 168, and includes Redding Canyon, 

Black Canyon, Marble Canyon and Black Mountain at 9,083 feet in elevation. The polygon 

follows the straight-line forest boundary along the western perimeter, Highway 168 along the 

southern perimeter, White Mountain Road along the eastern perimeter and Silver Canyon along 

the northern boundary (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation map F).

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 41 percent of the area of the polygon 

(15,818 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland, inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, inter-mountain basins 

mixed salt desert scrub and Great Basin xeric mixed sagebrush shrubland. An additional 20,000 

acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total 

national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, subalpine forest and xeric shrublands and 

blackbrush. Public comments indicate an ancient bristlecone pine population is on the north 

slopes of Black Mountain. The area is a sage grouse priority habitat. The terrain is extremely 

steep and rugged. Authorized motorized trails are dispersed throughout the polygon; however, 

much of the polygon intersects with the Black Canyon Inventoried Roadless Area. There is some 

historic and modern firewood harvest in the area from Westgard Pass Road. This area includes the 

Historic Poleta Mining Complex. There are also prehistoric encampments (rock rings), lithic 

scatters, and several historic rock structures and associated refuse. Public comments indicate there 

are single track trails used by mountain bikers and motorcycle riders in the area. There is some 

cheatgrass but it is not widespread. The area provides contiguous habitat and connectivity for 

wildlife. Water is limited in the area. Perennial stream channels include Redding and Poleta 

canyons. Marble Canyon is a major intermittent stream. Some riparian vegetation is present in 

canyons. There are no mapped meadows. Soils are mostly at desired conditions, with some 

localized mining and grazing impacts, but good overall. The air quality is excellent. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is extremely steep and rugged. There is good screening from canyons and pinyon 

pine trees. The western boundary is generally within two miles of the Owens Valley, the southern 

boundary is Highway 168, the eastern boundary is White Mountain Road (a National Forest 

Scenic Byway) and the northern boundary is Silver Canyon (road and transmission lines). There 

are numerous roads and motorized trails within this polygon, including some that run through the 

polygon. Off highway vehicle recreation, mineral exploration and sightseeing are popular 

activities throughout this area. The opportunity for solitude is very limited in the areas in 

proximity to the forest system roads and extensive motorized trail system. There are some quiet 

places free from motorized noise within the polygon, away from roads and motorized trails, 

especially in the canyons. The potential for encounters is very low to medium. Most of the use is 

around roads and motorized trails. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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The pinyon-juniper woodlands and subalpine areas offer primitive recreation opportunities typical 

of the Great Basin: hiking, horseback riding and deer hunting in the fall. Backpacking 

opportunities are limited to the few areas with surface water. The degree of challenge is 

accentuated by the steep terrain along the western escarpment of the White Mountains and lack of 

trails. There are also opportunities for wildlife observation, photography and enjoying nature, 

particularly in the subalpine areas off of White Mountain Road. Winter snowpack allows crosscountry skiing in higher elevations, but gaining access requires more than a 10-mile hike into the 

area. Along the western escarpment of mountains, there are some opportunities for primitive 

recreation such as canyoneering, wildlife observation, spring wildflower observation, 

photography and exploring old mine sites. Several of the canyons along the western escarpment 

of the mountains including Redding Canyon and Black Canyon, are scenic destinations for day 

hikers, though some also have motorized trails and off highway vehicle recreationists. While 

opportunities for primitive recreation do exist, travel in the lower elevation desert environment is 

challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. 

Other Features of Value

The area includes a sage grouse priority habitat, Townsend’s big eared bat populations, and the 

Panamint alligator lizard. The rare Shockley’s milkvetch plant occurs here. There are outstanding 

views of Volcanic Crater Mountain, Palisade glacier area and the Sierra Nevada.

Manageability 

This polygon is located between the straight-line forest boundary along the western edge and the 

White Mountain Road on the east. There are some cherry stem roads along the edge and 

motorized trails that run along the edge and through the polygon, including the trails in Black 

Canyon. It was noted that there is illegal motorcycle use in the northern portion of the polygon. 

The area contains priority habitat for sage grouse.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in areas away from 

roads and motorized trails, especially in the canyons. The potential for encounters is very low to 

medium. Most recreation use is around roads and motorized trails where the opportunity for 

solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is very limited. This polygon presents an 

opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national 

extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 15,818 acres. An ecological 

group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System comprises an additional 20,000 acres.

Polygon 1258

(Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest and Wyman Canyon South)

General Description 

Polygon 1258 (Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest and Wyman Canyon South) consists of 35,248 

acres with elevations ranging from 6,000 to 8,800 feet. It is located east of White Mountain Road 

and partially within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest (including Schulman Grove), south of 

Wyman Canyon Road and north of Highway 168 (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation 

map F). It is shaped by cherry stem roads that form a polygon with sections. The western 

boundary runs along White Mountain Road. 
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National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 35 percent of the area of the polygon 

(12,458 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland, inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe, and Great Basin xeric 

mixed sagebrush shrubland. An additional 17,200 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and subalpine forest. 

The northwest portion of the polygon is within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, and includes 

the Discovery Trail (National Recreation Trail). The topography is steep with rugged slopes. The 

majority of the polygon intersects with the Birch Creek Inventoried Roadless Area. The southwest 

corner of the polygon has motorized trails. Historic mining and grazing has occurred in the area. 

Developments include Wilkerson Mining Complex, the Mexican Mine (cabins, adits, and 

tailings), a stone cabin, hunting blind and rock structure, as well as numerous prehistoric rock 

ring and artifact scatters. The area contains the Schulman Grove Visitor Center. There are 

numerous springs and perennial channels including Birch Creek. There are many intermittent 

channels. The air quality is excellent. Some cheatgrass and salt cedar is present, but is not 

widespread. The area provides some contiguous habitat and connectivity for wildlife. The species 

composition is natural. The legacy grazing and mining impacts are highly localized and the rest of 

the area is likely at desired condition for soil conditions. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is steep with rugged slopes. There is abundant screening and very little visibility 

to developments or roads. The western half of the polygon is in proximity to paved forest 

highway (White Mountain Road, which is a National Forest Scenic Byway), Highway 168, and 

roads and motorized trails, which limit the opportunity for solitude in these areas. The northern 

boundary follows Wyman Canyon Road, which is a lightly traveled system road, but is a main 

route that connects to Silver Canyon Road on the west side of the White Mountains, and traverses 

to the east side of the White Mountains to Deep Springs Valley.

Although there are some roads that cherry stem the eastern half of the polygon, these are more 

lightly traveled roads providing opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in 

this eastern section. The area receives low amount of recreation use, except near Schulman Grove 

and along the White Mountain Road on the western boundary of the polygon. Notable 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation exist in the western half of the 

polygon, in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, where there are several trails including the 

Discovery Trail (National Recreation Trail) and Methuselah Trail. The western half of the 

polygon is a popular area for hiking, wildlife observation, dark skies observation, photography, 

exploring old mine sites and enjoying nature. Overnight camping is not allowed in the Ancient 

Bristlecone Pine Forest, so there are no opportunities for backpacking in this portion of the 

polygon. Opportunities for primitive recreation in the eastern portion of the polygon focus on 

hiking and hunting in the Birch Creek drainage, which has an unmaintained trail in the drainage. 

Most of the rest of the polygon is steep terrain and there are no trails, so there are opportunities 

for challenging cross-country trips. Winter snowpack allows cross-country skiing in higher 

elevations, but gaining access requires more than 10 miles ski into the area. 
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Other Features of Value

The area includes the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. It is a sage grouse priority habitat and also 

a habitat for Townsend's big-eared bat, a proposed species of conservation concern and Forest 

Service sensitive species, which is associated with the mine adits. Many rare plants are known 

here, including spiny-leaved milk vetch, little cutleaf, Nevada ninebark, Bristlecone pines, 

compact fleabane, and sensitive Dedecker's clover. There are outstanding sedimentary and 

metamorphic geology and colorful rock features. Approximately 20 percent of the area has been 

surveyed for cultural resources. The roughly 25 documented cultural properties include remains 

of the Wilkerson Mining Complex, the Mexican Mine (cabins, adits, tailings), a stone cabin, 

hunting blind and rock structure, as well as numerous prehistoric rock ring and artifact scatters. 

Manageability 

The polygon is irregularly shaped, with cherry stemmed roads that protrude into the middle of the 

polygon. The polygon is bounded by a National Forest Scenic Byway on the west, a native 

surface system road on the north which is a main route that traverses to the east side of the White 

Mountains to Deep Springs Valley, forest boundary on the east and Highway 168 to the south. 

Wyman Canyon Road along the northern perimeter frequently needs maintenance due to wash 

outs. The area contains priority habitat for sage grouse. There are general tribal concerns 

regarding tribal access and use. There is one water right. The area contains the Schulman Grove 

Visitor Center.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation exist in the eastern and western 

half of the polygon, in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, where there are several trails

including the Discovery Trail (National Recreation Trail) and Methuselah Trail. There are 

developments in the area, including Schulman Grove Visitor Center, and remnant historic mining 

features, primarily in the western half of the polygon. This polygon presents an opportunity to 

protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 12,458 acres. An ecological group with less 

than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises 

an additional 17,200 acres. 

Polygon 1275 (North of Silver Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1275 (North of Silver Canyon consists of 10,435 acres with elevations ranging from 

4,800 to 9,600 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness and is located west of 

White Mountain Road, north of Silver Canyon, within the White Mountains. It is a rectangularshaped polygon, which follows the straight line boundary of the White Mountains Wilderness on 

the north and a power line corridor to the south (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation map 

F). The area is bounded by roads along the western perimeter with a prominent cherry stem road 

and follows the White Mountain Road in the northeastern corner. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 59 percent of the area of the polygon 

(6,168 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland, inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe and inter-mountain 
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basins mixed salt desert scrub. An additional 3,200 acres are comprised of Great Basin pinyonjuniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total national extent protected in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and subalpine forest. 

The northeast corner of the polygon is within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. There are steep 

canyons along the western escarpment of the White Mountains. Although the majority of polygon 

intersects with Boundary Peak Inventoried Roadless Area there is an extensive network of cherry 

stem forest system roads that form a cookie cut out in the western portion of the polygon, and is 

adjacent to a network of authorized motorized trails that occur within the polygon. From the ridge 

tops, Bishop and the Owens Valley are visible. The area has limited water; Silver Canyon and 

potentially Gunter Creek are perennial channels. There are no mapped meadows. There is riparian 

vegetation within canyon areas. The air quality is excellent. This area does provide some 

contiguous habitat and connectivity for wildlife. There are some localized impacts to soils (off 

highway vehicle incursions); however, the majority of the area is at desired condition for soils. 

There is historic mining on the western side of the polygon, including Gunter Creek Mining Site. 

The Gunter Creek Mine area contains several structures, including roads, trash, pipe, lumber, 

adits, shafts and platforms. Cheatgrass is the only notable invasive species. Public comments 

indicate there are single track trails used by mountain bikers and motorcycle riders in the area.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography has steep slopes and canyons along the western escarpment of the White 

Mountains making it difficult to access. There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation in in steep canyons and other interior portions of the polygon where the 

potential for encounters with other users is low. The pinyon-juniper woodlands and subalpine 

zone along the eastern side of the polygon offer primitive recreation opportunities typical of the 

Great Basin: hiking, horseback riding and deer hunting in the fall. There are also opportunities for 

photography and enjoying nature, particularly in the areas off of White Mountain Road. Winter 

snowpack allows cross-country skiing in higher elevations, but gaining access requires more than 

a 10 mile ski into the area.

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited within the western 

portion of the polygon due to an extensive network of roads and motorized trails both within the 

polygon and along the border. The White Mountain Road, a National Forest Scenic Byway runs 

along the perimeter in the northeast corner. Along the western escarpment of mountains, there are 

some opportunities for primitive recreation such as canyoneering, wildlife observation, spring 

wildflower observation, photography and exploring old mine sites. 

Other Features of Value

There is outstanding geology and views to the Volcanic Tablelands and the Sierra Nevada. 

Although very little of the area is surveyed for cultural sites, three documented properties include 

an historic can dump area, a prehistoric lithic scatter and the Gunter Creek Mining Site.

Manageability 

The boundary on the west side of the polygon is in proximity to roads and motorized trails, 

however, due to steep terrain there is little chance of vehicle incursion. There are general tribal 
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concerns about access and use. Off highway vehicle recreation is a popular activity in the western 

portion of the polygon associated with the historic mining sites. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in the western 

portion of this polygon due to an extensive network of authorized motorized trails and roads 

within the polygon or forming a cookie cut border. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation in the eastern corner is limited by White Mountain Road. There are 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in steep canyons. This polygon 

presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of 

their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 6,168 acres. An 

ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprises an additional 3,200 acres. There may be an opportunity to reshape 

the polygon to exclude the motorized trails, as well as tie the boundary to a natural feature, 

adding a projected extension to the White Mountain Wilderness.

Polygon 1276 (Gunter Canyon)

General Description

Polygon 1276 (Gunter Canyon) contains 1,048 acres with elevations ranging from 4,800 to 9,600 

feet. It is contiguous with White Mountains Wilderness and is located northwest of Gunter 

Canyon, within the White Mountains. It is a small polygon between Gunter Canyon Road and the 

White Mountains Wilderness, with the forest boundary on the west (with Bureau of Land 

Management) (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest evaluation map F). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 73 percent of the polygon (764 acres) 

consists of ecological groups that have has less than 10 percent of their national extent protected 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System. None of the groups are prevalent in the polygon.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. A small portion of 

the polygon (buffer between the road and White Mountain Wilderness) intersects with Boundary 

Peak Inventoried Roadless Area. The polygon includes an area that parallels a system road that 

was excluded during the designation of the White Mountains Wilderness. There are a few 

intermittent stream channels and no perennial stream channels. Historic mining occurred in the 

area. There are no known developments, although according to the United States Geological 

Survey quad there is one open pit mine in the area, and shafts along the western boundary. There 

are a few invasive plant species (possibly cheatgrass).

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The polygon is a small polygon that is surrounded by road systems and historic mining activity. 

Part of the polygon encompasses the small buffer between an existing road system and White 

Mountains Wilderness. It is a popular paragliding location. 

Other Features of Value

No other features of value were noted. 
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Manageability 

The polygon is small in size and surrounded by a road system. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads that cherry stem the boundary of this small polygon; 

sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of the polygon. There is an open pit mine and 

shafts in the area. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 764 acres. There may be an opportunity to reshape the polygon, although it would add a 

very small area that is isolated by the road system to the White Mountains Wilderness.

Polygon 1281

(Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest and Dead Horse Meadow)

General Description

Polygon 1281 (Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest and Dead Horse Meadow) consists of 11,210 

acres with elevations ranging from 7,200 to 9,600 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains 

Wilderness and located east of White Mountain Road, northeast of Schulman Grove. It parallels 

the existing wilderness boundary to the forest boundary on the east. It is an elongated, rectangular 

shaped polygon that runs west to east, east of White Mountain Road to the forest boundary, 

following the existing straight line wilderness boundary (Figure B-8, Inyo National Forest 

evaluation map F). The southern straight line boundary is the power line corridor. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 31 percent of the area of the polygon 

(3,419 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins montane sagebrush steppe. An additional 6,300 acres consists of Great Basin pinyonjuniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total national extent protected in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and subalpine forest. 

The western portion of the polygon is within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. The topography 

features the plateau area of the White Mountains with steep to gentle slopes. The majority of 

polygon intersects with Boundary Peak and Blanco Mountain Inventoried Roadless Areas. The 

area provides some contiguous habitat and connectivity for wildlife. Perennial channels include 

Crooked Creek, Mill Canyon and Water Canyon. There are numerous springs present. There are 

no mapped meadows, but riparian vegetation is associated with perennial channels and springs. 

These are in unknown condition. There are highly localized legacy grazing and mining impacts. 

The area is at desired condition for soils and the air quality is excellent. There are authorized 

motorized trails within the polygon; a motorized trail in the vicinity of Dead Horse Meadow runs 

north to south and bisects the polygon. A utility right of way and Wyman Canyon Road exist 

along the southern perimeter. 
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area has steep to gentle slopes with some screening present due to topography, especially 

from vegetation and canyons. Wyman Road is approximately one quarter mile from the southern 

boundary. The western boundary is White Mountain Road. There is a motorized trail in the 

vicinity of Dead Horse Meadow that runs north to south and bisects the polygon. This motorized 

trail cherry stems the White Mountain Wilderness. The canyon areas are free from motorized 

sounds. Sight and sounds of use on motorized trails and high speed road would likely penetrate 

much of the 300 acre finger of the polygon that is adjacent to White Mountain Road (paved forest 

road that is a National Forest Scenic Byway). The motorized trail in the vicinity of Dead Horse 

Meadow is currently heavily damaged by rains and motorized travel is difficult. There may be 

some impacts to solitude in area adjacent to the route. Visitor use in the area is low with most of 

the use occurring during the summer and fall months.

Notable opportunities for primitive recreation exist in the western half of the polygon, in the 

Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest: hiking on three unmaintained forest system trails, wildlife 

observation, dark skies observation, photography and enjoying nature. The high elevation and 

lack of maintained trails adds challenge to the visitor experience. Overnight camping is not 

allowed in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, so there are no opportunities for backpacking in 

this portion of the polygon. Opportunities for primitive recreation in the eastern portion of the 

polygon focus on hiking, horseback riding and hunting in the Crooked Creek drainage. Most of 

the rest of the polygon is steep terrain without trails, so there are opportunities for adventurous 

cross-country trips. Winter snowpack allows cross-country skiing in higher elevations, but 

gaining access requires more than 10 miles ski in to the area.

Other Features of Value

The area features outstanding metamorphic and sedimentary geology. It includes sage grouse 

habitat, the rare Booth’s evening primrose, and Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. Only about 20 

percent of the area has been surveyed for cultural resources. The six documented sites include 

prehistoric encampments (rock rings and artifact scatters) and one potential historic structure or 

ruins.

Manageability

The east-west boundary on the southern side of the polygon is not based on easily identified 

natural or man-made features. Utility right of way and Wyman Canyon Road exist along the 

southern perimeter. Wyman Road is approximately a quarter mile from southern boundary. The 

western boundary is White Mountain Road. There is a motorized trail in the vicinity of Dead 

Horse Meadow that runs north to south and bisects the polygon. This motorized trail is cherry 

stemmed where it enters the White Mountain Wilderness. The area contains sage grouse habitat, 

which may require management activities inconsistent with wilderness. There are general tribal 

concerns regarding tribal access and use. There is one private land inholding, access is unknown.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in much of the area 

that is free from motorized noise, especially in the canyons. This polygon presents a moderate 

opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national 

extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 3,419 acres. An ecological group 

with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 
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comprises an additional 6,300 acres. Within the motorized trail areas, there are limited 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. One of the motorized trail areas 

is adjacent to White Mt road (FR 4S01), a high use and speed road. 

Polygon 1295 (White Mountain Road, Barcroft Research Station)

General Description

Polygon 1295 (White Mountain Road, Barcroft Research Station) consists of 2,265 acres ranging 

in elevation from 10,500 to 12,500 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness 

and located along the White Mountain Road, between Patriarch Grove and White Mountain 

Research Station (Barcroft), near White Mountain Peak (Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest 

evaluation map C). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 16 percent of the area of the polygon 

(657 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Each of these ecological groups, 

however, comprises less than 1,000 acres in this polygon. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem type is sagebrush. The south corner of the polygon is within the Ancient 

Bristlecone Pine Forest. The entire polygon is within a mapped wildfire restoration zone. The 

polygon encompasses an area that was excluded (cherry stemmed) during the 2009 legislation 

due to power lines, White Mountain Road, and the White Mountain Research Station facilities. A 

small portion (north half) of the polygon intersects with the Boundary Peak Inventoried Roadless 

Area. There is limited water and no perennial streams. There are possibly some intermittent 

channels.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is immediately adjacent to White Mountain Road (National Forest Scenic Byway) and 

Barcroft Research Station, which limits the opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation.

Other Features of Value

No other features of value were noted. 

Manageability 

This polygon is the area that was cherry stemmed during the 2009 legislation which designated 

the White Mountains Wilderness, due to the power line corridor and White Mountain Road.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to proximity to 

White Mountain Rd; sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of the polygon. The 

boundaries drawn for the White Mountains Wilderness as part of the 2009 legislation excluded 

this area from wilderness designation due to existing uses and developments. There is likely a 

need for motorized access to maintain a powerline that runs through middle of this polygon. This 

polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 
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percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 657 

acres.

Polygon 1297 (North of Jeffrey Mine)

General Description

Polygon 1297 (North of Jeffrey Mine) consists of 1,092 acres with elevations ranging from 5,500 

to 6,500 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness and located west of White 

Mountain Road, north of Silver Canyon, within the White Mountains. It is a small polygon on the 

west side of the White Mountains, east of Hammil Valley and north of Jeffrey Mine (Figure B-5, 

Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 83 percent of the area of the polygon 

(903 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Each of these ecological groups, 

however, comprises less than 1,000 acres in this polygon. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The majority of the 

polygon intersects with Boundary Peak Inventoried Roadless Area. The polygon encompasses an 

area that was excluded (cherry stemmed) during the 2009 wilderness designation legislation due 

to roads, mining, and water system access. There is an historic open pit mine. There is an 

aqueduct and ditches. Perennial streams include Willow Creek, Cottonwood Creek and Lone Tree 

Creek.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to the extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads along the perimeter, several cherry stem to form the 

boundary of this polygon and nearly splitting it into thirds. The sight and sounds would likely 

penetrate much of this small polygon. 

Other Features of Value

No other features of value were noted. 

Manageability 

This polygon is the area that was cherry stemmed, due to roads, mining and water system access, 

during the 2009 legislation that designated the White Mountains Wilderness. Motorized access 

may be needed to maintain an existing water system that carries irrigation water to Chalfant 

Valley.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The boundaries drawn for the White Mountains Wilderness as part of the 2009 legislation 

excluded this area from wilderness designation due to roads and existing uses. Opportunities for 

solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads along the perimeter, several cherry stem to form the boundary of 

this polygon. The sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of this small polygon. Motorized 

access may be needed to maintain an existing water system that carries irrigation water to 
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Chalfant Valley. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 903 acres.

Polygon 1301 (Leidy Creek South)

General Description

Polygon 1301 (Leidy Creek South) consists of 3,010 acres with elevations ranging from 5,500 to 

7,600 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness and recommended wilderness 

and located on the east side of the White Mountains, west of Fish Lake Valley, south of Leidy 

Creek (Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). It is shaped along the Von Schmidt 

Line (state line) with the boundary with recommended wilderness. It follows the forest boundary 

on the east side of the polygon.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 74 percent of the area of the polygon 

(2,224 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Each of these ecological groups, 

however, comprises less than 1,000 acres in this polygon. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, xeric shrublands and blackbrush. A small 

portion of the polygon intersects with the Boundary Peak Inventoried Roadless Area. The 

connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. Brook and rainbow 

trout were introduced into previously fishless waters, and are self-sustaining populations that 

have displaced endemic species. There is departure from natural conditions in spring channels 

due to fish introductions. There is some alteration from invasive plant species, mining and wild 

horses. Cheatgrass and halogeton are increasing. Pinyon pine has expanded due to fire 

suppression. There are no mapped meadows. Soils are likely at the desired condition. The air 

quality is excellent. The area is mostly open with little screening, except in the canyons on the 

west side. From the eastern portion of the polygon, private land development (Fish Lake Valley), 

power lines and Highway 264 are visible.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is steep on the western edge leading to the White Mountains Wilderness. Low 

angle open alluvial fans are found on the lower slopes on the east side. The area is quiet and free 

from motorized sound, especially on the western side of the polygon, which adjoins the White 

Mountains Wilderness. There is a lightly used road along the northern boundary. The potential for 

encounters is low. The area is largely undeveloped with opportunity for primitive-type recreation 

activities such as cross-country hiking, hunting and general forest exploration with some degree 

of challenge due to the terrain.

Other Features of Value

No other features of value are noted. 

Manageability

Management of the Paiute cutthroat trout population, which is federally listed as threatened, 

requires road and equipment access. The population is within White Mountains Wilderness, and 
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the road access is along Leidy Creek, along the north perimeter of the polygon. There are two 

water rights.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited along an authorized 

forest system road in the northern portion and Highway 264 to the east. Sight and sounds would 

likely penetrate much of this small polygon. This polygon presents a limited opportunity to 

protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 2,224 acres. There may be opportunity for 

primitive and unconfined recreation. The polygon is currently oddly shaped due to the Von 

Schmidt line and it adjoins recommended wilderness. The polygon has the potential to be 

reshaped.

Polygon 1308 (Indian Creek to Leidy Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1308 (Indian Creek to Leidy Creek) consists of 13,886 acres, ranging in elevation from 

5,200 to 9,000 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness and located on the east 

side of the White Mountains between Indian Creek on the north and Leidy Creek to the south 

(Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 76 percent of the area of the polygon 

(10,534 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are Inter-Mountain 

big sagebrush shrubland and inter-mountain basins mixed salt desert scrub. An additional 3,100 

acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its total 

national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. There is steep 

terrain in the western portion of the polygon, but in the eastern portion it is relatively flat and 

open (down on alluvial fans). The western portion of polygon intersects with Boundary Peak 

Inventoried Roadless Area. This area has limited habitat fragmentation and the connectivity 

between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. Leidy Creek and Indian Creek are 

perennial streams located along the perimeter of the polygon. Marble Creek, within the polygon, 

is an intermittent stream that flows into the summer. Grazing occurs in the area. Soil impacts due 

to legacy grazing and mining are highly localized. Soils are likely at desired condition. The air 

quality is excellent. Stable invasive plant species include cheat grass, halogeton, Russian thistle 

and sweet clover. Brook and rainbow trout were introduced into previously fishless waters and 

these self-sustaining populations have displaced endemic species. The eastern boundary is Bureau 

of Land Management land. Green Monster Mine is located on private land in the western portion 

of the polygon, and was excluded from the White Mountain Wilderness. Other visible 

development includes private land development along Indian Creek on the northern boundary, 

and power lines, Highway 264 and developments in Fish Lake Valley. 
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There is steep terrain in the western portion of the polygon; the eastern portion is relatively flat 

and with open alluvial fans. The southwestern side of the polygon has steep terrain and 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. There are lightly used roads 

along Indian Creek and Leidy Creek to the north. There is low to moderate potential for 

encounter with other visitors. Most of the area is largely undeveloped and there are likely 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation, such as cross-country hiking, 

hunting and general forest exploration with some degree of challenge due to the remoteness and 

terrain. However, in the lower open eastern portion of the polygon, there is limited opportunity 

for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation due Highway 264. 

Other Features of Value

Paiute cutthroat trout populations occur in the adjacent wilderness area.

Manageability 

There is private land development along Indian Creek on the northern boundary. The eastern 

boundary is Bureau of Land Management land. Green Monster Mine is located on private land in 

the western portion of the polygon, and was excluded from the White Mountain Wilderness. 

Management of Paiute cutthroat trout population, which is federally listed as threatened, requires 

road and equipment access to the border of the White Mountains Wilderness, and the road access 

is along Leidy Creek, along the north perimeter of the polygon. Current uses in the area include 

grazing and guided hunting. There is one water right. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation throughout most of the 

area since it is free from sight and sounds of motorized use, especially along the western 

perimeter of the polygon. The northern and southern perimeters are bounded by lightly used 

roads. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be 

minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with 

less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 10,534 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 3,100 acres. The appearance of 

naturalness is affected in some areas by private land development, power lines, and Highway 264. 

The polygon has the potential to be reshaped to include the western perimeter that is adjacent to 

the White Mountains Wilderness, and would include cherry stem roads.

Polygon 1311 (Chiatovich Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1311 (Chiatovich Creek) consists of 11,214 acres ranging in elevation from 5,200 to 

9,700 feet. It is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness and is located on the east side 

of the White Mountains, between Middle Creek on the north and Indian Creek to the south 

(Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). It includes Chiatovich Creek and Black 

Mountain (9,704 feet). 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 37 percent of the area of the polygon 

(4,130 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins montane sagebrush steppe. An additional 4,300 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-
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juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, subalpine forest and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The entire polygon is within a mapped wildfire restoration zone. It is 

a sage grouse priority habitat. The topography includes steep terrain in the western portion of the 

polygon, but in the eastern portion it is relatively flat and open (down on alluvial fans). The 

polygon intersects with the Boundary Peak Inventoried Roadless Area. Chiatovich and Davis 

Creeks are perennial streams located within the polygon; Middle Creek and Indian Creek are 

perennial streams located along the perimeter. Riparian vegetation associated with the perennial 

streams is in unknown condition. Condition of meadows is unknown. Soils are likely at desired 

condition; soil impacts due to legacy grazing and mining are highly localized. The air quality is 

excellent. Invasive plant species are present, including cheat grass, which is likely increasing. 

Brook and rainbow trout were introduced into previously fishless waters; they are self-sustaining 

populations and have displaced endemic species. This area has limited habitat fragmentation and 

the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact; it has a mostly 

natural fire regime. Public comments indicate range improvements (fences) may extend into the 

polygon. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There is steep terrain in the western portion of the polygon, but the eastern portion is relatively 

flat and open from alluvial fans. The polygon is shaped by roads and private land, including a 

cherry stem road and private land parcels that nearly dissect it in half, and include an area of 

authorized motorized trails within the polygon. 

In the lower eastern portion, opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are 

limited due to exposure in the alluvial fan areas. Fish Lake Valley, power lines and Highway 264 

are visible and motorized use heard. The western side of the polygon has steep terrain and 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. There are areas free from 

motorized sounds where not adjacent to roads and motorized trails in Middle, Chiatovich, Davis 

and Indian Creeks. The potential for encounters is low in winter months. There are likely 

opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, hunting and 

general forest exploration with some degree of challenge due to the remoteness and steep terrain, 

particularly along the western portion of the polygon. 

Other Features of Value

The polygon is a sage grouse priority habitat and includes bristlecone pines. There are steep, 

scenic mountains in this area. There are several documented cultural resources sites; ruins are 

associated with both prehistoric settlement (rock rings and artifact scatters) and historic 

settlement (rock walls, depressions, trails, and structural remains).

Manageability 

White Mountain Estates and associated infrastructure is located along Middle Creek and 

Chiatovich Creek, adjacent to the forest boundary; there is one private land parcel along Indian 

Creek (inholding within the forest boundary). There are regularly used roads and motorized trails, 

as well as the private land parcels that protrude into the area, nearly bisecting the polygon. The 
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area contains priority habitat for sage grouse, which may require management activities. Existing 

uses include grazing and guided hunting. There are three water rights. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads around the perimeter of the polygon. There is a portion 

of authorized motorized trails in the polygon. Private land developments, authorized forest system 

roads and motorized trails in the eastern portion nearly bisect the polygon. Sight and sounds 

would likely penetrate these portions of the polygon. This polygon presents a moderate 

opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national 

extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 4,130 acres. An ecological group 

with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprises an additional 4,300 acres. The polygon has the potential to be reshaped, adjacent to the 

White Mountains Wilderness, to exclude the areas near the private land development, although 

sight and sounds associated with motorized use in cherry stem roads and motorized trails would 

still be present.

Polygon 1312 (Boundary Peak)

General Description 

Polygon 1312 (Boundary Peak) consists of 8,133 acres with elevations ranging from 6,800 to 

9,600 feet. It is contiguous with the Boundary Peak Wilderness and a small portion of the White 

Mountains Wilderness on the northwest corner. It is located on the east side of the White 

Mountains, east of the Boundary Peak Wilderness between Queen Valley on the north and Middle 

Creek to the south (Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). The polygon is 

elongated horizontally, following the boundary with the Boundary Peak Wilderness. It is narrow 

in some places due to the road system, and roads cherry stem to form the polygon. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 29 percent of the area of the polygon 

(2,388 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins montane sagebrush steppe. An additional 3,500 acres consists of Great Basin pinyonjuniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of their national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper and subalpine forest. The entire 

polygon is within a mapped wildfire restoration zone. The topography includes steep canyons 

along the northern and eastern sides of the White Mountains. There is steep terrain, especially 

south of Trail Canyon. The majority of the polygon intersects with the Boundary Peak 

Inventoried Roadless Area. This area has limited habitat fragmentation and the connectivity 

between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. It has a mostly natural fire 

regime. There are numerous perennial stream channels throughout the area including Trail Creek 

and Buffalo Creek. Dry Creek is a major intermittent channel. Soils are likely at the desired 

condition. There is localized soil compaction from wild horses and livestock in riparian areas. 

The air quality is excellent. Watershed restoration treatments in meadows on Trail Creek included 
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meadow headcut treatments with filter cloth and rock. There is an historic mining dam on Trail 

Creek. There are many old structures related to mining activity in the Queen Canyon area, which 

substantially affect the appearance of naturalness. The invasive cheatgrass is stable. Brook and 

rainbow trout were introduced into previously fishless waters, are self-sustaining populations, and 

have displaced endemic species. Queen Canyon Road and mine area are likely visible from in the 

northeastern portion of the polygon. There is a major community development, White Mountain 

Estates, along Middle Creek, in the southeast, outside of the polygon and forest boundary. There 

is a small private land parcel to the northwest, Orchard Springs, outside of the polygon. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There are steep canyons along the north and east side of the White Mountains. There is steep 

terrain, especially south of Trail Canyon. There is good screening. Recreation use is focused in 

the area related to the Boundary Peak Wilderness and along roads and motorized trails. There are 

authorized forest system roads that form the northern and eastern border, many that cherry stem 

the polygon. There are two areas of authorized motorized trails within the polygon. Opportunities 

of solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited motorized areas, including near 

Queen Canyon Road (the northern half is largely along slopes above the road) and Trail Canyon 

Road. Most use is limited to the two trails approaching Boundary Peak, Queen Canyon route or 

Trail Canyon route, and visitors exploring the mine areas. There are opportunities for primitivetype recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, hunting and general forest exploration 

with some degree of challenge due to remoteness and steep terrain features.

Other Features of Value 

The area includes bristlecone pine above Queen Canyon and is a sage grouse priority habitat. 

There are rare and distinctive plants, including fishhook cactus. It has variable geology, including 

granitic and volcanic that form distinct visuals in Queen Canyon. The area is largely unsurveyed 

for cultural resources. The few documented sites include two large historic mining centers with 

mill remains, foundations, stone structures, adits and mining and living refuse, as well as 

evidence of prehistoric occupation and use including bedrock mortars and lithics. 

Manageability 

This polygon is narrow, elongated strip (typically one mile wide) adjoining the Boundary Peak 

Wilderness. Most of the northern portion of the polygon is within one mile of Queen Canyon 

Road. The southern portion, south of Trail Canyon is generally more than one mile from a road 

and separated by a ridge as well. The polygon is irregularly shaped along the eastern perimeter 

due to many cherry stem roads. The cherry stem road in Trail Canyon nearly splits the polygon in 

half. There are two motorized trails within the polygon. Old mining roads and mine ruins are 

scattered throughout the northern portion of the polygon, especially evident in Queen Canyon. 

Old mining roads will remain on the landscape for hundreds of years unless rehabbed prior to 

designation. There is a major community development, White Mountain Estates, along Middle 

Creek, in the southeast, outside of the polygon and forest boundary. There is a small private land 

parcel to the northwest, Orchard Springs, outside of the polygon. The area contains priority 

habitat for sage grouse, which may require management activities inconsistent with wilderness. 

Current uses in the area include grazing and guided hunting. There are also wild horses in the 

area, which may require management activities inconsistent with wilderness. There are six water 

rights.
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Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in some areas due to 

an extensive network of authorized forest system roads around the perimeter of the polygon. 

There are two areas with authorized motorized trails in the polygon. Sight and sounds would 

likely penetrate these portions of the polygon. The appearance of naturalness is affected in the 

Queen Canyon area, in the northern portion of the polygon, due to substantial mining 

developments. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that 

may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups 

with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System 

comprise 2,388 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 3,500 acres. The polygon has 

the potential to be reshaped to exclude motorized trails and developments that are substantially 

noticeable.

Polygon 1326 (Queen Valley)

General Description

Polygon 1326 (Queen Valley) consists of 5,464 acres with elevations ranging from 6,400 to 8,800 

feet. It is located on the east side of the White Mountains, southeast of Highway 6, and includes 

Queen Valley, Sagehen Flat and Mustang Point at 9,689 feet in elevation (Figure B-5, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map C). The polygon is shaped by roads and private land parcels that 

create a polygon with many narrow appendages. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 37 percent of the area of the polygon 

(2,027 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Each of these ecological groups, 

however, comprises less than 1,000 acres in this polygon. An additional 3,000 acres consists of 

Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands, and blackbrush. 

Topography along the northwest side is moderate angle alluvial fans, leading to steep-walled 

canyon and 9,000 foot peaks on the east side. A portion of the polygon intersects with the Sugar 

Loaf Inventoried Roadless Area. It is White Mountain Horse Territory. There is moderate 

screening. Except for canyons, Highway 6 is visible from much of the area. The developments in 

Queen Valley Ranch (Hereford Valley Ranch), including roads, are also visible in some areas. 

There has been some alteration to natural conditions from historic mining, wild horses and 

livestock grazing. There is substantial evidence of historic mining with structures in various states 

of disrepair. There is an old stamp mill that is in good condition near Sugarloaf. The United States 

Geological Survey map shows an aqueduct and pond. Invasive plant species are present, 

including cheatgrass and halogeton, both of which are increasing. Wild horses are not native, but 

occur in the area and are associated with soil compaction. There are non-native aquatic species 

(gambusia fish and mosquito fish) in spring channels that affect the natural endemic distribution 

of macro-invertebrate species. There is little surface water in the area. Riparian vegetation is in 

canyons and Brownie Creek. The air quality is good. 
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Highway 6 is visible from much of the area. The developments in Queen Valley Ranch (Hereford 

Valley Ranch), including roads, are also visible in some areas. There are sights and sounds 

present from outside the area, especially along the western portion of the polygon, where the 

presence of Highway 6 is highly evident. The area is remote with very little recreation use. There 

is moderate opportunity for primitive or unconfined recreation activities, such as cross-country 

hiking and general forest exploration with some degree of challenge due to the remote location 

and rugged terrain, but it is not very attractive due to lack of water. 

Other Features of Value

Sugarloaf is a unique geologic feature, but with historic gold mining developments. Although 

unique for the White Mountains, it is not unique for the Great Basin. The area includes a sensitive 

plant, Mono phacelia and is a sage grouse proposed critical habitat. Historic mining ruins have 

not been formally documented as cultural properties. There is an old stamp mill that is in good 

condition near Sugarloaf. Historic trash scatters and prehistoric lithic scatters are also present in 

the area. It is White Mountain Horse Territory.

Manageability 

The polygon has an irregularly shaped boundary due to the presence of private land parcels 

(Queen Valley Ranch and Montgomery Pass), as well as cherry stem roads. Highway 6 is within a 

half mile of the polygon and highly visible from much of the area. The area contains priority 

habitat for sage grouse, which may require management activities inconsistent with wilderness. 

There are no known water rights; however, the United States Geological Survey map shows an 

aqueduct and pond with levee. The area is a proposed critical habitat for sage grouse. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are many old structures related to historic mining in the Sugarloaf and Queen Canyon area, 

which substantially affect the appearance of naturalness. Opportunities for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation are limited due to an extensive network of authorized forest system 

roads around the perimeter, proximity to Highway 6, and private land developments; sight and 

sounds would likely penetrate the eastern portion of the polygon. This polygon presents a 

moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 2,027 acres. An 

ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprises an additional 3,000 acres. There is not a potential to reshape the 

polygon. 

Polygon 1332 (Pizona South, Northwest of Highway 6)

General Description

Polygon 1332 (Pizona South, Northwest of Highway 6) consists of 5,244 acres with elevations 

ranging from 6,400 to 7,600 feet. It is located northwest of Highway 6 and southeast of Truman 

Meadows and includes West Queen Canyon (Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). 

It is shaped by roads and private land parcels that dissect to form many narrow appendages.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 44 percent of the area of the polygon 

(2,300 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 
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basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 2,800 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. It is a 

sage grouse priority habitat. The terrain includes steep south facing slopes with many short steep 

canyons. The polygon is not within an inventoried roadless area. This area has limited habitat 

fragmentation and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains 

intact. There is little to no surface water, primarily ephemeral stream channels. In some areas 

pinyon pine expansion is evident, and in other areas pinyon pine removal is noticeable where 

chaining treatments were used. It is within a wild horse management area (fences, corrals). 

Historic mining sites are substantially noticeable, including abandoned tailing piles and altered 

species composition. Invasive plant species are abundant, particularly on the south-facing slopes 

(cheatgrass and halogeton). Wild horses impact meadows and riparian areas. There are good soil 

conditions. There is good air quality, with likely limited impacts from Mono Basin to the west of 

this area.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation is very limited because 

Highway 6 is highly visible and can be heard from within the area. Roads, highways or mining 

activities are within less than a mile in most of the area. There is low to moderate potential for 

encounters. The potential is lower in winter because snow and slippery soils on roads reduce 

access. There is opportunity for mineral prospecting. 

Other Features of Value

The area is a sage grouse priority habitat and populations of the sensitive plant species, Mono 

phacelia, occur in the polygon. Documented cultural properties include prehistoric rock rings, 

prospects and trash associated with historic mining activities. Cultural sites are being preserved in 

their current condition. 

Manageability 

This polygon is shaped by roads and private land parcels that dissect to form many narrow 

appendages, and in some places the polygon is not more than half mile wide. There is a large 

parcel of private land to the northwest which protrudes into the area that is undeveloped. There 

may be patented mining claims. The area contains priority habitat for sage grouse. The area 

occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which may require fencing, 

corrals, and helicopter use.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to Highway 6 

and an extensive network of authorized forest system roads along the boundary; their sight and 

sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon. The appearance of naturalness is substantially 

affected in areas by historic mining activities and pinyon pine removal by chaining. The area 

occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which may require fencing, 

corrals, and helicopter use. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological 

groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 
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Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprise 2,300 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 2,800 

acres. The proximity to Highway 6, which is visible from much of the area, impacts the 

opportunity for solitude. There may be opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation, but 

not much draw due to lack of water. The polygon has an irregularly shaped and narrow boundary 

due to the location of the private land parcel and short- spur cherry stem roads. This would make 

management of this area for wilderness characteristics difficult. There is not the potential to 

reshape the polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for wilderness.

Polygon 1339 (Pizona–Truman Meadows)

General Description

The Polygon 1339 (Pizona-Truman Meadows) consists of 19,826 acres with elevations ranging 

from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. It is located on the east side of the White Mountains, southeast of 

Highway 6, and includes Queen Valley, Sagehen Flat and Mustang Point at 9,689 feet in elevation 

(Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B). The polygon is shaped by the forest 

boundary and roads, including several that cherry stem to form the border. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 35 percent of the area of the polygon 

(6,974 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent are inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland and inter-mountain basins montane sagebrush steppe. An 

additional 12,600 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 

percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. It is a 

sage grouse priority habitat. The topography includes moderate rolling hills, broad, open 

sagebrush flats, and ancient volcanic flows. The majority of the polygon intersects with Excelsior 

Inventoried Roadless Area. There are springs and canyons that have surface water, as well as 

riparian vegetation associated with springs. Highway 6 is visible from parts of the area and power 

lines are visible along the western perimeter. Developments include mining claims and a recently 

authorized exploration plan of operation; watershed treatments in Truman Meadow; historic 

military operations in which replica towns were constructed and destroyed; a windmill. The 

allotments are closed. Watershed treatments related to the road are present in Truman Meadow. 

They are not substantial, but noticeable when driving the road. The invasive cheatgrass is stable. 

Pinyon pine has expanded in range. There are non-native aquatic species (gambusia fish, 

mosquito fish) in spring channels, affecting the natural distribution of macro-invertebrate species. 

Wild horses impact meadows and riparian areas. Truman Meadow is stable. Work was completed 

on the road through the meadow to stabilize wet areas. There are good soil conditions, and the air 

quality is likely influenced by dust from Mono Basin to the west of this area. Mono Basin is in 

Non-attainment PM-10. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

There is some screening present due to topography and vegetation. Highway 6 is visible and 

heard from many parts of this polygon. Power lines are adjacent to part of the western border. 

Sights and sounds from outside the area are minimal, with some lightly used roads adjacent to 

some borders. There is one short segment motorized trail within the eastern portion that accesses 
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Truman Springs. It provides access to a popular dispersed campsite. In addition, there are some 

motorized routes that are being used, and are being considered for addition to the forest's trail 

system. There is a low potential for encounters in the area. Although limited by the lack of water, 

there are likely opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including cross-country 

hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing and general forest exploration with some degree of challenge 

due to the remote location and rugged terrain. 

Other Features of Value

The area includes dry alkali flats, which is a unique ecosystem type to the Inyo National Forest, 

and Great Basin springs. Wild horses occur in the area and there is sage grouse priority habitat. 

The rare plant, Parish’s popcorn flower, grows within the polygon. There is a rare meadow feature 

for the area (Truman Meadow). One significant prehistoric site has been formally documented in 

the area. There are a lot of historic sites in the area (remnant rock foundations, stage coach lines) 

as well as some prehistoric sites.

Manageability 

Some small parcels of non-Federal land are adjacent or along the border of the area (McBride 

Spring, Truman Meadows). The area occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management 

Area, which may require fencing, corrals and helicopter use. Existing uses of the Federal land in 

the area include authorized outfitting and guiding related to wild horses, mineral exploration, and 

dispersed recreation (roads and motorized trails, camping). There is one motorized trail which is a 

short segment on the eastern edge that accesses Truman Springs and provides access to popular 

dispersed campsite and for outfitting and guiding. In addition, there are some motorized routes 

that are being used and considered for addition to the forest's trail system. There are mining 

claims and an exploration plan of operation was recently authorized. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

There are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined due to low motorized use, 

however, opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in the small 

area with the authorized motorized trail at the eastern edge of the polygon. The appearance of 

naturalness is somewhat affected by historic mining activities, Highway 6, power lines, and past 

vegetation treatment conducted by the military. This polygon presents an opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise 6,974 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 

percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an 

additional 12,600 acres. There is not much potential to reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1342 (Montgomery Pass)

General Description

Polygon 1342 (Montgomery Pass) consists of 6,144 acres with elevations ranging from 6,600 to 

7,200 feet. It is located on the east side of the White Mountains, southeast of Highway 6 and east 

of Montgomery Pass (Figure B-5, Inyo National Forest evaluation map C). The polygon is shaped 

by roads and private land parcels that form narrow appendages and some straight line borders.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates thirty-5 percent of the area of the 

polygon (2,173 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national 

extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-
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mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 3,300 acres consists of Great Basin 

pinyon-juniper woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. There is limited 

seasonal surface water but riparian vegetation is found in the canyons. There are no meadows. 

This area has limited habitat fragmentation and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats 

and shrublands remains intact. The area is a sage grouse priority habitat and part of the 

Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area. The area does not intersect with inventoried roadless 

area. The polygon is surrounded by roads and private development. A gypsum mine is visible. 

Highway 6 is located in the northwestern boundary and is visible from many parts of this 

polygon. Historic mining remnants are apparent. The invasive cheatgrass and halogeton are 

present and likely increasing. Pinyon pine has expanded due in part to fire suppression. The 

polygon is dissected in the eastern portion by an authorized motorized trail. There are non-native 

aquatic species (gambusia fish, mosquito fish) in spring channels that affect the natural endemic 

distribution of macro-invertebrate species.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an authorized 

motorized trail within the polygon, and Highway 6 and an extensive network of authorized forest 

system roads around the perimeter; sight and sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon. 

The most remote areas are one mile from roads and developments. There is one cherry stem road 

and motorized trail that protrudes into the polygon along the eastern boundary. In addition, there 

are some motorized routes that are being used, and are being considered for addition to the 

forest's trail system. There is a moderate potential for encounters in the area. There may be 

opportunities for primitive-type recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, hunting and 

general forest exploration. 

Other Features of Value

The area is a sage grouse priority habitat, including habitat surrounding a breeding area. The area 

includes the sensitive plant, Mono phacelia and the rare sagebrush cholla. Although the area is 

largely unsurveyed for cultural resources, documented properties include prehistoric rock ring 

and lithic scatter sites.

Manageability 

The polygon is shaped by private land parcels and short spur roads that protrude into the polygon, 

there is one large parcel of non-Federal land along the western border of the area (Montgomery 

Pass). The area contains priority habitat for sage grouse and occurs within the Montgomery Wild 

Horse Management Area that includes fencing, corrals and helicopter use. There is an authorized 

motorized trail in the northeastern corner of the polygon. In addition, there are some motorized 

routes that are being used, and are being considered for addition to the forest's trail system. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to an authorized 

motorized trail within the polygon, and Highway 6 and an extensive network of authorized forest 

system roads around the perimeter; sight and sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon. 
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The most remote areas are approximately one mile from the road system. This polygon presents a 

moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 2,173 acres. An 

ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprises an additional 3,300 acres. There is not much potential to reshape 

the polygon.

Polygon 1355 (Excelsior Mountains- Adobe Hills)

General Description

Polygon 1355 (Excelsior Mountains-Adobe Hills) consists of 10,297 acres with elevations 

ranging from 7,200 to 7,600 feet. It is located in the Excelsior Mountains, north of Adobe Lake, 

within the Adobe Hills (Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B). The polygon is 

shaped by roads, the California-Nevada state line, and the forest boundary.

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 31 percent of the area of the polygon 

(3,165 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 7,100 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The topography consists of low rolling hills comprised largely of pinyon-juniper woodland, 

which has expanded due in part to fire suppression. The majority of the polygon intersects with 

Excelsior and Huntoon Inventoried Roadless Areas. This area has limited habitat fragmentation 

and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. There are no 

grazing allotments in this area, but the area does overlap the Montgomery Wild Horse Territory 

and the appearance of naturalness is somewhat affected by wild horse expansion. There is limited 

water with a few intermittent and ephemeral stream channels. The air quality is good; not 

excellent due to dust from Mono Basin, which is Non-attainment for PM-10. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area is remote, with low recreation use and has good opportunities for solitude and primitive 

and unconfined recreation. The majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. 

Lightly traveled roads and transmission lines are visible from in some areas of the polygon. 

Recreation opportunities may be limited by the lack of available water. There is some visibility 

down to Highways 6 and 120 from parts of this polygon, with visitors able to hear traffic from 

some areas of the polygon. There is a high opportunity to engage in primitive or unconfined 

recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing, and general 

forest exploration with some degree of challenge due to the remote location. There is lower 

recreation use in winter.

Other Features of Value

There are dry alkali lakes, a unique ecosystem type to the Inyo National Forest. There are some 

sand dunes in this polygon, a unique geologic feature, with two rare but not sensitive plant 

species: globe spring parsley, and dune horse brush. There is likely a nice view of Mono Lake 

from top of Adobe Hills. 
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Manageability 

The polygon is primarily bordered by Federal land, including the Inyo National Forest, 

Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests and Bureau of Land Management, and by roads and the 

forest boundary. There is also a transmission line along the western perimeter. The area occurs 

within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which may require management activities 

for wild horses that may be inconsistent with wilderness, including fencing, corrals and helicopter 

use. This area is adjacent to an inventoried roadless area on the Humboldt-Toiyabe National 

Forests.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The polygon is bounded by lightly traveled roads and a power line corridor; however, the area is 

remote and has good opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. Available 

water is limited. The majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. Highways 

and transmission lines are visible from the polygon. Managing the polygon to preserve its 

wilderness characteristics would be affected by overlap with the Montgomery Wild Horse 

Management Area; management includes fencing, corrals, and potential helicopter use. This 

polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 3,165 

acres. An ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprises an additional 7,100 acres. There are limited 

opportunities to redraw the polygon.

Polygon 1357 (Excelsior Mountains)

General Description

Polygon 1357 (Excelsior Mountains) consists of 5,805 acres with elevations ranging from 7,000 

to 7,500 feet. It is located in the Excelsior Mountains, north of Adobe Hills (Figure B-4, Inyo 

National Forest evaluation map B). The polygon is somewhat narrow and elongated. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 52 percent of the area of the polygon 

(3,030 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 2,800 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper, 

which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. Pinyon 

pine has expanded due in large part to fire suppression. The topography is characterized by low 

rolling hills mostly comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands. The majority of the polygon 

intersects with Excelsior Inventoried Roadless Area. This area has limited habitat fragmentation 

and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. There are no 

grazing allotments in this area. The area does overlap the Montgomery Wild Horse Territory. 

There is a departure from natural conditions due to the expansion of wild horses. Wild horses 

have expanded heavily into this area. Their effects are not natural in this ecosystem. There is 

limited water. No meadows or riparian areas are known. Soils are likely at desired condition. The 
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air quality is good but may be affected by dust from Mono Basin. Mono Basin is nonattainment 

for pm10. The area remains largely unsurveyed for cultural resources, but there is a documented 

prehistoric site.

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless areas. There is a high opportunity 

for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, 

hunting, wild horse viewing and general forest exploration. The area has low recreation use due 

to remoteness and limited water. The power line corridor is visible from some of the area due to 

minimal topographic relief, likewise the sound of traffic from the roads. The interior of the 

polygon is within one mile of roads, which surround the polygon on all sides. There is lower use 

in winter.

Other Features of Value

There are dry alkali lakes which are a unique ecosystem type to the Inyo National Forest. 

Populations of two different Forest Service sensitive species, Williams combleaf and Long Valley 

milkvetch, are found here. The area occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management 

Area, which may require management activities for wild horses that may be inconsistent with 

wilderness, including fencing, corrals and helicopter use. There are unique and interesting views 

to the dry lakebeds of Adobe Valley.

Manageability 

The polygon is elongated and narrow and surrounded by a road system. The interior of the 

polygon is generally less than a mile from a road. There is also a transmission line along the 

western perimeter. The area occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which 

may require management activities for wild horses that are inconsistent with wilderness, such as 

fencing, corrals and helicopter use. 

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

The majority of the polygon intersects with Excelsior Inventoried Roadless Area. There is a high 

opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation activities, including cross-country 

hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing and general forest exploration. The area has low recreation 

use due to remoteness and limited water. This polygon presents a moderate opportunity to protect 

ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National Wilderness Preservation 

System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise 3,030 acres. An ecological group with less than 15 

percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprises an 

additional 2,800 acres. The area is bounded roads and a power line corridor. There is not much 

potential to reshape the polygon.

Polygon 1361 (Excelsior Mountains–Huntoon Creek)

General Description

Polygon 1361 (Excelsior Mountain-Huntoon Creek) consists of 8,855 acres with elevations 

ranging from 7,200 to 7,800 feet. It is located in the Excelsior Mountains and includes Huntoon 

Creek (Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B). The polygon is somewhat narrow 

and elongated and follows the forest boundary and the California-Nevada state line.
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National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 35 percent of the area of the polygon 

(3,066 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The most prevalent is inter-mountain 

basins big sagebrush shrubland. An additional 5,700 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland, which has less than 15 percent of its national extent protected in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. It is a 

sage grouse priority habitat. The topography is characterized by low rolling hills mostly 

comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands. The majority of the polygon intersects with 

Excelsior and Excelsior Mountains Inventoried Roadless Areas. This area has limited habitat 

fragmentation and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains 

intact. There are no grazing allotments in this area. The area does overlap the Montgomery Wild 

Horse Territory. There is a departure from natural conditions due to the presence of wild horses 

that have expanded heavily into this area. There is limited water. Huntoon Creek is an intermittent 

stream that flows through the area. There are no meadows and there are limited or no riparian 

areas present. Soils are likely at desired condition. The air quality is good but may be affected by 

dust from Mono Basin. Mono Basin is nonattainment for pm10. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

This polygon is very remote, with the potential for good solitude. There is moderate screening. 

The power line corridor may be visible from some of the area. Visitors may also be able to hear 

traffic from the roads that are located along the northern, western and southern perimeters. There 

is a high opportunity to engage in primitive or unconfined recreation activities, including crosscountry hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing and general forest exploration with some degree of 

challenge due to the remote location. Currently, the area has low recreation use due to remoteness 

of the area and limited water. There is lower use in winter.

Other Features of Value

The area is a sage grouse priority habitat. This area remains largely unsurveyed for cultural 

resources. Documented sites include one prehistoric lithic scatter and one historic mining site 

(tailing piles).

Manageability 

The polygon is somewhat narrow and elongated, particularly the southeastern half, due to the 

forest boundary. The polygon is primarily bordered by Federal land (Inyo National Forest, 

Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forests, and the Bureau of Land Management). The area is bounded

by roads along the northern, western and southern perimeters and the forest boundary along the 

eastern perimeter. There is also a transmission line along the western perimeter. There is one 

private land inholding (40-acre parcel) in the southwestern corner of the polygon. The land owner 

is unknown, as is access to the private land parcel. The area occurs within the Montgomery Wild 

Horse Management Area, which may require management activities for wild horses that may be 

inconsistent with wilderness, including fencing, corrals and helicopter use. The area contains 

priority habitat for sage grouse, which may require management activities inconsistent with 

wilderness. This area is adjacent to an inventoried roadless area on the Humboldt-Toiyabe 

National Forests.
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Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This polygon is very remote, with potential for opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation. Opportunity for primitive and unconfined recreation may be limited by the 

lack of available water. Opportunities for solitude may be limited by Forest system roads along 

the periphery, and transmission lines that are visible from within the polygon. This polygon 

presents a moderate opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented 

in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of 

their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 3,066 acres. An 

ecological group with less than 15 percent of its national extent in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System comprises an additional 5,700 acres. Managing the polygon to preserve its 

wilderness characteristics would be affected by overlap with the Montgomery Wild Horse 

Management Area: management actions include fencing, corrals, and potential helicopter use. 

There may be the potential to reshape this polygon to make it suitable or manageable for 

wilderness character.

Polygon 1376 (Watterson Meadow and Benton Range)

General Description

Polygon 1376 consists of 9,922 acres with elevations ranging from 6,800 to 8,000 feet. It is 

located within the Benton Range, east of Banner Ridge and includes Watterson Meadow (Figure 

B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B). The polygon is shaped by roads, a private land 

parcel and the forest boundary with Bureau of Land Management. It is bisected by motorized 

trails, which run east to west through the middle of the polygon. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 15 percent of the area of the polygon 

(1,499 acres) consists of ecological groups that have less than 10 percent of their national extent 

protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System. None of these ecological groups, 

however, comprise at least 1,000 acres in this polygon.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

topography includes broad, open sage flats with rocky-topped ridges and exposed granite faces. 

The area contains pinyon pine and sage brush. The polygon intersects with the Benton Range 

Inventoried Roadless Area. Kelty Canyon runs through the far northwest part of this unit and 

likely runs water all year. There are many prominent intermittent stream channels.

There are authorized motorized trails within and bisecting the polygon. In addition, there is a 

paved road and an extensive network of authorized forest system roads along the perimeter. A few 

forest system roads cherry stem to form the boundary. There are mining site developments that 

include prospects, tunnels, and shafts in the perimeter, accessed by motorized trails and roads. 

There is a grazing allotment with fences and a windmill. There is a popular climbing area near 

Wildrose Summit with permanent anchors. The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural resources; 

however there are prehistoric lithic scatters, rock rings, a rock shelter, milling features and 

historic refuse known to exist in the area. There are few invasive plant species, which are stable. 

A mapped meadow is present in Kelty Canyon and riparian vegetation is present in canyons. The 

air quality is excellent. Pinyon pine expansion has occurred in some areas.
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The topography is highly variable, but generally includes broad, open sage flats with rockytopped ridges and exposed granite faces. Topography and vegetation provide screening and the 

distance from impacts and developments is one to three miles from road systems, Benton 

Crossing Road and Highway 120 (the northwestern boundary is Benton Crossing Road). From 

much of the area, paved or unpaved roads, power lines and highways can be seen in mid-distance. 

The potential for encounters with other users is low within the interior and moderate around the 

perimeter and climbing area. Motorized trails bisect the polygon. There are several roads and a 

private land parcel that penetrate the perimeter of the polygon. The proximity to roads and 

motorized trails, and the visibility to developments limit the opportunity for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation. There are likely some opportunities for primitive-type recreation 

activities, including cross-country hiking and general forest exploration with some degree of 

challenge due to rugged terrain.

Other Features of Value

The area has outstanding views of the White Mountains and unique granite faces and high rocky 

outcrops. It is within priority habitat for sage grouse. The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural 

resources; however there are prehistoric lithic scatters, rock rings, a rock shelter, milling features 

and historic refuse known to exist in the area. 

Manageability 

The polygon is irregularly shaped, with a few cherry stem roads and a private land parcel that 

protrudes into the area at several locations. The northern and eastern boundaries are the straight 

line forest boundary with Bureau of Land Management. The northwestern boundary is the Benton 

Crossing Road. There is a motorized trail that runs east to west into the central portion of the 

polygon. The area contains priority habitat for sage grouse, which may require management 

activities inconsistent with wilderness.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation are limited due to authorized 

motorized trails within the polygon, and a paved road and an extensive network of authorized 

forest system roads along the perimeter. A few forest system roads cherry stem to form the 

boundary. Sight and sounds would likely penetrate large portions of the polygon. This polygon 

presents a limited opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in 

the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 percent of their 

national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 1,499 acres. Because of 

the proximity to the road and motorized trail system, including the road system on adjacent 

Bureau of Land Management lands, there is not the opportunity to reshape the polygon to make it 

more suitable or manageable for wilderness character.

Polygon 1391 (Monache, Blackrock and South Sierra East)

General Description

Polygon 1391 (Monache, Blackrock and South Sierra East) consists of 50,992 acres with 

elevations ranging from 4,500 to 9,400 feet. This U-shaped polygon (Figure B-11, Inyo National 

Forest evaluation map I) is 50,992 acres, and connected by a narrow sliver that follows the 

Kennedy Meadows Road along the southern boundary. It includes two distinct geographic areas 

divided by the South Sierra Wilderness. The western portion of the polygon includes the 
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Monache and Blackrock area. The eastern portion of the polygon is located east of the South 

Sierra Wilderness and referred to as South Sierra East. This polygon crosses the forest boundary 

between the Inyo (33,247 acres) and the Sequoia (17,745 acres) National Forests. The polygon 

was evaluated as one whole unit containing the portions on both forests. 

National Vegetation Classification System data indicates 14 percent of the area of the polygon 

(3,556 acres) consists of an ecological group, inter-mountain basins big sagebrush shrubland, 

which has less than 10 percent of its national extent protected in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System. An additional 14,000 acres consists of Great Basin pinyon-juniper 

woodland and Rocky Mountain aspen forest and woodland, which have less than 15 percent of 

their national extent protected in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

Western Portion

Monache and Blackrock, the northwest corner, is contiguous to the Golden Trout Wilderness and 

the eastern boundary is contiguous with the South Sierra Wilderness. It is located in the Monache 

area, between Monache Cabin on the north and Blackrock on the south. This portion of the 

polygon is irregularly shaped due to cherry stem roads that protrude well into the polygon, 

splitting the polygon nearly in half in some places, particularly the cherry stem road in the 

southern half of the polygon. There are also motorized trails present within the polygon, 

particularly in the southern half. There is a 75-yard wooden causeway on motorized trail 35E401. 

The northern portion of the polygon intersects with the South Sierra Inventoried Roadless Area. 

Ecosystem types include red fir, sagebrush, subalpine forest and white fir. The topography 

includes gentle to moderate slopes. Grazing occurs in the Monache area and there has been some 

headcut and stream improvement work completed. There are range improvements, including 

pasture fences in the Soda Creek area.

Eastern Portion

South Sierra East, the southwest corner is contiguous to the Sacatar Trail Wilderness (Bureau of 

Land Management) and the western boundary is contiguous with the South Sierra Wilderness. 

Located east of the South Sierra Wilderness, the area includes Olancha Trailhead, Haiwee Pass 

Trailhead, Talus Canyon, Long Canyon, Tunawee Canyon and Kennedy Meadows Trailhead. The 

polygon is elongated horizontally, following the boundary of the existing wilderness. The 

northern portion near Olancha and the southern portion near Kennedy Meadows are narrow due 

to the buffer between the road and existing wilderness boundary. The majority of the polygon 

intersects with the South Sierra Inventoried Roadless Area. Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, 

mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, white fir and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. 

This polygon contains true Mojave Desert ecosystems which are largely intact including Joshua 

trees, cholla cactus, creosote, plus healthy canyon live oak ecosystems and pinyon-juniper. The 

topography is characterized as Eastern Sierra escarpment with steep slopes and forested canyons. 

Perennial streams include Hogback Creek, Haiwee Creek and Talus Canyon. Riparian areas 

contain canyon live oak and are in good condition. There are perennial (mostly) channels 

including Soda Creek and Snake Creek, and springs and meadows are present throughout the 

area. Vegetation is in good to excellent condition. The air quality is nonattainment for ozone 

(Tulare County). 

There are recreation developments in the eastern portion of the polygon. There is a spring box 

and water system for Kennedy Meadows Campground and existing dirt road access to Wildrose 

Trailhead. There is dispersed camping and a dirt parking area at the trailhead. There are range 
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improvements within the polygon. There is drift fence at the Olancha Pass Trailhead area, 

Wildrose Trail, and Pacific Crest Trail north of Kennedy Meadows campground. The Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power has infrastructure in Haiwee Canyon. Compaction in meadows 

and the sod layer appears to be less than desired condition in several meadows. Hummocks are 

present in wet and spring areas. There was fire (Clover Fire in 2008) and a flood event (2010) that 

impacted Haiwee Canyon. 

Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

Western Portion

Within the western portion of the polygon (Monache and Blackrock), the topography is gentle to 

moderate slopes. There is some screening from trees and topography, but a portion of the area is 

bordered by heavily used authorized forest system roads and authorized motorized trails. The 

Monache area is a multiple use recreation area, popular for off highway vehicle recreation and 

dispersed camping, primarily during the summer and fall months. The area is also popular for 

hunting during the fall months. The occasional to frequent off highway vehicle traffic limits the 

opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation. There is no area free from 

motorized noise in the southern, eastern and northern portions of the polygon. There may be an 

area free from motorized noise in the western portion, adjacent to the Golden Trout Wilderness. 

The potential for encounters with other visitors is low to medium, with most of the use focused 

around roads, trails and the river corridor. Current primitive recreation activities in this area 

include hiking, backpacking and horseback riding on one forest system trail that accesses the 

Golden Trout Wilderness; fishing on the South Fork Kern River and deer hunting in the fall. 

There are some opportunities for wildlife observation, photography and enjoying nature on 

Monache Mountain. Access for winter cross-country skiing is challenging because this area is at 

least 25 miles from a plowed road. 

Eastern Portion

Within the eastern portion of the polygon (South Sierra East), there is screening from vegetation 

and topography. Highway 395 is visible along the eastern boundary, but not highly visible. Most 

of area is several miles from any development and there is little evidence of civilization. A 

portion is adjacent to developments at Walker Creek, Olancha Pass Trailhead, Sage Flat (private 

property), Kennedy Meadows Campground and Tunawee (private property). There are some 

areas that have existing uses that would limit the opportunity for solitude: dispersed camping and 

off highway vehicle use on 19S01 (Walker Creek area); dispersed camping and trailhead at 

Olancha Pass Trailhead; sounds from private residences at Sage Flat; and Kennedy Meadows 

Campground (paved road and campground noise). The potential for encounters with other visitors 

is low, based on the low number of current visitors to the South Sierra Wilderness. Current 

primitive recreation activities in this area include hiking, backpacking and horseback riding on 

several forest system trails that cross the polygon and access the South Sierra Wilderness and deer 

hunting in the fall. Most of the recreation use is concentrated near Olancha Pass, Kennedy 

Meadows (Pacific Crest Trail) and Wildrose Trail. The Pacific Crest Trail north of Kennedy 

Meadows sees large numbers of through-hikers in May and June. The degree of challenge along 

trails is similar to the adjacent wilderness, except that the challenge is greater on the Haiwee Trail 

because of extensive flash flood damage. Travel along or up the steep eastern escarpment of the 

Sierra Nevada would be challenging because there are no trails and surface water can be scarce. 

The portion of the area near the South Fork Kern River is a popular primitive recreation area 

during spring, summer and fall months. There are opportunities for wildlife observation, 

photography and enjoying nature. Due to unreliable snowpack, this area is not suitable for crosscountry skiing. 
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Other Features of Value

Western Portion

The western portion of the polygon contains the sensitive plant, Kern milkvetch and the rare 

plants, mountain yellow violet and field ivesia. Monache Mountain, a unique volcanic feature, is 

located in this area. Roughly 20 percent of the area has been surveyed for cultural resources and 

more than 30 properties have been documented, which include prehistoric artifact scatters and 

one historic debris scatter.

Eastern Portion

The eastern portion of the polygon contains Mojave Desert and oak woodlands. True Mojave 

Desert and oak woodland ecosystems are largely intact and include Joshua trees, cholla cactus, 

creosote, plus healthy canyon live oak ecosystems and pinyon-juniper. The area provides rare 

habitat for a butterfly species of concern, and has habitat for springsnails and the Kern slender 

salamander. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are in the northern portion of the polygon. The area 

includes the rare plants, Kern Canyon clarkia and Charlotte's phacelia. It contains the northern 

most population of silk tassel bush (uncommon on the east-side). Very little of the area has been 

surveyed for cultural sites; fewer than 10 properties are known, including remains of a historic 

corral, historic ditch, historic refuse scatters, and numerous prehistoric artifacts scatters and 

milling stations.

Manageability 

Western Portion

The western portion of the polygon is irregularly shaped due to cherry stem roads (including 

Monache Jeep Road), as well as cherry stem roads in the southern half of the polygon. These 

cherry stem roads protrude into the polygon, nearly splitting it half in places. There are authorized 

motorized trails within the area. The Monache area is a popular off highway vehicle recreation 

area, and includes roads for four wheel drive vehicles, as well as single-track motorcycle trails. 

There is a private land parcel along the northeastern perimeter (Anchor Ranch). There is a special 

use permit for a water diversion for one of the cabins that is located on private land.

Eastern Portion

The eastern portion of the polygon follows the eastern boundary of the South Sierra Wilderness 

and the straight-line forest boundary along the southern and eastern perimeter. There are very few 

cherry stem roads that protrude into the polygon; mostly short spurs along the western perimeter 

(Haiwee Pass Trailhead, 0.9 miles; 21S101, 0.9 miles; and Tunawee, 0.5 miles). The northern 

portion of the polygon is narrow and elongated north to south, and there is a buffer between the 

road system and existing wilderness boundary. The southwestern perimeter is narrow and 

elongated west to east, and there is a buffer between Kennedy Meadows road and existing 

wilderness boundary. The remaining areas of the polygon are up to four miles across, with little to 

no development or permanent intrusions. The polygon borders both the South Sierra Wilderness 

and the Sacatar Trail Wilderness (Bureau of Land Management). Grazing occurs in the eastern 

portion of the polygon, as well as on adjacent Bureau of Land Management lands. Talus Canyon, 

Dunmovin spring box, but there is no record of water rights. The Los Angeles Department of 

Water and Power has infrastructure in Haiwee Canyon.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

Western Portion

In, Monache and Blackrock, there are opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation in a few specific areas. There are limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 
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unconfined recreation in others due to extensive networks of authorized motorized trails, areas 

with high recreation use, forest system roads or paved roads. 

Eastern Portion

In South Sierra East, there are intact true Mojave Desert and oak woodland ecosystems. There are 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation in most areas, and limited 

opportunities in others due to authorized motorized trails or areas with high recreation use or 

paved roads. Because of adjacency to existing wilderness, and the many intact and unique 

vegetation features, this portion of the polygon has the potential to be reshaped to exclude 

developments that are substantially noticeable and existing uses that limit the opportunity for 

solitude. 

Entire Polygon

This polygon presents an opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally 

represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Ecological groups with less than 10 

percent of their national extent in the National Wilderness Preservation System comprise 3,556 

acres. Ecological groups with less than 15 percent of their national extent in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System comprise an additional 14,021 acres. The northern and 

southwestern portion of the polygon is a narrow buffer between existing wilderness and the road 

system, which affects manageability. The remaining polygon area east of South Sierra Wilderness 

has the potential to be reshaped, particularly adjacent to existing wilderness.

Polygon 1550 (McBride Flat)

General Description

Polygon 1550 (McBride Flat) consists of 12,198 acres ranging in elevation from 7,000-8,400 feet 

located in the southern end of the Excelsior Mountain area, north of the Pizona area, southeast of 

Mono lake, and just south of the Forest Service boundary between the Inyo and HumboldtToiyabe National Forests (Figure B-4, Inyo National Forest evaluation map B. The polygon is 

horizontal in shape with designated roads bordering the west, south, and eastern edges. One 

motorized trail (one mile long) is located in the northwestern portion of the polygon. 

Wilderness Characteristics

Degree the Area Generally Appears to be Affected Primarily by the Forces of Nature

The ecosystem consists of a mosaic of pinyon-juniper woodlands and sagebrush flats, with some 

small alkali meadows. The area is within the Pizona-Truman Pinyon Pine Volcanics TEUI 

landtype association. It includes a combination of mafic and felsic volcanic geology with very 

deep soils present almost exclusively on the Forest in the northern Glass Mountains and Pizona 

Area. The polygon is located within the Excelsior Inventoried Roadless Area in California. The 

Nevada portion of the polygon was not included in the inventoried roadless process because at 

that time (1970) it was not managed by the forest. The polygon is comprised largely of pinyonjuniper woodland. There are relatively few invasive plant species. Cheatgrass may be present, but 

in small amounts and concentrated around roads. There is a departure from natural fire regime in 

some places as evidenced by pinyon pine expansion. This area has limited habitat fragmentation 

and the connectivity between pinyon-juniper habitats and shrublands remains intact. There are no 

grazing allotments in this area. The area does overlap the Montgomery Wild Horse Territory; wild 

horses have expanded heavily in this area. There is limited water with a few intermittent and 

ephemeral stream channels. These are of unknown condition. Soils are likely at desired condition. 

The air quality is good, with dust from Mono Basin. 
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Opportunities for Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation

The area consists of canyons within the pinyon-juniper woodland, with sagebrush in the lower 

and higher elevations where the topography is relatively flat and open. Screening is relatively 

high within the canyons and pinyon-juniper woodlands. There is one motorized trail located in 

sagebrush, where the effect of sound and visuals would be greater. However, the trail ends in 

pinyon-juniper and is only one-mile long. There are no other motorized trails within the polygon. 

Designated roads are located on the west, south, and eastern boundaries and may have some 

impacts to the opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation; however, with 

the high screening and cover of pinyon-juniper, these effects would be minimal within the center 

of the polygon. The potential for encounters is low and is mostly concentrated around the roads 

where dispersed recreation activities may occur.

There are no permanent or temporary structures or improvements located within this area. The 

area is largely undeveloped and there is opportunity for primitive-type recreation activities, such 

as cross-country hiking, but backpacking may be limited due to the lack of water sources. Winter 

recreation is limited by snow levels, topography, vegetation, and access.

Other Features of Value

This area does contain habitat for several sensitive plant species: Plagiobothrys parishii (Parish's 

popcornflower) is known to occur in this area; there is habitat for sensitive Phacelia monensis

(Mono phacelia), Masonic Mountain jewelflower (Streptanthus oliganthus), and William's 

combleaf (Polyctenium williamsiae), but no populations are known. 

The area does contain playas which offer habitat to sensitive plant species, fairy shrimp, and 

foraging stop-overs for migratory birds. Antelope are also known to occur in this area, a species 

whose range includes the Inyo National Forest, but is rare in this area. Montgomery Pass Wild 

Horse Territory is also in this area. Active management, including gathers with the use of 

helicopters, is needed to maintain the herd at the designated animal management level (AML). 

The area is largely unsurveyed for cultural resources. The few sites known are dense prehistoric 

toolstone scatters, one of which includes rock wall hunting blind features. 

Manageability 

As mentioned above, there is one motorized trail located in the northwestern portion of the 

polygon. Designated roads border the west, south, and east-portions of this polygon. No timber, 

vegetation treatments, special uses, or lands activities occur within this area that would require 

additional access. Management activities for wild horses occur in this area which could include 

the use of a helicopter. Although there is access to this area, it is not located adjacent to other 

designated land allocations, such as wilderness or Research Natural Areas. The remoteness of this 

area may inhibit the manageability of this area as wilderness.

Summary of Potential Suitability 

for Inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System

This area is remote and undeveloped with good opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation through the majority of the polygon. Opportunities for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation are limited in the areas of authorized motorized trails. The area occurs 

within the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory, where habitat restoration activities or horse 

population management activities may be needed. The polygon has the potential to be reshaped. 
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Maps 

Figure B-2. Map index for Inyo National Forest lands evaluated for their suitability to be recommended for 

wilderness designation
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Figure B-3. Inyo National Forest evaluation map A
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Figure B-4. Inyo National Forest evaluation map B 
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Figure B-5. Inyo National Forest evaluation map C
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Figure B-6. Inyo National Forest evaluation map D
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Figure B-7. Inyo National Forest evaluation map E
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Figure B-8. Inyo National Forest evaluation map F
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Figure B-9. Inyo National Forest evaluation map G
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Figure B-10. Inyo National Forest evaluation map H
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Figure B-11. Inyo National Forest evaluation map I 
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Analysis 

Process for Identifying Areas to Analyze as Recommended 

Wilderness in the Environmental Impact Statement

Initial Selection of Areas

The draft wilderness evaluation narratives provided the foundation for the initial selection of 

areas to analyze as recommended wilderness. The Forest Supervisor met with staff to review the 

draft wilderness evaluation narratives and, as a starting point, identified areas with the highest 

quality of wilderness characteristics. Next, we considered the extent of development within and 

adjacent to the polygon, as well as the feasibility of management as wilderness (for example, 

determining whether there was a need for mechanical vegetation treatments to protect 

infrastructure and communities from wildfire). 

As the quality of wilderness characteristics diminished, we assessed polygons for the presence of 

infrastructure (such as motorized trails) or established activities that are incompatible with 

wilderness (such as existing land uses requiring motorized access). These polygons were included 

if existing uses were of a limited extent. We completed additional reviews to ensure a level of 

consistency in selecting areas.

During the initial selection of areas, the Forest Supervisor also considered scoping comments 

received from the public on the final inventory. These comments provided information on 

wilderness characteristics of inventory areas, as well as provided suggestions and concerns 

regarding recommended wilderness during this plan revision process. 

We mapped the selected areas using criteria from the Wilderness Recommendation Handbook to 

refine the boundaries. In addition, narrative descriptions were developed for each area that 

described the following: 

• Name of potential recommended wilderness area.

• Number of acres.

• Location and recommended boundary. 

• General geography, topography, and vegetation.

• Current uses.

• Wilderness characteristics of the area and the ability to protect and manage the area to 

preserve those wilderness characteristics.

In May 2015, we posted the maps and narratives of these initially selected areas on the Pacific 

Southwest Regional planning website: 

http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/planning/?cid=STELPRD3803608

Identification of Additional Areas

Based on public input received from June to November 2015 on the initially selected areas and 

evaluation process, the Forest Supervisor continued to meet with staff to consider additional areas 

to bring forward as recommended wilderness under one or more alternatives in the draft 

environmental impact statement. The Forest Supervisor considered the following factors in 

selecting areas:
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1. Appearance of naturalness and outstanding opportunities for solitude or primitive 

and unconfined recreation.

The Forest Supervisor considered whether human modifications to the area (such as 

mining operations or plantations) were substantially noticeable. Polygons where human 

modifications were substantially noticeable and adversely affected the appearance of 

naturalness were not brought forward.

Polygons were also evaluated to determine the degree to which they offered opportunities 

for solitude or a primitive and unconfined recreation experience. Where external factors 

adversely affected these opportunities, the Forest Supervisor considered how extensive 

these effects were within a polygon. Polygons with limited opportunities due to various 

factors such as the presence or adjacency of motorized roads or trails, groomed 

snowmobile trails, recreation sites, and infrastructure were typically removed from 

further consideration. 

Where possible, boundaries were redrawn to exclude activities that adversely affected the 

appearance of naturalness or opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined 

recreation experience.

2. Manageability. 

The Forest Supervisor considered whether existing management activities and potential 

future management needs conflicted with preserving the area’s wilderness characteristics. 

This included, but was not limited to, fuels and vegetation management activities needed 

to protect adjacent high value areas and communities, management of existing special use 

permits and facilities, and the ability to define polygon boundaries and keep incompatible 

uses out.

3. Ecosystem representation.

The Forest Supervisor considered whether the area presented an opportunity to protect an 

ecosystem type that is underrepresented in the National Wilderness Preservation System.

In very few cases was an area selected or not based on one factor alone. Instead, each area was 

evaluated holistically, while also taking into account the level of public interest in recommending 

wilderness areas on each forest.

Public Input on Areas Considered for Analysis and Draft Evaluation Narratives

In December 2015, we shared the draft wilderness evaluation narratives, as well as maps and 

tables displaying areas under consideration for analysis in the draft environmental impact 

statement as potential recommended wilderness. The narratives summarize the wilderness 

characteristics of each polygon listed in the final wilderness inventory, as described above in the 

Evaluation section. The maps and tables displayed areas considered for analysis by alternative, as 

well as other additional information.

The public was invited to review these materials and provide feedback over a 45-day period on 

the areas being considered for analysis. We also asked for input regarding suitable uses and 

management of recommended wilderness. We received and reviewed over 300 submissions from 

individuals and organizations.
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Summary of Public Input

The majority of comments received came from the mountain biking community, who expressed 

opposition for including any of the additional polygons under consideration for analysis as 

recommended wilderness. 

Public input can generally be categorized into the following topic areas: 

1. Concerns regarding the areas being considered for inclusion, including: 

• Concerns that areas were improperly excluded based on what was described in the 

evaluation narratives (e.g. manageability) or other reasons.

• Concerns that the Forest Service had not provided rationale or a repeatable process 

for identifying areas to bring forward.

• Concerns with the reduction in size of areas being brought forward without adequate 

explanation. 

• Concerns that not enough inventoried roadless areas were being considered for 

inclusion. 

• Concerns with roads and road setbacks.

2. Concerns with the alternatives, including: 

• Concerns that the areas being carried forward do not constitute a broad range of 

alternatives as required by the National Environmental Policy Act.

• Concerns that there should be additional alternatives that better balance protection of 

lands with wilderness values and other management needs inconsistent with 

wilderness values.

• Concerns that specific areas were not proposed for inclusion in specific alternatives.

3. Concerns with the wilderness evaluation process, including: 

• Concerns with the sequence of the process.

• Concerns regarding coordination with local governments. 

• Concerns with the inventory process.

4. Concerns with the draft wilderness evaluation narratives, including:

• Concerns that management trade-offs and manageability of an area as wilderness 

were improperly considered.

• Concerns with the level of emphasis placed on the presence of past or current human 

activities or improvements when evaluating naturalness. 

• Concerns that the criterion requiring an area to have “outstanding opportunities for 

solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation” was improperly combined. 

• Concerns that when referencing outside sights and sounds as an impediment to the 

area’s naturalness, we did not adequately describe how pervasive these sights or 

sounds were. 

• Concerns that when referencing the presence of motorized uses as an impairment to 

opportunities for solitude, we did not adequately describe how pervasive these uses 

were and how opportunities for solitude were influenced. 

• Concerns with inconsistencies in the findings and the narratives.
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• Concerns with the assumption that plant species and wildlife will do better if in 

wilderness than on multiple-use lands. 

• Concerns that wilderness characteristics of inventoried roadless areas within larger 

polygons were not adequately addressed. Issues with inconsistencies between 

evaluation narratives and descriptions of inventoried roadless areas included in 

existing plans. 

• Concerns that important motorized backcountry or alpine OHV trails may have been 

missed because they are outside of identified destination OHV areas.

• Concerns with bias in the evaluation narratives.

5. Comments providing area-specific information, including:

• Suggestions for additional areas to include or exclude in the analysis and specific 

information about why.

• Details about activities, unique features of value, and existing uses in specific areas.

6. Comments regarding specific activities, including:

• Concerns that management of recommended wilderness is managed as defacto 

wilderness areas, where recreation using motorized equipment and mechanized 

transportation is banned or severely restricted.

• Types of activities highlighted included motorized recreation, over snow vehicle use, 

mountain biking, climbing, rockhounding, orienteering, adventure racing, research 

activities and installations, fire management, wildlife management, historic structures 

management, and livestock grazing.

7. Issues with maps, including:

• Requests to include more detailed maps of the areas to better located analysis 

polygon boundaries and their relationship to roads and trails.

• Suggestions to update certain analysis polygon names to better match the names of 

places within them.

• Suggestions to provide electronic copies of detailed maps that allow the public to 

zoom in and out. 

• Discrepancies among the data, descriptions, and maps, though no further details were 

provided. 

8. Feedback on suitable uses in recommended wilderness, including:

• Requests to allow human-powered transport, including bicycles. 

• Requests to prohibit mountain biking and off-road vehicles.

• Requests to manage landscapes to maintain wilderness characteristics while also 

allowing for diverse recreation activities and uses through creative and tailored 

agency management prescriptions and alternative land protection designations. 

• Requests to follow Forest Service directives and provide documentation and rational 

for continuing to allow uses in recommended wilderness that would not be allowed in 

designated wilderness, as well as standards to ensure wilderness potential is not 

reduced. 

• Requests to manage recommended wilderness areas to maintain existing wilderness 

character and potential.

• Suggestions for desired conditions for recommended wilderness.
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• Allowing up to 10 percent tree harvesting.

• Making sure hunting regulations are the same as surrounding forests.

• Allowing access to wildlife guzzlers for maintenance needs.

Final Identification of Areas to Analyze

We carefully considered public feedback and used the following process to identify the final set 

of polygons to analyze as recommended wilderness in the draft environmental impact statement: 

1. Identify polygons that the public has shown the greatest interest in analyzing as 

recommended wilderness. 

2. Review and refine the wilderness evaluation narratives based on public input.

3. Use a consistent approach to determine which polygons to include in the analysis.

Identify Areas of Greatest Public Interest

The first step was to identify areas of greatest public interest that were not already being 

considered for inclusion in the analysis. Areas considered to be of greatest public interest 

included polygons that multiple stakeholders expressed interest in and that also came up several 

times throughout the process. 

Further Refine Evaluation Narratives

The second step was to review the evaluation narratives to address the most critical concerns 

identified in public comments. Specifically, we reviewed the evaluation narratives to ensure they 

included appropriate management considerations and accurate descriptions of existing conditions 

and activities, including the relative influence of these conditions and activities on wilderness 

characteristics. These concerns were considered to be the most critical because they had the 

potential to influence consideration of an area for inclusion in the analysis.

In terms of management considerations, we reviewed descriptions in the evaluation narratives 

that the public expressed concerns about, particularly fire management, livestock grazing, 

management of threatened and endangered species, invasive species management, and ecological 

restoration. In terms of the influence of existing conditions and activities on wilderness 

characteristics, we reviewed the description of naturalness for each polygon to ensure that the 

assessment of wilderness quality was not solely based on the natural range of variation. We also 

edited the evaluation narratives where applicable to include a more detailed description of the 

impacts of motorized uses on opportunities for solitude. Finally, we corrected any factual errors 

identified by the public. 

During this review of evaluation narratives, we reassessed the exclusion of polygons from the 

analysis based on the refinements made in response to public input. In particular, the focus was 

on those polygons that the public showed a level of interest in at some point in the process. We

found some of these polygons no longer had strong rationale for why they were not moving 

forward into the analysis.

Determine Which Areas to Include in the Analysis

The Forest Supervisor decided to include additional recommended wilderness areas as part of 

alternative C in response to public input. Areas of greatest public interest were included as part of 

alternative C, as well as additional areas discovered while refining the evaluation narratives that 

did not appear to have strong rationale and were also of some public interest. However, the 

portions of these polygons that include authorized motorized trails based on recent travel 
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management decisions were excluded. These motorized portions of the polygons are part of an 

alternative considered but eliminated from detailed study (see chapter 2). The rationale for all 

polygons or portions of polygons that were not included in the analysis can be found in the tables 

below. Some of the areas that were previously considered and shared with the public as 

recommended wilderness in alternative C were adjusted to include more of the original parent 

polygon minus the motorized portions. This was done to bring consistency to alternative C 

polygons and to include as much of the nonmotorized areas the public was interested in analyzing 

as possible. The Forest Supervisor did not make adjustments to alternatives B, B-modified, or D.

The McBride Flat area was not previously included in the wilderness inventory and evaluation 

because it was outside the Forest’s administrative boundary. Now that the administrative 

boundary has been formally changed, the inventory and evaluation for this area has been 

completed. Because the public has not had a chance to weigh in on this area, it was included as 

recommended wilderness in alternative C.

The following section provides further details on the areas analyzed as recommended wilderness 

in alternatives B, B-modified, and C of the final environmental impact statement. 

Maps and Descriptions of Areas Analyzed

The following map and table provide an overview of all the areas analyzed on the Inyo National 

Forest that may be suitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. 

Individual maps are included with each description. A table listing the areas (polygons and 

portions of polygons) not analyzed, and the rationale, is provided in Table B-3. 
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Figure B-12. Overview of Inyo National Forest areas analyzed that may be suitable for inclusion in the 

National Wilderness Preservation System
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Table B-3. Inyo National Forest wilderness evaluation polygons (or portions thereof) analyzed for 

recommended wilderness in alternatives B and C

Evaluation

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation

Polygon

Acres

Evaluation Polygon 

Name

Names (Acres) of Specific

Areas Analyzed as 

Recommended Wilderness

in Alternative B 

Names (Acres) of Specific

Areas Analyzed as 

Recommended Wilderness

in Alternative C 

1012 40,368 Glass Mountains None Glass Mountains (35,749) 

1068 12,311 Dexter Canyon None Dexter Canyon (8,740) 

1179 7,212 Lower Lee Vining 

Canyon to June Lake 

Loop

None Ansel Adams Wilderness 

Addition – Northeast (7,046) 

1236 73,128 West of Inyo

Mountains

Wilderness

None Inyo Mountain Wilderness

Addition (7,479) 

Mazourka Peak (42,927) 

1242 2,678 North of Little

Cowhorn Valley

None Piper Mountain Wilderness

Additions (2) (2,726) 

1246 43,231 North of Eureka

Valley Road

Piper Mountain Wilderness

Additions (1)A (11,840) 

Deadman Canyon2 (15,910) 

Piper Mountain Wilderness

Additions (1) (11,313) 

Soldier Canyon (11,024) 

1248 38,756 Redding Canyon, 

Black Canyon

None Marble Canyon (15,867) 

Redding Canyon (8,906) 

Silver Creek (8,635) 

1258 35,248 Ancient Bristlecone

Pine Forest and

Wyman Canyon

South

None Deep Springs North (34,716) 

1281 11,210 Ancient Bristlecone

Pine Forest and

Dead Horse Meadow

White Mountains Wilderness

Additions (East) (2,505)

White Mountains Wilderness

Additions (West) (5,062)

White Mountains Wilderness

Additions (East) (3,288) 

White Mountains Wilderness

Additions (West) (8,630) 

1308 13,886 Indian Creek to Leidy 

Creek

None Marble Creek (13,707) 

1339 19,826 Pizona-Truman 

Meadows

None Pizona-Truman Meadows 

(19,957) 

1355 10,297 Excelsior MountainsAdobe HillsNone Adobe Hills (10,354) 

1357 5,805 Excelsior Mountains None South Huntoon Creek (5,898) 

1361 8,855 Excelsior Mountains 

- Huntoon Creek

None Huntoon Creek (8,876) 

1391B 33,247 Monache, Blackrock

and South Sierra

East

South Sierra Wilderness 

Additions – East (1) (17,622)

Golden Trout Wilderness 

Addition – East (6,008) 

South Sierra Wilderness 

Additions – East (1) (25,469) 

South Sierra Wilderness 

Additions – East (2) (1,514) 

1550C 12,198 McBride Flat1 None McBride Flat (10,621) 

A. In previously publicly shared information of areas being considered for inclusion in one or more alternatives as potential 

recommended wilderness, this area was call “Deep Springs South.” It is been renamed “Piper Mountain Wilderness Additions (1).” 

B. Evaluation Polygon 1391 overlays the boundary between the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests, with portions in each forest. The 

figures here represent just the acres occurring on the Inyo National Forest.

C. In previously publicly shared information of areas being considered for inclusion in one or more alternatives as potential 

recommended wilderness, this area was call “Soldier Canyon” It is been renamed “Deadman Canyon.”

1. McBride Flat is a polygon that was not included in the final inventory; the polygon was subsequently added due to an 

administrative boundary change that brought the area under the management of the Inyo National Forest.
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Adobe Hills

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1355. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 10,354 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Adobe Hills map (Figure B-13).

The boundary follows the California-Nevada state line, National Forest System roads, and the 

forest administrative boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. 

Most of the adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land 

Management. The northern boundary following forest road 03N11 and connects to road 02N109 

to form the western and southern boundary. The remaining southern boundary follows the 

National Forest administrative boundary and then connects to forest road 01N113 to form the 

eastern boundary. The remainder of the eastern boundary follows the National Forest 

administrative boundary which is the California-Nevada state line.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the Excelsior Mountains, north of Adobe Lake, within the Adobe Hills with 

elevations ranging from 7,200 to 7,600 feet. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush 

and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography consists of low rolling hills mostly 

comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands. 

Current Uses

Currently, the area has low recreation use due to remoteness of the area and limited water. The 

majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. The southeastern portion of the 

area occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area; potential management 

activities include fencing, corrals, and helicopter use.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has few alterations to natural conditions. Lightly traveled roads and transmission lines 

are visible from the polygon, and managing the polygon to preserve its wilderness characteristics 

would be affected by overlap with the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which may 

require management activities for wild horses that may be inconsistent with wilderness. The area 

is remote and has good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

Recreation opportunities may be limited by the lack of available water.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process.

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

130

Figure B-13. Map of Adobe Hills area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

131

Ansel Adams Wilderness Addition – Northeast

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1179. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 7,046 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Ansel Adams Wilderness Addition – Northeast map (Figure B14). The boundary is contiguous with the Ansel Adams Wilderness along the western boundary. 

However, the polygon is elongated vertically from north to south and roads and private land 

parcels protrude into the polygon along the eastern edge, making for an irregularly shaped 

boundary. Some of the eastern boundary follows roads and is more easily identifiable. The Los 

Angeles Department of Water and Power manages lands adjacent to the boundary. The wilderness 

boundary excludes existing California State Highway System rights-of-ways due to the 200 foot 

setback from authorized roads and highways used when determining the wilderness boundaries. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

The area is located along the Sierra Nevada escarpment from Lower Lee Vining Canyon to Silver 

Lake and ranges in elevation from 7,600 to 9,000 feet. Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, 

mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, red fir, sagebrush, subalpine forest and white fir. It includes 

highly diverse conifer forests and aspen. The topography is steep, with many streams or 

drainages. There are numerous perennial stream channels, such as Walker Creek, Gibbs Creek 

and Parker Creek.

Current Uses

The area has current and historic fish stocking, as well as fish barriers to keep trout out of frog 

habitat. Understory thinning projects to reduce fuels are being implemented. The area includes 

habitat improvement for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and sage grouse. The area is designated 

critical habitat for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. There are aspen enhancement projects within the 

area. Walker Lake Dam is in the area. There are some Los Angeles Department of Water and 

Power structures. There are trailheads in the area. There is existing outfitting and guiding in the 

area, including a pack station. Motorized winter recreation is an existing use within portions of 

the polygon. The north half of the area is managed as an inventoried roadless area. There are five 

water rights in the area.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

There has been minimal human impact to the plant community. The area is very diverse, with low 

invasive plant species. Historic and current fish stocking have altered aquatic assemblages. Fish 

barriers that need to be mechanically maintained are necessary to prevent introduced trout from 

invading habitat for a federally listed frog species in upper reaches. This area contains designated 

critical habitat for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, which may require management activities.

The area is in proximity to concentrated recreation use and facilities, and highways in the south 

and north portions of the area. As a result, there is a need for wildfire defensible space around 

developments and access roads. The proximity to concentrated recreation use and highways limits 

the opportunity for solitude. Screening is minimal in some areas, but the topography along the 

western side of the polygon offers good screening. There are opportunities for primitive and 

unconfined recreation, including cross-country hiking and general forest exploration.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

132

Figure B-14. Map of Ansel Adams Wilderness Addition – Northeast area analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

133

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

Deadman Canyon

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1246. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 15,910 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Deadman Canyon map (Figure B-15). The boundary follows 

National Forest System roads and motorized trails, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and 

on the ground. The areas surrounding the polygon are managed by the Forest Service. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located between the White Mountains and Inyo Mountains, north of Eureka Valley 

Road and south of the boundary between the White Mountain and Mt. Whitney Ranger Districts. 

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

topography includes steep to gentle slopes. Elevation ranges from 5,000 to 8,600 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. There are a large number of 

cultural resource sites. The area includes one water right. There are general tribal concerns 

regarding tribal access and use. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

Some historic clearing/harvesting for mining is evident. The opportunity for solitude is limited 

due to the proximity to motorized recreation. There are opportunities for primitive and 

unconfined recreation. The pinyon-juniper woodlands and subalpine areas offer primitive 

recreation opportunities typical of the Great Basin: hiking, horseback riding and deer hunting. 

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process.

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

134

Figure B-15. Map of Deadman Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

135

Deep Springs North

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1258. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 34,716 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Deep Springs North map (Figure B-16). The boundary follows 

National Forest System roads, a county road, natural features and the forest administrative 

boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. Most of the adjacent land 

is managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. The boundary 

excludes all motorized trails in the southern portion of the original parent polygon, supporting 

management of the area for wilderness, as well as other adjacent uses.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located at the southern end of the White Mountains and is an area that exhibits 

complex geological processes. Elevations range from over 9,000 feet along Robert’s Ridge along 

the northern boundary to 5,000 feet along alluvial fans along the eastern boundary. A central 

feature in the area is the Birch Creek granite batholith, which is emplaced amidst the parent 

sedimentary rocks of the White Mountains. The Birch Creek drainage comprises the majority of 

the area. Portions of the creek have perennial flows, and the creek is noted for its travertine 

formations and the canyon it has formed through the granite batholith. Ecosystem types include 

mountain mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and subalpine forest.

Current Uses

The area receives low amounts of recreation use, which includes backpacking, hiking and 

hunting. There is a use trail (not a forest system trail) in the Birch Creek drainage. The northwest 

portion of the area is within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, and includes the Discovery 

National Recreation Trail, Bristlecone Pine Visitor Center, and associated trails in the Shulman 

Grove area. Visitor use to this specific area is high. Livestock grazing occurs with no range 

improvements associated with the allotments. Some of the area is managed as inventoried 

roadless area. There are several documented cultural properties.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area includes the Birch Creek granite batholith geologic feature, which has scenic and 

scientific values, and several rare plants. The area provides good opportunities for solitude and 

primitive and unconfined recreation, outside of the Schulman Grove and Bristlecone Pine Visitor 

Center. The area is distant from occupied and modified areas. The steep ridges and deep drainages 

support a remote experience away from the sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness. 

The sense of remoteness may be diminished along the area’s periphery by motorized vehicle use 

on forest system roads. There are unauthorized routes in the area, which are expected to return to 

natural conditions through passive restoration processes. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

136

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• The area represents a good opportunity to add underrepresented ecosystems to the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

137

Figure B-16. Map of Deep Springs North area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

138

Dexter Canyon

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1068. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 8,740 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Dexter Canyon map (Figure B-17). The boundary follows the 

forest administrative boundary, roads, and private land boundaries, making it fairly easy to locate 

on the map and on the ground. Most of the adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service 

or the Bureau of Land Management, with some private land inholdings northwest of Dexter 

Canyon. Private land parcels and roads protrude into the area making the polygon oddly shaped. 

The boundary excludes motorized trails in the western portion of the original parent polygon, 

supporting management of the area for wilderness, as well as other adjacent uses. The wilderness 

boundary excludes existing California State Highway System rights-of-ways due to the 200 foot 

setback from authorized roads and highways used when determining the wilderness boundaries. 

The northern boundary follows Highway 120 East, excluding forest road 01S15B when moving 

to the western boundary. It then follows forest road 01S15A and connects to a topographic line at 

the southern boundary, connecting, and excluding, forest road 01S170. It then follows forest road 

01S17 for the remainder of the southern boundary and eastern boundary where it connects to the 

boundary with private lands. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located south of Highway 120 and east of Sagehen Peak and includes Dexter Canyon. 

Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, pinyon-juniper, and sagebrush. It is a priority habitat for 

sage-grouse. There are numerous perennial channels such as Dexter, Wet, and North Canyons. 

Intermittent channels also are present. Elevation ranges from 7,200 to 8,800 feet. 

Current Uses

Some of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. A portion of the polygon is within 

an active sheep grazing allotment, which includes water troughs and a large water tank. There are 

several documented cultural resources. The area receives low to medium amount of use. This area 

is a priority habitat for sage-grouse. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

There has been some pinyon pine expansion in some areas that indicates a departure from natural 

fire regime. Native fish and fishless areas were stocked with non-native trout species, which has 

affected aquatic ecologic integrity. The area contains priority habitat for sage-grouse, which may 

require management activities that are inconsistent with wilderness. Proximity to motorized 

recreation, private land parcels and Highway 120, limit opportunities for solitude. Grazing 

activities could also limit the opportunity for solitude. Shepherds drive sheep from place to place 

and set up camps where they stay overnight. There are opportunities for primitive and unconfined 

recreation, including cross-country hiking, hunting, and general forest exploration. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

139

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• Some opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

140

Figure B-17. Map of Dexter Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

141

Glass Mountains

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1012. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 35,749 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Glass Mountains map (Figure B-18). The boundary follows National 

Forest System roads and motorized trails and private land boundaries, making it fairly easy to locate on 

the map and on the ground, though it is oddly shaped due to these features. Most of the adjacent land is 

managed by either the Forest Service with some private land inholdings. The boundary excludes 

motorized trails along the eastern and southwestern portions of the original parent polygon, supporting 

management of the area for wilderness, as well as other adjacent uses.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

The Glass Mountains and the Long Valley Caldera are part of the spectacular landscape formed by 

volcanic activity in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains over the past 4 million years. Volcanic 

eruptions between 2.1 and 0.8 million years ago formed the lava domes and rhyolite or obsidian flows 

of the Glass Mountains on the northeastern rim of the caldera. Elevations range from 7,000 to over 

11,000 feet. The majority of the area is mid-elevation forests (Jeffrey pine and mixed-conifer forests) 

with some high forests (subalpine, such as whitebark pine) along the southern end and pinyon 

woodlands in the foothills. Numerous perennial channels are present, as well as numerous intermittent 

channels. 

Current Uses

The majority of this area is managed as inventoried roadless area, research natural areas, and priority 

sage-grouse habitat. Active sage-grouse habitat restoration, watershed restoration, and aspen restoration 

is occurring in this area. Livestock grazing occurs in the area, and allotments include fences and spring 

boxes. There are several cultural resource sites in the area. Outfitting and guiding under special use 

authorization occurs in the area. The Inyo National Forest typically issues several authorizations for 

summer backpacking and hiking trips by credited educational groups each year. The area receives low to 

moderate amounts of dispersed recreation use including camping, hiking, hunting and cross-country 

skiing. There is an existing use trail (not a forest system trail) to the summit of Glass Mountain from 

Sawmill Meadow. A Forest Service communication site on Glass Mountain is the only other 

improvement in the area. The Forest Service periodically uses helicopters to access the site and maintain 

the communication system. There is one inholding in the area, a 40-acre parcel west of Wilfred Canyon. 

There is no known existing road access to the inholding. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has moderate ecological integrity, and generally appears to reflect ecological conditions that 

would normally be associated with the area without human intervention. Native fish and fishless areas 

were stocked with non-native trout species, which has affected aquatic ecologic integrity. The area 

provides good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. There are no forest 

system trails or other recreation facilities within the area. The steep topography and lack of surface 

water supports a remote experience from the sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness. The 

sense of remoteness from occupied and modified areas outside the wilderness may be diminished along 

the area’s periphery by motorized vehicle use on forest system roads. There are unauthorized routes in 

the area, which are expected to return to natural conditions through passive restoration processes. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

142

Figure B-18. Map of Glass Mountains area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

143

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• The diversity and intact condition of the ecological types in the area. 

• Geologic features that are both outstanding landscape features and features of scenic value.

Golden Trout Wilderness Addition – East 

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1391. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 6,008 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Golden Trout Wilderness Addition – East map (Figure B-19.). 

The area is contiguous with the Golden Trout Wilderness along a portion of its southwest 

boundary. The remaining boundary follows National Forest System roads and the forest 

administrative boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The 

surrounding area is managed by the Forest Service, both the Inyo National Forest and Sequoia 

National Forest.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area includes Monache Mountain and is located west of Monache Meadows. Ecosystem 

types include red fir, sagebrush, subalpine forest and white fir. The topography includes gentle to 

moderate slopes. The elevation ranges from 4,500 to 9,400 feet. 

Current Uses

Grazing and range improvements occur in the Monache area and there has been some headcut 

and stream improvement work. Several cultural resources are in the area. Current primitive 

recreation activities in this area include hiking, backpacking and horseback riding on one forest 

system trail that accesses the Golden Trout Wilderness, and deer hunting in the fall. There are 

some opportunities for wildlife observation, photography and enjoying nature on the volcanic 

Monache Mountain. Several cultural resources occur in this area.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has moderate ecological integrity. The area moderately reflects conditions that would 

normally be associated with an area absent of human intervention. The potential for encounters 

with other visitors is low to medium. Motorized recreation just outside the area may impact 

opportunities for solitude. There may be opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

144

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• The area is contiguous with existing designated wilderness.

Figure B-19. Map of Golden Trout Wilderness Addition – East area analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

145

Huntoon Creek

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1361. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 8,876 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Huntoon Creek map (Figure B-20).

The boundary follows the California-Nevada state line, National Forest System roads, and the 

forest administrative boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The 

surrounding area is managed by the Forest Service. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the Excelsior Mountains and includes Huntoon Creek. The elevation 

ranges from 7,200 to 7,800 feet. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The topography is characterized by low rolling hills mostly 

comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands. 

Current Uses

Currently, the area has low recreation use due to remoteness of the area and limited water. The 

polygon is managed as inventoried roadless areas. The northern portion of the polygon is in sagegrouse priority habitat. The most southeastern portion of the area occurs within the Montgomery 

Wild Horse Management Area; potential future management activities include fencing, corrals, 

and helicopter use. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

This area has high ecological integrity with few alterations to natural conditions. This polygon is 

very remote, with good opportunities for solitude. A power line corridor may be visible from 

some of the area. Visitors may also be able to hear traffic from the roads that are located along the 

northern, western and southern perimeters. There is a high opportunity to engage in primitive and 

unconfined recreation, including cross-country hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing and general 

forest exploration. There is one private land inholding (40-acre parcel) in the southwestern corner 

of the polygon. The land owner is unknown, as is access to the private land parcel. Managing the 

polygon to preserve its wilderness characteristics would be affected by overlap with the 

Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area and priority habitat for sage-grouse, which may 

require management activities inconsistent with wilderness.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

146

Figure B-20. Map of Huntoon Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

147

Inyo Mountain Wilderness Addition

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1236. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 7,479 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Inyo Mountain Wilderness Addition map (Figure B-21).

A small portion at the southern end of this area (The Narrows) is contiguous with the Inyo 

Mountain Wilderness. The boundary follows National Forest System roads and trails, making it 

fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The surrounding area is managed by the 

Forest Service.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is west of Saline Valley Road, north of a Forest Service motorized trail, east of Andrews 

Mountain, and south of Eureka Valley Road. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, 

subalpine forest, and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography includes canyons, 

including Marble Canyon, extremely rugged terrain; and high elevation desert plateaus with steep 

to gentle slopes along the eastern side. Marble Canyon is a unique geologic feature in this area.

Current Uses

The majority of the polygon is inventoried roadless area. The area includes prehistoric and 

historic cultural resources sites. Marble Canyon is a scenic destination for day hikers. Off 

highway vehicle use occurs along the motorized trails surrounding the southern and western 

boundary. Cross-country hiking and backpacking are limited due to the lack of water within this 

area.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

There is low human impact to plant and wildlife communities. The opportunity for solitude is 

limited due to the proximity to motorized recreation. There are opportunities for primitive and 

unconfined recreation; however that may be limited to due lack of water. There are developments 

related to mining activity as well as range improvements.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• Some opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

148

Figure B-21. Map of Inyo Mountain Wilderness Addition area analyzed as recommended wilderness in 

alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

149

Marble Canyon

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1248. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 15,867 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Marble Canyon map (Figure B-22).

The boundary follows several roads, motorized trails, and the forest administrative boundary, 

making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The adjacent land is managed by 

either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. The wilderness boundary excludes 

existing California State Highway System rights-of-ways due to the 200 foot setback from 

authorized roads and highways used when determining the wilderness boundaries. The northern 

boundary follows forest road 07S16, leading to the western boundary which follows the National 

Forest administrative boundary. This continues along the southern boundary, which follows 

topographic features and Highway 168 East. The eastern boundary follows motorized trails, and 

topographic features until it reconnects with forest road 07S16. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located west of White Mountain Road and the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, south 

of Black Canyon, and north of Highway 168. It includes Black Mountain. Ecosystem types 

include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, subalpine forest and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

terrain is extremely steep and rugged with elevations ranging from 5,000 to 10,400 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of the area is managed as inventoried roadless area. There is some firewood harvest 

occurring in the area from Westgard Pass Road. The area includes historic and prehistoric 

structures. Current recreation uses include hiking, horseback riding, hunting, and nature viewing. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has ecological integrity with mostly natural species composition. The area largely 

reflects conditions that would normally be associated with the area absent human intervention. 

There are numerous motorized trails protruding into the polygon. The opportunity for solitude is 

limited due to proximity to the road and motorized trail system. The potential for encounters is 

very low to medium. While opportunities for primitive recreation do exist, travel in the lower 

elevation desert environment is challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. 

There is limited opportunity to reshape the polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for 

wilderness characteristics due to the proximity to roads and motorized trails. 

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

150

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to add underrepresented ecosystems to the National Wilderness Preservation 

System.

Figure B-22. Map of Marble Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

151

Marble Creek

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1308. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 13,707 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Marble Creek map (Figure B-23).

This area is contiguous with the White Mountains Wilderness along its western side. The 

boundary follows National Forest System roads, and the forest administrative boundary, making it 

fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The Marble Canyon road is excluded from 

this polygon, the boundary follows this road based on a 200 foot buffer on each side of the road. 

The adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located on the east side of the White Mountains between Indian Creek on the north 

and Leidy Creek to the south. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and 

blackbrush. The elevation ranges from 5,200 to 9,000 feet. There is steep terrain in the western 

portion of the polygon, but in the eastern portion it is relatively flat and open. 

Current Uses

The western portion of the polygon is located within a cattle allotment. Guided hunting occurs in 

this polygon. There is one water right. The western portion of polygon is managed as inventoried 

roadless area. The entire polygon occurs within the White Mountain wild horse territory. The 

polygon is located adjacent to an old mining site, where mining activity may still occur.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has moderate to high ecological integrity with some invasive plant species. Visibility to 

private land development, power lines, and Highway 264 has the potential to impact the 

opportunity for solitude. Most of the area is free from motorized noise, especially along the 

western perimeter of the polygon. The northern and southern perimeters are bounded by lightly 

used roads. There is low to moderate potential for encounter with other visitors. The area is 

largely undeveloped and there are opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation, such as 

cross-country hiking, hunting and general forest exploration, particularly along the western 

portion of the polygon. 

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area during the wilderness inventory and evaluation process.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-23. Map of Marble Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
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Mazourka Peak

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1236. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 42,927 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Mazourka Peak map (Figure B-24).

The boundary follows the forest administrative boundary and National Forest System roads and 

trails, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. However, the polygon is 

elongated vertically from north to south and roads and motorized trails protrude into the polygon, 

making for an irregularly shaped boundary. The surrounding area is managed by the Forest 

Service and Bureau of Land Management.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is a large polygon on the west side of the Inyo Mountains Wilderness between Eureka 

Valley Road on the north and Mazourka Canyon on the south. It includes Mazourka Peak and 

Santa Rita Spring. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, subalpine forest, and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The topography includes the steep western escarpment of the Inyo 

Mountains, with steep slopes, canyons, extremely rugged terrain; and high elevation desert 

plateaus with steep to gentle slopes along the eastern side. The elevation ranges from 4,400 to 

9,500 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. The area includes prehistoric 

and historic cultural resources sites.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

There is low human impact to plant and wildlife communities. The opportunity for solitude is 

limited due to the proximity to motorized recreation. There are opportunities for primitive and 

unconfined recreation. While these opportunities exist, travel in this desert environment is 

challenging due to the lack of surface water, steep topography and routes requiring climbing 

skills. There are developments related to mining activity as well as range improvements.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure B-24. Map of Mazourka Peak area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
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McBride Flat

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1550. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 10,621 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the McBride Flat map (Figure B-25). The northern boundary 

follows the National Forest Administrative Boundary with the Humboldt-Toiyabe National 

Forest. One forest system road is excluded from this northern boundary. The western boundary 

follows forest road 01N113 and then a topographic line connecting it to road 01N113A which 

leads to the southern boundary. Along the southern boundary forest road 01N34A is excluded and 

the boundary connects to a natural streambed then follows forest road 01N13C for the length of 

the southern boundary, with a few forest roads excluded, until road 01N13E. The boundary then 

follows a topographic line and ride to reconnect to road 01N13G. Then it follows road 01N13 for 

the remainder of the southern boundary and forms the western boundary at road 01N13H. The 

adjacent land is managed by the Forest Service. The polygon is located in both California and 

Nevada.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the southern end of the Excelsior Mountain area, north of the Pizona area, 

and southeast of Mono Lake. The elevation ranges from 7,000 to 8,400 feet. The ecosystem 

consists of a mosaic of pinyon-juniper woodlands and sagebrush flats, with some small alkali 

meadows.

Current Uses

The western portion of this polygon (in California) is managed as inventoried roadless area. The 

entire area occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area; potential future 

management activities include fencing, corrals, and helicopter use. This area receives very low 

use, with access provided by two motorized trails and system roads. There are no perennial water 

sources, which limit cross-country recreation activities, like hiking and backpacking. Some 

dispersed use may occur along the roads. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has high ecological integrity with few alterations to natural conditions. There are 

opportunities for solitude through the majority of this polygon. There is likely opportunity for 

primitive and unconfined recreation, although the extent and amount of use may be limited due to 

the lack of water sources in the area. The remoteness of this area from other forest management 

activities and uses may make it difficult to manage for wilderness characteristics. The area occurs 

within the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory, where habitat restoration activities or horse

population management activities may be needed.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Polygon was not previously included in the final inventory, but has been added due to an 

administrative boundary change. The public has not had an opportunity to provide input on 

this area as potentially recommended wilderness.
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• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

Figure B-25. Map of McBride Flat area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
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Piper Mountain Wilderness Additions (1)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygons 1246. There are two 

slightly different boundaries for this area, one for alternative C and one for alternative B. The 

alternative B version of this area was previously referred to as Deep Springs South in earlier 

information shared with the public. 

Number of Acres

The area for alternative C is approximately 11,313 acres. The area for alternative B is 

approximately 11,840 acres. 

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Piper Mountain Wilderness Additions map (Figure B-26).

In alternative C, the boundary follows the original boundary of the parent evaluation polygon. 

The area’s southeast boundary is contiguous with the Piper Mountains Wilderness. The remaining 

boundary follows National Forest System roads and motorized trails, and the forest administrative 

boundary, making the area fairly easy to locate on maps and on the ground. The adjacent land is 

managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management.

In alternative B, the boundary was refined to make it more clearly identifiable and use setbacks 

from roads and motorized trails that were consistent with other wilderness boundary setbacks on 

the forest. The northern and western sections of the boundary closely follow National Forest 

System roads and motorized trails. The southern boundary generally follows a prominent natural 

feature, an east-west trending ridgeline. The eastern end of the southern boundary departs the 

ridgeline to become a 200 foot offset from a National Forest System road. The eastern boundary 

is formed by the forest’s administrative boundary. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located at the northern end of the Inyo Mountains, an area where complex geological 

forces have produced a striking desert range that contrasts with Deep Springs Valley. The area is 

north of the boundary between the White Mountain and Mt. Whitney Ranger Districts and 

southeast of Westgard Pass. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The topography includes steep to gentle slopes. Elevation ranges from 

5,000 to 8,600 feet. 

Current Uses

The entire polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. There are a large number of cultural 

resource sites. Portions of the area are also used as a geological field study area. The area includes 

one water right. There are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has intact ecological integrity and reflects conditions that would normally be associated 

with the area absent human intervention. Some historic clearing/harvesting for mining is evident. 

The steep topography and lack of surface water supports a remote experience from the sights and 

sounds of people inside the wilderness. The sense of remoteness from occupied and modified 

areas outside the wilderness may be diminished along the area’s periphery by motorized vehicle 

use on forest system roads. There are unauthorized routes in the area, which are expected to 

return to natural conditions through passive restoration processes. There are opportunities for 
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primitive and unconfined recreation. Travel in the lower elevation desert environment is 

challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. The pinyon-juniper woodlands 

and subalpine areas offer primitive recreation opportunities typical of the Great Basin: hiking, 

horseback riding and deer hunting. This area’s other features of value include the Poleta Fold 

geologic features, which have scientific and educational values, and cultural resource sites 

including encampments, rock rings and lithic scatters.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

Alternatives B and C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Piper Mountain Wilderness Additions (2)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygons 1242. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 2,726 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Piper Mountain Wilderness Additions map (Figure B-26).

The boundary supports management of the area as potential wilderness because it is contiguous 

with the Piper Mountains Wilderness along the eastern boundary. The remaining boundary 

follows National Forest System Roads, making the area fairly easy to locate on maps and on the 

ground. The northern boundary follow forest road 08S108 until it connects to forest road 09S109 

which forms the western boundary. Forest road 09S109G is excluded from this polygon and the 

southern boundary is formed by forest road 09S109A. The eastern boundary is adjacent to the 

Piper Mountain Wilderness and the National Forest administrative boundary. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located west of the Piper Mountains Wilderness and north of Little Cowhorn Valley. 

Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography is 

flat and rolling hills. The elevation ranges from 7,600 to 8,400 feet. 

Current Uses

The area is not located within an inventoried roadless area. Due to lack of surface water and 

extreme summer heat, the area receives low recreation use, including hiking and hunting. There 

are general tribal concerns regarding tribal access and use.
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Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

This area has high ecological integrity with few alterations to natural conditions. There are no 

known developments in the area that would degrade the undeveloped quality. The combination of 

alkali flats and old growth pinyon-juniper is a unique feature of this area. Potential for 

encountering other visitors in this area is low. There are opportunities for primitive and 

unconfined recreation such as cross-country hiking, general forest exploration, photography, and 

deer hunting. The polygon is surrounded by a road system to the north, west, and south.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure B-26. Map of Piper Mountain Wilderness addition area analyzed as recommended wilderness in 

alternatives B and C
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Pizona-Truman Meadows

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1339. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 19,957 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Pizona-Truman Meadows map (Figure B-27).

The boundary follows the National Forest System roads, and the forest administrative boundary, 

making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground, though it is oddly shaped due to 

these features. Most of the adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of 

Land Management. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the southern end of the Excelsior Mountains, north of Highway 6, and 

includes Truman Meadows, Antelope Mountain, and Upper Pizona Spring. Ecosystem types 

include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography includes 

moderate rolling hills, broad, open sagebrush flats, and ancient volcanic flows. Elevations range 

from 6,000 to 8,000 feet.

Current Uses

The majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless area. There are mining claims 

and a recently authorized exploration plan of operation. Watershed treatments are present in 

Truman Meadow. The area is within a wild horse management area. A significant prehistoric site 

has been formally documented in the area. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has high ecological integrity with some alterations to natural conditions. Wilderness 

characteristics are impacted by mining activities, as well as past vegetation management activities 

believed to be conducted by the military. There are developments related to historic sites and 

historic grazing management. Highway 6 is visible from parts of the area and power lines are 

visible along the western perimeter, which impacts the opportunity for solitude. However, sights 

and sounds are minimal throughout the remotest parts of the area. There are opportunities for 

primitive and unconfined recreation, including cross-country hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing 

and general forest exploration. Recreation opportunities may be limited by the lack of available 

water. The polygon has an irregular Y-shaped boundary due to the location of short spur cherry 

stem roads and the forest boundary. Due to the Y-shaped boundary, there is not much potential to 

reshape the polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for wilderness.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-27. Map of Pizona-Truman Meadows area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Redding Canyon

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1248. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 8,906 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Redding Canyon map (Figure B-28). The boundary follows 

several motorized trails and the forest administrative boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on 

the map and on the ground. The adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service or the 

Bureau of Land Management. The northern boundary follows topographic contour lines, ridges, 

and natural stream channels before connecting to forest road 07S118. The western boundary is the 

National Forest administrative boundary. The southern boundary uses the National Forest 

administrative boundary and then forest road 07S16, which also makes up the beginning of the 

western boundary. The western boundary is finished by natural ridgelines, and topographic 

contour lines. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located west of White Mountain Road and the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, south 

of Poleta Canyon, and northwest of Black Canyon. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, 

sagebrush, subalpine forest and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The terrain is extremely steep 

and rugged with elevations ranging from 5,000 to 10,400 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of the area is managed as inventoried roadless area. The area includes historic and 

prehistoric structures. Current recreation uses include hiking, horseback riding, hunting, and 

nature viewing.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has ecological integrity with mostly natural species composition. The area largely 

reflects conditions that would normally be associated with the area absent human intervention. 

There are motorized trails surrounding and protruding into the polygon. The opportunity for 

solitude is limited due to proximity to the motorized trail system. The potential for encounters is 

very low to medium. While opportunities for primitive recreation do exist, travel in the lower 

elevation desert environment is challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. 

There is limited opportunity to reshape the polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for 

wilderness characteristics due to the proximity to motorized trails.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to add underrepresented ecosystems to the National Wilderness Preservation 

System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-28. Map of Redding Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Silver Creek

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1248. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 8,635 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Silver Creek map (Figure B-29). The boundary follows roads, 

motorized trails, and the forest administrative boundary, making it fairly easy to locate on the 

map and on the ground. The adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service, the Bureau of 

Land Management, or private landowners. The northern boundary follows forest road 06S02. The 

western boundary follows the National Forest administrative boundary, except in areas where a 

topographic contour line was used. The southern boundary follows natural stream channels, 

contour lines and ridgelines. The eastern boundary follows a ridgeline until forest road 04S01 

(White Mountain road) and reconnects with forest road 06S02N. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located west of White Mountain Road and the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, south 

of Silver Canyon, and north of Poleta Canyon. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, 

sagebrush, subalpine forest and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The terrain is extremely steep 

and rugged with elevations ranging from 5,000 to 10,400 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of the area is managed as inventoried roadless area. The area includes historic and 

prehistoric structures. Recreation use is limited within this polygon due to the ruggedness of the 

area and lack of access from authorized trails or roads. Some hunting may occur in the lower 

elevations of the polygon, but this use is limited.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics 

The area has ecological integrity with mostly natural species composition. The area largely 

reflects conditions that would normally be associated with the area absent human intervention. 

There are roads and motorized trails surrounding the polygon. The opportunity for solitude is 

limited due to proximity to the roads and motorized trails. The potential for encounters is very 

low to medium. While opportunities for primitive recreation do exist, travel in the lower elevation 

desert environment is challenging due to the lack of surface water and steep topography. There is 

limited opportunity to reshape the polygon to make it more suitable or manageable for wilderness 

characteristics due to the proximity to roads and motorized trails. 

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to add underrepresented ecosystems to the National Wilderness Preservation 

System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-29. Map of Silver Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Soldier Canyon

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1246. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 11,024 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the Soldier Canyon map (Figure B-30). The boundary follows 

National Forest System roads and motorized trails, the forest administrative boundary, and private 

land boundaries, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. Most of the 

adjacent land is managed by either the Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. The 

wilderness boundary excludes existing California State Highway System rights-of-ways due to 

the 200 foot setback from authorized roads and highways used when determining the wilderness 

boundaries. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located between the White Mountains and Inyo Mountains, north of Eureka Valley 

Road and south of Highway 168. Ecosystem types include pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric 

shrublands and blackbrush. The topography includes steep to gentle slopes. Elevation ranges from 

5,000 to 8,600 feet. 

Current Uses

The majority of the area is managed as inventoried roadless area. There are a large number of 

cultural resource sites. Recreation uses within this polygon are limited due to the ruggedness of 

the area. Hiking and horseback riding may occur along the Soldier Canyon road, but may not go 

further into the polygon. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has ecological integrity and reflects conditions that would normally be associated with 

the area absent human intervention. Some historic clearing/harvesting for mining is evident. The 

opportunity for solitude is limited due to the proximity to motorized recreation. There are 

opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-30. Map of Soldier Canyon area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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South Huntoon Creek

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1357. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 5,898 acres.

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the South Huntoon Creek map (Figure B-31). The boundary follows 

National Forest System roads, making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The 

surrounding area is managed by the Forest Service. The northern boundary is formed by forest 

road 03N14. Western boundary follows forest roads 02N109A and 02N109. The southern and 

western boundary are formed by forest road 03N11. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the Excelsior Mountains, north of Adobe Hills. Ecosystem types include 

pinyon-juniper, sagebrush and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The topography is characterized 

by low rolling hills mostly comprised of pinyon woodland and shrublands. The elevation ranges 

from 7,000 to 7,500 feet.

Current Uses

Currently, the area has low recreation use due to remoteness of the area and limited water. The 

majority of the polygon is managed as inventoried roadless areas. The area southeastern portion 

of the polygon occurs within the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area; future potential 

management activities include fencing, corrals, and helicopter use.

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

This area has high ecological integrity with few alterations to natural conditions. There are dry 

alkali lakes which are a unique ecosystem type to the Inyo National Forest. A power line corridor 

is visible from some of the area due to minimal topographic relief. Visitors would also be able to 

hear traffic from the roads. The interior of the polygon is within one mile of roads, which 

surround the polygon on all sides. There is a high opportunity to engage in primitive and 

unconfined recreation activities, including cross-country hiking, hunting, wild horse viewing and 

general forest exploration. Recreation opportunities may be limited by the lack of available water. 

Managing the polygon to preserve its wilderness characteristics would be affected by overlap 

with the Montgomery Wild Horse Management Area, which may require management activities 

inconsistent with wilderness.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure B-31. Map of South Huntoon Creek area analyzed as recommended wilderness in alternative C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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South Sierra Wilderness Addition – East (1)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1391. There are two 

different boundaries for this area, one for alternative C and one for alternative B. 

Number of Acres

The area for alternative C is approximately 25,469 acres. The area for alternative B is 

approximately 17,622. 

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the South Sierra Wilderness Addition – East map (Figure B-32). In 

alternative C, the boundary follows the original boundary of the parent evaluation polygon. The 

area is contiguous with the South Sierra Wilderness along the entire length of its western border. 

The remaining boundary follows the forest administrative boundary and roads, making it fairly 

easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The southern boundary is adjacent to the Sacatar 

Trail Wilderness, which is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The surrounding 

area is mostly managed by the Forest Service or Bureau of Land Management with some adjacent 

private property. 

In alternative B, the boundary was reshaped to exclude the northern portion around and north of 

Sage Flat and southwestern portion west of Long Canyon. The boundary follows natural features 

in these areas. The southwestern boundary follows a prominent ridge, which is easily locatable on 

a map or on the ground. The location of the boundary is intended to minimize the potential for 

incursions by motorized vehicles. There are several unauthorized routes in these areas. The 

southern boundary change allows for vegetation management needed around the Kennedy 

Meadows community. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

The South Sierra Addition is located along the eastern escarpment the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

Elevations range from 9,300 feet along the western boundary, to 4,300 feet along the eastern 

boundary. The area is characterized by steep slopes and forested canyons that descend to alluvial 

fans in the Mojave Desert. Haiwee Canyon, which contains a perennial stream, is the 

predominant drainage. Several other canyons along the escarpment contain streams that have 

perennial flows for some of their length. Ecosystem types include Jeffrey pine, mountain 

mahogany, pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, white fir and xeric shrublands and blackbrush. The 

topography is characterized as Eastern Sierra escarpment with steep slopes and forested canyons. 

This area contains largely intact true Mojave Desert ecosystems; vegetation includes Joshua trees, 

cholla cactus, creosote, and canyon live oak.

Current Uses

The majority of this area is managed as inventoried roadless area. Livestock grazing occurs in the 

area with no known range improvements associated with the allotments. The area receives low 

amounts of recreation use including backpacking, day-hiking and hunting. The lower section of 

Haiwee Canyon Trail, the only forest system trail in the area, has been heavily damaged by flash 

floods in recent years. There are several improvements in the area related to water supply. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has high ecological integrity, and generally appears to reflect ecological conditions that 

would normally be associated with the area without human intervention. Several invasive species 
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are present in the area. There are several improvements in the area that represents a departure 

from apparent naturalness. The area provides good opportunities for solitude and primitive and 

unconfined recreation. The steep terrain and lack of trails throughout most of the area support a 

remote experience away from the sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness. The sense of 

remoteness may be diminished along the area’s eastern periphery by U.S. Highway 395. This 

area’s other features of value include the Mojave Desert and oak woodlands with high ecological 

integrity. There are unauthorized routes in the area, which are expected to return to natural 

conditions through passive restoration processes.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

Alternatives B and C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• Opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

• The area is contiguous with existing designated wildernesses.

South Sierra Wilderness Addition – East (2)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1391. 

Number of Acres

The area is approximately 1,514. 

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the South Sierra Wilderness Addition – East map (Figure B-32). 

The area connects with the South Sierra Wilderness at its southeast corner. The boundary follows 

National Forest Systems roads and motorized trails and the forest’s administrative boundary, 

making it fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. The surrounding area is managed by 

the Forest Service.

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located between Monache Mountain to the west and Deer Island to the east. 

Ecosystem types include red fir, sagebrush, subalpine forest and white fir. The topography 

includes gentle to moderate slopes. The elevation ranges from 4,500 to 9,400 feet. The South 

Fork of the Kern River, a designated Wild and Scenic River, is located in the eastern boundary of 

this polygon. 

Current Uses

Grazing and range improvements occur in the Monache area and there has been some headcut 

and stream improvement work. Several cultural resources are in the area. Current primitive 

recreation activities in this area include hiking, backpacking, horseback riding and fishing. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

173

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

The area has moderate ecological integrity. The area moderately reflects conditions that would 

normally be associated with an area absent of human intervention. The potential for encounters 

with other visitors is medium to high due to the small size of this polygon and the short distance 

between the two authorized roads adjacent to this polygon (1.5 miles). Motorized recreation just 

outside the area may impact opportunities for solitude. There may be opportunities for primitive 

and unconfined recreation.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

alternative C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• Opportunities for primitive and unconfined recreation.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

174

Figure B-32. Map of South Sierra Wilderness Additions – East (1) and East (2) areas analyzed as 

recommended wilderness in alternatives B and C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

175

White Mountains Wilderness Additions (West)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1281. There are two 

different boundaries for this area, one for alternative C and one for alternative B. 

Number of Acres

The area for alternative C is approximately 8,630 acres. The area for alternative B is 

approximately 5,062. 

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the White Mountains Wilderness Additions map (Figure B-33). In 

alternative C, the boundary follows the original boundary of the parent evaluation polygon. The 

northern portion of the area is contiguous with the White Mountain Wilderness. The remaining 

boundary generally follows National Forest System roads and motorized trails, making it fairly 

easy to locate on the map and on the ground. All adjacent lands are managed by the Forest 

Service. The boundary excludes motorized trails that intersect the middle of the original parent 

polygon, supporting management of the area for wilderness, as well as other adjacent uses.

In alternative B, the boundaries not contiguous with the White Mountain Wilderness are refined 

to make them more clearly identifiable and to use setbacks from roads and motorized trails that 

were consistent with other wilderness boundary setbacks on the forest. The eastern boundary uses 

the 9,000 feet contour interval, which visitors could locate on a map or with the use of GPS. The 

southern, eastern, and portions of the western boundaries follows a stream channel, which visitors 

could locate on a map and on the ground. The remainder of the western boundary is offset from 

Wyman County Road or a utility corridor adjacent to White Mountain Road. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located in the high elevations of the southern White Mountains. Elevations range 

from 9,000 feet along the southern and eastern boundaries, to 11,000 feet along the northern 

boundary near Blanco Mountain, a soaring pyramid-shaped mountain underlain by dolomite. 

Water Canyon and Mill Canyon, which contain perennial streams, are the predominant drainages 

in the potential recommended area. Vegetation communities in the area include mountain 

mahogany, pinyon juniper forests, sagebrush shrub and subalpine forest types. The majority of the 

recommended area is within the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, and bristlecone pines are 

scattered across the south facing slopes of Blanco Mountain. Priority sage-grouse habitat occurs 

in the western portion of both polygons; however, the alternative B polygon boundary was 

adjusted to provide for potential habitat improvement projects in the sage-grouse habitat lower 

than 9,000 feet.

Current Uses

The majority of this area is managed as inventoried roadless area. Livestock grazing occurs in this 

area; there is no known range improvement associated with the allotments in the area. The area 

receives low amounts of recreation use that includes day-hiking and hunting. Overnight camping 

is prohibited in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest. There are forest system trails that are also 

used as stock trails in the Water Canyon and Mill Canyon drainages. There is one private 

inholding in the area, an approximately 40-acre parcel on the south slope of Blanco Mountain. 

There is no known existing road access to the inholding.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

176

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

This area has good ecological integrity and generally appears to reflect ecological conditions that 

would normally be associated with the area without human intervention. There are no known 

invasive plant species in the area. The area provides good opportunities for solitude and primitive 

and unconfined recreation. There are two unmaintained forest system trails in the area, both of 

which are in small canyons. The steep terrain and unmaintained trails support a remote 

experience away from the sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness. The sense of 

remoteness may be diminished along the area’s eastern periphery by motorized vehicle use on 

Wyman Road, White Mountain Road, or the utility corridor. This area’s other features of value 

includes ecological features of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest that are of scientific and 

educational value.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

Alternatives B and C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• The area is contiguous with existing designated wilderness.

• The area contains ecological features in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest that are of 

scientific and educational value.

White Mountains Wilderness Additions (East)

This recommendation was derived from Wilderness Evaluation Polygon 1281. There are two 

different boundaries for this area, one for alternative C and one for alternative B. 

Number of Acres

The area for alternative C is approximately 3,288 acres. The area for alternative B is 

approximately 2,505. 

Location and Description of Recommended Boundary

The boundary can be seen on the White Mountains Wilderness Additions map (Figure B-33). In 

alternative C, the boundary follows the original boundary of the parent evaluation polygon. The 

northern portion of the area is contiguous with the White Mountain Wilderness. The remaining 

boundary generally follows motorized trails and the forest administrative boundary, making it 

fairly easy to locate on the map and on the ground. However, the southern boundary is a straight 

line that would be difficult to locate on the ground. All adjacent lands are managed by the Forest 

Service or the Bureau of Land Management. The boundary excludes motorized trails that 

intersect the middle of the original parent polygon, supporting management of the area for 

wilderness, as well as other adjacent uses.

In alternative B, the western and eastern boundaries are refined to make them more clearly 

identifiable and to use setbacks from roads and motorized trails that were consistent with other 

wilderness boundary setbacks on the forest. The southern boundary uses a prominent ridgeline, 

which visitors could locate on a map or on the ground. The western boundary uses an offset from 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

177

the Dead Horse Meadow Motorized Trail and one of its spurs, which visitors could locate on a 

map and on the ground. 

General Geography, Topography and Vegetation

This area is located on the southeastern slopes of the White Mountains. The majority of the area 

is within the south rim of the Cottonwood Creek watershed, with Black Birch Canyon the most 

notable geographic feature. The Cottonwood Creek wild and scenic river corridor overlays the 

extreme northeast corner of the potential recommended area. Elevations range from 8,500 feet 

along the southern boundary, to 6,800 feet along Cottonwood Creek. Vegetation communities in 

the area include pinyon juniper forest. 

Current Uses

The entire area is managed as inventoried roadless area. Livestock grazing occurs in the area, 

with no permanent range improvements associated with the allotments. The area receives low 

amounts of recreation use that likely includes hiking and hunting. 

Wilderness Characteristics and the Ability to

Protect and Manage the Area so as to Preserve Wilderness Characteristics

This area has good ecological integrity, and generally appears to reflect ecological conditions that 

would normally be associated with the area without human intervention. There are no known 

invasive plant species in the area. The area provides good opportunities for solitude and primitive 

and unconfined recreation. Portions of the Cottonwood Creek stock trail may be evident through 

the area, but there are no other known trails. The steep terrain and absence of trails support a 

remote experience away from the sights and sounds of people inside the wilderness. The sense of 

remoteness may be diminished along the area’s periphery by motorized vehicle use along the 

western boundary. The area is generally distant from occupied and modified areas. This area’s 

other features of value include the pinyon-juniper woodlands with high ecological integrity.

Summary of Factors Considered in the Selection of this Area

The Inyo National Forest considered the following factors in selecting this area as part of 

Alternatives B and C:

• Interest in recommending this area from several members of the public throughout the 

wilderness inventory and evaluation process. 

• The intact condition of the ecosystem types.

• Good opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. 

• The area is contiguous with existing designated wilderness and contains a wild and scenic 

river.

• Opportunity to protect ecological groups that may be minimally represented in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

178

Figure B-33. Map of White Mountains Wilderness Additions areas analyzed as recommended 

wilderness in alternatives B and C
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

179

Rationale for Areas Not Analyzed as Recommended Wilderness in 

the Environmental Impact Statement

The following table provides rationale to support the decision not to analyze a polygon, or portion 

of a polygon, as an area that may be suitable for recommendation and inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System.

Table B-1. Inyo National Forest wilderness evaluation polygons or subpolygons not analyzed for 

recommended wilderness

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

944 Watterson

Canyon (7,629)

7,629 The opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in this polygon due to an authorized 

motorized trail (Travel Management Record of Decision) 

that bisects the polygon, north to south, and the high road 

density surrounding the polygon, including a state highway 

along the south, west and east borders, and an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads. Sights and 

sound from the motorized trails and roads penetrate into 

most of the polygon. Appearance of naturalness is affected 

along the northern boundary by a powerline.

995 Kelty Canyon 

(5,806)

5,806 The opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in this polygon due to paved road 

along the eastern boundary and the extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads and motorized trails (Travel 

Management Record of Decision) around the perimeter of 

the polygon. Sights and sound from roadways and 

motorized trail penetrates into much of the polygon.

1012 Glass 

Mountains 

(40,368)

5,777 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in these small subpolygons due to 

the existence of authorized motorized trails in the units. 

Sights and sound from motorized trails and the surrounding 

extensive network of authorized forest system roads 

penetrate these small subpolygons.

1039 Black Mountain

and Sawmill

Canyon 

(11,026)

11,026 Although there are some opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation in the interior, 

opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in other portions of this polygon due 

to an extensive network of authorized forest system roads 

and authorized motorized trails in a large portion of the 

perimeter. This includes many authorized forest system 

roads that cherry stem to partially divide the polygon into 

many small sections. Sights and sound from roadways and 

motorized trails penetrate into those areas of the polygon. 

There is some private property within the polygon.

1068 Dexter Canyon 

(12,311)

3,637 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in this small subpolygon due to the 

existence of an authorized motorized trail that bisects it 

from the parent polygon. Sights and sound from motorized 

trails and surrounding authorized forest system roads 

penetrate these small subpolygons.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

180

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1072 Mono Craters 

(7,574)

7,574 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited throughout much of this polygon due 

to an extensive network of authorized forest system roads, 

including a few authorized forest system roads that cherry 

stem to partially divide the polygon into smaller sections. 

There are limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation along the southern boundary due to 

proximity to a commercial pumice mine. Sights and sound 

from roadways and the pumice mine penetrate into those 

areas of the polygon. 

1080 Anderson Point 

(1,137)

1,137 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads bordering and cherry 

stemming to shape this small polygon. This is a very 

popular dispersed camping area. Sights and sounds from 

the roads would likely penetrate most of this small polygon.

1081 Bakeoven

Meadows 

(5,413)

5,413 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited along an extensive network of

authorized forest system roads bordering and cherry 

stemming to shape this polygon. Sights and sounds from 

the roads would likely penetrate a large portion of this 

relatively small polygon.

1092 Slide Canyon 

(4,252)

4,252 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to paved roads along the north 

and south boundaries, especially where Horseshoe 

Meadow Road nearly divides the northeastern portion from 

the rest of the polygon. Sights and sounds from the roads 

would likely penetrate a large portion of this relatively small 

polygon. There is a hydroelectric power plant adjacent to 

the southeastern boundary, which degrades the 

appearance of naturalness and limits opportunities for 

solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation.

1098 Escarpment 

from George

Creek to

Hogback Creek 

(1,476)

1,476 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in this small polygon due to an 

existing authorized motorized trail within the northern 

portion of the polygon, and to an authorized forest system 

road that cherry stems the southern portion of the polygon. 

Sights and sounds from the roads would likely penetrate 

most of this small polygon.

1099 Escarpment - 

Shephard

Creek (1,092)

1,092 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads around the perimeter and 

cherry stemming into this polygon; sights and sounds from 

the roads would likely penetrate most of this small polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

181

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1106 Escarpment - 

Onion Valley 

South 

(1,408)

1,408 This polygon is sort of crescent shaped to follow the 

perimeter of the John Muir Wilderness south of Onion 

Valley. Opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation are limited due to the heavily 

traveled Onion Valley Road along the northern perimeter, 

and an extensive network of authorized forest system 

roads along most of the southern perimeter, some that 

cherry stem into the polygon area. The area has high 

recreation use, including recreation residences, 

campground and trailheads. Sights and sounds from the 

roads and recreation activity would likely penetrate most of 

this small polygon, especially in the northern portion.

1108 Escarpment - 

Onion Valley 

North (2,100)

2,100 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to the heavily traveled Onion 

Valley Road along the southern perimeter, another paved 

road along the northern perimeter, and an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads to the east and 

south. Sights and sounds from the roads would likely 

penetrate most of this small polygon.

1109 Escarpment - 

Oak Creek

(1,318)

1,318 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to the heavily traveled paved 

road along the southern boundary, another paved road 

along the north, and an extensive network of authorized 

forest system roads to the east and north. Sights and 

sounds from the roads would likely penetrate most of this 

small polygon. The appearance of naturalness is impacted 

by post-fire flooding of Oak Creek, and opportunities for 

solitude or primitive and unconfined recreation may be 

affected in areas currently authorized for active restoration 

treatments involving motorized tools.

1110 Escarpment 

between

Sawmill Creek

and Baxter 

Pass Trailhead 

(1,650)

1,650 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads bordering or cherry 

stemming the polygon. One road nearly bisects the 

polygon. Sights and sounds from the roads would likely 

penetrate most of this small polygon.

1112 Escarpment 

between

Goodale Creek

and Sawmill

Creek 

(4,949)

4,949 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads and authorized motorized 

trails. The polygon is bisected by a forest system road that 

is maintained by the County; a hydroelectric powerhouse is 

along this road. Sights and sounds from the roads would 

likely penetrate most of this small polygon.

1115 Escarpment - 

Tinemaha

Creek (3,485)

3,485 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized motorized trails within the polygon and an 

authorized forest system road in the perimeter. Their sights 

and sounds would likely penetrate this small polygon.

1116 Escarpment - 

McMurry

Meadow 

(2,437)

2,437 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized motorized trails within the polygon and 

authorized forest system roads along the perimeter; sights 

and sounds would likely penetrate this small polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

182

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1140 Coyote

(75,299)

75,299 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized motorized trails within the center polygon; three 

large authorized forest system roads cherry stem the 

borders of the polygon in the northern, southern and 

eastern portions; a high use paved road along the western 

boundary. The sights and sounds from the authorized 

motorized trails, forest system roads and paved road likely 

penetrate much of the polygon.

1147 Pine Creek

East 

(1,351)

1,351 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to a paved road along the 

eastern boundary, and an authorized forest system road 

and private land road to the south and west of this small 

polygon. There is substantial departure from appearance of 

naturalness due to mining activity that is visible from 

approximately 50 percent of the area, including a patented 

tungsten mine located to the south and west; with highly 

visible and intrusive human materials in and adjacent to the 

polygon, including several buildings, a road network, 

culvert pipes and equipment, some of which may need 

costly rehabilitation.

1148 Pine Creek

West

(1,756)

1,756 There is substantial departure from appearance of 

naturalness due to mining activity that is visible from 

approximately 50 percent of this small polygon, including a 

patented tungsten mine located to the north and east. The 

sites have highly visible and intrusive human materials in 

and adjacent to the small polygon, including several 

buildings, a road network, culvert pipes and equipment, 

some of which may need costly rehabilitation. The 

opportunity for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation is limited due to proximity to roads, Pine Creek 

Mine and a four wheel drive trail that provides access to 

patented mining claims (private land) in this small polygon.

1154 Rock Creek

East and Sand

Canyon

(5,243)

5,243 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to the presence of authorized 

motorized trails within the polygon, and a paved road with 

highly developed recreation sites along the western 

perimeter; sights and sounds would likely penetrate this 

small polygon. There is a small hydropower development 

operating under an existing special use permit that includes 

use of motorized tools and motorized access.

1155 Rock Creek

West

(3,498)

3,498 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to a paved road along the 

eastern and northern borders with highly developed 

recreation areas; sights and sounds would likely penetrate 

this small elongated polygon. 
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

183

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1156 McGee Creek

(5,129)

5,129 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to US Highway 395, Crowley 

Lake residential community, an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads and highly developed 

recreation facilities along the perimeter of this polygon; 

some authorized forest system roads nearly bisect the 

polygon. Their sight and sounds would likely penetrate 

most of the polygon. Currently, there are authorized fuels 

management activities and a heli-ski competition within this 

polygon, authorized under special use permit.

1159 Mammoth

EscarpmentLakes Basin, 

Sherwin Creek,

Laurel Creek

and Convict 

Lake

(14,833)

14,833 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited: due to an extensive network of 

authorized motorized trails within the polygon, including 

those that split the polygon; due to the many authorized 

forest system roads that cherry stem to nearly split other 

sections of this polygon; and areas adjacent to highly 

developed recreation areas, recreation residences, and 

developed communities. Sights and sounds from roads and 

highly developed recreation areas would likely penetrate a 

large portion of the polygon.

1161 Reds Meadow

(1,656)

1,656 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to a high use paved road and 

highly developed recreation sites along the perimeter; 

sights and sounds would likely penetrate most of this small 

polygon. Mechanical fuels management activities may 

need to continue within the polygon to protect adjacent 

high value areas.

1164 Minaret Vista

and San 

Joaquin Four

Wheel Drive

Trail

(1,017)

1,017 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an authorized motorized trail 

within the polygon, and the concentrated recreation area, 

paved road and authorized forest system road along the 

southern boundary. Sight and sounds from all uses may 

penetrate most of the small polygon.

1195 West of Mono

Lake and

Highway 395,

North of Lee

Vining

(2,008)

2,008 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to proximity to US Highway 395. 

Sight and sounds may penetrate most of the small polygon. 

The area is an avalanche control zone for Cal Trans to 

address safety concerns along the highway.

1208 Saddlebag

Lake

(2,516)

2,516 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to state highway 120, highly 

developed authorized recreation sites and Saddlebag Lake 

dam. Sight and sounds may penetrate most of the small 

polygon.

1211 Lundy Canyon

(1,949)

1,949 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to proximity to a paved access 

road in the southern boundary, and to a highly 

concentrated, authorized recreation use area. The sight 

and sounds would likely penetrate most of the polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

184

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1232 Willow Springs

(3,205)

3,205 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to the Betty Jumbo Mine Road, a 

highly visible motorized trail along the entire eastern 

boundary. There are authorized forest system roads that 

cherry stem into a portion of the western boundary area. 

Sight and sounds of motorized use would likely penetrate 

most of this small polygon.

1236 West of Inyo 

Mountains 

Wilderness

(73,128)

24,829 There are several subpolygons not recommended due to 

limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation because there are authorized 

motorized trails within the subpolygons; sight and sounds 

would likely penetrate much of the subpolygons.

1246 North of 

Eureka Valley 

Road

(43,231)

7,092 There are several small subpolygons not recommended 

due to limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation because of authorized motorized 

trails within the subpolygons; sight and sounds would likely 

penetrate much of these small subpolygons.

1248 Redding 

Canyon, Black 

Canyon

(38,756)

7,003 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in these subpolygons due to 

extensive network of authorized roads motorized trails; 

sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of the 

subpolygons.

1258 Ancient 

Bristlecone 

Pine Forest 

and Wyman 

Canyon South

(35,248)

1,084 This subpolygon is not recommended as wilderness due to 

limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation because of an extensive network of 

authorized motorized trails. The sight and sounds would 

likely penetrate much of the subpolygon.

1275 North of Silver

Canyon

(10,435)

10,435 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to authorized motorized trails in 

the western portion, and an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads that cherry stem to form the 

perimeter of the polygon; sight and sounds would likely 

penetrate much of the polygon.

1276 Gunter Canyon

(1,048)

1,048 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads that cherry stem the 

boundary of this small polygon; sight and sounds would 

likely penetrate much of the polygon.

1281 Ancient 

Bristlecone 

Pine Forest 

and Dead 

Horse Meadow

(11,210)

881 There are limited opportunities for solitude or primitive and 

unconfined recreation due to authorized motorized trails 

within these subpolygons. One of the subpolygons is 

adjacent to White Mt road (FR 4S01), a high use and 

speed road. The sight and sounds of motorized trails and 

high speed road would likely penetrate much of the small 

polygon.

1295 White

Mountain

Road, Barcroft 

Research

Station

(2,265)

2,265 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to proximity to White Mountain 

Rd; sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of the 

polygon. There is likely a need for motorized access to 

maintain a powerline that runs through middle of this 

polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

185

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1297 North of Jeffrey 

Mine

(1,092)

1,092 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads along the perimeter, 

several cherry stem to form the boundary of this polygon. 

The sight and sounds would likely penetrate much of this 

small polygon. Motorized access may be needed to 

maintain an existing water system that carries irrigation 

water to Chalfant Valley.

1301 Leidy Creek

South

(3,010)

3,010 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited at the northern boundary along an 

authorized forest system road. The sight and sounds would 

likely penetrate much of this small polygon.

1311 Chiatovich

Creek

(11,214)

11,214 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads around the perimeter of the 

polygon. There is a portion of authorized motorized trails in 

the polygon. Private land developments, authorized forest 

system roads and motorized trails in the eastern portion 

nearly bisect the polygon. Sight and sounds would likely 

penetrate these portions of the polygon.

1312 Boundary Peak

(8,133)

8,133 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in some areas due to an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads around the 

perimeter of the polygon. There are two areas with 

authorized motorized trails in the polygon. Sight and 

sounds would likely penetrate these portions of the 

polygon.

1326 Queen Valley

(5,464)

5,464 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an extensive network of 

authorized forest system roads around the perimeter; their 

sight and sounds would likely penetrate the eastern portion 

of the polygon.

1332 Pizona South,

Northwest of 

Highway 6 

(5,244)

5,244 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to Highway 6 and an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads along the 

boundary; their sight and sounds would likely penetrate 

most of the polygon. The appearance of naturalness is 

substantially affected in areas by historic mining activities 

and pinyon pine removal by chaining.

1339 Pizona-Truman 

Meadows

(19,826)

64 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an authorized motorized trail 

within this very small subpolygon; sight and sounds would 

penetrate throughout the unit.

1342 Montgomery 

Pass 

(6,144)

6,144 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to an authorized motorized trail 

within the polygon, and Highway 6 and an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads around the 

perimeter; sight and sounds would likely penetrate most of 

the polygon.
Appendix B: Wilderness Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

186

Evaluation 

Polygon 

Identification 

Number

Evaluation 

Polygon Name 

(acres)

Evaluation 

Polygon or 

Subpolygon 

Acres not 

Analyzed

Rationale supporting that polygons or subpolygons are 

not potentially suitable for inclusion in The National 

Wilderness Preservation System

1376 Watterson

Meadow and

Benton Range

(9,922)

9,922 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited due to authorized motorized trails 

within the polygon, and a paved road and an extensive 

network of authorized forest system roads along the 

perimeter. A few forest system roads are cherry stemmed 

to form the boundary. Sight and sounds would likely 

penetrate large portions of the polygon.

1391* Monache, 

Blackrock, and 

South Sierra 

East 

(33,247)

620

(Note: this 

number 

represents 

acreage on 

both the 

Sequoia and 

Sierra 

National 

Forests)

These subpolygons are located on both the Inyo and 

Sequoia National Forests. Opportunities for solitude or 

primitive and unconfined recreation are limited in these 

subpolygons due to authorized motorized trails within the 

boundaries of these subpolygons; sights and sounds would 

likely penetrate throughout the areas.

1550 McBride Flat

(12,198)

1,737 Opportunities for solitude or primitive and unconfined 

recreation are limited in these subpolygons due to 

authorized motorized trails within the boundaries of these 

subpolygons; sights and sounds would likely penetrate 

throughout the areas.

1. Evaluation Polygon 1391 overlays the boundary between the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests with portions in each 

forest. The figures here represent just the areas not analyzed from the Inyo National Forest.

Recommendation 

Based on the analysis in the environmental impact statement and public input received, the Forest 

Supervisor will make a decision on specific areas to recommend for inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System. The decision will be included in the final decision document for 

the forest plan as a preliminary administrative recommendation. Plan components will provide 

direction for managing areas recommended for wilderness designation. The areas must be 

managed to protect and maintain the ecological and social characteristics that provide the basis 

for their suitability for wilderness recommendation. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan – Vol 2

187

Appendix C – Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation

for the Inyo National Forest

Introduction 

Relationship to the Forest Plan Revision Process

The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was created by Congress in 1968 to preserve certain 

rivers with outstanding natural, cultural and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the 

enjoyment of present and future generations. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act establishing the 

system is notable for safeguarding the special character of these rivers, while recognizing the 

potential for their appropriate use and development. It encourages river management that crosses 

political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection. 

The Forest Service 2012 Planning Rule requires the agency to conduct an inventory of rivers and 

determine wild and scenic river eligibility and classification during land and resource 

management plan development or revision as outlined in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Section 

5(d)(1) states:

In all planning for the use and development of water and related land resources, 

consideration shall be given by all federal agencies involved to potential national wild, 

scenic and recreational river areas, and all river basin and project plan reports submitted 

to the Congress shall consider and discuss any such potential. The Secretary of the 

Interior and the Secretary of Agriculture shall make specific studies and investigations to 

determine which additional wild, scenic and recreational river areas within the United 

States shall be evaluated in planning reports by all federal agencies as potential 

alternative uses of the water and related land resources involved.

The Forest Service 2012 Planning Rule specifically requires that during plan development or 

revision, river eligibility must be identified unless an inventory has been completed and no 

changed circumstances or new information warrant further review. The rule also requires the 

Forest Service to manage those eligible and suitable rivers to protect the values that support their 

inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic River System until Congress makes a final 

determination on their designation.

If the Forest Service has completed a systematic, comprehensive inventory of eligible rivers and 

classification or a suitability study that the responsible official deems is complete, and there are 

no changed circumstances or additional information, then the agency is not required to conduct 

additional assessment and study at the time of a proposed plan, plan amendment or plan revision. 

This process must be documented in an appendix to the environmental impact statement for the 

national forest land and resource management plan. 

Wild and Scenic River Evaluation Requirements

The process used to identify and evaluate rivers for their potential eligibility is found in the Forest 

Service Land Management Planning Handbook FSH 1909.12, chapter 80. This will be referred to 

as the Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation Handbook. This chapter of the Forest Service 

Handbook contains guidance and instruction the agency must use to carry out the direction 

contained in 36 CFR section 219.7(vi) of the Planning Rule. Additional guidance can be found in 

the Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council technical paper: “The Wild and 

Scenic River Study Process,” December 1999. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

188

The process includes a sequence of four steps, three of which are required during plan revisions. 

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Handbook directs the national forest interdisciplinary team to 

complete the evaluation of rivers to be studied for eligibility, considering best available scientific 

information and public input. 

1. Inventory: Forests must develop a systematic and comprehensive inventory of rivers to 

consider for their potential eligibility. Unless a previous systematic inventory of study 

rivers has been completed and eligible rivers identified, the interdisciplinary team shall 

develop a comprehensive inventory to evaluate to determine which rivers are eligible for 

inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic River System. If a systematic inventory of 

eligible rivers has been completed, the extent of the study process during plan 

development or revision can be limited to evaluation of any rivers that were not 

previously evaluated for eligibility and those with changed circumstances.2 The Wild and 

Scenic Rivers Evaluation Handbook instructs the interdisciplinary team to include all 

potential wild, scenic and recreational rivers flowing wholly or partially on National 

Forest System lands as identified in the Nationwide Rivers Inventory and by other 

sources. The Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation Handbook instructs that the rivers to be 

studied for eligibility must include at a minimum the equivalent of all rivers named on a 

standard U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute quadrangle map. 

2. Eligibility determination: National forest staff must determine stream eligibility for 

inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. To be eligible for designation, a 

river must be free-flowing and possess 1 or more outstandingly remarkable values. Thus, 

the eligibility analysis consists of an examination of the river’s hydrology, including any 

human-made alterations, and an inventory of its natural, cultural and recreational 

resources.

An outstandingly remarkable value must be river-related and determined to be unique, 

rare or exemplary feature that is significant at a comparative regional or national scale. 

Potential outstandingly remarkable values may include: scenery, recreation, geology, fish 

and wildlife populations and habitat, prehistory, history or other river-related values 

(paleontological, botanical, or cultural values). While the spectrum of resources that may 

be considered is broad, all values should be directly river-related. They should: 

• be located in the river or on its immediate shore lands (generally within 1⁄4 mile on 

either side of the river);

• contribute substantially to the functioning of the river ecosystem; and/or

• owe their location or existence to the presence of the river.

3. Classification: After the Forest Service determines if a river or portions of a river are 

eligible, each inventoried segment is then assigned a preliminary classification of “wild,” 

“scenic,” or “recreational.” Where current levels of access and development vary within 

an eligible river segment, it may be further segmented and assigned different 

classifications. Distinct segments may contain differing and non-overlapping 

classifications. For example, a 100-mile wild and scenic river found to be eligible may be 

segmented and classified as “wild” for 50 miles, “scenic” for 30 miles, and “recreational” 

for 20 miles. Classification is based on the level of human development of the shoreline, 

watercourse and access at the time a river is found eligible. The Wild and Scenic River 

Act and interagency guidelines describe classifications for eligible rivers as:

 

2 See section 82.4 if the Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation Handbook.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

189

• Wild rivers: Those rivers or sections of rivers that are free of impoundments and 

generally inaccessible except by trail, with watersheds or shorelines essentially 

primitive and waters unpolluted. These represent vestiges of primitive America.

• Scenic rivers: Those rivers or sections of rivers that are free of impoundments, with 

shorelines or watersheds still largely primitive and shorelines largely undeveloped, but 

accessible in places by roads.

• Recreational rivers: Those rivers, or sections of rivers, that are readily accessible by 

road or railroad, that may have some development along their shorelines, and that may 

have undergone some impoundment or diversion in the past. 

4. Suitability: The fourth step, suitability, may happen during plan revision but is not 

required. During suitability, the Forest Service assesses the eligible river’s potential for 

inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. This study evaluates the 

potential physical, biological, economic and social effects of adding the river to the 

National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. A suitability study provides the basis for 

determining which rivers to recommend to Congress as potential additions to the national 

system. This analysis and decision-making step will not be completed as part of the 

current forest plan revision process, but will be completed in a future separate 

environmental analysis process.

Process to Identify Rivers to be Considered for Eligibility for 

Inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

Inventory

The evaluation of rivers to be studied for eligibility was completed considering best available 

scientific information and public input. Table C-2 in the next section displays the total number of 

named rivers or river segments on the Inyo National Forest that were identified for inclusion in 

the inventory. Creation of the inventory of rivers to consider their potential as additions to the 

National Wild and Scenic Rivers System included the following steps:

• A regional hydrologist used the national hydrological dataset to create a preliminary list 

of rivers and river segments that were the equivalent of all named rivers on a 7.5 minute 

quad. This preliminary list was then checked against the standard U.S. Geological Survey 

7.5 minute quadrangle maps to ensure that all named rivers were included.

• Rivers in the dataset were removed from the inventory if:

♦ the rivers were already designated as wild and scenic rivers

♦ the rivers were already recommended through a previous study, environmental 

analysis, and decision to be added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 

Public Input on the Inventory

To ensure that rivers of interest identified by the public were included in the inventory, we 

reviewed the following references. We affirmed that all rivers identified by the public as potential 

wild and scenic rivers were included in the inventory. 

Sierra Forest Legacy Conservation Strategy, wild and scenic river appendix: 

(http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/FC_ConservationStrategy/FC_ConservationStrategy2.php)
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

190

The Nationwide Rivers Inventory (NRI): 

(http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/rtca/nri/index.html)

Listing of California rivers that are part of the National Rivers Inventory created by the 

National Park Service: 

(https://www.nps.gov/subjects/rivers/california.htm)

Friends of the River publication “Potential Wild and Scenic Rivers in California – 2001 

Inventory: 

(http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/site/DocServer/2001PWSRC_Inventory.pdf?docID=222.)

In this last publication by Friends of the River, there are 19 rivers identified for the Inyo National 

Forest. On their website they mention:

Friends of the River is lobbying the Forest Service to ensure that these plan revisions 

incorporate wild and scenic river studies on more than 311 of eligible or potentially 

eligible streams and rivers, including segments of the Kings River, lower Kern River, 

Tule River, and Hot Creek.

During the assessment phase, we received detailed feedback specific to wild and scenic rivers that 

we compiled into a report (Wild and Scenic Rivers (WSR) – Public Feedback from Assessment 

Phase, 11/25/13) and reviewed for content related to rivers of interest to include in the inventory. 

We affirmed that all rivers of interest from these comments were included in the inventory.

We also received comments on wild and scenic rivers during the public comment period for the 

proposed action. We reviewed these comments for content related to rivers of interest and 

affirmed that all rivers of interest were included in the inventory.

After the final inventory dataset was created, we divided the inventory into rivers or river 

segments that had been considered in previous eligibility evaluations and those that had not. To 

determine which portions of the inventory had never been considered in previous evaluations, we 

examined all historical wild and scenic river eligibility review and suitability study records and 

identified segments that had been evaluated in previous efforts. The previous findings for 

outstandingly remarkable values, classification, and eligibility were documented in the dataset.

Results of the Inventory

Table C-1 summarizes number of river segments and miles considered for eligibility on the Inyo 

National Forest, which are shown on the following map (Figure C-1). 

Table C-1. Inventory of rivers considered for eligibility on the Inyo National Forest

National 

Forest

Number of 

GIS 

Segments

Approximate 

Miles of River in 

the Inventory

Approximate Miles of 

Rivers in the Inventory 

that Have Been 

Previously Evaluated

Approximate Miles of 

Rivers in the Inventory that 

Have Not Been Previously 

Evaluated

Inyo 304 1,224.6 245.5 979.1
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

191

Figure C-1. Map of Inyo National Forest wild and scenic rivers inventory
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

192

Process Used to Evaluate Each River for Eligibility

for Inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

The primary function of the evaluation step is to assess each river in the inventory to determine if 

it is eligible to be considered as a potential addition to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers 

System. To be considered eligible, a river must have free flow and at least one identified 

outstandingly remarkable value. The process for evaluation is different depending on if a previous 

evaluation for eligibility occurred. The processes used for review of new inventory that has never 

been evaluated for eligibility, and inventory that has previously been reviewed for eligibility are 

described in detail below. 

Process for the Review of Inventory Never Evaluated for Eligibility

1. We initially screened the new inventory and identified which rivers might potentially 

have river-related values for scenery, recreation, geology, fish (population/habitat), 

wildlife (population/habitat), prehistory, history or other river-related values such as 

botanical or ecological values. In this step, a determination was not made about the 

relative significance of the values, but identification was completed of values that could 

potentially be unique, rare, exemplary or significant at a regional or national scale. If no 

values were identified for a river, it was eliminated from further consideration. These 

findings were documented in the dataset. 

2. We determined if each river in the new inventory had free flow. If a river did not have 

free flow, it was eliminated from further consideration. These findings were documented 

in the dataset. Interdisciplinary teams used the description of “free flowing” as defined in 

the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System Act. Free flowing is defined as:

Existing or flowing in a natural condition without impoundment, diversion, 

straightening, rip-rapping, or other modification. Low dams, diversion works, and 

other minor structures may be permitted, provided the waterway remains generally 

natural and riverine in appearance. Segments of rivers above or below 

impoundments can also qualify as free flowing. There is no established minimum 

size for eligibility, either in length or volume of flow. Flows are considered sufficient 

for eligibility if they sustain or complement the outstandingly remarkable values for 

which the river would be designated. 

3. If we found a river had at least one river-related value that could potentially be unique, 

rare, exemplary or significant at a regional or national scale, and it also had free flow, it 

was identified for more detailed review to determine if the values were outstandingly 

remarkable values. If a river did not have at least one river-related value that could 

potentially be unique, rare, exemplary or significant at a regional or national scale, it was 

eliminated from further consideration. These findings were documented in the dataset.

4. We established a region of comparison for evaluating the river-related values. If the 

regions of comparison from previous eligibility reviews could be found, these were used 

for consistency. In some previous efforts, this information was not documented.

5. We established criteria to evaluate each identified river-related value. The baseline 

criteria are described in the Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council 

technical paper “The Wild and Scenic River Study Process.” 

6. Using the region of comparison and outstandingly remarkable values criteria, we used the 

best available science and information to evaluate each river. The findings for each river 

evaluated were documented in the dataset and in narrative descriptions.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

193

7. If a river was determined to be eligible, we assigned a classification based on the current 

condition of each of the following attributes: water resources development, shoreline 

development, accessibility and water quality.

8. Findings for each river evaluated are documented in a dataset and in the narratives in the 

new inventory sections for each forest that follows at the end of this appendix. Each 

narrative includes the following: 

• river/segment geographic information system number

• river/segment name

• location 

• county where the river is located

• beginning point description 

• end point description

• mileage of the total length studied and the total length found eligible

• eligibility findings

• a determination of free flow

• determination of outstandingly remarkable values including a description and 

outstandingly remarkable values finding for each value that was examined

• a summary of eligibility findings

9. Classification: This section was completed only if we found a river to be eligible. The 

original reach studied may have been broken into multiple segments if necessary for 

classification. If segments were created, the beginning and end points and mileage for 

each segment are described along with the current condition of each of the attributes 

(water resources development, shoreline development, accessibility, and water quality). A 

preliminary classification of “wild, “scenic” or “recreational” was assigned.

Process for Review of Inventory Previously Evaluated for Eligibility

1. We gathered, reviewed, described and referenced documentation of any previous wild 

and scenic river evaluation(s) that were completed on the Inyo National Forest and 

summarized the previous evaluation(s). 

2. Using the best available science, information, and public comments, we determined if 

there were any changed conditions or new information since the previous evaluation(s). 

The review included looking at any previously evaluated rivers that were found to have 

river-related values, both those previously found eligible and those that were not. If new 

information or changed conditions were identified, these were described in the evaluation 

narrative documentation. 

3. If new information or changed conditions were present, we then determined if the new 

information affected the previous findings for eligibility and preliminary classification for 

previously evaluated rivers or river segments.

4. If new information or changed conditions resulted in changes in the previous finding for 

free flow, outstandingly remarkable values, or classification, we provided an updated 

discussion of findings for each river or river segment using the same format as described 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

194

in item 8 in the new inventory process. The region of comparison and outstandingly 

remarkable values criteria were the same used for the review of the new inventory.

5. For all previously evaluated rivers reaffirmed as eligible with no changes based on our 

interdisciplinary review, the record was checked to make sure that good narrative 

information existed. If the record was lacking the equivalent level of information and 

description as was completed for the new inventory, we completed an updated narrative. 

Summary of Public Input on Wild and Scenic Rivers

The public provided input on the wild and scenic rivers within the Inyo National Forest through 

two avenues: input during the November 2013 assessment phase on the Assessment Topic Papers 

for Designated Areas prepared by the Inyo, Sequoia, and Sierra National Forests; and through 

comments provided on the notice of intent and proposed action. In general, the comments 

provided input on four topics: 

1. comprehensive river management plans for existing wild and scenic rivers; 

2. the wild and scenic river study process the national forest should undertake during forest 

plan revision; 

3. outstandingly remarkable values of rivers and streams within the national forest that are 

not designated wild and scenic rivers; and 

4. plan components for wild and scenic rivers that should be included in forest plan 

revision.

5. There were also a limited number of comments expressing support for or against 

additional wild and scenic river designations. The following is a summary of these 

comments:

Comments addressing forest plan revision and comprehensive river 

management plans for designated rivers:

• The forest plan revision should include a process and timeline to update the existing 

comprehensive river management plans for the North and South Forks of the Kern River, 

Kings River, and Merced Rivers because of changed circumstances, including potential 

impacts to outstandingly remarkable values and increases in the nonboating recreation use, 

particularly on the North Fork of the Kern River. 

• The forest plan revision should include a process and timeline to complete comprehensive 

river management plans for the Upper Owens River Headwaters and Cottonwood Creek.

• The Forest Service should adopt interim measures to protect the outstandingly remarkable 

values of wild and scenic rivers until comprehensive river management plans are updated or 

completed. 

• The comprehensive river management plan for the Upper Owens River Headwaters should 

identify the outstandingly remarkable recreational, geological, wildlife, and botanicalecological values of upper Deadman Creek.

Comments addressing the study process and eligibility or suitability 

determinations during forest plan revision:

• The Forest Service should complete a new study process for wild and scenic rivers during 

forest plan revision, including a comprehensive inventory of potentially eligible streams, and 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

195

suitability studies for eligible streams. For previously inventoried rivers, new information or 

changed conditions should trigger updates to the inventory. 

• Suitability determinations are not necessary during forest plan revision, and should be 

deferred until triggered by either a conservation or development proposal. 

• During forest plan revision, the Inyo National Forest should complete suitability 

determinations for streams that have been determined to be eligible for inclusion in the 

National System because each national forest made this commitment through settlement 

agreements on their current land and resource management plans during the early 1990s. 

• The Forest Service should complete suitability studies during forest plan revision because if 

they don’t complete these studies a separate National Environmental Policy Act 

environmental analysis would be required, which would presumably mean additional staff 

costs. Also, individual suitability evaluations limit the context of river decisions presented to 

the public. 

• The Forest Service should retain the suitability determination of several rivers it has 

previously recommended for inclusion in the National System. 

• The Forest Service should coordinate with the Bureau of Land Management to complete a 

suitability determination for eligible segments of Rock Creek and Hot Creek, and complete 

the study process for Big Pine, Lone Pine, George, and Independence Creeks. 

• There are changed circumstances on the streams entering Mono Lake that warrant a new 

study process for these streams, which include Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek, and Parker

Creek.

• The study process should include Dexter Canyon, Wet Canyon, Black Canyon, Marble 

Canyon, and Birch Creek. 

• The study process should reexamine streams identified as eligible by the Inyo National Forest 

in 1993 in order to identify any additional outstandingly remarkable values.

Input on outstandingly remarkable values

• Hot Creek provides outstanding Class II whitewater opportunities. 

• The North and South Fork of the Kern River and the Kings and South Fork Kings Rivers 

have outstandingly remarkable whitewater boating opportunities. 

Input on plan components

• The desired conditions for wild and scenic rivers should include maintaining and enhancing 

river flow conditions for recreation.

• The desired condition statement for wild and scenic rivers should be more extensive, such as 

the statement contained in the Sierra Nevada Framework document. 

• Guidelines for wild and scenic rivers should include the protection of in-stream flows for 

recreational values.

• To organize the wild and scenic river components, the plan’s management areas should 

include one or more geographic areas for wild and scenic rivers.

• The Forest Service should not include any plan elements that limit fish stocking or limit 

angling on wild and scenic rivers.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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• Any potential contribution of timber from designated wild and scenic rivers to the timber sale 

program needs to be described in the plan components. 

Input in general support of additional wild and scenic rivers

• Wild and scenic rivers are places where wildlife can live and thrive relatively undisturbed. 

Input that did not support additional Wild and Scenic Rivers

• Additional wild and scenic river designations would limit the agency’s ability to make the 

forest more fire resilient.

Results of the Evaluation 

New Inventory

Step 1: Review of the new inventory to determine if each river (or portion of river) 

has free flow and at least one river-related value that could potentially be regional 

or nationally significant.

How the Inyo National Forest interdisciplinary team initially screened the new inventory 

and identified which rivers have free flow.

Our team used the description of “free flowing” as defined in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. All 

segments not in the previous inventory and all currently eligible rivers and streams were 

evaluated using this definition. Free flowing is defined as “existing or flowing in a natural 

condition without impoundment, diversion, straightening, rip-rapping, or other modification.” 

“Low dams, diversion works, and other minor structures may be permitted, provided the 

waterway remains generally natural and riverine in appearance. Segments of rivers above or 

below impoundments can also qualify as free flowing. There is no established minimum size for 

eligibility, either in length or volume of flow. Flows are considered sufficient for eligibility if they 

sustain or complement the outstandingly remarkable values for which the river would be 

designated.” 

Free flow was determined based on information in the Inyo National Forest files including the 

special uses database and anecdotal references from employees involved in land management 

decision-making processes. Using the definition of free flowing as described above, we

determined that the creeks within this study are free flowing. Although not all are georeferenced, 

our staff has knowledge of impoundments of creeks by Southern California Edison, Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power, Recreation Special uses permit holders, and other permit holders 

with water rights on the creeks within the Inyo National Forest. 

The following rivers were analyzed and determined to be free-flowing: 

Adobe Creek

Alger Creek

Ash Creek

Bairs Creek

Baker Creek

Barigan Stringer

Beartrack Creek

Beer Creek

Birch Creek

Bishop Creek

Boundary Creek

Braley Creek

Brownie Creek

Busher Creek

Cabin Creek

Carroll Creek

Cartago Creek

Chiatovich Creek

Cold Creek

Cold Water Creek

Convict Creek

Cottonwood Creek

Cow Creek

Crater Creek

Crest Creek

Crooked Creek

Davis Creek

Dechambeau Creek

Deer Creek

Dexter Creek

Diaz Creek

Division Creek
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Dry Creek

East Fork Coyote Creek

East Fork Rock Creek

Egypt Creek

Falls Creek

Fern Creek

Fish Creek

Freeman Creek

Fuller Creek

Furnace Creek

Gable Creek

Goodale Creek

Gunter Creek

Haiwee Creek

Hell for Sure Creek

Hells Hole Creek

Hilton Creek

Hogback Creek

Honeybee Creek

Horse Creek

Hot Creek

Huntoon Creek

Hutchinson Creek

Indian Creek

Indian Garden Creek

Inyo Creek

Iron Creek

Johnson Creek

Kern Peak Stringer

King Creek

Kingfisher Stringer

Lamarck Creek

Laurel Creek

Lee Vining Creek

Left Stringer

Leidy Creek

Lewis Stringer

Little Cottonwood 

Creek

Little Hot Creek

Little Pine Creek

Loco Creek

Lone Pine Creek

Lone Tree Creek

Long Canyon Creek

Long Stringer

Lost Trout Creek

Malpais Creek

Mammoth Creek

Marble Creek

McAfee Creek

McGee Creek

McLaughlin Creek

Meysan Creek

Middle Creek

Middle Fork Bishop 

Creek

Mill Creek

Millner Creek

Minaret Creek

Mine Creek

Monache Creek

Montgomery Creek

Morgan Creek

Morris Creek

Movie Stinger

Ninemile Creek

N. Fork Bairs Creek

N. Fork Big Pine Creek

N. Fork Birch Creek

N. Fork Bishop Creek

N. Fork Chiatovich 

Creek

N. Fork Crooked Creek

N. Fork Lamarck Creek

N. Fork Lone Pine 

Creek

N. Fork Lubken Creek

N. Fork McAfee Creek

N. Fork Oak Creek

N. Fork Perry Aiken 

Creek

N. Fork Willow Creek

O’Harrel Canyon Creek

Oak Creek

Olancha Creek

Onion Creek

Owens River

Pelisier Creek

Perry Aiken Creek

Pinchot Creek

Pine Creek

Pinyon Creek

Piute Creek

Pizona Creek

Poison Creek

Purple Creek

Rawson Creek

Red Mountain Creek

Redrock Creek

Reds Creek

Reversed Creek

Right Stringer

Rock Creek

Rough Creek

Round Mountain 

Stringer

Rush Creek

Sawmill Creek

Schaeffer Stringer

Shadow Creek

Shepherd Creek

Sherwin Creek

Snake Creek

Soda Creek

S. Fork Ash Creek

S. Fork Big Pine Creek

S. Fork Birch Creek

S. Fork Chiatovich 

Creek

S. Fork Cottonwood 

Creek

S. Fork Kern River

S. Fork Lubken Creek

S. Fork McAfee Creek

S. Fork Oak Creek

S. Fork Perry Aiken 

Creek

S. Fork Willow Creek

Stokes Stringer

Strawberry Creek

Summit Creek

Symmes Creek

Taboose Creek

Thibaut Creek

Tinemaha Creek

Toler Creek

Trail Creek

Tres Plumas Creek

Tuttle Creek

Unnamed Perennial

Volcanic Creek

Walker Creek

Warren Fork

Waucoba Wash

West Stringer

Wet Creek

Whisky Creek

Wildhorse Creek

Wilfred Creek

Williamson Creek

Willow Creek

Wilson Creek

Witcher Creek

Wyman Creek 

Yost Creek

The following rivers/segments were analyzed and determined not to be free-flowing due to 

multiple dams and diversions with highly regulated flows that have reduced the system’s natural 

flow: 

• Bishop Creek (1.014) 

• Middle Fork Bishop Creek (1.104.2) 

• South Fork Bishop Creek (1.178.2) 
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How the Inyo National Forest interdisciplinary team initially screened the new inventory 

and identified which rivers might potentially have river-related values.

We reviewed the comprehensive inventory (developed during the fall, 2014), which includes all 

named streams on the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute quadrangle maps. The inventory 

included approximately 979 miles of river that had never previously been assessed for eligibility. 

On all of these rivers, we identified if any scenery, recreation, geology, history, prehistory, fish, 

wildlife, ecological or botanical river-related values were present that could potentially be an 

outstandingly remarkable value. The intent of this assessment was to identify those rivers with 

values, and the specific types of values on those rivers, that had the potential to be outstandingly 

remarkable. The criteria for the initial assessment for presence of river-related values, as we 

applied it to the Inyo National Forest, is summarized below.

Scenery – The landscape elements of landform, vegetation, water, color and related factors result 

in notable or exemplary visual features or attractions. We identified streams that had features, 

such as cascades, waterfalls, and aspen stands. 

Recreation – Recreational opportunities are, or have the potential to be, popular enough to attract 

visitors from throughout or beyond the region of comparison or are unique or rare within the 

region. Recreation opportunities within the region of comparison are diverse and attract visitors 

from outside the region. Common recreation activities include developed and dispersed camping, 

picnicking and day use, hiking, mountain biking, off-highway vehicles, fishing, sightseeing, and 

general forest exploration. Unique or rare recreation opportunities within the region of 

comparison would include unique fishing opportunities for golden trout or wild trout populations, 

whitewater rafting, boating, and sightseeing and photography related to outstanding scenery 

values.

Geology – The river, or the area within the river corridor, contains one or more example of a 

geologic feature, process or phenomenon that is unique or rare within the region of comparison. 

Potential outstanding values for geology included glacial features, volcanic features, and unique 

rock formations. 

Fisheries – The presence of wild stocks, or federal or state-listed threatened, endangered, or 

sensitive species or the river provides exceptionally high quality habitat for these fisheries. 

Streams with threatened, endangered or sensitive amphibian species were also considered. Within 

the region of comparison, streams with Sierra and mountain yellow-legged frog, Owens tui-chub, 

golden trout, or a wild trout fishery were identified as having potentially outstanding values.

Wildlife – The presence of wildlife species considered to be unique and/or Federal or State listed 

threatened, endangered, or sensitive species or the river corridor provides exceptionally high 

quality habitat for these species. Yosemite toad is a federally listed species identified as a 

potentially outstandingly remarkable value within the region of comparison. 

History – The river or area within the river corridor contains one or more sites or features 

associated with a significant event, an important person, or a cultural activity of the past that was 

rare or one-of-a-kind in the region. Many such sites are listed on the National Register of Historic 

Places. A historic site or features is 50 years old or older in most cases.

Prehistory - The river, or area within the river corridor, contains one or more sites where there is 

evidence of occupation or use by Native Americans. Sites must have unique or rare characteristics 

or exceptional human interest values. Sites may have national or regional importance for 

interpreting prehistory; may be rare and represent an area where a culture or cultural period was 
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first identified and described; may have been used concurrently by two or more cultural groups; 

and/or may have been used by cultural groups for rare sacred purposes. Many such sites are listed 

on the National Register of Historic Places, which is administered by the National Park Service.

Other (Botanical): Unique and rare plants, vegetation types, and ecosystems were selected from 

the following criteria:

1. Vegetation types – aspen, cottonwood, oaks, dry forb, alkali flat, using the Inyo National 

Forest Potential Natural Vegetation (2012 TEUI) dataset. These types are sometimes, though 

not always, river-related.

2. Geomorphology – glaciers, rock glaciers, cinder cones (all support unique ecosystems); from 

TEUI dataset.

3. Geology – mafic metamorphics, carbonates (also support unique ecosystems); from TEUI. 

4. Rare plants – NRIS/corporate data. 

5. Other (Cultural): Unique and significant tribal cultural value(s) that are intrinsically linked 

the river or river corridor.

Table C-2. Results of the initial review of the inventory for river-related values and free flow on the 

Inyo National Forest

Inventory Measurement Total

New Inventory 

Determined to Have 

Free Flow

New Inventory with Potentially 

Significant River-Related Values

Number of GIS Segments 246 245 73

Number of Miles 1010 1003 241 

Step 2: Completion of an eligibility assessment on the rivers in the new inventory 

that have been determined to have free flow and at least one potentially 

regionally or nationally significant river-related value.

We studied in more detail the 73 segments (241 miles) of rivers that were determined in the 

previous step to have both free flow and river-related values that could potentially be 

outstandingly remarkable. Using the criteria outlined in “The Wild and Scenic River Study 

Process” technical paper (IWSRCC, December 1999) we identified rivers that had outstandingly 

remarkable values. 

Criteria for Outstandingly Remarkable Values

Scenery: The landscape elements of landform, vegetation, water, color and related factors result 

in notable or exemplary visual features and/or attractions. When analyzing scenic values, 

additional factors may be considered such as seasonal variations in vegetation, scale of cultural 

modifications, and the length of time negative intrusions are viewed. Scenery and visual 

attractions may be highly diverse over the majority of the river or river segment. 

In applying this scenery criteria, unique scenery considered as an outstandingly remarkable value 

included scenery with views of unique geologic formations; unique vistas; or unique landscapes 

with combinations of alpine lakes, high peaks, and water features such as waterfalls. 

Recreation: Recreational opportunities are, or have the potential to be, popular enough to attract 

visitors from throughout or beyond the region of comparison or are unique or rare within the 
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region. Visitors are willing to travel long distances to use the river resources for recreational 

purposes. River-related opportunities could include, but are not limited to, sightseeing, wildlife 

observation, camping, photography, hiking, fishing, hunting and boating. Interpretive 

opportunities may be exceptional and attract, or have the potential to attract, visitors from outside 

the region of comparison. The river may provide, or have the potential to provide, settings for 

national or regional usage or competitive events.

In applying recreation criteria, unique recreation considered as an outstandingly remarkable value 

included recreation experiences such as unique fishing opportunities (for example fishing for 

golden trout or Blue Ribbon fishery areas); areas that offered unique scenery that enhanced the 

recreation experience (for example, unique formations, or vistas); or where a multiple 

combination of recreational experiences occur, such as hiking, backpacking, wildlife viewing, 

photography, and fishing. 

Geology: The river, or the area within the river corridor, contains one or more examples of a 

geologic feature, process or phenomenon that is unique or rare within the region of comparison. 

The feature(s) may be in an unusually active stage of development, represent a “textbook” 

example, and/or represent a unique or rare combination of geologic features (erosional, volcanic, 

glacial or other geologic structures).

In applying these criteria for geology, unique geologic features considered as an outstandingly 

remarkable value include lava formations, rare mineral deposits, hot springs, or unique rock 

formations. 

Fish: Fish values may be judged on the relative merits of either fish populations, habitat, or a 

combination of these river-related conditions. 

• Populations: The river is nationally or regionally an important producer of resident and/or 

anadromous fish species. Of particular significance is the presence of wild stocks and/or 

Federal or State-listed (or candidate) threatened, endangered, or sensitive species. Diversity 

of species is an important consideration and could, in itself, lead to a determination of 

“outstandingly remarkable.”

• Habitat: The river provides exceptionally high quality habitat for fish species indigenous to 

the region of comparison. Of particular significance is habitat for wild stocks and/or federal 

or state listed (or candidate) threatened, endangered or sensitive species. Diversity of habitats 

is an important consideration and could, in itself, lead to a determination of “outstandingly 

remarkable.”

In applying these criteria, these features were identified as an outstandingly remarkable value if

the area represents important habitat for breeding or are occupied at critical life stages, like 

breeding; or the area offers exceptional habitat or diverse habitat for the species. 

Wildlife: Wildlife values may be judged on the relative merits of either terrestrial or aquatic 

wildlife populations or habitat or a combination of these conditions. 

• Populations: The river, or area within the river corridor, contains nationally or regionally 

important populations of indigenous wildlife species. Of particular significance are species 

considered to be unique, and/or populations of Federal or State-listed (or candidate) 

threatened, endangered, or sensitive species. Diversity of species is an important 

consideration and could, in itself, lead to a determination of “outstandingly remarkable.” 
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• Habitat: The river, or area within the river corridor, provides exceptionally high quality 

habitat for wildlife of national or regional significance, and/or may provide unique habitat or 

a critical link in habitat conditions for federal or state listed (or candidate) threatened, 

endangered, or sensitive species. Contiguous habitat conditions are such that the biological 

needs of the species are met. Diversity of habitats is an important consideration and could, in 

itself, lead to a determination of “outstandingly remarkable.” 

In applying these criteria, these features were identified as an outstandingly remarkable value if 

the areas represents important habitat for breeding or are occupied at critical life stages, like 

breeding. Or the area offers exceptional habitat or diverse habitat for the species. 

Prehistory: The river, or area within the river corridor, contains a site(s) where there is evidence 

of occupation or use by Native Americans. Sites must have unique or rare characteristics or 

exceptional human interest value(s). Sites may have national or regional importance for 

interpreting prehistory; may be rare and represent an area where a culture or cultural period was 

first identified and described; may have been used concurrently by two or more cultural groups; 

and/or may have been used by cultural groups for rare sacred purposes. Many such sites are listed 

on the National Register of Historic Places, which is administered by the National Park Service 

(see notes below regarding National Register sites). 

History: The river or area within the river corridor contains one or more sites or features 

associated with a significant event, an important person, or a cultural activity of the past that was 

rare or one-of-a-kind in the region. Many such sites are listed on the National Register of Historic 

Places. A historic site or features is 50 years old or older in most cases (see notes below regarding 

National Register sites).

Other (Cultural): Outstandingly remarkable values were determined for this resource based on 

well-substantiated knowledge of unique and significant river-related Tribal cultural values.

Other (Botanical) – Outstandingly remarkable values were determined for this resource based on 

the unique combination or numerous botanical values associated with the river segments. 

Notes about sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places: The Inyo National Forest 

heritage database was used to identify documented historic and prehistoric sites within a 1⁄4 mile 

of each analyzed stream segment as river related values. Because there presently are no National 

Register of Historic Places listed cultural properties on the Inyo National Forest, the National 

Register had limited use in identifying outstandingly remarkable values. In absence of identified 

National Register sites, the following factors were considered to determine if documented sites (if 

present) might qualify as outstanding and remarkable values: 

• Does an important interrelationship exist between documented cultural sites and the 

river? In the case of prehistoric sites, or when insufficient information was available, this 

relationship was presumed to exist.

Is unique or rare significance of all or any of the documented cultural sites established 

through National Register of Historic Places evaluation, associative history, site density or 

other means? The significance of some sites has been established through a consensus 

determination with the California State Historic Preservation Office as qualifying National 

Register of Historic Places eligible properties and, in a few cases, draft National Register 

nomination forms substantiating site significance have been compiled. Other sites, while 

formally unevaluated against National Register of Historic Places criteria, occur in such great 

densities or are associated with such well-established themes of significance for the Inyo
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(such as nationally important high elevation prehistoric habitation sites in the White 

Mountains, regionally significant prehistoric obsidian sources, regionally important 

development of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in Owens Valley and regionally significant historic 

hydroelectric development) that outstanding and remarkable values were assumed.

The same process was used in the reconsideration of past evaluations as well as for all new 

evaluations. It is important to note that while known themes of history and prehistory exist 

throughout the national forest, not all cultural properties have been discovered and documented. 

For the purposes of the analysis, the ability to recognize prehistory or history values was 

presumed to rely upon the confirmed presence of associated cultural sites. If the heritage database 

contains no record of documented prehistoric and/or historic cultural sites within 1⁄4 mile of a 

stream reach, then no corresponding river-related value (potential outstandingly remarkable 

value) was identified. If prehistoric and/or historic sites are known, the above criteria were used 

to determine if available site information warranted identification of an outstandingly remarkable 

value. This resulted in not carrying forward certain outstandingly remarkable values identified by 

the past evaluation efforts for a few streams where known sites have not been documented (such 

as Mill Creek and Walker Creek) or when known sites do not owe their existence to the presence 

of the river (such as Walker Creek).

Region of Comparison Used for the Eligibility Assessment

We used the following regions of comparison for each value reviewed in the inventory: 

• Scenery – Scenery values were evaluated across the southeastern subregions of the 

assessment area identified in the Bioregional Assessment Report (USDA Forest Service 

2012). This area includes the southern Sierra Nevada and small portions of the Great 

Basin located in eastern Nevada. 

• Recreation – Recreation values were evaluated across the southeastern subregions of the 

assessment area identified in the Bioregional Assessment Report (USDA Forest Service 

2012). This area includes the southern Sierra Nevada and Great Basin and Desert areas of 

eastern California, approximately from the Bodie Hills in the north, to Owens Lake in the 

southeast, and including portions of the Sierra and Sequoia National Forests. 

• Geology – Geology values across the Central and Southern Sierra Nevada (Lake Tahoe to 

the Sequoia National Forest); the Western Great Basin (Nevada); and northern Mojave 

Desert. 

• Fish and Wildlife – Fish and wildlife values, population and habitat were evaluated as 

follows: 

♦ Across the species range for Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog; Northern distinct 

population segment of Mountain yellow-legged frog; Yosemite toad: Lahontan 

cutthroat trout; Paiute cutthroat trout; Golden trout; Western yellow-billed cuckoo; 

Willow flycatcher; and Panamint alligator lizard

♦ Across the species range, within the Inyo National Forest for Owens pupfish and 

Owens tui chub

♦ Across the Inyo National Forest for Owens Valley springsnail and Wong’s springsnail 

• Prehistory – Prehistory values were evaluated across the Inyo National Forest. 

• History – History values were evaluated across the Inyo National Forest.
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• Other (Botanical) – Other (botanical) values were evaluated across the Central and 

Southern Sierra Nevada (Lake Tahoe to the Sequoia National Forest); the Western Great 

Basin (Nevada); and northern Mojave Desert.

• Other (Cultural) – Cultural values were evaluated across the Inyo National Forest.

Results of the Eligibility Review of New Inventory

Cottonwood Creek, Segment 5 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.027.2) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Forest Boundary 

• End Point Description: Forest Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.7 miles 

• Eligible: 0.7 miles 

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• History: 

♦ Description: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power aqueduct history and 

development sites.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Documented sites are 

significantly associated with stream and regionally important historic themes unique 

to the Forest.

• Prehistory:

♦ Description: Four prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Cottonwood Creek, Segment 5, from national forest 

boundary to national forest boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. History is 

an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings:

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based on the 

following:

• Water Resources Development: Impoundments associated with the Cottonwood Creek 

power plant.

• Shoreline Development: Cottonwood power plant and associated buildings visible from 

the creek, established dispersed camping along the creek and adjacent to the road.

• Accessibility: Accessible by road.
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• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Cottonwood Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.028) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness Boundary 

• End Point Description: Wild and Scenic River designated segment 

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.7 miles

• Eligible: 1.7 miles 

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Fisheries:

♦ Description: Paiute cutthroat trout occurs within this segment. This species is listed 

as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is an outstandingly remarkable value because of the 

uniqueness of this species occurring within the region of comparison. 

• History: 

♦ Description: One historic corral.

♦ ORV Finding: History was not determined an outstandingly remarkable value 

because the one known site is not unusual or associated with any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo National Forest.

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Several high elevation prehistoric sites are known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. White Mountains are 

one of highest elevation prehistoric habitation areas known in the country.

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Description: One population of a rare plant is located along this segment (Oxytropis 

deflexa var. sericea) 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Cottonwood Creek (Segment 1) from the wilderness 

boundary to the Wild and Scenic River designated segment. Fisheries and prehistory is an 

outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings: 

Cottonwood Creek (Segment 1) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity. 
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• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, no designated routes access this segment. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Crest Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.031) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Inlet to Gem Lake

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.0 miles

• Eligible: 4.0 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation

♦ Description: This area offers fishing opportunities and hiking along the creek for 

approximately one mile. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Wildlife (Habitat): 

♦ Description: Analysis determined habitat systems where Yosemite toad occurs are 

actually lakes or meadow systems that are catch basins of snow and rain. In this 

instance, "river sections" are not creating habitat that contributes to the persistence of 

this species.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (Habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History: 

♦ Description: Baker Cabin. Gem Lake Dam and the National Register Eligible Rush 

Creek Hydroelectric System. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. The stream reach 

contains National Register eligible sites with significant associations to the stream 

and important hydroelectric development themes on the Forest.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Crest Creek from the headwaters to the inlet of Gem 

Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. History is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings: Crest Creek has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” 

based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive, little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible except by trail, for a short distance (one mile).

• Water Quality: Unknown. 
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Division Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.041.2) 

Location: 

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point: John Muir Wilderness Boundary

• End Point: Forest Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.4 miles

• Eligible: 3.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation: 

♦ Description: This area offers fishing, day-use, hiking, and wild-flower viewing 

opportunities. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstanding remarkable value. 

• History: 

♦ Description: Variety of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power sites known, 

including power plant, penstock, sand traps and ditches. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. The stream reach 

contains sites with significant associations to the stream and unique themes of 

regionally significant water extraction development on the Forest. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Variety of prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. Known sites are 

not usual, unusually dense or associated with any well-established themes of

significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Segment 2 of Division Creek is determined to be eligible. 

It is free flowing. History is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings:

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundments or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 
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Fish Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.053) 

Location:

• County: Madera and Fresno 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Confluence with Middle Fork San Joaquin River 

Mileage:

• Studied: 20.4 miles

• Eligible: 20.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV):

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic river corridor including waterfalls, granite cascades, and 

soda springs. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Popular hiking trail within the Ansel Adams Wilderness.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Includes granite features, like rounded boulders, that add to the 

uniqueness of the scenery.

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Wildlife:

♦ Description: Yosemite toad breeding populations occur in meadow and upland 

systems adjacent to this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries: 

♦ Description: Planted rainbow and brook trout fishery, no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Four scattered prehistoric sites known.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few known 

sites are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Moist meadow is present within the river corridor. 
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♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Fish Creek from headwaters to confluence with Middle 

Fork San Joaquin is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, wildlife, 

and geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification:

Located within Ansel Adams Wilderness, Fish Creek has been given a preliminary 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Hot Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.067) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Intersection of stream and Forest Road 3S45G 

Mileage:

• Studied: 5.6 miles

• Eligible: 5.6 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Other (Botanical)

♦ Description: A moist meadow is found along this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: High concentration of documented historic sites including 

administrative buildings, sawmill foundation, refuse scatters, and historic sites related 

to recreation and resource extraction.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large numbers of 

historic sites are documented that are associated with significant themes of historic 

settlement, resource extraction and development on the Forest.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense prehistoric sites associated with regionally significant obsidian 

quarry and processing areas. 
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♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Hot Creek, Segment 1, is determined to be eligible. It is 

free flowing. History, prehistory, and other (botanical) are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: 

Hot Creek, Segment 1 has been given a classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lee Vining Creek, Segment 7 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.079.2 and 1.079.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point: Highway 120 

• Ending Point: Southern California Edison (SCE) Powerhouse 

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.3 miles

• Eligible: 2.3 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic meadow systems below granite peaks.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Description: Glacial features area highly visible from the creek; scenic 

geology throughout the reach. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History: 

♦ Description: Power line, historic travel corridor, historic camp. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few documented 

sites are not significantly associated with the river and not associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Three scattered prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. Only a few sites 

are known and they are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek from Highway 120 to Southern 

California Edison powerhouse is eligible. It is free flowing. Geology is an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 

Classification Findings:

Lee Vining Creek, Segment 7, has been given a preliminary classification of “Scenic” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundments. 

• Shoreline Development: Largely primitive and undeveloped. 

• Accessibility: Accessible in places by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Lee Vining Creek, Segment 8 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.079.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Inlet to Greenstone Lake 

• End Point Description: Outlet of Saddlebag Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.9 miles

• Eligible: 1.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Description: Highly scenic meadow systems below granite peaks.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Area includes opportunities for day-use, hiking, back-backing, fishing, 

water-related activities on Saddlebag Lake such as, boating. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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• Geology 

♦ Description: Description: Glacial features area highly visible from the creek; scenic 

geology throughout the reach. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Wildlife (Population)

♦ Description: Yosemite toad, a threatened species, occurs in meadow and upland 

systems at the beginning of this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: The occurrences of this species are not unique within the region of 

comparison or this area of the Inyo. Wildlife (population) is not an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 

• Wildlife (Habitat)

♦ Description: Yosemite toad habitat occurs in the meadow and upland communities 

along the beginning of this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: The presence of this species’ habitat is not unique within the region of 

comparison or this area of the Inyo. Wildlife (habitat) is not an outstandingly 

remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek from inlet of Greenstone Lake to 

outlet of Saddlebag Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings: Lee Vining Creek, Segment 8 has been given a preliminary 

classification of “Scenic” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Largely primitive and undeveloped, no substantial evidence of 

human activity. 

• Accessibility: Accessible in places by trail or boat. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Little Hot Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.084) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Antelope Spring

• End Point Description: Forest Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.9 miles 

• Eligible: 3.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Scenery

♦ Description: River contributes to vistas of the Sierra Nevada, Glass and White 

Mountains in the Long Valley area. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Area provides for off-road vehicle use along designated Forest routes. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Unique geologic features; thermally altered volcanic rocks and hot 

springs. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Description: Extensive alkali flats in the river corridor along with the rare plant Inyo 

phacelia.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Hot Creek from Antelope Spring to the national forest 

boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flow. Prehistory, geology and other (botanical) 

are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Little Hot Creek has been given a classification of “recreational”

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundments or diversions. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lone Pine Creek Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.087) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: John Muir Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: national forest boundary near Lone Pine Campground 
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Mileage:

• Studied: 3.9 miles

• Eligible: 3.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 3/22/91 memo noted extremely 

popular recreation area and determined ORVs for scenery and recreation. The 1/21/15 

interdisciplinary team review noted recreation opportunity and use is tied to Mt. Whitney and 

designated wilderness, which is not necessarily river related.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with views of several towering peaks and granitic 

walls.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, and camping occur along the 

creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of 

comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

Hiking opportunities to Mt. Whitney, within proximity of the creek are a unique 

recreation opportunity. National Scenic Recreation Trail along creek.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Classic example of alluvial fan formation (geomorphology) Views of 

Mt. Whitney

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Whitney Portal Road and trash scatter.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites known

are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery.

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lone Pine Creek (segment 2) from John Muir Wilderness 

boundary to the forest boundary near Lone Pine Campground is eligible. It is free flowing. 

Scenery, Recreation, and Geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Lone Pine creek segment 2 has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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• Shoreline Development: Developed along areas where trail is located and within 

campgrounds. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Mammoth Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.094.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Intersection with Sherwin Creek

• End Point Description: 0.04 miles after intersection with Sherwin Creek 

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.04 miles

• Eligible: 0.04 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Segment provides for fishing and camping. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: High concentration of documented historic sites associated with early 

settlement, administration, mining, resource extraction and recreation. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large numbers of 

historic sites are documented that are associated with significant themes of historic 

settlement, resource extraction and development.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 2) from intersection with 

Sherwin Creek and 0.04 miles after the intersection with Sherwin Creek is eligible. It is free 

flowing. History and Prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 2) has been given a preliminary 

classification of “recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Mammoth Creek, Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.094.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: South of Hot Creek by 0.018 miles 

• Ending Point Description: Intersection with Hot Creek

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.02 miles

• Eligible: 0.02 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• History

♦ Description: High concentration of documented historic sites associated with early 

settlement, administration, mining, resource extraction and recreation. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large numbers of 

historic sites are documented that are associated with significant themes of historic 

settlement, resource extraction and development.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 3) from south of Hot Creek 

by 0.02 miles to the intersection of Hot Creek is eligible. It is free flowing. History and 

Prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 3) has been given a preliminary 

classification of “recreational” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundments or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Mammoth Creek, Segment 4 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.094.4) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness Boundary 

• End Point Description: Twin Lakes Outlet 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.5 miles

• Eligible: 3.5 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation

♦ Developed camping, fishing, day-use, and other water activities occur along this 

segment. These activities are highly concentrated and popular within this area. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value due to the high 

use occurring in this area that is related to the presence of the water and 

developed facilities. 

• History

♦ Description: High concentration of documented historic sites associated with early 

settlement, administration, mining, resource extraction and recreation. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large numbers of 

historic sites are documented that are associated with significant themes of historic 

settlement, resource extraction and development.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 4) from John Muir 

Wilderness Boundary to outlet of Twin Lakes is eligible. It is free flowing. Recreation, 

History and Prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Mammoth Creek (Segment 4) has been given a preliminary 

classification of “recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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McGee Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.099) 

Location: 

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness Boundary 

• End Point Description: Forest Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.8 miles

• Eligible: 3.8 miles 

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Day-use, fishing, and camping occur along this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Unique geology visible from trail; waterfalls on both sides of the 

canyon; old sierra rocks, roof pendants

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Arborglyph site

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site 

is not unusual or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance 

for the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Three prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few known 

sites are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Description: An aspen stand is located along this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: McGee Creek from wilderness boundary to forest 

boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Geology is an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

218

Classification Findings: McGee Creek, Segment 2, has been given a preliminary 

classification of “Recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Middle Fork Bishop Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.104.1) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters

• End Point Description: Outlet of Lake Sabrina 

Mileage:

• Studied: 5.2 miles

• Eligible: 5.2 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Area is located within the John Muir Wilderness and offers views of 

high granite peaks and lakes along this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Fishing along the end-point of the segment can occur. The majority of 

the segment is not accessible by trail except for a small portion near Bottleneck Lake.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History: 

♦ Description: Lake Sabrina/Dam (hydroelectric system) is NRHP eligible. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. NRHP eligible site is 

significantly related to the river and associated with a well-established unique theme 

of significance for the Inyo. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: One prehistoric site.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known 

site is not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance 

for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

219

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Middle Fork Bishop Creek from headwaters to outlet of 

Lake Sabrina is eligible. It is free flowing. History is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings: Middle Fork Bishop Creek has been given a preliminary 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive, little or no evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible except by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Mill Creek, Segment 5 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.105.2) 

Location: 

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Intersection with Mill Creek, Segment 1. 

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.1 miles

• Eligible: 1.1 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values:

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the 

visible evidence of glaciation. Conness Glacier and a large portion of the sierra crest 

is visible from the top of the canyon.

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mill Creek (segment 5) from headwaters to wilderness is 

eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery and recreation are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Located within the John Muir Wilderness, it has been given a 

preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive, little or no evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Not accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

North Fork Crooked Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.126) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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• End Point Description: Confluence with South Fork Crooked Creek 

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.6 miles

• Eligible: 4.6 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• History: 

♦ Description: Arborglyphs, research station, historic rock structure. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few known sites 

are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: National Register eligible high elevation prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. National Register 

eligible high elevation prehistoric habitation sites of national significance are known. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: North Fork Crooked Creek from headwaters to 

confluence with South Fork Crooked Creek is eligible. It is free flowing. Prehistory is an 

outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings: North Fork Crooked Creek has been given a preliminary 

classification of “Scenic” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Largely primitive and undeveloped, no substantial evidence of 

human activity. 

• Accessibility: Accessible in places by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

O’Harrel Canyon Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.141) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Forest Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 5.3 miles

• Eligible: 5.3 miles
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Fisheries (Population): 

♦ Description: This river includes populations of the federally listed species, Lahontan 

cutthroat trout. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries (Population) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: O’Harrel Canyon Site (National Register Eligible) and a variety of other 

prehistoric sites are known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. National Register 

eligible prehistoric habitation and obsidian quarry reduction/processing areas are 

known. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: O’Harrel Canyon Creek from headwaters to forest 

boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Prehistory is an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 

Classification Findings: O’Harrel Canyon Creek has been given a preliminary classification 

of “Recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. 

• Accessibility: Accessible in places by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Poison Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.153) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters

• End Point Description: Intersection with South Fork Cottonwood Creek 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.4 miles

• Eligible: 3.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Alpine villages and game drive.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Known sites are 

unique and associated with nationally significant high elevation prehistory. 

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Description: Multiple rare plants are found in springs within the river corridor. They 

are not directly associated with the river, only springs. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Poison Creek from headwaters to intersection with South 

Fork Cottonwood Creek is eligible. It is free flowing. Prehistory is an outstandingly 

remarkable value.

Classification Findings: 

Poison Creek has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive, little or no evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, even by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Rock Creek Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.161) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Box Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.1 miles

• Eligible: 3.1 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, highly scenic due to the majesty of the 

canyon and the visible evidence of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence 

throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing, boating 

on the lakes, horseback riding. Popular recreation canyon. These recreation 

opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are 

attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

223

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic. Outstanding and unique glacial features in 

granitic batholith. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Wildlife (Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Rock Creek (Segment 3) from headwaters to Box Lake is 

eligible. It is free flowing. Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings:

Rock Creek, Segment 3, has been has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive, some evidence of human use. 

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible except by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rush Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.165.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters

• End Point Description: Inlet of Waugh Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.7 miles 

• Eligible: 3.7 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values:

• Scenery

• Description: Outstanding scenery in Upper Rush Creek including the Sierra crest, and 

many lakes and streams; the stream segment is adjacent to the Pacific Crest Trail 

• ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Outstanding scenery of the Ansel Adams Wilderness. Stream segments 

are adjacent to the Pacific Crest Trail. This area offers hiking, back-packing, and 

some fishing recreation opportunities. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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• Wildlife (Populations)

♦ Description: Populations of Yosemite toad occur within this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: Arboglyph site. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site 

is not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Two prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few known 

sites are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and wildlife 

populations are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Located within Ansel Adams Wilderness, Rush Creek has been 

given a preliminary classification of “Wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rush Creek Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.165.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Inlet of Waugh Lake 

• End Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.2 miles 

• Eligible: 4.2 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values:

• Scenery

♦ Description: Outstanding scenery in Upper Rush Creek including the Sierra crest, and 

many lakes and streams; the stream segment is adjacent to the Pacific Crest Trail 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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225

• Recreation 

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout, these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the 

region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of 

comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: National Register Eligible Hydroelectric Developments, Rush Creek 

Tramway and Dams.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Numerous documented 

NRHP eligible sites associated regionally significant early hydro-electric 

development on the Forest. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Small concentration of NRHP eligible prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. A small National 

Register eligible district is known.

• Other

♦ Description: A moist meadow with aspen is located along this segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: This segment is determined to be eligible. It is free 

flowing. Scenery, recreation, history, and prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Located within Ansel Adams Wilderness, Rush Creek (Segment 

2) has been given a preliminary classification of “Wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rush Creek Segment 4 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.165.4; 1.165.6; 1.165.7) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

Segment 1.165.4 

• Beginning Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary, through Agnew Lake 

• End Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary

Segment 1.165.7 

• Beginning Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary

• End Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary

Segment 1.165.6 
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• Beginning Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness Boundary

• End Point Description: Confluence with Reversed Creek

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.9 miles 

• Eligible: 1.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• History

♦ Description: National Register Eligible Hydroelectric Developments, Rush Creek 

Tramway, Gem and Agnew Lake Dams.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Numerous documented 

NRHP eligible sites associated regionally significant early hydro-electric 

development on the Forest. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: This segment is determined to be eligible. It is free 

flowing. History is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings:

GIS portion 1.165.4 and 1.165.6 of Rush Creek has been given a preliminary classification of 

“Recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development along trail. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by trail, but not roads. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

GIS portion 1.165.7 of Rush Creek has been given a preliminary classification of “Wild” 

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: Generally only accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

South Fork Cottonwood Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.180) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Intersection with Cottonwood Creek 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.7 miles
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• Eligible: 3.7 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Several unique high elevation prehistoric habitation sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Sites are unique and 

associated with significant themes for the Forest.

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Description: Two rare plants are found along this segment (Oxytropis deflexa and 

Carex scirpoidea). 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Cottonwood Creek from headwaters to the 

intersection with Cottonwood Creek is eligible. It is free flowing. Prehistory is an 

outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings: South Fork Cottonwood Creek has been given a preliminary 

classification of “wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: Once section of the segment is accessible by road, but the rest of the 

segment generally inaccessible. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

South Fork Oak Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.187.1 and 1.187.2) 

Location:

• Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: 

♦ Segment 1: Headwaters

♦ Segment 2: Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: 

♦ Segment 1: Wilderness boundary 

♦ Segment 2: Road 13S04 

Mileage:

• Studied: 7.5 miles

• Eligible: 7.5 miles
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Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Scenery

♦ Description: The largest black oak stands on the Inyo National Forest occur in this 

drainage. Frog’s bit buttercup (rare plant) and water birch riparian communities; 

coupled with the scenic views of Kearsarge Peak, sardine meadows and Parker lakes, 

South Fork Oak Creek is a highly scenic creek corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities 

are not unique or rare within the region of comparison. South Fork Oak Creek does 

not attract many visitors from outside of the region of comparison due in large part to 

its remoteness and to the private property located along the creek that is somewhat 

blocking access. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: One historic water diversion. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site 

is not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Two prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few known 

sites are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Geology: 

♦ Description: Unique geology includes some of the southern-most rock glaciers and 

permanent snowfields in the Sierra Nevada. Includes rock glaciers with ice that 

support water flow and unique metamorphic geology that contribute to unique 

vegetation systems.

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Other (Botanical)

♦ Description: Within the South Fork Oak Creek there is the largest black oak stands on 

the Inyo National Forest. Frog’s big buttercup (rare plant) and water birch riparian 

communities occur in this area as well. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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229

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Oak Creek from the Headwaters to National 

Forest Road 13S04 is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, geology and other 

(botanical) have been identified as outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Based on the current condition of developments and shoreline access, segment 1 (Headwaters 

to the wilderness boundary) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” and 

segment 2 (wilderness boundary to National Forest System Road 13S04) has been given a 

preliminary classification of “recreational.”

• Water Resources Development: 

♦ Segment 1: Free of impoundment 

♦ Segment 2: Some existing diversions (Los Angeles Department of Water and Power).

• Shoreline Development: 

♦ Segment 1: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity

♦ Segment 2: Evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: 

♦ Segment 1: Generally inaccessible, except by trail

♦ Segment 2: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Volcanic Creek (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.203) 

Location:

• County: Tulare County

• Beginning Point Description: Volcano Meadow 

• End Point Description: Intersection with Golden Trout Creek 

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.3 miles

• Eligible: 2.3 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORVs): 

• Scenery

♦ Description: River flows through a lava field. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Tied to golden trout creek, unique cinder cone and malpais (lava flow) 

formations. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
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Final Environmental Impact Statement

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230

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Volcanic Creek from Volcano Meadow to Intersection 

with Golden Trout Creek is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Geology is 

outstandingly remarkable value. 

Classification Findings:

Volcanic Creek has been given a classification of “Wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Table C-3. New inventory river segments with river-related values but no associated outstandingly 

remarkable values (ORVs)

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Adobe Creek 1.001 History – An earthen dam is known along this segment. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One minor prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual and not associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other (Botanical) – Moist meadow and Crepis runcinata population, 

however this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of 

botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, 

within the region of comparison.

Alger Creek 1.002 Recreation – Hiking occurs along portions of the stream, with some fishing 

access. This use is not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV. 

Wildlife (Habitat) - Analysis determined habitat systems where the 

Yosemite toad occur are actually lakes or meadows that are not supported 

by Alger Creek, rather catch basins of snow and rain. This wildlife river 

related value was not considered an ORV because "river sections" are not 

creating habitat that contributes to the persistence of this species.

History- Historic recreational residences and a resort are known. History 

was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known 

to be associated with well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other (Botanical) - Moist meadow, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Ash Creek 1.003 Prehistory- Numerous prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other (Botanical)- Moist meadow and canyon live oak, however this does 

not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.
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Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Bairs Creek 1.004 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual nor associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Other (Botanical) - Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Barigan Stringer 1.006 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. This use is not 

unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking 

and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered 

an ORV.

Other (Botanical) – Moist meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this 

does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the 

region of comparison.

Beartrack Creek 1.007 History- Historic sites include the Log Cabin mine (associated with mineral 

discovery location, not stream) and Lee Vining Ranger Station. History was 

not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual or have no 

important interrelationship to the river and/or are not associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory- Several prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because sites are not unusual, do not occur in unusual 

densities and are not associated with well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other (Botanical) - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Birch Creek 1.009 History – One historic canal occurs in this area. History was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Four prehistoric sites are known in this area. Prehistory was 

not determined an ORV because sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

known to be associated with well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Birch Creek 1.010 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known in this area. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or known to be associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other (Botanical) - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Birch Creek 1.011 Geology – This segment contains travertine geologic features. This was 

determined not to be unique within the Region of Comparison and 

therefore is not an ORV. 

Birch Creek 1.012 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known within this area. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known 

to be associated with any well-established themes of unique significance 

for the Inyo. 

Birch Creek 1.013 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is located along this segment. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because the site is not unusual or known to 

be associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Cabin Creek 1.019 History – One historic cabin is known. History was not determined an ORV 

because this site is not unusual and it is not known to be associated with 

any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 
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Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Cartago Creek 1.021 History – A historic fence occurs along this segment. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual, and is not known to 

be associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not usual and are not known 

to be associated with any well-established themes of significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Chiatovich 

Creek

1.022 History – Two historic sites are known. History was not determined an ORV 

because these sites are not usual and they are not known to be associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not usual and are not known 

to be associated with any well-established themes of significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Cold Creek 1.023 History – A historic cabin occurs in this area. History was not determined 

an ORV because the property is not usual and it is not known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not usual and not associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Cold Creek 1.024 Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Cold Water 

Creek

1.025 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along these stream. This use is not 

unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking 

and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered 

an ORV.

History - Historic mining sites and recreational residences occur in this 

area. History was not determined an ORV because known sites are not 

NRHP eligible and/or are not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 
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Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Convict Creek 1.026.1 Recreation – Fishing and boating occurs on Convict Lake (this segment 

runs within the lake). These uses are not unique within the Region of 

Comparison because many areas offer fishing and boating opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – A historic road, resort and dump occur along this creek. History 

was not determined an ORV because the known sites are not NRHP 

eligible and/or unusual or associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Convict Creek 1.026.2 History - A historic road, resort, dump, CCC stove and ice plant occur 

along this creek. History was not determined an ORV because known sites 

are not NRHP eligible and/or unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – A handful of scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or associated with well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Other – Dry meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Cottonwood 

Creek

1.027.1 Prehistory – Four scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Cow Creek 1.029 Other – Dry meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Crater Creek 1.030 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Davis Creek 1.034 Prehistory – A few prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Dechambeau 

Creek

1.035 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual and not associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Thelypodium integrifolium ssp. complanatum, however this does 

not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.
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Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Deer Creek 1.036 Recreation – Hiking, backpacking, fishing, and some access to the Pacific 

Crest Trail occurs along this segment. These uses are not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking, backpacking, 

and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered 

an ORV.

Deer Creek 1.037 Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Dexter Creek 1.038 Scenic – This area offers views of landscapes of geologic features and 

seasonal variations in vegetation. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as many areas offer views of different geologic 

features; therefore this is not an ORV.

Geology – These area includes granitic boulders and volcanic mesas; 

steep walled rim rock canyon, but these features were not considered 

outstandingly remarkable within the region of comparison. 

History – Historic features, such as Basque shelters and cabins and a 

dam/reservoir, are known. History was not determined an ORV because

these sites are not importantly associated with the river and/or unusual or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow and aspen, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Diaz Creek 1.039 Prehistory – NRHP eligible prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites have been importantly associated 

with another stream. 

Other – Moist meadow, canyon live oak, and Ivesia campestris, however 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the 

region of comparison.

Diaz Creek 1.040 Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Dry Creek 1.042 Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual, unusually dense 

or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Dry Creek 1.043 History – One historic ranching facility occurs in this area. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site has no important interrelationship 

with the river, is not unusual and not associated with any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several scattered prehistoric sites occur in this area. 

Prehistory was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

unusual, unusually dense or associated with any well-established themes 

of unique significance for the Inyo. 
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Final Environmental Impact Statement

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235

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Dry Creek 1.044.1 History – The NRHP eligible Red Rock Mercury Mine occurs in this area. 

The mine location is associated with mineral deposits, not the stream. 

History was not determined an ORV because only one site is known and 

there is no important interrelationship between the site and the river. 

Dry Creek 1.044.2 History – The NRHP eligible Red Rock Mercury Mine occurs in this area. 

The mine location is associated with mineral deposits, not the stream. 

History was not determined an ORV because only one site is known and 

there is no important interrelationship between the site and the river. 

Prehistory – A prehistoric feature is known along this segment. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Dry Creek 1.046 History – An historic administrative site and a dump have been 

documented in this area. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are not unusual and are not known to be importantly associated 

with the river or with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Dry Fork 1.047 Prehistory – One sparse prehistoric site has been documented. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

East Fork 

Coyote Creek

1.048 History – An historic cabin, corral and stone building are known in this 

area. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

unusual, or importantly associated with the river or any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – A couple of prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual, unusually dense 

or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow and Botrychium crenulatum, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

East Fork Rock 

Creek

1.049 Recreation – Hiking and fishing access along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

History – Scribed aspen and a sheep camp are documented. History was 

not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site occurs in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Dry meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
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236

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Egypt Creek 1.050 History – NRHP eligible historic hydroelectric features associated with 

Bishop Creek are known. History was not determined an ORV because the 

sites are associated with another stream. 

Falls Creek 1.051 History – One historic site known within the river corridor. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric milling sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Fern Creek 1.052 History – This historic June Lake rope tow occurs in this area. History was 

not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Recreation – A hiking trail occurs along portions of this creek to Fern Lake. 

This area offers fishing and hiking opportunities. These uses are not 

unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking 

and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered 

an ORV.

Other – Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Fuller Creek 1.055 History – An historic rancher camp has been documented. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Three prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow and Calochortus excavatus, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Goodale Creek 1.058 Scenic – This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area 

showcase contrasting high elevation and lower elevation habitats; therefore 

this is not an ORV.

Prehistory – Four prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Gunter Creek 1.059 History – One historic mining site is known. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual, has no important interrelationship 

with the river and is not known to be associated with any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Haiwee Creek 1.060 History – A few historic mining sites and trash scatters are documented. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual 

and not importantly associated with the river or with any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

237

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Hell for Sure 

Creek

1.061 Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Hilton Creek 1.063 Scenic – This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities and offers views of the Glass Mountains. 

This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as the 

majority of streams within this area showcase contrasting high elevation 

and lower elevation habitats; therefore scenery is not an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking, backpacking, and fishing occur along this stream. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking, backpacking and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – Historic features, such as camps, a foundation, notched log and 

carved tree, are known. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are not unusual or known to be importantly associated with the 

river or to any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several scattered prehistoric sites occur in this area. 

Prehistory was not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, 

unusually dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Aspen and Helodium blandowii, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Hogback Creek 1.065 Other - Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Honeybee 

Creek

1.066 History – One historic artifact scatter is known. History was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Horse Creek 1.220 Prehistory – Five prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Aspen occur along this creek, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Hutchinson 

Creek

1.069 History – Historic features related to the Queen Valley Mining Site occur in 

this area. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

known to be importantly associated with the river.

Prehistory – Three prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Indian Creek 1.069.1 History – Historic features, such as a wagon road, cabin and arborglyph 

are known. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are 

not unusual and not importantly associated with the river or to any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Inyo Creek 1.071 History – A trash scatter and an historic road are documented. History was 

not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known to 

be associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

238

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Johnson Creek 1.073 History – Historic sites documented include cow camps and snow survey 

shelters. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

unusual or known to be associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Kern Peak 

Stringer

1.074 Recreation - Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison and therefore recreation is not considered an 

ORV.

Other - Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

King Creek 1.075.5 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

King Creek 1.075.4 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

King Creek 1.075.3 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

King Creek 1.075.2 Prehistory - One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

King Creek 1.075.1 Prehistory - Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with well-established themes of significance for the Inyo. 

Other – A wet meadow was identified along this segment, however this 

does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the 

region of comparison. 

Lamarck Creek 1.077 Scenic – This stream offers scenic views of the high Sierra and alpine 

lakes. This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many of the streams within this area occur in high elevation habitats with 

alpine lakes; therefore is not considered an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking, fishing, and developed camping occur along this 

stream. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer hiking and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Laurel Creek 1.078 Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because few sites known are not unusual or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Salix brachycarpa, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

239

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Left Stringer 1.080 Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Other – Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Lewis Stringer 1.082 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Meadow and Botrychium crenulatum, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Little 

Cottonwood 

Creek

1.083 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

History – An historic pack station and corral are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Little Pine 

Creek

1.085 Prehistory – A handful of scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Loco Creek 1.086 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Lone Tree 

Creek

1.088 History – Historic features occur such as a foundation, corral and historic 

refuse are known. History was not determined an ORV because these sites 

are not unusual and not importantly associated with the river and/or to any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Long Canyon 

Creek

1.089 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Long Stringer 1.090 History – A historic corral occurs in this area. History was not determined 

an ORV because only one site is known that is not unusual or associated 

with any significant unique Forest themes.

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

240

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Lost Trout 

Creek

1.092 Prehistory –Five prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual, unusually dense 

or associated with any well-established themes of significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Malpais Creek 1.093 Scenic – A small portion of this stream flows through a lava flow and offers 

views of changing landscapes. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as other streams flow through larger lava flow 

features, making them unique. Scenery is not an ORV. 

Geology - Flows through lava formations, however this feature is not 

unique within the Region of Comparison and therefore is not an ORV. 

Mammoth 

Creek

1.094.1 Scenery – This area offers views of the Town of Mammoth Lakes and 

lakes. This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as the 

majority of streams within this area offer views of lakes; therefore this is not 

an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking, fishing, day-use, and backpacking occur along this 

segment. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these recreation opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV. 

History – Historic mining features occur in this area. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory- A lithic scatter prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

McGee Creek 1.098 Scenic – This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area 

showcase contrasting high elevation and lower elevation habitats; therefore 

this is not an ORV.

Recreation – Motorized vehicle use, hiking, and dispersed camping occur 

along this stream. These uses are not unique within the Region of 

Comparison because many areas offer motorized vehicle, hiking and 

fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an 

ORV.

History – Historic mining features and an administrative site occur in this 

area. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

unusual or known to be associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – About a dozen widely scatter prehistoric sites are known. 

Prehistory was not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, 

unusually dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

McGee Creek 1.100 Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not usual and not associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

241

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

McLaughlin 

Creek

1.101 History – One historic sheep camp known. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Meysan Creek 1.102 Scenic – Scenery includes granite peaks and views of Mount Whitney and 

other high Sierra peaks. This scenery is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison because many streams include views of high alpine peaks; 

therefore is not an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking access or 

opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Middle Creek 1.103 Prehistory – A handful of prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Mill Creek 1.105.1 Scenery – Views of high elevation peaks, canyon walls, and Mono Lake. 

This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as the 

majority of streams within this area include high elevation peaks, canyon 

walls and Mono Lake; therefore this is not an ORV.

Recreation – Developed camping and fishing occur along this stream. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer developed camping and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – Three historic sites are known along this segment. History was 

not determined an ORV because the there is no information about these 

sites to conclude they are unusual, importantly associated with the stream 

or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these few sites are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other- Aspen and Ranunculus hydrocharoides, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Minaret Creek 1.107 Scenic – Stream includes small cascades and views of high Sierra peaks. 

This scenery is not unique with the Region of Comparison because many 

areas include streams with cascades or other features similar to this area; 

therefore is not an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation not 

considered an ORV.

Other – Meadow and Bruchia bolanderi, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

242

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Mine Creek 1.108 History – Historic features from mining activities occur within this area. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are associated 

with mineral discovery locations rather than the river and are not unusual 

or unique for the Forest.

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Agrostis humilis, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Monache Creek 1.109 History – An historic cabin and garbage dump are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual and not 

importantly associated with the river or to any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Three prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Morgan Creek 1.111 Scenic – Stream offers views of high Sierra peaks. This scenery is not 

unique within the Region of Comparison because many streams offer 

views of high Sierra peaks; therefore not considered an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – The nationally significant NRHP eligible the Pine Creek Tungsten 

Mine occurs along this creek. History was not determined an ORV because

the site is related to the mineral discovery location rather than to the 

stream. 

Morris Creek 1.112 Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites are documented. Prehistory was 

not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Movie Stringer 1.113 History – One historic cabin site is documented. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Meadow, Botrychium spp., and Ivesia campestris, however this 

does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the 

region of comparison.

Ninemile Creek 1.115 Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – One historic administrative site (Casa Vieja Guard Station) is 

known. History was not determined an ORV because this site is not 

unusual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

North Fork 

Bairs Creek

1.116 Other - Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

243

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

North Fork 

Bishop Creek

1.123 Scenic – Offers scenic views of high elevation peaks and high alpine lakes. 

This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison because many 

streams offer views of high peaks and alpine lakes; therefore is not an 

ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking, fishing, and developed camping occur along this 

stream. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer hiking and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – The National Register of Historic Places eligible Cardinal Gold 

Mine is documented, as well as a pack station and snow survey shelter. 

History was not determined an ORV because the mine has been 

associated with Middle Fork Bishop Creek and the other known sites are 

not unusual or associated with any well-established themes or unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory: Four scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not 

usual and or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

North Fork 

Chiatovich 

Creek

1.124.1 Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

North Fork Lone 

Pine Creek

1.130 History – An historic road is documented. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

North Fork Oak 

Creek

1.136 Recreation – Motorized uses and hiking occur along this stream. These 

uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas 

offer hiking or motorized use access or opportunities; therefore recreation 

is not considered an ORV.

History – Two historic sites, including a stone foundation and rock 

structure, occur in this area. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are not unusual or known to be associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Black oak, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

North Fork 

Perry Aiken 

Creek

1.138 Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Olancha Creek 1.143 History – Historic features, such as a ditch and toll road, occur in this area. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual, 

importantly linked to the river and/or known to be associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Pinchot Creek 1.148 History – Three historic sites including mine features and a town site are 

documented in this area. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are not unusual and not importantly associated with the river 

and/or to any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – A prehistoric site occurs in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

244

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Pine Creek 1.149 Scenic – This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area 

showcase contrasting high elevation and lower elevation habitats; therefore 

this is not an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Wildlife Habitat - Several Yosemite toad detections occur at meadows and 

ponds near Pine Creek, but the few detections near the creek are not 

confirmed breeders. This creek provides dispersal habitat but not 

necessarily suitable breeding habitat. This wildlife river related value was 

not considered an ORV because "river sections" are not creating habitat 

that contributes to the persistence of this species.

History – Historic features related to mining activity such as road and 

settlement. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are 

connected to mineral discovery locations rather than the stream.

Other - Cottonwood, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Pinyon Creek 1.150 History – One historic trash scatter is documented. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not 

usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Piute Creek 1.151 History – Historic mining features and an aqueduct occur in this area. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual 

or not importantly associated with the river or to any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Pizona Creek 1.152 Prehistory – Four scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Purple Creek 1.154 Scenic – Stream has cascades and views of high Sierra peaks. This 

scenery is not unique with the Region of Comparison because many 

streams in this area share these features; therefore is not an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

Geology – Cascades and views of granitic peaks and other features occur 

along this stream. These features are not unique within the Region of 

Comparison and therefore not an ORV.

Rawson Creek 1.155 Other - Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Red Mountain 

Creek

1.156 Recreation – Hiking and motorized uses occur along this stream. These 

uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas 

offer hiking and motorized access or opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

245

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Redrock Creek 1.157 History – A few historic sites such as cabins, a corral and historic camp are 

known. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

unusual or known to be associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not 

usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Bruchia bolanderi, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Reds Creek 1.158 Scenery - High country vistas and scenery, highly scenic due to the 

majesty of the canyon and the visible evidence of glaciation. Dramatic 

geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the quality of the river 

corridor. This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison and 

therefore is not an ORV. 

History – An historic administrative site is known. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not 

usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Reversed Creek 1.159.2 History – Several historic sites are known, including the Rush Creek 

Powerhouse and Tramway, the June Lake Rope Tow, a recreation 

residence tract and an administrative site. The eligible Rush Creek 

hydroelectric system is associated with Rush Creek rather than Reversed 

Creek. History was not determined an ORV because the remaining known 

sites are not NRHP eligible, not unusual and/or not importantly associated 

with the river or to any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Five scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Right Stringer 1.160 Other- Meadow, Ivesia campestris, and Trichophorum pumilum, however 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources, or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the 

region of comparison.

Round 

Mountain 

Stringer

1.164 Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other- Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

246

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Rush Creek 1.165.3 Scenic – This area provides views of high alpine peaks and canyons, as 

well as fall color opportunities. Scenery was not determined to be an 

Outstanding Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – Fishing and boating are known, which is within Grant Lake. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer fishing and boating access or opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV.

History - The Grant Lake Dam and a ditch system are known. History was 

not determined an ORV because known sites are NRHP ineligible or not 

unusual or associated with significant unique themes for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Rush Creek 1.165.5 Scenic – This area provides views of high alpine peaks and canyons, as 

well as fall color opportunities. Scenery was not determined to be an 

Outstanding Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers opportunities for fishing. This use is not

unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer fishing 

access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History - The Grant Lake Dam and a ditch system are known. History was 

not determined an ORV because known sites are NRHP ineligible or not 

unusual or associated with significant unique themes for the Inyo. 

Rush Creek 1.166 Scenic – This area provides views of high alpine peaks and Mono Lake. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Sawmill Creek 1.167 Scenic – Area offers scenic views of high peaks. This scenery is not unique 

within the Region of Comparison therefore it is not an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – A few historic sites including arborglyphs, a corral, and a 

sawmill/flume are known. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are not unusual and/or known to be associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Sawmill Creek 1.168 Prehistory - Four scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

247

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Shadow Creek 1.170 Scenic – Area offers scenic views of high alpine peaks and cascades along 

creek. This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

many areas offer views of these same features; therefore is not an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking, fishing, and backpacking occur along this stream. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – One mining prospect is known in this area. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Shepherd 

Creek

1.171 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Sherwin Creek 1.172 History – One cabin and historic trash scatter are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not determined an 

ORV because these sites are not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Snake Creek 1.173 Prehistory – Multiple prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Soda Creek 1.174 Recreation – Hiking and some motorized uses occur along this creek. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking and motorized access or opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV.

Prehistory – Eleven scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was 

not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

South Fork 

Birch Creek

1.177 Prehistory – A couple of prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

South Fork 

Chiatovich 

Creek

1.179 Other – Meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

South Fork 

Crooked Creek

1.181 Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

South Fork 

Lubken Creek

1.185 Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

248

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

South Fork 

McAfee Creek

1.186 Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Stokes Stringer 1.190 Other – Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Strawberry 

Creek

1.191 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

History – An historic trash scatter is known. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Multiple prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent 

an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Summit Creek 1.192 History – An historic flume is known along this segment. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Multiple prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Summit Creek 1.193 History – Historic dendroglyphs are known within this area. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Multiple prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Meadow, Ivesia campestris, and Cordylanthus eremicus ssp. 

kernensis, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Taboose Creek 1.195 Recreation – Hiking and some motorized uses occur along this stream. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking and motorized access or opportunities; therefore 

recreation is not considered an ORV.

Other – Sphenopholis obtusata, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Tinemaha 

Creek

1.197 Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

249

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Trail Creek 1.199 Scenic – Area offers scenic views of high elevation peaks, including 

Boundary Peak and views of Fish Lake Valley. This scenery is not unique 

within the Region of Comparison, as many streams in this area offer views 

of mountain peaks; therefore is not an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking, fishing, and motorized uses occur along this stream. 

These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison because 

many areas offer hiking, motorized use and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – An historic rock structure is known along this creek. History was 

not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with 

any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory - Multiple scattered prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was 

not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually 

dense or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Botrychium crenulatum, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Tres Plumas 

Creek

1.200 History - Five historic sites including a corral, herder camps, a bridge and

two dendroglyphs are known. History was not determined an ORV because 

the known sites are not unusual and not importantly associated to any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Tuttle Creek 1.201 History – An NRHP eligible Ashram is known. The location of the Ashram 

is linked to its ridge top location rather than the stream. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is has no important interrelationship 

with the river.

Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive 

and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example 

of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Unnamed 

Perennial

1.202 Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Walker Creek 1.204 History – An historic residential site and ditch are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not 

usual and or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Walker Creek 1.205.1 Scenery – Area offers views of high mountain peaks, Walker Lake, and 

Mono Lake. Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding 

Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – Boating and fishing occur on this segment of Walker Creek, 

which occurs in Walker Lake. These uses are not unique within the Region 

of Comparison because many areas offer boating and fishing access or 

opportunities; therefore not recreation is considered an ORV.

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because only one site is known and it is not unusual or 

associated with well-established themes of significance for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

250

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Walker Creek 1.205.2 Scenery – Area offers views of high mountain peaks, Walker Lake, and 

Mono Lake. Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding 

Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Other – Dry meadow and aspen, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Walker Creek 1.206 Scenery – Area offers views of high mountain peaks, Walker Lake, and 

Mono Lake. Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding 

Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Warren Fork 1.207 Recreation – Hiking occurs along this creek. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – An historic power line is documented along this creek. History 

was not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

West Stringer 1.209 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

Wet Fork 1.210.2 Geology - Granitic boulders and volcanic mesas are known. These 

features are not unique within the Region of Comparison and therefore not 

an ORV. 

Wet Fork 1.210.1 Geology – Granitic boulders and volcanic mesas are known. These 

features are not unique within the Region of Comparison and therefore not 

an ORV.

Prehistory – Three prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Whisky Creek 1.211 History – A historic recreational residence tract occurs in this area. History 

was not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or known to 

be associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One sparse prehistoric site is known in this area. Prehistory 

was not determined an ORV because the site is not unusual or associated 

with well-established themes of significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Wildhorse 

Creek

1.212 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Wilfred Creek 1.213 Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

251

Stream Name Stream ID River Related Value

Wilson Creek 1.216 Geology – River is located within the Mono Basin and flows through 

different geologic features. This is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison and therefore is not an ORV. 

Other – Alkali flat near Mono Lake, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison. 

Witcher Creek 1.217 Prehistory – Three prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Wyman Creek 1.218 History – An historic road and building occur in this area. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory - Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Wet meadow, Physocarpus alternans, and Thelypodium

integrifolium ssp. complanatum, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an 

outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.

Yost Creek 1.219 Scenic – Stream offers views of the June Lake area and high elevation 

peaks. This scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many streams in this area offer views of high peaks; therefore is 

not an ORV. 

Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – The June Lake Rope Tow and a mining prospect occur in this 

area. History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not 

NRHP eligible, unusual and/or known to be associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known to occur. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site known is not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Review of Previously Evaluated Inventory

Description of Previous Studies Completed

The Inyo National Forest completed an eligibility study of 326 miles of river segments found on 

28 streams on the forest, which is documented in a series of memos between 1990 and 1993. 

From this study, the staff determined that 169 miles of river segments on 19 streams met the 

eligibility criteria. Another 157 miles of river segments on 9 streams did not meet the eligibility 

criteria, along with a few segments of streams with eligible segments. The 9 streams determined 

as not eligible include the following: Baker Creek, Coyote Creek, George Creek, Horton Creek, 

Independence Creek, Mulkey Creek, Ninemile Creek, Redrock Creek, and Rush Creek.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

252

Additionally, the portions of the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin on the Inyo National Forest had 

been determined eligible and found suitable as part of the 1986 Sierra National Forest Land and 

Resource Management Plan DEIS, Appendix E as shown in Table C-4. In 1992 the four segments 

of the Middle Fork San Joaquin River were found as suitable and are currently being managed as 

a recommended wild and scenic river.

Table C-4. Middle Fork San Joaquin River Findings of the 1988 Sierra National Forest Land and 

Resource Management Plan Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Appendix E of the Sierra 

National Forest Draft Environmental Impact Statement and determined Suitable in the 1991 Sierra 

National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan

Middle Fork 

San Joaquin 

River Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3* Segment 4

Outstandingly 

Remarkable 

Values 

(ORVs) 

Scenery

Recreation

Geology

Fish

Scenery

Recreation

Geology

Scenery

Recreation

Geology

Scenery

Recreation

Geology

Beginning and 

Ending Points

Headwaters at 

Thousand Island 

Lake to Agnew 

Meadows (6.0 

miles)

Agnew Meadows to 

Soda Springs 

footbridge (4.5 

miles)

Soda Springs 

footbridge to 

Rainbow Falls (2.5 

miles)

Rainbow Falls to 

confluence with 

North Fork San 

Joaquin (9.0 miles)

Free Flowing Yes Yes Yes Yes

Impoundments No Yes No No

Diversions No No No No

Classification Wild Recreational Scenic Wild

*Note: Segments 1 and Segment 2 are on the Inyo National Forest. Segment 3 is on both the Inyo 

National Forest and Devils Postpile National Monument. Segment 4 is on the Inyo and Sierra 

National Forests.

Process the Inyo National Forest Interdisciplinary Team Used to Determine if There Are 

Any Changed Conditions or New Information since the Previous Evaluation(s)

To determine if there were any changed conditions or new information since these evaluations, 

we considered new federally listed species, changes to management within previously eligible 

streams, historical records, and any changes to the outstandingly remarkable values identified for 

these rivers. We determined that all the previously eligible rivers should be brought forward as 

eligible in this review. This was due to two factors: 1) the previous studies were conducted prior 

to the availability of “The Wild and Scenic River Study Process,” which outlines the steps, 

definitions, and criteria used in evaluation, and 2) the 1990s study record does not give a clear 

indication of what made the outstandingly remarkable values a unique, rare, or exemplary feature 

at a regional or national scale. In addition to these factors, the majority of these streams were 

identified as eligible as part of a settlement agreement and a decision was made that they should 

continue to be considered eligible because of this status.

Eligibility was reaffirmed on all previously eligible rivers. None of the rivers that were previously 

found to be not eligible were found eligible in this review. On the reaffirmed eligible rivers, 

outstandingly remarkable values were reviewed and were updated based on the new information 

or changed conditions resulting in some changes to the specific values identified for each river.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

253

Results of the Eligibility Review for Previously Evaluated Rivers 

Previous Eligibility Reaffirmed

Convict Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.03) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Convict Lake

Mileage:

• Studied: 7.0 miles

• Eligible: 7.0 miles 

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORVs): The 1991 documentation 

(3/22/91 memo) determined ORVs for scenery and geology. The 2015 review noted high 

quality aspen and cottonwood stands, largely maintained by strong water flow with frequent 

flooding regime. The interdisciplinary team determined that Convict Creek has ORVs for 

scenery, geology, and “other.”

• Scenery

♦ Description: Scenic creek canyon with numerous lakes and outstanding geologic 

features, and the Sierra Crest as a backdrop.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for nonnative trout 

species, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but do attract visitors from outside of 

the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Prehistoric

♦ Description: Numerous prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The sites known

are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: widely varied geologic formations providing visible evidence of 

geologic processes spanning 150 million years: Mount Morrison roof pendant; 

Sevenhall cliff; Bright Dot formation; Mount Baldwin Marble; Mildred Lake 

Hornfelds; highly visible from trail. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

254

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Riparian corridor supports numerous rare plants, including moonworts, snow willow, 

Rolland's bulrush, Bellardi bog sedge, shortfruit willow, and kinnikinnik; 

Outstanding carbonate and metamorphic formations (roof pendant), with unique plant 

communities and rare species.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Convict Creek from the Headwaters to Convict Lake is 

determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, geology and other - botanical 

are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Located within John Muir Wilderness, Convict Creek, segment 1 has been given a 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Cottonwood Creek (Sierra), Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.04.1 – 1.04.2) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Southeast side of Forest Road 16S02 (Horseshoe Meadows Road) 

Mileage: 

• Studied: 4.7 miles

• Eligible: 4.7 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1991 documentation (3/22/91 

memo) noted that Cottonwood Creek has ORVs for scenery, recreation, and fisheries.

• Scenery

♦ Scenic forested creek corridor with breaks with vistas of nearby Sierra Crest, 

transects large, open Horseshoe Meadows.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout 

species, and camping occur along the creek. These recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but do attract visitors from outside of 

the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

255

• Geology 

♦ Description: Large, high elevation meadow with little evidence of glaciation is 

unique in the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries (Habitat) and (Fish Population):

♦ Description: Pristine environment for fishing for naturally reproducing golden trout. 

Only stream population of golden trout in the area. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History: 

♦ Description: The upper segment is associated with Golden Trout, the earliest 

recreation resort in this portion of the Sierras. The lower segment is associated with 

numerous sites associated with late 1800s logging to support the Cerro Gordo Mine 

charcoal kilns. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. NRHP eligible sites are 

associated with unique themes of significance for the Inyo.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: This segment is determined to be eligible. It is free 

flowing. Scenery, recreation, geology, fish (habitat), fish (population) and history are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Based on the current condition of developments and shoreline access, Segment 1 from the 

Headwaters to the wilderness boundary has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” 

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Upper section is essentially primitive, with little or no evidence 

of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Upper section is generally inaccessible, except by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Cottonwood Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.04.3) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Southeast side of Forest Road 16S02 

• End Point Description: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power) land east of the Old Cottonwood Sawmill site.

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.4 miles

• Eligible: 1.4 miles
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

256

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Little information was noted from 

the 1990s study for Cottonwood Creek. The 3/22/91 memo noted campsites along the road on 

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (Los Angeles Department of Water and Power)

land and it was determined to have ORVs for recreation. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Largely forested area, with occasional openings and views of Trail peak. 

Along the roaded portion of the creek, stock corrals and fences, and a snow survey 

cabin are visible from the creek. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout 

species, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but do attract visitors from outside of 

the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geologic formations nearby include trail peak and Owens point, no 

unique features within the corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Population):

♦ Description: Unique fishing experience for fishing for naturally reproducing golden 

trout in an area easily accessed by road. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: LA Aqueduct.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Documented NRHP 

eligible sites are importantly associated with the river and unique Forest theme of 

developments related historic water extraction.

• Prehistoric

♦ Description: Numerous prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Cottonwood Creek from Forest Road 16S02 to Los 

Angeles Department of Water and Power land is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. 

Recreation, history and fish (population) are outstandingly remarkable values.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

257

Classification Findings: 

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment 

• Shoreline Development: Evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Cottonwood Creek, Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.04.4) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power) land east of the Old Cottonwood Sawmill site. 

• End Point Description: Golden Trout Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.8 miles

• Eligible: 3.8 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Little information was noted from 

the 1990s study for Cottonwood Creek. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Largely forested area, with openings and views of Owens dry lake and 

the Owens Valley. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout, and 

(very little) camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison. This segment of Cottonwood Creek 

is remote, overgrown, access to the creek is limited due to the steep canyon walls, 

and does not draw visitation from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: No unique features within the creek corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History 

♦ Description: Documented sites include Colonel Stevens Cottonwood sawmill and 

flume. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

258

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Documented sites are 

associated with locally significant and unique themes of early historic resource 

extraction and processing. 

• Fisheries (Population)

♦ Description: Unique fishing experience for fishing for naturally reproducing golden 

trout in an area easily accessed by road. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish is an outstandingly remarkable value

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Cottonwood Creek from Los Angeles Department of 

Water and Power to wilderness boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. 

Scenery, history, and fish (population) are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Minimal historic impoundments associated with the 

Cottonwood Creek power plant downstream, and the Sawmill operations upstream. 

• Shoreline Development: little evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Accessible by road at both termini.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Cottonwood Creek, Segment 4 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.04.5) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Golden Trout Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Intake in Section 27 just east of Forest Service Road 17S01 

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.1 miles

• Eligible: 2.1 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Little information was noted from 

the 1990s study for this segment of Cottonwood Creek. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Largely forested area, with openings and views of Owens dry lake and 

the Owens Valley 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout, and 

camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare 

within the region of comparison. Likely not attracting visitors from outside of the 
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region of comparison. This segment of Cottonwood Creek is in close proximity to 

National Forest Road 17S01. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: No unique features within the creek corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Population):

♦ Description: Unique fishing experience for fishing for naturally reproducing golden 

trout in an area easily accessed by road. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: Documented sites include a variety of historic Los Angeles Department 

of Water and Power developments, such as a caretaker’s cabin and water diversions. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Documented sites are 

associated with regionally significant theme of water extraction on the Inyo. 

• Prehistoric

♦ Description: Numerous NRHP eligible prehistoric sites are known, including one 

where a regional point style was first identified (Cottonwood). 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Many known sites are 

NRHP eligible or have a unique significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Cottonwood Creek from the Golden Trout Wilderness 

boundary to the intake in Section 27 is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery and fish 

(population), prehistory and history are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Impoundments associated with the Cottonwood Creek 

power plant.

• Shoreline Development: Cottonwood power plant and associated buildings visible from 

the creek, established dispersed camping along the creek and adjacent to the road.

• Accessibility: Accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Golden Trout Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.07) 

Location:

• County: Tulare County

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters above Big Whitney Meadows 

• End Point Description: Confluence with the Kern River 
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Mileage:

• Studied: 19 miles

• Eligible: 19 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1991 documentation (3/22/91 

memo) noted, Volcano Falls (about 100 feet high), natural rock bridge, volcanic domes, lava 

flows, vegetative diversity (from alpine meadows to chinquapin, manzanita), tunnel feud in 

1880s (water diversion to serve for irrigation for farmers in what is the area covered by Lake 

Isabella) golden trout fishery and determined ORVs for scenery, geology, and fisheries. The 

2015 interdisciplinary team review noted, least compromised golden trout populations. The 

findings were consistent with the 1991 documentation. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic creek corridor, with vegetative diversity from alpine 

meadows to chinquapin and manzanita, with Sierra Crest as back drop, woodlands 

and unique geological formations. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation 

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout, and 

camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare 

within the region of comparison. These are attracting visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison, but not to the same degree as other creeks within the region of 

comparison. Golden Trout Creek was the home of one of California’s earliest water 

wars at Tunnel Meadows, where it has been reported that a clandestine tunnel was 

built to transfer water from the Owens Valley watershed to the Kern River Watershed.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Evidence of unique volcanic activity including 100 foot-high Volcano 

Falls natural rock bridge, volcanic domes, and lava flows. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Guard station, cow camps and snow survey shelter. The past evaluation 

speaks to the corridor being the home of one of California’s earliest water wars at 

Tunnel Meadows, where a clandestine tunnel was attempted to transfer water from 

the Owens Valley watershed to the Kern River Watershed. 

♦ ORV Findings: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. At least one site (failed 

tunnel) is associated with a rather unique theme of significance for the Inyo.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Two prehistoric sites known. 
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♦ ORV Findings: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population):

♦ Description: Least compromised population of Golden Trout occurs here; this 

population is significant to the species ability to thrive in the future. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Habitat):

♦ Description: River offers suitable habitat requirements for the Golden Trout 

population occurring in this river. This habitat is significant for the species to thrive 

in this area.

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (Habitat) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Golden Trout Creek from the Headwaters to the Kern 

River is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, geology, history, fish 

(habitat) and fish (population) are outstandingly remarkable values. 

Classification Findings:

Located within Golden Trout Wilderness, Golden Trout Creek, Segment 1 has been given a 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Hot Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.09.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Intersection of stream and Forest Road 3S45G 

• End Point Description: Fish Hatchery

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.4 miles

• Eligible: 4.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Unique geologic features and hot springs. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.
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• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Dense prehistoric sites associated with regionally significant obsidian 

procurement, processing, habitation and trade.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large number of 

documented sites associated with unique Forest theme.

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Extensive meadows and alkali flats in the river floodplain along with the rare plant 

meadow hawksbeard.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Hot Creek, Segment 2, is determined to be eligible. It is 

free flowing. Geology, prehistory, and other (botanical) are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Hot Creek, Segment 2 has been given a classification of 

“recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Hot Creek, Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.09.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Fish Hatchery 

• End Point Description: national forest boundary

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.9 miles

• Eligible: 2.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Scenery

♦ Highly Scenic creek corridor with dramatic views of the Sierra Crest, Scenic geologic 

formations. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Primarily a day hiking and fishing destination, world class fishery and views of the 

remnants of the Long Valley Caldera provide a unique recreation setting. There are 

opportunities for class II whitewater rafting during peak spring run-off. 
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♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Geology 

♦ Remnants of the Long Valley Caldera are evident in the form of unique geological 

features including thermal pools, surface thermal flow and fumarols. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries (Population):

♦ Wild Trout Fishery offers a world-class Blue Ribbon Fishery

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Habitat):

♦ River habitat offers suitable live-stage needs for trout species.

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (habitat) is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Dense prehistoric sites associated with regionally significant obsidian 

procurement, processing, habitation and trade.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large number of 

documented sites associated with unique Forest theme.

• Other (Ecological and Botanical Values)

♦ Extensive meadows and alkali flats in the river floodplain along with the rare plant 

meadow hawksbeard.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Hot Creek from the fish hatchery to the national forest 

boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, geology, fish 

(population), fish (habitat), prehistory, and other (botanical) are outstandingly remarkable 

values.

Classification Findings:

Hot Creek, Segment 3 has been given a classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development.

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Laurel Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.11) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness boundary 
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• End Point Description: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (Los Angeles 

Department of Water and Power) property

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.8 miles

• Eligible: 3.8 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, geology, and fisheries. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with distinctive riparian vegetation 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation 

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for golden trout, and 

camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare 

within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region 

of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Visible unique geologic features in canyon walls including very visible 

evidence of glaciation.

♦ ORV Determination: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: One documented site.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. History was not 

determined an ORV because the one known site is not known to be unusual or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

• Prehistory: 

♦ Description: Two sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population/Habitat):

♦ Description: Golden trout are found within Laurel Lake, but not downstream in this 

stream segment nor does the stream provide exceptionally high quality habitat for 

fish species

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population/habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
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• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: A rare botanical species, Salix brachycarpa, occurs in along this 

segment. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Laurel Creek from the wilderness boundary to Los 

Angeles Department of Water and Power property is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, 

recreation and geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Laurel Creek has been given a preliminary classification of “scenic” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Generally accessible by 4-wheel-drive road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lee Vining Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.12.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters tributaries

• End Point Description: Harvey Monroe Hall Research Natural Area (RNA) boundary

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.4 miles 

• Eligible: 1.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Lee Vining Creek, segment 1was 

determined to have ORVs for scenery in the 1990s.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with views of several towering peaks and granitic 

walls 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities 

are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from 

outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.
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• Geology 

♦ Description: Glaciated Alpine Peaks, with Conness Glacier at the headwaters

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek from the Headwaters to the RNA 

boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Lee Vining Creek, Segment 1 has been given a classification of “wild” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lee Vining Creek, (Upper Lee Vining Creek), Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 

1.12.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Harvey Monroe Hall Research Natural Area (RNA) 

boundary 

• End Point Description : Greenstone Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.2 miles

• Eligible: 0.2 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 3/22/91 memo noted 

campgrounds, planted rainbow and brook trout, and trail to historic site. The 1990s study 

identified ORVs for scenery, geology, and historic sites. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic meadow systems below granite peaks.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities 

are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from 

outside of the region of comparison. Hiking opportunities to Bennettville mining 

center within proximity of the creek are a unique recreation opportunity. 
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♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Highly visible glacial feature (Conness Glacier).

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries:

♦ Description: Planted rainbow and brook trout fishery, no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek (Segment 2) from Harvey Monroe Hall 

Research Natural Area (RNA) boundary to Greenstone Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. 

Scenery, recreation and geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Upper Lee Vining Creek (Segment 2) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild”

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally accessible by 4-wheel-drive road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lee Vining Creek (Lower Lee Vining Creek), Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 

1.12.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Saddlebag Lake

• End Point Description: Highway 120 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.0 miles

• Eligible: 3.0 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: Controlled at the dam at Saddlebag Lake; free-flowing until 

inlet at Ellery Lake and Highway 120. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, history and geology. No historic sites have been documented in this 

reach, but the past evaluation speaks to possible themes of early mining and travel.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with distinctive riparian vegetation.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value.
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• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique 

or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison. Although Bighorn sheep are not in the river corridor, the 

potential to view them from the river corridor is a unique recreation opportunity. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Highly visible glacial feature (Conness Glacier).

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: One prehistoric site is located along this segment.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value because the site 

was not unusual and not associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Moist meadow is present within the river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek from Saddlebag Lake to Highway 120 

is eligible. It is free-flowing. Scenery, recreation and geology are outstandingly remarkable 

values.

Classification Findings:

Upper Lee Vining Creek (Segment 3) has been given a preliminary classification of 

“recreational” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. Substantial evidence of human occupation, 

with several campgrounds occurring along this segment. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. National Forest Road 1N04 parallels the 

segment to the junction at Highway 120. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 
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Lee Vining Creek (Lower Lee Vining Creek), Segment 4 (River/Segment GIS Number: 

1.12.4) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Southern California Edison Powerhouse 

• End Point Description: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power holding pond 

Mileage:

• Studied: 6.0 miles

• Eligible: 6.0 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: Controlled at Southern California Edison’s powerhouse; 

diverted by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power for irrigation purposes downstream; 

diversion for the Lee Vining Public Utility for domestic water use; diversion at lower end for 

power purposes. Generally free flowing in between. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, and geology. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with distinctive riparian vegetation.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for planted rainbow 

and brook trout occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique 

or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison. Although bighorn sheep are not in the river corridor, the 

potential to view them from the river corridor is a unique recreation opportunity. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Visible geologic features within canyon, including Conness Glacier 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: A few sites documented.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo.

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value.
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• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Moist meadow is present within the river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lee Vining Creek (Section 4) from SCE powerhouse to 

Los Angeles Department of Water and Power diversion pond is eligible. It is free flowing. 

Scenery, recreation, and geology are outstandingly remarkable values. 

Classification Findings:

Lee Vining Creek (Segment 4) has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational”

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. Substantial evidence of human occupation 

with the presence of multiple campgrounds and a SCE powerhouse. 

• Accessibility: Generally accessible by road. Forest Service road parallels the segment, as 

well as Highway 395. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Lone Pine Creek/North Fork Lone Pine Creek Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 

1.13, 1.23) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: North Fork and South Fork Headwaters 

• End Point Description: John Muir Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.7 miles

• Eligible: 4.7 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 3/22/91 memo noted extremely 

popular recreation area and determined ORVs for scenery and recreation. The 1/21/15 

interdisciplinary team review noted recreation opportunity and use is tied to Mt. Whitney and 

designated wilderness, which is not necessarily river related.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon with views of several towering peaks and granitic 

walls.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, and camping occur along the 

creek; these recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of 
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comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

Hiking opportunities to Mt. Whitney, within proximity of the creek are a unique 

recreation opportunity. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Classic example of alluvial fan formation (geomorphology). 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lone Pine Creek (Segment 1) from North Fork and South 

Fork headwaters to the John Muir Wilderness boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, 

recreation, and geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Lone Pine Creek (segment 1) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on 

the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Mammoth Creek, Segment 5 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.15.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Twin Lakes 

• End Point Description: Sherwin Campground 

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.5 miles

• Eligible: 4.5 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Area is accessible for day-use, hiking, fishing, bike-riding, and camping. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
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• History

♦ Description: High concentration of documented historic sites, including 

administrative buildings, sawmill foundation, refuse scatters, and historic sites related 

to recreation and resource extraction.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. Large numbers of 

historic sites are documented that are associated with Forest significant themes of 

historic settlement, resource extraction and development. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mammoth Creek from Twin Lakes to Sherwin 

Campground is eligible. It is free flowing. History and Prehistory are outstandingly 

remarkable values. 

Classification Findings: Mammoth Creek, Segment 5 has been given a preliminary 

classification of “recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Mammoth Creek, Segment 6 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.15.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Sherwin Campground 

• End Point Description: South of Hot Creek by 0.02 miles 

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.4 miles 

• Eligible: 2.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORV): 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Area offers camping, biking, fishing, and off-highway vehicle use along 

Forest designated routes. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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• Prehistory

♦ Description: Dense concentration of documented prehistoric sites associated with 

regionally significant obsidian quarry and processing areas. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Unusually large 

numbers of sites associated with regionally significant themes of prehistoric obsidian 

extraction, processing and trade. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Moist meadow is present within the river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mammoth Creek from Sherwin Campground to 0.02 

miles south of Hot Creek is eligible. It is free flowing. Prehistory is an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 

Classification Findings: Mammoth Creek, Segment 6 has been given a preliminary 

classification of “recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundment or diversion. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development, substantial evidence of human activity. 

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

McGee Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.16) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 6.7 miles

• Eligible: 6.7 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery and geology.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon. The diversity of vegetation and watercourse, and 

unique geology, including different striations of minerals within the canyon walls, is 

easily identifiable from trail. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking and camping. Very popular 

hiking trail. Recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of 

comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Unique geology visible from trail; waterfalls on both sides of the 

canyon; old sierra rocks, roof pendants

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Prospects and a culvert are documented.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites known

are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Several prehistoric sites recorded.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Wildlife (Population)

♦ Description: Yosemite toad populations occur in the high elevations of this segment.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (population) is not an ORV because breeding populations are 

not know to occur within the river corridor.

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Aspen are present within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: McGee Creek from Headwaters to wilderness boundary is 

eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are outstandingly remarkable 

values.

Classification Findings:

McGee Creek has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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• Accessibility: accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Middle Fork San Joaquin River (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.17) 

Location:

• Ranger District: Mammoth

• County: Madera 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters are from an unnamed lake southwest of 

Thousand Island Lake 

• End Point Description: Middle Fork San Joaquin River at the northeast end of Thousand 

Island Lake

• Special Area: Ansel Adams Wilderness on the Inyo National Forest

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.5

• Eligible: 3.5

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Area offers views of large, naturally occurring, high alpine lakes and 

high Sierra peaks. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: fishing for unique fish, natural occurring lakes, areas of rock climbing 

near headwaters, accessed by Pacific Crest Trail / John Muir Trail

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Geology 

♦ Description: Granitic formations at high elevations. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Wildlife (Population)

♦ Description: Yosemite toad population have been documented in the upland and 

meadow habitats within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (population) is not an ORV because the river does not 

contribute to the occurrence of the Yosemite toad. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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276

• Wildlife (Habitat)

♦ Description: Upland and meadow habitats suitable for amphibian species occur 

within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (habitat) is not an ORV because the river is not contributing to 

the presence of these habitats. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: One prehistoric site recorded.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one site 

known is not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: This segment of the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin 

River is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, geology, and recreation are 

outstandingly remarkable values. 

Classification Findings:

Middle Fork San Joaquin River has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: No development 

• Accessibility: Nonmotorized trails.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Mill Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.18.1, 1.18.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.0 miles 

• Eligible: 4.0 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery and geology.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon. Extremely scenic due to the diversity both in the 

watercourse and in the surrounding terrain and vegetation. The watercourse ranges 

from lakes to steep-dropping waterfalls, fast-moving cascades, and braided meadows. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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277

Dramatic geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic 

quality of the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking and camping. Very popular 

hiking trail. Recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of 

comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the 

visible evidence of glaciation. Conness Glacier and a large portion of the sierra crest 

is visible from the top of the canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Wildlife (Population)

♦ Description: Yosemite toad population have been documented in the upland and 

meadow habitats within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (population) is not an ORV because the river does not 

contribute to the occurrence of the Yosemite toad. 

• Wildlife (Habitat)

♦ Description: Upland and meadow habitats suitable for amphibian species occur 

within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Wildlife (habitat) is not an ORV because the river is not contributing to 

the presence of these habitats. 

• Fisheries:

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: The presence of a rare species, Kobresia myosuroides, occurs within the 

river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mill Creek (segment 1) from headwaters to wilderness

boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are outstandingly 

remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Located within the John Muir Wilderness, it has been given a preliminary classification of 

“wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Mill Creek (Segment 2) (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.18.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Private Property

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.4 miles

• Eligible: 1.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, geology, and history related to early Hess and Parrot mining activity (though no sites 

have been documented). The current review assessed mining sites as importantly related to 

the location of mineral discoveries rather than to streams. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the visible evidence 

of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the 

outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking and camping and picnicking 

along the creek. Very popular hiking trail. These recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from 

outside of the region of comparison. Unique opportunities around visitation of Hess 

and Parrott Mine sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the 

visible evidence of glaciation. Conness Glacier and a large portion of the sierra crest 

is visible from the top of the canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: One prehistoric site recorded.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known 

site is not usual and not associated with any well-established themes of significance 

for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Aspen and moist meadows are present within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mill Creek (segment 2) from the wilderness boundary to 

private property is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

• Mill Creek (segment 2) has been given a preliminary classification of “scenic” based on 

the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Mill Creek (Segment 3) (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.18.4) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Private Property

• End Point Description: Lundy Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.8 miles

• Eligible: 0.8 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery and history related to early Hess and Parrot mining activity (though no sites have 

been documented). The current review assessed mining sites as importantly related to the 

location of mineral discoveries rather than to streams. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

280

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic canyon. Aspen stands provide shade and fall colors. There 

are a few scenic overlooks of Lundy Canyon and Lundy Lake as a significant scenic 

spot. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking and camping and picnicking 

along the creek. Popular hiking trail. These recreation opportunities are not unique or 

rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison. Unique opportunities around visitation of historic mining sites. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic because of the majesty of the canyon and the 

visible evidence of glaciation. Conness Glacier and a large portion of the sierra crest 

is visible from the top of the canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: One linear historic feature.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site 

is not known to be usual and or associated with any well-established themes of 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Two prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of significance 

for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fisheries is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Mill Creek (Segment 3) from private property to Lundy 

Lake property is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Mill Creek (segment 3) it has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based 

on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.

• Accessibility: accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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North Fork Big Pine Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.22.1-1.22.2) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 5.5 miles

• Eligible: 5.5 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Scenery within this segment of the river showcases high Sierra peaks, 

including the Palisades Glacier, and alpine lakes which are light blue because of the 

glacial run-off. 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for nonnative trout 

species, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but do attract visitors from outside of 

the region of comparison. Lon Chaney Cabin was designed by Paul Revere Williams, 

the first African American inducted in the American Association of Architects. The 

cabin is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places due to its architectural 

distinction and associations with architect Paul Revere Williams and actor Lon 

Chaney. Although not listed on the National Register, visiting this cabin is a unique 

recreation experience.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Palisades Glacier in the headwaters which is a unique glacial feature. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: National Register Eligible Lon Chaney Cabin.

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site is 

NRHP eligible, is associated with the nationally acclaimed architect Paul Revere 

Williams, and is intimately connected to the stream. The cabin was built on the 

stream edge for silent film actor Lon Chaney, an avid fisherman.

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ This creek does not contain populations of wild stocks and/or federally listed species 

nor does the stream provide exceptionally high quality habitat for fish species. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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♦ ORV Finding: Fish population and fish habitat are not outstandingly remarkable 

values.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: North Fork Big Pine Creek from the Headwaters to the 

Wilderness boundary is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, Recreation, 

Geology, and History are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Located within John Muir Wilderness, Big Pine Creek, segment 1 has been given a 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. Little or no evidence of human activity.

• Accessibility: Generally inaccessible, except by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

North Fork Big Pine Creek/Big Pine Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Numbers: 

1.02.1, 1.22.3, 1.22.4) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Private Property

• (Includes portions of the North Fork Big Pine Creek) 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.6 miles

• Eligible: 3.6 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: Determination of Free Flow: The 

study reach is found to be free-flowing.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Largely forested area, with occasional openings and views of 

spectacular geologic formations, traversed by Big Pine Creek trail. Along the roaded 

portion of the creek, recreation cabins, five campgrounds, pack station, resort and 

picnic area are visible from the creek.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunities, such as hiking, fishing for nonnative trout 

species, and camping occur along the creek; these recreation opportunities are not 

unique or rare within the region of comparison, but do attract visitors from outside of 

the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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283

• Geology 

♦ Description: Unique geology, Palisades Glacier in the headwaters is visible from 

openings in the trail and along the road. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries

♦ Description: This creek does not contain populations of wild stocks and/or federally 

listed species nor does the stream provide exceptionally high quality habitat for fish 

species.

♦ ORV Finding: Neither fish (population) nor fish (habitat) are an outstandingly 

remarkable value. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Several prehistoric lithic scatters occur in this area.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value because this site is 

not unusual and not associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

• History

♦ Description: Big Pine Recreation Resident Tract.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known site 

is not usual, is not NRHP eligible, and is not associated with any well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Big Pine Creek, segment 2, from the wilderness boundary 

to private property is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Recreation and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

This segment has been given a preliminary classification of “recreational” based on the 

following: 

• Water Resources Development: Minimum impoundment associated with a small hydroelectric project at the Glacier lodge.

• Shoreline Development: Evidence of human activity: cabins, campgrounds, recreation 

residences, resort, paved road.

• Accessibility: Readily accessible by road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Parker Creek (Segment 1) (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.25.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Wilderness boundary 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Mileage:

• Studied: 4.4 miles

• Eligible: 4.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified an ORV 

for scenery.

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, interesting geologic features of folds, 

waterfalls and cascades over the headwall.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing. 

Popular hiking trail. These recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the 

region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the region of 

comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon. While adding 

to the scenic quality of the canyon, this is not unique within the region of 

comparison. No unique geologic processes evident along and within the creek 

corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery.

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Aspen is present within the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Parker Creek from Headwaters to wilderness boundary is 

eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery and recreation are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Parker Creek (segment 1) is within the Ansel Adams wilderness and has been given a 

preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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• Accessibility: accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rock Creek Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.27.1, 1.27.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Outlet of Box Lake 

• End Point Description: Wilderness Boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.2 miles

• Eligible: 1.2 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery and geology. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, highly scenic due to the majesty of the 

canyon and the visible evidence of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence 

throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing. 

Popular hiking trail. These recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the 

region of comparison, but are attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Outstanding and unique glacial features in granitic batholith. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: A Traditional Cultural Property (TCP), Mono Pass Trail, has been 

documented. The documented TCP begins at trailhead, climbs to Mono Pass then 

continues through the Sierra National Forest. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The primary 

historic/modern cultural value of the TCP is linked to the trail rather than the river.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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286

• Prehistory

♦ Description: A Traditional Cultural Property (TCP), Mono Pass Trail, has been 

documented. The trans-Sierra trail up Rock Creek and over Mono Pass was a 

significant prehistoric travel and trade route.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Rock Creek drainage 

to Mono Pass is a uniquely significant and long established prehistoric trade-travel 

route on the Forest, with continuing use in historic/modern times as associated with 

the NRHP eligible Mono Pass Trail. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Rock Creek (segment 1) from outlet of Box Lake to 

wilderness boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, geology, and 

prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Located in the John Muir Wilderness, Rock Creek (segment 1) has been given a preliminary 

classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.

• Accessibility: accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rock Creek Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.27.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Highway 395 Bridge near Tom’s Place 

Mileage:

• Studied: 12.0 miles

• Eligible: 12.0 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, and fisheries. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, highly scenic due to the majesty of the 

canyon and the visible evidence of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence 

throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

287

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing, boating 

on the lakes, horseback riding. Popular recreation canyon. These recreation 

opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are 

attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic. Outstanding and unique glacial features in 

granitic batholith. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: A Traditional Cultural Property (TCP), Mono Pass Trail, has been 

documented as well as three recreation residence tracts, a resort, historic camps, a 

guard station, trash, foundations and rock alignments. 

♦ ORV Finding: ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The 

primary historic/modern cultural value of the TCP is linked to the trail rather than the 

river.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: A Traditional Cultural Property (TCP), Mono Pass Trail, has been 

documented. The trans-Sierra trail up Rock Creek and over Mono Pass was a 

significant prehistoric travel and trade route. Numerous prehistoric sites known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Rock Creek drainage 

to Mono Pass is a uniquely significant and long established prehistoric trade-travel 

route on the Forest, with continuing use in historic/modern times as associated with 

the NRHP eligible Mono Pass Trail. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery. 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Aspen, moist meadows, and a rare species, Cares scirpoidea ssp. 

pseudoscirpoidea ̧ occur within the river corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Rock Creek (segment 2) from wilderness boundary to 

Highway 395 Bridge near Tom’s Place is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, 

geology, and prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Rock Creek (segment 2) has been has been given a preliminary classification of 

“recreational” based on the following:
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• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Several campgrounds, paved roads and parking lots, two resorts 

and one pack station, 3 recreation residence tracts within the creek corridor. 

• Accessibility: accessible paved road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rock Creek - Lower Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.14.1, 1.14.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Highway 395 Bridge near Tom’s Place 

• End Point Description: national forest boundary

Mileage:

• Studied: 6.9 miles

• Eligible: 6.9 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, and fisheries.

• Scenery

♦ Description: A series of cascades. Dense and excellent quality riparian vegetation 

with old growth Jeffrey pine trees.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, driving for pleasure, fishing, 

bicycling. Popular recreation canyon. These recreation opportunities are not unique 

or rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting large numbers of visitors 

from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Geology is highly scenic. While adding to the scenic quality of the canyon, this is not 

unique within the region of comparison. No unique geologic processes evident along 

and within the creek corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

289

• History

♦ Description: Historical features such as recreational residences, several foundations, 

and trash scatters occur in along segment 1.14.1.

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value because this site is 

not unusual or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Numerous prehistoric sites known and are likely linked to the 

importance of the trans-Sierra trail up Rock Creek and over Mono Pass, a significant 

prehistoric travel and trade route.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is an outstandingly remarkable value. Concentration of 

prehistoric sites likely connected to a significant and long established prehistoric 

trade-travel route on the Forest up Rock Creek drainage. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Lower Rock Creek (Segment 3) from Highway 395 

Bridge near Tom’s Place to the national forest boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, 

Recreation, and Prehistory are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Lower Rock Creek (segment 3) has been has been given a preliminary classification of 

“recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Paved roads and parking lots, nearby highway 395 visible in 

some spots. 

• Accessibility: accessible paved road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

Rush Creek, Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.28.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Forest Boundary 

• End Point Description: Inlet to Mono Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 4.3 miles 

• Eligible: 4.3 miles 

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Through Mono Basin, unique geology and ice age lake bed features. It is 

the best delta feature in Mono Basin.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: Two historic settlements (multicomponent sites). 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites known 

are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance 

for the Inyo. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Several prehistoric sites known.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Other (Cultural) 

♦ Description: Contemporary unique tribal significance and value associated with 

river/delta is known. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (cultural) is an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: The portion of Rush Creek from the forest boundary to 

Mono Lake is determined to be eligible. It is free flowing. Geology and cultural are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Rush Creek has been given a preliminary classification of 

“Recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Some existing impoundments or diversions. 

• Shoreline Development: Some development. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by road. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 

South Fork Bishop Creek, Segment 1 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.30.1) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwaters 

• End Point Description: Inlet at South Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 3.6 miles

• Eligible: 3.6 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery and “other”.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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291

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, many lakes and tributary streams, 

highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the visible evidence of glaciation. 

Dramatic geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic 

quality of the river corridor

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing. Popular hiking trail. 

These recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, 

but are attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

Heavily-visited recreation canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Geology 

♦ Geology is highly scenic and has interesting geology features. It is only site of cobalt 

deposits in the United States.

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Fisheries (Population and/or Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.

• Other - Minerals

♦ Description: A rare mineral, cobalt, was described to occur within this area of the 

Bishop Creek drainage. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other – Although the rare mineral cobalt is found within this 

watershed, it does not occur within the river corridor and its presence is not due to the 

river. Other - Minerals is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Bishop Creek from the Headwaters to the 

inlet at South Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings: Located in the John Muir Wilderness, South Fork Bishop Creek 

(segment 1) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive.

• Accessibility: accessible by trail.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

South Fork Bishop Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.30.2) 

Location:

• County: Inyo County 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

292

• Beginning Point Description: Dam outlet at South Lake

• End Point Description: Habeggers RV Park

Mileage:

• Studied: 5.2 miles

• Eligible: 5.2 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

recreation.

• Scenery

♦ Description: High country vistas and scenery, highly scenic Aspen stands and riparian 

vegetation stand in contrast to the steep, open canyon walls. Dramatic geologic 

evidence throughout the canyon adds to the outstanding scenic quality of the river 

corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing, boating 

on South Lake, horseback riding. Popular recreation canyon. These recreation 

opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are 

attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic. While adding to the scenic quality of the 

canyon, this is not unique within the region of comparison. No unique geologic 

processes evident along and within the creek corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• History

♦ Description: Recreation residences (one eligible tract), outfitter camp, NR eligible 

Bishop Creek Hydroelectric District, historic camps and cabins. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is an outstandingly remarkable value. There are NRHP eligible 

sites associated with the stream and to themes of early hydroelectric development of

regional importance and of unique significance for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

293

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Aspen and a rare species, Tricholporum pumilium, occur within the river 

corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Bishop Creek (segment 2) from the outlet at 

South Lake to Habeggers RV Park is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation and 

history are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

South Fork Bishop Creek (segment 2) has been given a preliminary classification of 

“recreational” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Several campgrounds, picnic areas trailheads and other paved 

parking areas, two resorts and one pack station within the creek corridor. 

• Accessibility: accessible paved road.

• Water Quality: Unknown 

South Fork Mill Creek, Segment 1(River/Segment GIS Number: 1.32.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Dore Pass Lake 

• End Point Description: Crystal Lake

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.1 miles

• Eligible: 1.1 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 3/21/91 memo notes historic 

resources (historic mining activity) and rainbow and brook trout. The 1990s study identified 

ORVs for scenery, geology, and history. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the visible evidence 

of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the 

outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

294

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing for 

nonnative brook and rainbow trout. Popular hiking trail. These recreation 

opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but are 

attracting visitors from outside of the region of comparison. Unique opportunities 

around visitation of historic mining sites. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Extent of Historic mining activity and scenic beauty of rocks in the 

canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Documented early mining sites. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. Mining sites are 

connected more to mineral discovery locations than to streams. 

• Fisheries (Population and/or Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Mill Creek (Segment 1) from Dore Pass Lake 

to Crystal Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and geology are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

It is within the Hoover Wilderness, and has been given a preliminary classification of “wild”

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

South Fork Mill Creek, Segment 2 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.32.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Crystal Lake

• End Point Description: Hoover Wilderness boundary 

Mileage:

• Studied: 1.6 miles

• Eligible: 1.6 miles
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, geology, and history. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic forested area including a section that traverses a very 

steep gorge within one mile of Mill Creek.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking and camping and picnicking 

along the creek. Popular hiking trail. These recreation opportunities are not unique or 

rare within the region of comparison, but are attracting visitors from outside of the 

region of comparison. Unique opportunities around visitation of historic mining sites, 

Lundy and Tioga world's highest telephone line, historic trail associated with Tioga 

Mining District, and the historic mining road provide an outstandingly remarkable 

recreation experience.

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Extent of Historic mining activity and scenic beauty of rocks in the 

canyon. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is an outstandingly remarkable value.

• History

♦ Description: Documented early mining sites. 

♦ ORV Finding: History is not an outstandingly remarkable value. Mining sites are 

more connected to mineral discovery locations than to streams. 

• Fisheries (Population and/or Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Mill Creek (segment 2) from Crystal Lake to 

the Hoover Wilderness boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery, recreation, and 

geology are outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

South Fork Mill Creek (segment 2) has been given a preliminary classification of “wild”

based on the following: 

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

296

South Fork Mill Creek, Segment 3 (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.32.3) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Hoover Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Confluence with Main Fork of Mill Creek

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.3 miles

• Eligible: 0.3 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 3/21/91 memo notes historic 

resources (historic mining activity). The 1990s study identified ORVs for scenery, geology, 

and history. The present evaluation notes no historic sites documented in this segment.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Highly scenic due to the majesty of the canyon and the visible evidence 

of glaciation. Dramatic geologic evidence throughout the canyon adds to the 

outstanding scenic quality of the river corridor

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing for 

nonnative brook and rainbow trout. Popular hiking trail. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value 

• Geology 

♦ Description: While adding to the scenic quality of the canyon, this is not unique 

within the region of comparison. No unique geologic processes evident along and 

within the creek corridor 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Prehistory

♦ Description: One prehistoric site.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The one known 

site is not usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance 

for the Inyo. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: South Fork Mill Creek (Segment 3) from Hoover 

Wilderness boundary to the confluence with the Main Fork of Mill Creek is eligible. It is free 

flowing. Scenery and recreation are the outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

South Fork Mill Creek (segment 3) has been given a preliminary classification of “scenic”

based on the following: 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive. 

• Accessibility: accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown. 

Walker Creek, Segment 1 – Bloody Canyon (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.33.1) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Headwater tributaries 

• End Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness boundary

Mileage:

• Studied: 2.6 miles

• Eligible: 2.6 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, geology, and history. The present evaluation notes no historic sites are 

documented along this reach.

• Scenery

♦ Description: Diverse watercourse beginning at the headwaters where the water is 

characterized by small snow tarns and pocket meadows, transitioning through steep 

sections with waterfalls and fissures, and cascades. Vegetation is scenic and varied, 

glacial polish and grooves on bedrock add to the scenic quality 

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing. These 

recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but 

are attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

Unique recreation opportunities are associated with visiting remnants of historic 

cabins and historic mining route, and potential to view Bighorn sheep from the river 

corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic. While adding to the scenic quality of the 

canyon, this is not unique within the region of comparison. No unique geologic 

processes evident along and within the creek corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

298

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Five scattered prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. Known sites are

not usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and/or Habitat)

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.

• Other (Botanical): 

♦ Description: Two rare plant species occur within this area, Carex tiogana and 

Agrostis humilis. 

♦ ORV Finding: Other (Botanical) is not an outstandingly remarkable value because 

this does not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, 

or an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison. 

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Walker Creek from the Headwater tributaries to Ansel 

Adams Wilderness boundary is eligible. It is free flowing. Scenery and recreation are 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Classification Findings:

Walker Creek (segment 1 - Bloody Canyon) located within the Ansel Adams Wilderness and 

has been given a preliminary classification of “wild” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Essentially primitive and undeveloped. 

• Accessibility: Accessible by trail. 

• Water Quality: Unknown.

Walker Creek, Segment 2 – Bloody Canyon (River/Segment GIS Number: 1.33.2) 

Location:

• County: Mono County 

• Beginning Point Description: Ansel Adams Wilderness boundary 

• End Point Description: Walker Lake 

Mileage:

• Studied: 0.4 miles

• Eligible: 0.4 miles

Eligibility Findings:

Determination of Free Flow: The study reach is found to be free-flowing. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

299

Determination of Outstandingly Remarkable Values: The 1990s study identified ORVs for 

scenery, recreation, geology, and history. The present evaluation notes no historic sites are 

documented along this reach. 

• Scenery

♦ Description: At inlet to Walker Lake scenery includes views of lake and Bloody 

Canyon area, but it is not unique within the region of comparison.

♦ ORV Finding: Scenery is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Recreation

♦ Description: Recreation opportunity is primarily hiking, camping and fishing. These 

recreation opportunities are not unique or rare within the region of comparison, but 

are attracting large numbers of visitors from outside of the region of comparison. 

Unique recreation opportunities are associated with visiting remnants of historic 

cabins and historic mining route, and potential to view Bighorn sheep from the river 

corridor. 

♦ ORV Finding: Recreation is an outstandingly remarkable value. 

• Geology 

♦ Description: Geology is highly scenic. While adding to the scenic quality of the 

canyon, this is not unique within the region of comparison. No unique geologic 

processes evident along and within the creek corrido 

♦ ORV Finding: Geology is not an outstandingly remarkable value.

• Prehistory

♦ Description: Two prehistoric sites.

♦ ORV Finding: Prehistory is not an outstandingly remarkable value. The few sites 

known are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

• Fisheries (Population and/or Habitat):

♦ Description: Rainbow and brook trout are planted here. There is no native fishery 

♦ ORV Finding: Fish (population and/or habitat) is not an outstandingly remarkable 

value.

Summary of Eligibility Findings: Walker Creek (Segment 2 – Bloody Canyon) from the 

Ansel Adams Wilderness boundary to Walker Lake is eligible. It is free flowing. Recreation is 

an outstandingly remarkable value.

Classification Findings:

Walker Creek (Segment 2 - Bloody Canyon) has been given a preliminary classification of 

“scenic” based on the following:

• Water Resources Development: Free of impoundment. 

• Shoreline Development: Hiking and user trails for access to waterways.

• Accessibility: Accessible by trails.

• Water Quality: Unknown. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

300

Table C-5. Previously evaluated river segments with river related values but no associated 

outstandingly remarkable values (ORVs) 

Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Baker Creek 1.01.1 Prehistory – One prehistoric site is known along this segment. Prehistory

was not determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Big Pine Creek 1.02.2 History – One recreation residence track is documented along this segment. 

History was not determined an ORV because the one site known is not 

unusual or associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo.

George Creek 1.06 Fisheries – Desirable non-native trout occur within this creek, however this 

does not represent unique fishery populations within the region of 

comparison. 

Wildlife habitat – Riparian areas offer habitat to a variety of wildlife species, 

however this does not represent unique wildlife habitat within the region of 

comparison.

Scenery – This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area showcase 

contrasting high elevation and lower elevation habitats; therefore this is not 

an ORV.

History – A historic cabin occurs in this area. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Canyon live oak, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Horton Creek 1.08 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along these stream. These uses are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

History – A historic cabin occurs in this area. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

301

Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Independence 

Creek

1.10 Fisheries– Desirable non-native trout occur within this creek, however this 

does not represent unique fishery populations within the region of 

comparison. 

Scenic - This area offers views of high alpine peaks and changes in 

landscape forms as you move from high elevation alpine habitat to lower 

elevation sagebrush communities. This scenery is not unique within the 

Region of Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area showcase 

contrasting high elevation and lower elevation habitats; therefore this is not 

an ORV.

Recreation – Hiking, fishing and developed camping occur along this 

stream. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer hiking and fishing access or opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – Historic sites documented include a recreational residence tract, 

concrete foundation and a drift fence. History was not determined an ORV 

because these sites are not unusual or known to be associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other - Black oak and Carex petasata, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding 

example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Lee Vining 

Creek

1.12.5 Recreation – Fishing occurs along this segment of Lee Vining Creek. This is 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an 

ORV.

Lee Vining 

Creek

1.12.6 Scenery – This segment offers views of Mono Lake, the town of Lee Vining, 

and the Sierra Nevada. This scenery is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison, as the majority of streams within this area showcase views of 

Mono Lake; therefore this is not an ORV.

Recreation –The Lee Vining Creek Trail which connects the town of Lee 

Vining to the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area Visitor Center occurs 

along this segment. Although this trail is found along the creek and offers 

interpretive displays, this recreation use is not unique within the Region of 

Comparison and therefore is not considered an ORV.

History – The historic Lee Vining Ranger Station is known. History was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual and is not known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory – Numerous prehistoric sites occur in this area. Prehistory was 

not determined an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense 

or associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for 

the Inyo. 

Other - Represent remarkably diverse Riparian corridors and 

habitat/protection for plants. While a key habitat type on the landscape, the 

riparian veg characteristics are not an ORV within the ROC, because they 

do not represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical 

resources.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

302

Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Mill Creek 1.18.5 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation –Fishing occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer fishing access or 

opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Prehistory – Two prehistoric resources are known. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because these resources are not unusual or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Mill Creek 1.18.6 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Mill Creek 1.18.7 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Mill Creek 1.18.8 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Prehistory - A prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined an 

ORV because the site is not unusual or associated with well-established 

themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Mill Creek 1.18.9 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

303

Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Mill Creek 1.18.10 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with wellestablished themes of significance for the Inyo.

Mill Creek 1.18.11 Scenery – Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Mill Creek 1.18.12 Scenery - Segment provides views of Mono Lake and high Sierra peaks. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers fishing, birding, hiking, and sight- seeing 

opportunities. These uses are not unique within the Region of Comparison 

because many areas offer these same opportunities; therefore recreation is 

not considered an ORV. 

Geology – This area includes unique geologic features; however it is not 

unique within the Region of Comparison and therefore is not an ORV.

Other – Alkali flat, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Mine Creek 1.19 History - Historic features from mining activities occur within this area. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are associated 

with mineral discovery locations rather than the river and are not unusual or 

unique for the Forest.

Prehistory – A prehistoric site is known. Prehistory was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Mulkey Creek 1.20 History – One historic camp is documented. History was not determined an 

ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any wellestablished themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Six prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because the sites are not unusual, unusually dense or associated 

with any well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Meadow and Ivesia campestris, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding 

example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Ninemile 

Creek

1.21 Recreation – Hiking occurs along this stream. This use is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking opportunities; 

therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

Geology - Hot spring features occur in this area, however these are not 

unique within the Region of Comparison and therefore not an ORV. 

History – The Jordon Hot Springs Resort is documented. The resort is 

abandoned and largely burnt down. History was not determined an ORV 

because this site is not NRHP ineligible.

Other – Meadow and canyon live oak, however this does not represent an 

extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding 

example of a botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Owens River 1.24.1 Prehistory – Several prehistoric sites are documented in this area. 

Prehistory was not determined an ORV because only a few sites are known

and they are not usual or associated with any well-established themes of 

unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Owens River 1.24.2 Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not usual or

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other – Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

Parker Creek 1.25.2 Scenery – River offers views of high mountain peaks and Mono Lake. 

Scenery was not determined to be an Outstanding Remarkable Value 

because the scenery is not unique within the Region of Comparison, as 

other streams offer this same scenery.

Redrock Creek 1.26 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this stream. These uses are not 

unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer hiking 

and fishing access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered 

an ORV.

History – A few historic features such as a cabin and corral are known. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or 

known to be associated with any well-established themes of unique 

significance for the Inyo. 

Prehistory – Two prehistoric sites are known. Prehistory was not determined 

an ORV because only a few sites are known and they are not usual or 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Other- Bruchia bolanderi, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.
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Stream Name Stream ID River-Related Value

Rush Creek 1.28.1 Scenic – This area provides views of high alpine peaks and canyons, as 

well as fall color opportunities. Scenery was not determined to be an 

Outstanding Remarkable Value because the scenery is not unique within 

the Region of Comparison, as other streams offer this same scenery.

Recreation – This area offers opportunities for fishing. This use is not unique 

within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer fishing access 

or opportunities; therefore recreation is not considered an ORV.

History – Historic features, such as recreational residences, a resort and two 

trash scatters are known. History was not determined an ORV because 

these sites are NRHP ineligible and/or not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo. 

Other - Aspen, however this does not represent an extensive and unique 

combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

South Fork Big 

Pine Creek

1.29 Recreation – Hiking and fishing occur along this creek. These activities are 

not unique within the Region of Comparison because many areas offer 

hiking and motorized access or opportunities; therefore recreation is not 

considered an ORV.

History – Two sites, a recreational residence tract and resort, are known. 

History was not determined an ORV because these sites are NRHP 

ineligible. 

South Fork 

Cottonwood 

Creek

1.31 History – An historic cabin and camps are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because these sites are not unusual or known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo.

Other- Moist meadow, however this does not represent an extensive and 

unique combination of botanical resources, or an outstanding example of a 

botanical resource, within the region of comparison.

West Fork 

Coyote Creek

1.34 History – An historic log structure and mine are known. History was not 

determined an ORV because the few sites are not unusual or known to be 

associated with any well-established themes of unique significance for the 

Inyo. 

Prehistory – One prehistoric site is documented. Prehistory was not 

determined an ORV because this site is not unusual or associated with any 

well-established themes of unique significance for the Inyo.

Other – Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea, however this does not 

represent an extensive and unique combination of botanical resources, or 

an outstanding example of a botanical resource, within the region of 

comparison.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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306

Summary of Eligibility and Classification Findings 

A total of approximately 1,224.6 miles of river were included in the current inventory that was 

evaluated for wild and scenic river eligibility by the Inyo National Forest. Of that inventory, 

approximately 245.5 miles of river had been evaluated in previous efforts and approximately 

128.3 miles had previously been determined to be eligible and have been managed to protect their 

eligibility. Of those eligible rivers, approximately 70.9 miles were assigned a preliminary 

classification of “wild,” approximately 9.7 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of 

“scenic,” and 47.7 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of “recreational.” 

The current effort included development of a comprehensive inventory of rivers on the national 

forest. Rivers that had been previously evaluated for eligibility in earlier efforts were given a 

refreshed look to determine if there were any changed conditions or new information and findings 

were adjusted accordingly. Of the 128.3 miles that had previously been determined to be eligible, 

124.4 miles were reaffirmed as eligible. Classifications were reviewed and adjusted if changed 

conditions were present. The updated classification findings on the previously evaluated rivers 

includes approximately 74.9 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of “wild,” 

approximately 5.8 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of “scenic,” and 59.4 miles 

were assigned a preliminary classification of “recreational.” 

New inventory was evaluated to determine if free flow and any outstandingly remarkable values 

were present. Of the 979.1 miles of new inventory that were evaluated for eligibility, 

approximately 101.1 miles were determined to be eligible. The classification findings on the 

newly evaluated rivers includes approximately 56.6 miles were assigned a preliminary 

classification of “wild,” approximately 8.7 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of 

“scenic,” and 35.8 miles were assigned a preliminary classification of “recreational.” The total 

miles of river currently determined to be eligible for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic 

Rivers System is approximately 241.2 miles. A detailed summary of the eligibility and 

classification findings for the Inyo National Forest can be found on the following tables and 

maps.
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

307

Eligibility Tables and Maps

The following tables provide summaries of the rivers that meet eligibility requirements to be considered for inclusion in the National Wild and 

Scenic Rivers System. Maps follow each table. Larger, higher resolution maps are available to view online at the Pacific Southwest Region 

(Region 5) Web page at: http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r5/landmanagement/planning/?cid=STELPRD3833668. 

Table C-6. Inyo National Forest rivers that meet eligibility requirements to be considered for inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

River Name

Stream 

ID(s) Miles

Preliminary 

Classification

(Wild Scenic or 

Recreational) Beginning Point End Point

Outstandingly Remarkable 

Values

Convict Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.03 7.0 Wild Headwaters Convict Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Other (Botanical) 

Cottonwood Creek

(Segment 1)

White Mountains

1.028 1.7 Wild Headwaters at White 

Mountains Wilderness 

Boundary

Wild and Scenic designated 

segment

Fish Populations, Prehistory

Cottonwood Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.04.1

1.04.2

4.7 Wild Headwaters Southeast side of Forest Road 

16S02

Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Fish Habitat, Fish Populations,

History

Cottonwood Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.04.3 1.4 Recreational Southeast side of Forest Road 

16S02

Los Angeles Department of Water 

and Power land east of the Old 

Cottonwood Mill site

Recreation, Fish Populations, 

History

Cottonwood Creek 

(Segment 3)

1.04.4 3.8 Wild Los Angeles Department of 

Water and Power land east of 

the Old Cottonwood Mill site

Golden Trout Wilderness 

boundary

Scenery, Fish Populations, 

History

Cottonwood Creek 

(Segment 4)

1.04.5 2.1 Recreational Golden Trout Wilderness 

boundary

Intake in Section 27 just east of 

Forest Service Road 17S01

Scenery, Fish Populations, 

History, Prehistory

Cottonwood Creek

(Segment 5)

While Mountains

1.027.2 0.7 Recreational Forest Boundary Forest Boundary History

Crest Creek 1.031 4.0 Wild Headwaters Inlet to Gem Lake History

Division Creek 1.041.2 3.4 Recreational Wilderness Boundary Forest Boundary History

Fish Creek 1.053 20.4 Wild Headwaters Confluence with Middle Fork San 

Joaquin River

Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Wildlife Populations

Golden Trout Creek 1.07 19.0 Wild Headwaters above Big 

Whitney Meadows

Confluence with the Kern River Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Fish Populations, Fish Habitat, 

History
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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River Name

Stream 

ID(s) Miles

Preliminary 

Classification

(Wild Scenic or 

Recreational) Beginning Point End Point

Outstandingly Remarkable 

Values

Hot Creek

(Segment 1)

1.067 5.6 Recreational Headwaters Intersection of stream and Forest 

Road 3S45G

History, Prehistory, Other

Hot Creek

(Segment 2)

1.09.1 4.4 Recreational Intersection of stream and 

Forest Road 3S45G

Fish Hatchery Geology, Prehistory, Other 

(Botanical)

Hot Creek

(Segment 3)

1.09.2 2.9 Recreational Fish Hatchery national forest boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Fish Populations, Fish Habitat, 

Prehistory, Other (Botanical)

Laurel Creek 1.11 3.8 Scenic Wilderness boundary Los Angeles Department of Water 

and Power land

Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lee Vining Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.12.1 1.4 Wild Headwaters tributaries Harvey Monroe Hall Research 

Natural Area

Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lee Vining Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.12.2 0.2 Wild Harvey Monroe Hall Research 

Natural Area

Greenstone Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lee Vining Creek 

(Segment 3)

1.12.3 3.0 Recreational Saddlebag Lake Hwy 120 Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lee Vining Creek 

(Segment 4)

1.12.4 6.0 Recreational Southern CA Edison 

Powerhouse

Los Angeles Department of Water 

and Power Diversion Pond

Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lee Vining Creek

(Segment 7)

1.079.2

1.079.3

2.3 Scenic Highway 120 Southern California Edison (SCE) 

Powerhouse

Geology

Lee Vining Creek

(Segment 8)

1.079.1 1.9 Scenic Inlet to Greenstone Lake Outlet of Saddlebag Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Little Hot Creek 1.084 3.9 Recreational Antelope Spring Forest Boundary Geology, Prehistory, Other

Lone Pine 

Creek/North fork 

Lone Pine Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.13

1.23

4.7 Wild North Fork and South fork 

Headwaters

John Muir Wilderness boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Lone Pine Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.087 3.9 Recreational John Muir Wilderness 

boundary

Inyo national forest boundary

near Lone Pine Campground

Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Mammoth Creek

(Segment 2)

1.094.2

1.094.2 0.04 Recreational Intersection with Sherwin 

Creek

0.04 miles after intersection with 

Sherwin Creek

History, Prehistory

Mammoth Creek

(Segment 3)

1.094.3

1.094.3 0.02 Recreational South of Hot Creek by 0.02 

miles

Intersection with Hot Creek History, Prehistory
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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309

River Name

Stream 

ID(s) Miles

Preliminary 

Classification

(Wild Scenic or 

Recreational) Beginning Point End Point

Outstandingly Remarkable 

Values

Mammoth Creek

(Segment 4)

1.094.4

1.094.4 3.5 Recreational Wilderness Boundary Twin Lakes Outlet History, Prehistory

Mammoth Creek

(Segment 5)

1.15.1

1.15.1 4.5 Recreational Twin Lakes Sherwin Campground History, Prehistory

Mammoth Creek

(Segment 6)

1.15.2

1.15.2 2.4 Recreational Sherwin Campground South of Hot Creek by 0.02 miles Prehistory

McGee Creek

(Segment 1)

1.16 6.7 Wild Headwaters Wilderness boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology

McGee Creek

(Segment 2)

1.099 3.8 Recreational Wilderness Boundary Forest Boundary Geology

Middle Fork Bishop 

Creek

1.104.1 5.2 Wild Headwaters Outlet of Sabrina Lake History

Middle Fork San 

Joaquin River

1.17 3.5 Wild Headwaters are from an 

unnamed lake southwest of 

Thousand Island Lake

Middle Fork San Joaquin River at 

the northeast end of Thousand 

Island Lake

Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Mill Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.18.1

1.18.2

4.0 Wild Headwaters Wilderness boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Mill Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.18.3 1.4 Scenic Wilderness boundary Private Property Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Mill Creek 

(Segment 3)

1.18.4 0.8 Recreational Private Property Lundy Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology

Mill Creek

(Segment 5)

1.105.2 1.1 Wild Headwaters Intersection with Mill Creek 1.18.1 Geology

North Fork Big Pine 

Creek (Segment 1)

1.22.1

1.22.2

5.5 Wild Northern headwaters on flank 

of Cloudripper

Wilderness boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

History

North Fork Big Pine 

Creek/Big Pine 

Creek (Segment 2)

1.02.1

1.22.3

1.22.4

3.6 Recreational Wilderness boundary Private Property Recreation, Geology

North Fork Crooked 

Creek

1.126 4.6 Scenic Headwaters Confluence with South Fork 

Crooked Creek

Prehistory
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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310

River Name

Stream 

ID(s) Miles

Preliminary 

Classification

(Wild Scenic or 

Recreational) Beginning Point End Point

Outstandingly Remarkable 

Values

O’Harrel Canyon 

Creek

1.141 5.3 Recreational Headwaters Forest Boundary Fish Populations, Prehistory

Parker Creek 1.25.1 4.4 Wild Headwaters Wilderness Boundary Scenery, Recreation

Poison Creek 1.153 3.4 Wild Headwaters Intersection with South Fork 

Cottonwood Creek

Prehistory

Rock Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.27.1

1.27.2

1.2 Wild Outlet of Box Lake Wilderness Boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Prehistory

Rock Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.27.3 12.0 Recreational Wilderness boundary Highway 395 bridge near Toms 

Place

Scenery, Recreation, Geology, 

Prehistory

Rock Creek

(Segment 3)

1.161 3.1 Wild Headwaters Box Lake Geology

Rock Creek –Lower 

(Segment 3)

1.14.1

1.14.2

6.9 Recreational Highway 395 bridge near 

Toms Place

national forest boundary Scenery, Recreation, 

Prehistory

Rush Creek

(Segment 1)

1.165.1 3.7 Wild Headwaters Inlet of Waugh Lake Scenery, Recreation, Wildlife 

Populations

Rush Creek

(Segment 2)

1.165.2 4.2 Wild Inlet of Waugh Lake Ansel Adams Wilderness 

Boundary

Scenery, Recreation, History, 

Prehistory

Rush Creek

(Segment 3)

1.28.2 4.3 Recreational Forest Boundary Inlet to Mono Lake Geology, Other (Cultural)

Rush Creek 

(Segment 4)

1.165.4

1.165.6

1.165.7

1.9 Recreational 

(1.165.4, 1.165.6)

Wild (1.165.7)

Ansel Adams Wilderness 

Boundary

Confluence with Reversed Creek History

South Fork Bishop 

Creek (Segment 1)

1.30.1 3.6 Wild Headwaters Inlet at South Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology

South Fork Bishop 

Creek (Segment 2)

1.30.2 5.2 Recreational Dam outlet at South Lake Habeggers RV Park Scenery, Recreation, History

South Fork 

Cottonwood Creek

1.180 3.7 Wild Headwaters Intersection with Cottonwood 

Creek

Prehistory

South Fork Mill 

Creek (Segment 1)

1.32.1 1.1 Wild Dore Pass Lake Crystal Lake Scenery, Recreation, Geology

South Fork Mill 

Creek (Segment 2)

1.32.2 1.6 Wild Crystal Lake Hoover Wilderness boundary Scenery, Recreation, Geology
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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River Name

Stream 

ID(s) Miles

Preliminary 

Classification

(Wild Scenic or 

Recreational) Beginning Point End Point

Outstandingly Remarkable 

Values

South Fork Mill 

Creek (Segment 3)

1.32.3 0.3 Scenic Hoover Wilderness boundary Confluence with Mill Creek Scenery, Recreation

South Fork Oak 

Creek (Segment 1)

1.187.1 3.6 Wild Headwaters Wilderness boundary Scenery, Geology, Other 

(Botanical) 

South Fork Oak 

Creek (Segment 2)

1.187.2 3.9 Recreational Wilderness boundary Road 13S04 Scenery, Geology, Other 

(Botanical) 

Volcanic Creek 1.203 2.3 Wild Volcano Meadow Intersection with Golden Trout 

Creek

Geology

Walker Creek 

(Segment 1)

1.33.1 2.6 Wild Headwaters tributaries Ansel Adams Wilderness 

boundary

Scenery, Recreation

Walker Creek 

(Segment 2)

1.33.2 0.4 Scenic Ansel Adams Wilderness 

boundary

Walker Lake Recreation
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-2. Wild and scenic river evaluation map A
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Figure C-3. Wild and scenic river evaluation map B
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-4. Wild and scenic river evaluation map C
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-5. Wild and scenic river evaluation map D
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-6. Wild and scenic river evaluation map E
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-7. Wild and scenic river evaluation map F
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-8. Wild and scenic river evaluation map G
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-9. Wild and scenic river evaluation map H
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-10. Wild and scenic river evaluation map I
Appendix C: Wild and Scenic Rivers Evaluation for the Inyo National Forest

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Figure C-11. Wild and scenic river evaluation map J
Intentionally left blank.
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Appendix D – Range Management

Status of Livestock Production Rangelands 

On the Inyo National Forest, 852,200 acres are available for livestock grazing. Of these, 12 

allotments (275,740 acres) are either vacant or in nonuse for resource protection. The remaining 

acres (576,460 acres) are currently being grazed by cattle or sheep (Table D-1 and Figure D-1). 

Determinations of the status of livestock grazing allotments, changes in livestock class, season of 

use, timing of use, and established utilization standards, are all determined during project-level 

environmental analysis. The plan components found in the final plan are used as a baseline for 

determining utilization standards at the project-level. Vacant allotments would need project-level 

environmental analysis prior to reactivation. 

Table D-1. Summary data of current grazing allotments

ID Allotment

Kind/

Class Status Acres

100

Montgomery Pass 

WH

Wild 

horse Active 69,265

123 Mcbride Flat Cattle Closed 69,265

300

White Mountain 

WH

Wild 

horse Active 181,820

400 Saline Valley WB Wild burro Active 27,764

102 Alger Lake S&G Sheep Vacant 2,947

103

Alper's Canyon 

C&H Cattle Active 317

104

Black Canyon 

C&H Cattle Vacant 34,274

105

Bloody Canyon 

S&G Sheep Vacant 5,364

107

Dexter Creek 

S&G Sheep Active 18,557

108

Horse Meadow 

S&G Sheep Vacant 1,531

109 June Lake S&G Sheep Active 14,855

111 Long Valley C&H Cattle Active 15,539

112 Mono Mills S&G Sheep Active 29,101

114 Turner C&H Cattle Active 13,257

115

Clark Canyon 

C&H Cattle Active 3,252

120

Mono Sand Flat 

C&H Cattle Active 7,461

121 Mono Lake C&H Cattle Closed 1,553

201 Hot Creek C&H Cattle Active 10,072

202 Antelope C&H Cattle Active 9,085

203 McGee S&G Sheep Closed 4,214

ID Allotment

Kind/

Class Status Acres

204

Sherwin/Deadman 

S&G Sheep Active 29,757

205 Tobacco Flat C&H Cattle Active 1,603

303 Buttermilk C&H Cattle Active 18,910

304 Casa Diablo S&G Sheep Active 49,613

306 Clover Patch C&H Cattle Active 9,214

307 Cottonwood C&H Cattle Vacant 23,405

308

Crooked Creek 

C&H Cattle Active 40,961

309 Davis Creek C&H Cattle Active 10,820

310

Deep Springs 

C&H Cattle Active 24,438

311

Glass Mountain 

C&H Cattle Active 987

312 Indian Creek C&H Cattle Vacant 16,781

314

McMurry 

Meadows C&H Cattle Active 9,753

315 Perry Aiken C&H Cattle Vacant 29,386

316 Coyote C&H Cattle Active 49,758

317 Rock Creek S&G Sheep Active 13,131

319

Shannon Canyon 

C&H Sheep Active 10,152

320

Taboose Creek 

C&H Cattle Active 4,199

321 Trail Canyon C&H Cattle Active 27,033

322 Tres Plumas C&H Cattle Vacant 40,216

323

Watterson 

Meadow C&H Sheep Active 15,956
Appendix D: Range Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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ID Allotment

Kind/

Class Status Acres

325

Wilfred Creek 

C&H Cattle Active 5,229

328

Queen Valley 

C&H Cattle Vacant 15,943

350 Fish Creek S&G Sheep Closed 25,765

401

Alabama Hills 

C&H Cattle Active 1,837

402 Ash Creek C&H Cattle Active 10,850

403

George Creek 

C&H Cattle Active 1,869

404

Independence 

C&H Cattle Active 15,916

ID Allotment

Kind/

Class Status Acres

405 Mazourka C&H Cattle Active 16,794

406 Monache C&H Cattle Active 48,573

407 Mulkey C&H Cattle Active 18,622

408 Olancha C&H Cattle Active 14,734

409 Templeton C&H Cattle Vacant 43,641

410 Tunawee C&H Cattle Active 4,250

412 Whitney C&H Cattle Vacant 44,972
Appendix D: Range Suitability and Management

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Figure D-1. Livestock grazing allotments; wild horse and burro territories on Inyo National Forest 2017
Intentionally left blank.
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Appendix E – Consistency with Other Planning 

Efforts 

Introduction

The 2012 Planning Rule regulations (36 CFR 219.4(2)) require national forest planners to review 

the planning and land use policies of local governments, where relevant to the plan area. This 

appendix displays the results of this review.

The review included consideration of: 

• The objectives of local governments, as expressed in their plans and policies;

• Opportunities for the plan to address the impacts identified or to contribute to joint 

objectives; and

• Opportunities to resolve or reduce conflicts, within the context of developing the plan’s 

desired conditions or objectives. 

County Governments

The Inyo National Forest occurs within seven counties: Fresno, Inyo, Madera, Mono, and Tulare 

Counties in California and Esmeralda and Mineral Counties in Nevada. County plans can be used 

as a source of information on the history of land use within the region, patterns of development, 

desired conditions, and current county land use goals, objectives, and policies. County 

governments hold no legal authority over independent jurisdictions such as Federal and State 

lands, incorporated cities and towns, or Native American Tribal reservations.

County land use within the planning area ranges from traditional uses such as farming and 

ranching in rural areas (Inyo, Mono, Esmeralda, and Mineral Counties) to denser concentrations 

of residential, industrial, and commercial uses in and around suburban and urban areas (Fresno 

and Madera Counties). One of the common themes is how, and whether, private owners and 

public land managers can manage the competing priorities of resource conservation and economic 

development; in particular, how to cope with the growing demands for housing and recreation 

while ensuring preservation of a shrinking natural resource base that contributes to the Eastern 

Sierra and western Nevada’s highly valued rural character. 

Fresno County 

In reviewing the Fresno County General Plan for Agriculture and Land Use (2000), there were no 

policies or elements that pertained to the Inyo National Forest or would conflict with the Inyo 

National Forest revised plan. 

Inyo County 

Inyo County was a cooperating agency with the Inyo National Forest and this relationship was 

defined in the Memorandum of Understanding dated June 10, 2014. Throughout the plan revision 

process, the County provided local economic and social information that was used in the analysis 

of effects to those resources as described in this environmental impact statement. The Inyo 

County Board of Supervisors identified the goals from the General Plan that they felt needed to 

be considered during plan revision. They also provided additional priorities that they felt were 

related to plan revision. The following section displays these goals and priorities and how the 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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Inyo National Forest revised plan addresses or blends with these goals. No conflicts between the 

Inyo County Plan goals and priorities and the components of the revised plan have been 

discovered.

Inyo County Goals and Policies Related to the Inyo National Forest Revised Plan

Policy Gov-3.1: No Net Loss

The County shall work with Federal and State agencies, local districts, utilities (e.g., LADWP), 

and Native American tribes to encourage that land exchanges have a net positive impact on the 

County. In its evaluation, the County may consider factors such as impacts on the County’s tax 

base and revenues, orderly community growth, future development, future revenues and/or other 

gains, and impacts on the environment, both natural and created. 

Policy Gov-3.2: Private Land Increase

The County shall work with federal and state agencies, local districts, and utilities to find 

opportunities to expand private land ownership in the County through land transfers and other 

mechanisms.

Policy Gov-3.3: Land Release Locations

The County shall work with federal and state agencies, local districts, and utilities to target 

desired locations for land releases to private ownership.

Policy Gov-4.1: Federal Land Dispositions and Acquisitions

It is the policy of the Board that the design and development of all federal and state land 

dispositions and acquisitions, including land adjustments and exchanges, be carried out to the 

benefit of the citizens of the planning area to ensure the following. 

a. That the County property tax base shall be maintained unless the Board determines there 

is an overriding benefit to the County. 

b. That the private property interests including, but not limited to, land patents, drilling 

rights, mining claims, easements, rights-of-way and forage rights are protected and 

enhanced. 

c. That residents within the planning area shall suffer no adverse aggregate economic 

impacts.

d. That incentives be developed to provide an increase in local economic development by 

increasing, where possible, the amount of private and non-federal and non-state land 

within the planning area.

e. That private use of federal and/or state controlled land within the planning area be 

increased in order to enhance opportunities for local economic development. 

f. That federal and/or state land agencies are discouraged from acquiring any private lands 

or rights in private lands within the planning area without first coordinating with the 

County. 

g. That federally and/or state managed lands that are difficult to manage or which lie in 

isolated tracts, or that could contribute to orderly expansion of existing communities 

should be considered for exchange or sale to private ownership.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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h. That the County be notified of, consulted about, and otherwise involved in all federal and 

state land adjustments in the planning area. The Board may review all proposed changes 

to determine if the proposals are in the best interest of the County. 

i. That before federal and state agencies change land uses, impact studies on land uses are 

conducted at the expense of the agency proposing the change and necessary mitigation 

measures adopted in coordination with the County. Impact studies should address 

community stability, local custom and culture, flood prone areas, access, or any other 

issue identified as a concern to the County.

j. Due to the extensive state and federal ownership in the County, it is noted that the 

management of these areas should include: provision for continued and improved access 

through and within the County; continued provision of public recreational facilities and 

access; multi use management where applicable; and interconnection or coordination of 

state, federal, and local facilities and programs when possible.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Management direction for land exchanges can be found in the “Lands” section of the plan. Plan 

components in this section have been incorporated from the 1988 Land and Resource 

Management Plan. These plan components do not prohibit land exchanges with the County, but 

rather display the priorities in which land exchanges may be considered. The Inyo National Forest 

would continue to work with the County on any proposed land exchanges. 

Policy Gov-4.2: Economic Development

With more than 98 percent of the land area of Inyo County owned by the federal, state and city 

governments, it is clear that the economic viability of the County is inextricably tied to 

operational decisions made on public lands. Among other policies contained in the Economic 

Development Element are:

a. The County shall encourage public agencies to develop new tourist serving facilities or 

otherwise enhance their capacity to serve visitors on the public lands they manage.

b. Encourage public land management and service agencies, including BLM, USFS, 

National Park Service (NPS), Caltrans, and LADWP (Los Angeles Department of Water 

and Power) to increase their capacity to serve visitors on properties they manage.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The Inyo National Forest recognizes the importance economic sustainability to the local economy 

and the plan includes many plan components that address economic development. The 

information in the general plan was considered when creating new plan components in the “Local 

Communities” section of the plan. These plan components can be found here: 

• LOC-FW-DC 01, 02, 03, 05, and 07 

• LOC-FW-DC 01, 02, 03, and 04. 

5.2.3 Economic Development: Economic Development Issues

Work closely with both public and private landowners and operators to ensure expanded tourism 

opportunities and to ensure proper long-term management of the County’s lands and water.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

These components were considered in the “Sustainable Recreation” sections of the plan, both 

forestwide direction and within the Sustainable Recreation Management Areas. Pieces of the 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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“Local Communities” section also address the work needed with local governments for tourism 

opportunities. The watershed, riparian conservation area, and conservation watersheds plan 

components address the sustainability and management of water resources on the national forest. 

Goal ED-1 

Promote increased capacity to serve tourists within the County’s established urbanized areas, and 

in those areas with established tourist attractions.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Addressing capacity issues was considered when developing the General Recreation Area. This 

area offers the opportunities for expansion of recreational opportunities, if additional capacity is 

needed, or to address resource impacts from high-use areas, such as within the Destination 

Recreation Areas. 

Circulation Element: Implementation Measure 9.0 

Work with Federal land management agencies and LADWP to coordinate trail efforts and ensure 

connections between trial systems in federally managed lands and Inyo County communities and 

locations of interest.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers the cooperation of multiple agencies and land-owners in trail management. 

This direction is found within the forestwide Sustainable Recreation section, as well as the 

Volunteers, Interpretation, Partnerships, and Stewardship section of the plan. 

• REC-FW-DC 11 and 12; 

• REC-FW-GOAL 03, 08, and 10; 

• VIPS-FW-DC 01 and 02; and 

• VIPS-FW-GOAL 04

The plan did consider and incorporate the need to ensure connections between trail systems on 

federally managed lands and Inyo County communities with the inclusion of REC-FW-DC 12, 

which states: Trails provide access to destinations, provide for opportunities that connect to a 

larger trail system, provide linkage from local communities to the national forest, and are 

compatible with other resources. 

Policy AG-1.6

Support the continued use and expansion of public lands for agricultural operations. 

The plan allows for the continuation of multiple uses, including livestock operations on the Inyo 

National Forest. 

Goal AQ-1 

Provide good air quality for Inyo County to reduce impacts to human health and the economy.

Air quality plan components address the needs to manage for ecological restoration while 

adhering to air quality standards and the importance of addressing human health issues and 

impacts to local economies. 

Goal WF-1 

Prevent wildfires and provide public safety from wildfire hazards.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The Strategic Fire Management Zones help support decisionmakers before a fire ignition occurs 

by pre-assessing the risk and benefits from wildland fire to areas on the landscape. Fire 

suppression is an available tool within all these fire zones. The forest would continue to work 

with adjacent landowners and agencies in fire suppression and management efforts for protection 

of public health and safety. 

Inyo County Priorities Related to the Inyo National Forest Plan Revision

Access: 

A sustainable road system should be implemented to enhance and accommodate vehicular use, 

packing, hunting, hiking, and other recreational opportunities, as well as mining and other uses of 

the Inyo National Forest. Mitigation opportunities for potential environmental impacts resulting 

from increased access should be identified and implemented.

• Roads and trails should be protected and expanded to provide access for recreation and 

exploration for natural resources and other uses of the national forest, including grazing, 

mining, and the activities of native peoples (such as gathering).

• Roadless areas should be identified for removal or evaluation if they are not roadless.

• Conflicts between biological resources and human access should be identified and planned 

for.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Responds:

The designation, or removal, of authorized roads or trails was not part of the revised planning 

process. 

• The Travel Management decision established authorized roads on the Inyo National Forest 

and the Travel Analysis Process determined the minimum road system for the forest. 

Conflicts of resources are addressed at the project-level. 

• As noted above, the plan includes many plan components related to access and trails. 

• Evaluation of the removal of roadless areas is outside the scope of plan revision.

Vibrant Economy

The Plan should contribute substantially to the local economy due to the impact of the Forest on 

the County’s culture and fiscal health, and should not result in significant socioeconomic impacts. 

• Grazing, Mining, Recreation, and other Multiple Uses – the Plan should support and 

encourage consumptive and sustainable uses of the Forest to contribute to the County’s 

economy and culture. 

• Roads and trails should be protected and expanded to provide access for recreation and 

exploration for natural resources. This type of recreation is an important economic driver 

for the County.

• Use permits should be facilitated and streamlined for timely issuance and evaluated based 

upon scientific criteria.

• Mitigation Bank – rather than acquire land for mitigation of environmental impacts, the 

Plan should promote restoration of degraded public lands to accommodate mitigation of 

human development elsewhere in the County. 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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How the Inyo National Forest Plan Responds:

As directed by the 2012 Planning Rule the plan must provide for economic sustainability. The 

plan addresses this in many ways and in multiple sections of the document. 

• Multiple Uses – including grazing and mining: These uses were considered and the plan 

includes language that provides for the continuation of these uses of the forest (“Rangeland 

Livestock Grazing” and “Geology and Mineral” sections). New proposed recommended 

wilderness and wild and scenic river eligibility would not prohibit these uses outright and 

plan direction does allow for these to continue, as long as they do not hinder the river 

values identified or the wilderness characteristics. 

• Roads and Trails – Please see how these were addressed following other sections of the 

plan or priorities. The consideration of this priority lead to the development of the 

Challenging-Backroad Sustainable Recreation Area. These areas of the national forest 

emphasize the use of roads and trails within remote areas and that this use is an important 

piece of these areas. Identifying these areas also highlight their importance as economic 

drivers for the County.

• Use Permits – The plan did not consider this issue because this is in relation to Forest 

Service policies, which is not managed by a forest plan.

• Mitigation Bank – A plan component was created to consider this county priority. LOCFW-GOAL 04 states: Continue working with other Federal and State agencies on 

identifying areas on the Inyo that can be part of restoration mitigation banks. Work with 

other entities, such as local governments, or private businesses, if they are interested in 

establishing mitigation banks. 

Local Culture

The Plan should support and enhance the culture of local communities to the extent social and 

cultural issues revolve around the forest.

• Public Safety – access and accommodation for public safety purposes should be of 

paramount concern in the Plan, including for law enforcement (such as eradicating illegal 

drug production), fire management and suppression, and search and rescue. 

• Provide access to the Forest for gathering activities, prospecting, sightseeing, exploration, 

and camping. 

• Provide a continuing voice to the people living around the forest through their local 

government representatives.

• Increase use of partnering with local communities, agencies, and non-profits. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Responds:

The plan directly considered the increase of partnering with local communities, agencies, and 

non-profits with the creation of the “Local Communities” and “Volunteers, Interpretation, 

Partnership, and Stewardship” sections of the plan. These sections outline management direction 

to continue working with our local governments on many issues and developing partnerships to 

address national forest needs. 

Public safety is addressed through law, regulation, and Forest Service policy and this direction 

will not be repeated in the revised plan.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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Madera County

The Inyo National Forest only occupies a small area of Madera County (approximately 50,500 

acres) west of Mammoth Lakes in the Reds Meadow area. The majority of this area is within 

designated wilderness, with only about 4,000 acres outside wilderness. The Agriculture and 

Natural Resource elements of the Madera County General Plan Policy Document (1995) were 

reviewed for consistency with the Inyo National Forest plan and are displayed below. Several 

goals were reviewed, including “Forest Resources,” “Wetland and Riparian Areas,” “Fish and 

Wildlife Habitat,” “Open Space for the Preservation of Natural Resources,” and “Fire Hazards.” 

No conflicts between the Madera County Plan elements and the components of the revised plan 

have been discovered.

Madera County Goals and Policies Related to the Inyo National Forest Revised 

Plan

Goal 5B

To conserve Madera County's forest resources, enhance the quality and diversity of forest 

ecosystems, reduce conflicts between forestry and other uses, and encourage a sustained yield of 

forest products.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Timber suitability was determined for the Inyo National Forest and can be found in Appendix D 

of the plan. For the small portion of Madera County, outside of wilderness, about 800 acres are 

suitable for timber. The plan provides management direction for any timber harvest that may 

occur on the forest, but this use is not a primary use occurring on the forest. Commercial and 

personnel fuelwood are the main forest product driver on the national forest. This type of use 

within the Reds Meadow area of Madera County is extremely limited due to limited access and 

steep terrain. Large trees have been removed from this area for timber use due to a blow-down 

event, in which large red fir trees were toppled and available for timber. 

Goal 5D

To protect wetland communities and related riparian areas throughout Madera County as valuable 

resources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan includes management direction for watersheds, riparian conservation areas, and 

conservation watersheds within the Inyo National Forest. Madera County is included within the 

Middle Fork San Joaquin River Headwaters Conservation Watershed. All this plan direction 

allows for the continuance of wetland communities and riparian areas. 

Goal 5E

To protect, restore, and enhance habitats that support fish and wildlife species so as to maintain 

populations at viable levels.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan includes management direction for animal and plant species and their habitats (see 

“Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation” and “Animal and Plant Species” sections of the plan). 

This direction allows for the continued viability of these species. 

Goal 5H

To preserve and enhance open space lands to maintain the natural resources of the county.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The majority of the Inyo in Madera County is designated wilderness (about 50,500 acres). These 

areas will remain designated as wilderness in the plan. The remaining acres (about 4,000) occur 

in the Reds Meadow area, which receives high recreation use. There are developed sites 

(campgrounds, trailheads, a pack station and resort) and these uses will continue. Recreation use 

will be managed under the Destination Recreation Area direction in the plan. No further 

development or loss of open space is proposed in the plan. 

Goal 6C

To minimize the risk of loss of life, injury, and damage to property and watershed resources 

resulting from unwanted fires. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The Strategic Fire Management Zones help support decisionmakers before a fire ignition occurs 

by pre-assessing the risk and benefits from wildland fire to areas on the landscape. Fire 

suppression is an available tool within all these fire zones. The majority of this area of Madera 

County is within the Wildfire Maintenance Zone; followed by the General Wildfire Protection 

Zone; and then the Community Protection Zone. 

Mono County

Goals, objectives, and policies from the Mono County General Plan (2013) were considered and 

are displayed below. The policies related to the Inyo National Forest revised plan were found in 

the Land Use Element and Conservation and Open Space Element. No conflicts between the 

Tulare County Plan elements and the components of the revised plan have been discovered.

Mono County Goals and Policies Related to the Inyo National Forest Revised 

Plan

Objective F

Policy 2 

Preserve and protect open space in order to protect natural and cultural resources and to provide 

for a variety of recreational opportunities.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan allows for the continuance of open space within Mono County and provides for a variety 

of recreational opportunities. These opportunities were considered when developing the 

Sustainable Recreation Management Areas. These areas identify management for different 

recreation areas developed based on levels of use and available facilities. The majority of the Inyo 

in Mono County is within the Challenging-Backroad Recreation Area (about 312,070 acres); 

followed by the General Recreation Area (22,545 acres); and then the Destination Recreation 

Area (28,500 acres). Plan direction for these areas can be found in Chapter 3 of the plan, 

“Sustainable Recreation Management Areas” section. 

Objective H

Maintain and enhance the local economy. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considered the importance of maintaining and enhancing the local economies and as 

such includes the “Local Communities” section of the plan in Chapter 2 that provides 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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management direction to provide for this. Specific direction that addresses local economies 

includes: 

• LOC-FW-DC 01, 02, 03, and 07 

• LOC-FW-GOAL 01, 02, and 03 

Goal

Maintain an abundance and variety of vegetation, aquatic and wildlife types in Mono County for 

recreation use, natural diversity, scenic value, and economic benefits.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan provides direction for all vegetation types that occur on the Inyo National Forest in 

Mono County. This direction also provides for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife as well as plan 

specific language for some of these species. This direction can be found in the Terrestrial 

Ecosystem and Vegetation Management and Animal and Plant Species sections of Chapter 2. 

These systems are available for recreation use, as mentioned above, and scenic values were 

considered in the establishment of scenic integrity objectives. On the Inyo National Forest in 

Mono County, the scenic integrity objectives range from very high, high, to moderate, and a few 

acres are low. 

Goal

Preserve and protect agriculture and grazing lands in order to promote both the economic and 

open space values of those lands.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Livestock grazing is addressed in the plan and this use would continue on the forest in Mono 

County. The plan does not reduce acres suitable for grazing and the management direction for 

livestock grazing will continue as described in the 1988 Land and Resource Management Plan. 

Goal

Provide for the conservation and development of mineral resources in a manner that minimizes 

land use conflicts and maintains a quality environment.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan carries forward management direction for mineral resources and does not prohibit these 

activities from occurring on the forest in Mono County. 

Goal

Permit the productive and beneficial development of alternative energy sources, including 

geothermal resources, consistent with the objectives of Goal I and national and local interests. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan does not prohibit the development of energy sources, such as geothermal. Plan direction 

is included for these uses in Chapter 2. 

Goal

Protect and enhance the visual resources and landscapes of Mono County. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

As mentioned above, scenic integrity objectives were developed in consideration of visual 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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resources in Mono County. On the Inyo National Forest in Mono County the Scenic integrity 

objectives range from very high, high, to moderate, and a few acres are low.

Goal

Provide opportunities for outdoor recreation to meet the needs of residents and visitors in a 

manner that conserves natural and cultural resources. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Recreation uses were considered when developing the Sustainable Recreation Management Areas 

in the plan. These areas identify management for different recreation areas developed based on 

levels of use and available facilities. The majority of the Inyo in Mono County is within the 

Challenging-Backroad Recreation Area (about 312,070 acres); followed by the General 

Recreation Area (22,545 acres); and then the Destination Recreation Area (28,500 acres). Plan 

direction for these areas can be found in Chapter 3 of the plan, “Sustainable Recreation 

Management Areas” section.

Additional plan direction provides for the protection of natural and cultural resources in these 

recreation areas, as forestwide direction for cultural resources and natural resources (Terrestrial 

Ecosystems and Vegetation Management, Watersheds, Riparian Conservation Ares, Conservation 

Watersheds) all apply to these recreation management areas as well.

Goal

Identify, preserve, restore, and interpret cultural resources in Mono County. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Cultural resources were considered in many areas of the plan. This includes the “Cultural 

Resources” and “Tribal Relations and Uses’ sections of Chapter 2 as well as VIPS-FW-DC 06, 

08, and 09. 

Goal

Achieve and maintain excellent air quality, water quality, and noise quality such that public health 

is protected and to protect the public from adverse impacts from hazardous waste and materials.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Air quality, especially smoke impacts, were considered in the plan and are included in the “Air 

Quality” section of Chapter 2. Water quality is addressed in the “Watersheds” section of Chapter 

2 as well. This plan direction provides for maintaining air and water quality standards throughout 

the forest, including within Mono County. 

Tulare County

Portions of the Inyo National Forest that occur within Tulare County are in the southern portion 

of the Inyo National Forest on the Kern Plateau. The majority of this area is within designated 

wilderness (about 161,900 acres), with the remaining 22,830 acres outside designated wilderness. 

The Inyo National Forest falls within the “Open Space” designation in the Environmental 

Resource Management Component of the Tulare County General Plan (2015). Seven elements 

have been identified in the Environmental Resource Management Component which was 

considered in this revision process. Portions of the Inyo National Forest also fall within 

watersheds found within Tulare County which was identified in the Water Resource Component 

of the General Plan. Three elements were considered in this revision process. These are displayed 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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below. No conflicts between the Tulare County Plan elements and the components of the revised 

plan have been discovered.

Tulare County Goals and Policies Related to the Inyo National Forest Revised

Plan

ERM-1 

To preserve and protect sensitive significant habitats, enhance biodiversity, and promote healthy 

ecosystems throughout the County.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers all vegetation types, or habitats, that occur on the Inyo National Forest and 

provides plan direction at the habitat-level, as well as species-specific level to provide for 

biodiversity. This direction is found within the “Terrestrial Ecosystem and Vegetation 

Management” and “Animal and Plant Species” sections of Chapter 2. 

ERM-2 

To conserve, protect and encourage the development of areas containing mineral deposits while 

considering values relating to water resources, air quality, agriculture, traffic, biotic, recreation, 

aesthetic enjoyment, and other public interest values. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Mineral direction is included in the plan and the plan does not prohibit this use on the Inyo 

National Forest within Tulare County. Forestwide direction for watersheds, air quality, recreation, 

and other uses would also apply to areas where mineral development may occur in order to 

protect those values. 

ERM-3

To protect the current and future extraction of mineral resources that are important to the 

County’s economy while minimizing impacts of this use on the public and the environment. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

As mentioned above, mineral direction in the plan does not prohibit this use, however this use 

may be minimal within the portion of the Inyo National Forest in Tulare County due to the 

amount of designated wilderness and limited interest in mineral extraction in this area of the 

national forest. 

ERM-4 

To encourage energy conservation in new and existing developments throughout the County. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers energy conservation of the Inyo’s facilities and includes direction to address 

this in the desired condition INFR-FW-DC 02. 

ERM-5 

To provide a parks, recreation, and open space system that serves the recreational needs of 

County residents and visitors, with special emphasis on recreation related to Environmental 

Resource Management.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

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How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Recreation opportunities and uses were considered when developing the Sustainable Recreation 

Management Areas in the plan. In Tulare County, the areas outside designated wilderness are 

included in the General Recreation Area. 

ERM-6 

To manage and protect sites of cultural and archaeological importance for the benefit of present 

and future generations.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers cultural and Tribal importance and provides direction for these in the 

“Cultural Resources” and “Tribal Relations and Uses” sections of Chapter 2. 

ERM-7 

To preserve and protect soil resources in the County for agricultural and timber productivity and 

protect public health and safety. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Management direction for soils can be found in the “Watersheds” section of Chapter 2. Timber 

suitability was determined for the Inyo National Forest and within Tulare County very little of the 

areas outside wilderness were determined suitable for timber. This is due to the vegetation types 

present within these areas. 

WR-1 

To provide for the current and long-range water needs for the County and for this protection of 

the quality and quantity of surface and groundwater resources. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Management for water can be found in several areas of the plan, this includes the “Watersheds,” 

“Riparian Conservation Areas,” and “Conservation Watersheds” sections. This portion of the Inyo 

National Forest is included in the South Fork Kern River Headwaters Conservation Watershed. 

WR-2 

To provide for the current and long-range water needs of the County and for the protection of the 

quality of surface water and groundwater resources. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

See above. 

WR-3 

To provide a sustainable, long-term supply of water resources to meet domestic, agricultural, 

industrial, and recreational needs and to assure that new urban development is consistent with 

available water resources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

In developing Conservation Watersheds, an important element considered for this management 

area was the long-term benefits of downstream uses of water, this includes for recreational, 

domestic, and agricultural purposes. The South Fork Kern River Headwaters Conservation Area 

was chosen because it offers these downstream beneficial uses and management direction would 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

339

allow for the continuance of maintaining the functional watersheds that provide these beneficial 

uses. 

Esmeralda County

The Esmeralda County Public Lands Policy Plan (2013) and Master Plan (2011) were considered 

during the plan revision process. The “Economic Activity and Development” section of the 

Master Plan and the majority of the policy sections in the Public Lands Plan are included below, 

as well as how the Inyo National Forest revised plan responds to these policies. No conflicts 

between the Esmeralda County Plan elements and the components of the revised plan have been 

discovered.

Esmeralda County Goals and Policies Related to the Inyo National Forest 

Revised Plan

Master Plan: Economic Activity

1-1 

The entire county shall be kept open for prospecting, mining, agriculture, and related activities. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Multiple uses were considered in the plan and are included in the “Geology and Minerals,” 

“Rangeland Livestock Grazing,” “Energy,” and “Timber and Other Forest Products” sections of 

the plan in Chapter 2. 

1-5 

Any designation of any public lands for any non-public purpose is opposed, including but not 

necessarily limited to designations for Wilderness, Wilderness Study Area, or Wild Land. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

As required by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, as 

amended by the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S. C. 1600 et seq.) the 2012 

Planning Rule establishes the regulations for developed land management plans for all National 

Forest System lands (36 CFR Part 219). Within these regulations for revising a forest plan, the 

national forest must “Identify and evaluate lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System and determine whether to recommend any such lands for 

wilderness designation.” (36 CFR 219.7 (2)(v)). 

The Inyo National Forest has followed the regulations and completed a wilderness evaluation 

process (Appendix B of this document) and did evaluate several polygons within Esmeralda 

County as recommended within alternative C: McBride Flat, Pizona-Truman Meadows, and 

Marble Creek. 

These areas are not being recommended as wilderness under Alternative B-modified and 

therefore the plan is consistent with the Esmeralda County’s language in regards to designating 

additional wilderness areas. 

1-11 

Agriculture, e.g., farming and ranching, provide both sustainable revenues and employment. 

Existing grazing permits should be continued. In those areas where there is a conflict between 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

340

wildlife (e.g., antelope, deer, and bighorn sheep) or cattle with wild horses or burros, a reasonable 

removal and management of the wild horses or burros is required. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Plan direction did consider wild horses and burros, but all decisions on wild horse management 

would be made at the project-level or within separate wild horse and burro management plans. 

Plan direction included for wild horses and burros includes: 

• DA-WHT-GOAL 01 - Continue working with other agencies and Forest Service units, such 

as the Bureau of Land Management and the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, and other 

partners or collaborative groups to manage wild horse herds or in the development of wild 

horse management plans.

• Potential Management Approach - Continue to monitor wild horse populations to determine 

numbers and use. 

Public Lands Policy Plan: Management of Public Lands

2-1 

Support Esmeralda County’s concept of Multiple Use Management as an overriding philosophy 

for management of the public lands based on multiple use and sustainable yield concepts, and in a 

way that will conserve natural resources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Multiple uses were considered in the plan and included in the “Geology and Minerals,” 

“Rangeland Livestock Grazing,” “Energy,” and “Timber and Other Forest Products” sections of 

the plan in Chapter 2. Other plan direction that would apply when these uses occur, in order to 

conserve natural resources and limit impacts, include the “Ecological Sustainability and 

Diversity” section of Chapter 2 and the “Cultural Resources” and “Tribal Relations and Uses” 

sections of Chapter 2 under the “Social and Economic Sustainability” and “Multiple Uses” 

section. 

2-2 

Protect and preserve:

• The quality of the environment and wildlife habitat; 

• Economic, cultural, scenic, historical, and archeological values. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Wildlife habitat is considered in several sections of the plan, this includes the “Terrestrial 

Ecosystem and Vegetation Management,” “Animal and Plant Species,” “Watersheds” sections of 

Chapter 2 and the “Riparian Conservation Area” section of Chapter 3. 

Economic considerations are included in the “Local Communities” section in which plan 

direction provides for the continuance to support local economies. Cultural and historical values 

are included in the “Cultural Resources” section of the plan and are outlined in the “Distinctive 

Roles and Contributions” section of Chapter 1. Scenic values of Esmeralda County were 

considered when developing the scenic integrity objectives for the forest. In Esmeralda County 

these objectives are very high, high and moderate. 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

341

Federal Land Transactions

3-1 

Specially designated lands (e.g., National Recreation Areas, National Conservation Areas, 

Wildlife Refuges, Wilderness, State parks, etc.) are valuable assets to the State, the County, and 

the citizens. Within Esmeralda County, any new specially designated areas should be reviewed 

carefully in a public forum to determine if they are suitable and beneficial to our citizens.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

As required by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, as 

amended by the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S. C. 1600 et seq.) the 2012 

Planning Rule establishes the regulations for developed land management plans for all National 

Forest System lands (36 CFR Part 219). Within these regulations for revising a forest plan, the 

national forest must “Identify and evaluate lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System and determine whether to recommend any such lands for 

wilderness designation.” (36 CFR 219.7 (2)(v)). 

The Inyo National Forest has followed the regulations and completed a wilderness evaluation 

process (Appendix B of this document) and did evaluate several polygons within Esmeralda 

County as recommended within Alternative C: McBride Flat, Pizona-Truman Meadows, and 

Marble Creek. Public comment periods occurred throughout this process and this information was 

used to update the description of these evaluated areas. This includes updates on information 

regarding a motorized road within the Marble Creek polygon and other uses such as water rights 

and infrastructure and historic uses such as mining camps. 

These areas are not being recommended as wilderness under Alternative B-modified and 

therefore the plan is consistent with the Esmeralda County’s language in regards to designating 

additional wilderness areas. 

3-2 

Government agencies should not acquire additional private lands without first ensuring: 

1. That private land is not disposed of unless the disposal clearly benefits the citizens of 

Esmeralda County;

2. That environmental and cultural values are protected; 

3. That private property interests are protected or enhanced;

4. That socioeconomic impacts are duly considered;

5. That acquisitions in any form are fully compensated and proven to meet the highest 

public need; 

6. That the local tax base is note negatively impacted;

7. That due process is guaranteed to all private parties involved in land use controversies, by 

means that do not demand or create a financial hardship; and 

8. That the State and local government within those jurisdictions where the land is located 

be consulted in regard to the acquisition.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan includes direction carried forward from the 1988 Land and Resource Management Plan 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

342

regarding lands and land exchanges. This direction can be found in the “Lands” section of 

Chapter 2 and provides the following direction pertaining to working with local governments: 

• LAND-FW-DC 02

• Potential Management Approaches that outline the priority of acquiring lands by exchange, 

purchase, or donation. 

3-7 

Leasing of public lands for economic development and public purposes is allowed within Federal 

law.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Forest management not only is directed by the plan, but also other relevant laws, regulations, and 

policies. Any leasing of public lands for energy developments or other uses would be in 

compliance with, not only the plan, but other laws, regulations, or policies. 

Agriculture and Livestock Production

4-2 

Opportunities for agriculture development on public lands should continue.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers livestock grazing and provides direction for this use in the “Rangeland 

Livestock Grazing” section of the plan. The plan also includes an Appendix E that addresses 

suitable grazing lands on the Inyo National Forest, including in Esmeralda County. The plan does 

not prohibit or reduce lands suitable for livestock grazing. 

4-5 

Grazing should utilize sound adaptive and allotment management practices. Esmeralda County 

supports the periodic updating of the Nevada Rangeland Monitoring Handbook to help establish 

proper levels of grazing.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan provides livestock grazing standards in Chapter 2, which have been carried over from 

the 1988 Land and Resource Management Plan. A supplement to the Pacific Southwest Region’s 

“Rangeland Analysis and Planning Guide” (R5-EM-TP-004) was also created to describe the 

methodologies used to determine the rangeland standards provided in the plan. 

4-7 

Range water rights and improvements such as those associated with seeps, springs, streams, 

lakes, and wells used by livestock and wildlife should be protected. Encourage cooperation 

between the public land management agencies and the grazing operator in protecting the riparian 

values of these water sources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Water sources such as seeps, springs, streams, and lakes are included in the “Riparian 

Conservation Areas” direction in Chapter 3 of the plan. Direction specific to grazing and wildlife 

uses of these areas have been included:

• RANG-FW-GOAL 03
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

343

Forestry

5-1 

Promote multiple uses of public forest resources to realize sustainable and continuous provisions 

of timber, forage, firewood, wildlife, fisheries, recreation, and water. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Timber suitability was determined for the Inyo National Forest and within Esmeralda County no 

acreage was determined suitable. This is due to the types of vegetation that occur on the forest, 

mainly pinyon-juniper. Other forest products that do occur in this area include commercial and 

personal fuelwood gathering. Direction for this use can be found in the “Timber and Other Forest 

Products” section of Chapter 2. Direction for wildlife and fisheries can be found in the 

“Terrestrial Ecosystem and Vegetation” and “Animal and Plant Species” sections of the plan in 

Chapter 2. Recreation direction is found within the “Sustainable Recreation” section in Chapter 2 

and the “Sustainable Recreation Management Area” section of Chapter 3. 

5-2 

Support the prompt salvage of forest losses due to fire, insect infestation, or other events. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The consideration of salvaging forests after a fire or insect infestation would be considered at the 

project-level, but plan direction does provide for this type of activity in the “Terrestrial 

Ecosystem and Vegetation” and “Timber and Other Forest Products” sections of the Chapter 2. 

Due to the vegetation that occurs in Esmeralda County on the Inyo, majority is pinyon-juniper 

woodlands, the use of salvage may not be the preferred method of use, however, that would be 

determined at the project level. 

5-3 

Support the management of forests with ecological conditions for a diversity of vegetation 

communities. Native grass and shrub ecosystems, with no or few invasive species, are preferable 

to pinyon-juniper monocultures. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The “Terrestrial Ecosystem and Vegetation” and “Invasive Species” sections of Chapter 2 in the 

plan address the need to reduce invasive species and prevent the expansion or introduction of new 

invasive or noxious species. Specific direction within sagebrush and pinyon-juniper types can be 

found here: 

• TERR-SAGE-DC 01, 02, and 05; 

• TERR-PINY-DC 01; 

• INV-FW-DC 02; 

• INV-FW-GOAL 01, 04; 

• INV-FW-STD 03; 

• INV-FW-GDL 01, 02, 03, 04, and 05 

5-4 

Urge BLM and Forest Service to allow and promote thinning of selected areas. Thinning should 

be done in a manner so that local citizens derive economic benefit.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

344

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The determination of how fuels or vegetation treatments would be developed occurs at the project 

level, however, plan direction does address the need to include economic benefits when 

conducting these activities:

• LOC-FW-DC 03 – National Forest uses such as recreation, forest products, mining, and 

grazing are provided in an ecologically sustainable way that also contributes to economic and 

social sustainability in local communities. 

5-5 

Recognize the importance of maintaining a healthy forest and encourage activities that will retain 

and improve the vigor of these forests.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Plan components developed for ecological sustainability and diversity can be found in the 

“Ecological Sustainability and Diversity” section of the plan in Chapter 2. 

Public Lands Policy Plan

6-2 

No public lands shall be designated as Wilderness, Wilderness Study Area, Lands with 

Wilderness Characteristics (LWC), Wild Lands, or any such similar designation, since a 

designation of this type would reduce the multiple use aspect of the land. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

As required by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, as 

amended by the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S. C. 1600 et seq.) the 2012 

Planning Rule establishes the regulations for developed land management plans for all National 

Forest System lands (36 CFR Part 219). Within these regulations for revising a forest plan, the 

national forest must “Identify and evaluate lands that may be suitable for inclusion in the National 

Wilderness Preservation System and determine whether to recommend any such lands for 

wilderness designation” (36 CFR 219.7 (2)(v)). 

The forest has followed the regulations and completed a wilderness evaluation process (Appendix 

B of this document) and did evaluate several polygons within Esmeralda County as recommended 

within Alternative C: McBride Flat, Pizona-Truman Meadows, and Marble Creek. 

These areas are not being recommended as wilderness under Alternative B-modified and 

therefore the plan is consistent with the Esmeralda County’s language in regards to designating 

additional wilderness areas. 

Mineral and Geothermal Resources

7-1 

Encourage the careful development and production of Esmeralda County’s metal, mineral, and 

geothermal resources while recognizing the need to protect the environment and ecologic 

resources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan considers mineral and energy development and included plan direction for these uses in 

the “Energy” and “Geology and Minerals” sections of Chapter 2. 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

345

7-4 

Metal, mineral, and geothermal operations should be consistent with best management practices 

for the protection of the environmental qualities and the multiple uses of public lands. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Any mineral, energy, or geothermal operation would also have to comply with plan direction 

found in the “Ecological Sustainability and Diversity” section of Chapter 2 and “Area-specific 

Desired Conditions” section of Chapter 3. These additional plan components address the 

protection of environmental qualities of the area. Other applicable laws, regulations, and policies 

would also apply. 

7-9 

Federal, State, and County governments should cooperate in continuing to provide sources of 

sand, gravel, topsoil, rock, and other mineral materials for local communities. County, State, and 

Federal agencies should jointly plan for the efficient development and use of material sites for 

both the government agencies and the private sector. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Plan direction considers these cooperative efforts in the “Local Governments” section of Chapter 

2. Although mineral material sites might not be addressed specifically, the plan direction provides 

for all activities or uses that might need to have cooperation with other Federal or State agencies, 

or local governments. 

• LOC-FW-DC 01 and 02 

• LOC-FW-GOAL 01 and 02 

Wildlife

9-3 

Support habitat restoration and preservation to improve wildlife habitat when balanced and 

compatible with other multiple uses. 

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Wildlife habitat restoration is considered in the plan, with overall direction providing 

opportunities to do these activities. Desired conditions lay the foundation for these activities, as 

national forest management must strive to achieve these conditions over time. The consideration 

of other multiple uses in the development of these projects would occur at the project level.

Recreation and Open Space

13-2 

Encourage sustainable recreational use in Esmeralda County with marketing efforts that describe 

the opportunities available and patronize county communities and businesses.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Sustainable recreation use was considered when developing the Sustainable Recreation 

Management Areas. Portions of the Inyo National Forest within Esmeralda County have been 

categorized as Challenging-Backroad Recreation Areas. These areas allow for continued 

motorized use on authorized roads and maintaining few developed opportunities, such as 

developed campgrounds or trailheads. Direction for this area can be found in the “Sustainable 

Recreation Management Areas” section of Chapter 3. 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

346

Plan direction considering local economies is provided in the “Local Communities” section of the 

plan in Chapter 2 (see above). 

Wetlands, Riparian Habitat, and Waters of Esmeralda County

14-2 

Wetlands, riparian habitat, and waters should be managed in a responsible and balanced manner 

with other resources.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Plan direction for wetlands, riparian habitat, and waters is considered and found in the 

“Watersheds” section of Chapter 2 and “Riparian Conservation Areas” and “Conservation 

Watersheds” sections of Chapter 3. 

Fire Management

15-1 

Wildland-urban interface fire policies should be practiced. Defensible space should be a 

responsibility of Federal, state, and local agencies, as well as the private property owner.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The Strategic Fire Management Zones help support decisionmakers before a fire ignition occurs 

by pre-assessing the risk and benefits from wildland fire to areas on the landscape. Fire 

suppression is an available tool within all these fire zones. The location of communities within 

Esmeralda County was considered when developing the Strategic Fire Management Zones. Due 

to the limited amount of development adjacent to the Inyo National Forest, the majority of the 

national forest in Esmeralda County was determined to be in the Wildfire Maintenance Zone in 

the higher elevations of the national forest and within the Wildfire Protection Zone in the lower 

elevations of the national forest, closest to any developments. 

15-7 

All fire equipment should be cleaned to assure the equipment is “weed-free” before being 

dispatched to a fire.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan includes language to be used during fire suppression activities to reduce the risk of 

spreading invasive or noxious species. 

• FIRE-FW-GDL 06 and 

• INV-FW-STD 01

15-8 

Encourage the Federal agencies to develop and implement fire management practices to 

incorporate thinning, fire use areas, prescribed burns, and reseeding to restore natural flora, while 

reducing the impact of invasive species.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Management direction for fire within the plan does consider the use of thinning, fire use, 

prescribed fire, and reseeding. This direction can be found in several areas of the plan, including 

the “Fire” and “Timber and Other Forest Products” sections in chapter 2 and the Strategic Fire 

Management Zones section in chapter 3. Any use of these tools in managing for desired 
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

347

conditions found in the “Terrestrial Ecosystem and Vegetation” section in chapter 2 would have to 

apply direction for invasive species, found in the “Invasive Species” section in chapter 2 of the 

plan. 

Noxious Weeds and Invasive Species

16-1 

Support cooperative weed management programs to control noxious weeds and invasive species, 

including instituting a revegetation program in areas where weeds are treated.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The plan includes language to address noxious and invasive weeds, including cooperating with 

local, State and Federal agencies. See INV-FW-GOAL 01 and 04. 

16-5 

Support the Nevada Weed Free Forage Certification program. Any hay being transported for feed 

on Esmeralda County public lands shall be from a certified weed free field.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

A guideline has been added to the plan that would need support from this portion of the 

Esmeralda Public Lands Policy Plan, as there is a continued need for obtaining weed-free forage. 

• INV-FW-GDL 02: Hay, straw and other crop-related forage or mulch products used for 

animal feed or bedding, soil stabilization and land rehabilitation, or other purposes should be 

certified by California or Nevada or the North American Invasive Species Management 

Association (NAISMA) standards as being weed-free to prevent unintentional introduction of 

invasive species. Deviations from this guideline may be approved on a case-by-case basis 

when certified weed-free material is not reasonably available, in consultation with the Inyo 

National Forest Invasive Species Coordinator. 

16-6 

Federal and State agencies should investigate and treat noxious weeds and invasive species as 

soon as they are detected on public lands in the County, before those noxious weeds and invasive 

species develop an infestation. Proactive treatment at first detection will cost much less than 

treatment of established populations.

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

The Inyo National Forest has brought forward direction to add the ability to address new 

detections of noxious weeds. Although the actual treatment of weeds would be determined at the 

project level, the plan has created a foundation for these activities to occur:

• INV-FW-STD 03 - Use an integrated pest management approach in the planning and 

implementation of all projects and activities.

Habitat Conservation

24-1 

Promote proactive habitat conservation measures to improve the habitat of native beneficial 

species.
Appendix E: Consistency with Other Planning Efforts

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

348

How the Inyo National Forest Plan Considered These Components:

Within the “Terrestrial Ecosystem and Vegetation” section of the plan, desired conditions address 

the needs of wildlife species, not just at-risk species, but other beneficial species such as deer. 

• TERR-FW-DC 06: The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that 

provide habitat, movement and connectivity for a variety of species including wide-ranging 

generalists such as bear, mountain lion, and deer; more localized, semi-specialists such as 

ground-nesting, shrub-nesting, and cavity-nesting birds and various bats; and specialists such 

as old forest and sagebrush-associated species.

Other direction to address the need to provide habitat for beneficial species can be found in the 

“Rangeland Livestock Grazing” section:

• RANG-FW-STD 06: Account for mule deer forage when determining livestock animal unit 

months on key deer winter range and other important habitats such as migration routes, 

holding areas, and fawning areas.

Mineral County

In reviewing the Mineral County Open Space (2010) and Land Use Master Plans (2006), there 

were no policies or elements that pertained to the Inyo National Forest or would conflict with the 

Inyo National Forest revised plan. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plan – Vol 2

349

Appendix F – Persistence Analysis for Species of 

Conservation Concern

Introduction 

2012 Planning Rule Framework for Species Persistence Analysis

The 2012 Planning Rule3 requires the forest plan to include plan components,4 to “maintain or 

restore”: (1) “the ecological integrity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and watersheds in the 

plan area”; and 

(2) “the diversity of ecosystems and habitat types throughout the plan area.” 

Under 36 CFR 219.9(b)(1), the responsible official (here the Forest Supervisor for the Inyo 

National Forest) must determine whether the plan components required by 36 CFR 219.9(a) 

provide the ecological conditions necessary to “contribute to the recovery of federally listed 

threatened and endangered species, conserve proposed and candidate species, and maintain a 

viable population of each species of conservation concern5

 within the plan area.” The Planning 

Rule sets forth three possible outcomes of the responsible official’s analysis of plan components 

with respect to species of conservation concern. Additionally, a fourth outcome may arise when 

the planning unit has developed a set of ecosystem based plan components it thinks will provide 

for species persistence, but also provides supplementary species-specific plan components for 

greater emphasis and clarity (all four determinations are presented in the “Determination” section 

below). 

a. The responsible official may find that the plan components required by 36 CFR 219.9(a) 

are sufficient to provide the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable 

population of each species of conservation concern within the planning area. 36 CFR 

219.9(b)(1). 

b. The responsible official may determine that the plan components required by 36 CFR 

219.9(a) are insufficient to provide the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a 

viable population of each species of conservation concern within the planning area, and 

that “additional, species-specific plan components, including standards or guidelines, 

must be included in the plan to provide such ecological conditions in the plan area.” 36 

CFR 219.9(b)(1). 

c. The responsible official may determine “that it is beyond the authority of the Forest 

Service or not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of a species of conservation concern 

in the plan area.” If the responsible official makes this determination, it shall: (1) 

document the basis for the determination; and (2) “[i]nclude plan components, including 

 

3 36 CFR 219.9(a)

4 The 2012 Planning Rule sets forth five required plan components (desired conditions, objectives, standards, 

guidelines, and suitability of lands) and one optional plan component (goals). 36 CFR. 219.7(e)(1)–(2). 36 CFR 

219.7(f)(1)–(2) sets forth other required and optional content in the plan. 5 A “species of conservation concern” is defined as “species, other than federally recognized threatened, endangered, 

proposed, or candidate species, that is known to occur in the plan area and for which the regional forester has 

determined that the best available scientific information indicates substantial concern about the species’ capability to 

persist over the long-term in the plan area.” 36 CFR 219.9(c).
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

350

standards and guidelines, to maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area 

to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range,” in 

coordination with other Federal, State, Tribal, and private land managers.6

This species persistence analysis documents the rationale for the responsible official’s 

determination for each species of conservation concern in the plan area, including: (1) the plan 

components required by 36 CFR 219.9(a) are sufficient to provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of that species of conservation concern within the 

planning area; or (2) additional, species-specific plan components must be included in the plan to 

provide the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable population of that species of 

conservation concern within the planning area; or (3) that it is beyond the authority of the Forest 

Service or not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the ecological 

conditions to maintain a viable population of that species of conservation concern in the plan 

area. 

“Viable Population” Defined

The Planning Rule defines a “viable population” as “[a] population of a species that continues to 

persist over the long term with sufficient distribution to be resilient and adaptable to stressors and 

likely future environments.”7

 

The Forest Service Handbook 1909.12, section 23.13c (1)(b) notes that the preamble to the 

proposed Planning Rule8

 addresses the meaning of the word “population” for planning purposes, 

explaining: “the individuals of a species of conservation concern that exist in the plan area will be 

considered to be members of one population of that species.”. 

The Handbook further defines the words and phrases “persist over the long-term,” “sufficient 

distribution,” “resilient,” and “adaptable,” used in the Planning Rule’s definition of “viable 

population,” as follows:

The words “persist over the long-term” means the species continues to exist in the plan 

area over a sufficiently long period that encompasses multiple generations of the species, 

the time interval between major disturbance events, the time interval to develop all 

successional stages of major habitat types, or the time interval needed for the overall 

ecosystem to respond to management. Understand that confidence in the evaluations of 

persistence decreases rapidly as the timeframe of projections increases and that the 

responsible official will change plan components using plan amendments and plan 

revisions when the responsible official decides plan components need to be changed 

because of changed conditions (FSH 1909.12 section 23.13c (1)(c)). 

Whether there is “sufficient distribution” of a species should be considered in the context 

of the species’ natural history and historical distribution and on the potential distribution 

of the habitat within the plan area. Recognize that habitat and population distribution are 

dynamic over time. Sufficient distribution also implies a distribution that permits 

individuals to interact within the plan area within the constraints of the species’ natural 

history. Sufficient distribution implies that ecological conditions are provided to support 

redundancy in numbers such that losing one or some without replacement will still 

support a viable population. It should not be expected that management of National 

Forest System lands would provide broadly or evenly distributed habitat throughout a 

plan area for all species. Furthermore, as long as there is enough habitat in the plan area 

to maintain a viable population, there is no requirement that habitat to maintain all known 

 

6 36 CFR 219.9(b)(2) 7 36 CFR 219.19

8 77 FR 21217, April 9, 2012
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individuals or the maximum possible number of individuals of a species must be 

available in the plan area (FSH 1909.12, section 23.13c(1)(d)). 

The word “resilient” suggests that when disturbance events or stressors result in the local 

disappearance of individuals or extirpation from an area, recolonization of suitable 

habitat may occur in the future to facilitate long-term persistence in the plan area (FSH 

1909.12 section 23.13c(1)(e)). 

The word “adaptable” means that the species is able to adjust to new conditions. 

Ecological conditions to support the species are distributed in a way that the species may 

be represented in a variety of locally adapted ecotypes for increased likelihood of 

persistence in unknown future environments (FSH 1909.12 section 23.13c (1)(f)). 

Organization of this Species Persistence Analysis

There are several required plan components and optional plan components and plan content in the 

plan (such as goals and potential management approaches) that serve as an overall foundation for 

providing the ecological conditions necessary to support the persistence of species of 

conservation concern within the plan area. This direction, listed in the section immediately below, 

includes desired conditions that frame the role of providing necessary ecological conditions 

within the plan area and includes goals to increase the communication, cooperation, and 

collaboration with all lands partners to further conservation of at-risk species. Species of 

conservation concern are a subset of at-risk species. At-risk species also include federally 

recognized threatened, endangered, proposed, and candidate species. Because the forest plan 

relies heavily upon desired conditions to frame the movement of the Inyo’s ecological conditions 

over time, it also includes standards and guidelines to ensure project-level, site-specific 

contributions of the plan area meet needs for at-risk species, and are considered early in a 

project’s environmental planning process. 

To document the plan components that provide for the key ecological conditions and address any 

key threats within the plan area, a species-by-species evaluation follows for each terrestrial and 

aquatic species of conservation concern. A separate evaluation was prepared for botanical species 

of conservation concern. For each species there is an evaluation of the ecological conditions and 

threats in the plan area followed by a listing of the relevant plan components that address each of 

the key ecological conditions and threats identified. For most species, the ecological conditions 

needed by at-risk species are adequately addressed by ecosystem plan components, and in many 

cases, additional species-specific plan components were only needed to provide additional clarity 

and emphasis. In a few cases, species-specific plan components were essential to species 

persistence and long-term viability in the plan area.

The plan component coding follows a standard format where the first two parts identify the 

resource and applicable area for the direction and the third part identifies the type of plan 

component. All plan components are numbered sequentially in the forest plan, but the numbers do 

not convey a ranking or priority. Goals are optional numbered plan components and potential 

management approaches are additional plan content and are not numbered. 

Forestwide Plan Components for Species At Risk

Several plan components focus on species-at risk and species of conservation concern, but are not 

necessarily species-specific. They do, however, add additional emphasis to key ecological 

conditions for many of those species. While generally broad, these plan components provide for 

ecosystems and habitat conditions that will be resilient to disturbance (both natural and human 

caused) and the interrelated effects of climate change. They also mitigate site-specific effects that 
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might occur during projects or national forest management activities implemented under the land 

management plan in riparian areas, watersheds, terrestrial ecosystems, recreation areas, and 

wilderness. They include the following: 

Animals and Plant Species

Desired Conditions (SPEC-FW-DC)

02 Habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent capabilities 

of the plan area. Ecological conditions provide habitat conditions that contribute to the 

survival, recovery, and delisting of species under the Endangered Species Act; preclude the 

need for listing new species; improve conditions for species of conservation concern

including addressing threats (e.g. minimal impacts from disease); and sustain both common 

and uncommon native species. 

03 Land management activities are designed to maintain or enhance self-sustaining populations 

of at-risk species within the inherent capabilities of the plan area by considering the 

relationship of threats (including site-specific threats) and activities to species survival and 

reproduction. 

Standards (SPEC-FW-STD)

01 Design features, mitigation, and project timing considerations are incorporated into projects 

that may affect occupied habitat for at-risk species. 

Guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL)

01 Known nest, roost, or den trees used by species of conservation concern or raptors, 

including surrounding trees that provide beneficial thermal or predatory protection, should 

not be purposefully removed, with the exception of the unavoidable removal of hazard trees 

and as required to meet other State or Federal regulatory requirements.

04 Habitat management objectives or goals from approved conservation strategies or agreements 

should be incorporated, if appropriate, in the design of projects that will occur within at-risk 

species habitat. 

05 Water developments (such as a diversion or well) should be avoided near streams or seeps 

and springs where there is high risk of dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats where at-risk 

species occur.

Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation

Desired Conditions (TERR-FW-DC)

05 Ecological conditions contribute to the recovery of threatened and endangered species, 

conserve proposed and candidate species, and support the persistence of species of 

conservation concern. 

06 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide habitat, 

movement and connectivity for a variety of species including wide-ranging generalists such 

as bear, mountain lion, and deer; more localized, semi-specialists such as ground-nesting, 

shrub-nesting, and cavity-nesting birds and various bats; and specialists such as old forest and 

sagebrush-associated species.
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Conservation Watersheds

Desired Conditions (MA-CW-DC)

01 Conservation watersheds provide high-quality habitat and functionally intact ecosystems that 

contribute to the persistence of species of conservation concern and the recovery of 

threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species. 

03 The drainage connections between floodplains, wetlands, upland slopes, headwaters, and 

tributaries are intact and provide for breeding, dispersal, overwintering, and feeding habitats 

for at-risk species. These areas provide refugia if other areas of the watershed are disturbed 

by events such as floods, landslides, and fires. 

Watersheds

Desired Conditions (WTR-FW-GDL)

01 Minimize the effects of stream diversions or other flow modifications on at-risk species as 

well as other beneficial uses during relicensing; planning for state and other authorized water 

use; and water rights. Determine and recommend in-stream flow requirements and habitat 

conditions that maintain, enhance, or restore all life stages of native aquatic species and that 

maintain or restore riparian resources, channel integrity and aquatic passage.

All Riparian Conservation Areas

Desired Conditions (MA-RCA-DC)

02 Riparian conservation areas have ecological conditions that contribute to the recovery of 

threatened and endangered species and support persistence of species of conservation 

concern as well as native and desired nonnative aquatic and riparian-dependent plant and 

animal species. 

Sustainable Recreation

Guidelines (REC-FW-GDL)

01 Avoid locating new recreation facilities within environmentally and culturally sensitive areas, 

such as at-risk species breeding habitat or at-risk plant species habitat.

03 Use integrated resource planning when designing projects to address impacts to at-risk 

species habitat and changing conditions in recreation settings. 

Lands

Guidelines (LAND-FW-GDL) 

02 Where feasible, bury new or reconstructed power distribution lines (33kV or less) and 

telephone lines to reduce impacts resources such as scenery and at-risk species habitat. 

All Designated Wilderness Areas

Desired Conditions (DA-WILD-DC)

08 Forest system trails that access wilderness are part of a high-quality wilderness experience for 

visitors. Forest system trails meet national quality standards, with minimal deferred 

maintenance and adhere to the national trail classification system. Trails in wilderness are 

located in resilient areas, and do not cause adverse impacts to at-risk species, water quality, 

soils, hydrologic connectivity, or cultural resources. 
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Individual Evaluations – Animals 

Background 

This section summarizes the key ecological conditions and risk factors for each species of 

conservation concern, and the plan components that mitigate those risk factors, provide for 

persistence, and contribute to maintaining a viable population of each species of conservation 

concern within the plan area.

Information on species distribution, ecological conditions, and threats is largely excerpted from 

the document “Rationales for Animal Species Considered for Species of Conservation Concern, 

Inyo National Forest (USDA 2018); additional information on each species of conservation 

concern, the associated selection process, and full references for best available science can be 

found in that document and will not be repeated here. A supporting crosswalk, providing the full 

language for each plan component, threats, and species grouped by key ecological conditions was 

developed to create this summary.

The following 22 wildlife species of conservation concern are addressed in this analysis:

• Mammals: Nelson desert bighorn sheep (Ovis Canadensis nelsoni), Sierra marten (Martes 

caurina sierra)

• Birds: Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), bi-state greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus 

urophasianus), California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis), Great gray owl (Strix 

nebulosi), Mount Pinos sooty grouse - Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi, willow flycatcher 

(Empidonax traillii-includes: Empidonax traillii brewsteri and Empidonax traillii adastus)

• Amphibians: Black toad (Bufo exsul); Inyo Mountains slender salamander (Batrachoseps 

campi); Kern Plateau salamander (Batrachoseps robustus)

• Fish: California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aquabonita)

• Terrestrial invertebrates: sierra sulphur (Colias behrii), square dotted blue (Euphilotes 

battoides mazourka), Mono Lake checkerspot (Euphydryas editha monoensis), Boisduval's 

blue (Plebejus icarioides inyo), San Emigdio blue (Plebulina emigdioni), Apache fritillary 

(Apache silverspot butterfly) (Speyeria nokomis apacheana), a cave obligate pseudoscorpion 

(Tuberochernes aalbui)

• Aquatic Insects: Owens Valley springsnail (Pygulopsis owensensis), Western pearlshell 

(Margaritifera falcate), Wong’s springsnail (Pyrgulopsis wongi)

In addition to the summarized analysis for each species below, Table F-25 on page 456 provides a 

crosswalk to show how plan components meet species-specific habitat needs, and is grouped by 

the key ecological conditions or habitat elements that species share in common. Categories are 

not mutually exclusive. 

Determination Outcomes

In the individual species rationales that follow, determinations for each species will have one of 

four possible outcomes:

1. The ecosystem plan components should provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [SPECIES NAME] in the plan area. No additional 

species-specific plan components are warranted.
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2. The ecosystem plan components should provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [SPECIES NAME] in the plan area. Nonetheless, 

additional species-specific plan components have been provided for added clarity and/or 

measures of protection. 

3. The ecosystem plan components may not provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [SPECIES NAME] in the plan area. Therefore, 

additional species-specific plan components have been provided. The combination of 

ecosystem and species-specific plan components should provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of the [SPECIES NAME] in the plan area.

4. It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service or not within the inherent capability of the 

plan area to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population 

of the [SPECIES NAME] in the plan area. Nonetheless, the plan components should 

maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area to contribute to maintaining 

a viable population of the species within its range.

For each wildlife species of conservation concern, we describe key ecological conditions and 

threats that occur on the Inyo National Forest, the plan components that alleviate those threats and 

a summary of why plan components do or do not provide for viability in the plan area as shown 

in Table F-1. Plan components will not, and cannot, prevent all adverse impacts to individuals of 

the species, and have been designed to provide for viability of the species at the plan-level only. 

Optional plan language such as goals and potential management approaches are included in the 

narratives where needed and provide vision and strategy for improving ecological conditions for 

species that lack viability in the plan area because it is either not within the inherent capability of 

the land or outside forest service management authority. The narrative that follows each table 

highlights key issues and plan components intended to provide for persistence. 

Table F-1. Key to individual analyses tables. Key Ecological Conditions: Briefly describes key 

ecological conditions, including habitat, unique features or requirements for life cycle

Key Threats 

Persistence 

identified on the 

Inyo National 

Forest

Ecosystem plan 

component that 

alleviates or 

eliminates key 

threats (219.19 (a))

Additional species-specific 

plan components that 

alleviate or eliminate key 

threats 

(219.19 (b)) Effects Summary

Key threats 

identified in the 

Species of 

Conservation 

Concern (SCC) 

Rationales. 

Include all ecosystemlevel components that 

address the threats. 

DC = Desired 

Condition

OBJ = Objective

GOAL = Goal

STD = Standard

GDL = Guideline

Include any additional 

species-specific plan 

components that address the 

threats not adequately 

covered by ecosystem-level

plan components, or to 

provide added 

emphasis/clarity

DC = Desired Condition

OBJ = Objective

GOAL = Goal

STD = Standard

GDL = Guideline

Summarize how plan 

components, if 

implemented, provide 

the ecological 

conditions necessary 

to support species 

persistence and 

maintain a viable 

population of each 

species of 

conservation within the 

plan area.
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Assumptions 

This document describes and puts into context the current planning regulations and policies that 

informed the development of the Inyo National Forest Environmental Impact Statement and Land 

and Resource Management Plan (also referred to as the “forest plan”). The regulations and 

policies themselves, however, are not directly incorporated into these documents. 

A core element for the development of ecosystem based desired conditions for all species, is that 

management actions that move ecosystem conditions toward the natural range of variation will 

benefit species persistence. That is, maintaining or restoring ecological conditions and functions 

similar to those under which native species evolved offers the best assurance against losses of 

biological diversity and maintains habitats for the vast majority of species in an area, and the 

further a habitat departs from that historical distribution, the greater the risk to viability of 

associated species. However, for some species this approach may not be adequate, because the 

reference condition is not achievable or because of risks not related to habitat. In that case, 

additional species-specific plan components are added.

For many species, it is currently unknown if a truly viable population does indeed exist on the 

Inyo National Forest. There may be evidence of individuals, incidental sightings, or species may 

use the plan area for breeding and dispersal, but it is unclear if there is a breeding population that 

exists in the plan area over a sufficiently long period that encompasses multiple generations of the 

species (that is, the number of breeding individuals that may occur on an individual national 

forest is presumably too small to be considered a viable population). In those instances, the 

national forest can contribute to ecological conditions that should move toward a desired 

condition that is within the natural range of variability. This would presumably maintain a viable 

population to the extent it currently exists or might exist in the future. In addition, for some 

species, the Forest Service does not have sole management authority over key risk factors. For 

example, disease spread by animals that wander onto the forest from private land owners, 

upstream water diversions, or mining activities on adjacent lands. The forest service can 

contribute to ecological conditions that improve habitat conditions and should support viability in 

the future once threats outside of forest service control have been addressed. 

Determinations - Animal Species of Conservation Concern 

Fisher

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Pacific fisher in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Mature coniferous forest, typically more mesic than xeric, 

with supporting features such as large diameter trees and snags, multi-layered canopies, large 

down wood, high canopy closure, and structurally diverse and complex understory.

Table F-2 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Pacific fisher. 
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Table F-2. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Pacific fisher

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats 

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat or habitat 

connectivity due to management 

activities such as fuels reduction 

treatments and timber harvest

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

TIMB-FW-DC 01-03

TIMB-FW-GDL 02-03

DA-WILD-DC 03

INFR-FW-DC 03

FIRE-FW-GDL 01-02

FIRE-FW-STD 02

SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-04

SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01-02

SPEC-FW-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04

Forestwide ecosystem plan components for Terrestrial 

Ecosystems, Old Growth, Timber and Animals and 

Plants provide direction for maintaining habitat in areas 

where management activities take place by emphasizing 

heterogeneity, connectivity, and retention of key 

structural elements including old growth components, 

snags and trees. A standard for forestwide terrestrial 

habitat ensures the retention of conifer trees greater than 

30 inches in diameter while guidelines ensure fuel 

reduction treatments minimize mortality of large, old 

trees and snags and incorporate design features that 

reduce fire intensity and promote delayed mortality. 

Objectives provide specific and measureable strategies 

to move forest composition and structure toward desired 

conditions, and return natural fire regimes to the 

landscape further reducing loss of habitat and promoting 

ecosystem resilience. These restoration based objectives 

will help keep up with the pace and scale needed to 

maintain ecological integrity and resist key stressors over 

time.

Species specific guidelines for fisher reinforce 

ecosystem-level plan components and specifically 

ensure habitat will be retained during site specific 

projects; that cover is adequate for fisher prey species, 

that heterogeneous understory habitat provides denning 

sites and that project design does not lead to unnatural 

increases in fisher predation rates. 

Forest wide standards and guidelines for Animals and 

Plants promote design features and mitigations that 

consider needs of all at-risk species during project 

implementation.
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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of quality habitat or habitat 

connectivity due to climate 

change or other stochastic 

events (e.g. wildfire) that lead to 

losses of mature forest 

conditions.

TERR-FW-DC 01-06,08-09

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

FIRE-FW-DC 01

SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-04 Ecosystem level plan components that include desired 

conditions for Terrestrial Ecosystems, Old growth, and 

Montane zones help to ensure fishers have adequate 

habitat for movement, dispersal, feeding, and 

reproduction at multiple scales that may otherwise be 

lost due to climate change and other stochastic events 

such as high severity fire and insect outbreaks.

Species specific plan components for fisher provide 

desired conditions that fisher habitat is intact and well 

distributed. 

Loss of resting/denning habitat 

and/or disturbance that could 

lead to denning failure.

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-JEFF-DC 04-06

SPEC-FW-GDL 01

SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-04

SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01-03

Plan components ensures species will have large 

structures and habitat for resting and raising young. Plan 

components also ensure minimized disturbance to 

denning female fishers during the breeding season.

Loss of key habitat features 

such as large diameter trees 

and snags, multi-layered 

canopies, large down wood, 

moderate to high canopy closure 

and structurally diverse forest.

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01-10

TERR-DMC-DC 01-06

TERR-JEFF-DC 01-03, 07

SPEC-SMPF-DC 04

SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01

Ecosystem level plan components provide for key 

structural features such as snags and logs and large 

trees needed for resting and denning. They also provide 

heterogeneity and complex forest structure, and various 

seral/structural stages needed to complete different life 

cycle needs. Fire is maintained as a natural process on 

the landscape and promotes ecosystem resilience.

Species specific plan components ensure that key 

habitat and habitat elements are broadly distributed in 

the fisher Core Area.

Insecticide and pesticide use 

from illegal Marijuana growing 

sites that contaminate prey 

species and associated forage.

N/A N/A Already covered under existing law. Not within forest 

service management authority.
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Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Spencer et al. (2015) and Spencer et al. (2016) describe seven Fisher population core areas in the 

Southern Sierra Nevada, five of which are occupied, and two of which are currently unoccupied. Fishers 

on the Inyo National Forest make up a small part of the Core 1 population – or the population on the Kern 

Plateau. This core is mostly on the Kern Plateau in the southeastern portion of the fisher assessment area 

and is the only core not on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. It is largely within Sequoia National 

Forest, with a small portion on the Inyo National Forest (only 54.5 square kilometers of the 429.5 square 

kilometers are on the Inyo). The Kern Plateau has unique environmental conditions, due to differences in 

climate, geology, and vegetation, compared to the west-slope cores (Miles and Goudey 1998). It receives 

less annual precipitation (about 25-76 centimeters or 10-30 inches) than forests in other cores (about 102-

152 centimeters or 40-60 inches), and the vegetation is somewhat more open. Pinyon-juniper woodlands, 

canyon oak woodlands, and birch-leaf mountain mahogany are a greater component of the vegetation of 

the Kern Plateau than other portions of the Fisher Assessment Area, and California black oak, an 

important component of fisher habitat where it occurs, is rare or absent. The lesser accumulation of snow 

in this core may explain why fishers occupy higher elevations here than elsewhere in the assessment area 

and why martens (which are more snow-adapted than fishers) are absent (J. Tucker, unpublished data). 

Occupancy modeling shows this core area to have the lowest occupancy rates in the region (Zielinski et 

al. 2013b), suggesting lower population densities here than elsewhere. Twenty-six sample units of the 

Sierra Nevada bioregional carnivore monitoring occur on the Inyo National Forest. Of these 26 sample 

units, 4 have detected fisher at various times over the last 15 years (J. Tucker, unpublished data). While 

reproduction has not been confirmed in this area, genetic analysis of hair samples have detected females 

multiple times, and in 2012 surveyors detected multiple individuals with genotypes consistent with a 

mother and two offspring (J. Tucker, unpublished data). 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Fisher Core 1 is the smallest occupied core area, has the lowest predicted habitat value of any core, and 

appears to lack potential suitable resting and denning habitat (Spencer et al. 2015). Further, Spencer et al. 

(2016) model the core as containing no currently suitable fisher cells. Fisher occupancy in Core 1 

suggests that the current habitat models are unable to capture both the breadth of habitat that fisher will 

use, as well as the factors determining habitat selection in the Kern Plateau area, an area that is 

ecologically distinct from the rest of the fisher range in the Southern Sierra Nevada. 

Elsewhere in their range in the Southern Sierra Nevada, Fisher select for mature coniferous forest, 

typically more mesic than xeric, with supporting features such as large-diameter trees and snags, multilayered canopies, large down wood, high canopy closure, and structurally diverse and complex 

understory. Additional research and monitoring are warranted in Core 1 to better understand fisher habitat 

selection and population characteristics. Spencer et al. (2016) note that “In the meantime, all [habitat] 

predictions for Core 1 should be considered unreliable.” 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Any activities or events such as fuel reduction, vegetation management treatments, high-severity fire, and 

climate change that negatively affect or remove mature forest or key structural elements such as large live 

and dead trees (large-diameter snags), logs, and coarse woody debris and or cause losses canopy cover. 

Key structural elements are important for resting and predator avoidance, as well as for denning and 

raising young. Higher fuel loading, and changes in forest structure and composition associated with fire 

suppression coupled with a changing climate and related increases in drought and insect outbreaks can 

cause significant changes in forest structure, function and composition (Meyer 2013). 
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Threats under Forest Service Control 

Land management includes the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (especially loss of denning, resting and foraging habitat, large old trees and dense 

canopy cover) and disturbance from activities such as vegetation management, timber removal, 

wildfire, or fuels treatment. 

• Habitat loss resulting from climate change and disturbance such wildfire, drought, or insect and 

disease outbreaks.

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under the 

following sections and Table F-2 above. 

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Old Forest, Montane Zones, Red Fir, Jeffrey Pine, 

Lodgepole Pine, and Mixed Conifer) 

• Wilderness

Most of the threats for Pacific fisher can be addressed through ecosystem-level plan components that 

emphasize resilient, connected forests containing the complex structural attributes fishers need for 

survival and reproduction. However, species-specific plan components have been added in a few 

instances for greater clarity and emphasis. Loss of old growth habitat and key structural attributes for 

denning and resting are key threats and desired conditions for Pacific fisher (SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-04) 

minimize the risk from high severity fire in fisher Core Area 1, ensure overarching desired conditions 

from terrestrial and riparian vegetation are met and that fisher habitat is well distributed throughout the 

landscape providing for foraging, denning and resting habitat and connectivity large landscapes. Four 

guidelines (SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01-03; SPEC-FW-GDL 01) specify projects are designed in a way to 

minimize disturbance, predation, and provide hiding cover and denning habitat and retention of complex 

forest structure in key fisher habitat. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Poisoning of animals form pesticide and insecticide used by marijuana growers

Illegal rodenticide poisons to protect marijuana plantations is a growing area of concern throughout the 

Sierra Nevada and poses a threat to numerous mammals, including fishers (Gabriel et al. 2012). The 

impact presents a detrimental effect to population health, survival and status. Marijuana growing activity 

is extensive, illegal, and neither authorized, funded, nor carried out by the Forest Service. 

Summary 

Very few fishers currently occur, in a very limited location, on the Inyo National Forest. Connectivity is 

high between the Inyo and Sequoia National Forests, and between Fisher Core Areas 1 and 2, providing 

some protection against risks associated with small population numbers. However, the very localized 

fisher occurrence, combined with loss of larger trees and heterogeneity in pine forests, increased risk to 

upper montane forest from uncharacteristic stand-replacing fire, insect outbreaks, and warming 

temperatures create substantial concern about this species ability to persist in the planning unit. Based 

upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan 

components, when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of Pacific fisher within its range. However, limited occurrence data for fisher on the Inyo 

National Forest, coupled with the very different ecological conditions on the Kern Plateau than the rest of 

the fisher range in the Southern Sierra Nevada, suggest it is not within the inherent capability of land to 

maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Pacific fisher in the 

plan area. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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components in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. 

Nelson Desert Bighorn Sheep

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the ecological 

conditions to maintain a viable population of the Nelson desert bighorn sheep in the plan area. However, 

the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area to contribute to 

maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Found in mid- to higher elevations (6,000 to 12,000 feet) in the 

White Mountains on the Inyo in areas with steep, rocky cliff or rock faces. Forages on shrubs located near 

or on these cliff faces and within meadow systems. Requires visually open areas with suitable escape 

terrain (rock cliff faces).

Table F-3 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Nelson desert bighorn sheep.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

There is an isolated population of Nelson desert bighorn sheep known to occur in the White Mountain 

area at elevations ranging from 6,000 to 12,000 feet, within the plan area. This is the most northern 

population of desert bighorn sheep in California. California Department of Fish and Wildlife has 

estimated this population to be about 300 sheep and the population appears stable. Most of these animals 

occur in the White Mountain Wilderness, with approximately 30 animals (or roughly 10 percent of the 

population) occurring outside this area in Silver Canyon. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Habitat for Nelson desert bighorn sheep on the Inyo National Forest is in areas with steep, rocky cliff or 

rock faces. Shrubs located near or on these cliff faces and within meadow systems are important for 

foraging. Visually open areas with suitable escape terrain are key ecosystem characteristics. On the Inyo 

National Forest, these conditions occur in the alpine and subalpine assessment types, primarily within the 

White Mountains Wilderness which encompasses approximately 230,958 acres. The area is jointly 

administered by the Inyo National Forest (206,796 acres) and the Bureau of Land Management (about 

24,162 acres). It is contiguous, with the Boundary Peak Wilderness along its northeast boundary. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats to the persistence of all desert bighorn sheep in California include disease transmission from 

domestic sheep and goats, competition with livestock, loss of genetic diversity, habitat loss and 

disturbance (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2011). The contact of bighorn sheep with domestic sheep or 

goats on adjacent private lands can transmit diseases to bighorn sheep and can cause die-offs of the 

affected bighorn sheep herds. Within the White Mountains, the primary local concern for the continued 

persistence of Nelson desert bighorn sheep is disease transmission from domestic goats that graze from 

Chalfant Valley through Hammil Valley, adjacent to the plan area (CDFW 2015). Epizootic pneumonia, 

caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovi), has been documented to occur in this herd and has 

caused respiratory disease and die-offs in bighorn sheep in the White Mountain herd (Besser et al. 2008, 

CDFW 2015). Possible intermingling between this herd and the Lone Mountain and Silver Peak Range 

Nelson desert bighorn sheep populations in Nevada during the breeding season pose additional risks, 

since both of these herds have also been documented to carry M. ovi (California Department of Fish and 

Wildlife 2015). To date, there has been one documented case of pneumonia on the Inyo National Forest, 

an 11-year-old male in 2016 (Nelson 2016). 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Table F-3. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Nelson desert bighorn sheep

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Respiratory disease (Mycoplasma 

ovipneumoniae) (verified in the 

White mountains since 2009) and 

disease transmission from domestic 

sheep and goats that stray onto the 

Inyo National Forest. 

Not applicable SPEC-SHP-DC 02 

SPEC-SHP-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 02

Species specific plan desired conditions alleviate risk 

from disease transmission and population declines by 

limiting domestic sheep or goat grazing in areas of 

bighorn sheep use and ensuring species are minimally 

impacted from disease. A standard places restrictions on 

intermingling of goats and domestic sheep where 

disease risk assessment models predict a high likelihood 

of disease exposure. 

Habitat suitability/loss from climate 

change

TERR-ALPN DC 01-03,05

DA-WILD-DC 02-03,05

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

SPEC-FW-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

SPEC-SHP-DC 01

TERR-FW-DC 05

Ecosystem level plan components promote habitat 

conditions in alpine ecosystems and wilderness areas 

that are resilient to climate change and support the role 

fire plays as a natural disturbance process.

Species specific plan components include forestwide

guidance for at-risk species that promotes resilient intact 

ecosystems, balances the needs of at-risk species with 

other resource uses and ecological processes, and 

mitigates risk to persistence from land management 

activities and other disturbance including recreational 

activities in wilderness that can negatively affect survival 

and recruitment. 

Species specific plan components further ensure sheep 

will have adequate habitat for movement, dispersal, 

feeding, and reproduction to maintain or increase 

population levels.

Inadequate or poor forage and 

habitat loss from conifer 

encroachment.

RCA-MEAD-DC 07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

SPEC-SHP-DC-01 Ecosystem level plan components ensure meadow 

areas contain appropriate plant species for forage, that 

conifer encroachment is minimized, and identify specific 

and measurable objectives to move habitat toward the 

desired conditions. 

Species-specific desired conditions further reinforce 

these conditions specifically for bighorn sheep and 

specify adequate habitat with unforested openings and 

forage support persistent populations of sheep. 
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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Inadequate or poor forage (loss of 

winter range) from forest activities

WTR-FW-DC 04; RANG-FW-DC 

01-03

RANG-FW-STD 01-05

N/A Forestwide plan components for ensure nutritive forage 

is available for grazing in upland areas, that healthy 

wildlife populations are sustained and compatible with 

other resource values, and that livestock grazing needs 

are compatible with forage, browse and cover needs of 

wildlife.

Connectivity (loss of genetic 

diversity)

TERR-FW-DC 06 N/A Forestwide plan component provides vegetation to 

support movement and connectivity of wide-ranging 

species which should promote genetic flow between 

populations.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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The area in which bighorn sheep occur in the White Mountains is within California Department 

of Fish and Game Hunt Zone 7 and overlaps with four active cattle allotments. Lack of genetic 

diversity resulting from limited connectivity is another general concern; however, genetic 

diversity is not known to be a limiting factor for the White Mountains herd within the plan area. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed ecosystem-level plan 

components in Table F-3 above. However, the primary threat from the respiratory disease 

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is addressed at the species level. 

Threats under Forest Service Control 

Land management includes the following key threats: 

• Competition with livestock for winter range

• Connectivity/habitat fragmentation (genetic isolation) 

• Habitat loss, (conifer encroachment) loss of forage, and disturbance resulting from climate 

change 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections: Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Alpine Zone); Watersheds; 

Wilderness; Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows); Rangeland and Livestock Grazing

Competition from livestock and loss of winter range habitat is primarily addressed through plan 

components for Rangeland and Livestock Grazing (RANG-FW-DC 01-03; RANG-FW-STD 01-

05). Desired conditions maintain ecosystems integrity on grazed lands and promote livestock 

needs that are balanced with available forage and wildlife needs. Habitat loss from climate 

change is addressed through desired conditions for Alpine and Subalpine systems (TERR-ALPNDC 01-03, 05) that promote open areas and habitat that is resilient to climate change and related 

stressors. A desired condition (RCA -MEAD-DC 07) for meadows in upper montane areas limits 

conifer encroachment and promotes native understory plant composition and cover which should 

provide for foraging needs and animal movement.

In addition to these ecosystem-level plan components the species-specific desired condition 

SPEC-SHP-DC 01 also applies to Nelson desert bighorn sheep by ensuring key habitat needs 

including for foraging, bedding, birthing, and migration are provided for throughout the year. 

These species-specific plan components add greater emphasis and clarity to the existing 

ecosystem-level plan components. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Disease transmission from domestic sheep and goats that stray onto the Inyo National 

Forest. 

There is controversy regarding the literature on disease transmission, as no articles have been 

published that document a visual observation in the field of nose-to-nose contact between 

domestic sheep and goats and bighorn sheep which resulted in transmission of this disease. 

However, studies conducted in research facilities (Foreyt 1989) and literature on the presence of 

bacteria, such as M. ovi, before and after domestic sheep or goats were observed in bighorn 

habitat (Besser et al. 2012) have shown a correlation between contact and the spread of disease. 

Further, Besser and others (2012) demonstrated exposure to a single M. ovi infected animal 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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resulted in transmission of infection and bronchopneumonia to all bighorn sheep both within the 

same pen and in adjacent pens located 7.6 to 12 meters apart. 

The Inyo National Forest does not currently have active allotments with domestic goats and sheep 

overlapping with sheep habitat. However, stray animals that may wander onto national forest land 

still pose a threat and it was necessary to add species-specific plan components (SPEC-SHP-DC 

02 and SPEC-SHP-STD 01) to minimize the spread of disease from domestic sheep and goats 

within Forest Service authority. 

Finally, the following goal encourages an all-lands approach for mitigating the threats and 

stressors that affect the ecological conditions that would support Nelson desert bighorn sheep and 

help maintain viability throughout its range: 

• SPEC-SHP-GOAL 01: Coordinate with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife 

and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct a risk assessment of pack goat use on the 

Inyo National Forest and develop mitigations strategies to manage the risk of disease 

transmission, if needed.

Summary 

The most immediate and primary risk to Nelson Desert Bighorn Sheep persistence on the Inyo 

National Forest is exposure to disease. The Inyo National Forest limits this threat by restricting 

goat and sheep use in areas of the White Mountains that overlap with bighorn sheep occupation 

within Forest Service management authority, but we have limited ability to mitigate co-mingling 

with diseased animals such as stray domestic sheep and goats from private properties or animals 

from other bighorn herds in adjacent areas. Future habitat loss due to warming temperatures and 

climate change, as well as forage competition with livestock are possible risk factors, as is loss of 

genetic diversity resulting from habitat fragmentation. The Inyo National Forest has a number of 

ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its 

management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. Based upon this evaluation, 

the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, 

when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of Nelson desert bighorn sheep within its range. However, the primary risk factor, 

disease exposure from privately owned livestock that stray onto the Inyo National Forest is 

beyond Forest Service management authority and for this reason a reduction in viable populations 

of bighorn sheep can occur because of land use outside National Forest System lands.

Sierra Marten

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Sierra marten in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Mature coniferous forest, typically more mesic than xeric, 

with supporting features such as large-diameter trees and snags, multi-layered canopies, large 

down wood, moderate to high canopy closure (more than 30 percent) and structurally diverse and 

complex understory that is interspersed with riparian areas and meadows. Core patch size and 

spatial connectivity of patches is also important.

Table F-4 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Sierra marten.
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Table F-4. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Sierra Marten

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat, loss of 

connectivity/movement 

corridors due to management 

activities such as fuels 

reduction treatments, timber 

harvest and recreation use.

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

TIMB-FW-DC 01-03

TIMB-FW-GDL 02-03

DA-WILD-DC 02-03, 05-08

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

REC-FW-DC 04,08

REC-FW-GLD 01-03

DA-MBGU-DC 02

INFR-FW-DC 03

MA-GRA-GDL 01

FIRE-FW-GDL 01-02

FIRE-FW-STD 02

SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-03

SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01-02

SPEC-FW-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04

Forest wide ecosystem plan components for Terrestrial 

Ecosystems, Old Growth, Timber and Animals and Plants 

provide direction for maintaining habitat in areas where 

management activities take place by emphasizing 

heterogeneity, connectivity, and retention of key structural 

elements including old growth components, snags and 

trees. A standard for forestwide terrestrial habitat ensures 

the retention of conifer trees greater than 30 inches in 

diameter while guidelines ensure fuel reduction treatments 

minimize mortality of large, old trees and snags and 

incorporate design features that reduce fire intensity and 

promote delayed mortality. Objectives provide specific and 

measureable strategies to move forest composition and 

structure toward desired conditions, and return natural fire 

regimes to the landscape further reducing loss of habitat 

and promoting ecosystem resilience. These restoration 

based objectives will help keep up with the pace and scale 

needed to maintain ecological integrity and resist key 

stressors over time.

Desired conditions and guidelines for Wilderness and 

Riparian Conservation Areas mitigate threats from 

recreation, fire and livestock and ensure watersheds are 

functioning properly and that impacts to at-risk species are 

minimized. Forest wide guidelines for Sustainable 

Recreation minimize the addition of recreational facilities 

in at-risk species habitat and ensure at-risk species needs 

will be integrated into project design in recreation settings.

Species specific guidelines for marten reinforce 

ecosystem-level plan components and specifically ensure 

core habitat will be retained during site specific projects; 

that cover is adequate for marten prey species, that 

heterogeneous understory habitat provides denning sites 

and that project design does not lead to unnatural 

increases in marten predation rates that could 

subsequently lead to population declines. 

Forest wide standards and guidelines for Animals and 

Plants promote design features and mitigations that 

consider needs of all at-risk species during project 

implementation.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of quality habitat due to 

climate change or other 

stochastic events (e.g. wildfire, 

reductions in snowpack) that 

lead to losses of mature forest 

conditions, and or meadow 

riparian habitat.

WTR-FW-DC 01

TERR-FW-DC 01-06,08-09

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

TERR-ALPN-DC 01-03 & 05

MA-RCA-DC 01, 05,08-09

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

FIRE-FW-DC 01

SPEC-SMPF-DC 01-03

MA-RCA-DC 02

Ecosystem level plan components that include desired 

conditions for Watersheds, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Old 

growth, Montane and Alpine zones and Riparian areas 

help to ensure martens have adequate habitat for 

movement, dispersal, feeding, and reproduction at 

multiple scales that may otherwise be lost due to climate 

change and other stochastic events such as high severity 

fire and insect outbreaks.

Species specific plan components for marten provide 

desired conditions that marten core habitat areas are 

intact and well distributed. Desired conditions for riparian 

conservation areas support persistence of species of 

conservation.

Loss of resting/denning habitat TERR-JEFF-DC 04-06 Not applicable Plan component ensures species will have structures for 

resting and raising young.

Loss of habitat 

connectivity/corridors (genetic 

diversity).

MA-CBRA-DC 02

TERR-FW-DC 06

Not applicable Management Area direction for backroad recreation 

promotes desired conditions that promote species 

diversity and movement corridors and large wild tracts of 

land in undeveloped landscapes while forest wide 

direction for terrestrial ecosystems ensures the landscape 

contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that 

provide habitat, movement and connectivity for a variety of 

species including those that are wide-ranging and that use 

old growth.

Loss of complex early seral 

habitat.

TERR-CES-DC 01-03

TERR-CES-GDL 01-03,05

Not applicable Desired conditions ensure complex early seral habitats 

are distributed across the landscape and key habitat 

elements such as large diameter snags are available for 

resting habitat. Guidelines ensure restoration projects 

maintain ecosystem integrity, important wildlife habitat, 

and that large fires in potential marten habitat minimize 

harvest to provide areas of complex early seral habitat for 

species that need them.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of key habitat features 

such as large diameter trees 

and snags, multi-layered 

canopies, large down wood, 

moderate to high canopy 

closure and structurally 

diverse forest in the red fir, 

lodgepole pine and mixed 

conifer ecosystems 

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01-10

TERR-DMC-DC 01-06

TERR-JEFF-DC 01-03, 07

Not applicable Ecosystem level plan components provide for key 

structural features such as snags and logs needed for 

resting and denning. Also provide heterogeneity and 

complex forest structure, and various seral/structural 

stages needed to complete different life cycle needs. Fire 

is maintained as a natural process on the landscape and 

promotes ecosystem resilience.

Insecticide and pesticide use 

from illegal Marijuana growing 

sites that contaminate prey 

species and associated 

forage.

Already covered under existing 

law. Not within forest service 

management authority.

N/A
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

In the plan area, marten locations have been observed in wilderness, almost exclusively west of 

Highway 395, with only one occurrence east of the highway in the Jeffery pine forest. There are 

12 records for marten in the NRIS database, located predominantly on the western side of the 

forest near Mammoth Lakes (Mammoth and Mono Lake RDs) and on the Kern Plateau adjacent 

to the Sierra National Forest (White Mountain RD). There has been at least one documented 

denning site where two young were captured and telemetered, (Inyo National Forest unpublished 

data); however, the current level of abundance/specific population information for this species on 

the Inyo National Forest is unknown. The Forest does have many years of vegetation survey data 

(Kucera 1996) and incidental observations show that suitable habitat is available and breeding is 

presumed, however it is currently uncertain if a viable population does in fact exist. Martens 

frequently change den locations and surveys for dens are intensive, making it difficult to estimate 

levels of abundance. Martens may move back and forth between the Inyo National Forest and 

neighboring Sequoia and Sierra National Forests as well as Yosemite National Park.

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Mature coniferous forest, typically more mesic than xeric, with supporting features such as large 

diameter trees and snags, multi-layered canopies, large down wood, moderate to high canopy 

closure (>30%), structurally diverse and complex understory that is interspersed with riparian 

areas and meadows for foraging and movement. Core patch size and spatial connectivity of 

patches are also critical. On the Inyo National Forest, these conditions can be found in the mixed 

conifer and upper montane forest ecological zone which includes subalpine conifer forest, red fir, 

lodgepole pine, and mixed conifer forest. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats to persistence include activities such as fuel reduction, vegetation management 

treatments, and to a lesser extent, recreation and climate change that negatively affect or remove 

mature forest and or key structural elements such as large live and dead trees (large-diameter 

snags), logs, and coarse woody debris or cause losses in connectivity or movement corridors. Key 

structural elements are important for resting and predator avoidance, as well as for denning and 

raising young. 

Higher fuel loading, and changes in forest structure and composition associated with fire 

suppression coupled with a changing climate and related increases in drought and insect 

outbreaks can also cause significant changes in forest structure, function and composition (Meyer 

2013). 

Threats Under Forest Service Control 

Land management includes the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (especially loss of denning, resting and foraging habitat, large old trees and 

dense canopy cover) and disturbance from activities such as vegetation management, 

timber removal, wildfire, fuels treatment, and recreation. 

• Connectivity and habitat fragmentation, loss of movement corridors and loss of genetic 

diversity due to isolation. 

• Habitat loss resulting from climate change and natural disturbances such as wildfire.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and Table F-4 above. 

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Subalpine, Alpine and Montane Zones, Complex 

Early Seral, Red Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and Mixed Conifer) 

• Watersheds

• Wilderness

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)

• Management Areas (Challenging Backroad, Riparian Conservation)

• Sustainable Recreation

Most of the threats for Sierra marten can be addressed through ecosystem-level plan components 

that emphasize resilient, connected forests containing the complex structural attributes martens 

need for survival and reproduction. However, species-specific plan components have been added 

in a few instances for greater clarity and emphasis. Loss of old growth habitat and key structural 

attributes for denning and nesting are key threats and desired conditions for Sierra Marten (SPECSMPF-DC 01-03) minimize the risk from high-severity fire in marten habitat core areas, ensure 

overarching desired conditions from terrestrial and riparian vegetation are met and that marten 

habitat is well distributed throughout the landscape providing for foraging, denning and resting 

habitat and movement across large landscapes. Three guidelines (SPEC-SMPF-GDL 01-02; 

SPEC-FW-GDL 01) specify projects are designed in a way to minimize predation, and provide 

hiding cover and denning habitat and retention of complex forest structure in marten core habitat 

areas. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Poisoning of animals form pesticide/insecticide used by marijuana growers

• Large connected landscapes that expand beyond the boundary of the Inyo National Forest

Illegal rodenticide poisons to protect marijuana plantations is a growing area of concern 

throughout the Sierra Nevada and poses a threat to numerous mammals, including martens 

(Gabriel et al. 2012). The impact presents a detrimental effect to population health, survival and 

status. Marijuana growing activity is extensive, illegal, and not authorized, funded, or carried out 

by the Forest Service. 

Sierra marten is a wide-ranging species and large connected landscapes are critical to long-term 

viability. The ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components are designed to move 

existing habitat conditions for marten toward a more ecological resilient state than what currently 

exists. However, ultimate long-term persistence and viability of this species will depend on 

management actions (or inactions) on adjacent landscapes. Two goals (SPEC-FW-GOAL 01 and 

03) encourage cooperative protection and restoration of habitat across ownerships boundaries 

which should benefit marten throughout its range. 

Summary 

The fragmented nature of upper montane forests on the Inyo National Forest, coupled with 

declining and or small population numbers of marten, and reduced snowpack resulting from 

climate change, may put the species at future risk. This may be of particular concern with regard 

to range contraction given the Inyo National Forest’s location at the edge of the species 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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southeastern most range. Further, loss of larger trees and heterogeneity in pine forests, increased 

risk to upper montane forest from uncharacteristic stand-replacing fire, and insect outbreaks and 

warming temperatures with reduction of snowpack creates substantial concern about this species 

ability to persist on the planning unit. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan 

components and the additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would 

provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Sierra marten 

within its range. However, limited occurrence data for marten on the Inyo National Forest, 

coupled with its wide ranging-ranging nature suggest it is not within the inherent capability of 

land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Sierra 

marten in the plan area. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and speciesspecific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot 

mitigate all threats for persistence. 

Bald Eagle9

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the bald eagle in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Large bodies of water (lakes or reservoirs) or free flowing 

large rivers with adjacent large live trees or snags.

Table F-5 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on bald eagle.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Bald eagles have long been known to occur on the Inyo National Forest during winter months, 

with three nests observed on the national forest since 2004 in the Upper Owens River and June 

Lake areas. The nest location in the Upper Owens River area may have subsequently been 

abandoned; only one adult bird has been observed in recent times and nesting activity has 

presumably stopped in that area. Another potential nest site may be present in the Hilton Lakes 

area where juvenile and adult bald eagles have been observed. There is limited information on the 

bald eagle population numbers on the Inyo National Forest. Although nesting bald eagles have 

been observed and winter bald eagle surveys document wintering habitat use on the forest (Eakle 

et al. 2015), there is little information on actual population trends or density. Individuals have 

been observed, but there is uncertainty as to whether a viable population currently exists on the 

Inyo National Forest. 

 

9 Also see Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Table F-5. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on bald eagle

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Habitat loss: changes in timing and 

flow of water and water availability 

resulting from climate change, 

forest management activities, and 

or hydroelectric power.

WTR-FW-DC 01-04, 06-07

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

DA-WILD-DC 02-03

WTR-FW-OBJ 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

SPEC-FW-STD 01

Ecosystem level plan components provide for ecological 

integrity of aquatic systems so that they are high quality 

and resilient to climate change and other demands, and 

provide adequate prey for bald eagles.

Species specific guideline for at-risk species minimizes 

risk of dewatering aquatic/riparian habitat from water 

developments and a forest wide standard promotes 

design features to protect all species at-risk during 

project implementation.

Habitat loss: stream and riverine 

ecosystems, riparian habitat, ponds 

and pools

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-RIV-OBJ 01-02

RCA-LPP-DC 01

MA-RCA-DC 02-05,08-11

MA-RCA-OBJ 01 

MA-RCA-STD 01-06

N/A Ecosystem level desired conditions and objectives 

provide for ecological integrity of aquatic systems so 

that they are resilient to climate change and other 

demands and can provide the foraging habitat and prey 

species necessary for bald eagles.

Human Recreation and related 

disturbance.

WTR-FW-DC 05

MA-RCA-DC 10

DA-MBGU-DC 02

MA-GRA-GDL 01

REC-FW-GDL 01-03

REC-FW-DC-04,08

SPEC-FW-DC 05

DA-WILD-DC 05,08

DA-WILD-REC1-DC 02-05

DA-WILD-REC2-DC (02-05)

DA-WILD-REC3-DC (02-05)

N/A Ecosystem level desired conditions minimize 

disturbance from recreation related activities and 

human activities on sensitive resources. Guidelines 

constrain impacts on resources including at-risk species 

breeding habitat in recreation areas and ensure the 

needs of at-risk species will be accounted for during 

project design.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of roosting and nesting trees. TERR-FW-DC 05-06

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 03--06

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

TERR-DMC-DC 01--06

TERR-JEFF-DC 04-06

TIMB-FW-DC 01-03

TIMB-FW-GDL 02-03

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

SPEC-FW-GDL 01 Ecosystem level plan components ensure that large 

trees and snags necessary for nesting and roosting and 

perching will be retained during project implementation 

and that large trees and snags are resilient to natural 

disturbance such as fire, insects and disease. Plan 

components also help to ensure that a supply of trees in 

the larger size classes is distributed across the forest at 

levels that will provide sustainable nest/roost habitat for 

bald eagles cross the landscape.

A species-specific guideline further reinforces the 

retention of known nest and roost trees used by species 

of conservation concern or raptors.
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Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Bald eagles use large conifer stands (Jeffery pine and mixed conifer) where there is access to 

open water (for example, lakes or reservoirs) or free flowing rivers for foraging, typically within 

1 mile of large trees (about 40 inches diameter) and greater than 98 feet tall, snags, or dead top 

trees. In northern California, nest territories are typically within conifer stands with most nests in 

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and sugar pine (Pinus 

lambertiana). Nests are generally within one of the tallest trees in the stand, and the majority of 

nest trees have an unobstructed view to a water body (Lehman 1979). In California, largediameter trees are used for nesting, with an average of 109 centimeters (43 inches) in diameter 

(Anthony et al. 1982). 

Approximately 479 lakes occur on the Inyo National Forest, totaling about 46,000 acres. Many of 

the high-elevation lakes support introduced trout species of brook, brown, rainbow and golden 

trout. There are no lakes in the White, Inyo or Glass mountains. Waterbodies less than 2 acres are 

considered ponds, of which there are 1,372 on the Inyo National Forest, comprising a total of 662 

acres. There are 26 lakes and meadows scattered throughout the lower elevations of the eastern 

Sierra Nevada foothills. These waterbodies have been enhanced by dams to increase the water 

holding capacity. Large river systems that provide a consistent, abundant flow of water 

throughout the year, as well as fish species diversity include the upper Owens River through Long 

Valley, the South Fork Kern River and the San Joaquin River through Reds Meadow. 

The amount of potential nesting habitat on the forest for bald eagles is somewhat limited;

however, because there are relatively few forested areas near large bodies of water that offer a 

suitable prey base. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

The largest current threat to remaining colonies may be disturbance from recreational activities, 

such as boating, jet-skiing, fishing and low-flying aircraft, which can cause disturbances to 

nesting birds (Buehler 2000). Camping within 100 meters of a bald eagle nest can lower the 

amount of prey consumed (-26 percent) and prey fed to nestlings (-29 percent) relative to activity 

observed when camping is restricted to at least 500 meters from nests (Steidl and Anthony 2000). 

Loss of key habitat components such as perches and roosting trees, from natural disturbance 

events associated with higher fuel loading and changes in forest structure and composition are 

additional threats likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Fishing opportunities and recreation 

uses are expected to continue and impacts from those activities will continue to occur. The 

California Department of Wildlife is expected to continue the fish stocking program in many of 

the lakes. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management includes the following key threats: 

• Recreation and human disturbance 

• Habitat loss and loss of key components such as perches and roosting trees 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and Table F-5 above. 

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Rivers, lake and ponds)

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Old growth, Mixed conifer, and Jeffrey pine)

• Watersheds

• Timber
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• Recreation

• Management Areas (riparian conservation area, general recreation)

Most of the threats for bald eagle on the Inyo National Forest can be addressed in the form of 

desired conditions that emphasize sustainable recreation and that minimize human disturbance. 

Desired conditions, standards, and guidelines for Riparian Conservation Areas, Terrestrial 

Ecosystems, Timber and Watersheds minimize habitat loss and emphasize the retention of large 

trees and snags that provide nest sites and suitable foraging perches for hunting. The following 

plan components when carried out would protect bald eagle from the key threat of recreation 

related disturbance: 

• A guideline for general recreation areas (MA-GRA-GDL 01) emphasizes direct management 

techniques to reduce impacts on resources. 

• Forestwide desired conditions for recreation (REC-FW-DC 04, 08) minimize impacts and 

adverse effects on sensitive and natural resources while recreation guidelines (REC-FW-GDL 

01-03) minimize construction of recreation facilities in at-risk species habitat and ensure the 

needs of at-risk species are incorporated into project design. 

• In the Ansel Adams and John Muir Wilderness, desired conditions for recreation (DA-WILDREC1-DC 02-05; DA-WILD-REC2-DC 02-05; DA-WILD-REC3-DC 02-05) seek to 

minimize impacts from camping with emphasis on riparian, lakeshore and stream channel 

conditions. 

• A forestwide desired condition for all species (SPEC-FW-DC-05) minimizes risk from 

hunting and fishing that could negatively affect native species including bald eagle. 

• A recreation goal (REC-FW-GOAL 06) supports collaborative partnership opportunities to 

enhance responsible recreation and increase knowledge of related socioeconomic and 

environmental issues. 

In addition to the ecosystem-level components mentioned above, several species-specific plan 

guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL-01 and TERR-FW-GDL-02) were added to further emphasize that 

the retention of key habitat components such as roosting and nesting trees for raptors are 

considered during project implementation. A forestwide standard SPEC-FW-STD-01 places 

additional emphasis on the protection of at-risk species habitat by ensuring appropriate design 

features, mitigation, and project timing considerations are incorporated into projects that may 

affect their habitat.

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Water development and diversions as well as drought effects from climate change which 

alter hydrologic regime and affect aquatic habitat and associated species.

Water diversions and water developments can have negative effects on downstream communities 

by altering habitat function, composition and structure and diminishing ecological integrity. 

Reservoirs will continue to exist under current management and jurisdiction to fulfill their water 

storage and hydroelectric needs. No change in management is expected to occur within the next 

20 years for reservoirs, but climate change has the potential to exert additional stress on water 

delivery systems. Ecosystem level plan components for Watersheds (WTR-FW-DC 01-04, 07 and 

WTR-FW-STD 01-03) provide for healthy riparian and aquatic ecosystems within management 

authority, but because of growing population demands and off-forest consumption of water 

resources, these habitats may not realize their full recovery potential, limiting the Inyo National 

Forest’s ability to provide for species viability. However, several goals provide a vision for 

working across land boundaries to collectively attain desired conditions. A watershed goal (WTRFW-GOAL 01) encourages collaborative work between adjacent land owners and agencies to 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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improve watersheds across ownership boundaries while a goal for riparian conservation areas 

(MA-RCA-GOAL 01) promotes coordination with the State fish and wildlife agencies to address 

native aquatic species issues, including evaluating management and monitoring needs to address 

aquatic species requirements across ownership boundaries.

Summary

Bald eagles are currently known to use the Inyo National Forest for wintering with only a couple 

of nests since 2004. It is not currently known if the national forest habitat maintains a viable 

population of bald eagle. Habitat loss resulting from high-intensity fires and loss of riparian 

habitat continues to be a potential threat. Disturbance from recreationists is perhaps the biggest 

immediate risk factor affecting bald eagles on the Inyo National Forest. It is anticipated this will 

continue to be a potential risk factor for this species, as human population levels and recreation 

activity are expected to increase over time. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystemlevel and species-specific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its management 

authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set 

of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, when carried 

out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of bald 

eagle within its range. However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, and 

potential future threats associated with recreation and climate change, it is not within the inherent 

capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of bald eagle within the plan area. 

Bi-State Greater Sage-Grouse Population 

Determination: The ecosystem plan components may not provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of the bi-state greater sage-grouse population in the 

plan area. Therefore, additional species-specific plan components have been provided. The 

combination of ecosystem and species-specific plan components should provide the ecological 

conditions necessary to maintain a viable population of the bi-state greater sage-grouse 

population in the plan area. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Large and contiguous sagebrush stands mixed with areas 

of wet meadows, riparian, or irrigated agriculture fields.

Table F-6 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on bi-state greater sagegrouse. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Bi-State sage-grouse occur on the Inyo National Forest within designated population management 

units (PMUs) which are areas delineated around the subpopulation of bi-state sage-grouse. Part or 

all of the following population management units are contained and designated within the Inyo 

National Forest as Bodie, South Mono, and White Mountains. While current population estimates 

for sage-grouse on the Inyo specifically are unknown, three leks are known to occur on Inyo 

National Forest. Telemetry work conducted from March to May of 2017 identified a total of 42 

nests across the Bodie Hills, Long Valley, and Parker Meadows study areas which occur on or 

near the Inyo National Forest (See Figure 1 in USGS 2017). 

The following general population trends have been observed on population management units 

that include the Inyo National Forest: Bodie population management unit, increasing since 1995; 

and Long Valley, stable to increasing. In 2016, a mark-recapture study of eight individuals was 

initiated to assess population trends for the White Mountain Population Management Unit. 
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Table F-6. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on bi-state greater sage-grouse population

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Habitat loss: Pinyonjuniper expansion and 

conifer encroachment 

into sagebrush 

habitats, invasive 

species, and predation 

by ravens.

TERR-SAGE-DC 01-05

INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-OBJ 01-02

SPEC-SG-DC 01-09 Plan Components ensure the appropriate habitat 

components necessary for lekking, nesting, and denning 

are available and resilient to threats from invading tree and 

nonnative species and or fire and disturbance events, 

including climate change. Specific and measurable 

objectives focus on elimination of high priority invasive 

plants.

Species-specific desired conditions 05-06 minimize 

competition from nonnative plant species that outcompete 

native species and provide cover and protection from 

predators.

Habitat loss: Pinyonjuniper expansion and 

conifer encroachment 

into sagebrush 

habitats, invasive 

species.

TERR-SAGE-GOAL 01 (b-g)

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

SPEC-SG-STD 01-03

SPEC-SG-GDL 03-04

SPEC-SG-OBJ 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

Ecosystem level plan components incorporate restoration 

measures that enhance sagebrush communities that have 

experienced large landscape scale disruptions in 

composition, structure and function from invading conifers 

and juniper.

Species specific plan components ensure habitat 

restoration projects will limit expansion of invasive species 

like cheatgrass, as well as undesirable pine species while 

promoting the native plant community, ecologic and 

hydrologic integrity and improving breeding and brood 

rearing habitat. A specific and measurable objective 

ensures movement toward the desired conditions for sage 

grouse priority habitat within 10 years of plan approval. A 

forestwide guideline includes direction to incorporate 

approved conservation strategy direction as appropriate 

during site specific projects.
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Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Nest failure and 

viability; protection 

from predators (e.g. 

ravens) and weather.

LAND-FW-GDL 02 SPEC-SG-DC 01-03

SPEC-SG-STD 02, 06-07, 10

SPEC-SG-GDL 03

SPEC-FW-GDL 01

Species specific desired conditions promote well distributed 

habitat for breeding, brood rearing and dispersal.

Standards provides mitigation measures to minimize nest 

losses, predation, and disturbance to breeding sites during 

project implementation and ensure tall structures are 

absent near suitable lek habitat or are retro-fitted with 

perch deterring devices. Standards also establish limited 

operated periods during the sage-grouse breeding and 

nesting season to minimize disturbance and nest failure.

Species specific guidelines ensure nest trees that provide 

cover and protection from predators are protected during 

project implementation and that power lines do not provide 

perching sites for avian predators.

Habitat loss: Wildfire FIRE-FW-DC 01

MA-RCA-GDL 04

TERR-SAGE-DC 02, 04

SPEC-SG-DC 07

SPEC-SG-STD 15

Ecosystem plan level components minimize habitat loss 

and promote native vegetation restoration where fire is a 

threat to meadow riparian and sagebrush habitat.

Species specific desired conditions for sage grouse 

minimize habitat loss from uncharacteristic fire and ensure 

sage brush stands will be protected during wildfires.

Habitat loss: Livestock 

grazing 

TERR-SAGE-DC 02

RANG-FW-DC 01-03

RANG-FW-STD 03-04

RANG-FW-GDL 01

MA-RCA-GDL 03

SPEC-SG-STD-08,11 Plan Components minimize loss of forage, cover and 

habitat for lekking and nesting and ensure meadow habitat 

in active livestock allotments is compatible with sagegrouse habitat needs and trending toward desired 

conditions. 

Species specific standards establish key meadow or 

upland areas for sage-grouse in active allotments and 

ensure fencing is not a barrier to movement near known 

leks.
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Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Habitat loss: 

riparian/meadow 

habitat and hydrologic 

function.

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

RCA-RIV-DC 03-04

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

MA-RCA-DC 01 02

MA-RCA-STD 10-12,17

MA-RCA-GDL 01, 03-04

WTR-FW-DC 04

SPEC-SG-DC 09 Ecosystem level plan components for meadows, rivers and 

streams and riparian conservation areas promote 

ecosystems that are resilient to disturbance and 

hydrologically functional. Meadows contain a diversity of 

grasses and forbs with complex habitat for native plant and 

animal communities. A desired condition for watersheds 

ensures nutritive forage is available for grazing and that 

healthy populations are sustained in upland and riparian 

communities. Standards constrain livestock grazing 

activities that impair riparian conservation areas, meadows, 

and fens and guidelines minimize disruption of hydrologic 

connectivity of streams, meadows, and wetlands. An 

objective promotes enhanced meadow conditions.

Species specific desired conditions promote healthy 

riparian and meadow areas necessary for late season 

brood rearing, promotes hydrologic/ecological integrity and 

species composition needed for brood rearing habitat.

General population 

loss/collapse and 

habitat loss for species 

at risk

N/A SPEC-FW-DC 01-03

SPEC-SG-OBJ 01

Species specific plan components ensure that 

management activities promote ecological conditions that 

support the habitat components necessary to sustain 

healthy, functioning population levels within the inherent 

capability of the landscape. An objective specifies that 

within 10 years of the plan approval, up to 14,900 acres of 

sage-grouse habitat, within and between population 

management units, will be improved or restored to meet 

sage-grouse priority habitat desired conditions.

Habitat loss: loss of 

connectivity and 

disturbance from forest 

management activities.

TERR-SAGE-DC-04 SPEC-SG-GDL 01-04

SPEC-SG-STD 04-15

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04, 05

SPEC-FW-STD 1

Ecosystem level plan components ensure sage brush 

system are resilient to fire and invasive species and that 

fire burns within in its natural range to limit encroaching 

conifers. Habitat provides connectivity for sage-brush 

dependent species.

Species specific plan components help to ensure that site 

specific projects incorporate mitigation measures and 

conservation strategies during project implementation to 

enhance restoration, and reduce project related 

disturbance and habitat fragmentation that can negatively 

affect dispersal, breeding and foraging.
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Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Greater sage-grouse in California are dependent on sagebrush habitats that include a diversity of 

sagebrush mixed with native forbs and grasses (Schroeder et al. 1999, Hall et al. 2008). Lekking, 

nesting, molting, and wintering all require different configurations of sagebrush habitat, which 

increases the species' vulnerability (Hall et al. 2008). On the Inyo National Forest, the ecological 

conditions for greater sage grouse occur in the sagebrush shrub assessment type, which occupies 

approximately 300,000 acres on the Inyo. This acreage does not include those areas currently 

occupied by pinyon-juniper that could potentially be a sagebrush shrub type. The sagebrush shrub 

assessment type includes all subspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), as well as the 

other woody sagebrush species found on the national forest, and shrub communities where 

sagebrush is dominant but other species co-occur (such as low sagebrush, sagebrush-bitterbrush, 

black sagebrush, and silver sagebrush). Sagebrush shrub communities occur from the floor of the 

Owens Valley on Los Angeles Department of Water Power lands, in disjointed bands all the way 

up to and including subalpine areas in the Sierra Nevada, and the White, Inyo, and Glass 

Mountains. Research natural areas that include the sagebrush shrub assessment type include 

White Mountain, McAfee Meadow, and Indiana Summit, with some small areas of the sagebrush 

shrub vegetation type within the Whippoorwill Flat and Sentinel Meadow Research Natural 

Areas. Approximately 30 percent (89,894 acres) of the sagebrush assessment type on the Inyo

National Forest is located within designated wilderness. The Inyo National Forest manages 

approximately 213,670 acres (20 percent) of a total of 1,075,730 acres of priority habitat for the 

sage-grouse. Primary management units include Bodie, South Mono and White Mountains.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Because sage-grouse are sagebrush obligates, they are threatened by actions and processes that 

reduce the extent and integrity of this habitat (Hall et al. 2008) and warrant area specific habitat 

guidelines (Stringham and Snyder 2017). Western juniper expansion is a major threat to sagegrouse occupation in northeastern California and to a lesser extent in Mono and Inyo Counties. 

Encroaching juniper displaces sagebrush and other shrubs (Crawford et al. 2004). Juniper also 

provides additional perches for aerial predators and cover for terrestrial predators. Predation by 

ravens has the potential to negatively affect sage-grouse and there are some areas documented on 

the Inyo that have low understory and shrub cover, which could leave nests exposed. However, 

these areas are within the natural range of variation for the Inyo National Forest. Sage-grouse 

avoid areas with abundant juniper (SGCT 2004, Hall et al. 2008). Jeffery pine and pinyon/juniper

expansion is occurring in the sagebrush shrub assessment type on the Inyo National Forest, 

possibly the result of fire suppression, livestock grazing and changing climate. Pinyon-juniper 

expansion has been observed throughout the bi-state area (Bi-State Action Plan 2012) and an 

estimated 25,261 acres of sagebrush shrublands are undergoing active encroachment by pinyon 

and juniper trees on the Inyo National Forest, as determined from aerial photography 

interpretation. 

Both prescribed fires and wildfires have the capacity to degrade sage-grouse habitat significantly. 

Sagebrush is typically slow to reestablish following fire, has poor seed dispersal, and has little 

ability to naturally reestablish in sites dominated by annual grassland (Shaw et al. 2005). Fire also 

facilitates the invasion of cheatgrass, which commonly occupies sites following disturbance, 

especially burning (Connelly et al. 2000). Frequent (less than 20- to 30-year interval) or latesummer burning favors cheatgrass invasion and may be a major cause of cheatgrass expansion in 

sagebrush habitats. The Inyo has experienced recent wildfires within sagebrush ecosystems that 

have led to some cheatgrass expansion. However, these wildfires have not led to complete type 

conversions or reduced the suitability of these areas for sage-grouse. 
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Although livestock grazing is not identified as a key threat in the Bi-State Action Plan (2012), it 

can cause disturbance and trampling of nest sites. There are 49 cattle and horse and sheep and 

goat allotments identified on the Inyo National Forest. Of these, 30 occur within priority sagegrouse habitat, with 20 of those being active. Reissuance of grazing permits since 2009 includes 

design features to reduce impacts to sage-grouse. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (meadows) and fragmentation resulting from encroachment of juniper and 

nonnative invasive weeds such as cheatgrass.

• Habitat loss resulting from wildfire and interrelated effects of cheatgrass invasion (i.e. 

disruption of natural fire regime). 

• Livestock grazing

• Infrastructure which can result in additional habitat fragmentation and or increases in 

predation by providing suitable perches for predators. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-6 above. However, the primary threat 

resulting from loss of high quality habitat for nesting and brood rearing habitat resulting from 

pinyon juniper invasions and wildfire is more adequately addressed at the species level.

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Sagebrush)

• Invasive Species

• Watersheds

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows, rivers, streams and springs)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas)

• Rangeland and Livestock Grazing 

• Fire

• Lands 

While ecosystem plan components for the assessment types and program areas include direction 

that would address the primary threats to sage-grouse habitat in many cases, species-specific plan 

components were added to more specifically address threats relative to the loss of high-quality 

habitat for nesting and brood rearing resulting from pinyon/juniper invasions and wildfire. 

Desired conditions for sage-grouse (SPEC-SG-DC 01-09) provide high-quality habitat for these 

critical nesting and brood rearing needs by minimizing overstory trees, limiting cheatgrass (which 

out-competes native grasses with higher dietary value and alters natural fire regimes), and specify 

brood rearing habitat conditions in the Bodie, South Mono and White Mountains Population 

Management Units. An objective (SPEC-SG-OBJ 01) critical to meeting these desired conditions 

specifies within 10 years of the plan approval, up to 14,900 acres of sage-grouse habitat, within 

and between population management units, will be improved or restored to meet sage-grouse 

priority habitat desired conditions. Standards (SPEC-SG-STD 01-15) place constraints on 

operating periods specifically within sage grouse habitat during breeding and nesting season, 

ensure additional structures will not occur near lekking habitat, ensure fences will not provide 

barriers to movement, and livestock feeding stations are avoided near sage-grouse leks. 

Guidelines (SPEC-SG-GDL 01-04) work to improve connectivity specifically between sage-
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grouse habitats and minimize threats from utility lines. These plan components collectively work 

to move sage-grouse habitat toward desired conditions that should provide optimal breeding and 

nesting habitat in the future, and minimize predation, disturbance, and fragmentation from forest 

management activities as well as wildfire and cheatgrass invasion. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

Cheatgrass invasion, conifer encroachment into sagebrush habitats, and predation from utilities 

infrastructure.

Summary

The greater sage-grouse, bi-state population is a sagebrush obligate with highly specific habitat 

needs. Juniper expansion, fire, and invasive species are primary threats to habitat integrity and 

long-term persistence of this species in the plan area. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of 

ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, when carried 

out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of greatersage grouse, bi-state population within the plan area. 

California Spotted Owl

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the California Spotted Owl in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Forests containing old growth characteristics (dense 

vegetation and canopy cover, snags, cavities, larger trees and large down woody debris) in 

coniferous and mixed pine-oak forests. On the Inyo National Forest, these ecological conditions 

can be found in the mixed conifer and upper montane forest ecological zone which consists of red 

fir, and Jeffrey and lodgepole pine. 

Table F-7 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on California spotted 

owl.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

There are currently no records in ebird, CNDDB, or BISON for California spotted owl (CSO) on 

the Inyo National Forest. However, forest level surveys have detected owls on the west side 

bordering the Sequoia National Forest, in wilderness and at the farthest south end of Inyo 

National Forest. In the past, this area of the Inyo National Forest was managed by the Sequoia 

National Forest, hence it was considered that there were no spotted owls on the Inyo National 

Forest. According to the CDFW spotted owl database there are 19 data points for CSO on the 

Inyo National Forest with 6 positive detections all occurring in the area just northwest of 

Monache Mountain from 1988-1991. A pair was observed in the area on 2 occasions during that 

same time frame. At the north end of the Inyo National Forest, there are also two positive 

detections in the Boundary Creek and Red Meadows area from 1981-1982. Individual owls may 

persist on the Inyo National Forest, but is unknown if the forest contains a viable population of 

California spotted owl.
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Table F-7. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on California spotted owl

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of quality habitat for 

nesting, roosting and foraging 

loss and loss of 

connectivity/movement 

corridors due to management 

activities such as fuels 

reduction treatments and 

timber harvest.

WTR-FW-STD 02

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04

FIRE-FW-STD 02

FIRE-FW-GDL 01-02

TIMB-FW-DC 01-03

TIMB-FW-GDL 02-03

SPEC-CSO-STD 01-05

SPEC-CSO-GDL 01-11

SPEC-FW-DC 01-02 

SPEC-FW-GDL 01

SPEC-FW-STD 01

Ecosystem level plan standards and guidelines 

provide direction for maintaining habitat in areas 

where management activities take place. Standards 

and guidelines ensure key old growth components

including large trees, snags and structural 

heterogeneity are maintained during vegetation 

management activities in old growth forest, roost/nest 

trees are protected and maintained, and direction 

from existing habitat conservation strategies is used 

where applicable. Desired conditions and guidelines 

for fire and timber management promote ecological 

restoration practices that will improve forest resilience 

and maintain spotted owl habitat.

Species specific desired conditions, standards and 

guidelines ensure protected activity centers and nest 

site conditions are provided for during vegetation and 

fuels treatments, high severity prescribed fire is 

minimized, and operating periods are limited during 

the breeding season. Land management activities 

support conditions for survival and reproduction of at 

risk species. Standards and guidelines for natural and 

prescribed fire have intended effects for ecological 

benefit. A forestwide species-specific guideline further 

reinforces the retention of known nest and roost trees 

used by species of conservation concern or raptors.
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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of quality habitat for 

nesting, roosting and foraging 

due to other stochastic 

events such as wildfire and 

climate change which can 

result in a reduction of 

snowpack and mature forest 

conditions. 

WTR-FW-DC 01-02

TERR-FW-DC 01-06,08-09

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

TERR-ALPN-DC 01-03 & 05

TERR-DMC-DC 01-06 

TERR-JEFF-DC 01-07

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01-10

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

FIRE-FW-DC 01 

DA-WILD-DC 02-03

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

SPEC-CSO-DC 01-05

SPEC-FW-DC 01-02

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 

TERR-FW-DC 05-06

Ecosystem level plan components ensure species will 

have adequate habitat for movement, dispersal, 

feeding, and reproduction that may otherwise be lost 

due to climate change and other stochastic events 

and that wildfires are allowed to burn within the 

natural range of variability and contribute to 

ecosystem function. Desired conditions emphasize 

resilience in spotted owl habitat and promote old 

forest habitat components such as larger trees, snags 

and coarse woody debris and structures for nesting 

such as witches’ brooms.

Species specific desired conditions ensure habitat is 

well distributed for spotted owls and that protected 

activity centers ensure the best habitat for nesting 

and roosting is maintained. Territories contain habitat 

that is resilient to stressors and includes 

heterogeneity with groups of denser trees mixed in 

with areas of lower canopy cover and open areas 

such as meadows which provide important foraging 

habitat. Large trees and snags are abundant and 

provide nesting habitat and habitat for prey species. 

Habitat for species of concern are resilient to climate 

change and other stressors, ecosystems are healthy. 

Loss of pine-oak component: 

large trees over 12 inches in 

diameter, snags, logs

TERR-OAK-DC 01

TERR-OAK-ST-01

N/A Ecosystem level desired conditions ensure oak 

trees, snags, and down logs provide habitat for 

spotted owls, and that snags and cavities provide 

shelter, and resting and nesting habitat. A standard 

ensures that large oaks greater than 12 inches in 

diameter will be retained during fuel treatment 

activities.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Forests containing old growth characteristics (dense vegetation and canopy cover, snags, cavities,

larger trees and large down woody debris) in coniferous and mixed pine-oak forests are critical to 

California spotted owl. On the Inyo National Forest, these ecological conditions can be found in 

the mixed conifer and upper montane forest ecological zones that consist of red fir, Jeffrey pine, 

and lodgepole pine. The mixed conifer assessment type is most prevalent on the Kern Plateau and 

includes various combinations of white fir, red fir, and one or more pine species, typically with a 

very sparse understory. The majority of the mixed conifer assessment type (which does not 

necessarily include all mixed conifer stands) in the core timber management area was included in 

the Owens River Headwaters Wilderness, designated in 2009. With the exception of Monache 

Meadow on the Kern Plateau, approximately three-fourths of the mixed conifer assessment type 

is within wilderness. The majority of the red fir type is located on the Kern Plateau and Reds 

Meadow Valley areas where a large proportion (80 percent) of the red fir forest type across the 

southern Sierra is within designated wilderness. The Inyo National Forest has 383,336 acres of 

subalpine conifer forest (19-20 percent of the national forest), 118,039 acres of red fir (6 percent) 

and 45,671 acres of mixed conifer (2 percent) for potential use by the owl. However, not all of 

this habitat may contain the specific ecological conditions needed for nesting and roosting. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Loss of prey and nesting habitat that includes features such as logs, snags and adequate 

understory have been risk factors. Habitat loss, degradation, or loss of connectivity from high 

severity fire and management activities such as timber harvest; expansion of barred owls and 

climate change are additional factors.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management includes the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (especially loss of nesting, resting and foraging habitat, large old trees and 

dense canopy cover) and disturbance from activities such as vegetation management, 

timber removal, wildfire, and fuels treatment.

• Connectivity and habitat fragmentation, loss of movement corridors and loss of genetic 

diversity due to isolation. 

• Habitat loss resulting from climate change and interrelated effects of natural disturbances 

such as wildfire. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-7 above. The primary threat from loss of 

nesting and roosting habitat is addressed at the species level.

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Old growth, Mixed conifer, lodgepole pine, mixed 

conifer, Oak, and Jeffrey pine) 

• Watersheds

• Timber

• Fire

• Alpine and Montane Zones 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Most of the threats for California spotted owl can be addressed through plan components that 

emphasize resilient, connected forests characterized by complex structural attributes such as 

closed canopy, large old trees, snags and coarse woody debris, which owls need for movement, 

foraging and reproduction. Timber harvest gas been cited as primary threat for spotted owl 

persistence (Gutierrez et al. 2016); however, most of the area managed for timber on the Inyo 

National Forest do not currently overlap with the mixed conifer ecosystem type preferred by 

spotted owls, much of which occurs in wilderness (as noted under ecological conditions above). 

Several ecosystem-level plan components address this potential threat by promoting restoration 

based processes that ensure wildlife habitat is considered during project design, connectivity for 

wildlife is restored, and the removal of key habitat features such as snags, is minimized (TIMBFW-DC 01-03;TIMB-FW-GDL 02-03). The greater threat to California spotted owl on the Inyo 

National Forest is habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from high-severity fire. High-severity 

fires that result in the loss of dense mature forest, large snags and downed logs effectively remove 

preferred nesting and roosting habitat and can take centuries to regrow. Desired conditions for 

Fire and Terrestrial Ecosystems (FIRE-DC-01, TERR-FW-DC 02) promote wildfire that functions 

within its natural range and contributes ecosystem integrity and fire adapted systems that are 

resilient to climate change and other stressors. Two forestwide objectives (TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02) 

emphasize the restoration of species composition and structure and low- to moderate-severity fire. 

Standards and guidelines for fire that should benefit the owl (FIRE-FW-STD 02, FIRE-FW-GDL 

01-02) minimize disturbance during fire suppression in wilderness, promote the use of managed 

wildfire to meet resource objectives and limit high-severity fire effects in old forest habitat.

In addition to the ecosystem-level components mentioned above, several species-specific plan 

components were added to focus on specific spotted owl habitat needs, like nesting and roosting 

habitat. Loss of old growth habitat and key structural attributes such as dense canopy and large 

trees for nesting and roosting are key threats and desired conditions specifically added for 

California spotted owl (SPEC-CSO-DC 01-05) ensure spotted habitat is well distributed 

throughout the landscape providing for foraging, nesting, and roosting habitat; promoting 

movement across large landscapes and ensuring protected activity centers maintain the best 

quality habitat for nesting and roosting including habitat with canopy cover that may be outside 

the natural range of variation. Standards and guidelines (SPEC-CSO-STD 01-05; SPEC-CSOGDL 01-11,) place constraints on operating periods and activities that might disturb nesting owls 

in protected activity centers during the breeding season, ensure mechanical treatment of 

vegetation is limited, and that overstory trees and trees greater than 24 inches in diameter are 

generally retained during forest management activities.

Other species-level guidance that provides additional emphasis on retention of key nest trees and 

encourages the use of approved conservation strategies in project design includes SPEC-FW-STD 

01 and SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04. 

The ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components are designed to move existing habitat 

conditions for California spotted owl toward a more ecologically resilient state than what 

currently exists. However, ultimate long term persistence and viability of this species will depend 

on management actions (or inactions) on adjacent landscapes. Two goals (SPEC-FW-GOAL 01, 

03-04) encourage cooperative protection and restoration of habitat across ownerships boundaries 

which should benefit the owl throughout its range. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Habitat competition and hybridization with barred owls 

• Climate change
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Barred owls are an increasing risk factor for California spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada. Barred 

owls can hybridize and also outcompete spotted owls. Barred owls were first recorded within the 

range of the California spotted owl in 1989 on the Tahoe National Forest. Two sparred owls 

(hybrids of spotted and barred owls) were reported in the Eldorado National Forest during 2003 

to 2004 (Seamans et al. 2004). Barred owls were first recorded in the southern Sierra Nevada in 

2004 (Steger et al. 2006). Ongoing research has documented 73 records of barred or sparred owls 

in the Sierra Nevada to date, with the majority of records from the northern Sierra Nevada 

(Tahoe, Plumas, and Lassen National Forests). Five new records of barred owls were documented 

in the Stanislaus and Sierra National Forests in 2012, indicating further range expansion of barred 

owls in the southern Sierra Nevada. In 2017, confirmed barred owls were on the Sequoia National 

Forest. Barred owl numbers are likely higher than documented in the Sierra Nevada, as there have 

been no systematic surveys for them to date.

Climate change further exacerbates drought conditions and insect outbreaks, which can lead to 

uncharacteristically large wildfire. While the Inyo National Forest cannot directly control climate 

change, ecosystem plan components as mentioned above provide conditions resilient to 

ecosystem stressors and the interrelated effects of climate change. 

Summary

The best available science indicates declining population trends throughout the range of the 

California spotted owl, low fecundity, high juvenile mortality, and habitat specificity. These life 

history characteristics combined with relevant threats and stressors, including habitat loss 

resulting from high-severity fires and the expansion of barred owls, indicate substantial concern 

about the California spotted owls capability to persist over the long term in the plan area. Climate 

change and potential drought-related effects will likely continue to exert pressure on the key 

ecological conditions (as noted above) that this species depends upon. Based upon this 

evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan 

components, when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a 

viable population of California spotted owl within its range. However, limited occurrence data for 

California spotted owl and the forest’s limited amount of mixed conifer forest (approximately 2 

percent) suggest it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the California spotted owl in the plan 

area. 

Great Gray Owl

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the great gray owl in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Meadows and early seral-stage openings that support 

sufficient prey (such as pocket gophers and voles) which are adjacent to mature coniferous 

forests. Mature forests, typically more mesic than xeric, with supporting features such as largediameter trees and snags (greater than or equal to 24 inches in diameter) to provide nesting sites. 

Dense canopy cover (greater than or equal to 65 percent). Habitat occurs between 3,500 feet and 

above. 

Table F-8 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on great gray owl.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Table F-8. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on great gray owl

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat (mature conifer and 

meadow), along with loss of 

connectivity/movement corridors due 

to management activities such as 

fuels reduction treatments and timber 

harvest, along with recreational use.

WTR-FW-STD 02

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-GDL 01

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

MA-CBRA-DC 02

FIRE-FW-DC 01-02

FIRE-FW-STD 02

FIRE-FW-GDL 01-02

MA-RCA-GDL 04

SPEC-FW-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-GDL 01,04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

Ecosystem level plan components ensure species 

will have adequate habitat for movement, dispersal, 

feeding, and reproduction and provide direction for 

maintaining key habitat elements such as large 

conifers in areas where management activities take 

place and ensure wildfires are allowed to burn within 

the natural range of variability and contribute to 

ecosystem function. Specific measureable objectives 

move meadow habitat toward desired conditions 

necessary to support adequate prey species. 

Management Area direction for backroad recreation 

promotes desired conditions that promote species 

diversity and movement corridors and large wild 

tracts of land in undeveloped landscapes. 

Species specific guidance provides additional 

emphasis on retention of key habitat features such as 

nest trees and encourages the use of approved 

conservation strategies in project design and 

emphasizes habitat that improves conditions for 

species of conservation concern. 

Loss of quality habitat due to climate 

change or other stochastic events, 

which result in a reduction in 

snowpack and mature forest 

conditions.

WTR-FW-DC 04

TERR-FW-DC 01-06, 08-09

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

TERR-ALPN-DC 01-03,05

TERR-DMC-DC 01-06 

TERR-JEFF-DC 01-07

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01-10

MA-RCA-DC 01, 05,09

DA-WILD-DC 02-03

TERR-FW-OBJ 01-02

N/A Ecosystem level plan components ensures species 

will have adequate habitat for movement, dispersal, 

feeding, and reproduction that may otherwise be lost 

due to climate change and other stochastic events. 

Desired conditions for terrestrial ecosystems support 

habitat that is complex and supports movement and 

connectivity for old growth specialists. Desired 

conditions emphasize resilience and promote old 

growth habitat components such as larger trees, 

snags and coarse woody debris and structures for 

nesting such as witches’ brooms
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of quality meadow and other 

open habitat due to conifer 

encroachment and or climate change 

which causes drying/moisture loss.

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-DC 02 Ecosystem level plan components ensures owls will 

have adequate meadow and open habitat that 

supports sufficient prey species like gophers and 

voles. Conifer encroachment is minimized and 

specific, measurable objectives move meadow

conditions toward desired conditions.

Species specific plan components promote riparian 

conservation areas that contribute to species of 

conservation concern and support meadows which 

contain prey species and foraging habitat.

Loss of early seral habitat TERR-CES-DC 01-03

TERR-CES-GDL 01-03, 05

N/A Ecosystem level plan components support early seral 

habitat for prey species. Desired conditions ensure 

complex early seral habitats are distributed across 

the landscape and key habitat elements such as

large diameter snags are available for resting habitat. 

Guidelines ensure restoration projects maintain 

ecosystem integrity, important wildlife habitat, and 

that large fires minimize harvest to provide areas of 

complex early seral habitat for species that need 

them.

Recreation/Vehicle strikes due to low 

perching behavior.

MA-CBRA-DC 02

DA-WILD-DC 05,08

INFR-FW-DC 03

N/A Management Area direction for backroad recreation 

promotes desired conditions that promote species 

diversity and movement corridors and large wild 

tracts of land in undeveloped landscapes. Desired 

conditions ensure recreation will not cause adverse 

impacts to at-risk-species and desired conditions for 

infrastructure ensure roads allow for healthy wildlife 

movement and minimal collisions. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Great gray owls are thought to occur throughout the Sierra Nevada range though local distribution 

may be highly variable. There are no records in the NRIS database for great gray owl on the Inyo

National Forest; however, there have been incidental sightings. In 2015, an injured bird was 

retrieved by hikers just north of Lake Mary in Mono County (e-bird data, accessed May 17, 

2017). The adjacent Sequoia and Sierra National Forests have 28 and 330 records respectively, 

with several detections close to the Inyo National Forest boundary (see Figure 4 of Krueger 

(2016) for a mapped distribution of the great gray owl based on detections). It is important to 

note, that these areas represent the southeastern most edge of the species’ year-round range 

(Zeiner et al. 1990, Bull and Duncan 1993, Gogol-Prokurat 2016) and only a small portion of the 

Inyo National Forest is likely to provide suitable habitat for the owl, which may be a factor in 

their limited distribution. Adult owls were last documented in Inyo and Mono counties by winter

(1986) approximately 30 years ago. A review of Sierra-Nevada Avian monitoring Information 

Network data, a collaborative project between the Forest Service and Point Blue Bird 

Observatory yielded no recent observation information for great gray owls (Ballard et al. 2008). 

In eBird, the Inyo National Forest has 1 record of 1 individual great gray owl within the national 

forest boundary, and 3 records of 3 individuals from within 5 miles of the national forest 

boundary. The California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) has 1 within the national forest 

boundary, and 3 within a 5 mile buffer of the boundary. Individual owls may persist on the Inyo 

National Forest, but it is unknown if the Inyo National Forest contains a viable population of 

great gray owls. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Meadows and early seral-stage habitats that support sufficient prey (such as pocket gophers and 

voles); pine and fir forests adjacent to meadows between 3,500 and 7,000 feet (Wu 2016). Two 

factors considered most important in determining habitat use by breeding great gray owls are 

availability of nest sites and availability of suitable adjacent foraging habitat such as meadows 

(Duncan and Hayward 1994). On the Inyo National Forest, these ecological conditions can be 

found in the mixed conifer and upper montane forest ecological zone which consists of red fir 

forest, Jeffrey pine forest, and lodgepole pine, intermixed with meadows that form a patchy 

mosaic across the landscape. On the Inyo National Forest, the majority of the red fir type is 

located on the Kern Plateau and Reds Meadow Valley areas (USDA 2013). It is worth noting that 

a large proportion (80 percent) of the red fir forest type across the southern Sierra is within 

designated wilderness.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Small population size, and loss of meadow habitat and meadow drying related to climate change, 

conifer encroachment or management activities (such as livestock grazing) that can lead to loss of 

meadow habitat and cover for small mammalian prey species are all potential threats.

Threats include activities such as fuel reduction treatments that negatively affect or remove 

mature forest and or key structural elements such as large live and dead trees (greater than 24 

inches diameter), logs, and coarse woody debris, and that cause losses in connectivity and 

movement. Key structural elements are important for roosting, nesting and hunting. Higher fuel 

loading, and changes in forest structure and composition associated with fire suppression coupled 

with a changing climate and related increases in drought and insect outbreaks can also cause 

significant changes in forest structure, function and composition (Meyer 2013).
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Additional threats include vehicle strikes, which are considered a significant source of direct 

mortality because of their use of low perched when hunting (Wu et al. 2016). 

Threats Under Forest Service Control 

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (especially loss of nesting/roost habitat (large old trees and dense canopy cover) 

and foraging habitat (open meadows) and disturbance from activities such as vegetation 

management (e.g. timber removal, fuels treatment) and recreation.

• Connectivity/habitat fragmentation, loss of movement corridors and loss of genetic diversity 

due to isolation.

• Habitat loss resulting from climate change and natural disturbance such as wildfire and insect 

out breaks

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-8 above. 

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Subalpine and Montane Zones, Complex Early Seral, 

Red Fir, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and Mixed Conifer)

• Infrastructure

• Watersheds

• Wilderness

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)

• Management Areas (Challenging Backroad, Riparian Conservation)

Most of the threats for great gray owl can be addressed through ecosystem-level plan components 

that emphasize resilient, connected forests that contain the complex structural attributes and old 

growth components owls need for survival and reproduction. However, species-specific plan 

components have been added in a few instances for greater clarity and emphasis. Loss of nesting 

and roosting habitat (dense canopy and large trees) attributes for nesting is a key threat for great 

gray owl and several forestwide components should ensure these attributes are provide for and 

protected during management activities. Critically, a standard (SPEC-FW-STD 01) specifies that 

design features, mitigation, and project timing considerations are incorporated into projects that 

may affect occupied habitat for at-risk species. While two guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04) 

maintain protection for known roost or nest trees used by species of conservation concern or 

raptors and that approved conservation strategies will be incorporated into project design where 

appropriate. Desired conditions (SPEC-FW-DC 01-03) specify that habitats for at-risk species 

support self-sustaining populations within the inherent capabilities of the plan area and that the 

ecosystems they depend upon will be resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other 

stressors.

Loss of quality meadow habitat due to drying effects from climate change, conifer encroachment 

and livestock use is another key threat to great gray owl because loss of meadow habitat 

decreases foraging opportunities. Decreases in grass complexity and structure decrease optimal 

habitat for the owl’s small mammalian prey base. A desired condition for riparian conservation 

areas (MA-RCA-DC 02) maintains ecological conditions that will support persistence of species 

of conservation concern habitat needs in those areas. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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The ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components are designed to move existing habitat 

conditions for great gray owl toward a more ecologically resilient state than what currently exists. 

However, ultimate long term persistence and viability of this species will depend on management 

actions (or inactions) on adjacent landscapes. Two forestwide goals for all species (SPEC-FWGOAL 01, 03-04) encourage cooperative protection and restoration of habitat across ownerships 

boundaries which should benefit the owl throughout its range. Additional goals encourage 

partnerships and collaboration to facilitate restoration in terrestrial ecosystems (TERR-GOAL 

01); reduce fuel accumulations and promote and restore more fire-resilient systems (FIRE-FWGOAL 01-05, 10) and ensure complex early seral habitat is provided for (TERR-CES-GOAL 01-

02, 05). 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Small population size 

• Climate change

The great gray owl population in California is at risk because it is very small (Hull et al. 2010). 

Small populations are more susceptible to inbreeding, population bottleneck, and founder effects. 

Retention of maladaptive genes or the loss of adaptive genes can lead to reduced genetic diversity 

(Shaffer 1981, Lande 1993) and small populations are less able to recover from losses due to 

environmental events such as large wildfires (Wu et al. 2016). Climate change further exacerbates 

drought conditions, insect outbreaks, meadow drying and wildfire. While the Inyo National 

Forest cannot directly control climate change, ecosystem plan components as mentioned above 

provide conditions resilient to ecosystem stressors and the interrelated effects of climate change. 

Summary

The fragmented nature of upper montane forests on the Inyo National Forest, coupled with 

declining and or small population numbers of the great gray owl, and reductions in meadow 

habitat from climate change and conifer encroachment may put this species at risk. While the 

great gray owl is not currently known to breed on the Inyo National Forest, there have been 

incidental sightings on the national forest as well as detections close to the national forest 

boundary. Recreation, which is predicted to increase over time, also leads to concern for the 

species persistence. Species viability of great gray owl on the Inyo National Forest is currently 

uncertain. Proposed plan components are designed to move habitat conditions to a more desired 

ecological state than what currently exists. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystemlevel and species-specific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its management 

authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. The Inyo National Forest is at the very 

edge of the species’ range and it may not be within the inherent capability of the land to provide 

for a viable population of great gray owl on the Inyo National Forest. Based upon this evaluation, 

the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, 

when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of great gray owl within its range. However, due to uncertainty about the species 

current viability, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National Forest, and potential future 

threats associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to 

maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of great gray owl 

within the plan area.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Mt. Pinos Sooty Grouse

Determination: It is not within the inherent capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Mt. Pinos sooty grouse in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Relatively open coniferous and pine habitat with little 

understory cover. Woodlands and subalpine forests also provide habitat, large trees. 

Table F-9 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Mt. Pinos sooty 

grouse. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The Mount Pinos sooty grouse has likely been extirpated from much of its historic range, which 

occurred from Kings Canyon south and west to the Mt. Pinos region of Kern and Ventura 

Counties (Bland 2013, Ziener et al. 1990). It is now most abundant at the northern limits of its 

current range, which occur south of 37 degrees north latitude. On the Inyo National Forest, this 

includes areas south of the town of Independence, in suitable habitat found in Kearsarge Pass, 

Onion Valley, Mt. Whitney and Mt. Whitney Portal, Olancha Creek, and Haiwee Canyon (Bland 

2013, J. Bland Pers. Comm. 2017). 

The Inyo National Forest does not currently have information on abundance or population trend 

for this species on the national forest and viability of this species in the plan area is uncertain. 

However, incidental sooty grouse sightings are plentiful in eBird (2012) and information on 

Mount Pinos sooty grouse subspecies locations can be extrapolated from that data using 

geographical boundaries and phenotypic markers (J. Bland Pers. Comm. 2017). Extant 

populations south of Kings Canyon and north of Kern Gap (Tulare/Kern Co. line) are howardi 

which can be distinguished from the sierrae subspecies primarily by tail measurements and 

plumage characteristics. In the California portion of the Inyo National Forest, local game bird 

populations appear healthy but fluctuate drastically from year to year depending on moisture. In 

Mono County, California Department of Fish and Wildlife does not conduct upland game bird 

surveys, with the exception of some localized sooty grouse hoot surveys in the spring. These were 

last conducted in 2012 in the June-Lake area which occurs outside the known range of Mount 

Pinos sooty grouse. The results of that work are still being assessed, however, the howardi 

subspecies distinction was not made during those surveys (T. Taylor Pers. Comm.). Recent 

Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data from the Inyo National Forest Assessment suggest sooty grouse 

populations were increasing to stable in California overall (BBS data 1966-2010) and stable at 

moderate levels in NV (1966-2010). There is no distinction made between Sooty grouse and the 

howardi subspecies for those data. However, Shuford and Gardali (2008) note moderate declines 

for howardi throughout its range.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Table F-9. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Mt. Pinos sooty grouse

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat, along with loss of 

connectivity/movement corridors 

due to management activities 

such as fuels reduction 

treatments and timber harvest, 

along with allowed hunting.

WTR-FW-STD 02

TERR-FW-STD 01

TERR-FW-GDL 01-02

TERR-OLD-GDL 01-02

DA-WILD-DC 05

SPEC-FW-DC 1-03 & 05

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 04

SPEC-FW-STD 01 

Ecosystem level plan components provide direction 

for maintaining key habitat elements such as large 

trees in areas where management activities take 

place. 

Species specific plan components for at risk species 

support intact ecosystems that contribute to

sustainable populations. Hunting is in balance with 

species needs.

Loss of quality habitat due to 

climate change or other 

stochastic events, which result in 

a reduction in snowpack and 

changes in forest tree species 

composition.

WTR-FW-DC 01, 04

TERR-FW-DC 01-06, 08-09

TERR-MONT-DC 01-02

TERR-OLD-DC 01-07

TERR-ALPN-DC 01-03 & 05

TERR-DMC-DC 01-06 

TERR-JEFF-DC 01-07

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01--10

MA-RCA-DC 05

FIRE-FW-DC 01 

FIRE-FW-STD 02

FIRE-FW-GDL 01-02

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

DA-WILD-DC 02-03

SPEC-FW-DC 01-02, 04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure species 

will have adequate habitat for movement, dispersal, 

feeding, and reproduction that may otherwise be lost 

due to climate change and other stochastic events 

such as uncharacteristic fire.

High endemism/restricted range, 

taxonomic uncertainty, hunting.

Not within Forest Service 

management authority.

N/A
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Different vegetation types may be used depending on season (breeding/non-breeding). On the 

Inyo National Forest, high elevation (6000-10,000 feet) pine/fir forests with large trees can be 

found in the mixed conifer and subalpine assessment types on the Kern Plateau and adjacent areas 

(where they occur below 37 degrees north latitude). The mixed conifer assessment type includes 

various combinations of white fir, red fir, and/or one or more pine species, typically with a very 

sparse understory. The subalpine conifer forest assessment type includes whitebark pine, limber 

pine, foxtail pine, Great Basin bristlecone pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine, and mountain 

hemlock. Subalpine forest can have long winter snowpacks and relatively high canopy cover, as 

well as woodlands, with more open stands and relatively low canopy cover. With the exception of 

Monache Meadow on the Kern Plateau, approximately three-fourths of the mixed conifer 

assessment type is within wilderness.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Sooty grouse are associated with upper elevation fir forests that may be affected by habitat loss 

from vegetation management and climate change. In early spring, sooty grouse congregate in 

open mature stands of conifers near the crests of ridges. These “hooting sites,” or “spring activity 

centers” are traditional, and are returned to year after year, generation after generation. Loss of 

large trees from these areas are detrimental to grouse. In late spring and summer through fall, 

females and their young are associated with meadows and other mesic areas. In winter, sooty 

grouse seek dense conifer stands at high elevations where they subsist almost entirely on fir 

needles. Anticipated trends in the mixed conifer forest assessment type include higher fuel 

loading, and changes in forest structure and composition associated with fire suppression coupled 

with a changing climate. Subalpine conifer forests are highly vulnerable to climate change and 

are at risk of substantial future loss (average 85 percent) by the end of the century. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 

• Habitat loss (especially loss of subalpine habitat) resulting from wildfire and interrelated 

effects of climate change

• Livestock grazing

• Loss of large trees

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, (SPEC-FW-DC 01-03) specify that habitats for at-risk species 

support self-sustaining populations within the inherent capabilities of the plan area and that the 

ecosystems they depend upon will be resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other 

stressors, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under the following sections 

and are described in Table F-9 above. 

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Old growth, Subalpine, alpine and montane zones, 

dry mixed conifer, Jeffrey fir, Lodgepole pine, Red fir, Meadows.) 

• Rangeland and Livestock grazing

• Fire

• Watersheds

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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A primary threat to Mount Pinos sooty grouse is loss of subalpine habitat from climate change, 

which further exacerbates drought conditions, insect outbreaks, meadow drying and loss, and 

wildfire. While the Inyo National Forest cannot directly control climate change, ecosystem plan 

components as mentioned above provide conditions, which should be more resilient to ecosystem 

stressors and the interrelated effects of climate change. Desired conditions for the subalpine and 

alpine zone (TERR-APLN-DC 01-03) stress open woodlands with scattered trees to small, dense 

groves, infrequent small fires, and subalpine woodlands that are resilient to insects, diseases, fire, 

wind, and climate change. These components provide the key ecological conditions for 

persistence. A standard (TERR-FW-STD) for all terrestrial ecosystems further ensures largediameter tress (greater than 30 inches in diameter) will generally be retained during management 

activities. A forestwide desired condition for hunting (SPEC-FW-DC 05) provides direction for 

high-quality hunting and fishing opportunities in locations that do not pose substantial risk to 

native species. However, ultimately sooty grouse hunting is authorized by California Department 

of Fish and Wildlife and Nevada Department of Wildlife (see information about hunting below). 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Small population size/restricted distribution 

• Taxonomic uncertainty 

• Hunting 

The Mt. Pinos sooty grouse is a highly endemic (possibly relict) species with a restricted 

distribution in California. The species is at risk because it is very small and susceptible to 

inbreeding, population bottleneck, and reduced genetic diversity. In addition, there is currently a 

taxonomic debate about the proper classification for the howardi subspecies. Ongoing genetic 

research suggests all remaining populations recognized as howardi possess the same 

mitochondrial haplotypes as sierrae populations further north, and that the now extinct 

populations south of Kern Gap were once a unique species. This work has not yet been published 

and resolving any taxonomic uncertainty is critical for future conservation work. Sooty grouse 

hunting is authorized by California Department of Fish and Wildlife and Nevada Department of 

Wildlife. California Department of Fish and Wildlife allow hunting on sooty grouse within both 

Inyo and Mono Counties with a daily take of 2 birds, and a maximum possession of 6 birds 

(California DFW 2017 Regulations). On the Inyo National Forest, specific hunt zones have been 

established and interest in hunting sooty grouse has been on the rise. The species continues to be 

allowed for hunting use suggesting populations of sooty grouse are at least stable. However, 

accurately differentiating between sooty grouse and the Mount Pinos subspecies in the field could 

be a potential risk factor. Two goals may help to increase awareness and field identification of the 

subspecies by working with partners on community and educational outreach (VIPS-FW-GOAL 

06) and by providing interpretative outreach to enhance responsible recreation and to increase 

knowledge of related socioeconomic and environmental issues (REC-FW-GOAL 03).

Summary

Mount Pinos sooty grouse is currently found in a geographically restricted area and may be a 

relict population of a once more widespread species that occurred in the Southern Sierra Nevada. 

Due to this limited distribution and a moderate population decline throughout its range, the Inyo 

National Forest may provide important refugia habitat. However, taxonomic uncertainty about the 

species may be a potential barrier for conservation action and hunting pressure could be an 

additive factor if the subspecies is misidentified in the field. In addition, sooty grouse habitat, 

particularly in the subalpine forest, may be especially at risk from climate change and interrelated 

effects of wildfire and drought, further increasing viability risk. Species viability of Mt. Pinos 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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sooty grouse is currently uncertain; however, proposed plan components are designed to move 

habitat conditions to a more desired ecological state than what currently exists. The Inyo National 

Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components in place to mitigate 

risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. Based upon 

this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific 

plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to 

maintain a viable population of Mount Pinos sooty grouse within its range. However, due to 

uncertainty about the species current viability, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National 

Forest, and potential future threats associated with climate change and taxonomic uncertainty, it is 

not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to 

maintain a viable population of Mount Pinos sooty grouse within the plan area.

Willow Flycatcher

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the willow flycatcher in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Dense willow or other shrub thickets within large (more 

than 10 acres) wet meadows between 3,900-7050 feet elevation. Meadows with standing or 

running water needed for breeding. 

Table F-10 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on willow flycatcher.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Two subspecies of willow flycatcher are known to occur on the Inyo National Forest. The 

federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, E. t. extimus, is not known to occur within 

the plan area. It is not possible to identify the different subspecies apart visually, only genetically. 

The Institute for Bird Populations synthesized data on willow flycatcher detection sites from 

numerous Federal, State, and private entities and found that the Inyo National Forest has a total of 

32 active flycatcher sites (2,238 acres), constituting 7 percent of all currently used flycatcher 

habitat in the Sierra Nevada (N= 285 sites, 33,367 acres total). The authors of that study note that 

post and pre-breeding willow flycatchers in meadow habitat are regularly detected at MAPS 

stations and during point counts in Yosemite National Park and the Stanislaus, Sierra and Inyo 

National Forests (Loffland et al. 2014). The Inyo does not currently have forestwide information 

on population estimates or abundance; however, detailed monitoring data is available for the 

Rush Creek population, which occurs on the Inyo National Forest and also private lands managed 

by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation 

Science conducted population and habitat studies for the lower Rush Creek population between 

2001 and 2010. In 2001 there were two nesting pairs of willow flycatcher in the lower Rush 

Creek area. In 2004 the population increased to 16 individuals. Starting in 2004, the population 

decreased annually, to a population of six individuals in 2010 (3 males and 3 females) (McCreedy 

2011). Willow flycatcher surveys have been conducted at various other locations on the Inyo 

National Forest between 1995 and 2012. Several willow flycatchers were detected during these 

surveys, however these were not thought to be breeding individuals. It is currently unknown if a 

viable population of willow flycatcher exists on the Inyo National Forest. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

398

Table F-10. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on willow flycatcher

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss and degradation of riparian 

and wet meadow habitat 

(Watersheds and Riparian 

Conservation Areas)

WTR-FW-DC 01-06

WTR-FW-OBJ 01

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-DC 01

FIRE-FW-GDL 04-06

SPEC-FW-DC 02-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 01, 03,04,05

WTR-FW-DC 07

Ecosystem level plan components for watersheds, 

meadows and animals and plants provide direction 

to maintain adequate water flow and availability—

supports ecosystem integrity and resilience and 

maintains riparian vegetation components and 

structural heterogeneity needed for breeding and 

sustaining healthy fish and wildlife populations. 

Specific and measurable objectives will move 

meadow habitat toward desired conditions.

Species specific habitat components promote flow 

regimes that support healthy habitat specifically for 

at-risk species and place constraints on project 

level activities that could affect at-risk species 

habitat.

Loss and degradation of riparian 

and wet meadow habitat 

(Management Areas)

MA-CW-DC 02

MA-CW-OBJ 03

MA-CW-GDL 01-03

MA-RCA-DC 01, 03-10

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-STD 04-06,10, 12, 13, 

17

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04

MA-CW-DC 01, 03

MA-RCA-DC 02

Ecosystem level components for conservation 

watersheds mitigate loss of stream connectivity 

from road building/sedimentation in riparian areas 

and ensure key riparian ecological processes are 

maintained and protected while being compatible 

with multiple uses like recreation, vegetation 

management, or livestock grazing. Desired 

conditions for riparian conservation areas maintain 

connectivity and access to food, water, cover, and 

nesting areas.

Species specific components ensure species of 

conservation concern will have connected habitats 

and refugia and that riparian conservation areas 

and conservation watersheds maintain high quality 

habitat to support persistence of species of 

conservation concern.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

399

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Declining meadow condition due 

to poorly managed livestock 

grazing.

RANG-FW-DC 01-03

RANG-FW-STD 04, 07

MA-RCA-GDL 03

N/A Ecosystem level plan components include desired 

conditions for rangelands that that promote 

biological diversity and ecosystem integrity, habitat 

for wildlife is available and contains diverse species 

composition and structure.

Standards minimize impacts from range 

management in meadow and riparian locations, and 

limit disturbance such as trampling so it is 

compatible with willow flycatcher habitat needs 

such as species composition and intact hydrologic 

function and water flow.

Loss of habitat/habitat disturbance 

in wilderness. 

TERR-FW-DC 01-06, 08-09

DA-WILD-DC-02-03,05 DA-WILDREC1-DC 01

DA-WILD-REC2-DC 05

DA-WILD-REC3-DC 05

DA-WILD-DC 08 Ecosystem level plan components provide direction 

to maintain adequate water flow and availability, 

support ecosystem integrity and resilience and 

maintain vegetation components and structural 

heterogeneity needed for breeding, dispersal and 

foraging. Desired conditions maintain wilderness 

areas with ecologically sustainable levels of 

recreation.

Species specific plan components minimize 

disturbance from trails in wilderness that could 

cause compaction and affect hydrologic 

connectivity in at-risk species habitat.

Placement of bird feeders in 

residential areas off forest which 

attracts brown headed cowbirds 

leading to increased rates of nest 

parasitism.

Not within Forest Service 

management authority.

N/A
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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400

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Meadows occupied by willow flycatchers typically range in size from less than 1.0 acre to 716 

acres, averaging approximately 80 acres, and with high water tables in spring and summer 

(standing waters and saturated soils). More than 95 percent of breeding meadows are larger than 

10 acres, and meadows where multiple territories have fledged young are larger than 15 acres 

(Green et al. 2003). Breeding habitat consists of riparian stringers and meadow habitats at least 

0.4 ha in size with saturated soils and dense shrubs, typically willow thickets 3-7 meters tall 

within or adjacent to meadows or forest clearings (Green et al. 2003). Migrants occur in a variety 

of open habitat types and are not as dependent on the integrity of any specific habitat or location. 

On the Inyo National Forest, potential habitat can be found in the riparian meadow and riparian 

nonmeadow ecological assessment types. The largest riparian meadow systems on the Inyo occur 

on the Kern Plateau (approximately 10 percent) while about 1.5 percent of the land area in the 

Ansel Adams and John Muir Wildernesses is meadow. Previous project level analyses conducted 

on four meadows on the Kern Plateau (Tunnel, Tunnel Station, Ramshaw, and Little Whitney) on 

the Inyo National Forest have shown that elevation and canopy cover with influences of stand 

height are the most limiting factors in these meadows for flycatcher occupancy. The majority (88

percent) of willow flycatchers will nest between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation (Green et al. 

2003), however, all of the meadows on the Kern Plateau occur above 8,000 feet. In addition, 

percent canopy cover was below the minimum percentage (76 percent) for breeding territories 

and characterized by even aged stands with little structural complexity.

The flycatchers in the lower Rush Creek area below Mono Lake occur in atypical habitat, at 

roughly 6,500 feet above sea level within a matrix of Great Basin big sagebrush scrub. Willow 

flycatchers on Rush Creek display preferences for high Wood’s rose (Rosa woodsii) cover, lower 

(but still significant) willow cover, and low sagebrush scrub-associated species cover at the 

territory scale. Through 2010, 118 out of 188 located nests were built in Wood’s rose (McCreedy 

2011). Contrary to other reports in California, willow flycatchers at lower Rush Creek do not 

display any significant preference for the presence of surface water. Breeding territories averaged 

59 meters from water.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Loss and degradation of riparian and meadow habitat is considered the most significant threat to 

the persistence of willow flycatchers in the plan area. Degradation of habitat from management 

practices including livestock grazing (historic and present), road construction, and water 

diversion have resulted in a reduction of willow habitat, as well as compaction and drying of 

meadows. Drought and climate change are known to influence long-term patterns in meadow 

condition such as reductions in willow habitat; however, the recent declines in willow flycatcher 

population numbers and degradation of suitable breeding habitat have likely been accelerated due 

to anthropogenic factors (Green et al. 2003). Water diversions that result in a reduction of riparian 

vegetation, particularly willows, from either reduced water availability or inundation of riparian 

areas effectively degrade habitat quality for willow flycatchers.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 

• Loss of meadow riparian habitat due to livestock grazing, conifer encroachment and any 

activities that cause compaction, meadow drying.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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• Loss of meadow riparian habitat due to drought, and changes in precipitation and snowpack 

related to climate change.

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, which specify that habitats for at-risk species support selfsustaining populations within the inherent capabilities of the plan area and that the ecosystems 

they depend upon will be resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other stressors; 

threats are primarily addressed through plan components under the following sections and are 

described in Table F-10 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Designated Areas (Wilderness recreation)

• Recreation

Loss of meadow and riparian habitat is a primary risk factor and a number of ecosystem-level

plan components mitigate this threat, within forest service authority. This is achieved primarily 

through desired conditions, standards, guidelines and objectives for watersheds and riparian 

conservation areas as mentioned above.

Recreation activities near breeding territories including hiking, camping, fishing, and off-road 

vehicle use can negatively affect flycatchers. Effects may include noise disturbance and increased 

risk of predation through the attraction of jays and squirrels, known predators, to food scraps and 

garbage that accompany public use. Roads near meadow and riparian habitat that alter the 

hydrologic function of these adjacent features can result in degrading habitat through dewatering 

or drying of meadows and riparian zones (Kattelmann 1996) and increased sedimentation that can 

have deleterious effects to aquatic invertebrate prey (Erman 1977 in (Green et al. 2003)). 

Potential habitat for willow flycatchers on the Inyo National Forest occurs in wilderness and 

associated recreation activities could cause compaction and disturbance. A number of desired 

conditions in wilderness help to mitigate potential impacts caused by recreation and camping in 

riparian areas and the John Muir and Ansel Adams wilderness. These include DA-WILD-DC-02-

03, 05; DA-WILD-REC1-DC 01; DA-WILD-REC2-DC 05 and DA-WILD-REC3-DC 05. 

Livestock grazing can negatively affect flycatcher habitat; however, on the Inyo National Forest 

no known willow flycatcher sites currently co-occur on active livestock allotments (Krueger 

2016). Should this become an issue in the future, however, several forestwide plan components 

(RANG-FW-DC 01-03; RANG-FW-STD 04, 07) will ensure range management that is 

compatible with flycatcher habitat needs by promoting native species composition and 

maintaining hydrologic function and water flow, conditions that support nesting and foraging 

habitat. 

While loss of meadow riparian habitat is mitigated by a number of ecosystem-level plan 

components, several species-specific plan components provide additional clarity and emphasis. 

For example, WTR-FW-DC 07 provides direction for maintaining habitat for at-risk species 

where stream diversions or other flow modifications are not regulated by the Federal Energy 

Regulatory Commission and SPEC-FW-GDL 05 ensures water developments (such as a diversion 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

402

or well) should be avoided near streams or seeps and springs where there is high risk of 

dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats where at-risk species occur. Desired conditions for 

conservation watersheds and riparian conservation areas (MA-CW-DC 01, 03; MA-RCA-DC 02) 

provide high-quality habitat and functionally intact ecosystems that contribute to the persistence 

of species of conservation concern, and provide for breeding, dispersal, overwintering, and 

feeding habitats for at-risk species. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Water diversions and impoundments, growing water use demands 

• Nest predation

Outside the national forest, water diversions have impacted willow flycatcher habitat. As stated in 

Green et al. (2003), riparian vegetation in the Owens Valley located downstream of the intake to 

the Los Angeles aqueduct has dramatically changed to a more xeric condition due to the lack of 

water, and no longer provides habitat for nesting willow flycatchers. Increased water demands 

coupled with more frequent drought events and drying conditions, will continue to act as negative 

stressors on flycatcher habitat. Water resource management activities, including maintaining 

perennial water quality, quantity, and timing of flows play a critical role in overall ecological 

function and sustainability and most of these activities are regulated outside the boundary of the 

national forest. Although the Inyo National Forest manages what it can in terms of ecological 

integrity, cumulatively when combined with management activities of other jurisdictions, these 

actions would not likely be sufficient to maintain the ecological integrity of riparian habitat over 

time and for this reason it will be difficult for the forest to fully restore this habitat to the 

reference conditions needed to maintain species persistence and viability.

Nest predation is common and is considered a likely factor most affecting population viability in 

the Sierra Nevada (Bombay 1999, Cain et al. 2003). Predators include milk snakes, common king 

snakes, red tailed hawks, weasels, chipmunks, and squirrels. Standing water around nests is 

considered a deterrent to mammalian predators and nests farther from trees exhibit higher nest 

success (Cain et al. 2003). Brood parasitism from brown-headed cowbirds is also identified as a 

threat to willow flycatchers. Brown-headed cow birds have a commensal relationship with 

domestic livestock. Rates of parasitism are variable and may affect flycatcher productivity at the 

local level (Green et al. 2003). Placement of bird feeders in residential areas off the national 

forest is known to attract brown-headed cowbirds, which in turn leads to nest parasitism of 

willow flycatchers. Brown-headed cowbird nest parasitism has also led to direct loss of nest 

productivity and recruitment on the national forest, especially in the lower Rush Creek area where 

it is the primary cause for low productivity (McCreedy and Burnett 2011). Loffland et al (2014) 

note historic locations on the Inyo National Forest in close proximity of one another, including 

the area west of Mono Lake in the vicinity of Rush Creek and Lee Vining Creek. These areas may 

be candidates for meadow restoration efforts; however, it is believed that high cowbird densities 

in this area resulting from backyard bird feeders and other human-induced attractions (rather than 

livestock grazing) would need to be addressed before attempting to attract willow flycatchers into 

those areas. Several goals focused on educational outreach and community stewardship may help 

mitigate this issue by increasing public awareness through the Partnerships, Volunteers, 

Interpretation and Stewardship program area (VIPS-FW-GOAL 06) and also by working with 

State and Federal wildlife agencies to reduce impacts of invasive species that are adversely 

affecting the persistence of native species populations in Riparian Conservation Areas (MARCA-GOAL 02).
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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403

Summary

Water use from expanding population pressure and human demands, coupled with increasing 

temperatures and temporal changes in precipitation and runoff events related to climate change, 

along with small declining populations that are subject to nest parasitism by brown-heeded 

cowbirds will continue to put this species and its associated habitat components at risk on the 

Inyo National Forest. Historically, annual flooding was a major disturbance needed to maintain 

the vegetation levels necessary for many wildlife species that use riparian habitat. Riparian 

habitat is currently departed from historic conditions due in large part to growing population 

demands for water that result in stream diversions and impoundments. The watershed is not 

wholly contained within the national forest and the Inyo National Forest has little control over 

water management outside national forest boundaries. For this reason, it will be difficult for 

managers to fully restore this habitat to reference conditions. Species viability of willow 

flycatcher on the Inyo National Forest is currently uncertain; however, proposed plan components 

are designed to move habitat conditions to a more desired ecological state than what currently 

exists. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan 

components in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all 

threats for persistence. 

Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem-level plan components and the additional 

species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological 

conditions to maintain a viable population of willow flycatcher within its range. However, key 

risk factors including climate change, ground water pumping and water diversions that occur off 

the national forest are not within Forest Service management authority and will continue to 

threaten meadow riparian/wet meadow habitat making it difficult to maintain viability in the plan

area.

Black Toad

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Black Toad in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Perennially wet and moist habitat, usually associated with 

short plant cover which provides shaded/cooler environments and unobstructed access to still or 

slowly flowing water, rodent burrows in winter and shallow marsh and pond waters for breeding 

are all important habitat elements.

Table F-11 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on black toad. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The natural range of the black toad encompasses approximately 15 hectares (37 acres) of Deep 

Springs Valley, Inyo County, California, outside of the Inyo national forest boundary. Few records 

exist for the Inyo Forest. The toad is primarily associated with four spring complexes which lie 

on either private (Deep Springs College) or public (Bureau of Land Management) lands 

(Hammerson 2005). Due to the limited number of suitable habitats in the geographic range of the 

toad, each population is very vulnerable to stochastic events that could result in a local 

extirpation. The toads are highly aquatic in all seasons except winter, during which they disperse 

into upland habitats and seek refuge in rodent burrows or other refugia (Schuierer 1961, 

Kagarise-Sherman 1980, Murphy, et al. 2003). 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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404

Table F-11. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on black toad

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Drying of microsite conditions 

that include permanent wet 

meadow habitat, springs and 

seeps (groundwater 

dependent ecosystems) with 

riparian vegetation and refugia 

substrate. Loss of habitat due 

to climate change or other 

stochastic events.

WTR-FW-DC 01-06

SPEC-FW-DC 01

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

RCA-LPP-DC-01

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

RCA-RIV-DC 01-03,06

TERR-SAGE-DC 01-05

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

TERR-PINY-DC 01-03

SPEC-FW-DC 02,04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure healthy functioning 

watersheds will continue to supply ground water flow and 

recharge necessary to maintain spring habitat. Healthy spring 

and upland habitat is available for species to complete life 

cycle needs and will be resilient to climate change.

Species specific plan components ensure ecological 

conditions improve conditions for species of conservation 

concern and that riparian systems contain the appropriate 

microclimates and small scale habitat elements to provide 

refugia for at-risk species. Plan components ensure healthy 

functioning watersheds will continue to supply ground water 

flow and recharge necessary to maintain spring habitat and 

that water diversions do not co-occur in at-risk species 

habitat.

Direct mortality due to water 

diversions or activities that 

reduce and alter hydrology 

regimes, including, mining, 

suction dredge operations & 

fire suppression actions from 

drafting water pumps, and 

water impoundments that 

reduce current velocities and 

allow for sediment deposition, 

loss of springs and seeps from 

historic livestock and wild 

horse grazing.

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

RANG-FW-DC 01-03

RANG-FW-STD 04, 07

MA-RCA-DC 01- 10

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-STD 01-02, 04-06, 

09-10, 12-13, 17

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04

FIRE-FW-GDL 04-06

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

MA-CW-OBJ 03

RCA-RIV-DC 05

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

MA-CW-DC 01, 03

WTR-FW-DC 07

 

Plan components maintain ecosystem integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for endemic species like the salamander, will 

ensure forest activities maintain spring/seeps and also 

manage for and or remove livestock from riparian 

conservation areas as needed so that special aquatic 

features are in proper functioning condition. Standards and 

guidelines constrain site specific activities in riparian areas so 

habitat is maintained and also ensures no loss of egg masses 

of individuals from drafting water pumps during fire 

suppression actions in aquatic habitats

Species specific desired conditions ensure land management 

activities maintain or improve conditions for survival and 

reproduction of at risk species; that ecological conditions 

improve conditions for species of conservation concern and 

that riparian systems contain the appropriate microclimates 

and small scale habitat elements to provide refugia for at-risk 

species. A species-specific standard ensures project design 

incorporates the needs of at-risk species while a guideline 

constrains water developments that could dewater seeps and

springs and diminish salamander habitat. Desired conditions 

for conservation watersheds promote high quality habitat for 

species of conservation concern and habitat for breeding, 

dispersal, overwintering, and feeding for at-risk species.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Direct mortality and population 

loss due to the amphibian 

fungus chytridiomycosis.

INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-STD 01-02

INV-FW-GDL 01

SPEC-FW-DC 02 Ecosystem level plan components minimize the spread of 

invasive species between aquatic habitats. A species-specific

plan component ensures species of conservation concern are 

minimally impacted from disease.

High endemism, limited ability 

to disperse, restricted 

distribution and localized 

extinctions.

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure special habitats are 

maintained or improved. Species specific elements provide 

habitat refugia for at-risk species with restricted distributions.

Water diversions that occur off 

forest.

N/A N/A Not within Forest Service management authority
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The BLM manages known black toad populations at Corral Springs, Buckhorn Springs, Bog 

Mound Springs and Antelope Spring. All but Antelope Spring are immediately adjacent to Deep 

Springs Lake. Antelope Spring is approximately 3 miles north of these springs and is situated on a 

hillside adjacent to the boundary of Inyo National Forest (Wang 2009; USDA 2016). Forest level 

surveys conducted in spring of 2017 following a rain event noted Antelope Spring had at least 10 

individual egg masses. 

There are 6 records for black toad in the NRIS database with the most recent detections made in 

2011 at two springs on the Inyo National Forest (Sam’s Spring and an unnamed spring in Birch 

Creek). Birch Creek, however, was recently affected by alterations in flow regime and follow up 

surveys has failed to detect this species in that area. An incidental observation was reported in 

2016 within the southeastern boundary of the White Mountain Ranger District near Deep Springs 

but follow up surveys are needed to confirm this sighting (Pearce 2016). 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Black toad is an aquatic species restricted to wet areas near permanent springs with 

subpopulations separated by arid desert scrub at least 1.5 km apart. Short plant cover which 

provides shaded/cooler environments and unobstructed access to still or slowly flowing water, 

rodent burrows in winter and shallow marsh and pond waters for breeding are all important 

habitat elements. On the Inyo National Forest, the general area of occurrence is characterized by 

the Pinyon juniper/sagebrush and desert assessment types. The Antelope Spring BLM habitat 

differs greatly compared to nearby Sam’s Spring Forest Service habitat. Antelope Spring provides 

higher quality and greater quantity of suitable breeding and dispersal habitat than Sam’s Spring. 

Antelope Springs may get approximately 10-20 percent shade from sedges & reeds. Habitat at the 

far end of the reach is characterized by open sedge/reed mud breeding grounds with sparse 

cottonwood, transitioning to rose, and then willow at the source. The edge quickly moves into 

sage habitat. Sam Spring shows signs of historic water diversions, vegetation encroachment that 

may contribute to the lack of surface flow/change in suitability. Limited data on Buckhorn Spring 

has been reported. Forest surveys in spring of 2017 noted very little water at the site despite a 

recent rain event.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Climate change, disease, and high endemism/restricted distribution are the primary threats to the 

Black toad on the Inyo National Forest and are largely outside of forest service control. Another 

secondary threat beyond the control of the Forest is the reduction of water flow by diversions and 

geologic activity. The water source supplying the occupied springs comes from an area within a 

geologically active area; thereby creating the potential for groundwater interruptions through 

natural forces should an earthquake with sufficient magnitude occur and interrupt groundwater 

flow. Any activities or processes that lead to spring drying or disruption of water flow (e.g. water 

diversions/dams, in-stream mining, stream capping, feral livestock (burros and cattle), upstream 

water pumping) will lead to direct mortality (desiccation); loss of habitat/ vegetation 

encroachment into open waters is also a threat (USDA 2013a)

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats:

• Loss of seeps and springs/riparian habitat from diversion of stream flow, and related 

disturbances such as vegetation management activities or livestock grazing that occur on 

the Inyo National Forest.
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In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-11 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special habitats, Pinyon juniper, Sagebrush)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Fire

Loss of seeps and springs in desert riparian habitat is the primary risk factor affecting persistence 

of black toad and a number of ecosystem-level plan components mitigate this threat, within

Forest Service authority. This is achieved primarily through desired conditions, standards, 

guidelines and objectives for watersheds and riparian conservation areas. In addition, plan 

components TERR-SH-DC 01-02 and TERR-SH-STD 01 ensure special habitat are maintained or 

improved, that refugia is provided for species with restricted distributions and that special habitat 

needs will be incorporated in project design and implementation. A desired condition for 

Conservation Watersheds (MA-CW-DC 02) mitigates key threats from disturbance events like 

wildfires, floods and landslides which can reduce hydrologic connectivity and eliminate spring 

habitat. 

Species-specific desired conditions (SPEC-FW-DC 02-04) add additional emphasis and clarity by 

specifying that habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area; that the ecosystems they depend upon will be resilient to 

uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other stressors; conditions for species of conservation 

concern (including minimal impacts from diseases) will be improved; and the structure and 

function of the vegetation, aquatic and riparian system, and associated microclimate and smaller 

scale elements (like special features such as carbonate rock outcrops, fens, or pumice flats) exist 

in adequate quantities within the capability of the plan area to provide habitat and refugia for atrisk species with restricted distributions. Loss of spring habitat is the primary risk factor for black 

toad and guideline SPEC-FW-GDL 05 is particularly important because it constrains water 

developments (such as a diversion or well) near streams or seeps and springs where there is high 

risk of dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats where at-risk species occur. Desired conditions 

for conservation watersheds and riparian conservation areas (MA-CW-DC 01, 03; MA-RCA-DC 

02) provide high-quality habitat and functionally intact ecosystems that contribute to the 

persistence of species of conservation concern, and provide for breeding, dispersal, 

overwintering, and feeding habitats for at-risk species. A desired condition for watersheds (WTRFW-DC 07) provides direction that in-stream flows allow for at-risk species habitat and sustain 

riparian resources where stream diversions or other flow modifications are not regulated by the 

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 

The springs on the Inyo National Forest occur in the Deep Springs Allotment, but cattle use has 

not been observed in the area, there are no authorized roads to the springs and activities are very 

limited in the area (USDA 2013a). Sam’s spring is in an active cattle allotment; however, no signs 

of cattle use have been evident at the site. Livestock can degrade riparian habitat and cause 

sedimentation and compaction. Should this become an issue in the future several ecosystem-level

plan components (RANGE-FW-DC 02; RANGE-FW-STD 04, 07) mitigate this threat by 

promoting areas with satisfactory soils, functional hydrology, and biotic integrity, minimizing the 
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addition of new livestock handling facilities in riparian conservation areas, and minimizing soil 

compaction from livestock disturbance such as trampling and trailing. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Water diversions and impoundments that occur outside the national forest boundary, 

growing water use demands.

• Loss of seeps, springs, and riparian habitat due to drought, flash floods and changes in 

precipitation patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

• Direct mortality and population loss due to the amphibian fungus chytridiomycosis. 

Any impact that affects water supply or riparian values likely limits the amount of habitat 

available to the species that would possibly reduce population sizes. Climate change and 

changing precipitation patterns further exacerbate drought conditions and are key threats. Wright 

et al. (2013) list the black toad as one of the 10 most likely species to be affected by climate 

change. Under their modeling, the black toad could see a reduction in suitable habitat by up to 80 

percent during the forecast period. While the Inyo National Forest cannot directly control climate 

change, ecosystem plan components as mentioned above in Table F-11 provide conditions which 

should be more resilient to ecosystem stressors and the interrelated effects of climate change. 

Water resource management activities, including maintaining perennial water quality, quantity, 

and timing of flows play a critical role in overall ecological function and sustainability and most 

of these activities are regulated outside the boundary of the national forest. However, any action 

the Inyo can take to maintain the integrity of spring sources within Deep Springs Valley, such as 

Sam’s Spring, which may have historic artesian wells that maintain the existing habitat. 

Ecosystem-level plan components for Watersheds (WTR-FW-DC 01-04, 07 and WTR-FW-STD 

01-03) provide for healthy riparian and aquatic ecosystems within management authority, but 

because of growing population demands, climate change, and consumption of water resources 

outside the national forest, these habitats may not realize their full recovery potential limiting the 

Inyo National Forest’s ability to provide for species viability. 

The amphibian fungus chytridiomycosis has not yet been documented on the Inyo, but if it were 

to occur, could devastate isolated populations. Murphy et al. (2003) indicate there is serious 

concern about the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) impacting populations of the 

black toad as it has many other amphibian species around the globe. The forestwide plan 

component SPEC-FW-DC-02 strives to minimize disease impacts on species of conservation 

concern and several desired conditions (INV-FW-DC 01-02) minimize the spread of invasive 

species (which include fungi) into new areas. A standard (INV-FW-STD 01) minimizes the spread 

of aquatic invasive species when moving between waterbodies and a guideline (INV-FW-GDL 

01) constrains ground disturbing management activities that have the potential to spread invasive 

species in aquatic habitat. 

Several goals, provide a vision for working across land management boundaries and these 

strategies, if implemented should collectively improve habitat for black toad throughout its range. 

A watershed goal (WTR-FW-GOAL 01) encourages collaborative work between adjacent land 

owners and agencies to improve watersheds across ownership boundaries while a goal for 

riparian conservation areas (MA-RCA-GOAL 01) promotes coordination with the State fish and 

wildlife agencies to address native aquatic species issues, including evaluating management and 

monitoring needs to address aquatic species requirements across ownership boundaries. Two 

goals (SPEC-FW-GOAL 03, 04) encourage a collaborative all-lands approach with other 

agencies, Tribes, and landowners including the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 
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Nevada Department of Wildlife, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to restore and maintain 

essential habitat for at-risk species and to improve habitat in the plan area for at-risk species and 

the ecological processes they depend on. Goals for invasive species (INV-FW-GOAL 01, 03) 

encourage cooperation and coordination across jurisdictional boundaries to help manage and 

control invasive and nonnative species and to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on 

their spread. This should help to minimize any future potential threats from the chytrid fungus. 

Finally, several goals for special habitats promote (TERR-SH-GOAL 01-02) promote cooperative 

partnerships to study, monitor and restore special habitats and to makes sure they are accurately 

documented within the corporate geographic information system. 

Summary

The black toad is a restricted endemic, limited to several isolated populations in Deep Springs 

Valley in Inyo County within close proximity to and or on the Inyo National Forest. Individuals 

have been documented on the Inyo National Forest, but it is uncertain if a viable population exists 

there. The predominant population area is located on adjacent, private land. However, the Inyo

will continue to provide additional (ephemeral) fringe habitat for dispersing adults. While the 

ecological conditions the black toad depends on appear generally stable and or trending in a 

positive direction based on current management, there is still substantial concern for the species 

persistence by simple virtue of its rarity and uncertain climate change related effects. As a result 

of this rarity and its limited distribution, this species is highly susceptible to stochastic events 

(like flash floods) and drying conditions resulting from increasing temperatures and precipitation 

events. Its limited dispersal ability and isolated populations put it at further risk for localized 

extinctions and susceptibility to disease outbreaks. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of 

ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, when carried 

out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of black 

toad within its range. However, because this species primary habitat occurs outside the national 

forest boundary, and primary threats are not within Forest Service control, it is not within Forest 

Service authority to maintain or restore the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable 

population of the black toad within the plan area.

Inyo Mountains Slender Salamander

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Inyo Mountains slender salamander 

in the plan area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological 

conditions within the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species 

within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Flowing perennial streams, spring and seeps (non-pool 

forming) and moist substrates (for egg laying), canyons, solid-rock cliffs, areas where outcrops or 

talus are in contact with surface flow. In addition, small permanent desert springs and seeps with 

riparian vegetation. May extend out from riparian areas in canyon bottoms at higher elevations. 

Table F-12 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Inyo Mountains 

slender salamander. 
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Table F-12. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Inyo Mountains slender salamander

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Drying and loss of springs 

and seeps (groundwater 

dependent ecosystems) from 

climate change or other 

stochastic events, flooding 

events which scour and 

diminish riparian vegetation.

WTR-FW-DC 01-06

SPEC-FW-DC 01

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

RCA-RIV-DC 01-03,06

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

MA-CW-DC 02

TERR-PINY-DC 01-03

TERR-SAGE-DC 01-05

SPEC-FW-DC 02,04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure healthy 

functioning watersheds will continue to supply ground 

water flow and recharge necessary to maintain spring 

habitat and that water diversions, within forest service 

management authority, do not co-occur in areas with 

salamanders. Forest-wide desired conditions for species 

ensure sustainable populations of animal species are 

supported by ecosystems that are resilient to fire, climate 

change and other stressors. Plan components for riparian 

and spring areas ensure healthy spring habitat is available 

for species to complete life cycle needs and that it will be 

resilient to climate change.

Species specific plan components ensure ecological 

conditions improve conditions for species of conservation 

concern and that riparian systems contain the appropriate 

microclimates and small scale habitat elements to provide 

refugia for at-risk species.

Direct mortality due to water 

diversions and activities that 

reduce and alter instream 

flow including mining 

operations & fire suppression 

including actions from drafting 

water pumps. 

Activities include grazing and 

water impoundments that 

reduce current velocities and 

allow for sediment deposition 

or loss of springs and seeps 

from historic livestock and 

wild horse grazing.

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

RANG-FW-DC 01-03

RANG-FW-STD 04,07

MA-RCA-DC 01-08, 10

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-STD 01-02, 04-06, 09-

10,12-13,17

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04

MA-CW-OBJ 03

FIRE-FW-GDL 04-06

RCA-RIV-DC 05

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

MA-CW-DC 01,03

WTR-FW-DC 07

Ecosystem level plan components maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale refugia habitat for endemic species 

like the salamander, will ensure forest activities maintain 

spring/seeps and also manage for and or remove livestock 

from riparian conservation areas as needed so that special 

aquatic features are in proper functioning condition, 

hydrological flow is maintained and sedimentation is 

minimized. Plan components minimize loss of individuals 

from drafting water pumps during fire suppression actions 

in aquatic habitats.

Species specific desired conditions ensure land 

management activities maintain or improve conditions for 

survival and reproduction of at risk species; ecological 

conditions improve conditions for species of conservation 

concern; and riparian systems contain the appropriate 

microclimates and small scale habitat elements to provide 

refugia for at-risk species. A species-specific standard 

ensures project design incorporates the needs of at-risk 

species while a guideline constrains water developments 

that could dewater seeps and springs and diminish 

salamander habitat.
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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components 

that Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

High endemism, limited ability 

to disperse, restricted 

distribution and localized 

extinctions

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure special habitats 

are maintained or improved. Species specific elements 

provide habitat refugia for at-risk species with restricted 

distributions.

Mining including suction 

dredge operations

Prohibited under California State 

Law.

N/A

Water diversions that occur 

off forest.

Not within Forest Service 

management authority

N/A
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Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The Inyo Mountains slender salamander is a restricted endemic limited to Inyo County. It has 

been known to occur on all four ranger districts with the majority of detections occurring on the 

White Mountains and Mount Whitney Ranger districts. Current population estimates of the 

species on the Forest are not available, however, it has been detected at 16 locations within the 

Inyo Mountains and the Inyo National Forest contains all known populations occurring on Forest 

Service lands in Region 5; figure 10 in Krueger (2016). Sites on the Inyo National Forest where 

salamanders have been repeatedly detected in recent (last 15) years include Water Canyon, Barrel 

Springs, and Lead Canyon. Individuals have been observed, but there is uncertainty as to whether 

a viable population currently exists on the forest. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Inyo Mountains slender salamander occur exclusively in isolated springs in largely desert 

ecosystems comprised of desert scrub with habitat restricted to the Inyo Mountains and along the 

South Sierra escarpment. Salamanders tend to occupy seeps, a type of spring that does not form a 

channel or pool. Seeps tend to keep an area moist, but not wet, a condition suitable for 

salamanders. Many mosses and other plants occupy spring sites, thriving on cool and humid 

conditions. On the Inyo National Forest these systems occur in nonmeadow riparian areas include 

shrub- or tree-dominated springs and stream systems, with an estimated acreage of 3,093. Nonmeadow riparian areas are present in the Eastern Slopes, Glaciated Batholith, Mono Valley, 

Owens Valley, and White Mountains subsections, but are not present in significant amounts (those 

wider than 300 feet) in the remaining subsections, including the Glass and Inyo Mountains. 

Flowing streams, spring/seeps (non-pool forming) and moist substrates (for egg laying), canyons, 

solid-rock cliffs, areas where outcrops or talus are in contact with surface flow are all important 

habitat elements.

Springs occur in most assessment areas throughout the Inyo National Forest. However, it is 

unknown how many of those springs support meadow or nonmeadow riparian ecosystems. The 

Inyo has very limited information related to spring flow alterations over time. In some arid 

portions of the national forest, springs and streams emanating from them are the only water 

source, and therefore very important for those ecosystems. Seeps on the Inyo can be described as 

groundwater dependent ecosystems and are supported by groundwater. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Habitat alterations due to water diversion, feral livestock, human presence, mining, and climate 

change can all negatively affect salamander habitat by diminishing hydrological condition and 

water flow. The Inyo Mountains slender salamander is assumed to be restricted to spring habitats, 

any impact that influences stream flow (including duration and quantity) would threaten 

population persistence. If stream flow is reduced, it would be safe to assume that the obligate 

riparian plant species would decline and surface moisture would diminish. This would lead to a 

reduction in the habitats in which the salamander is found and could limit population size. Past 

impacts to stream flow and riparian areas include the capping of springs, diversion of stream 

flow, in-stream mining, and disturbances to riparian areas from feral livestock (burros and cattle). 

Several of these stressors are potentially restricted by State and Federal agencies who manage 

resources. As a Species of Greatest Conservation Need, California Department of Fish and 

Wildlife indicates B. campi is vulnerable to climate change and any changes in precipitation 

patterns that influence spring discharge would likely result in a decrease in available habitat. 

Wright, et al. (2013) modeled that up to 50 percent of the suitable habitat could be reduced by 

2050 as a result of anticipated changes to climate. Because the Inyo Mountains slender 
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salamander is known from relatively few localities and populations are likely not connected, there 

is a risk of localized population extinctions. 

Habitat in Barrel Canyon on the Inyo has been degraded, and at another location on the national 

forest, flash flooding in 1985 caused a scouring of the canyon bottom, resulting in complete loss 

of riparian vegetation. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 

• Loss of seeps and springs/riparian habitat from diversion of stream flow, in-stream mining, 

and disturbances to riparian areas from feral livestock (burros and cattle).

In addition to the forestwide plan components for animals and plants and terrestrial ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-12 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special habitats, Sagebrush, Pinyon juniper)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

Loss of seeps and springs in desert riparian habitat is the primary risk factor affecting persistence 

of Inyo Mountains slender salamander and a number of ecosystem-level plan components 

mitigate this threat, within Forest Service authority. This is achieved primarily through desired 

conditions, standards, guidelines and objectives for watersheds and riparian conservation areas. In 

addition, plan components TERR-SH-DC 01-02 and TERR-SH-STD 01 ensure special habitat are 

maintained or improved, that refugia is provided for species with restricted distributions and that 

special habitat needs will be incorporated in project design and implementation. A desired 

condition for Conservation Watersheds (MA-CW-DC 02) mitigates key threats from disturbance 

events like wildfires, floods and landslides which can reduce hydrologic connectivity and 

eliminate spring habitat.

Species-specific desired conditions (SPEC-FW-DC 02-04) add additional emphasis and clarity by 

specifying that habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area—that the ecosystems they depend upon will be resilient to 

uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other stressors; conditions for species of conservation 

concern (including minimal impacts from diseases) will be improved; and the structure and 

function of the vegetation, aquatic and riparian system, and associated microclimate and smaller 

scale elements (like special features such as carbonate rock outcrops, fens, or pumice flats) exist 

in adequate quantities within the capability of the plan area to provide habitat and refugia for atrisk species with restricted distributions. Loss of spring habitat is the primary risk factor for 

salamander persistence, and guideline SPEC-FW-GDL 05 is particularly important because it 

constrains water developments (such as a diversion or well) near streams or seeps and springs 

where there is high risk of dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats where at-risk species occur. 

Desired conditions for conservation watersheds and riparian conservation areas (MA-CW-DC 01, 

03; MA-RCA-DC 02) provide high-quality habitat and functionally intact ecosystems that 
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contribute to the persistence of species of conservation concern, and provide for breeding, 

dispersal, overwintering, and feeding habitats for at-risk species. 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Water diversions and impoundments that occur outside the national forest boundary, 

growing water use demands.

• Mining operations including suction dredge that occur outside the national forest boundary.

• Loss of seeps, springs and riparian habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack-related to climate change.

The species inhabits limited, fragile spring systems isolated in one of the driest desert habitats in 

the country (Yanev and Wake 1981). Any impact that affects water supply or riparian values 

likely limits the amount of habitat available to the species that would possibly reduce population 

sizes. Climate change and changing precipitation patterns further exacerbate drought conditions 

and are key threats. While the Inyo National Forest cannot directly control climate change, 

ecosystem plan components as mentioned above provide conditions, which should be more 

resilient to ecosystem stressors and the interrelated effects of climate change. 

Water resource management activities, including maintaining perennial water quality, quantity, 

and timing of flows play a critical role in overall ecological function and sustainability and most 

of these activities are regulated outside the national forest boundary. Multiple municipalities, 

including the Los Angeles Department of Water and Mammoth Community Water District 

conduct groundwater pumping near the Inyo, though wells from these two entities do not occur 

on National Forest System lands. Groundwater pumping affects groundwater-dependent 

ecosystems such as meadows, springs and seeps, although the extent of those influences on the 

national forest is not well documented.

Ecosystem-level plan components for Watersheds (WTR-FW-DC 01-04, 07 and WTR-FW-STD 

01-03) provide for healthy riparian and aquatic ecosystems within management authority, but 

because of growing population demands and off-forest consumption of water resources, these 

habitats may not realize their full recovery potential; limiting the Inyo National Forest’s ability to 

provide for species viability. Several goals, however, provide a vision for working across land 

boundaries to collectively attain desired conditions. A watershed goal (WTR-FW-GOAL 01) 

encourages collaborative work between adjacent land owners and agencies to improve watersheds 

across ownership boundaries while a goal for riparian conservation areas (MA-RCA-GOAL 01) 

promotes coordination with State fish and wildlife agencies to address native aquatic species

issues, including evaluating management and monitoring needs to address aquatic species 

requirements across ownership boundaries. Finally, several goals for special habitats (TERR-SHGOAL 01-02) promote cooperative partnerships to study, monitor and restore special habitats and 

to make sure they are accurately documented within the corporate geographic information 

system. These strategies, if implemented should collectively improve habitat for Inyo Mountains 

slender salamander across its range.

Summary

The Inyo Mountains slender salamander is a restricted endemic, limited to several isolated 

populations scattered throughout a small portion of the Inyo National Forest and the remaining 

population located outside of the plan area. While the ecological conditions the salamander 

depends on appear generally stable or are trending in a positive direction based on current 

management, there is still substantial concern for the species persistence in the plan area by 
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simple virtue of its rarity and uncertainty regarding climate change-related effects and losses in 

spring habitat. As a result of this rarity and its limited distribution in the plan area, this species is 

highly susceptible to events such as flash floods, and drying conditions that may become more 

frequent with climate change. The Inyo Mountains slender salamander’s limited dispersal ability 

and isolated populations put it at further risk for localized extinctions from these types of events. 

Further, the watershed is not wholly contained within the national forest and the Inyo has little 

control over water management outside national forest boundaries. For this reason, it will be 

difficult for managers to fully restore habitat to reference conditions. Species viability of Inyo 

Mountains slender salamander on the Inyo National Forest is currently uncertain; however, 

proposed plan components are designed to move habitat conditions to a more desired ecological 

state than what currently exists. The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and 

species-specific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but 

cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem 

plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would 

provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Inyo Mountains 

slender salamander within its range. However, key risk factors including climate change, 

groundwater pumping, and water diversions that occur off national forest and are not within 

Forest Service management authority will continue to impact spring habitat making it difficult to 

maintain viability in the plan area.

Kern Plateau Salamander

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Kern Plateau Salamander in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Perennially wet and moist habitat, usually associated with 

rocky outcrops or rock substrate, along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

Wet meadows surrounded by mixed conifer. 

Table F-13 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Kern Plateau 

salamander. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The Kern Plateau salamander has been detected at 36 sites, mainly from the Kern Plateau in the 

Sierra Nevada, but including a few isolated populations from the Owens Valley and the Scodie 

Mountains in eastern California (Wake, et al. 2002). It is abundant on the Kern Plateau especially 

in mesic areas, and found in nearly every drainage in the eastern Sierra from Walker Creek (east 

of Olancha) to Nine Mile Creek (Hansen and Wake 2005). Information on population status and 

trend is not available, but the species is considered to be common in most of its range and 

populations stable (Hansen and Wake 2005). It is currently unknown if a viable population exists 

on the Inyo National Forest. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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416

Table F-13. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Kern Plateau salamander

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Drying of microsite conditions 

that include permanent wet 

meadow habitat, springs and 

seeps (groundwater dependent 

ecosystems) with riparian 

vegetation and refugia 

substrate. Loss of habitat due to 

climate change related 

stochastic events (e.g. flooding, 

fire, and drought).

WTR-FW-DC 01-06

SPEC-FW-DC 01, 04

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-07

RCA-RIV-DC 01-03,06

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

MA-CW-DC 02

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

MA-RCA-DC 01-08, 10

MA-RCA-STD 01-02, 06, 

09-10,12-13,17

TERR-RFIR-DC 01-07

TERR-LDGP-DC 01-10

TERR-JEFF-DC 07

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

DA-WILD-DC 02-03

SPEC-FW-DC 02,04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure healthy 

functioning watersheds will continue to supply ground 

water flow and recharge necessary to maintain spring 

habitat and that water diversions, within forest service 

management authority, do not co-occur in areas with 

salamanders. Forest-wide desired conditions for species 

ensure sustainable populations of animal species are 

supported by ecosystems that are resilient to fire, climate 

change and other stressors. Plan components for riparian 

and spring areas ensure healthy spring habitat is available 

for species to complete life cycle needs and that it will be 

resilient to climate change.

Species specific plan components ensure ecological 

conditions improve conditions for species of conservation 

concern and that riparian systems contain the appropriate 

microclimates and small scale habitat elements to provide 

refugia for at-risk species. Plan components ensure 

healthy functioning watersheds will continue to supply 

ground water flow and recharge necessary to maintain 

spring habitat and that water diversions do not co-occur in 

areas with salamanders.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that Alleviate 

or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific Plan 

Components that Alleviate or 

Eliminate Key Threats Effects Summary

Direct mortality due to water 

diversions that reduce and alter 

hydrology regimes, including, 

timber harvest near wet 

meadows and fire suppression 

actions (e.g. any activities that 

reduce hydrologic connectivity 

and allow for sediment 

deposition).

MA-RCA-OBJ 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

RANG-FW-DC 01-03

RANG-FW-STD 04,07

MA-RCA-DC 01-08, 10

MA-RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

MA-RCA-STD 01-02, 04-06, 

09-10,12-13,17

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04

FIRE-FW-GDL 04-06

RCA-RIV-DC 05

MA-CW-OBJ 03

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

MA-CW-DC 01, 03

WTR-FW-DC 07

Ecosystem level plan components maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale refugia habitat for endemic species 

like the salamander, will ensure forest activities maintain 

spring/seeps and also manage for and or remove livestock 

from riparian conservation areas as needed so that special 

aquatic features are in proper functioning condition, 

hydrological flow is maintained and sedimentation is 

minimized. Plan component minimize loss of habitat during 

fire suppression actions in aquatic habitats

Species specific desired conditions ensure land 

management activities maintain or improve conditions for 

survival and reproduction of at risk species; that ecological 

conditions improve conditions for species of conservation 

concern and that riparian systems contain the appropriate 

microclimates and small scale habitat elements to provide 

refugia for at-risk species. A species-specific standard 

ensures project design incorporates the needs of at-risk 

species while a guideline constrains water developments 

that could dewater seeps and springs and diminish 

salamander habitat. Desired conditions for conservation 

watersheds promote high quality habitat for species of 

conservation concern and habitat for breeding, dispersal, 

overwintering, and feeding for at-risk species.

High endemism, limited ability to 

disperse, restricted distribution 

and localized extinctions.

TERR-SH-DC 01-02

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 04 Ecosystem level plan components ensure special habitats 

are maintained or improved Species specific elements 

provide habitat refugia for at-risk species with restricted 

distributions.

Water diversions that occur off 

forest.

N/A N/A Not within Forest Service management authority
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Kern Plateau salamander occurs in perennially wet and moist habitat, usually associated with 

rocky outcrops or rock substrate, along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

On the Inyo National Forest, these conditions can be found largely on the Kern Plateau. Within 

this area, the mixed conifer assessment type is most prevalent and includes various combinations 

of white fir, red fir, and one or more pine species, typically with a very sparse understory. The 

majority of the red fir type is located on the Kern Plateau and Reds Meadow Valley areas where a 

large proportion (80 percent) of the red fir forest type across the southern Sierras is within 

designated wilderness. This area is known for large, open meadows surrounded by forests of 

subalpine conifers, red fir, lodgepole pine, and pinyon-juniper. Several critical aquatic refuges at

the southern portion of the national forest were previously identified by the Sierra Nevada 

Framework as providing habitat for Kern Plateau salamander. These include Olancha and Haiwee 

Canyon Critical Aquatic Refuges. 

Springs occur in most assessment areas throughout the Inyo National Forest. However, it is 

unknown how many of those springs support meadow or nonmeadow riparian ecosystems. The 

Inyo has very limited information related to spring flow alterations over time. In some arid 

portions of the national forest, springs and streams emanating from them are the only water 

source, and therefore very important for those ecosystems. Seeps on the Inyo can be described as 

groundwater-dependent ecosystems and are supported by groundwater. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Kern Plateau salamander occurs in areas of permanent or seasonal surface moisture. It is limited 

to forested high-altitude riparian habitat and has small isolated populations which makes it 

vulnerable to any changes to the habitat. Activities that limit microsite conditions such as road 

construction, timber harvesting, fire suppression, and habitat degradation through capping of 

springs or alterations of spring water or habitat can adversely affect the species. However, on the 

Inyo National Forest, much of the salamander habitat occurs in designated wilderness, in steep, 

rocky and inaccessible terrain, which may provide a natural buffer from human interactions and 

management activities. No threats to Kern Plateau salamander habitat were identified for the 

analysis of the 2009 Motorized Travel Management Project (USDA Forest Service 2009). 

Multiple municipalities, including the Los Angeles Department of Water Power and Mammoth 

Community Water District conduct groundwater pumping near the Inyo, though wells from these 

two entities do not occur on National Forest System lands. Groundwater pumping affects 

groundwater-dependent ecosystems such as meadows, springs and seeps, although the extent of 

those influences on the national forest is not well documented. Water diversions are not a threat 

on the Kern Plateau where the salamanders use a more general type of habitat influenced by 

snowmelt; however, in the Indian Wells/Owens Valley areas, environmental conditions are much 

more arid and water diversions from the occupied springs would likely reduce the extent of the 

wetted in-channel and riparian areas. Climate change has the potential to impact all populations if 

snowpack and runoff conditions are significantly altered. Reductions in snowpack could affect the 

Kern Plateau populations and changes in infiltration that reduce spring flow in the Scodie 

Mountains or Indian Wells/Owens Valleys would probably reduce the extent and/or duration of 

spring flow and riparian development. The climate change modeling completed by Wright, et al. 

(2013) indicated a slight reduction (up to 20 percent) in habitat suitability by the year 2050. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

Land management can be summarized into the following key threats: 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

419

• Loss of seeps, springs, and riparian habitat from diversion of stream flow, and related 

disturbances such as vegetation management activities and fire suppression.

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-13 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special habitats, Lodgepole pine, Red fir, Mixed 

conifer ) 

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Fire

Loss of moist habitat and springs is a primary risk factor affecting persistence of Kern Plateau 

Salamander. A number of ecosystem-level plan components mitigate this threat, within Forest 

Service authority. This is achieved primarily through desired conditions, standards, guidelines and 

objectives for watersheds and riparian conservation areas. In addition, plan components TERRSH-DC 01-02 and TERR-SH-STD 01 ensure special habitat are maintained or improved, that 

refugia is provided for species with restricted distributions and that special habitat needs will be 

incorporated in project design and implementation. A desired condition for Conservation 

Watersheds (MA-CW-DC 02) mitigates key threats from disturbance events like wildfires, floods, 

and landslides, which can reduce hydrologic connectivity and eliminate spring habitat. 

While loss of meadow riparian habitat is mitigated by a number of ecosystem-level plan 

components, several species-specific plan components provide additional clarity and emphasis. 

For example, WTR-FW-DC 05, 07 provides direction for maintaining habitat for at-risk species 

where stream diversions or other flow modifications are not regulated by the Federal Energy 

Regulatory Commission. SPEC-FW-GDL 05 ensures water developments (such as a diversion or 

well) should be avoided near streams or seeps and springs where there is high risk of dewatering 

aquatic and riparian habitats where at-risk species occur. Desired conditions for conservation 

watersheds and riparian conservation areas (MA-CW-DC 01, 03; MA-RCA-DC 02) provide highquality habitat and functionally intact ecosystems that contribute to the persistence of species of 

conservation concern.

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Water diversions and impoundments that occur outside the national forest boundary, 

growing water use demands.

• Loss of seeps, springs, and riparian habitat due to drought, and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

Water resource management activities, including maintaining perennial water quality, quantity, 

and timing of flows play a critical role in overall ecological function and sustainability of 

groundwater-dependent ecosystems and most of these activities are regulated outside the national 

forest boundary. Ecosystem-level plan components for Watersheds (WTR-FW-DC 01-04, 07 and 

WTR-FW-STD 01-03) provide for healthy riparian and aquatic ecosystems within management 

authority, but because of growing population demands and off-forest consumption of water 

resources, these habitats may not realize their full recovery potential, limiting the Inyo National 

Forest’s ability to provide for species viability. Several goals, however, provide a vision for 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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working across land boundaries to collectively attain desired conditions. A watershed goal (WTRFW-GOAL 01) encourages collaborative work between adjacent land owners and agencies to 

improve watersheds across ownership boundaries while a goal for riparian conservation areas 

(MA-RCA-GOAL 01) promotes coordination with State fish and wildlife agencies to address 

native aquatic species issues, including evaluating management and monitoring needs to address 

aquatic species requirements across ownership boundaries. Finally, several goals for special 

habitats promote (TERR-SH-GOAL 01-02) promote cooperative partnerships to study, monitor 

and restore special habitats and to makes sure they are accurately documented within the 

corporate geographic information system.

These strategies should collectively improve habitat for Kern Plateau salamander; although 

climate change effects coupled with prolonged drought could be an additive risk factor by 

eliminating the moist microsite conditions needed by salamanders.

Summary

Although this salamander is largely restricted to the Kern Plateau and western portions of Owens 

Valley, it appears to be well distributed throughout its range. Most populations are not imperiled 

by ongoing threats or known to be declining. However, habitat on the Inyo National Forest may 

be naturally limited and increased wildland fire events coupled with subsequent flash-floods that 

scour habitat are potential risk factors. Springs are sensitive water features due to their relative 

rarity, their small area, and their ecological importance relative to their size. Any activities that 

disrupt water flow puts spring ecosystems at risk. In addition, persistence of the salamander 

populations may be closely tied to climate variations that affect their habitat, especially if they 

experience extreme drying trends, or stochastic events such as flash floods. Given its endemism, 

restricted range and susceptibility to these environmental events, there is substantial concern for 

this species’ ability to persist in the plan area. The Inyo National Forest has a number of 

ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components in place to mitigate risks within its 

management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for persistence. Based upon this evaluation, 

the final set of ecosystem plan components and the additional species-specific plan components, 

when carried out, would provide the necessary ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of Kern Plateau Salamander within its range. However, key risk factors including 

climate change, groundwater pumping and water diversions that occur outside the national forest 

that are not within Forest Service management authority will continue to impact spring habitat 

making it difficult to maintain viability in the plan area.

California Golden Trout

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the California Golden Trout in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Rivers and large streams with cold, clean water and where 

pooling habitat/undercut banks and emergent vegetation is present.

Table F-14 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on California golden 

trout.
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Table F-14. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on California Golden Trout

Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

Human-caused activities include 

eutrophication due to agricultural 

runoff and urbanization, sedimentation 

that smothers pooling habitat and 

undercut banks.

Water diversions that reduce and alter 

instream flow hydrology regimes,

mining, including suction dredge 

operations. This also includes grazing 

and water impoundments that reduce 

current velocities and allow for 

sediment deposition.

WTR-FW-DC 01-07

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

RANG-FW-GOAL 03 RANG-FW-STD 07

MA-RCA-DC 10

MA-RCA-STD 02, 03, 06-15, 17-18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

SPEC-GT-STD

MA-RCA-DC 11

Plan components provide direction to 

maintain adequate water quality and 

availability—supports ecosystem integrity 

and resilience and maintains ecosystem 

conditions needed for life cycle.

Plan components also include direction to 

minimize the impacts of water diversions 

that reduce water quantity and quality due 

to management activities.

Introduction of exotic species (nonnative trout).INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-GOAL 01 & 03

INV-FW-STD 01

MA-RCA-GOAL 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 01 & 03

N/A Plan components address the issue of 

exotic species and direction to manage 

and prevent exotics.

Climate change and changes in 

stream temperatures due to 

management activities. 

Loss of quality habitat due to land 

management activities that degrade or 

eliminate habitat.

MA-RCA-DC 10 &11

MA-RCA-STD 01, 04, 05, 07,10-15, 17-

18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

INV-FW-GOAL 03

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-RIV-OBJ 01-02

MA-CW-DC 01-03

MA-CW-OBJ 03

MA-CW-GDL 01-03

SPEC-GT-STD

MA-RCA-DC 01-11

MA-RCA-GDL 05, 07

Plan components provide for ecological 

integrity of aquatic systems so that they 

are resilient to climate change and other 

demands, necessary for providing 

adequate stream habitat.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key Threats

Additional Species-specific 

Plan Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate Key 

Threats Effects Summary

General population loss/collapse

Hybridization/Competition

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 03, 04

SPEC-FW-GDL 03

MA-RCA-DC 01-08 & 11

MA-RCA-GOAL 01 & 02

SPEC-GT-GOAL

MA-RCA-DC 11

MA-RCA-GDL 05, 07

Plan components ensure that 

management activities promote ecological 

conditions that support the habitat 

components necessary to sustain healthy, 

functioning population levels within the 

inherent capability of the landscape.

Plan components provide direction to work 

with Federal, State and Tribes and other 

agencies to collaborate on restoring and 

maintaining at risk species and their 

habitat.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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423

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

California golden trout are endemic to the South Fork of the Kern River and Golden Trout Creek 

both located in an area referred to as the Kern Plateau in the Golden Trout Wilderness. A hatchery 

exists in the Cottonwood Lakes drainage which is used to transplant the golden trout into other 

lakes within the Sierra Nevada Mountains. According to the NRIS aquatic survey database, 

golden trout are distributed across all four ranger districts on the Inyo National Forest. They 

occupy all historic habitat within Golden Trout Creek (which is also a critical aquatic refuge 

(CAR)) but only occupy about 25 percent of their historic habitat within the South Fork of the 

Kern River. There is also a population in Mulkey Creek that was transplanted above a natural 

barrier. Total population size has likely decreased from reference conditions in concordance with 

decrease in occupied habitat.

Populations of golden trout within Mulkey Meadow indicate densities of fish from three different 

sections to be relatively high, between 5,336 and 5,667 fish per mile (CDFG 2008). Populations 

in California golden trout were estimated at 10.39 fish per mile, Siberian Creek estimated at 5,650 

per mile and Stokes Stringer estimated at 3,488 per square mile. Populations appear to fluctuate 

due to width of the stream and quality of habitat. Other estimates from DFW in 1987 and 1988 

for population estimates in Templeton and Ramshaw meadows indicated population numbers 

ranged from 3,278 to 7,332 fish per mile. Further data would need to be collected to correlate 

stream size (width), habitat condition and annual climate conditions to equalize population 

estimates with current Forest management and have a better understanding of trends.

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Key ecological conditions for California golden trout include sufficient water quality (cold water 

less than 24 degrees Celsius, with pooling habitat, undercut banks and emergent vegetation) and 

quantity. On the Inyo National Forest, these conditions can be found primarily found in the 

Golden Trout Wilderness (196,630 acres) on the southernmost portion of the Inyo which is known 

for large, open meadows surrounded by forests of subalpine conifers, red fir, lodgepole pine, and 

pinyon-juniper. 

All perennial flowing stream reaches within the plan area on the Kern Plateau provide physically 

suitable habitat for California golden trout. This includes approximately 85,000 acres of land, to 

include approximately 49 miles of reliable perennial stream, within the South Fork Kern River 

watershed and 35,000 acres (39 miles of stream) within the Golden Trout Creek watershed. 

The North Fork Kern River and South Fork Kern River have been designated as wild and scenic 

rivers and the Inyo National Forest portion is a 1⁄4-mile-wide corridor on the east side of the river 

approximately 11.5 miles long. The portion administered by the Inyo National Forest is located 

within the Golden Trout Wilderness 

The Kern Allotment group occurs within the southern portion of the Inyo National Forest within 

the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Except for a small portion on the Monache Allotment 

(Monache Meadow), all four allotments in this group occur within the Golden Trout Wilderness. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Hybridization and competition with rainbow and brown trout in the South Fork of Kern River is a 

persistent threat in addition to high levels of endemism which put them at greater risk from events 

such as flooding, wildfire, and drought. Hybridization has already occurred to some degree in a 

majority of golden trout populations, but is kept in check by existing barriers. Additional 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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hybridization may occur within fragmented habitats as pure individuals mate with hybrids, but the 

degree to which this occurs is unknown. Brown trout prey extensively on golden trout below 

Templeton Barrier which may result in a severe decline of golden trout in this reach. 

Overfishing and heavy grazing were primary stressors in the 19th and first half of the 20th 

century; however, current cattle management on the Inyo focuses on restoring the hydrologic and 

vegetative function of meadows in golden trout habitat. Fishing opportunities and recreation uses 

are expected to continue and impacts from those activities will continue to occur. Angling 

opportunities on the national forest include the chance to catch California Golden Trout in their 

native habitat of the South Fork Kern River and Golden Trout Creek. A hatchery exists in the 

Cottonwood Lakes drainage, which is used to transplant golden trout into other lakes within the 

Sierra Nevada Mountains and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife is expected to 

continue this fish stocking program. 

It is important to note that these potential threats are all addressed by the Conservation 

Assessment and Strategy for the California Golden Trout (Stephens et al 2004). Additionally, a 

Comprehensive Management Plan for the North Fork and South Fork of the Kern Wild and 

Scenic River was completed in September, 1994 (USDA Forest Service 1994) and provides 

overall management direction for the wild and scenic river segments. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-14 above. 

• Watersheds

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Rivers and streams)

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments) that occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought, flash floods and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

• General population loss/collapse 

• Hybridization with non-natives
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Summary

The California golden trout is an endemic fish species, limited to a small portion of suitable 

habitat on the Inyo National Forest. While the ecological conditions that the trout depends on 

appear generally stable or are trending in a positive direction based on current management, there 

is still substantial concern for the species persistence by simple virtue of its rarity coupled with 

the potential for genetic introgression and competition from nonnative fish species. Uncertainty 

with regard to climate change-related effects poses an additional longer term threat. As a result of 

its rarity and limited distribution, this species is highly susceptible to unpredictable events and 

drying conditions that may result from increasing temperatures and other climate change-related 

disturbance in the future. Its isolated populations put it at further risk for localized extinctions. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of California golden trout within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species’ current viability, the potential for hybridization 

with nonnatives, general population loss or collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo 

National Forest, and potential future threats associated with climate change and ground water use, 

it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions 

to maintain a viable population of California Golden Trout within the plan area.

Sierra Sulphur

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Sierra sulphur in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: High elevation, perennially wet marshes and wet 

meadows near springs, seeps and riparian areas where host plant Vaccinium cespitosum occurs.

Table F-15 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Sierra sulphur. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The Sierra sulphur is a high-elevation meadow species of butterfly that is endemic to the Sierra 

Nevada of California. It occurs mainly in meadows over 9,000 feet in elevation (Schoville et al. 

2011, Schoville et al. 2012). The range of the Sierra sulphur is restricted to the following counties 

in California from the north to the south: Tuolumne, Mono, Mariposa, Madera, Fresno, Inyo, and 

Tulare (Schoville et al. 2011). 

This species is found on the Inyo National Forest, although records are limited to three 

observations. The northern portion of the range (Mariposa, Mono and Tuolumne counties) appear 

to be genetically different than the southern portion of the range. For the Inyo National Forest, 

there appears to be a congregation near Mono Lake and one to the south in Inyo and Tulare 

counties. Based on an average dispersal distance of 1.2 kilometers, it is highly unlikely that these 

two populations interact with one another. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Table F-15. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Sierra sulphur

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

The Sierra sulphur is a species endemic to high-elevation wet meadows where Vaccinium 

cespitosum occurs. In addition, this species is dependent upon meadows with unimpaired 

hydrology; therefore, any factors that result in a lower water table could affect the habitat 

elements the species relies upon, especially the larval host plant dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium 

cespitosum) and nectaring plants.

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Drying of microsite 

conditions that 

include permanent 

wet meadow habitat, 

springs and seeps 

(groundwater 

dependent 

ecosystems) with 

riparian vegetation, 

refugia substrate and 

host plant species. 

Loss of habitat due to 

climate change or 

other stochastic 

events. 

Loss of habitat due to 

invasive plant species 

outcompeting native 

host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 01-04

INV-FW-STD 01-03

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

MA-RCA-DC 01-07

MA-RCA-GOAL 02

MA-RCA-STD 06, 08, 09 

& 11

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

MA-CW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 02, 03

Plan components ensure 

healthy functioning 

watersheds will continue 

to supply ground water 

flow and recharge 

necessary to maintain 

habitat. 

Plan components ensure 

healthy habitat is 

available for species to 

complete life cycle needs 

and will be resilient to 

climate change.

Direct mortality due to 

activities that cause a 

loss of habitat or loss 

of host plant species, 

including timber 

harvest near wet 

meadows and 

activities that reduce 

water in wet meadow 

habitat or riparian 

areas. This includes 

grazing and water 

impoundments that 

reduce current 

velocities and allow 

for sediment 

deposition or loss of 

springs and seeps 

from historic livestock 

and wild horse 

grazing.

WTR-FW-STD 01-04

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

MA-RCA-DC 04-08, 10

MA-RCA-STD 1-15, 17 & 

18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04,

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 & 05

Plan components 

maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for this 

species, will ensure forest 

activities maintain wet 

meadow habitat, 

spring/seeps/marshes 

and also manage for and 

or remove livestock from 

riparian conservation 

areas as needed so that 

special aquatic and 

terrestrial features are in 

proper functioning 

condition.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

427

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats include drying of microsite conditions, conifer encroachment on meadow habitat, loss of 

habitat due to human activities, direct mortality due to loss of host plant availability and climate 

change.

Numerous meadows in the high Sierra have been degraded in the past from a variety of causes 

including logging, overgrazing, and railroad and road construction (Loheide and Gorelick 2007, 

Viers et al. 2013). In many cases, the streams in degraded meadows have incised within the 

meadow and have associated poor streambank stability, headcuts, lack of riparian vegetation, and 

other factors that make them vulnerable to further degradation. Within the range of the Sierra 

sulphur, logging and road construction (including railroads) are no longer occurring and grazing 

is very limited within the range of the species. In meadows with unstable stream channels, poorly 

managed livestock grazing (overgrazing) has the potential to further degrade the meadow by 

maintaining streambank instability, thereby making the meadow vulnerable to continued incision 

and disassociation with the floodplain (Loheide and Gorelick 2007). Livestock browsing on and 

trampling dwarf bilberry could inadvertently remove individuals from colonized plants and 

reduce the amount of vegetation available to caterpillars of C. behrii. 

Conifer encroachment into meadows and climate change are two other threats to the habitats the 

Sulphur relies upon (Scheingross 2007). Conifer encroachment has been observed in several 

high-elevation mountainous meadow situations and may be attributed to climatic changes, fire 

suppression, or grazing (Rochefort et al. 1994, Millar et al. 2004, Halpern et al. 2010). In wet 

meadows, conditions are generally unfavorable for conifer establishment primarily due to intense 

competition from obligate meadow species, but as high elevation meadows become drier (for 

example, periods of drought or lowered water table) and temperatures increase, they become 

more suitable for conifer encroachment and meadow loss (Millar et al. 2004, Viers et al. 2013). 

Since the largest populations of the Sierra sulphur are associated with large meadows (and 

smaller populations in smaller meadows (Schoville 2017)), meadow loss is a threat to the species.

Climate change is potentially the greatest threat to the continued persistence of the Sierra sulphur 

according to NatureServe. The species is already restricted to the highest elevation meadows in 

the Sierra Nevada and has a limited amount of upward elevational relief available to use if lower 

elevation sites become unsuitable through climate change impacts. Potential effects include 

reduced snowpack, earlier melting of snowpack, greater variability in precipitation, and warmer 

temperatures (Null et al. 2010, Viers et al. 2013). The amount and persistence of snowpack are 

important variables in maintaining high water tables and wet meadow conditions. The Sierra 

sulphur is dependent upon meadows with unimpaired hydrology; therefore, any factors that result 

in a lower water table could affect the habitat elements the species relies upon, especially the 

larval host plant (dwarf bilberry) and nectaring plants. Dwarf bilberry growing in drier or 

degraded meadows may not provide the high quality larval food resource that bilberry growing in 

wet habitats does (Schoville 2017). Specific to the Sierra sulphur, Scheingross (2007) used 

BIOCLIM and MAXENT models to predict the range of C. behrii based on climate change 

predictions. The modeling predicted a contraction of range, with most of the suitable habitat 

remaining in the higher, southern portion of the species’ range (Scheingross 2007). 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

428

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-15 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime of habitat (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

The Sierra sulphur is a species endemic to high elevation wet meadows where Vaccinium 

cespitosum occurs. In addition, this species is dependent upon meadows with unimpaired 

hydrology; therefore, any factors that result in a lower water table could affect the habitat 

elements the species relies upon, especially the larval host plant dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium 

cespitosum) and nectaring plants. This butterfly relies on the dwarf bilberry for larval foraging 

with the highest quality forage provided by early plant growth from plants growing in wet sites. 

Dispersal between sites is limited by the distance that adults travel, especially in their alpine 

environment where numerous barriers to dispersal occur. Some large populations occur; however, 

many of the southern and lower elevation occurrences have lower population sizes. There also 

appears to be a dispersal barrier connecting northern and southern populations that will influence 

gene flow among populations within the range of the species. 

Climate change may be the primary impact on the habitat of this species. Any changes in water 

availability or bloom of the host plant may be restricting the species survival rate. Already 

restricted to the highest elevation meadows in the Sierra Nevada, there is a limited amount of 

upward elevational relief available to utilize if lower elevation sites become unsuitable. In 

addition, water withdrawal or modification and grazing could potentially impact this species 

habitat. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Sierra sulphur within its range. However, 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

429

due to uncertainty about the species current viability, the potential for habitat loss/degradation, 

general population loss or collapse due to direct mortality, the limited amount of habitat and 

potential for host species plant species on the Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats 

associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or 

restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Sierra sulphur within the plan 

area.

Square Dotted Blue Butterfly

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of square dotted blue butterfly in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: High elevation, scree slopes, barren ridges and pumice 

fields where host plant Eriogonum species (buckwheat plants) occur.

Table F-16 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on square dotted blue 

butterfly. 

Table F-16. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on square dotted blue butterfly 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of microsite 

conditions that include 

meadow habitat with 

buckwheat host plant 

species present due to 

climate change or other 

stochastic events. Loss 

of habitat due to 

invasive plant species 

outcompeting native 

host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 04

TERR-FW-DC 01-05

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

SPEC-FW-DC 01, 02 & 

04

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 03

INV-FW-STD 02

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

TERR-FW-DC 06

TERR-SH-DC 02, 03

TERR-SAGE-DC 01, 04 

& 05

TERR-PINY-DC 01, 03 

& 04

TERR-XER-DC 01

Plan components 

ensure healthy habitat 

is available for species 

to complete life cycle 

needs and will be 

resilient to climate 

change.

Direct mortality due to 

activities that cause a 

loss of habitat or loss of 

host plant species, 

including pumice 

harvest, other mining 

activities and offhighway vehicle use. 

TERR-SH-DC 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

INV-FW-GOAL 01-04

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

TERR-SAGE-DC 02 & 

03

TERR-XER-DC 02

TERR-XER-STD 01

TERR-XER-GDL 01

Plan components 

maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for this 

species, will ensure 

forest activities maintain 

open habitat where host 

plant and ant species 

occur.

Plan components 

provide direction to 

maintain preferred 

habitat. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

430

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The species has a spotty distribution from Washington south to Baja California Norte, thence west 

to southern Colorado and New Mexico. However, this subspecies is found at Badger Flat in Inyo 

Mountains (Davenport 2016) ranging from 8,000 to 13,000 feet on scree slopes, barren ridges, 

and pumice fields. Geographically close to Euphilotes battoides hadrochilus but phenotypically 

are strikingly different. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Key ecological conditions include the food plant Eriogonum umbelatum subaridum and the 

subspecies is univoltine and flies during July (Davenport et. al. 2006). Caterpillar plant host may 

be various wild buckwheats (Eriogonum species) including coastal buckwheat and sulphurflower. The larvae feed on the flowers and fruits of Eriogonum species. The larvae are tended by 

ants. The species overwinters in its chrysalids in sand or leaf litter. Scree slopes, barren ridges and 

pumice fields appear to be preferred habitat (Davenport 2016). 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats include loss of microsite conditions, loss of habitat due to human activities, direct 

mortality due to loss of host plant availability and climate change.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-16 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats, Sage, Xeric, Pinyon)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Recreation

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter habitat and occur outside the national forest boundary. 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

The species is known from only one location on the Inyo National Forest. Any modification to the 

area that could impact the host plant, the ants, or individuals would have a deleterious effect on 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

431

the species. Climate change could shift the species range up elevation with would eliminate the 

host plant, the ant, or the butterfly.

Impacts to the square dotted blue butterfly may arise from human-caused activities that include 

the use of pesticides and herbicides treating undesirable species and noxious weeds. Off-highway 

vehicles may enter into this area as there are 4-wheel drive trails in and adjacent to Badger Flats 

and Mazourka Peak. At the top of Mazourka Peak, there is a radio facility. In addition, numerous 

mines are in its vicinity. Potential of harvesting pumice is of concern if any modification to the 

host plant or the ants would be at risk.

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of square dotted blue butterfly within its 

range. However, due to uncertainty about the species’ current viability, the potential for habitat 

loss and degradation, general population loss or collapse due to direct mortality, the limited 

amount of habitat and potential for host species plant species on the Inyo National Forest, and 

potential future threats associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of 

the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of square 

dotted blue butterfly within the plan area.

Mono Lake Checkerspot Butterfly

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Mono Lake checkerspot butterfly in the 

plan area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions 

within the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its 

range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Perennially wet marshes and wet meadows near springs, 

seeps and riparian areas where host plant, Collinsia parvifloria, may occur. 

Table F-17 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Mono Lake 

checkerspot butterfly.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Edith’s checkerspot, Euphydryas editha is a highly variable species occurring across the western 

United States, with at least 12 subspecies recognized in California (Crabtree 1998). Populations 

of subspecies are highly localized and adult butterflies do not disperse much beyond the localized 

habitats where their larval food plants occur (Baughman and Murphy 1998). Generally, this 

species is known to occur in wet meadows and pine forests on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada 

Mountains in Alpine and Mono Counties. Mono Lake Checkerspot occur in scattered colonies on 

the east side of the Sierras in Great Basin Scrub habitat, from east below Sonora Pass to Big Pine 

Creek Canyon. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

432

Table F-17. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Mono Lake checkerspot butterfly

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Drying of microsite 

conditions that include 

permanent wet 

meadow habitat, 

springs and seeps 

(groundwater 

dependent ecosystems) 

with riparian vegetation, 

refugia substrate and 

host plant species. 

Loss of habitat due to 

climate change or other 

stochastic events. 

Loss of habitat due to 

invasive plant species 

outcompeting native 

host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 01-04

INV-FW-STD 01-03

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

MA-RCA-DC 01-07

MA-RCA-GOAL 02

MA-RCA-STD 06, 08, 

09 & 11

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

RCA-RIV-DC 01-07

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

MA-CW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 02 & 03

Plan components ensure 

healthy functioning 

watersheds will continue 

to supply ground water 

flow and recharge 

necessary to maintain 

habitat. 

Plan components ensure 

healthy habitat is 

available for species to 

complete life cycle needs 

and will be resilient to 

climate change.

Direct mortality due to 

activities that cause a 

loss of habitat or loss of 

host plant species, 

including timber harvest 

near wet meadows and 

activities that reduce 

water in wet meadow 

habitat or riparian 

areas. This includes 

grazing and water 

impoundments that 

reduce current 

velocities and allow for 

sediment deposition or 

loss of springs and 

seeps from historic 

livestock and wild horse 

grazing.

WTR-FW-STD 01-04

TERR-SH-STD 

01SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

MA-RCA-DC 04-08, 10

MA-RCA-STD 1-15, 17 

& 18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04,

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 & 

05

Plan components 

maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for this 

species, will ensure 

forest activities maintain 

wet meadow habitat, 

spring/seeps/marshes 

and also manage for and 

or remove livestock from 

riparian conservation 

areas as needed so that 

special aquatic and 

terrestrial features are in 

proper functioning 

condition.

Mono Lake checkerspot was previously described as having potentially been extirpated. Dr. 

Kenneth Davenport provided updated information about his collection of 20 specimens from 

1979 to 2014, many of which came from the Inyo National Forest, but the exact number is 

unknown (Davenport 2016, pers. comm). One record also exists on the Inyo and is documented in 

Butterflies and Moths of North America (www.butterfliesandmoths.org/sighting_details/476786 ); 

however, no photograph was included with the record. The range extent is from eastern slope of 

Sierra Nevada, from Bishop, CA to Schneider Meadow, near Carson City, NV; from pinon-juniper 

woodland, meadows, mountain slopes; host may be Collinsia parviflora based on association of 

adults. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

433

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Generally, this species is known to occur in perennially wet marshes, wet meadows near springs, 

seeps and riparian areas where host plant occurs. Host plant may be Collinsia parvifloria based 

on association of adults (NatureServe 2017). 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Key threats include drying of microsite conditions, loss of habitat due to human activities or 

climate change and direct mortality due to loss of host plant availability. Threats may also arise 

from human-caused activities that include the use of pesticides treating invasive species.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime of microsite conditions (grazing 

and water impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-17 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime of habitat (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

Mono Lake checkerspot is an endemic butterfly that ranges from Sonora Pass to Mono Lake. 

Species have been recently documented on the Inyo National Forest, were a portion of the 

population was once thought extinct at Mono Lake. Impacts to the Mono Lake checkerspot may 

arise from human-caused activities that include the use of pesticides to treat invasive species. 

Habitat loss due to conifer encroachment on meadows and habitat loss due to climate change 

could also impact this species.

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

434

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Mono Lake checkerspot within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, general population loss or 

collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats 

associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or 

restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Mono Lake checkerspot 

within the plan area.

Boisduval’s Blue Butterfly

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Boisduval’s blue butterfly (Plebejus 

icarioides) in the plan area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore 

ecological conditions within the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the 

species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Forest clearings and edges, prairies, sagebrush, chaparral, 

coastal dunes and open fields, where host plant species occur (lupine, pussy paws, buckwheat and 

other composites). 

Table F-18 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Boisduval’s blue 

butterfly. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Boisduval’s blue butterfly has a wide distribution with occurrences from British Columbia east to 

the western edge of the Great Plains, south to New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, and 

Baja California. Generally, this species is found in forest clearings and edges, prairie, sagebrush, 

chaparral, coastal dunes, fields.

Many of the subspecies of Boisduval’s blue butterfly are rare to their known locality and do 

separate by species even at a puddle (Shapiro 2017). From Shapiro (2017), Boisduval’s blue 

butterfly has one brood, from April-June at Gates Canyon, and from June-August (rarely later) at 

higher elevations. Their host plants are many species of perennial lupines, but tend to have the 

preferred species varying by locality. Adults visit a great variety of flowers, including pink pussy 

paws, wild buckwheats, composites, and the like. In Sierra Valley they can often be found with 

the host plant far out in sagebrush steppe, where nothing (or nothing but lupine, which they do 

not use as a nectar source) seems to be in bloom. 

Very little is known about subspecies Plebejus icarioides inyo. They are considered widespread in

the Inyo Mountains. Annual surveys from 2005 to 2012 have a total of 1,145 recorded detections 

of this species throughout the Inyo Mountains (Schlick 2015). Sightings of Boisduval’s blue in 

the Inyo Mountains occur all the way to 2016 in the Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation 

(BISON) database. The Inyo Mountains are the only known location for this subspecies. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

435

Table F-18. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Boisduval’s blue butterfly 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

The species only occurs in the Inyo Mountains, in forest clearings and edges, prairies, sagebrush, 

chaparral, coastal dunes and open fields, where host plant species occur (lupine, pussy paws, 

buckwheat and other composites). Although the species is wide ranging, most of the subspecies 

are specific to localized areas. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Key threats include drying of microsite conditions, loss of habitat due to human activities, climate 

change and direct mortality due to loss of host plant availability. In addition, invasive plant 

species such as cheatgrass may threaten an unknown proportion of the population, especially in 

areas where cheatgrass limits the establishment and persistence of native plant species. Any use 

of pesticides to remove invasive species could inadvertently impact the lupine or other nectar 

plant species. Other activities that could bisect or remove area suitable habitat include recreation 

development, mining, and road building. 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat 

due to climate 

change or other 

stochastic events. 

Loss of habitat 

due to invasive 

plant species 

outcompeting 

native host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 04

TERR-FW-DC 01-05

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

SPEC-FW-DC 01, 02 & 

04

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 04

INV-FW-STD 02

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

TERR-FW-DC 06

TERR-SH-DC 02, 03

TERR-SAGE-DC 01, 04, 

05

TERR-PINY-DC 01, 03, 

04

TERR-XER-DC 01

Plan components ensure 

healthy functioning 

watersheds will continue to 

supply ground water flow 

and recharge necessary to 

maintain habitat. 

Plan components ensure 

healthy habitat is available

for species to complete life 

cycle needs and will be 

resilient to climate change.

Direct mortality 

due to activities 

that cause a loss 

of habitat or loss 

of host plant 

species. This 

includes herbicide 

use, pesticide 

use, timber 

harvest, grazing 

and water

impoundments 

from historic 

livestock and wild 

horse grazing that 

cause direct 

habitat loss or 

harm individuals. 

Recreation use 

may pose a threat 

to a loss of 

habitat or harm to 

individuals.

TERR-SH-DC 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

INV-FW-GOAL 01 & 02

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

TERR-SAGE-DC 02 & 03

TERR-XER-DC 02

TERR-XER-STD 01

TERR-XER-GDL 01

Plan components maintain 

ecosystem integrity for finescale refugia habitat for this 

species, will ensure forest 

activities maintain open 

habitat where lupine occurs.

Plan components provide 

direction to maintain 

preferred habitat. 

Remove livestock from 

areas where there is a risk 

of losing habitat where 

lupine occurs.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

436

Threats Under Forest Service Control 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-18 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats, Sage, Xeric, Pinyon) 

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Recreation

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter habitat and occur outside the national forest boundary. 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

This species is only known on the Inyo Mountains. Impacts to the Boisduval’s blue habitat may 

arise from human-caused activities that include the use of pesticides and herbicides treating 

undesirable species and noxious weeds, recreational developments, mining, and road building. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Boisduval’s Blue within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, general population loss or 

collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats 

associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or 

restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Boisduval’s Blue within the 

plan area.

San Emigdio Blue Butterfly

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of San Emigdio blue in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Desert scrub habitats that include desert saltbush species 

(Atriplex) and associated scale insects and ants. Other key habitat features include shadescale 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

437

scrub in desert canyons and near washes and where the host plant species (Atriplex canescens) 

occurs. 

Table F-19 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Mono Lake 

checkerspot butterfly.

Table F-19. Key threats, plan components, and expected effects on San Emigdio blue butterfly

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

San Emigdio blue butterfly (Plebejus emigdionis) is a rare and localized species with collection 

records from the southern San Joaquin Valley and Mojave Desert south to the Victorville area. 

Known populations are from only about a dozen locations which are isolated from one another. 

The San Emigdio blue butterfly has been found on the Angeles, Inyo, Los Padres, San 

Bernardino, and Sequoia National Forests. 

Isolated populations occur in the Owens Valley and it has been reported from Inyo, Kern, Los 

Angeles, San Bernardino and Ventura counties (Davenport 2004, Emmel and Emmel 1973, Garth 

and Tilden 1986). It has been collected along the Mojave River near Victorville (north of the San 

Bernardino National Forest). Isolated colonies have been reported from Bouquet and Mint 

Canyons near Castaic, in canyons along the north side of the San Gabriel Mountains near the 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat due to 

climate change or 

other stochastic 

events. 

Loss of habitat due to 

invasive plant species 

outcompeting native 

host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 04

TERR-FW-DC 01-05

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

SPEC-FW-DC 01, 02 

& 04

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 01-04

INV-FW-STD 02

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

TERR-FW-DC 06

TERR-SH-DC 02, 03

TERR-SAGE-DC 01, 04 & 

05

TERR-PINY-DC 01, 03 & 

04

TERR-XER-DC 01

Plan components ensure 

healthy habitat is 

available for species to 

complete life cycle needs 

and will be resilient to 

climate change.

Direct mortality due to 

activities that cause a 

loss of habitat or loss 

of host plant species. 

This includes 

herbicide use, 

pesticide use, timber 

harvest, grazing and 

water impoundments 

from historic livestock 

and wild horse 

grazing that cause 

direct habitat loss or 

harm individuals. 

Recreation use may 

pose a threat to a loss 

of habitat or harm to 

individuals.

TERR-SH-DC 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-

04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

INV-FW-GOAL 01 & 

02

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

TERR-SAGE-DC 02 & 03

TERR-XER-DC 02

TERR-XER-STD 01

TERR-XER-GDL 01

Plan components 

maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for this 

species, will ensure 

forest activities maintain 

open habitat where host 

plant and ant species 

occur.

Plan components 

provide direction to 

maintain preferred 

habitat. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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desert's edge, and in arid areas south of Mount Abel near San Emigdio Mesa (Emmel and Emmel 

1973, Murphy 1990). The most concentrated area is around Sand Canyon and Lake Isabella. Pratt 

(2011) reports concerns of each of the populations are gradually being lost. Penrod et al. (2002) 

and Stephenson and Calcarone (1999) state that the San Emigdio blue populations have been in 

decline due to urbanization near Victorville and along the Mojave River. 

Only known locations occur in the southern portion of the Inyo National Forest in the desert scrub 

habitats that include desert saltbush species (Atriplex) and associated scale insects and ants. This 

butterfly is rare and localized species ranging from 3,000 feet to 5,000 feet elevation in washes 

and alluvial fans (Schlick 2015). 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Key ecological conditions for this species include the presence of the ant species Formica 

pilicornis, in which this butterfly has a symbiotic relationship. Other key habitat features include 

shadescale scrub in desert canyons and near washes and where the host plant species (Atriplex) 

occurs.

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats include the drying of microsite conditions, loss of habitat due to human activities or 

climate change and direct mortality due to loss of host plant availability. Habitat is also subject to 

destruction due to agricultural and urban development.

The potential expansion of Highway 395 can potentially fragment the existing ecological 

conditions since the population is very localized. The population at Cartago is unique, and is in 

great danger of being exterminated if and when Highway 395 is widened at that point. The larval 

foodplant at Cartago is Atriplex polycarpa which is unusual because vast areas of desert are 

covered with A. polycarpa yet emigdionis is not found in these areas. At Cartago, the butterfly is 

able to use the A. polycarpa because it is heavily infested with a scale insect, which in turn is 

heavily tended by ants, and the ants also protect the emigdionis larvae. Without the ants, 

emigdionis could not survive. There are also possibly hydrologic factors at the Cartago site which 

make it favorable for the emigdionis larvae which spend most of their time on the Atriplex trunks 

just below soil level (Schlick 2015).

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-19 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats, Sage, Xeric, Pinyon)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows)

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Recreation
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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439

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter habitat and occur outside the national forest boundary. 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

This butterfly is rare and localized (only known locations occur in the southern portion of the 

Inyo National Forest in the desert scrub habitats that include desert saltbush species (Atriplex) and 

associated scale insects and ants) due in part to its symbiotic relationship with the ant species 

Formica pilicornis. This symbiotic relationship paired with potential habitat fragmentation or loss 

due to agricultural and urban expansion impact this species’ ability to persist. Impacts to the San 

Emigdio blue habitat may arise from human-caused activities that include the use of pesticides 

and herbicides treating undesirable species and noxious weeds.

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of San Emigdio blue butterfly within its 

range. However, due to uncertainty about the species’ current viability; the potential for habitat 

loss and degradation; general population loss or collapse due to direct mortality; the limited 

amount of habitat and potential for host species loss due to loss of desert saltbush plant species on 

the Inyo National Forest; and potential future threats associated with climate change, it is not 

within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to 

maintain a viable population of San Emigdio blue butterfly within the plan area.

Apache Fritillary (Apache Silverspot Butterfly)

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Apache Fritillary in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Perennially wet marshes and wet meadows near springs, 

seeps and riparian areas where host plants occur, primarily violet (Viola neprhropylla) and 

secondarily, bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and lavender thistle (Cirsium neomexicanum).

Table F-20 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Apache fritillary. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

440

Table F-20. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Apache fritillary 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Drying of microsite 

conditions that include 

permanent wet 

meadow habitat, 

springs and seeps 

(groundwater 

dependent 

ecosystems) with 

riparian vegetation, 

refugia substrate and 

host plant species. 

Loss of habitat due to 

climate change or other 

stochastic events. 

Loss of habitat due to 

invasive plant species 

outcompeting native 

host plants.

WTR-FW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-GOAL 01 & 

02

INV-FW-DC 01 & 02

INV-FW-GOAL 01-04

INV-FW-STD 01-03

INV-FW-GDL 01-05

MA-RCA-DC 01-07

MA-RCA-GOAL 02

MA-RCA-STD 06, 08, 

09 & 11

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-08

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-LPP-DC 01

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

MA-CW-DC 01-03

TERR-SH-DC 02 & 03

Plan components ensure 

healthy functioning 

watersheds will continue 

to supply ground water 

flow and recharge 

necessary to maintain 

habitat. 

Plan components ensure 

healthy habitat is 

available for species to 

complete life cycle needs 

and will be resilient to 

climate change.

Direct mortality due to 

activities that cause a 

loss of habitat or loss of 

host plant species, 

including timber harvest 

near wet meadows and 

activities that reduce 

water in wet meadow 

habitat or riparian 

areas. This includes 

grazing and water 

impoundments that 

reduce current 

velocities and allow for 

sediment deposition or 

loss of springs and 

seeps from historic 

livestock and wild horse 

grazing.

WTR-FW-STD 01-04

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

REC-FW-GDL 01 & 03

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

MA-RCA-DC 10

MA-RCA-DC 04-08, 10

MA-RCA-STD 1-15, 17 

& 18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-04,

RCA-MEAD-OBJ 01

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01-

04

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 & 

05

Plan components 

maintain ecosystem 

integrity for fine-scale 

refugia habitat for species 

like the fritillary, will 

ensure forest activities 

maintain wet meadow 

habitat, 

spring/seeps/marshes 

and also manage for and 

or remove livestock from 

riparian conservation 

areas as needed so that 

special aquatic and 

terrestrial features are in 

proper functioning 

condition.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Apache fritillary, Speyeria nokomis apacheana, is found on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada 

Mountains in Alpine, Inyo, and Mono Counties where it occurs in marshes and wet meadows near 

springs, seeps and riparian areas (Fleishman et al 2002, Britten et al. 2003). The larval food plant 

is the violet Viola nephrophylla. Typical habitats where Apache silverspot adults may be observed 

from late July to early September (Emmel and Emmel 1973, Davenport et al. 2006) are mountain 

meadows, forest openings and exposed rocky ridges. Since these habitats are highly localized, 

minimal migration occurs between populations. 

The only known locations occur in Round Valley, Inyo County and Mono Lake area (Natureserve 

2017). 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

441

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Key ecological conditions include perennially wet marshes and wet meadows near springs, seeps 

and riparian areas where host plants, primarily violet (Viola neprhropylla) and secondarily, bull 

thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and lavender thistle (Cirsium neomexicanum) occur. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats include loss of meadows and riparian habitat due to changes in water levels, diversions, 

grazing, meadow drying and conifer encroachment, snowpack and changes in spring precipitation 

related to climate change. According to Fleishman et al (2002), loss of the violet, lavender thistle 

or bull thistle due to using pesticides for other species, would be a major threat to the species. In 

addition, loss of habitat due to invasive plant species outcompeting native host plants is a 

potential threat to this species.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-20 above. 

• Watersheds

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats)

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime of habitat (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought and changes in precipitation patterns and 

snowpack related to climate change.

• Invasive plant species outcompeting host plant species.

Summary

The Apache fritillary is known from a small distributional range and is thought to be from a range 

contraction since the Pleistocene. There are few known locations on the Inyo National Forest. 

Threats include loss of meadows and riparian habitat due to changes in water levels, diversions, 

grazing, meadow drying and conifer encroachment, snowpack, and changes in spring 

precipitation related to climate change. According to Fleishman et al (2002), loss of the violet, 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

442

lavender thistle or bull thistle due to using pesticides for other species, would be a major threat to 

the species.

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Apache Fritillary within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, general population loss or 

collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats 

associated with climate change, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or 

restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Apache Fritillary within the 

plan area.

A Cave Obligate Pseudoscorpion

Determination: The ecosystem plan components may not provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of this cave obligate pseudoscorpion, a species that is 

only known from the plan area. Therefore, additional species-specific plan components have been 

provided. The combination of ecosystem and species-specific plan components should provide 

the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable population of this cave obligate 

pseudoscorpion in the plan area.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Caves, where environmental conditions remain constant, 

like temperature and relative humidity.

Table F-21 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on cave obligate 

pseudoscorpion. 

Table F-21. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on cave obligate pseudoscorpion 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Loss of habitat or direct 

mortality due to climate 

change or other 

stochastic events. 

Loss of habitat or direct 

mortality due to 

activities such as 

mining or recreational 

use in cave habitat. 

TERR-SH-DC 01

TERR-SH-GOAL 01

TERR-SH-STD 01

SPEC-FW-DC 02

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04

REC-FW-GDL 03

TERR-SH-DC 02

TERR-SH-GOAL 02

SPEC-FW-DC 03

SPEC-FW-GOAL 01, 06

Plan components 

ensure healthy habitat 

is available for species 

to complete life cycle 

needs and will be 

resilient to climate 

change.

Plan components 

ensure that habitat or 

known location(s) are 

protected. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The widely separated and restricted localities of the two species in this genus T. aalbui in 

California and T. ubicki in Arizona strongly suggest that these species are relicts of a formerly 

widespread ancestral population, fragmented by desertification in the intervening areas. It will not 

be surprising if additional representatives of this genus are found in other montane or 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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443

subterranean refugia in California and Arizona (Muchmore 1997). In the Biodiversity Information 

Serving Our Country (BISON) database, only two locations are noted but not georeferenced for 

the Genera.

This species type locality is from Poleta Cave, Westgard Pass, Inyo-White Mountains, Inyo 

County, California, at about 2,200 meters elevation. This location is on the Inyo National Forest 

and is behind a locked gate (R. Aalbu Pers. Comm. 2017). An additional endemic species, the 

beetle Ptomophagus inyoensis is also endemic to this cave (R. Aalbu Pers. Comm. 2017) but has 

no ranking in NatureServe (2017).

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Key ecological conditions include caves, where environmental conditions remain constant, 

including temperature and relative humidity. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Threats include loss of cave habitat, specifically where known location(s) occurs.

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-21 above. 

• Terrestrial Ecosystems and Vegetation (Special Habitats)

• Recreation

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter habitat found in new locations that occur outside the national forest 

boundary. 

• Mining or cave recreation occurring outside of the national forest boundary where new 

locations may occur. 

Summary

This species of pseudoscorpion is only known from one location. Impacts to habitat may arise 

from human-caused activities that include recreation use and potential mining use. This cave is 

currently gated and therefore protected. Risk to this species and its habitat could occur if the cave 

gate is vandalized and loss of habitat occurs.

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of cave obligate pseudoscorpion on the Inyo 

National Forest. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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444

Owens Valley Springsnail

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Owens Valley springsnail in the plan 

area. Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within 

the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

General Key Ecological Conditions: Cold spring water sources with perennial flow. 

Table F-22 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Owens Valley 

springsnail. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The Owens Valley springsnail is known from only 10 localities according to California Natural 

Diversity Database (2017), including two localities on the Inyo National Forest. It is very closely 

associated with springs with relatively high conductivity water supplied by the Owens Valley 

aquifer (USGS 1998). The species is found along escarpments of the White and Inyo Mountains 

on the east side of the Owens Valley.

This species is considered very small and categorized as a micro-snail (1mm to 8mm in shell 

width), thus, detection can be extremely difficult. For this particular species, individuals can more 

readily detected due to their nature of piling up on to one another or can also be found in clusters. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

This species occurs in seeps and spring-fed streams of small to moderate size. It can occur on 

watercress (Rorippa), travertine deposits or stones. It is very closely associated with springs with 

relatively high conductivity water supplied by the Owens Valley aquifer (USGS 1998). This 

species co-occurs with Wong’s springsnail (P. wongi) at Batchelder Springs (Krueger 2016). Key 

ecological conditions for springsnails typically include cold spring water sources with perennial 

flow. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Key threats to the persistence to Owens Valley springsnail include habitat degradation, invasive 

aquatic species and climate change.

Springs generally have consistent flow and temperature because they have a more integral 

connection with groundwater. As a result, they serve as refugia during periods of climatic drying 

especially as demonstrated in the Owens Valley/Death Valley area over the last 10,000 to 15,000 

years (Hershler 1989, Hershler and Pratt 1990, Sada and Herbst 2001). 

The aquifer of the Owens Valley is primarily supplied by runoff from the Sierra Nevada 

snowpack (USGS 1998). Springs and seeps in the Owens Valley are typically found near the toes 

of alluvial fans from the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, along the edges of volcanic deposits, and 

in areas of geologic faulting (USGS 1998). Groundwater withdrawals are perhaps the greatest 

threat to spring flows (Sada and Herbst 2001). Most of the flow leading into the area that used to 

be Owens Lake is now diverted for domestic use to the Los Angeles area. The diversion of water 

makes the aquifer that supplies the springs more vulnerable to excessive withdrawal (USGS 

1998). USGS (1998) discussed the extent of past spring flow reductions during periods of high 

groundwater extraction, and modeled the potential impact to groundwater levels under different 

future extraction scenarios. In general, the effects of reduced discharge on springs are primarily 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

445

observed when in close proximity to the groundwater wells and there are few wells on the east 

side of the Owens Valley where most of the occupied P. owensensis springs occur. However, the 

modeled drop in groundwater on the east side of the valley suggests that spring flow is vulnerable 

to change. 

Table F-22. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Owens Valley springsnail

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Human-caused activities 

include eutrophication due 

to agricultural runoff and 

urbanization, 

sedimentation that 

degrades habitat. 

Water diversions that 

reduce and alter instream 

flow hydrology regimes, 

mining, including suction 

dredge operations. This 

also includes grazing and 

water impoundments that 

reduce current velocities 

and allow for sediment 

deposition.

WTR-FW-DC 01-05

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 & 05

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

RANG-FW-STD 07

MA-RCA-STD 01, 04, 

06, 07, 09-13, 15 & 19

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

N/A Plan components provide 

direction to maintain 

adequate water quality and 

availability—supports 

ecosystem integrity and 

resilience and maintains 

ecosystem conditions 

needed for host species 

and life cycle.

Plan components also 

include direction to 

minimize the impacts of 

water diversions that 

reduce water quantity and 

quality due to management 

activities.

Introduction of exotic 

species.

INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-GOAL 01

INV-FW-STD 01

INV-FW-GDL 01

MA-RCA-GOAL 02

N/A Plan components address 

the issue of exotic species 

and direction to manage 

and prevent exotics.

Climate change and 

changes in water 

temperatures due to 

management activities. 

Loss of quality habitat.

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-03

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

N/A Plan components provide 

for ecological integrity of 

aquatic systems so that 

they are resilient to climate 

change and other 

demands, necessary for 

providing adequate cold 

water habitat.

General population 

loss/collapse

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 03, 04

SPEC-FW-GDL 03-05

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

MA-RCA-GOAL 01

N/A Plan components ensure 

that management activities 

promote ecological 

conditions that support the 

habitat components 

necessary to sustain 

healthy, functioning 

population levels within the 

inherent capability of the 

landscape.

Plan components provide 

direction to work with 

Federal, State and Tribes 

and other agencies to 

collaborate on restoring 

and maintaining at risk 

species and their habitat.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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446

Water diversion from springs is also a threat to the Owens Valley springsnail (Sada and Vinyard 

2002). Any changes in streamflow, particularly if water is extracted from the point of emergence 

or a constructed springbox can reduce the amount and extent of downstream suitable habitat 

(including thermal characteristics) and possibly habitat heterogeneity (Sada and Herbst 2001). 

Springsnails are frequently concentrated near spring sources with declining density downstream 

(Hershler and Sada 2002); therefore, changes in flow at the spring source could have greater 

consequences than diversions lower down in a spring system. Livestock grazing has been 

observed at many sites occupied by springsnails (Sada and Herbst 2001, Sada and Vinyard 2002). 

However, there is little information available that suggests livestock use of springs adversely 

impacts springsnail habitat with the exceptions of diversion of water that is not returned to the 

spring run and the construction of spring boxes at the head of the spring for diversion purposes 

(Sada and Herbst 2001). Hershler and Sada (2002) indicate springsnails require hard substrates 

for egg deposition and foraging, so if excessive grazing, or any other factor, creates conditions 

where hard substrates are inundated by soft sediments, suitable habitat could be detrimentally 

impacted. 

The potential for exotic aquatic mollusk species is another potential threat to the Owens Valley 

springsnail. The Owens Valley springsnail has a very limited distribution in the Owens Valley, 

California where it is known from very few localities. These localities are springs that are 

sensitive to disturbance and the potential of exotic species introduction. 

As noted, the underlying hydrology of the springs occupied by the Owens Valley springsnail is 

driven largely by the aquifer in the Owens Valley, including significant contributions from 

snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada. If climate change results in reduced snowpack or changes in 

runoff that affect groundwater recharge, there could be a reduction in water available for spring 

flow from the aquifer. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-22 above. 

• Watersheds

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

447

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought, flash floods and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

• General population loss/collapse 

• Introduction of exotic aquatic species

Summary

The Owens Valley springsnail is a restricted endemic, with only two known locations on the Inyo 

National Forest. There is substantial concern for the species persistence due to its rarity and 

restriction to cold perennial seeps and springs. As a result of this rarity and its limited distribution, 

this species is also highly susceptible to stochastic events and drying conditions resulting from 

increasing temperatures and events related to climate change. Activities that reduce water flow 

can greatly impact this species. In addition, extremely limited dispersal ability of this species and 

isolated populations put it at further risk for localized extinctions. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Owens Valley springsnail within its 

range. However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, the potential for exotic 

aquatic species introduction, general population loss or collapse, the limited amount of habitat on 

the Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats associated with climate change and ground 

water use, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological 

conditions to maintain a viable population of Owens Valley springsnail within the plan area.

Western Pearlshell Mussel 

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the western pearlshell in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 

General Key Ecological Conditions: Rivers and large streams with cold, clean water and where 

sea-run salmon or native trout persist. Documented host fish species critical to life cycle.

Table F-23 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on western pearlshell.

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

The western pearlshell has a broad geographic distribution extending from California north to 

Alaska and inland to Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Wyoming. They are most abundant in Idaho, 

Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, Canada. The pearlshell most commonly inhabits cool 

to cold rivers, but can also be found in smaller, cold headwater streams. They typically occupy 

areas with low velocities, low shear stress, low gradients, and stable substrates (Vannote and 

Minshall 1982, Toy 1998, Howard and Cuffey 2003, Stone, et al. 2004). Spatial distribution of the 

mussel reflects these habitat requirements and is non-uniform and aggregated in occupied streams 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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with aggregations, also known as mussel beds, consisting of hundreds of individuals per square 

meter (Murphy 1942, Toy 1998). 

Table F-23. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on western pearlshell

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Human-caused activities 

include eutrophication due 

to agricultural runoff and 

urbanization, 

sedimentation that 

smothers mussel beds.

Water diversions that 

reduce and alter instream 

flow hydrology regimes, 

mining, including suction 

dredge operations. This 

also includes grazing and 

water impoundments that 

reduce current velocities 

and allow for sediment 

deposition.

WTR-FW-DC 01-07

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 05

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

RANG-FW-STD 07

MA-RCA-DC 10

MA-RCA-STD 02, 03, 

06-15, 17-18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

SPEC-GT-STD Plan components provide 

direction to maintain adequate 

water quality and availability—

supports ecosystem integrity 

and resilience and maintains 

ecosystem conditions needed 

for host species and life cycle.

Plan components also include 

direction to minimize the 

impacts of water diversions 

that reduce water quantity and 

quality due to management 

activities.

Introduction of exotic 

species.

INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-GOAL 01 & 03

INV-FW-STD 01

MA-RCA-GOAL 01 & 02

N/A Plan components address the 

issue of exotic species and 

direction to manage and 

prevent exotics.

Climate change and 

changes in stream 

temperatures due to 

management activities.

Loss of quality habitat due 

to land management 

activities that degrade or 

eliminate habitat.

MA-RCA-DC 10 &11

MA-RCA-STD 01, 04, 05, 

07,10-15, 17 & 18

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

INV-FW-GOAL 03

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-RIV-OBJ 01-02

MA-CW-DC 01-03 

MA-CW-GDL 01-03

SPEC-GT-STD

MA-RCA-DC 01-11

MA-RCA-GDL 05, 07

Plan components provide for 

ecological integrity of aquatic 

systems so that they are 

resilient to climate change and 

other demands, necessary for 

providing adequate stream 

habitat for Western pearlshell 

and host species (sea-run 

salmon and trout). Plan 

components for Golden Trout 

provide standards for the 

WPMU.

General population 

loss/collapse

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 03, 04

SPEC-FW-GDL 03

MA-RCA-DC 01-08 & 11

MA-RCA-GOAL 01 & 02

SPEC-GT-GOAL

MA-RCA-GDL 05, 07

Plan components ensure that 

management activities 

promote ecological conditions 

that support the habitat 

components necessary to 

sustain healthy, functioning 

population levels within the 

inherent capability of the 

landscape.

Plan components provide 

direction to work with Federal, 

State and Tribes and other 

agencies to collaborate on 

restoring and maintaining at 

risk species and their habitat.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Despite the broad distribution of this species throughout the western states, its decline has led to 

limited localities on the Inyo National Forest. On the Inyo National Forest, these ecological 

conditions can be found in the South Fork Kern River and similar river systems, especially where 

the host fish species may occur. Although, the South Fork Kern River provides habitat for the 

western pearlshell, there is little information on actual population trends or density. 

A single California Natural Diversity Database record for this species was located on the Inyo 

National Forest along the South Fork Kern River in Monache Meadows; however, the record 

dates to 1948. Shells of this species were found on the Inyo at two locations in the South Fork 

Kern River in 2006, but no current documentation of an extant population was found. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

Western pearlshell occurs in habitats ranging in size from small creeks, 1 to 2 meters wide, to 

large rivers, where ever substrates are primarily composed of clean, coarse gravel, cobble and 

boulders. Optimal habitats for western pearlshell are low gradient (less than 4 percent; Howard 

2010) pools with velocities ranging from about 25 to 30 centimeters per second and depths from 

20 to 60 centimeters (Howard and Cuffey 2003, Stone et al. 2004). 

Key ecological conditions include cold creeks and rivers with clean water and where sea-run 

salmon or native trout persist. Documented host fishes for M. falcata include: cutthroat trout, 

rainbow/steelhead trout, Chinook salmon, and brown trout, and a number of other fish are 

considered potential hosts.

Reproduction in freshwater mussels typically involves the female siphoning water containing 

sperm into the body where the eggs are fertilized. The eggs are moved into specialized structures 

called marsupia where they develop into tiny immature mussels called glochidia. In M. falcata, 

glochidia are released en masse in thousands of glochidial “packets” (called conglutinates) during 

a short period time, usually when the water is warming in late spring (March to July). 

Conglutinates resemble decaying fish tissue (O’Brien, et al. 2013) which is apparently consumed 

by fish, which serve as an intermediate host for the development of the glochidia. All freshwater 

mussels require a fish host to reproduce and disperse, and salmonids (trout and salmon) are the 

primary species that serve this role for the western pearlshell. The glochidia prefer to attach 

themselves to the gills of the host fish where the blood of the host allows for rapid growth and 

development. Once the glochidia develop into a juvenile mussel, they drop off of the host and 

begin an independent life in the streambed; however, mortality at this stage is exceedingly high. 

Once an individual is successfully dropped onto the substrate, it exists by siphoning water into the 

body to extract suspended materials which serve as a food source. Under certain circumstances, 

females can produce glochidia hermaphroditically which likely allows them to persist in newly 

colonized areas or when population density is so low that there is limited viable sperm in the 

water column.

Individuals can live up to 100 years (Toy 1998). Many populations of the western pearlshell 

appear to be stable, based on the continued presence of individuals in historic locations. However, 

many of these populations are no longer recruiting new individuals or the recruitment levels are 

very low and, in some cases, die offs have been observed (Howard and Cuffey 2006, Hastie and 

Toy 2008, Howard 2008). NatureServe (2017) has a comprehensive description of the rangewide 

declines that have been documented. With the exception of few coastal streams that are not 

impaired by impoundments, population declines have occurred extensively in California (Howard 

and Cuffey 2006, Howard 2008, Howard 2010, NatureServe 2017). 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Key Threats to Persistence 

Key threats to the persistence of western pearlshell include habitat degradation, invasive aquatic 

species, loss of host species and climate change.

Impacts to the western pearlshell from human-caused activities include eutrophication due to 

agricultural runoff and urbanization, sedimentation that smothers mussel beds, water diversions 

that reduce and alter instream flow regimes, mining, including suction dredge operations, 

introduction of exotic species, grazing, and water impoundments that reduce current velocities 

and allow for sediment deposition (Hovingh 2004, Lydeard et al. 2004, Strayer and Downing 

2006, Krueger et al. 2007). Stream habitat degradation caused by historical grazing practices may 

have reduced the suitability of existing habitat, specifically in the Monache Meadows area, where 

this species is historically known to have occurred.

This mussel species depends on salmonid fish hosts to sustain and disperse larval clams. Since 

many salmonid species such as rainbow trout and salmon have experienced severe declines, 

western pearlshell mussels have declined as well (Krueger 2016). 

In addition, climate change may have enhanced drying effects on smaller ephemeral ponds and 

meadows, changing the timing and intensity of snow melt and spring precipitation, and will also 

continue to put forests at risk for stand-replacing fire, which can cause sedimentation and 

negative changes to water quality and flow. 

Threats Under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-23 above. 

• Watersheds

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Rivers and streams)

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought, flash floods and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

• General population loss/collapse 

• Loss of host species
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Summary

The western pearlshell (Margaritifera falcata) is a long-lived species (up to 100 years) and has 

been documented widely in western North America. It has been extirpated from northern Nevada, 

from most areas in northern Utah, and numerous examples exist documenting the decline of this 

species in particular streams and rivers throughout its range. In addition, populations of western 

pearlshell are reported to have not reproduced for decades; populations of such a long-lived 

species may appear stable, when in fact they are not reproducing. There is a need to document the 

current distribution and abundance of this species, so that if populations decline in the future, 

those declines can be documented and protection for vulnerable populations can be provided. 

Threats to the species include habitat degradation, invasive aquatic species, loss of host species, 

and climate change. Agricultural and urbanization activities can cause eutrophication and 

sedimentation that smoother mussel beds. Water diversions and grazing also degrade or eliminate 

habitat all together. 

Improvements in grazing management and a decision to rest two grazing allotments (USDA 

Forest Service 2001) have improved stream habitat conditions throughout the South Fork Kern 

River watershed. The Monache Meadows is likely the only reach on the Kern Plateau where 

habitat improvement is questionable. An extensive channel downcutting event occurred in the 

1980s and habitat conditions will likely remain poor in this reach for some time. Overall, land use 

practices, including more appropriate grazing strategies aimed at improving fish habitat and 

streambank conditions, will continue to be implemented, allowing for an upward trend in 

California golden trout habitat, which will in turn, may allow for improved conditions for western 

pearlshell mussel. 

Aquatic invasive species pose a threat to habitat and known populations. Western pearlshells are 

particularly specialized in that they rely on a host fish species in the trout and salmonid family to 

carry out their life cycle; thus, persistence relies not only on suitable habitat, but also another 

organism to provide an intermediate host for the development of the glochidia (immature western 

pearlshells). Furthermore, climate change poses an additional threat on habitat. Warming stream 

temperatures, reductions of snowpack and lose of perennial fast moving streams, also creates 

substantial concern about this species ability to persist on the planning unit. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of western pearlshell within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, the potential for host species loss, 

general population loss or collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the Inyo National Forest, and 

potential future threats associated with climate change and ground water use, it is not within the 

inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable 

population of western pearlshell within the plan area.

Wong’s Springsnail

Determination: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service to maintain or restore the 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of the Wong’s springsnail in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, the plan components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the 

plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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General Key Ecological Conditions: Cold spring water sources with perennial flow. 

Table F-24 summarizes key threats, plan components, and expected effects on Wong’s 

springsnail. 

Information on Current Distribution of the Species in the Planning Unit 

Wong’s springsnail has a distribution limited to the Owens Valley and southern Lahontan basin 

(California) where it is known from approximately 50 localities. These localities are springs that 

are sensitive to disturbance, especially to impacts occurring at the point of origin. The known 

threats are relevant to the continued persistence of the species in many locations, with the same 

impacts resulting in extirpations of entire species in other locations. Populations are apparently 

stable presently and the known distribution of the species has not recently changed. 

This species is known primarily from the Inyo National Forest and has a restricted distribution in 

the Owens Valley along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. It ranges from 

Pine Creek south to Little Lake, and along the eastern side of the valley from French Spring to 

Marble Creek in the Inyo Mountains. It is also found in a few sites in Long, Adobe, and Deep 

Springs Valleys. 

Approximately 20 California Natural Diversity Database records for this species were located on 

the Inyo National Forest, within six relative sites due to proximity of records. This species is 

considered very small and categorized as a micro-snail (1 to 8 millimeters in shell width), thus, 

detection can be extremely difficult. For this particular species, individuals can more readily 

detected due to their nature of piling up on to one another or can also be found in clusters. 

Key Ecological Conditions in Plan Area

This species occurs in seeps and spring-fed streams of small to moderate size. It can occur on 

watercress (Rorippa), travertine deposits or stones. It is very closely associated with springs with 

relatively high conductivity water supplied by the Owens Valley aquifer (USGS 1998). This 

species co-occurs with Owens Valley springsnail (P. wongi) at Batchelder Springs (Krueger 

2016). 

Key ecological conditions for springsnails typically include cold spring water sources with 

perennial flow. 

Key Threats to Persistence 

Key threats to the persistence to Wong’s springsnail include habitat degradation, invasive aquatic 

species and climate change.

Springs generally have consistent flow and temperature because they have a more integral 

connection with groundwater. As a result, they serve as refugia during periods of climatic drying 

especially as demonstrated in the Owens Valley/Death Valley area over the last 10,000 to 15,000 

years (Hershler 1998, Hershler and Pratt 1990, Sada and Herbst 2001). 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Table F-24. Key threats, plan components and expected effects on Wong’s springsnail 

Key Threats to 

Persistence 

Ecosystem Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats

Additional Speciesspecific Plan 

Components that 

Alleviate or Eliminate 

Key Threats Effects Summary

Human-caused 

activities include 

eutrophication due to 

agricultural runoff and 

urbanization, 

sedimentation that 

degrades habitat. 

Water diversions that 

reduce and alter 

instream flow hydrology 

regimes, mining, 

including suction 

dredge operations. This 

also includes grazing 

and water 

impoundments that 

reduce current 

velocities and allow for 

sediment deposition.

WTR-FW-DC 01-05

WTR-FW-STD 01-03

SPEC-FW-STD 01

SPEC-FW-GDL 04 & 05

RANG-FW-GOAL 03

RANG-FW-STD 07

MA-RCA-STD 01, 04, 

06, 07, 09-13, 15 & 19

MA-RCA-GDL 01-03

N/A Plan components 

provide direction to 

maintain adequate 

water quality and 

availability—supports 

ecosystem integrity and 

resilience and maintains 

ecosystem conditions 

needed for host species 

and life cycle.

Plan components also 

include direction to 

minimize the impacts of 

water diversions that 

reduce water quantity 

and quality due to 

management activities.

Introduction of exotic 

species.

INV-FW-DC 01-02

INV-FW-GOAL 01

INV-FW-STD 01

INV-FW-GDL 01

MA-RCA-GOAL 02

N/A Plan components 

address the issue of 

exotic species and 

direction to manage and 

prevent exotics.

Climate change and 

changes in water 

temperatures due to 

management activities. 

Loss of quality habitat.

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

RCA-MEAD-DC 01-03

RCA-RIV-DC 01-06

RCA-SPR-DC 01-03

N/A Plan components 

provide for ecological 

integrity of aquatic 

systems so that they 

are resilient to climate 

change and other 

demands, necessary for 

providing adequate cold 

water habitat.

General population 

loss/collapse

SPEC-FW-DC 01-04

SPEC-FW-GOAL 03, 04

SPEC-FW-GDL 03-05

MA-RCA-DC 01-10

MA-RCA-GOAL 01

N/A Plan components 

ensure that 

management activities 

promote ecological 

conditions that support 

the habitat components 

necessary to sustain 

healthy, functioning 

population levels within 

the inherent capability 

of the landscape.

Plan components 

provide direction to 

work with Federal, State 

and Tribes and other 

agencies to collaborate 

on restoring and 

maintaining at risk 

species and their 

habitat.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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The aquifer of the Owens Valley is primarily supplied by runoff from the Sierra Nevada 

snowpack (USGS 1998). Springs and seeps in the Owens Valley are typically found near the toes 

of alluvial fans from the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, along the edges of volcanic deposits, and 

in areas of geologic faulting (USGS 1998). Groundwater withdrawals are perhaps the greatest 

threat to spring flows (Sada and Herbst 2001). Most of the flow leading into the area that used to 

be Owens Lake is now diverted for domestic use to the Los Angeles area. This diversion of water 

makes the aquifer that supplies the springs more vulnerable to excessive withdrawal or other 

groundwater extractions (USGS 1998). The U.S. Geological Survey (1998) discussed the extent 

of past spring flow reductions during periods of high groundwater extraction, and modeled the 

potential impact to groundwater levels under different future extraction scenarios. In general, the 

effect of reduced discharge on springs is primarily observed when in close proximity to the 

groundwater wells and there are more wells on the west side of the Owens Valley where most of 

the occupied P. wongi springs occur. This scenario of reduced spring flow due to groundwater 

pumping suggests these populations of Wong’s springsnail are vulnerable to changes in habitat 

that would occur with increased pumping. Anticipated changes in habitat include a reduced 

volume of cold water discharged from the springs, which would result in a reduced stream length 

occupied by the snails mainly caused by water being warmed by the air. Very little information is 

available about the hydrology of the upper portion of the Lahontan drainage where other P. wongi

populations occur. 

A water diversion from springs is also a threat to the Wong’s springsnail (Sada and Vinyard 

2002). Any changes in streamflow, particularly if water is extracted from the point of emergence 

or a spring box is constructed can reduce the amount and extent of downstream suitable habitat 

(including thermal characteristics) and possibly habitat heterogeneity (Sada and Herbst 2001). 

Springsnails are frequently concentrated near spring sources with declining density downstream 

(Hershler and Sada 2002); therefore, changes in flow at the spring source could have greater 

consequences than diversions lower down in a spring system. Water velocity seems to be a key 

habitat component for some springsnails and spring boxes at the head of the spring would greatly 

reduce the preferred velocity (USFWS 1998). Livestock grazing has been observed at many sites 

occupied by springsnails and has been associated with habitat degradation (Sada and Herbst 2001, 

Sada and Vinyard 2002). However, there is little information available that suggests livestock use 

of springs adversely impacts springsnail habitat with the exceptions of diversion of water to 

troughs that is not returned to the spring run and the construction of spring boxes at the head of 

the spring for diversion purposes (Sada and Herbst 2001). Hershler and Sada (2002) indicate 

springsnails require hard substrates for egg deposition and foraging, so if excessive grazing, or 

any other factor, creates conditions where hard substrates are inundated by soft sediments, 

suitable habitat could be detrimentally impacted. 

Threats under Forest Service Control

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments). 

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to land management activities within the national forest 

boundary. 

In addition to the forestwide plan components for Animals and Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems 

mentioned earlier in this section, threats are primarily addressed through plan components under 

the following sections and are described in Table F-24 above. 

• Watersheds

• Management Areas (Riparian Conservation Areas, Conservation Watersheds)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

455

• Riparian Conservation Areas (Meadows; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; seeps and 

springs) 

• Rangeland Livestock Grazing

• Invasive Species

• Components for Animal and Plant Species 

Threats Not Under Forest Service Control 

• Any activities that alter water flow and hydrologic regime (grazing and water 

impoundments) and occur outside the national forest boundary, along with growing water 

use demands.

• Loss or degradation of habitat due to drought, flash floods and changes in precipitation 

patterns and snowpack related to climate change.

• General population loss/collapse 

• Introduction of exotic aquatic species

Summary

The Wong’s springsnail is a restricted endemic, with limited locations on the Inyo National 

Forest. There is substantial concern for the species’ persistence due to its rarity and restriction to 

cold perennial seeps and springs. As a result of this rarity and its limited distribution, this species 

is also highly susceptible to unpredictable events and drying conditions resulting from increasing 

temperatures and events related to climate change. Activities that reduce water flow can greatly 

impact this species. In addition, extremely limited dispersal ability of this species and isolated 

populations put it at further risk for localized extinctions. 

The Inyo National Forest has a number of ecosystem-level and species-specific plan components 

in place to mitigate risks within its management authority, but cannot mitigate all threats for 

persistence. Based upon this evaluation, the final set of ecosystem plan components and the 

additional species-specific plan components, when carried out, would provide the necessary 

ecological conditions to maintain a viable population of Wong’s springsnail within its range. 

However, due to uncertainty about the species current viability, the potential for exotic aquatic 

species introduction, general population loss or collapse, the limited amount of habitat on the 

Inyo National Forest, and potential future threats associated with climate change and ground 

water use, it is not within the inherent capability of the land to maintain or restore the ecological 

conditions to maintain a viable population of Wong’s springsnail within the plan area.

Crosswalk – Animal Species of Conservation Concern

The following table is a crosswalk that shows how plan components meet species-specific habitat 

needs grouped by the key ecological conditions or habitat elements that species share in common. 

Categories are not mutually exclusive. The table does not include all plan components that 

provide for persistence but rather focuses on key threats and primary plan components that 

mitigate those threats. More detailed information on individual species contained within groups 

can be found in the Rationales for Animal Species Considered for Designation as Species of 

Conservation Concern (USDA 2018) 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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Table F-25. Crosswalk between species of conservation concern, key ecological conditions, key threats and primary plan components that provide for 

persistence 

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Large Tree and Large trees and Vegetation Guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL) 

Snag snags, cavities, management and 01 Known nest, roost, or den trees used by species of conservation concern or raptors, 

Dependent: downed logs, fire (both natural including surrounding trees that provide beneficial thermal or predatory protection, should 

fisher, Sierra woody debris, and prescribed) not be purposefully removed, with the exception of the unavoidable removal of hazard Marten, California mistletoe and natural trees and as required to meet other State or Federal regulatory requirements.

spotted owl, great 

gray owl, Mount 

Pinos sooty 

grouse, and bald 

eagle.

broomsnesting/denning 

structures.

disturbance and 

(e.g. insect 

outbreaks, 

drought), climate 

change.

Desired Conditions (TERR-RFIR-DC)

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by medium and large-diameter trees and low 

to moderate canopy cover (between 10 and 60 percent) comprise most of the landscape.

Desired Conditions (TERR-LDGP-DC)

04 In wet lodgepole pine forests, areas dominated by medium and large-diameter trees, 

comprise more than 45 percent of the landscape (table 1). Tree stocking (basal area) is 

highly variable, ranging from 50 to 280 square feet per acre, with most less than 150 

square feet per acre (table 2). Canopy cover ranges from 20 to 70 percent but is generally 

50 percent. 

05 In wet lodgepole pine forests, large snag densities are between 5 and 40 snags per 10 

acres (table 3). Snags are well distributed, highly irregular in spacing, and provide for 

future downed logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states of 

decay, is well distributed but irregular in spacing and ranges from 1 to 20 tons per acre. 

Desired Conditions (TERR-DMC-DC)

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by medium and large-diameter trees comprise 

more than 60 percent of the landscape. Overstory tree canopy cover is generally 30 

percent but ranges widely from 10 to 60 percent at a fine scale. Trees are denser in some 

locations, such as north-facing slopes and canyon bottoms, but in small patches in limited 

areas (less than 20 percent of the area). Vigorous shrubs cover 10 percent or more of the 

area, with density varying by aspect, slope, and soil type. 

06 At the mid- to fine scale, snags greater than 20 inches in diameter are at densities 

between 2 to 20 snags per 10 acres, and are well distributed, but highly irregular in spacing 

providing for future downed logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in 

varying states of decay, is irregularly distributed and ranges from 1 to 5 tons per acre. 

Desired Conditions (TERR-JEFF-DC)

04 At the mid-scale, Jeffrey pine forest is composed predominantly of vigorous trees, but 

declining trees are an important component, providing wildlife nesting and denning habitat, 

future production of snags, down logs, and other coarse woody debris.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

05 At the mid-scale, insects and pathogens like dwarf mistletoe, Annosus and Armillaria 

root diseases, and Jeffrey pine beetle, occur at endemic levels and are restricted to 

individual stands. Witches’ brooms caused by mistletoe provide habitat for wildlife species.

06 At the fine scale, size and age class diversity is high within Jeffrey pine stands. 

Individual large trees or tree groups provide nesting and denning habitat for wildlife.

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

02 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide 

foraging and breeding habitat, movement, and connectivity for a variety of old forestassociated species.

03 Between 40 and 80 percent of the forested landscape contains old forest areas. Old 

forest areas are clumps and patches of old forests components such as old trees, snags 

and large downed logs. These areas are irregularly distributed across the landscape and 

interspersed with stands of younger trees, shrubs, meadows, other herbaceous vegetation, 

and unvegetated patches.

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

05 Old forests are composed of both vigorous trees and decadent trees. Clumps of large 

trees, snags, large logs, and decadent older trees are maintained on the landscape in 

sufficient numbers to benefit wildlife and are distributed throughout the planning area 

before and after disturbances.

06 Large snags are scattered across the landscape, generally occurring in clumps rather 

than uniformly and evenly distributed, meeting the needs of species that use snags and 

providing for future downed logs.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-SMPF-DC)

02 Within marten core habitat and fisher Core Area 1, vegetation is trending toward desired 

conditions for terrestrial and riparian vegetation.

03 Marten and fisher habitat are well distributed throughout the marten’s range and fisher 

Core Area 1, providing for foraging, denning, and resting habitat and movement across 

large landscapes.

04 Essential fisher habitat elements, including large living and dead trees (especially pines 

and oaks) and structures used by fishers for resting and denning (cavities, deformities), are 

common and well distributed throughout fisher Core Area 1.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-CSO-DC)

05 Within California spotted owl territories, large trees and snags that can provide for 

nesting and for primary prey species are abundant and have the following characteristics:

a. Moderate signs of decay with large pieces of bark pulling away from the bole that 

causes safe spaces or pockets for bats and flying squirrels to roost or den. 
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Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

b. Snags with small to large cavities, especially if they are protected by adjacent 

overhanging canopy.

c. Whitewash around the base or on the snag, indicating it is currently being used by large 

birds.

d. Snags with large (5 inches by 3 inches), squared-off, oval-shaped cavities typically 

created by pileated woodpeckers.

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

01 The composition, structure, and functions of old forests and surrounding landscapes are 

resilient to fire, drought, insects, pathogens, and climate change. Fire occurs as a key 

ecological process in forest types that are adapted to fire, creating, restoring and 

maintaining ecosystem resilience and fire-related composition and structure.

02 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide 

foraging and breeding habitat, movement, and connectivity for a variety of old forestassociated species.

03 Between 40 and 80 percent of the forested landscape contains old forest areas. Old 

forest areas are clumps and patches of old forests components such as old trees, snags 

and large downed logs. These areas are irregularly distributed across the landscape and 

interspersed with stands of younger trees, shrubs, meadows, other herbaceous vegetation, 

and unvegetated patches.

07 Coarse woody debris is distributed in patches and the density of large downed logs 

varies by vegetation type. Surface dead wood levels are sufficient to provide for legacy soil 

microbial populations.

Guidelines (TERR-OLD-GDL)

01 When large tree densities meet desired condition levels, thinning to increase 

heterogeneity and resilience should emphasize retention of the oldest and largest trees, 

especially pines. Large trees with deformities, broken tops, large branches, and cavities 

should be retained for wildlife habitat whenever possible. 

02 During burning, firing patterns, burn unit layout, and other firing and holding methods 

should limit mortality of large old trees and loss of very large snags. Consider preventing 

delayed mortality caused by smoldering at the base of large old trees and consider 

constructing fireline around large old trees and very large snags to reduce the risk of tree 

ignition while addressing firefighter safety. Limit fire intensity in areas with large old trees 

and very large snags where possible.

Standards (TERR-FW-STD)
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

01 Retain conifer trees greater than 30 inches in diameter. Exceptions under which trees 

greater than 30 inches in diameter may be removed, felled for coarse woody debris, or 

girdled for snag creation include:

a. When public or firefighter safety is threatened and cannot be otherwise mitigated.

b. When removing trees is needed for aspen, oak, or meadow restoration treatments or for 

cultural or Tribal importance.

c. Individual trees less than 35 inches in diameter may be removed when required for 

equipment operability and cannot be reasonably and feasibly avoided.

d. In overstocked stands to favor retention or promote growth of even larger or older 

shade-intolerant trees to more effectively meet tree species composition and forest 

structure restoration goals.

Guidelines (TERR-FW-GDL)

01 Projects facilitate increasing heterogeneity at all scales, from tree clumps to large 

landscapes. Several treatment strategies can be employed: using landscape topography 

(slope, aspect, and slope position) to vary stand densities; promoting tree clumps and gaps 

within a stand, increasing the proportion of large to small trees; retaining important habitat 

structures such as large trees, snags, and trees with broken tops; and increasing diversity 

by promoting native plant species. 

02 Vegetation treatment projects within forested habitats should include a widely 

distributed but often clumped distribution of snags and downed logs. Along forest edges 

and within groups and clumps of large trees, snags and downed logs should be retained to 

provide habitat and roost sites for wildlife species such as small mammals and cavitynesting birds. When snags need to be removed, retain larger diameter snags with the 

longest expected standing longevity.

Structural Interlocking Vegetation Desired Conditions (TERR-FW-DC)

diversity/stand canopy, old management and 01 Each vegetation type contains a mosaic of vegetation conditions, densities and heterogeneity, growth with fire (both natural structures. This mosaic, which occurs at a variety of scales across landscapes and interlocking pockets of denser and prescribed) watersheds, reflects conditions that provide for ecosystem integrity and ecosystem 

canopy: Sierra stands. and natural diversity given the inherent capabilities of the landscape that is shaped by site conditions marten, fisher, disturbance (e.g. and disturbance regimes. California spotted 

owl, great gray 

owl

insect outbreaks, 

drought), climate 

change.

Desired Conditions (TERR-RFIR-DC)

07 At the mid- to fine scale, snags greater than 20 inches in diameter are distributed in 

patches. An average of 5 to 40 snags per 10 acres (table 3) provide for future downed 

logs. Coarse woody debris, including large downed logs in varying states of decay, is 

distributed in patches and ranges from 1 to 10 tons per acre. 

Desired Conditions (TERR-LDGP-DC)
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Species Group

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Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

07 In dry lodgepole pine forests, areas dominated by medium and large-diameter trees 

comprise more than 60 percent of the landscape (table 1). Canopy cover is generally 10 to 

40 percent but may exceed 40 percent in small patches and moist microsites (table 2).

Desired Conditions (TERR-LDGP-DC)

03 The distribution and structure of wet lodgepole pine forests are variable, ranging from 

small patches of even-aged trees, with both closed and open canopies, to uneven-aged, 

irregular patches. Size and age class diversity is high within wet lodgepole pine stands. 

Individual trees are variably spaced with some tight groups. Irregularly shaped groups of 

large and intermediate trees are variably sized, with some overlapping tree crowns. 

Smaller trees are randomly distributed.

Desired Conditions (TERR-DMC-DC)

07 At the landscape scale, the dry mixed conifer vegetation type has a mosaic of patches 

of trees of varied sizes and ages. It is dominated by Jeffrey pine and white fir trees, with 

white fir densities dependent on climate and fire trends.

Desired Conditions (TERR-JEFF-DC)

01 At the landscape scale, the Jeffrey pine type is part of a heterogeneous mosaic of 

shrublands, woodlands or other vegetation types. Forests are dominated by Jeffrey pine 

trees and are generally open. Open-canopied stands dominate the landscape, with 

generally less than 10 percent of the area having more than 40 percent canopy cover. 

07 At the fine scale, openings of various shapes surround and are intermixed with the 

trees. These gaps make up from 10 to 70 percent of the area, are typically less than 0.1 to 

0.5 acre in size, and contain herbaceous plants, shrubs and tree regeneration

Guidelines (SPEC-SMPF-GDL)

01 Within marten core habitat and fisher Core Area 1, retain overtopping and multi-storied 

canopy conditions, including some shade-tolerant understory trees such as firs, especially 

in drainages, swales and canyon bottoms and on north- and east-facing slopes. Retain a 

patchy mosaic of shrubs and understory vegetation, separated by more open areas, to 

reduce fuel continuity, increase habitat heterogeneity, support prey, and provide hiding 

cover, with a goal of 10 to 20 percent shrub cover at the home range scale.

02 Maintain or increase understory heterogeneity in marten denning habitat and fisher high 

value reproductive habitat (see glossary) to promote hiding cover such as shrub patches, 

coarse woody debris, and slash piles following vegetation treatments. Project design 

should include non-linear edges that decrease susceptibility to predation.

Old growth 

Dependent: 

Sierra marten, 

Old growth 

components 

including large 

Vegetation 

management and 

fire (both natural 

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

01 The composition, structure, and functions of old forests and

resilient to fire, drought, insects, pathogens, and climate chan

 surrounding landscapes are 

ge. Fire occurs as a key 
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

California spotted 

owl, great gray 

owl.

trees and snags, 

coarse down 

woody debris and 

trees in various 

stages of decay.

and prescribed) 

and natural 

disturbance (e.g. 

insect outbreaks 

and drought), 

climate change.

ecological process in forest types that are adapted to fire, creating, restoring and 

maintaining ecosystem resilience and fire-related composition and structure.

02 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide 

foraging and breeding habitat, movement, and connectivity for a variety of old forestassociated species.

03 Between 40 and 80 percent of the forested landscape contains old forest areas. Old 

forest areas are clumps and patches of old forests components such as old trees, snags 

and large downed logs. These areas are irregularly distributed across the landscape and 

interspersed with stands of younger trees, shrubs, meadows, other herbaceous vegetation, 

and unvegetated patches.

07 Coarse woody debris is distributed in patches and the density of large downed logs 

varies by vegetation type. Surface dead wood levels are sufficient to provide for legacy soil 

microbial populations.

Guidelines (TERR-OLD-GDL)

01 When large tree densities meet desired condition levels, thinning to increase 

heterogeneity and resilience should emphasize retention of the oldest and largest trees, 

especially pines. Large trees with deformities, broken tops, large branches, and cavities 

should be retained for wildlife habitat whenever possible. 

02 During burning, firing patterns, burn unit layout, and other firing and holding methods 

should limit mortality of large old trees and loss of very large snags. Consider preventing 

delayed mortality caused by smoldering at the base of large old trees and consider 

constructing fireline around large old trees and very large snags to reduce the risk of tree 

ignition while addressing firefighter safety. Limit fire intensity in areas with large old trees 

and very large snags where possible.

Desired Conditions (TERR-ALPN-DC)

01 Subalpine woodlands are highly variable in structure and composition. Diverse patch 

types vary from open woodlands with scattered trees to small, dense groves.

Complex Early

Seral Habitat 

Dependent:

Sierra marten, 

great gray owl.

Snags and logs, 

in varying 

densities, 

intermixed with 

newly resprouted or 

recently

regenerated 

trees, shrubs, 

Lack of 

disturbance, 

salvage logging

Desired Conditions (TERR-CES-DC)

01 Complex early seral habitat contains dense and variable patches of snags and other 

habitat elements characteristic of natural succession that are important to early seral 

forest-associated species. Variable densities of shrubs are managed in more productive 

sites depending on site potential. Aspen sprouts are well distributed in areas where they 

occur.

02 Snags, logs, and live trees are widely and variably distributed in large patches (greater 

than 100 acres when available) where vegetation has been severely burned (greater than 
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

herbs and 75 percent mortality) to provide habitat while also considering the need for other resource 

grasses. objectives. 

03 Snags that support cavity nesting birds and mammals are sufficiently abundant and well 

distributed, especially large-diameter snags. Large diameter snags are retained to mimic 

natural mortality groups. 

Goals (TERR-CES-GOAL)

01 Restoration projects following large stand-replacing events (such as wildfire and bark 

beetle infestations) should consider: 

b. fuel loads over the long term, including the need to restore fire to the recovering or 

restored landscape; 

c. restoring forested habitat to deforested areas, including restoring connectivity; 

d. habitat for local wildlife species that use burned forest or habitats with high snag 

densities; 

e. other ecological restoration actions in the affected area; 

f. opportunities to recover economic value and carbon stored as a harvested wood product 

from dead and dying trees;

g. the development of restoration strategies that move landscape conditions towards 

terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem desired conditions;

h. the importance of the larger landscape or watersheds encompassing the impacted area, 

including watersheds or landscapes outside the affected area;

i. future projections in climate and their influence on ecosystems in the affected area; and

j. long-term maintenance of regional biodiversity in disturbed and adjacent undisturbed 

forest landscapes.

Guidelines (TERR-CES-GDL)

02 Post-disturbance restoration projects should be designed to protect and maintain 

important wildlife habitat. 

05 Large fires with more than 1,000 acres of contiguous blocks of moderate and high 

vegetation burn severity (greater than 75 percent mortality) in forest vegetation types 

(Jeffery pine, dry mixed conifer, red fir, and lodgepole pine) should retain at least 10 

percent of the moderate and high vegetation burn severity area without harvest to provide 

areas of complex early seral habitat.

Sagebrush 

Dependent: 

Sage grouse, BiLarge and 

contiguous 

sagebrush stands 

mixed with areas 

Pinyon-Juniper 

expansion and 

conifer 

encroachment,

Desired Conditions (SPEC-SG-DC)

01 Suitable sage-grouse habitat includes breeding, brood-rearing, and wintering habitats 

that are distributed to allow for dispersal and genetic flow.
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

State population of wet meadows, Invasive species 02 High quality nesting cover, conditions that support high levels of quality pre-laying hen 

segment. riparian, or 

irrigated 

agriculture fields.

(cheatgrass),Veg

etation/Fuels 

Management, 

Wildfires, 

Inadequate 

forage, Livestock 

grazing

habitat and dietary protein intake needs, and habitat supporting chick-rearing nutritional 

needs occur throughout breeding habitat in each population management unit.

03 Sage-grouse brood-rearing habitat occurs in the Bodie, South Mono, and White 

Mountains population management units and includes a range of shrub cover, perennial 

grass cover, forb density, and meadows.

04 Sage-grouse habitat is maintained or enhanced within and between population 

management unit corridors and allows for population movement, seasonal movements, 

and genetic flow.

05 Sage-grouse habitats do not include overstory trees, such as pinyon pine, juniper, or 

Jeffrey pine.

06 The extent and dominance of nonnative annual grass species, such as cheatgrass, is 

limited and does not lead toward reduction in the suitability of sage-grouse habitat.

07 Unwanted fire (more frequent, severe, or larger than the natural range of variation) in 

sage-grouse priority habitat is limited or prevented.

08 At the stand/site scale (10 to 100 acres), sagebrush and understory cover occur in a 

mosaic across the site, with 1-acre patches meeting the desired conditions for nest sites 

and brood-rearing areas, in areas that are consistent with the site and the sagebrush 

species potential. 

09 Meadows within sage-grouse range provide suitable habitat for sage-grouse, including 

desirable foraging species (insects and plants), have suitable sagebrush cover around the 

meadows edge, are hydrologically fully functional and vegetation is within mid-seral 

conditions. Within livestock allotments in sage-grouse range, meadow condition is trending 

towards or rated at fully functional based on forestwide range utilization standards.

Objective (SPEC-SG-OBJ)

01 Within 10 years of the plan approval, up to 14,900 acres of sage-grouse habitat, within 

and between population management units, will be improved or restored to meet sagegrouse priority habitat desired conditions.

Standards (SPEC-SG-STD)

01 Habitat restoration projects for the sage-grouse shall be designed to meet one or more 

of the following habitat needs:

a. Promote the maintenance of extensive, intact sagebrush communities;

b. Limit the expansion or dominance of invasive species, including cheatgrass, and the 

expansion of pine species, including pinyon-juniper and Jeffrey pine;

c. Maintain or improve soil site stability, hydrologic function, and biological integrity; and
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Species Group

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Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

d. Enhance the native plant community.

02 Habitat restoration projects for the sage-grouse must include measures to improve 

suitability of breeding or brood rearing habitat. 

03 Within sage-grouse habitat, ensure that habitat restoration activities, vegetation 

treatments, or other authorized uses on the national forest, maintain or move toward 

vegetation desired conditions for sage-grouse. Short-term (1 to 10 year) impacts are 

allowed to deviate from these habitat standards, if the long-term (10 to 30 years) project 

objective is to achieve desired conditions.

04 Mitigate long-term negative impacts to sage-grouse habitat from activities, to the extent 

practicable and within agency authority. 

05 Require site-specific project mitigation if needed to insure no net loss of habitat within 

the Inyo National Forest due to project disturbance. 

06 Establish a limiting operating period for the sage-grouse breeding season (which 

current best available science indicates is March 1 to May 15) within suitable breeding 

habitat for any activities that would cause disturbances during this time. These dates can 

be adjusted based on current nesting conditions or risk assessment.

07 Establish a limiting operating period for the sage-grouse nesting season (which current 

best available science indicates is May 1 to June 15) within suitable nesting habitat for any 

activities that would lead to disturbances during this time. These dates can be adjusted 

based on current nesting conditions or risk assessment.

08 When conducting livestock grazing allotment assessments, establish key areas in 

meadow or upland habitats, where absent in occupied sage-grouse habitat. 

09 Within sage-grouse priority habitat, use genetically and climatically appropriate native 

plant and seed material when seeding the area.

10 No new tall structures, which could serve as predator perches, will be authorized within 

four miles of an active lek in suitable habitat. If structures are needed within this area then 

anti-perching devices shall be installed. During the permit renewal process, existing 

powerlines and other utility structures within 4 miles of active leks in suitable habitat will be 

retrofitted with perch-deterring devices.

11 All fences and other barriers constructed or replaced within 1.2 miles of a known lek, in 

suitable habitat must be let-down fences and/or marked with fence markers.

12 Within suitable habitat, manage permitted watering facilities to prevent drowning or 

entrapment and provide mosquito control to reduce the risk of creating a vector for 

diseases. 

13 Do not locate new salting, supplemental feeding locations, livestock watering, and 

handling facilities on sage-grouse leks.
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

14 After soil disturbance or seeding, subsequent soil-disturbing management activities 

shall not occur until desired habitat conditions have been met within sage-grouse habitat 

unless a resource team determines that disturbance will help achieve desired conditions.

15 Consult a resource advisor during wildfires in sagebrush to identify suitable sagegrouse habitat and to suggest opportunities for retaining and protecting sagebrush stands. 

When safe and feasible, protect highly valued suitable sage-grouse habitat ahead of burn 

operations using techniques such as targeted burning and providing direct protection.

Guidelines (SPEC-SG-GDL)

01 Use existing roads to co-locate new powerlines to reduce disturbance footprints (areas) 

and habitat fragmentation.

02 Where feasible, bury utility lines to reduce overhead perches.

03 When agency personnel, contractors, and permit holders are driving off road and 

working in areas with known noxious weed infestation, the vehicles should be cleaned 

before entering a different area to reduce the spread of noxious weeds.

04 Vegetation treatments and disturbances that reduce connectivity should be seeded or 

transplanted with sagebrush to restore patches of sagebrush cover and connect existing 

patches to improve sage-grouse habitats within and between population management 

units.

All Riparian Loss in connectivity Changes in timing Desired Conditions (MA-CW-DC)

Dependent 

Species

between habitat 

patches; 

declining/drying 

meadow 

and flow of water 

and water 

availability resulting 

from climate 

01 Conservation watersheds provide high-quality habitat and functionally intact 

ecosystems that contribute to the persistence of species of conservation concern and the 

recovery of threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species.

conditions. change (e.g. 

drought) and/or 

hydroelectric 

power/water 

diversions and 

increasing 

demands for water 

by humans. Forest 

management 

activities (fire, veg, 

livestock grazing)

03 The drainage connections between floodplains, wetlands, upland slopes, headwaters, 

and tributaries are intact and provide for breeding, dispersal, overwintering, and feeding 

habitats for at-risk species. These areas provide refugia if other areas of the watershed are 

disturbed by events such as floods, landslides, and fires. 

Desired Conditions (WTR-FW-DC)

07 Where stream diversions or other flow modifications are not regulated by the Federal 

Energy Regulatory Commission, at-risk species and beneficial uses are sustained. Instream flows allow for at-risk species habitat and sustain riparian resources, channel 

integrity, and aquatic passage. 

Desired Conditions (MA-RCA-DC)

02 Riparian conservation areas have ecological conditions that contribute to the recovery 

of threatened and endangered species and support persistence of species of conservation 

concern as well as native and desired nonnative aquatic and riparian-dependent plant and 

animal species.
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Species Group

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Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Objective (MA-RCA-OBJ)

01 Restore the structure and composition of at least 400 acres in riparian areas within 10 

years following plan approval, emphasizing riparian areas that face the most risk from 

large-scale high-intensity fire, past fire exclusion, or accelerated flooding events associated 

with climate change.

Standards (MA-RCA-STD)

01 Ensure that management activities do not adversely affect water temperatures 

necessary for local aquatic- and riparian-dependent species assemblages.

05 All new or replaced permanent stream crossings shall accommodate at least the 100-

year flood, its bedload, and debris. Estimates for 100-year flood potential will reflect the 

best available science regarding potential effects of climate change.

06 Locate water drafting sites to minimize adverse effects to instream flows and depletion 

of pool habitat.

09 Use screening devices for water drafting pumps. (Fire suppression activities are exempt 

during initial attack.) Use pumps with low entry velocity to minimize removal of aquatic 

species from aquatic habitats, including juvenile fish, amphibian egg masses and tadpoles.

10 Prohibit or mitigate ground-disturbing activities that adversely affect hydrologic 

processes that maintain water flow, water quality, or water temperature critical to 

sustaining fen ecosystems and the plant species that depend on these ecosystems. 

17 Locate new livestock handling facilities and stock driveways, salting, and supplemental 

feeding outside of meadows and riparian areas except where there are no other feasible 

alternatives and where placement is consistent with meeting watershed or water quality 

best management practices if located in riparian conservation areas.

Guidelines (FIRE-FW-GDL)

04 When managing wildland fire, allow fire to burn in riparian ecosystems when fire effects 

are expected to be within the natural range for the ecosystem to improve riparian 

ecosystem function. 

05 Where possible during wildland fire management activities, locate incident bases, 

camps, helibases, staging areas, helispots and other centers for incident activities outside 

of riparian conservation areas to avoid impacts to aquatic- and riparian-dependent 

resources.

Seeps and Slow moving Lowering of the Guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL)

Springs water water table, 05 Water developments (such as a diversion or well) should be avoided near streams or 

Dependent: Inyo Cold spring water Dewatering or seeps and springs where there is high risk of dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats 

Mountains sources with channelization, where at-risk species occur.

slender perennial flow invasion by 
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Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

salamander, Kern nonnative Desired Conditions (RCA-SPR-DC)

plateau species, Wetland 01 Springs provide sufficient water to maintain healthy habitats for native riparian and 

salamander, drainage, Spring aquatic species.

Black toad, 

Willow 

Flycatcher, 

Western 

Pearlshell, 

Owens Valley 

Springsnail, 

capping, flood 

scouring, 

overgrazing, 

trampling.

02 Springs are resilient to natural disturbances, groundwater diversions, and changing 

climate conditions. Springs function across the landscape within their type and water 

availability.

03 Springs and associated streams and wetlands have the necessary soil, water, and 

vegetation attributes to be healthy and functioning at or near potential. Water flow is similar 

to historic levels and persists over time, within constraints of climate change.

Wong’s 

Springsnail

Wet/Riparian Dense thickets of Lowering of the Guidelines (SPEC-FW-GDL)

Meadow shrubby water table, 05 Water developments (such as a diversion or well) should be avoided near streams or 

Dependent: vegetation, Dewatering or seeps and springs where there is high risk of dewatering aquatic and riparian habitats 

Willow structural channelization, where at-risk species occur. Flycatcher, Sage 

grouse, Sierra 

marten, Black 

toad, Inyo 

Mountains 

slender 

salamander, 

Apache Fritillary, 

Mono Lake 

Checkerspot, 

heterogeneity, 

perennial water 

source.

Perennially wet 

marshes and wet 

meadows near 

springs, seeps 

and riparian 

areas where host 

plant species 

invasion by 

nonnative 

species.

Desired Conditions (RCA-MEAD-DC)

01 Meadows are hydrologically functional. Sites of accelerated erosion, such as gullies and 

headcuts are stabilized, recovering, or within the natural range of variation

02 Wetlands and groundwater-dependent ecosystems (including springs, seeps, fens, wet 

meadows, and associated wetlands or riparian systems) support stable herbaceous and 

woody vegetative communities that are resilient to drought, climate change, and other 

stressors. Root masses stabilize stream channels, shorelines, and soil surfaces. The 

natural hydrologic, hydraulic, and geomorphic processes in these ecosystems sustain their 

unique functions and biological diversity.

Sierra Sulphur may occur. 03 Meadows are resilient and recover rapidly from natural and human disturbances. They 

exhibit a high degree of hydrologic connectivity laterally across the floodplain and vertically 

between surface and subsurface flows. They provide important ecosystem services such 

as high-quality water, recharge of streams and aquifers, and moderation of climate 

variability and change.

04 Soils in wet and headwater meadows are influenced by a shallow water table and 

function to filter water. These soils also store and release water over an extended period of 

time, which helps to maintain streamflow during dry summer months.

05 Meadows have substantive ground cover and a rich and diverse species composition, 

especially of grasses and forbs. Meadows have high plant functional diversity with multiple 

successional functional types represented. Perennial streams in meadows contain a 
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Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

diversity of age classes of shrubs along the streambank, where the potential exists for 

these plants.

06 A complexity of meadow habitat types and successional patterns support native plant 

and animal communities. Meadow species composition is predominantly native, where 

graminoid (grass-like) species are well represented and vigorous, and regeneration occurs 

naturally. Healthy stands of willow, alder, and aspen are present within and adjacent to 

meadows with suitable physical conditions for these species. Natural disturbances and 

management activities are sufficient to maintain desired vegetation structure, species 

diversity, and nutrient cycling.

Guidelines (FIRE-FW-GDL)

04 When managing wildland fire, allow fire to burn in riparian ecosystems when fire effects 

are expected to be within the natural range for the ecosystem to improve riparian 

ecosystem function. 

05 Where possible during wildland fire management activities, locate incident bases, 

camps, helibases, staging areas, helispots and other centers for incident activities outside 

of riparian conservation areas to avoid impacts to aquatic- and riparian-dependent 

resources.

Dry/Non-riparian Native plant Invasive plants, Desired Conditions (SPEC-SHP-DC)

Meadow composition, conifer/ woodland 01 An adequate amount of suitable habitat supports persistent populations of bighorn Dependent: openness. encroachment, sheep. These habitat patches include unforested openings supporting productive plant 

great gray owl, Dry meadows, unmanaged communities with a variety of forage species in and near adequate steep rocky escape 

Nelson desert clearings or grazing. terrain throughout the elevational range within mountain ranges. These areas meet 

bighorn sheep, openings where different seasonal needs for each sex for feeding, night beds, birthing sites, lamb rearing, California spotted host plant and migration routes between suitable habitat patches. owl, Sierra 

marten, Kern 

Plateau 

salamander, 

species may 

occur.

Desired Conditions (RCA-MEAD-DC)

01 Meadows are hydrologically functional. Sites of accelerated erosion, such as gullies and 

headcuts are stabilized, recovering, or within the natural range of variation

Mount Pinos 06 A complexity of meadow habitat types and successional patterns support native plant 

sooty grouse, and animal communities. Natural disturbances and management activities are sufficient to 

Boisduval’s blue, maintain desired vegetation structure, species diversity, and nutrient cycling.

square dotted 07 Meadows in montane and upper montane areas have low to moderate-severity fire 

blue restored as an ecological process, especially on meadow edges, limiting conifer 

encroachment and enhancing native understory plant composition and cover.

Aquatic/Water 

Dependent: 

California golden 

Large bodies of 

water (lakes or 

reservoirs) or free 

Lowering or 

depletion of the 

water table, 

Standard (SPEC-GT-STD)

01 High quality habitat for all golden trout streams should be managed as best that can be 

achieved given the incised conditions of the stream channels as defined by accepted 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

trout, bald eagle, flowing large sedimentation, methodologies such as proper functioning condition, stream condition inventory, and 

Western rivers with changes in water desired conditions using the greenline method for riparian vegetation habitat.

pearlshell, adjacent large temperature. Desired Conditions (RCA-RIV-DC)

Owens Valley 

springsnail, 

Wong’s 

springsnail

live trees or 

snags.

Rivers and large 

streams with 

01 Stream ecosystems, riparian corridors, and associated stream courses sustain 

ecosystem structure; are resilient to natural disturbances (such as flooding) and climate 

change; promote the natural movement of water, sediment and woody debris; and provide 

habitat for native aquatic species or desirable nonnative species.

cold, clean water 

and where 

pooling 

habitat/undercut 

banks and 

02 Stream ecosystems, including ephemeral watercourses, exhibit full connectivity where 

feasible to maintain aquatic species diversity, except where barriers are maintained in 

good condition to protect native aquatic species. Ephemeral watercourses provide for 

dispersal, access to new habitats, perpetuation of genetic diversity, and nesting and 

foraging habitat for riparian and aquatic species. emergent 

vegetation is 

present.

Cold spring water 

sources with 

perennial flow. 

03 Instream flows are sufficient to sustain desired conditions of riparian, aquatic, wetland, 

and meadow habitats and retain patterns of sediment, nutrients, and wood routing as close 

as possible to those with which aquatic and riparian biota evolved. The physical structure 

and condition of streambanks and shorelines minimize erosion and sustain desired habitat 

diversity. 

04 Streams and rivers maintain seasonal water flow over time, including periodic flooding, 

which promotes natural movement of water, sediment, nutrients, and woody debris. 

Flooding creates a mix of stream substrates for fish habitat, including clean gravels for fish 

spawning, large wood structures, and sites for riparian vegetation to germinate and 

establish. 

05 Stream channel conditions exhibit a sediment regime under which aquatic and riparian 

ecosystems evolved. Elements of the sediment regime include the timing, volume, rate, 

and character of sediment input, storage, and transport. The sediment regime should be 

similar to the natural distribution of reference conditions.

06 Within rivers and streams, the level of coarse large woody debris is within the natural 

range of variation.

Lakes, Pools, Ponds 

Desired Conditions (RCA-LPP-DC)

01 Natural lakes and ponds retain necessary attributes, such as adequate vegetation and 

large woody debris to function properly and support native biotic communities. Attributes 

include floodwater retention and groundwater recharge, stabilized islands and shoreline 

features, and diverse characteristics to provide for amphibian production, waterfowl 

breeding and biodiversity.
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470 

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Fire Adapted Large trees, Uncharacteristic Desired Conditions (TERR-RFIR-DC)

Ecosystems snags, forest stand replacing 02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in red fir forests where it does not pose an 

Dependent: structural wildlife, climate unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological process creates, restores, and Sierra marten, complexity and change, drought, maintains ecosystem resilience and increases understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, and 

great gray owl, connectivity insect and habitat diversity. California spotted 

owl, Mount Pinos 

Sooty grouse, 

bald eagle

across large 

landscapes.

disease 

outbreaks Desired Conditions (TERR-LDGP-DC)

02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in lodgepole pine forests where it does not pose 

an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological process creates, restores, 

and maintains ecosystem resilience and increases understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, 

and habitat diversity.

Desired Conditions (TERR-DMC-DC)

02 At the landscape-scale, fire is a key ecological process, creating a diversity of 

vegetation types, lower surface fuels and diverse understory vegetation. Fires occur 

frequently, on average every 5 to 15 years, with mostly low and moderate severity. 

Patches burned at high severity (greater than 75 percent basal area mortality) are rarely 

greater than 200 acres, and the proportion of areas burned with high severity is generally 

less than 15 percent.

Desired Conditions (TERR-JEFF-DC)

02 At the landscape-scale, fire is a key ecological process, creating a diversity of 

vegetation types, lower surface fuels and diverse understory vegetation. Fires occur 

frequently, on average every 5 to 15 years, with mostly low and moderate severity. 

Patches burned at high severity (greater than 75 percent basal area mortality) are rarely 

greater than 200 acres, and the proportion of areas burned with high severity is generally 

less than 15 percent.

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

01 The composition, structure, and functions of old forests and surrounding landscapes are 

resilient to fire, drought, insects, pathogens, and climate change. Fire occurs as a key 

ecological process in forest types that are adapted to fire, creating, restoring and 

maintaining ecosystem resilience and fire-related composition and structure.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-SMPF-DC)

01 Risk of large high-severity fire is reduced from current conditions in marten habitat core 

areas and fisher Core Area 1. 

Desired Conditions (FIRE-FW-DC)

01 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, severity and frequency that allow 

ecosystems to function in a healthy and sustainable manner. Wildland fire is a necessary 
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Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

process, integral to the sustainability of fire-adapted ecosystems (see TERR-FW-DC 

related to fire).

Goals (FIRE-FW-GOAL)

01 Reduce fuel accumulations, help maintain and protect habitat for a variety of species, 

reduce smoke from larger fires, provide added protection for communities, and restore fire 

on the landscape. 

02 Base fire management on an all lands risk-based approach in planning and 

decisionmaking that is responsive to the latest fire and social sciences and is adaptable to 

rapidly changing conditions, including climate change. 

03 Plan restoration and fire management projects for large landscapes (subwatershed or 

larger) when and where possible to improve economic feasibility of restoration and 

effectiveness of changing the negative fire effects from large wildfires. 

05 Restore ecosystems to a more fire-resilient condition and lessen the threat of wildfire to 

communities.

10 Coordinate with researchers, partners, and Tribes to help achieve desired conditions in 

ecosystems that are experiencing (or may experience in the future) more frequent, severe, 

or large fires than the natural range of variation due to factors such as invasive annual 

grasses and changing climate. 

Standards 

Guidelines (FIRE-FW-GDL)

See also SPEC-SG-GDL 08.

01 Use naturally ignited and prescribed wildland fires to meet multiple resource 

management objectives where and when conditions permit and risk is within acceptable 

limits. 

Desired Conditions (TERR-ALPN-DC)

02 Fires occur infrequently, are mostly very small, and burn with mixed severity. Fire 

intensity is highly variable, but crown fires are usually limited in size.

Desired Conditions (TERR-FW-DC)

08 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire-adapted ecosystems where it does not 

pose an unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire occurs within an ecologically 

appropriate regime of frequency, extent, and severity, and enhances ecosystem 

heterogeneity and habitat and species diversity.

Desired Conditions (DA-WILD-DC)

03 Fire is restored as an ecosystem process and natural disturbance agent in wilderness 

where possible.
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472

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Multiple Uses ( Breeding and Disturbance and Desired Conditions (SPEC-FW-DC)

Hunting/Recreat Foraging Habitat. direct mortality. 05 The national forest provides high quality hunting and fishing opportunities. Habitat for ion/Infrastructur nonnative fish and game species is managed in locations and ways that do not pose 

e: Mount Pinos substantial risk to native species, while still contributing to economies of local communities. Sooty Grouse, 

Bald Eagle, 

California Golden 

Trout, Willow 

Flycatcher, Great 

Gray owl, Sierra 

Desired Conditions (DA-WILD-DC)

05 Each wilderness area accommodates levels of recreation use that are ecologically 

sustainable. 

08 Trails in wilderness are located in resilient areas, and do not cause adverse impacts to 

at-risk species, water quality, soils, hydrologic connectivity, or cultural resources.

Marten, Sage Guideline (MA-GRA-GDL)

grouse 01 Use direct management techniques to reduce impacts on resources.

Desired Conditions (DA-WILD-REC1-DC)

02 An unmodified natural environment characterizes the area. Ecological and natural 

processes are minimally affected by the action of users. Environmental impacts are low 

and restricted to minor losses of vegetation where camping occurs and along travel routes. 

Most impacts recover on an annual basis and are apparent to few visitors.

03 Campsites are at low-density levels and show minor impacts that will rarely persist year 

to year. 

04 There is very little vegetation loss or alteration of duff and litter layer by human use.

05 Riparian, lakeshore and stream channel conditions show no measurable degradation 

due to human uses.

Desired Conditions (REC-FW-DC)

04 Areas of the national forest provide for a variety of activities with minimal impact on 

sensitive environments and resources. 

08 Dispersed recreation occurs in areas outside of high visitation, developed facilities or 

communities, and does not adversely impact natural or cultural resources.

Goals (REC-FW-GOAL)

06 Collaborate with a variety of partners to provide stewardship and interpretive services 

that enhance responsible recreation and increase knowledge of related socioeconomic and 

environmental issues.

Guidelines (REC-FW-GDL)

01 Avoid locating new recreation facilities within environmentally and culturally sensitive 

areas, such as at-risk species breeding habitat or at-risk plant species habitat.

02 Create infrastructure that mimics the natural textures and colors of the surrounding 

landscape to be consistent with the recreation setting.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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473

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

03 Use integrated resource planning when designing projects to address impacts to at-risk 

species habitat and changing conditions in recreation settings.

Desired Conditions (INFR-FW-DC)

03 Roads allow for safe and healthy wildlife movement in areas of human development. 

Vehicular collisions with animals are rare.

Guidelines (LAND-FW-GDL) 

02 Where feasible, bury new or reconstructed power distribution lines (33kV or less) and 

telephone lines to reduce impacts resources such as scenery and at-risk species habitat.

Connected Large contiguous Forest activities Desired Conditions (MA-CBRA-DC)

landscapes: blocks of habitat or natural 02 These areas contribute to ecosystem and species diversity and sustainability, serve as Sierra marten, providing disturbance habitat for fauna and flora, and offer wildlife corridors. These areas provide a diversity of 

fisher, California movement events (e.g. terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and support species dependent on large, undisturbed 

spotted owl, corridors for wildfire, drought) areas of land.

Nelson Desert 

Bighorn sheep, 

great gray owl. 

foraging, 

breeding, and 

dispersal.

that cause habitat 

fragmentation. Desired Conditions (TERR-FW-DC)

06 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide 

habitat, movement and connectivity for a variety of species including wide-ranging 

generalists such as bear, mountain lion, and deer; more localized, semi-specialists such as 

ground-nesting, shrub-nesting, and cavity-nesting birds and various bats; and specialists 

such as old forest and sagebrush-associated species.

Desired Conditions (DA-WILD-DC)

08 Forest system trails that access wilderness are part of a high-quality wilderness 

experience for visitors. Forest system trails meet national quality standards, with minimal 

deferred maintenance and adhere to the national trail classification system. Trails in 

wilderness are located in resilient areas, and do not cause adverse impacts to at-risk 

species, water quality, soils, hydrologic connectivity, or cultural resources.

Guidelines (TIMB-FW-GDL)

03 On lands not suited for timber production, reforestation of deforested lands should 

contribute to ecological restoration, while providing benefits such as improving scenic 

character, restoring connectivity for wildlife, increasing carbon storage and improving 

watershed condition.

Desired Conditions (TERR-OLD-DC)

02 The landscape contains a mosaic of vegetation types and structures that provide 

foraging and breeding habitat, movement, and connectivity for a variety of old forestassociated species.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-SMPF-DC)
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474

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

03 Marten and fisher habitat are well distributed throughout the marten’s range and fisher 

Core Area 1, providing for foraging, denning, and resting habitat and movement across 

large landscapes.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-CSO-DC)

01 California spotted owl habitat is well distributed within the capability of the plan area and 

provides for nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat while promoting movement across large 

landscapes and adjacent landownerships.

Desired Conditions (INFR-FW-DC)

03 Roads allow for safe and healthy wildlife movement in areas of human development. 

Vehicular collisions with animals are rare.

Goals (FIRE-FW-GOAL)

03 Plan restoration and fire management projects for large landscapes (subwatershed or 

larger) when and where possible to improve economic feasibility of restoration and 

effectiveness of changing the negative fire effects from large wildfires.

Special habitats Special habitats Direct loss of Desired Conditions (SPEC-FW-DC)

and rare and or microsite vegetation, 04 The structure and function of the vegetation, aquatic and riparian system, and endemics/ conditions that change in associated microclimate and smaller scale elements (like special features such as 

restricted provide species carbonate rock outcrops, fens, or pumice flats) exist in adequate quantities within the 

distributions: connectivity or composition, and capability of the plan area to provide habitat and refugia for at-risk species with restricted 

Inyo Mountains refugia. microsite distributions.

slender 

salamander, 

Black Toad, Kern 

Plateau 

Salamander, 

Population 

collapse.

conditions, 

inability to 

disperse due to 

drought or habitat 

disturbance, loss 

Desired Conditions (TERR-SH-DC)

01 The integrity of special habitats is maintained or improved from current conditions. 

Composition, diversity, and structure are maintained in all areas, including those with 

multiple-use activities.

California Golden of riparian and 02 Microclimate or smaller scale habitat elements provide habitat and refugia for species 

Trout, Western aquatic habitat with a specific geographic or restricted distribution.

Pearlshell, 

Owens Valley 

Direct mortality 

from host species 

03 Conditions remain suitable for long-term sustainability of the suite of native plants 

adapted to special habitats and their associated insect pollinators. 

Springsnail, loss Goals (TERR-SH-GOAL)

Wong’s 

Springsnail, 01 Work cooperatively with researchers and interested parties to study, monitor and assist 

in appropriate restoration measures of special habitats. Apache Fritillary, 

Boisduval’s Blue, 

Mono Lake 

02 Include the location of special habitats in the corporate geographic information system.

Standard (TERR-SH-STD)

Checkerspot, 01 At the project scale, evaluate and incorporate maintenance and enhancement needs for 

San Emigdio special habitats into project design and implementation.
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475

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Blue, Sierra Guidelines (FIRE-FW-GDL)

Sulphur, Square 06 During wildfires, avoid fire management activities in special habitats (see Terrestrial 

Dotted Blue, section, chapter 2) except when necessary to protect life and property. This includes 

Cave Obligate activities such as line construction, staging areas, safety zones, water drafting, and camps. 

Pseudoscorpion When conducting fire management activities near special habitats, take extra measures to 

avoid spread of invasive plants.

Host Species 

Dependent:

Western 

Pearlshell, 

Apache Fritillary, 

Boisduval’s Blue, 

Mono Lake 

Checkerspot, 

San Emigdio 

Blue, Sierra 

Sulphur, Square 

Dotted Blue

Host species 

required to 

complete a 

portion or entire 

life cycle.

Direct mortality 

from loss of host 

species.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-FW-DC)

01 Sustainable populations of native and desirable nonnative, plant and animal species are 

supported by healthy ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and land stewardship 

activities, and reflect the diversity, quantity, quality and capability of natural habitats on the 

national forest. These ecosystems are also resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate 

change, and other stressors, which supports the long-term sustainability of plant and 

animal communities.

02 Habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area. Ecological conditions provide habitat conditions that: 

contribute to the survival, recovery, and delisting of species under the Endangered Species 

Act; preclude the need for listing new species; improve conditions for species of 

conservation concern (including minimal impacts from diseases); and sustain both 

common and uncommon native species.

04 The structure and function of the vegetation, aquatic and riparian system, and 

associated microclimate and smaller scale elements (like special features such as 

carbonate rock outcrops, fens, or pumice flats) exist in adequate quantities within the 

capability of the plan area to provide habitat and refugia for at-risk species with restricted 

distributions.

Desired Conditions (TERR-SH-DC)

01 The integrity of special habitats is maintained or improved from current conditions. 

Composition, diversity, and structure are maintained in all areas, including those with 

multiple-use activities.

02 Microclimate or smaller scale habitat elements provide habitat and refugia for species 

with a specific geographic or restricted distribution.

03 Conditions remain suitable for long-term sustainability of the suite of native plants 

adapted to special habitats and their associated insect pollinators. 

Goals (TERR-SH-GOAL)

01 Work cooperatively with researchers and interested parties to study, monitor and assist 

in appropriate restoration measures of special habitats.

02 Include the location of special habitats in the corporate geographic information system.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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476

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Standard (TERR-SH-STD)

01 At the project scale, evaluate and incorporate maintenance and enhancement needs for 

special habitats into project design and implementation.

Black Toad, 

Nelson Desert 

Bighorn Sheep

Population 

collapse

Direct mortality 

from disease

SPEC-SHP-DC 

02 The risk of disease transmission from domestic sheep and goats to bighorn sheep 

(based upon the best available risk assessment model) is reduced to the maximum extent 

practicable.

SPEC-SHP-STD 

01 Do not allow domestic sheep or goat grazing or pack goat use adjacent to bighorn 

sheep populations where relevant bighorn sheep risk assessment models show there is a 

high risk of contact and spread of disease, unless risks can be adequately mitigated. 

02 Manage recreation, or other disturbances, where research has found it to cause bighorn 

sheep to avoid important habitat as described in the Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep 

Recovery Plan or other guidance from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

SPEC-FW-DC

02 Habitats for at-risk species support self-sustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area. Ecological conditions provide habitat conditions that: 

contribute to the survival, recovery, and delisting of species under the Endangered Species 

Act; preclude the need for listing new species; improve conditions for species of 

conservation concern, including addressing threats (e.g. minimal impacts from diseases); 

and sustain both common and uncommon native species.

Desired Conditions (INV-FW-DC)

01 Terrestrial and aquatic invasive species are controlled or eradicated when possible, and 

establishment of new populations is prevented.

02 The area affected by invasive species and introduction of new invasive species is 

minimized.

Goal (INV-FW-GOAL)

01 Coordinate and cooperate with local, State and Federal agencies and Tribes to manage 

and control invasive and nonnative species.

03 Coordinate with research and other organizations to evaluate the potential effects of 

climate change on the spread of invasive and nonnative species.

Standards (INV-FW-STD)

01 When working in waterbodies with known aquatic invasive species, clean equipment 

and vehicles before moving to other waterbodies.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

477

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

03 Use an integrated pest management approach in the planning and implementation of all 

projects and activities.

Guidelines (INV-FW-GDL)

01 Projects should be designed to minimize invasive species spread by incorporating 

prevention and control measures into ongoing management or maintenance activities that 

involve ground disturbance, terrestrial or aquatic habitat alteration, or the possibility of 

spreading invasive species. When feasible, projects should include measures to use 

invasive species-free gravel, fill, and topsoil; include follow-up inspections as needed and 

specified in regional or national strategies.

ALL ALL Stochastic events 

causing 

widespread or 

complete habitat 

loss.

Desired Conditions (SPEC-FW-DC)

01 Sustainable populations of native and desirable nonnative, plant and animal species are 

supported by healthy ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and land stewardship 

activities, and reflect the diversity, quantity, quality and capability of natural habitats on the 

national forest. These ecosystems are also resilient to uncharacteristic fire, climate 

change, and other stressors, which supports the long-term sustainability of plant and 

animal communities.

Guidelines (TIMB-FW-GDL)

02 On lands suitable for timber production, reforestation should be designed to achieve 

stocking levels, spatial arrangements, and species composition to allow for long-term 

resilience of the developing forest, while considering potential future plantation 

management, carbon carrying capacity, and climate change adaptation. Competing 

vegetation, fuel levels, and fire risk should be managed to provide for the long-term 

survival and vigor of reestablishing forests as they move toward maturity.

Goals (FIRE-FW-GOAL)

02 Base fire management on an all lands risk-based approach in planning and decision 

making that is responsive to the latest fire and social sciences and is adaptable to rapidly 

changing conditions, including climate change. 

All Riparian Conservation Areas 

Desired Conditions (MA-RCA-DC)

04 Native fish, amphibians, and other native aquatic species are present within their 

historic distribution and have adjusted for climate change. 

Objective (MA-RCA-OBJ)

01 Restore the structure and composition of at least 400 acres in riparian areas within 10 

years following plan approval, emphasizing riparian areas that face the most risk from 

large-scale high-intensity fire, past fire exclusion, or accelerated flooding events associated 

with climate change.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

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478

Species or 

Species Group

Key Ecological 

Conditions at Risk Key Threats Key Plan Components

Desired Conditions (TERR-ALPN-DC)

03 Subalpine woodlands are resilient to insects, diseases, fire, wind, and climate change. 

05 Alpine ecosystems are resilient to climate change, and fires are small and occur 

infrequently.

Desired Conditions (TERR-FW-DC)

02 Vegetation structure and composition provide ecosystem resilience to climate change 

and other stressors including altered fire regimes, drought, and flooding in riparian 

systems. 

Desired Conditions (RCA-SPR-DC)

02 Springs are resilient to natural disturbances, groundwater diversions, and changing 

climate conditions. Springs function across the landscape within their type and water 

availability.

03 Springs and associated streams and wetlands have the necessary soil, water, and 

vegetation attributes to be healthy and functioning at or near potential. Water flow is similar 

to historic levels and persists over time, within constraints of climate change.

Desired Conditions (RCA-RIV-DC)

01 Stream ecosystems, riparian corridors, and associated stream courses sustain 

ecosystem structure; are resilient to natural disturbances (such as flooding) and climate 

change; promote the natural movement of water, sediment and woody debris; and provide 

habitat for native aquatic
Final Environmental Impact Statement

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479

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Individual Evaluations - Plants 

Background 

Plant Species of Conservation Concern Categories 

The Inyo National Forest has 105 botanical species of conservation concern. Many of these 

species have very low number of occurrences and/or very limited distribution. Regarding limited 

distribution, many plant species of conservation concern are endemic (i.e., exist only in one 

geographic region) to California, the Inyo National Forest, or even a single county. For example, 

Mono milk-vetch occurs only in Mono County and Ramshaw Meadows abronia occurs only in 

Tulare County. However, the relative rarity of a species alone does not constitute vulnerability. In 

analyzing persistence of a species, occurrence and distribution are factors included along with 

ecological conditions of habitat and the identified threats in the plan area. Because botanical 

species are non-mobile, identified threats to species with very low numbers of occurrences and/or 

very limited distribution need to be managed at sites where they exist in order to improve 

resilience to stochastic events (e.g., wildfire, flooding, and climate change) and provide for 

persistence over the long term. For these reasons, all Inyo National Forest plant species of 

conservation concern were categorized into three major groups for the persistence analysis.

Plant Species of Conservation Concern Categories: 

• Category 1 botanical species are those species having one or two occurrences in the plan area, 

with identified threats to persistence, and the species occurs elsewhere. 

• Category 2 botanical species are those species having low numbers of occurrences and/or 

limited distribution, and identified threats to persistence, in the plan area. Although some 

species are endemic to the plan area, many occur elsewhere but have more than two 

occurrences in the plan area.

• Category 3 botanical species are those species with sufficient numbers and distribution of 

occurrences and individuals within occurrences such that inadvertent loss of individuals or 

occurrences will not threaten population persistence and viability.

The term “occurrences” in this case is used to describe discrete clusters of individuals, tracked as 

element occurrences, by state natural heritage programs, including within the California Natural 

Diversity Database and as Natural Resources Manager Threatened, Endangered, Sensitive, and 

Proposed (NRM-TESP) Site ID’s by the Forest Service. Element occurrences form the basis of 

quantification that drives global and state rankings of rarity (NatureServe.org)10. Protection of 

occurrences does not imply protection of all individuals within an occurrence.

Determination Outcomes

Determinations for the three categories of botanical species of conservation concern were 

determined from these possible outcomes as described above in the introduction: 

1. The ecosystem plan components should provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [Category Number] in the plan area. No additional 

species-specific plan components are warranted.

2. The ecosystem plan components should provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [Category Number] in the plan area. Nonetheless, 

 

10 See references at the end of this section.
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additional species-specific plan components have been provided for added clarity and/or 

measures of protection.

3. The ecosystem plan components may not provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population of the [Category Number] in the plan area. Therefore, 

additional species-specific plan components have been provided. The combination of 

ecosystem and species-specific plan components should provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of the [Category Number] in the plan area. 

4. It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service or not within the inherent capability of the 

plan area to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a viable population 

of the [Category Number] in the plan area. Nonetheless, the plan components should 

maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area to contribute to maintaining 

a viable population of the species within its range.

The finding that a viable population will be maintained should not be construed to mean the 

agency believes there currently is a viable population for all 105 Inyo species of conservation 

concern, rather that the plan components should provide the ecological conditions necessary to 

maintain a viable population to the extent such a population currently exists or exists in the 

future.

Methodology

Each of the 105 botanical species of conservation concern from the Inyo National Forest are 

placed into one of three categories of species defined above based on the listed factors, as 

currently understood and summarized in the species of conservation concern rationales and 

associated best available scientific information (USDA FS 2018). One of the four persistence 

determinations then follow for individual species, based on category, and are displayed in Table 

F-26, along with key threats, habitats, and a summary of the plan components that are particularly 

important for providing for the persistence and viability of each species in the plan area. Plan 

components will not, and cannot, prevent all adverse impacts to individuals of the species, and 

have been designed to provide for viability of the species in the plan area. We outline the 

determination finding for each of the three categories of botanical species below, providing a 

species-specific example for each category. Persistence determinations are provided as speciesspecific paragraphs in order to facilitate understanding of the analytical approach used to 

categorize species and apply persistence determinations. The persistence determinations for each 

of the 105 plant species of conservation concern are displayed in Table F-26. 

Category 1 Botanical Species

Determination 4: It is beyond the authority of the Forest Service or not within the inherent 

capability of the plan area to maintain or restore the ecological conditions to maintain a 

viable population of category 1 botanical species in the plan area. Nonetheless, the plan 

components should maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area to 

contribute to maintaining a viable population of the species within its range.

Category 1 botanical species are those species having one or two occurrences in the plan area, 

with identified threats to persistence, and the species has more occurrences outside the plan area. 

These species lack sufficient redundancy of individuals and distribution within the plan area to 

allow them to easily absorb and recover from adverse impacts of identified threats, including 

climate change and other stochastic events, and face risk of local extirpation. Since botanical 

species are non-mobile, they need to be protected at the sites where they exist. For these species, 

species-specific plan components are key to addressing identified site-specific threats, and for 
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ensuring that plant species of conservation concern are considered during project planning and 

implementation. For this reason, both forestwide and species-specific plan components should 

maintain or restore ecological conditions within the plan area to contribute to maintaining a viable 

population of Category 1 species within its range.

Narrative Example - Potentilla pulcherrima - beautiful cinquefoil 

The only known occurrence of Potentilla pulcherrima in California, is on the Inyo National 

Forest, in Mono County, half a mile up the south fork of Crooked Creek. It occurs in high 

elevation sagebrush on moist soil over granite. Identified threats include grazing and erosion. 

Table F-26 lists the key ecological conditions and risk factors for Potentilla pulcherrima, and 

summarizes the plan components that support ecological conditions, mitigate for identified 

threats, and provide for persistence and contribute to maintaining a viable population. In addition, 

Table F-27 displays a general crosswalk of where plan components and other plan content apply 

to address threats and provide ecological conditions for viable populations of plant species of 

conservation concern.

Category 2 Botanical Species

Determination 3: The ecosystem plan components may not provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of the category 2 botanical species of conservation 

concern in the plan area. Therefore, additional species-specific plan components have been 

provided. The combination of ecosystem and species-specific plan components should 

provide the ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable population of these 

botanical species in the plan area.

Category 2 species have a low number of occurrences and/or very limited distribution in the plan 

area. Many category 2 plant species of conservation concern are endemic to the Inyo National 

Forest. Rarity is a factor that is included along with ecological conditions of habitat and identified 

threats in the plan area, including stochastic events like climate change, wildfire, and flooding. 

Category 1 and 2 species face high risk of local extirpation because they lack sufficient 

redundancy of individuals and distribution to allow them to easily absorb and recover from such 

adverse impacts. For these species, the persistence of all occurrences is important to maintain 

population viability. Because botanical species are non-mobile, they need to be protected at the 

sites where they exist. For these species, species-specific plan components are key to addressing 

identified site-specific threats, and for ensuring that plant species of conservation concern are 

considered during project planning and implementation. Both forestwide and species-specific 

plan components are needed in order to provide the ecological conditions necessary to maintain 

viable populations of category 2 botanical SCC in the plan area. 

Narrative Example - Allium atrorubens var. atrorubens, the Great Basin onion

Allium atrorubens var. atrorubens, the Great Basin onion - three of nineteen CNDDB records are 

from the Inyo National Forest. This species occurs in mountain mahogany, subalpine, and pinyonjuniper habitats. Identified threats include grazing and mining. Table F-26 lists the key ecological 

conditions and risk factors for the Great Basin onion, and summarizes the plan components that 

support ecological conditions, mitigate for identified threats, and provide for persistence and 

contribute to maintaining a viable population. In addition, Table F-27 displays a general 

crosswalk of where plan components and other plan content apply to address threats and provide 

ecological conditions for viable populations of plant species of conservation concern.
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Category 3 Botanical Species

Determination 2: The ecosystem plan components should provide the ecological conditions 

necessary to maintain a viable population of the category 2 species in the plan area. 

Nonetheless, additional species-specific plan components have been provided for added 

clarity and/or measures of protection.

Category 3 species have sufficient numbers and distribution of occurrences, and individuals 

within occurrences, that inadvertent loss of individuals or some occurrences will not threaten 

population persistence and viability. They have a very low number of occurrences and/or very 

limited distribution in the plan area. Some category 3 plant species of conservation concern are 

endemic to the Inyo National Forest. As with Category 1 and 2 species, many species occurrences 

face site-specific threats. But for these species, ecosystem plan components should provide the 

ecological conditions necessary to maintain a viable population in the plan area. Nonetheless, 

additional species-specific plan components have been provided for added clarity and/or 

measures of protection.

Narrative Example - Botrychium crenulatum - scalloped moonwort

Botrychium crenulatum lives on saturated hard water seeps and stream margins, 1500-3600 m 

elevation in the high Sierra Nevada and eastern Sierra Nevada. Ten of seventy-four CNDDB 

records are from the Inyo National Forest. Identified threats include hydrologic alteration, 

trampling, unauthorized off-highway vehicle travel, and severe soil disturbance. Table F-26 lists 

the key ecological conditions and risk factors for the scalloped moonwort, and summarizes the 

plan components (ecosystem, at-risk species-specific) that support ecological conditions and 

mitigate for identified threats in order to provide for persistence and contribute to maintaining a 

viable population. In addition, Table F-27 displays a general crosswalk of where plan components 

and other plan content apply to address threats and provide ecological conditions for viable 

populations of plant species of conservation concern. 

Forest Plan Components that Support Persistence

Forest-wide ecosystem plan components support natural ecological processes, functions, and 

biodiversity, and promote ecological conditions that are resilient to climate change and other 

stressors. Additional ecosystem plan components provide area-specific desired conditions and 

management direction, and are tailored to specific ecosystem types or management areas, 

including providing ecological conditions that support persistence of species of conservation 

concern in riparian conservation areas; habitat types that host many botanical species of 

conservation concern. Disturbance processes (such as fire) and management activities (such as 

grazing and recreation) are addressed by ecosystem and other plan components that consider 

effects to plant communities and/or species diversity. 

Species-specific plan components provide additional forestwide guidance for at-risk species to 

promote healthy, resilient ecosystems that support functional plant and animal communities and 

self-sustaining populations of at-risk species. These plan components are particularly important to 

category 1 and category 2 botanical species of conservation concern because they address sitespecific threats in occupied habitat. Species-specific plan components, including for special 

habitats, mitigate risk to persistence from land management activities, and provide guidance for 

addressing existing site-specific threats not related to project activities, while balancing the needs 

of at-risk species with other resource uses and ecological processes. In addition, species-specific 

potential management approaches suggest development of systematic and programmatic 

approaches to achieve conservation of species of conservation concern. 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

490

Determinations for All Botanical Species of Conservation Concern

Plan components related to plant species of conservation concern are similar for all the action alternatives. For some plan direction, there are slight 

differences in category of plan component between some action alternatives. For example, alternative B modified would strengthen some plan 

direction for plant species of conservation concern by elevating an “Animal and Plant Species” guideline to a standard. Plan components for 

alternative B modified are used to display the primary plan components that address the forest plan to provide the key ecological conditions and 

address key threats in order to provide persistence Table F-26. This table provides a summary of key ecosystem habitats and threats. More detailed 

information on individual species can be found in the Rationales for Plant Species Considered for Designation as Species of Conservation Concern 

(USDA 2018). 

Table F-26. Persistence determinations for Inyo National Forest botanical species of conservation concern, with key ecological conditions and risk factors 

for each species, and the plan components that mitigate those risk factors, provide for persistence and contribute to maintaining a viable population of 

each species of conservation

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Abronia alpina 3 2 Subalpine, dry forb, 

meadow edges (loose 

granitic gravel and sand)

Conifer encroachment, 

hydrologic alteration, climate 

change; very rare 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Agrostis humilis 3 2 Alpine, meadow Climate change and related 

hydrologic alteration; social 

trails in meadows; packstock

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

491

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Allium 

atrorubens var. 

atrorubens

3 2 Mountain mahogany, 

subalpine, pinyon-juniper

Grazing; mining TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

TERR-MOMA-DC (01, 02)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Astragalus 

cimae var. 

sufflatus

3 2 Pinyon-juniper Invasive species,; one 

occurrence known in plan 

area

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Astragalus 

inyoensis

2 3 Pinyon-juniper Mining, unauthorized OHV 

travel

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Astragalus 

johannishowellii

3 2 Sagebrush, alkali flat (ash 

or pumice)

Grazing TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

Astragalus 

kentrophyta 

var. elatus

3 2 Subalpine, mountain 

mahogany, pinyon juniper 

Climate change, recreation, 

small occurrence numbers, 

soil degradation

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

TERR-MOMA-DC (01, 02)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

492

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Astragalus 

lemmonii

3 2 Sagebrush, moist alkaline 

meadows or lakeshores

Grazing, hydrologic alteration, 

few occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-LPP-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Astragalus 

lentiginosus 

var. kernensis

2 3 Subalpine, dry forb, 

lodgepole, meadows 

Unauthorized OHV travel, 

climate change, drought, 

grazing

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-LDGP-DC (01, 02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01) 

MA-RCA-DC (02)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Astragalus 

monoensis

3 2 Jeffrey pine, sagebrush, dry 

forb, pumice flats

Unauthorized OHV travel, 

drought, grazing, limited 

distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

TERR-JEFF-DC (01, 02)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06) 

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

493

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Astragalus 

ravenii

3 2 Alpine, subalpine Climate change; very small 

occurrence numbers; fragile 

habitat

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Astragalus 

serenoi var. 

shockleyi

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, xeric 

shrub/blackbrush

Mining, grazing, invasive 

species 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Astragalus 

subvestitus

2 3 Subalpine, dry forb Grazing, OHV TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Boechera 

bodiensis 

(Arabis b.)

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush 

(granitic, rhyolitic, moisture 

accumulating microsites)

Climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

494

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Boechera 

pendulina

3 2 Alpine Climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05) 

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Boechera 

pinzliae

3 2 Alpine, subalpine (granitic 

soils)

Climate change; small 

occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Boechera 

shockleyi 

(Arabis s.)

3 2 Xeric shrub/blackbrush 

(rock outcrops, gravelly soil 

(generally dolomite)

Mining, unauthorized OHV 

travel

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Boechera 

tiehmii (Arabis 

t.)

3 2 Alpine Climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Boechera 

tularensis

3 2 Subalpine or upper 

montane coniferous forest, 

meadow

Grazing, climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

495

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Botrychium 

ascendens

3 2 Subalpine, moist meadows, 

open woodland streams or 

seeps

Hydrologic alteration, 

trampling, unauthorized OHV 

travel, severe soil disturbance

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Botrychium 

crenulatum

2 3 Subalpine, meadow, 

saturated hard water seeps 

and stream margins

Hydrologic alteration, 

trampling, unauthorized OHV 

travel, severe soil disturbance

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Botrychium 

lineare

3 2 Subalpine, moist meadows Hydrologic alteration, 

trampling, unauthorized OHV 

travel, severe soil 

disturbance, very small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

496

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Botrychium 

minganense

4 1 Subalpine, meadow, open 

forest along streams or 

seeps

Hydrologic alteration, 

trampling, unauthorized OHV 

travel, severe soil 

disturbance, small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Bruchia 

bolanderi

4 1 Alpine, subalpine (colonizes 

organic or mineral soil 

along stream banks, in and 

around meadows, springs, 

and fens)

Hydrologic alteration; 

recreation impacts in 

meadow, few occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (11)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RANG-FW-STD (08)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

497

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Calochortus 

excavatus

3 2 Sagebrush, xeric 

shrub/blackbrush, meadow 

(moist alkaline soils)

Grazing, hydrologic alteration, 

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Calyptridium 

pygmaeum

3 2 Alpine, subalpine Climate change; trampling TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex davyi 4 1 Subalpine, meadow Hydrologic alteration, grazing; 

one occurrence

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

498

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Carex 

duriuscula

4 1 Sagebrush, subalpine, 

meadow 

Grazing, hydrologic alteration, 

two occurrences 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex idahoa 4 1 Sagebrush, subalpine, 

meadow

Grazing, climate change, two 

occurrences 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex petasata 4 1 Pinyon-juniper, subalpine, 

meadow

Grazing, climate change, two 

occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

499

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Carex praticola 4 1 Subalpine, meadow Grazing, climate change, one 

occurrence 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex 

scirpoidea ssp. 

pseudoscirpoid

ea

3 2 Sagebrush, subalpine Grazing, climate change, 

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex stevenii 4 1 Alpine Climate change; hydrologic 

alterations; two occurrences 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Carex tiogana 3 2 Alpine, subalpine (coarse, 

wet, limey soils)

Climate change, recreation; 

small occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

500

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Carex vallicola 3 2 Sagebrush, subalpine Hydrologic alteration, climate 

change, small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Chaetadelpha 

wheeleri

3 2 Sagebrush, sand dunes Soil degradation from 

unauthorized OHV travel and 

solar energy development; 

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Claytonia 

megarhiza

3 2 Alpine Climate change; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Cordylanthus 

eremicus ssp. 

kernensis

3 2 Alpine, subalpine Grazing, recreation, climate 

change; small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

501

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Crepis 

runcinata spp. 

hallii

3 2 Sagebrush, alkali flat Grazing, unauthorized OHV 

travel, hydrologic alteration, 

small occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Cuniculotinus 

gramineus 

(Chrysothamnu

s g.)

3 2 Mountain mahogany, 

subalpine, carbonate

Climate change; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-MOMA-DC (01, 02)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Cymopterus 

globosus

4 1 Sagebrush Grazing, hydrologic alteration, 

very few occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

502

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Dedeckera 

eurekensis

3 2 Xeric shrub/blackbrush, 

lower pinyon-juniper 

(carbonate)

Mining, recreation, invasive 

species; small occurrence 

numbers and limited 

distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Draba 

californica

3 2 Sagebrush, alpine Climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Draba 

monoensis

3 2 Alpine (moist gravel and 

rock crevices)

Climate change; few 

occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04) 

Draba 

sharsmithii

3 2 Alpine Recreation—trail construction 

and maintenance, trampling 

by hikers; climate change;

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Dryopteris filixmas

3 2 Subalpine Threatened by climate 

change; hydrologic concerns 

due to possible drying of 

springs; few occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

503

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Ericameria 

gilmanii

4 1 Pinyon-juniper, subalpine Invasive species, mining; few 

occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Erigeron 

compactus

3 2 Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, 

carbonate, alkali flat

Invasive species, climate 

change, small occurrence 

numbers and limited habitat

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Erigeron 

uncialis var. 

uncialis

3 2 Sagebrush scrub, 

subalpine, carbonate

Climate change; few 

occurrences and limited 

distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Eriogonum 

alexandrae (E. 

ochrocephalum 

var. 

ochrocephalum

) 

3 2 Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, 

caliche-covered clay soil 

mounds

Invasive species, trampling 

(wild horses/cattle), 

unauthorized OHV travel; very 

few populations, 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

504

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Eriogonum 

mensicola

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush 

scrub

Mining, recreation, invasive 

species, small occurrences 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Eriogonum 

wrightii var. 

olanchense

3 2 Alpine, subalpine (granitic 

soils)

Climate change; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01) 

Goodmania 

luteola

3 2 Sagebrush Grazing; very small 

occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Greeneocharis 

circumscissa 

var. rosulata

3 2 Alpine, dry forb, subalpine Grazing, livestock trampling, 

climate change; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Grusonia 

pulchella

3 2 Sagebrush, xeric 

shrub/blackbrush

–Grazing; few occurrence 

numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

505

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Hackelia 

brevicula

3 2 Sagebrush, subalpine Grazing impacts concentrated 

in limited habitat; climate 

change; small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Hackelia 

sharsmithii

3 2 Sagebrush, subalpine Recreation impacts along 

trails; small occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Helodium 

blandowii

3 2 Alpine, subalpine, wet 

montane meadows, fens, 

and seeps, alpine lakes

Hydrologic alteration, grazing,

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (11,12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-STD (07, 08)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

RCA-LPP-DC (01)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Hesperidanthus 

jaegeri

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, subalpine, 

carbonate

Climate change; competition 

with invasive species; few 

occurrences and limited 

distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

506

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Horkelia 

hispidula

3 2 Sagebrush Grazing; climate change; 

limited distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Hulsea 

brevifolia

3 2 Subalpine, mixed conifer Trampling, altered fire regime; 

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-DMC-DC (01, 02, 03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-FW-OBJ (01)

Hulsea vestita 

ssp. inyoensis

4 1 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush Mining three occurrences TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Ivesia 

campestris

2 3 Subalpine, meadow Grazing TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Ivesia kingii 

var. kingii

4 1 Sagebrush, alkali flat Grazing, unauthorized OHV 

travel, hydrologic alteration; 

one occurrence 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

507

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Jamesia 

americana var. 

rosea

3 2 Alpine, subalpine Climate change; trampling; 

small occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

 

Kobresia 

myosuroides 

(K. bellardii)

3 2 Subalpine, meadow Historic mining and pack 

stock activities; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Ladeania 

lanceolata 

(Psoralidium 

lanceolatum)

3 2 Sagebrush, sand dunes Wild horse, grazing; few 

occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Lomatium 

foeniculaceum 

ssp. inyoense

3 2 Sagebrush, subalpine Soil degradation; climate 

change

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Lupinus duranii 2 3 Jeffrey pine, sagebrush, dry 

forb, pumice flats

Unauthorized OHV travel, 

grazing, invasive species, 

road maintenance

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

TERR-JEFF-DC (01, 02)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

508

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Lupinus padrecrowleyi

3 2 Sagebrush, Jeffrey pine Livestock trampling, altered 

fire regime; few occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

TERR-JEFF-DC (01, 02)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

TERR-FW-DC (08)

FIRE-FW-DC (01)

FIRE-FW-GOAL (01, 05, 10)

FIRE-FW-GDL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Mentzelia 

inyoensis

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush 

(calcareous pumice)

Invasives; small occurrence 

numbers and limited 

distribution.

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Mentzelia 

torreyi

3 2 Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, 

caliche-covered clay soil 

mounds, alkaline soils

Invasives, unauthorized OHV 

travel, grazing and trampling 

and limited distribution

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

509

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Monardella 

beneolens

3 2 Alpine, subalpine 

(metamorphic or granitic 

scree slopes)

climate change; small 

occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Oreocarya 

roosiorum 

(Cryptantha 

roosiorum)

3 2 Alpine, subalpine (dry, 

rocky meadows on 

carbonate substrates in 

open bristlecone pinelimber pine forest)

Climate change; small 

occurrence numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Oxytropis 

deflexa var. 

sericea

4 1 Subalpine, meadow and 

seeps

Grazing; small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Penstemon 

calcareus

3 2 Xeric shrub/blackbrush, 

carbonate

Invasive species, burros, one 

occurrence on the forest.

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

510

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Petrophytum 

caespitosum 

ssp. 

acuminatum (P. 

acuminatum)

3 2 Mountain mahogany, 

subalpine, pinyon-juniper 

(limestone or granite cliffs, 

in carbonate areas)

Competition by invasives; one 

occurrence on forest

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-MOMA-DC (01, 02)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Phacelia 

inyoensis

3 2 Sagebrush, meadows, 

alkaline seeps

Grazing, unauthorized OHV 

travel, very few occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Phacelia 

monoensis

3 2 Pinyon-juniper (shrink-swell 

volcanic clay soils derived 

from rhyolite)

Hydrologic events; climate 

change 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Phacelia 

nashiana

3 2 Xeric shrub/blackbrush Invasives; two occurrences TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

511

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Physaria 

ludoviciana

4 1 Sagebrush, caliche-covered 

clay soil mounds 

Wild horses; two occurrences TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Physocarpus 

alternans

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, carbonate Invasive species, climate 

change; small occurrences

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Plagiobothrys 

parishii

4 1 Xeric shrub/blackbrush, 

moist meadow

Climate change, hydrological 

alteration, grazing, small 

occurrence numbers and 

limited habitat

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

512

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Polemonium 

chartaceum

3 2 Alpine Climate change, grazing, 

recreation, small occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Polyctenium 

williamsiae

3 2 Sagebrush Climate change, limited 

habitat, grazing, unauthorized 

OHV travel, very small 

occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Populus 

angustifolia

4 1 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, 

riparian-stream

Altered fire 

flood/tidal/hydrologic regimes; 

two occurrences 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

513

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Potentilla 

morefieldii

2 3 Alpine, meadow/spring 

(carbonate)

Climate change, grazing, 

recreation

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-SH-DC ( 01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Potentilla 

pulcherrima

4 1 Sagebrush, alpine (moist 

soil over granite)

Grazing, erosion, one 

occurrence 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

514

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Ranunculus 

hydrocharoides 

4 1 Pinyon-juniper (stream bed) Drought, diversions, channel 

clearing off plan area; in plan 

area, water management and 

horse trampling identified as 

potential threats; one 

occurrence

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Sclerocactus 

polyancistrus

2 3 Sagebrush, xeric 

shrub/blackbrush

Horticultural collection; 

unauthorized OHV travel; 

grazing; insect herbivory

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Solorina 

spongiosa

4 1 Subalpine (seep) Grazing, foot traffic/trampling; 

one occurrence 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RCA-SPR-DC (01, 02, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

515

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Sphaeromeria 

potentilloides 

var. nitrophila

2 3 Sagebrush, alkali flat, 

meadow (wetlands)

Unauthorized OHV travel, 

grazing

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Sphenopholis 

obtusata

4 1 Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper 

(alluvial soil associated with 

riparian birch vegetation or 

with drier scrub habitat)

Grazing, hydrologic alteration, 

small occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Stipa divaricata 3 2 Sagebrush, pinyon-juniper Grazing; climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

516

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Streptanthus 

gracilis

3 2 Alpine, subalpine (granitic) Hydrologic alteration, climate 

change recreational

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Streptanthus 

oliganthus

3 2 Pinyon-juniper- pine, 

sagebrush scrub

Grazing, mining, erosion TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

GEO-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Taraxacum 

ceratophorum

4 1 Subalpine (damp, open 

meadows)

Grazing; hydrologic alteration; 

three occurrences 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

517

Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Tetradymia 

tetrameres

3 2 Sand dunes, xeric shrub Threats include invasive 

species; unauthorized OHV 

travel; climate change; small 

occurrence numbers and 

limited distribution 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RCA-LPP-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Thelypodium 

integrifolium 

ssp. 

complanatum

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, 

wetlands

Grazing and hydrologic 

alteration; few occurrence 

numbers

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Thelypodium 

milleflorum

4 1 Sagebrush, xeric 

shrub/blackbrush, calichecovered clay soil mounds

Invasive species, wild horse 

browsing, unauthorized OHV 

travel, vegetation 

management, climate change, 

small occurrence numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04)

TERR-XER-STD (01)

TERR-XER-GDL (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

INV-FW-DC (01)

INV-FW-GOAL (01)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TIMB-FW-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Townsendia 

leptotes

3 2 Alpine Climate change TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (05)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Transberingia 

bursifolia ssp. 

virgata

3 2 Pinyon-juniper, subalpine, 

meadow 

Grazing, hydrologic alteration, TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Species Determination Category Key Habitats Key Threats

Ecosystem Plan 

Components

Species-specific Plan 

Component

Trichophorum 

pumilum

3 2 Subalpine, wet meadow 

(calcareous soils) 

Hydrologic alteration, grazing, TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03)

MA-RCA-DC (02)

MA-RCA-GDL (02)

MA-RCA-STD (12)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

RANG-FW-STD (07)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

Trifolium 

dedeckerae (T. 

kingii 

ssp.dedeckerae

) 

2 3 Alpine, subalpine, 

sagebrush, pinyon-juniper 

(granitic soils)

Grazing, road maintenance 

and climate change; 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-ALPN-DC (03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

FIRE-FW-GDL (06)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

WTR-FW-DC (01)

TERR-PINY-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-PINY-GOAL (01, b, g)

TERR-MONT-DC (01, 02)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)

TERR-SH-DC (01, 02, 03)

TERR-SH-GOAL (01, 02)

TERR-SH-STD (01)

Viola purpurea 

spp. aurea

3 2 Sagebrush Grazing; unauthorized OHV 

travel; small occurrence 

numbers 

TERR-FW-DC (02, 03, 05)

TERR-SAGE-DC (01, 02, 03, 

04, 05)

TERR-SAGE-GOAL (01, b, g)

RANG-FW-DC (01, 02, 03)

RANG-FW-GOAL (03)

REC-FW-DC (04, 08, 09, 12)

REC-FW-GOAL (02)

REC-FW-GDL (01, 03)

SPEC-FW-DC (01, 02, 03, 04) 

SPEC-FW-GOAL (03, 04)

SPEC-FW-STD (01)

SPEC-FW-GDL (04)
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Crosswalk – Plant Species of Conservation Concern

Table F-27 displays a crosswalk to show how plan components meet plant species of conservation concern habitat needs and address threats. This 

table does not include all plan components that provide for persistence, but focuses on those providing key ecological conditions and mitigate threats. 

Table F-27. Crosswalk between plant species of conservation concern, key ecological conditions, and key threats with primary plan components that 

provide for persistence 

Apply to: Ecosystem plan components Species-specific plan components Additional plan content

ALL plant species TERR-FW-DC

02 Vegetation structure and composition provide 

ecosystem resilience to climate change and other 

stressors including altered fire regimes, drought, 

and flooding in riparian systems. 

03 Functioning ecosystems retain their essential 

components, processes and functions. 

05 Ecological conditions contribute to the recovery 

of threatened and endangered species, conserve 

proposed and candidate species, and support the 

persistence of species of conservation concern.

SPEC-FW-DC

01 Sustainable populations of native and desirable 

nonnative, plant and animal species are supported 

by healthy ecosystems, essential ecological 

processes, and land stewardship activities, and 

reflect the diversity, quantity, quality, and 

capability of natural habitats on the Inyo National 

Forest. These ecosystems are also resilient to 

uncharacteristic fire, climate change, and other 

stressors, and this resilience supports the longterm sustainability of plant and animal

communities.

02 Habitats for at-risk species support selfsustaining populations within the inherent 

capabilities of the plan area. Ecological conditions 

provide habitat conditions that contribute to the 

survival, recovery, and delisting of species under 

the Endangered Species Act; preclude the need 

for listing new species; improve conditions for 

species of conservation concern, including 

addressing threats (e.g. minimal impacts from 

disease); and sustain both common and 

uncommon native species.

03 Land management activities are designed to 

maintain or enhance self-sustaining populations of 

at-risk species within the inherent capabilities of 

the plan area by considering the relationship of 

threats (including site-specific threats) and 

activities to species survival and reproduction.

04 The structure and function of the vegetation, 

aquatic and riparian system, and associated 

microclimate and smaller scale elements (like 

special features such as carbonate rock outcrops, 

fens, or pumice flats) exist in adequate quantities 

within the capability of the plan area to provide 

SPEC-FW- Potential Management 

Approaches

•Develop and implement a 

consistent, systematic, biologically 

sound program for plant species of 

conservation concern and their 

habitat so that Federal listing does 

not occur. 

•Incorporate the conservation of atrisk species into all program areas 

at appropriate times and scales, 

including but not limited to 

recreation, fire and fuels, 

vegetation management, minerals, 

range, engineering, and special 

uses.
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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habitat and refugia for at-risk species with 

restricted distributions.

SPEC-FW-GOAL

03 Work with the California Department of Fish 

and Wildlife (following the memoranda of 

understanding), Nevada Department of Wildlife, 

and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to restore and 

maintain essential habitat for at-risk species and 

implement other recovery actions according to 

species recovery plans.

04 Communicate and collaborate with other 

agencies, Tribes, landowners, and partners to 

maximize opportunities to improve conditions in 

the plan area for at-risk species and the habitats 

and ecological processes on which they depend 

for survival.

SPEC-FW-STD

01 Design features, mitigation, and project timing 

considerations are incorporated into projects that 

may affect occupied habitat for at-risk species.

SPEC-FW-GDL

04 Habitat management objectives or goals from 

approved conservation strategies or agreements 

should be incorporated, if appropriate, in the 

design of projects that will occur within at-risk 

species habitat.

Alpine TERR-ALPN-DC

05 Alpine ecosystems are resilient to climate 

change, and fires are small and occur 

infrequently.

NA NA

Subalpine TERR-ALPN-DC

03 Subalpine ecosystems are resilient to insects, 

diseases, fire, wind, and climate change. Highelevation white pines (whitebark pine, Great Basin 

bristlecone pine, limber pine, and foxtail pine) are 

healthy and vigorous, with a low incidence of 

white pine blister rust, and resilient to moisture 

stress and drought. White pine blister rustresistant trees are regenerating and populations of 

high elevation white pines have the potential to 

expand above the tree line.

NA NA
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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Special habitats FIRE-FW-GDL

06 During wildfires, avoid fire management 

activities in special habitats except when 

necessary to protect life and property. This 

includes activities such as line construction, 

staging areas, safety zones, water drafting and 

camps. When conducting fire management 

activities near special habitats, take extra 

measures to avoid spread of invasive plants.

TERR-SH-DC

01 The integrity of special habitats is maintained 

or improved from current conditions. Composition,

diversity, and structure are maintained in all areas, 

including those with multiple-use activities.

02 Microclimate or smaller scale habitat elements 

provide habitat and refugia for species with a 

specific geographic or restricted distribution.

03 Conditions remain suitable for long-term 

TERR-SH-Potential Management 

Approaches

•Consider special habitats as a 

management priority, particularly if 

at-risk species are present.

Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Special Habitats

Restore off-highway vehicle sustainability of the suite of native plants adapted 

to special habitats and their associated insect 

pollinators. 

TERR-SH-GOAL

01 Work cooperatively with researchers and 

interested parties to study, monitor and assist in 

appropriate restoration measures of special 

habitats.

02 Include the location of special habitats in the 

corporate geographic information system.

TERR-SH-STD

01 At the project scale, evaluate and incorporate 

damage in pumice flats, calichecovered clay soil mounds, and 

other special habitats, and continue 

monitoring of species of 

conservation concern in these 

special habitats. 

Monitor resources in alkali flats, 

caliche-covered clay soil mounds, 

and other special habitats to 

determine ecosystem function, and 

implement restoration actions if 

needed.

maintenance and enhancement needs for special 

habitats into project design and implementation.

Wet/moist habitat MA-RCA-DC 

02 Riparian conservation areas have ecological 

conditions that contribute to the recovery of 

threatened and endangered species and support 

persistence of species of conservation concern as 

well as native and desired nonnative aquatic and 

riparian-dependent plant and animal species.

MA-RCA-GDL

02 Minimize impacts from roads, trails, offhighway-vehicle trails and staging areas, 

developed recreation sites, dispersed 

campgrounds, special use permits, grazing 

permits, and day use sites that have been 

identified as contributing to degradation of water 

quality or habitat for aquatic and ripariandependent species.

NA Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Aquatic and Riparian Ecosystems

•Use vegetation treatments to 

restore the structure and 

composition of riparian areas and 

meadows where encroachment is 

impacting meadow function. 

•Restore nonfunctioning or 

functioning-at-risk riparian areas so 

they are in or moving toward proper 

functioning condition. 

Meadows

•Design grazing allotment plans to 

move riparian areas and meadows 

towards the desired conditions.

RCA-MEAD-DC 

02 Wetlands and groundwater-dependent 

ecosystems (including springs, seeps, fens, wet 

•Continue to work with partners to 

direct planning and implementation 

of meadow restoration projects 
Appendix F: Species of Conservation Concern Persistence Analysis

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meadows, and associated wetlands or riparian 

systems) support stable herbaceous and woody 

vegetative communities that are resilient to 

drought, climate change, and other stressors. 

Root masses stabilize stream channels, 

shorelines, and soil surfaces. The natural 

hydrologic, hydraulic, and geomorphic processes 

in these ecosystems sustain their unique functions 

and biological diversity.

where meadows have impaired 

hydrologic function. 

fens RANG-FW-STD (08)

08 In fen ecosystems, limit disturbance from 

livestock and pack stock to no more than 15 to 20 

percent annually. Reduce disturbance further if a 

fen is nonfunctional or functional at risk with a 

downward trend. 

RCA-MEAD-DC (02)

MA-RCA-STD (11)

NA Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Springs and Seeps

•For the limited portion of fens that 

are identified to be in a downward 

trend, use herding management 

strategies before using barriers to 

restrict livestock from accessing 

those fens.

Springs and 

seeps

RCA-SPR-DC

01 Springs provide sufficient water to maintain 

healthy habitats for native riparian and aquatic 

species.

02 Springs are resilient to natural disturbances, 

groundwater diversions, and changing climate 

conditions. Springs function across the landscape 

within their type and water availability.

03 Springs and associated streams and wetlands 

have the necessary soil, water, and vegetation 

attributes to be healthy and functioning at or near 

potential. Water flow is similar to historic levels 

and persists over time, within constraints of 

climate change. 

NA Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Springs and Seeps

• Restore degraded spring sites 

back to providing functional habitat 

for spring-dependent species.

• Reconstruct or restore riparian 

function to springs identified as not 

in proper functioning condition.

Lakes, ponds RCA-LPP-DC

01 Natural lakes and ponds retain necessary 

attributes, such as adequate vegetation and large 

woody debris to function properly and support 

native biotic communities. Attributes include 

NA NA

floodwater retention and groundwater recharge, 

stabilized islands and shoreline features, and 

diverse characteristics to provide for amphibian 

production, waterfowl breeding and biodiversity.
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Sagebrush TERR-SAGE-DC

01 The sagebrush type has a diversity of age 

classes, stand structure, cover classes and native 

understory composition.

02 Sagebrush ecosystems are resilient to fire and 

other disturbances including grazing, recreation, 

invasive species (including cheatgrass) and 

climate change. 

03 Grazed areas have or are trending toward 

satisfactory soils condition, functional hydrology 

and biotic integrity. Sagebrush ecosystems 

contain all key elements and conditions, including 

sagebrush regeneration and recruitment, 

ecosystem productivity, native perennial grass 

and forb cover, biological soil crusts, and 

symbiotic fungal associations.

04 Open sagebrush habitat with no overstory 

trees, such as pinyon pine, juniper or Jeffrey pine, 

provides habitat connectivity for sagebrushdependent species. Fire occurs within the natural 

NA TERR-SAGE-Potential 

Management Approaches

•Restoration projects should apply 

design features to reduce impacts 

to biological soil crusts, when they 

are known to occur within the 

project area. 

Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Sagebrush

•Reduce overstory encroachment 

of pinyon-juniper and Jeffrey pine 

within sagebrush stands.

•Conduct vegetation treatments to 

diversify age-class structure of 

sagebrush stands.

•Manage fire to limit fire size and 

intensity within sagebrush stands.

range of variation, or in small extents, as a natural 

process, limiting encroaching conifer trees. 

05 Where nonnative annual grasses exist in 

sagebrush vegetation communities, the native 

species persist with adequate structural and 

functional diversity including shrubs, perennial 

bunchgrasses, and forbs. 

TERR-SAGE-GOAL

01 Restoration projects following large-scale 

changes in sagebrush structure or species 

composition (type conversion to cheatgrass) from 

wildfires or other disturbances should consider: 

b. restoring habitat, including restoring 

connectivity; 

g. long-term maintenance of regional biodiversity 

in disturbed and adjacent undisturbed landscapes.

Pinyon-juniper TERR-PINY-DC

01 Pinyon-juniper types have a mosaic of trees 

and open areas that provide wildlife habitat, 

contribute to functional soils, and are resilient to 

disturbances such as fire, invasive species and 

climate change.

NA NA
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02 Fire frequency and severity is within the natural 

range of variation.

03 Plant litter and coarse woody debris are 

present in sufficient quantity to resist accelerated 

soil erosion and promote nutrient cycling, water 

retention, and the microclimate conditions 

necessary for pinyon seed germination. Biological 

soil crusts are present to improve nutrient cycling 

and stabilize soils, especially in sandier soils.

TERR-PINY-GOAL

01 Restoration projects following large standreplacing events (such as wildfire or climate 

change impacts) should consider: 

b. restoring habitat, including restoring 

connectivity; 

g. long-term maintenance of regional biodiversity 

in disturbed and adjacent undisturbed landscapes.

Montane forest TERR-MONT-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the Sierra Nevada 

montane landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of 

patches of red fir forest, mixed conifer, lodgepole 

pine forests, Jeffrey pine forests, meadows and 

riparian areas. These ecosystem types occur in a 

complex mosaic of different densities, sizes, and 

species mix across large landscapes that vary 

with topography, soils and snow accumulation. 

The composition, structure, and function of 

vegetation make them resilient to fire, drought, 

insects and pathogens, and climate change. The 

mix of seral stage patches, and open versus 

closed canopied areas, varies by forest type as 

described in table 1 and table 2. Large and old 

trees are common in most seral stages throughout 

the landscape and in varying densities (see “Old 

Forest” section below).

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel 

loads, and increasing heterogeneity and 

understory plant vigor, except in Jeffery pine and 

dry mixed conifer forests (see desired conditions 

specific to those forest types). Fires occur 

irregularly, generally every 15 to 100 years, 

averaging about every 40 years. Fires in this zone 

NA NA
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burn with low, moderate, or mixed severity with 

minimal patches of high severity (greater than 75 

percent basal area mortality) rarely greater than 

300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned 

at high severity within a fire is generally less than 

10 to 15 percent.

Dry mixed conifer TERR-DMC-DC 

01 At the landscape scale, the dry mixed conifer 

vegetation type has a mosaic of patches of trees 

of varied sizes and ages. It is dominated by 

Jeffrey pine and white fir trees, with white fir 

densities dependent on climate and fire trends.

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process, creating a diversity of vegetation types, 

lower surface fuels and diverse understory 

vegetation. Fires occur frequently, on average 

every 5 to 15 years, with mostly low and moderate 

severity. Patches burned at high severity (greater 

than 75 percent basal area mortality) are rarely 

greater than 200 acres, and the proportion of 

areas burned with high severity is generally less 

than 15 percent.

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by 

medium and large-diameter trees comprise more 

than 60 percent of the landscape. Overstory tree 

canopy cover is generally 30 percent but ranges 

widely from 10 to 60 percent of the landscape. 

Overstory tree canopy cover is generally 30 

percent but ranges widely from 10 to 60 percent at 

a fine scale. Trees are denser in some locations, 

such as north-facing slopes and canyon bottoms, 

but in small patches in limited areas (less than 20 

percent of the area). Vigorous shrubs cover 10 

percent or more of the area, with density varying 

by aspect, slope, and soil type. 

NA NA

Red fir TERR-MONT-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the Sierra Nevada 

montane landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of 

patches of red fir forest, mixed conifer, lodgepole 

pine forests, Jeffrey pine forests, meadows and 

riparian areas. These ecosystem types occur in a 

complex mosaic of different densities, sizes, and 

species mix across large landscapes that vary 

NA NA
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with topography, soils and snow accumulation. 

The composition, structure, and function of 

vegetation make them resilient to fire, drought, 

insects and pathogens, and climate change. The 

mix of seral stage patches, and open versus 

closed canopied areas, varies by forest type as 

described in table 1 and table 2. Large and old 

trees are common in most seral stages throughout 

the landscape and in varying densities (see “Old 

Forest” section below).

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel 

loads, and increasing heterogeneity and 

understory plant vigor, except in Jeffery pine and 

dry mixed conifer forests (see desired conditions 

specific to those forest types). Fires occur 

irregularly, generally every 15 to 100 years, 

averaging about every 40 years. Fires in this zone 

burn with low, moderate, or mixed severity with 

minimal patches of high severity (greater than 75 

percent basal area mortality) rarely greater than 

300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned 

at high severity within a fire is generally less than 

10 to 15 percent. 

TERR-RFIR-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the red fir forest type is 

part of a heterogeneous mosaic of tree species 

and vegetation structures (tree density, size, age 

and shrub cover), with patches of Jeffrey pine, 

lodgepole, other forest types, and meadows. It is 

dominated by red fir trees, with varying amounts 

of white fir, Jeffrey pine, western white pine, 

lodgepole pine and sometimes mountain hemlock. 

02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in red 

fir forests where it does not pose an unacceptable 

risk to life and property. Fire as an ecological 

process creates, restores, and maintains 

ecosystem resilience and increases understory 

plant vigor, heterogeneity, and habitat diversity.

03 At the landscape scale, areas dominated by 

medium and large-diameter trees and low to 

moderate canopy cover (between 10 and 60 

percent) comprise most of the landscape. Trees 

are denser in some locations such as north-facing 
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slopes and canyon bottoms, near meadows, or 

where snow accumulates. Early seral vegetation, 

shrubs, grasses, herbaceous plants, tree 

seedlings or saplings, mostly occur in very small 

areas, intermixed within forest stand or patches. 

04 At the landscape scale, shrubs, grasses and 

young trees grow in patches of dead and dying 

trees with abundant snags and large logs, 

providing complex early seral habitat. 

Jeffrey pine TERR-MONT-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the Sierra Nevada 

montane landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of 

patches of red fir forest, mixed conifer, lodgepole 

pine forests, Jeffrey pine forests, meadows and 

riparian areas. These ecosystem types occur in a 

complex mosaic of different densities, sizes, and 

species mix across large landscapes that vary 

with topography, soils and snow accumulation. 

The composition, structure, and function of 

vegetation make them resilient to fire, drought, 

insects and pathogens, and climate change. The 

mix of seral stage patches, and open versus 

closed canopied areas, varies by forest type as 

described in table 1 and table 2. Large and old 

trees are common in most seral stages throughout 

the landscape and in varying densities.

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel 

loads, and increasing heterogeneity and 

understory plant vigor, except in Jeffery pine and 

dry mixed conifer forests (see desired conditions 

specific to those forest types). Fires occur 

irregularly, generally every 15 to 100 years, 

averaging about every 40 years. Fires in this zone 

burn with low, moderate, or mixed severity with 

minimal patches of high severity (greater than 75 

percent basal area mortality) rarely greater than 

300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned 

at high severity within a fire is generally less than 

10 to 15 percent. 

TERR-JEFF-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the Jeffrey pine type is 

part of a heterogeneous mosaic of shrublands, 

woodlands or other vegetation types. Forests are

NA NA
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dominated by Jeffrey pine trees and are generally 

open. Open-canopied stands dominate the 

landscape, with generally less than 10 percent of 

the area having more than 40 percent canopy 

cover. Open canopies allow shade-intolerant 

Jeffrey pine tree regeneration.

02 At the landscape-scale, fire is a key ecological 

process, creating a diversity of vegetation types, 

lower surface fuels and diverse understory 

vegetation. Fires occur frequently, on average 

every 5 to 15 years, with mostly low and moderate 

severity. Patches burned at high severity (greater 

than 75 percent basal area mortality) are rarely 

greater than 200 acres, and the proportion of 

areas burned with high severity is generally less 

than 15 percent. 

Lodgepole pine TERR-MONT-DC

01 At the landscape scale, the Sierra Nevada 

montane landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of 

patches of red fir forest, mixed conifer, lodgepole 

pine forests, Jeffrey pine forests, meadows and 

riparian areas. These ecosystem types occur in a 

complex mosaic of different densities, sizes, and 

species mix across large landscapes that vary 

with topography, soils and snow accumulation. 

The composition, structure, and function of 

vegetation make them resilient to fire, drought, 

insects and pathogens, and climate change. The 

mix of seral stage patches, and open versus 

closed canopied areas, varies by forest type as 

described in table 1 and table 2. Large and old 

trees are common in most seral stages throughout 

the landscape and in varying densities. 

02 At the landscape scale, fire is a key ecological 

process restoring and maintaining patchy fuel 

loads, and increasing heterogeneity and 

understory plant vigor, except in Jeffery pine and 

dry mixed conifer forests (see desired conditions 

specific to those forest types). Fires occur 

irregularly, generally every 15 to 100 years, 

averaging about every 40 years. Fires in this zone 

burn with low, moderate, or mixed severity with 

minimal patches of high severity (greater than 75 

percent basal area mortality) rarely greater than 

NA NA
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300 acres in size. The proportion of areas burned 

at high severity within a fire is generally less than 

10 to 15 percent. 

TERR-LDGP-DC

01 Lodgepole pine forests are highly variable 

throughout the landscape, occurring as open 

forests on dry sites at higher elevations, and as 

denser stands in pockets around meadows, lakes 

or where cold air accumulates. The lodgepole pine 

type is part of a heterogeneous mosaic of tree 

species with diverse structural conditions. It is 

dominated by lodgepole pine, with varying 

amounts of red fir, white fir, aspen, and 

sometimes white pine.

02 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in 

lodgepole pine forests where it does not pose an 

unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire as an 

ecological process creates, restores, and 

maintains ecosystem resilience and increases 

understory plant vigor, heterogeneity, and habitat 

diversity.

Mountain TERR-MOMA-DC NA NA

mahogany 01 Mountain mahogany is composed of native 

shrub and understory species that reflect the 

natural range of variation for the site. This 

vegetation type has varying age classes and 

densities that protect against accelerated erosion, 

with 1 to 10 percent of the type in early seral grass 

and herbaceous cover, 5 to 20 percent in native 

herbs and early seral shrubs, and 70 to 95 percent 

dominated by mountain mahogany cover.

02 The fire return interval is appropriate to allow 

the soil seed bank of native species to be 

maintained over the short and long terms. 

Invasive nonnative plants do not dominate 

between fires. 

Xeric 

shrub/blackbrush

TERR-XER-DC (01, 02)

01 Xeric shrub vegetation is a mosaic of diverse 

ecological types with native shrubs and grasses, 

commonly blackbrush, sagebrush, saltbush, 

goldenbush and horsebrush in various age 

classes and patch sizes.

NA NA
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02 Vegetation conditions are resilient to natural 

and human disturbances, such as grazing, 

flooding, fire, invasive species, and climate 

change.

TERR-XER-STD 

01 Restoration projects in xeric shrub and 

blackbrush must include design measures to 

avoid damage to biological soil crusts.

TERR-XER-GDL 

01 Restoration projects in xeric shrub and 

blackbrush should include islands of untreated 

vegetation in project design to speed native 

species regeneration.

Climate change 

(threat)

WTR-FW-DC

01 Adequate quantity and timing of water flows 

support ecological structure and functions, 

including aquatic species diversity and riparian 

vegetation. Watersheds are resilient to changes in 

air temperatures, snowpack, timing of runoff, and 

other effects of climate change.

NA NA

Hydrological 

alteration (threat)

WTR-FW-DC

01 Adequate quantity and timing of water flows 

support ecological structure and functions, 

including aquatic species diversity and riparian 

vegetation. Watersheds are resilient to changes in 

air temperatures, snowpack, timing of runoff, and 

other effects of climate change.

MA-RCA-DC

NA NA

02 Riparian conservation areas have ecological 

conditions that contribute to the recovery of 

threatened and endangered species and support 

persistence of species of conservation concern as 

well as native and desired nonnative aquatic and 

riparian-dependent plant and animal species.

Grazing/riparian 

(threat)

MA-RCA-STD 

12 Manage livestock grazing to attain desired 

conditions in riparian conservation areas. Where 

livestock grazing is found to be contributing to a 

decline in the function of riparian systems, modify 

grazing practices as prescribed in the Inyo Forest 

Supplement to the R5 Rangeland Analysis and 

Planning Guide. If adjusting practices is not 

NA NA
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effective, remove livestock from that area using 

appropriate administrative authorities and 

procedures.

MA-RCA-GDL

02 Minimize impacts from roads, trails, offhighway-vehicle trails and staging areas, 

developed recreation sites, dispersed 

campgrounds, special use permits, grazing 

permits, and day use sites that have been 

identified as contributing to degradation of water 

quality or habitat for aquatic and ripariandependent species.

RANG-FW-STD

07 Within riparian conservation areas that are 

properly functioning or functional at risk with an 

upward trend, limit annual livestock disturbance to 

streambanks and shorelines of natural lakes and 

ponds (caused by trampling and trailing) from 

exceeding 20 percent of the stream reach, or 

natural lake and pond shorelines. Disturbance 

includes bank sloughing, chiseling, trampling, and 

other means of exposing bare soil or cutting plant 

roots. Allow no more than 15 to 20 percent 

disturbance if the riparian conservation area is 

functional at risk with a downward trend, as 

defined in the appropriate technical reports. 

Grazing (threat) - 

general and only 

PC’s applying to 

dry meadows

RANG-FW-DC

01 Rangelands, along with grazable forestlands 

and woodlands, provide large areas of contiguous 

space supporting native vegetation that has the 

potential to be grazed. These grazable 

landscapes sustain biological diversity and 

ecosystem integrity and help to preserve the rural 

landscape and cultural heritage of the central, 

southern and eastern Sierra Nevada. 

02 Forage, browse, and cover meet the needs of 

wildlife, and authorized livestock are managed in 

balance with available forage. Areas that are 

grazed have, or are trending toward having, 

satisfactory soils, functional hydrology, and biotic 

integrity.

03 Domestic livestock grazing maintains the 

desired rangeland vegetation types represented 

NA NA
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by diverse plant functional groups, species 

richness and diversity, and structure and condition 

of plant communities.

RANG-FW-GOAL

03 Consider the impacts to animals and plants, 

recreation, watershed, and rangelands when 

designing rangeland improvements or structures, 

such as water storage structures.

Altered fire TERR-FW-DC TERR-FW-OBJ TERR-FW-Potential Management 

regime 08 Fire occurs as a key ecological process in fire- Restore species composition and structure on at Approaches

adapted ecosystems where it does not pose an least 20,000 acres of vegetation within 10 to 15 •When determining the appropriate 

unacceptable risk to life and property. Fire occurs years following plan approval. wildfire management strategy, use 

within an ecologically appropriate regime of spatial support tools such as 

frequency, extent, and severity, and enhances wildfire risk assessments, fire 

ecosystem heterogeneity and habitat and species management operating plans, and 

diversity. the current Forest Service decision 

FIRE-FW-DC support system for wildfire 

01 Wildland fires burn with a range of intensity, 

severity and frequency that allow ecosystems to 

function in a healthy and sustainable manner. 

Wildland fire is a necessary process, integral to 

the sustainability of fire-adapted ecosystems.

FIRE-FW-GOAL

management. Locations of special 

habitats and key habitat areas for 

at-risk species should be readily 

available in the current Forest 

Service decision support system for 

wildfire management ahead of fire 

season.

01 Reduce fuel accumulations, help maintain and 

protect habitat for a variety of species, reduce 

smoke from larger fires, provide added protection 

for communities, and restore fire on the 

landscape. These actions are also an integral part 

of achieving sustainable recreation, particularly by 

maintaining scenic attractiveness, integrity, and 

character. 

05 Restore ecosystems to a more fire-resilient 

condition and lessen the threat of wildfire to 

communities.

•Where feasible and suitable, use 

grazing, mechanical treatment, 

prescribed fire, or wildfires 

managed to meet resource 

objectives to reduce vegetation 

buildup to lower the risk of 

unwanted wildfire. 

•Prioritize fuel treatments in areas 

that pose the greatest threat to 

communities and highly valued 

resources. 

10 Coordinate with researchers, partners, and 

Tribes to help achieve desired conditions in 

ecosystems that are experiencing (or may 

experience in the future) more frequent, severe, or 

large fires than the natural range of variation due 

to factors such as invasive annual grasses and 

•Use appropriate wildfire 

management techniques to limit 

impacts to sensitive habitat of atrisk species, while considering the 

safety of people.

changing climate. 

FIRE-FW-GDL
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01 Use naturally ignited and prescribed wildland 

fires to meet multiple resource management 

objectives, where and when conditions permit and 

risk is within acceptable limits. 

Trampling/recreat

ion (threat)

REC-FW-DC

04 Areas of the national forest provide for a 

variety of activities with minimal impact on 

sensitive environments and resources. 

08 Dispersed recreation occurs in areas outside of 

high visitation, developed facilities or 

communities, and does not adversely impact 

natural or cultural resources. 

09 Permitted recreation uses, such as recreation 

special events or guided activities, are consistent 

with recreation settings, protect natural and 

cultural resources, and contribute to the economic 

sustainability of local communities.

12 Trails provide access to destinations, provide 

for opportunities that connect to a larger trail 

system, provide linkage from local communities to 

the national forest, and are compatible with other 

resources.

REC-FW-GOAL

02 Manage dispersed recreation activities when 

evidence of impacts to natural resources emerge 

or are causing damage. 

REC-FW-GDL

01 Avoid locating new recreation facilities within 

environmentally and culturally sensitive areas, 

such as at-risk species breeding habitat or at-risk 

plant species habitat.

03 Use integrated resource planning when 

designing projects to address impacts to at-risk 

species habitat and changing conditions in 

recreation settings.

NA REC-FW-Potential Management 

Approaches

•Redesign, restore, or rehabilitate 

recreation sites where recreation 

activities have caused 

unacceptable natural or cultural 

resource damage.

Mining GEO-FW-DC

01 Mineral resources on National Forest System 

lands provide for public benefit, while minimizing 

adverse environmental effects on other forest 

resources from mineral exploration, development, 

and extraction.

NA NA
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Invasive species INV-FW-DC

01 Terrestrial and aquatic invasive species are 

controlled or eradicated when possible, and 

establishment of new populations is prevented.

INV-FW-GOAL

01 Coordinate and cooperate with local, State and 

Federal agencies and Tribes to manage and 

control invasive and nonnative species.

NA INV-FW-Potential Management 

Approaches

•Develop a forestwide treatment 

prioritization strategy for invasive 

plant species considering 

ecological impact, extent and 

location of populations, and 

effectiveness of available treatment 

methods. 

Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Invasive Species

•Where invasive species are 

adversely affecting the viability of 

native species, work cooperatively 

with appropriate State and Federal 

wildlife agencies to reduce impacts 

to native populations.

•Focus treatment efforts on high 

priority invasive species and 

infestations, while developing 

management goals for lower 

priority species and infestations. 

Prioritize areas such as wilderness, 

research natural areas, botanical 

areas, wild and scenic areas, and 

aquatic and riparian areas to 

maintain the integrity of native 

species and ecosystems. Prepare 

control and prevention plans for 

high priority invasive species, which 

promote early detection of new 

populations and rapid management 

response as an effective approach 

to minimize spread.

•Plan and implement a new 

forestwide treatment program for 

invasive plant species, which 

expands treatment options, 

identifies treatment priorities, and 

includes an early detection-rapid 

response component.
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Invasive species 

in wet meadows 

or riparian

MA-RCA-GOAL

02 Where invasive species are adversely affecting

the persistence of native species, work with the 

appropriate State and Federal wildlife agencies 

work to reduce impacts of invasive species to 

native populations.

NA NA

Road 

maintenance

NA NA Appendix B: proposed and possible 

actions 

Infrastructure

•Naturalize or decommission 

unauthorized roads and system 

roads to create a more costeffective road system and to 

restore natural resources impacted 

by roads. 

•Coordinate with local, State, and 

Federal agencies to mitigate 

impacts from community, highway, 

and interstate road reconstruction 

and to identify management needs.

Timber 

production - 

vegetation 

management

TIMB-FW-DC (02)

02 Production of timber contributes to ecological, 

social, and economic sustainability and associated 

desired conditions. A sustainable mix of forest 

products is offered under a variety of harvest and 

contract methods in response to market demand 

and restoration needs.

NA NA
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References

California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). California Department of Fish and Game, 

Biogeographic Data Branch. 2017. California Natural Diversity Database. Sacramento, 

CA. Data downloaded April 2017. 

California Native Plant Society, Rare Plant Program. 2017. Inventory of Rare and Endangered 

Plants of California (online edition, v8-03 0.38). Website 

http://www.rareplants.cnps.org[accessed 10 April 2017]. 

Natureserve. 2017. NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, VA. U.S.A. Available at: 

http://explorer.natureserve.org/[accessed 10 April 2017]. 

Rabinowitz, D. 1981. Seven forms of rarity. In: Synge H, ed. The biological aspects of rare plant 

conservation. New York; Wiley, 205–217. 

Shaffer, ML. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience 31: 131–134. 

Slaton, MR. 2015. The roles of disturbance, topography and climate in determining the leading 

and rear edges of population range limits. Journal of Biogeography 42: 255-266. 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2013. Final Inyo National Forest 

assessment. Vallejo, CA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2017. Natural Resources Manager – 

Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Plants Database. Geospatial Interface Stand Alone 

Query, Visualization: EO Publish Current to Local RSW Inyo National Forest 

Connection set, Accessed 10/10/2017.

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2018. Rationales for plant species 

considered for designation as species of conservation concern. Vallejo, California: Pacific 

Southwest Regional Office.

Wiens, D., and M.R. Slaton. 2012. The mechanism of background extinction. Biological Journal 

of the Linnean Society 105: 255-268. 
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Appendix G – Aquatic and Riparian Strategy

This appendix provides clarification on how the water, watersheds, and aquatic and riparian plan 

components of the Inyo National Forest’s Land Management Plan are integrated and provide for a 

forestwide strategy with the intent of retaining, restoring, and protecting the processes and 

landforms that provide habitat for aquatic and riparian-dependent organisms, and produce and 

deliver high-quality waters for which the national forest was established. 

Relationship of Strategy Elements 

The forestwide aquatic and riparian strategy (strategy) integrates water, watersheds, and aquatic 

and riparian management direction for the Inyo National Forest. The strategy considers several 

integrated strategic and tactical elements: Forestwide plan direction for watersheds (chapter 2); 

Riparian Conservation Areas (RCAs) and conservation watersheds, which are management 

areas designated through forest planning for which there are plan components (chapter 3); and 

unit-level monitoring questions and indicators (chapter 4). Another element that informs program 

and project-level decisions, but is not included in a forest plan, is watershed restoration, which

focuses on reestablishing watershed functions and processes and related biological, physical and 

chemical characteristics to support aquatic and riparian systems. Priority Watersheds are 

considered part of the strategy and are used as a short-term tactical approach to focus efforts. 

Other primary restoration guidance used by the Forest Service includes recovery plans for 

federally listed threatened or endangered species, rare species conservation strategies, and water 

quality restoration plans. 

Relationship of Plan Components 

The aquatic and riparian strategy adopts an approach focused on maintaining and restoring 

ecological integrity and dynamic processes across broad landscapes, based on best available 

science related to watershed dynamics.

11 Plan components were developed to maintain or restore 

watershed conditions so they are moving towards or are in concert with the natural range of 

variation. 

Forestwide watershed direction is the cornerstone of the strategy, in that these components 

address the watershed conditions as a whole at the coarse, most-broad, scale. Conservation 

watershed direction is additive to the forestwide watershed direction, and only applies to those 

watersheds identified as conservation watersheds. This additional direction emphasizes the 

conditions in conservation watersheds that provide for connectivity of habitats for species of 

conservation concern and maintain the functioning condition of the watershed, which provide for 

high quality water for beneficial uses downstream. These plan components are also tied to the 

coarse, land scape-scale, level.

Plan direction for riparian conservation areas address the individual, site-specific, aquatic and 

riparian systems within the watershed. These components are used whenever the aquatic systems, 

as defined in Chapter 3, for these areas are present within a watershed. Aquatic and ripariandependent resources receive primary emphasis in these areas and special management direction 

applies. Specifically, management activities in riparian conservation areas are designed to protect, 

restore, or enhance water quality and the ecological health and function of aquatic and riparian 

 

11 This strategy updates the Aquatic Management Strategy of the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment in two ways: 

It incorporates BASI and it supports requirements of the 2012 planning rule.
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ecosystems and associated resources. These components are also additive to the forestwide

direction, as both component for watersheds and riparian conservation areas would be used at the 

project-level. Riparian conservation area direction also functions at the ecosystem level (coarse 

filter) to represent and maintain the full range of aquatic and riparian ecological diversity.

Riparian conservation area direction also applies within conservation watersheds. 

Relationship between 

Priority Watersheds and Conservation Watersheds 

Priority watersheds are also an element of the strategy. These watersheds are designated using the 

Watershed Condition Framework, a national assessment and reporting tool. Watershed 

Restoration Action Plans are developed and implemented over a 5 to 7 year period, and once 

completed, watershed managers move on to a new priority watershed. Priority watersheds are a 

short-term tactical approach to restoration across all habitat types in the national forest, depending 

on the need. 

As opposed to a short-term approach to watershed restoration, conservation watersheds represent 

a long-term prioritization for maintenance and restoration of watersheds particularly focused on 

aquatic resources. Achievement of desired conditions could take one or more planning cycles. 

Conservation watersheds may be identified as priority watersheds by the Inyo National Forest 

staff, if there are watershed condition framework indicators that result in some needed short-term 

restoration actions. Conservation watersheds do not need to be identified for restoration activities 

to occur because the functionality of these systems make them a priority for restoration. The 

designation of a watershed as a conservation watershed does not lead to a creation of a watershed 

restoration action plan, like a priority watershed. The development of a watershed restoration 

action plan is specific to priority watersheds only. 

Priority watersheds for short-term actions and conservation watersheds for more long-term 

maintenance both help complete the aquatic and riparian strategy by highlighting areas on the 

Inyo that may need restoration efforts, leading to improvement of aquatic systems. 

Conservation Watershed Descriptions 

The following section provides information on the four conservation watersheds identified on the 

Inyo National Forest. 

Conservation Watersheds Identified for the Inyo National Forest

Mono Lake Headwaters

• Lee Vining Creek-Frontal Mono Lake

• Walker Creek-Rush Creek

• Grant Lake-Rush Creek

Middle Fork San Joaquin River 

Headwaters

• Upper Middle Fork San Joaquin 

• Middle Fork San Joaquin

Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters

• Cottonwood Creek 

• Upper Wyman Creek

South Fork Kern River Headwaters

• Golden Trout Creek

• Lewis Stringer-South Fork Kern 

• Mulkey Creek-South Fork Kern

• Coyote Creek-Kern

• Ninemile Creek

• Soda Creek-South Fork Kern 

• Snake Creek-South Fork Kern 

• Lost Creek-South Fork Kern 

• Pine Creek-South Fork Kern 
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The following sections provide further detail and information on the conservation watersheds 

identified for the Inyo. This includes rationale on why these watersheds were chosen. 

Mono Lake Headwaters

The Mono Lake Headwaters Conservation Watershed encompasses three HUC 12 watersheds: 

Lee Vining Creek-Frontal Mono Lake, Walker Creek-Rush Creek, and Grant Lake-Rush Creek 

and total approximately 92,000 acres (Figure G-1). These watersheds include major water courses 

such as Lee Vining Creek, Walker Creek, Parker Creek, and Rush Creek, which all flow into 

Mono Lake. The Mono Lake Headwaters Conservation Watershed includes both the headwaters 

and the outlet for these systems. Approximately 58 percent of this conservation watershed is 

within the Ansel Adams Wilderness. All three of the HUC 12 watersheds are rated as properly 

functioning under the Watershed Condition Framework. 

Habitats within this area include low elevation sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, Jeffrey pine, aspen, 

lodgepole pine, and then moves into subalpine and alpine types. Meadows, riparian areas, and 

lakes are also present throughout the conservation watershed. 

When determining the at-risk species present within the HUC 12 watersheds, special habitat 

considerations for sage-grouse, willow flycatcher, Mono Lake checkerspot, Yosemite toad, and 

bald eagle were considered. These species were considered because habitats for these species (1) 

only occur in these watersheds (Mono Lake checkerspot and willow flycatcher) or (2) are limited 

on the forest and the species occurs within these watersheds (sage-grouse, bald eagles). Suitable 

habitat within these areas offers connectivity for these species, which allows for dispersal of the 

species throughout the conservation watershed. These watersheds also offer suitable habitat to 

many plant species of conservation concern, including: Mingan moonwort, western single-spiked 

sedge, golden violet, mountain bent grass, scalloped moonwort, western valley sedge, Bodie Hills 

rockcress, Tiehms’ rockcress, northern meadow sedge, fell-fields claytonia, Tioga Pass sedge, 

Davy’s sedge, and Mono Lake lupine. 

The beneficial uses identified for this conservation watershed include, recreation and irrigation 

uses and water flow into Mono Lake. Although beneficial uses of the water may not include 

drinking water, these creeks are important to maintaining water-levels in Mono Lake. Restoration 

activities along these creeks has led to the return of water flowing through previously dry

channels and creation of wildlife habitat. 

Middle Fork San Joaquin River Headwaters

The Middle Fork San Joaquin Headwaters Conservation Watershed contains two HUC 12 

watersheds: Upper Middle Fork San Joaquin and Middle Fork San Joaquin (Figure G-1). This 

area totals approximately 48,600 acres, of which 92 percent is within the Ansel Adams and John 

Muir Wilderness areas. Minaret Creek, King Creek, Reds Creek, Crater Creek, and the Middle 

Fork of the San Joaquin River are the major water courses in this conservation watershed. These 

waterways, along with the multitude of lakes within this area, form the headwaters for the Middle 

Fork of the San Joaquin River, which flows southwest onto the Sierra National Forest. This 

conservation watershed only includes the headwaters, and not the outlet of the river. The Middle 

Fork of the San Joaquin River has been determined to be suitable and is currently being managed 

as a Wild and Scenic River (1991 Sierra National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan). 

Both of the HUC 12 watersheds are rated as properly functioning under the Watershed Condition 

Framework.
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Habitats within this watershed are unique on the Inyo National Forest as they include west side 

Sierra Nevada vegetation types such as red fir, dry mixed conifer, and the Sierra Nevada montane 

zone in which old forest habitats can occur. This make the species present in these watersheds 

unique from the rest of the Inyo National Forest in that California spotted owl habitat only occurs 

in these west side vegetation types. At-risk species identified for this conservation watershed 

include: California spotted owl, marten, great gray owl, Yosemite toad, fell-fields claytonia, shortleaved hulsea, and Bolander’s bruchia. These watersheds were chosen as conservation watersheds 

because they offer unique habitat for west side species occurring on the national forest. 

The beneficial uses of this watershed include not only uses in the headwaters, mainly recreation 

uses, but also downstream for drinking water. These uses were essential in the determination of 

this area as a conservation watershed. 

South Fork Kern River Headwaters

This conservation watershed includes several HUC 12 watersheds, including: Golden Trout 

Creek, Lewis Stringer-South Fork Kern, Mulkey Creek-South Fork Kern, Coyote Creek-Kern, 

Ninemile Creek, Soda Creek-South Fork Kern, Snake Creek-South Fork Kern, Lost Creek-South 

Fork Kern, and Pine Creek-South Fork Kern (Figure G-2). This is the largest conservation 

watershed on the Inyo at approximately 184,100 acres. About 89 percent of this watershed is 

located within the Golden Trout and South Sierra Wilderness areas. The major water courses 

within this watershed include, Golden Trout Creek, Mulkey Creek, Strawberry Creek, Cold 

Meadow Creek, Volcano Creek, Monache Creek, Ninemile Creek, Cold Creek, Soda Creek, Long 

Canyon Creek, Snake Creek, and the South Fork of the Kern River. This area is the headwaters 

for the South Fork of the Kern River, a designated wild and scenic river, which flows south onto 

the Sequoia National Forest. 

All of these watersheds are rated as properly functioning, except for Soda Creek-South Fork Kern 

River, which rated as functioning at risk. Although this watershed does not meet the criteria listed 

in the previous section for establishing conservation watersheds, it was included in this 

conservation watershed because it is completely surrounded by functioning watersheds, is in the 

middle of the conservation watershed, and it provides habitat for essential at-risk species. 

Habitats within this watershed are similar to that of the Middle Fork San Joaquin River 

Conservation Watershed, in that it includes some west side Sierra Nevada vegetation types. This 

area also includes very large meadow systems and connected water courses, which offer suitable 

habitat for at-risk species, such as golden trout and salamanders. 

Given the large acreage and unique habitats and vegetation found within this area, many at-risk 

species were identified for this conservation watershed. This includes: California golden trout, 

western pearlshell, Kern Plateau salamander, California spotted owl, mountain yellow-legged 

frog, Ramshaw abronia, Father Crowley’s lupine, rosette cushion cryptantha, field ivesia, Bodie 

Hills rockcress, Tulare rockcress, Sharsmith’s stickseed, Kern Plateau milk-vetch, Dedecker’s 

clover, sweet-smelling monardella, Olancha Peak buckwheat, slender moonwort, Mingan 

moonwort, scalloped moonwort, Sharsmith’s stickseed, and Kern Plateau birds’-beak.

Beneficial uses of the water, specifically the South Fork of the Kern River, include recreation and 

irrigation on the Inyo National Forest and further downstream drinking water. These essential 

uses, as well as the unique habitats and species that occur in this area, were the main drivers that

designated this as a conservation watershed. 
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Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters

The Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters Conservation Watershed is located in the White 

Mountains on the Inyo National Forest and includes two HUC 12 watersheds, Cottonwood Creek 

and Upper Wyman Creek (Figure G-3). This area totals approximately 62,700 acres, of which 

about 57 percent is within the White Mountains Wilderness. Another 12 percent is found within 

the Alternative B-modified proposed recommended White Mountain Wilderness Additions. The 

major water courses within this area include Cottonwood Creek, a designated wild and scenic 

river, Poison Creek, Crooked Creek, and Wyman Creek. Although these systems do not form into 

a larger river system, they drain into the Fishlake Valley and Deep Springs Valley on the eastside 

of the White Mountains. Both of these HUC 12 watersheds are rated as properly functioning 

under the Watershed Condition Framework. 

Habitats within these areas include mostly sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, riparian corridors, springs, 

and bristlecone pine at the higher elevations in the subalpine and alpine zones. Terrestrial and 

aquatic at-risk species in this area include Paiute cutthroat trout, sage-grouse, and desert bighorn 

sheep. Although this could be considered low diversity for terrestrial and aquatic species, the 

abundance of at-risk plant species within this area was very high. This is most likely due to the 

number of endemic species found within the higher elevations of the White Mountains. Plant 

species include: horned dandelion, Poison Canyon stickseed, slender townsendia, Morefield’s 

cinquefoil, western valley sedge, compact daisy, spiny-leaved milkvetch, White Mountains 

horkelia, blue pendent-pod oxytrope, beautiful cinquefoil, Idaho sedge, Pinyon Mesa buckwheat, 

foxtail thelypodium, Nevada ninebark, little bulrush, White Mountains draba, scalloped 

moonwort, Dedecker’s clover, limestone daisy, western single-spiked sedge, and upswept 

moonwort. The diversity of at-risk plant species was one of the main drivers for designating this 

area as a conservation watershed. 

Beneficial uses of water include recreation uses and irrigation, both on and off the national forest. 

The downstream beneficial uses occur in the Fish Lake Valley and Deep Springs Valley areas. 
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Figure G-1. Map of the Mono Lake Headwaters and Middle Fork San Joaquin Headwaters Conservation Watersheds
Appendix G: Aquatic and Riparian Strategy

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Figure G-2. Map of the South Fork Kern River Headwaters Conservation Watershed
Appendix G: Aquatic and Riparian Strategy

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Revision of the Inyo National Forest Land Management Plans – Vol. 2

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Figure G-3. Map of the Cottonwood-Crooked Creek Headwaters Conservation Watershed
Intentionally left blank.