Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 170 Series P, Hydrographic Progress Reports, 46 

DEPAETMENT OF THE INTEEIOE

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIBBCTOK

REPORT

PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS

THE CALENDAR YEAR 1905

PRrEPAEED UNDEE THE DIRECTION OF F. H. NEWELL

PART VI. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Drainages

BY

R. E. HORTON, F. W. HANNA, and JOHN C. HOYT

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906
Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 170 Series P, Hydrographic Progress Reports, 46 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

BEPOBT

PROGRESS OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS

THE CALENDAR YEAR 1905

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. H. NEWELL

PART VI. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Drainages .

BY

R. E. HORTON, F. W. HANNA, and JOHN C. HOYT

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction............................................................... 1

Organization and scope of work.......................................... 1

Definitions-........................................................... 3

Explanation of tables................................................... 4

Convenient equivalents. ...._......______ ___._...._..___._.._._....____. 5

Field methods of measuring stream flow................................... 6

Office methods of computing run-off..--...-..-'......-.................... 10

Cooperation and acknowledgments....................................... 11

Lake Michigan drainage..................................................... 12

General features....................................................... 12

Escanaba River basin................................................... 12

Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich................................. 12

Menominee River basin................................................. 14

Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich........................... 14

Iron River basin. ._..._..._.....>...__.....___......__...._._.__........ 16

Iron River at Iron River, Mich...................................... 16

Wolf River basin....................................................... 17

Wolf River at Northport, Wis....................................... 17

St. Joseph River basin.................................................. 18

Description of basin................................................ 18

St. Joseph River and Portage Creek at Mendon, Mich................... 19

St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich................................ 20

Kalamazoo River basin................................................. 22

Description of basin................................................ 22

Kalamazoo River near Allegan, Mich........................ ........ 22

Reed's Springs near Albion, Mich.................................... 24

Grand River basin..................................................... 25

Description of basin................................................ 25

Grand River at Jackson, Mich....................................... 25

Grand River at North Lansing, Mich. ................................ 26

Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich.................................. 29

Muskegon River basin.................................................. 32

Description of basin................................................ 32

Muskegon River at Newaygo, Mich................................... 32

Manistee River basin................................................... 34

Manistee River near Sherman, Mich.................................. 34

Lake Huron drainage....................................................... 35

General features....................................................... 35

Thunder Ba^ River basin............................................... 36

Thunder Bay River near Alpena, Mich................................ 36

Au Sable River basin..........-.........--..--..--.....--.-.-.----.---- 38

Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.................................... 38
IV CONTENTS.

Lake Huron drainage Continued.

Rifle River basin.......................................................

Rifle River near Sterling, Mich.......................................

Miscellaneous measurements.......-............---.....--.-...-...-.

Saginaw River basin....................................................

Tittabawassee River at Freeland, Mich.......----....-.-......-......-

Lake Erie drainage. --.-....----.-................--......-......--.....-...

General features. ......................................................

Huron River basin.....................................................

Description of basin................................................

Huron River at Dexter, Mioh........................................

Huron River at Geddes, Mich-.......................................

Huron River at French Landing, Mich........--.--..--.-.............

Huron River at Flatrock, Mich......................................

Maumee River basin....................................................

Description of basin................................................

Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio.......--....----....---....--..-. 50

St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.................................

St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind.................................

Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio. .....................................

Black River basin......................................................

Black River near Elyria, Ohio..........-.-....----.......-.-........

Cuyahoga River basin..................................................

Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio. ..............................

Lake Ontario drainage......................................................

General features.......................................................

Oak Orchard Creek basin................................................

Oak Orchard Creek near Medina, N. Y................................

Genesee River basin....................................................

Description of basin................................................

Genesee River and Canaseraga Creek near Mount Morris, N. Y. ..........

Genesee River at Rochester, N. Y....................................

Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y.............................

Honeoye Creek at East Rush, N. Y...................................

Oswego River basin....................................................

Description of basin................................................

Oswego River at Battle Island, N. Y.................................

Seneca River at Baldwinsville, N. Y..--..--.........-.-.-.......-....

Cayuga Lake at Ithaca, N. Y..-........-.........---.....---........

Skaneateles Lake outlet at Willow Glen, N. Y.........................

Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y. .....................................

Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y..............................

Salmon River basin....................................................

Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.....................................

Black River basin......................................................

Description of basin................................................

 Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y...................................

Moose River at Moose River, N. Y...................................

Miscellaneous measurements. ----------------------------------------

St. Lawrence River drainage.................................................

General features.......................................................

Chateaugay River basin.................................................

English River basin....................................................
CONTENTS. V

St. Lawrence River drainage Continued. . Page.

Oswegatchie River basin................................................ 93

Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y............................ 93

Raquette River basin................................................... 94

Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y............................. 94

Lake Champlain drainage basin........................................ . 97

Description of basin................................................ 97

Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y............................ 98

Big Chazy River................................................... 101

Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y................................. 102

Lake George outlet at Ticonderoga, N. Y.............................. 103

Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt....................................... 106

Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.................................... 108

Index..................................................................... Ill

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. Map of the United States, showing location of principal river stations

maintained during 1905.......................................... 2

FIG. 1. Cable station, showing section of the river, car, gage, etc............... 7

2. Rating, area, and mean-velocity curves for South Fork of Skykomish

River near Index, Wash.......................................... 10
PROGRESS REPORT OF STREAM MEASUREMENTS 

FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1905.

PART VI.

By R. E. HORTON, F. W. HANNA, and JOHN C. HOYT.

INTRODUCTION. 

ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE OF WORK.

The hydrographic work of the United States Geological Survey includes the collection 

of facts concerning and the study of conditions affecting the behavior of water from the 

time it reaches the earth as rain or snow until it joins the oceans or great navigable rivers. 

These investigations became a distinct feature of the work of the Survey in the fall of 1888, 

when an instruction camp was established at Embudo, N. Mex. The first specific appropriation for gaging streams was made by the act of August 18, 1894, which contained an 

item of $12,500 "for gauging the streams and determining the water supply of the United 

States, including the investigation of underground currents and artesian wells in the arid 

and semiarid sections." (28 Stat. L., p. 398.)

Since that time the appropriations have been gradually increased, as shown by the following table:

Annual appropriations for hydrographic surveys for fiscal years ending June 30,1895, to 1906-

1895........................... $12, 500

1896........................... 20,000

1897........................... 50,000

1898........................... 50,000

1899........................... 50,000

1900........................... 50, OQO

1901.......................... $100,000

1902.......................... 100, 000

1903.......................... 200,000

1904.......................... 200,000

1905.................... .-... 200,000

1906.......................... 200,000

As a result of the increased appropriations the work has been greatly extended, and at 

the same time it has been more thoroughly systematized by the adoption of standard methods and by grouping the States into districts, in each of which a district hydrographer and 

a, corps of assistants carry on a comprehensive study of the hydrographic resources.

The chief features of the hydrographic work are the collection of data relating to the flow 

of surface waters and the study of the conditions affecting this flow. Information is also 

collected concerning river profiles, duration and magnitude of floods, water power, etc., 

which may be of use in hydrographic studies. This work includes the study of the hydrography of every important river basin in the United States, and is of direct value in the commercial and agricultural development of the country.

In order to collect the material from which estimates of daily flow are made, gaging stations are established. The selection of a site for a gaging station and the length of time it 

is maintained depend largely on the physical features and the needs of each locality. If 

the water is to be used for power, special effort is made to obtain information concerning

1
2 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

the minimum flow; if water is to be stored, the maximum flow receives special attention. 

In all sections of the country permanent gaging stations are maintained for general statistical purposes, to show the conditions existing through long periods. They are also used 

as primary stations, and their records in connection with short series of measurements serve 

as bases for estimating the flow at other points in the drainage basin.

During the calendar year 1905 the division of hydrography has continued measuring the 

flow of streams on the same general lines as in previous years. Many new and improved 

methods have been introduced, by which the accuracy and value of the results have been 

increased. Approximately 800 regular gaging stations were maintained during the year, 

and an exceptionally large number of miscellaneous measurements and special investigations were made. The "Report of Progress of Stream Measurements," which contains the 

results of this work, is published in a series of fourteen Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, 

Nos. 165 to 178, as follows:

No. 1W>. Atlantic coast of New England drainage.

No. 166. Hudson, Passaic, Raritan, and Delaware river drainages.

No. 167. Susquehanna, Gunpowder, Patapsco, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and Yadkin river drainages.

No. 168. Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha rivers and eastern Gull of Mexico drainages.

No. 169. Ohio and lower eastern Mississippi river drainages.

No. 170. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River drainages.

No. 171. Hudson Bay and upper eastern and western Mississippi River drainages.

No. 172. Missouri River drainage.

No. 173. Meramec, Arkansas, Red, and lower western Mississippi river drainages.

No. 174. Western Gulf of Mexico and Rio Grande drainages.

No. 175. Colorado River drainage.

No. 176. The Great Basin drainage.

No. 177. The Great Basin and Pacific Ocean drainages in California.

No. 178. Columbia River and Puget Sound drainages.

These papers embody the data collected at the regular gaging stations, the results of the 

computations based on the observations, and such other information as may have a direct 

bearing on the study of the subject, and include, as far as practicable, descriptions of the 

basins and the streams draining them.

For the purpose, of introducing uniformity into the reports for the various years the drainages of the United States have been divided into eleven grand divisions, which have been 

again divided into secondary divisions, as shown in the following .list. The Progress Report 

has been made to conform to this arrangement, each part containing the data for one or 

more of the secondary divisions. The secondary divisions have in most cases been redivided 

and the facts have been arranged so far as practicable geographically.

List of drainage basins in the United States.

NOETHEEN ATLANTIC DRAINAGE BASINS.

St. John.

St. Croix.

Pen ob scot.

Kennebec.

Androscoggin.

Presumpscot.

Saco.

Merrimac.

Connecticut.

Blackstone.

James.

Chowan.

Roanoke.

Thames.

Housatonic.

Hudson.

Passaic.

Raritan.

Delaware.

Susquehanna.

Potomac.

Minor Chesapeake Bay.

Minor northern Atlantic.

SOUTHEEN ATLANTIC DRAINAGE BASINS.

Great Pedee (Yadkin).

Santee.

Savannah.

Tar.

Altamaha.

Cape Fear. Minor southern Atlantic.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 170 PL. I

127° 125° 123 121" 119° 117° 115° 113° 111° 109 107° 105° 103° 101° 99° 97° 95° 93 91 87° 85 83 81° 79 77 76 73° 71° 69° 67

119" 117 115 113 109 107 106° 103 101° 99C 97" 95° 93° 91 89° 87 85

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL RIVER STATIONS MAINTAINED DURING 1905.
Suwanee. 

Apalachicola.

OKGANIZATION AND SCOPE OF WOEK.

EASTEEN GULF OF MEXICO DRAINAGE BASINS.

Pearl.

Minor eastern Gulf of Mexico.

Mobile.

EASTERN MISSISSIPPI RIVEK DRAINAGE BASINS.

Lower eastern Mississippi.

Lake Superior. 

Lake Michigan. 

Lake Huron. 

Lake St. Clair.

Upper eastern Mississippi.

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE BASINS.

Niagara River.

Lake Ontario.

Lake Champlain (Richelieu River).

Minor St. Lawrence.

Lake Erie.

WESTERN MISSISSIPPI RIVER DRAINAGE BASINS.

Upper western Mississippi.

Missouri.

Meramec.

Lower western Mississippi.

Arkansas.

Red.

Sabine. 

Neches. 

Trinity. 

Brazos. 

Colorado (of Texas).

Wasatch Mountains. 

Humboldt.

WESTERN GULF OF MEXICO DRAINAGE BASINS.

Guadelupe.

San Antonio.

Nueces.

Rio Grande.

Minor western Gulf of Mexico.

COLORADO RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 

THE GREAT BASIN.

Sierra Nevada.

Minor streams in Great Basin.

PACIFIC COAST DRAINAGE BASINS.

Southern Pacific. Columbia.

San Francisco Bay. Puget Sound.

Northern Pacific.

HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE BASINS.

DEFINITIONS.

The volume of water flowing in a stream the "run-off" or "discharge" is expressed 

in various terms, each of which has become associated with a certain class of work. These 

terms may be divided into two groups (1) those which represent a rate of flow, as secondfeet, gallons per minute, miner's inch, and run-off in second-feet per square mile; and (2) 

those which represent the actual quantity of water, as run-off in depth in inches and acrefoot. They may be defined as follows:

"Second-foot" is an abbreviation for cubic foot per second, and is the rate of discharge 

of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep at a rate of 1 foot per second. 

Jt is generally used as a fundamental unit from which others are computed.

"Gallons per minute" is generally used in connection with pumping and city water 

supply.

The "miner's inch" is the rate of discharge of water passing through an orifice 1 inch 

square under a head which varies locally. It has been commonly used by miners and 

irrigators throughout the West, and is defined by statute in each State in which it is used. 

In most States the California miner's inch is used, which is the fiftieth part of a second-foot.

"Second-feet per square mile" is applied to the average number of cubic feet of water 

flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on the assumption that the run-off 

is distributed uniformly as regards both time and area.
4 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

"Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would be covered if all 

the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed on 

the surface. It is used for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed 

in depth in inches.

An "acre-foot" is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, and is the quantity required to cover 

an acre to the depth of 1 foot. It is commonly used in connection with storage for irrigation 

work. There is a convenient relation between the second-foot and the acre-foot. One 

second-foot flowing for twenty-four hours will deliver 86,400 cubic feet, or approximately 

2 acre-feet.

EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

For each regular gaging station are given, so far as available, the following data:

1. Description of station.

2. List of discharge measurements.

3. Gage-height table.

4. Rating table.

5. Table of estimated monthly and yearly discharges and run-off, based on all the facts 

obtained to date.

The descriptions of stations give such general information about the locality and equipment as would enable the reader to find and use the station. They also give, as far as 

possible, a complete history of all the changes since the establishment of the station that 

would be factors in using the data collected.

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge measurements 

made during the year, including the date, the name of the hydrographer, the gage height, 

the area of cross section, the mean velocity, and the discharge in second-feet.

The table of daily gage heights gives the daily fluctuations of the surface of the river 

as found from the mean of the gage readings taken each day. The gage height given in 

the table represents the elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. 

At most stations the gage is read in the morning and in the evening.

The rating table gives discharges in second-feet corresponding to each stage of the river 

as given by the gage heights.

In the table of estimated monthly discharge, the column headed "Maximum" gives the 

mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was highest, and it is the flow as given 

in the rating table for that mean gage height. As the gage height is the mean for the 

day, there might have been short periods when the water was higher and the corresponding 

discharge larger than given in this column. Likewise in the column of "Minimum" the 

quantity given is the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was lowest. The 

column headed "Mean" is the average flow for each second during the month. On this 

are based the computations for the two remaining columns which are defined above.

In the computations for the tables of this report the following general and special rules

have been used:

Fundamental rules for computation.

1. The highest degree of precision consistent with the rational use of time and money is imperative.

2. All items of computation should be expressed by at least two and not more than four significant 

figures.

3. Any measurement in a vertical velocity, mean velocity, or discharge curve whose per cent of error 

is five times the average per cent of error of all the other measurements should be rejected.

4. In reducing the number of significant figures, or the number of decimal places, by dropping the 

last figure, the following rules apply:

(a) When the figure in the place to be rejected is less than 5, drop it without changing the preceding 

figure. Example: 1,827.4 becomes 1,827.

(6) When the figure in the place to be rejected is greater than 5, drop it and increase the preceding 

figure by 1. Example: 1,827.6 becomes 1,828.

(c) When the figure in the place to be rejected is 5, and it is preceded by an even figure, drop the 5. 

Example: 1,828.5 becomes 1,828.

(d) When the figure in the place to be rejected is 5, and it is preceded by an odd figure, drop the 5 

and increase the preceding figure by 1. Example. 1,827.5 becomes 1,828.
CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS. 5

Special rules for computation.

1. Eating tables are to be constructed as closely as the data on which they are based will warrant. 

No decimals are to be used when the discharge is over 50 second-feet.

2. Daily discharges shall be applied directly to the gage heights as they are tabulated.

3. Monthly means are to be carried out to one decimal place when the quantities are below 100 secondfeet. Between 100 and 10,000 second-feet the last figure in the monthly mean shall be a significant figure. 

This also applies to the yearly mean.

4. Second-feet per square mile and depth in inches for the individual months shall be carried out 

to at least three significant figures, except in the case of decimals where the first significant figure is 

preceded by one or more naughts (0), when the quantity shall be carried out to two significant figures. 

Example: 1.25; .125; .012; .0012. The yearly means for these quantities are always to be expressed in 

three significant figures and at least two decimal places.

CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS.

1 second-foot equals 50 California miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 40 Arizona miner's inches.

1 second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons per minute; equals 

646,272 gallons for one day.

1 second-foot equals 6.23 British imperial gallons per second. 

1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet deep, 13.572 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one year equals 0.000214 cubic mile; equals 31,536,000 cubic feet. 

1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour. 

1 second-foot falling 10 feet equals 1.136 horsepower. 

100 California miner's inches equal 15 United States gallons per second. 

100 California miner's inches equal 77 Colorado miner's inches. 

100 California miner's inches for one day equal 4 acre-feet. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 2.60 second-feet.

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 19.5 United States gallons per second. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equal 130 California miner's inches. 

100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equal 5.2 acre-feet. 

100 United States gallons per minute equal 0.223 second-foot. 

100 United States gallons per minute for one day equal 0.44 acre-foot 

1,000,000 United States gallons per day equal 1.55 second-feet. 

1,000,000 United States gallons equal 3 07 acre-feet. 

1,000,000 cubic feet equal 22.95 acre-feet. 

1 acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons.

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 2,323,200 cubic feet. 

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 0.0737 second-foot per year. 

1 inch equals 2.54 centimeters, 

1 foot equals 0.3048 meter. 

1 yard equals 0.9144 meter. 

1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers.

1 mile equals 1,760 yards; equals 5,280 feet; equals 63,360 inches. 

1 square yard equals 0.836 square meter. 

1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare.

1 acre equals 43,560 square feet; equals 4,840 square yards. 

1 acre equals 209 feet square, nearly. 

1 square mile equals 259 hectares. 

1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilometers. 

1 cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meter. 

1 cubic foot equals 7.48 gallons; equals 0.804 bushel. 

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic yard equals 0.7646 cubic meter. 

1 cubic mile equals 147,198,000,000 cubic feet. 

1 cubic mile equals 4,667 second-feet for one yea . 

1 gallon equals 3.7854 liters. 

1 gallon equals 8.36 pounds of water. 

1 gallon equals 231 cubic inches (liquid measure). 

1 pound equals 0.4536 kilogram. 

1 avoirdupois pound equals 7,000 grains. 

1 troy pound equals 5,760 grams. 

1 meter equals 39.37 inches. Log. 1.5951654. 

1 meter equals 3.280833 feet. Log. 0.5159842. 

1 meter equals 1.093611 yards. Log. 0.388629. 

1 kilometer equals 3,281 feet; equals five-eighths mile, nearly.
6 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

1 square meter equals 10.764 square feet; equals 1.196 square yards. 

1 hectare equals 2.471 acres.

1 cubic meter equals 35.314 cubic feet; equals 1.308 cubic yards. 

1 liter equals 1.0567 quarts. 

1 gram equals 15.43 grains. 

1 kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds. 

1 tonneau equals 2,204.6 pounds. 

1 foot per second equals 1.097 kilometers per hour. 

1 foot per second equals 0.68 mile per hour. 

1 cubic meter per minute equals 0.5886 second-loot.

1 atmosphere equals 15 pounds per square inch; equals 1 ton per square loot; equals 1 kilogram per 

square centimeter.

Acceleration ol gravity equals 32.16 feet per second every second. 

1 horsepower equals 550 loot-pounds per second. 

1 horsepower equals 76 kilogram-meters per second. 

1 horsepower equals 746 watts. 

1 horsepower equals 1 second-loot falling 8.8 feet. 

1J horsepowers equal about 1 kilowatt.

To calculate water power quickly, ! ^Q =net horsepower on water wheel, realizing 80 

per cent of the theoretical power. _

Quick formula lor computing discharge over weirs: Cubic leet per minute equals 0.4025 l\'h3 ; l=* 

length of weir in inches; A=head in inches flowing over weir, measured from surface of still water. 

To change miles to inches on map:

Scale 1: 125000, 1 mile=0.50688 inch. 

Scale 1: 90000, 1 mile= 0.70400 inch. 

Scale 1: 62500, 1 mile= 1.01376 inches. 

Scale 1: 4.r>000, 1 mile= 1.40800 inches.

FIELD METHODS OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW.

The methods used in collecting these data and in preparing them for publication are given 

in detail in Water-Supply Papers No. 94 (Hydrographic Manual, U. S. Geol. Survey) and No. 

95 (Accuracy of Stream Measurements). In order that those who use this report may 

readily become acquainted with the general methods employed, the following brief description is given:

Streams may be divided, with respect to their physical conditions, into three classes (1) 

those with permanent beds; (2) those with beds which change only during extreme low or 

high water; (3) those with constantly shifting beds. In estimating the daily flow special 

methods are necessary for each class. The data on which these estimates are based and the 

methods of collecting them are, however, in general the same.

There are three distinct methods of determining the flow of open-channel streams (1) 

by measurements of slope and cross section and the use of Chezy's and Kutter's formulas; 

(2) by means of a weir; (3) by measurements of the velocity of the current and of the area of 

the cross section. The method chosen for any case depends on the local physical conditions, 

the degree of accuracy desired, the funds available, and the length of time that the record is 

to be continued.

Slope method. Much information has been collected relative to the coefficients to be used 

in the Chezy f ormula, v = c\/ r s. This has been utilized by Kutter, both in developing his 

formula for c and in determining the values of the coefficient n which appears therein. The 

results obtained by the slope method are in general only roughly approximate, owing to the 

difficulty in obtaining accurate data and the uncertainty of the value for n to be used in 

Kutter's formula. The most common use of this method is in estimating the flood discharge 

of a stream when the only data available are the cross section, the slope as shown by marks 

along the bank, and a knowledge of the general conditions.

Weir method. When funds are available and the conditions are such that sharp-crested 

weirs can be erected, these offer the best facilities for determining flow. If dams are suitably situated and constructed they may be utilized for obtaining reliable estimates of flow. 

The conditions necessary to insure good results may be divided into two classes (1) those 

relating to the physical characteristics of the dam itself, and (2) those relating to the diversion and use of the water around and through the dam.
FIELD METHODS OF MEASURING FLOW. 7

The physical requirements are as follows: (a) Sufficient height of dam, so that backwater 

will not interfere with free fall over it; (l>) absence of leaks of appreciable magnitude; (c) 

topography or abutments which confine the flow over the clam at high stages; (d) level crests 

which are kept free from obstructions caused by floating logs or ice; (e) crests of a type for 

which the coefficients to be used in Q = c & Ji -, or some similar standard weir formula, are 

known (see Water-Supply Paper No. 150); (/) either no flash boards or exceptional care in 

reducing leakage through them and in recording their condition.

Preferably there should be no diversion of water through or around the dani. Generally, 

however, a dam is built for purposes of power or navigation, and part or all of the water 

flowing past it is diverted for such uses. This water is measured and added to that passing 

over the dam. To insure accuracy in such estimates the amount of water diverted should 

be reasonably constant. Furthermore, it should be so diverted that it can be measured 

by a weir, a current meter, or a simple system of water wheels, which are of standard make, 

or have been rated as meters under working conditions, and so installed that the gate openings, 

the heads under which they work, and their angular velocities may be accurately observed.

The combination of physical conditions and uses of the water should be such that the estimates of flow will not involve, for a critical stage of considerable duration, the use of a head, 

on a broad-crested dam, of less than 6 inches. Moreover, when all other conditions are good, 

the cooperation of the owners or operators of the plant is still essential if reliable results are 

to be obtained.

FIG. 1. Cable station, showing section of the river, ear, gage, etc.

A gaging station at a weir or dam has the general advantage of continuity of record 

through the period of ice and floods, and the disadvantages of uncertainty of coefficient to 

be used in the weir formula and of complications in the diversion and use of the water.

Velocity method. The determination of the quantity of water flowing past a certain section of a stream at a given time is termed a discharge measurement. This quantity is the 

product of two factors the mean velocity and the area of the cross section. The mean 

velocity is a function of surface slope, wetted perimeter, roughness of bed, and the channel 

conditions at, above, and below the gaging section. The area depends on the contour of 

the bed and the fluctuations of the surface. The two principal weys of measuring the 

velocity of a stream are by floats and current meters.

Great care is taken in the selection and equipment of gaging stations for determining discharge by velocity measurements in order that the data may have the required degree of 

accuracy. Their essential requirements are practically the same whether the velocity is 

determined by meters or floats. They are located as far as possible where the channel is 

straight both above and below the gaging section; where there are no cross currents, backwater, or boils; where the bed of the stream is reasonably free from large projections of a 

permanent character, and where the banks are high and subject to overflow only at flood 

stages. The station must be so far removed from the effects of tributary streams and dams 

or other artificial obstructions that the gage height shall be an index to the discharge.
8 STKEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAKT VI.

Certain permanent or semipermanent structures usually referred to as "equipment" are 

generally pertinent to a gaging station. These are a gage for determining the fluctuations 

of the water surface, bench marks to which the datum of the gage is referred, permanent 

marks on a bridge or a tagged line indicating the points of measurements, and, where the current is swift, some appliance (generally a secondary cable) to hold the meter in position in 

the water. As a rule the stations are located at bridges if the channel conditions are satisfactory, as from them the observations can more readily be made and the cost of the equipment is small.

The floats in common use are the surface, subsurface, and tube or rod floats. A corked 

bottle with a flag in the top and weighted at the bottom makes one of the most satisfactory 

surface floats, as it is affected but little by wind. In case of flood measurements good 

results can be obtained by observing the velocity of floating cakes of ice or debris. In case 

of all surface float measurements coefficients must be used to reduce the observed velocity 

to the mean velocity. The subsurface and tube or rod floats are intended to give directly 

the mean velocity in the vertical. Tubes give excellent results when the channel conditions 

are good, as in canals.

In measuring velocity by a float, observation is made of the time taken by the float to 

pass over the "run," a selected stretch of river from 50 to 200 feet long. In each discharge 

measurement a large number of velocity determinations are made at different points across 

the stream, and from these observations the mean velocity for the whole section is determined. This may be done by plotting the mean positions of the floats, as indicated by the 

distances from the bank as ordinates and the corresponding times as abscissas. A curve 

through these points shows the mean time of run at any point across the stream, and the 

mean time for the whole stream is obtained by dividing the area bounded by this curve and 

its axis by the width. The length of the run divided by the mean time gives the mean 

velocity.

The area used in float measurements is the mean of the areas at the two ends of the run 

and at several intermediate sections.

The essential parts of the current meters in use are a wheel of some type so constructed 

that the impact of flowing water causes it to revolve, and a device for recording or indicating the number of revolutions. The relation between the velocity of the moving water 

and the revolutions of the wheel is determined for each meter. This rating is done by 

drawing the meter through still water for a given distance at different speeds and noting 

the number of revolutions for each run. From these data a rating table is prepared, which 

gives the velocity per second for any number of revolutions.

Many kinds of current meters have been constructed. They may, however, be classed 

in two general types those in which the wheel is made up of a series of cups, as the Price, 

and those having a screw-propeller wheel, as the Haskell. Each meter has been developed 

for use under some special condition. In the case of the small Price meter, which has been 

largely developed and extensively used by the United States Geological Survey, an attempt 

has been made to get an instrument which could be used under practically all conditions.

Current-meter measurements may be made from a bridge, cable, boat, or by wading, 

and gaging stations may be classified in accordance with such use. Fig. 1 shows a typical 

cable station.

In making the measurements an arbitrary number of points are laid off on a line perpendicular to the thread of the stream. The points at which the velocity and depth are 

observed are known as measuring points, and are usually fixed at regular intervals, varying 

from 2 to 20 feet, depending on the size and condition of the stream. Perpendiculars 

dropped from the measuring points divide the gaging section into strips. For each strip 

or pair of strips the mean velocity, area, and discharge are determined independently, so 

that conditions existing in one part of the stream may not be extended to parts where they 

do not apply.

Three classes of methods of measuring velocity with current meters are in general use 

multiple point, single point, and integration.
FIELD METHODS OF MEASURING FLOW. 9

The three principal multiple-point methods in general use are the vertical velocity-curve, 

0.2 and 0.8 depth, and top, bottom, and mid depth.

In the vertical velocity-curve method a series of velocity determinations are made in 

each vertical at regular intervals, usually from 0.5 to 1 foot apart. By plotting these velocities as abscissas and their depths as ordinates and drawing a smooth curve among the 

resulting points the vertical-velocity curve is developed. This curve shows graphically 

the magnitude and changes in velocity from the surface to the bottom of the stream. The 

mean velocity in the vertical is then obtained by dividing the area bounded by this velocity 

curve and its axis by the depth. On account of the length of time required to make a complete measurement by this method its use is limited to the determination of coefficients 

for purposes of comparison and to measurements under ice.

In the second multiple-point method the meter is held successively at 0.2 and 0.8 of the 

depth, and the mean of the velocities at these two points is taken as the mean velocity 

for that vertical. Assuming that the vertical velocity-curve is a common parabola with 

horizontal axis, the mean of the velocities at 0.22 and 0.79 of the depth will give (closely) 

the mean velocity in the vertical. Actual observations under a wide range of conditions 

show that this second multiple-point method gives the mean velocity very closely for 

open-water conditions where the depth is over 5 feet and the bed comparatively smooth, 

and, moreover, the indications are that it will hold nearly as well for ice-covered rivers.

In the third multiple-point method the meter is held at mid depth at 0.5 foot below the 

surface and at 0.5 foot above the bottom, and the mean velocity is determined by dividing 

by 6 the sum of the top velocity, four times the mid-depth velocity, and the bottom velocity. This method may be modified by observing at 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 depth.

The single-point method consists in holding the meter either at the depth of the thread 

of mean velocity or at an arbitrary depth for which the coefficient for reducing to mean 

velocity has been determined.

Extensive experiments by vertical velocity-curves show that the thread of mean velocity 

generally occurs at from 0.5 to 0.7 of the total depth. In general practice the thread of 

mean velocity is considered to be at 0.6 depth, at which point the meter is held in the 

majority of measurements. A large number of vertical velocity-curve measurements 

taken on many streams and under varying conditions show that the average coefficient 

for reducing the velocity obtained at 0.6 depth to mean velocity is practically unity.

In the other principal single-point method the meter is held near the surface, usually 1 

foot below, or low enough to be out of the effect of wind or other disturbing influences. 

This is known as the subsurface method. The coefficient for reducing the velocity taken 

at the subsurface to the mean has been found to be from 0.85 to 0.95, depending on the 

stage, velocity, and channel conditions. The higher the stage the larger the coefficient. This 

method is especially adapted for flood measurements, or when the velocity is so great that 

the meter can not be kept at 0.6 depth.

The vertical-integration method consists in moving the meter at a slow, uniform speed 

from the surface to the bottom and back again to the surface and noting the number of 

revolutions and the time taken in the operation. Tliip method has the advantage that the 

velocity at each point in the vertical is measured twice. It is well adapted for measurements under ice and as a check on the point methods.

The area, which is the other factor in the velocity method of determining the discharge 

of a stream, depends on the stage of the river, which is observed on the gage, and on the 

general contour of the bed of the stream, which is determined by soundings. The soundings are usually taken at each measuring point at the time of the discharge measurement, 

either by using the meter and cable or by a special sounding line or rod. For streams with 

permanent beds standard cross sections are usually tslken during low water. These sections serve to check the soundings which are taken at the time of the measurements, and 

from them any change which may have taken place in the bed of the stream can be detected. 

They are also of value in obtaining the area for use in computations of high-water measurements, as accurate soundings are hard to obtain at high stages.
10 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

In computing the discharge measurements from the observed velocities and depths at 

various points of measurement the measuring section is divided into elementary strips, as 

shown in fig. 1, and the mean velocity, area, and discharge are determined separately for 

either a single or a double strip. The total discharge and the area are the sums of those 

for the various strips, and the mean velocity is obtained by dividing the total discharge by 

the total area.

The determination of the flow of an ice-covered stream is difficult, owing to diversity 

and instability of conditions during the winter period and also to lack of definite information in regard to the laws of flow of water under ice. The method now employed is to 

make frequent discharge measurements during the frozen periods by the vertical velocitycurve method and to keep an accurate record of the conditions, such as the gage height to 

the surface of the water as it rises in a hole cut in the ice, the thickness and character of 

the ice, etc. From these data an approximate estimate of the daily flow can be made by 

constructing a rating curve (really a series of curves) similar to that used for open channels, 

but considering, in addition to gage heights and discharge, varying thickness of ice. Such 

data as are available in regard to this subject are published in Water-Supply Paper No. 

146, pp. 141-148.

OFFICE METHODS OF COMPUTING} RUN-OFF.

There are two principal methods of estimating run-off, depending on whether or not the 

bed of the stream is permanent.

MEAN VELOCITY. AREA AND 

Rl\ ER (

BATING

:AR INI

MEA SUREME JTS IN

00 16 X> 2C

JL

VELOCITY '|N FEET PER SECOND I f C 5 f 1 ) ___1 >____I >____< >____i >

3000 4000 9000 

DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET

FIG. 2. Rating, area, and mean-velocity curves for South Fork of Skykomish River, near Index,Wash.

For stations on streams with permanent beds the first step in computing the run-off is 

the construction of the rating table, which shows the discharge corresponding to any stage 

of the stream. This rating table is applied to the record of stage to determine the amount 

of water flowing. The construction of the rating table depends on the method used in 

measuring flow.

For a station at a weir or dam, the basis for the rating table is some standard weir formula. The coefficients to be used in its application depend on the type of dam and other 

conditions near its crest. After inserting in the weir formula the measured length of crest 

and assumed coefficient the discharge is computed for various heads and the rating table 

is constructed.

The data necessary for the construction of a rating table for a velocity-area station are 

the results of the discharge measurements, which include the record of stage of the river
OFFICE METHODS OF COMPUTING RUN-OFF. 11

at the time of measurement, the area of the cross section, the mean velocity of the current, 

and the quantity of water flowing. A thorough knowledge of the conditions at and in 

the vicinity of the station is also necessary.

The construction of the rating table depends on the following .aws of flow for open permanent channels: (1) The discharge will remain constant so long as the conditions at or 

near the gaging station remain constant. (2) The discharge will be the same whenever 

the stream is at a given stage if the change of slope due to the rise and fall of the stream 

be neglected. (3) The discharge is a function of and increases gradually with the stage.

The plotting of results of the various discharge measurements, using gage heights as ordinates and discharge, mean velocity, and area as abscissas, will define curves which show 

the discharge, mean velocity, and area corresponding to any gage height. For the development of these curves there should be, therefore, a sufficient number of discharge measurements to cover the range of the stage of the stream. Fig. 2 shows a typical rating curve, 

with its corresponding mean-velocity and area curves.

As the discharge is the product of two factors the area and the mean velocity any 

change in either factor will produce a corresponding change in the discharge. Their curves 

are therefore constructed in order to study each independently of the other.

The area curve can be definitely determined from accurate soundings extending to the 

limits of high water. It is always concave toward the horizontal axis or on a straight line, 

unless the banks of the stream are overhanging.

The form of the mean-velocity curve depends chiefly on the surface slope, the roughness 

of the bed, and the cross section of the stream. Of these, the slope is the principal factor. 

In accordance with the relative change of these factors the curve may be either a straight 

Hue, convex or concave toward either axis, or a combination of the three. From a careful 

study of the conditions at any gaging station the form which the vertical velocity-curve 

will take can be predicted, and it may be extended with reasonable certainty to stages 

beyond the limits of actual measurements. Its principal use is in connection with the area 

curve in locating errors in discharge measurements and in constructing the rating table.

The discharge curve is defined primarily by the measurements of discharge, which are 

studied and weighted in accordance with the local conditions existing at the time of each 

measurement. The curve may, however, best be located between and beyond the measurements by means of curves of area and mean velocity. The discharge curve under normal 

conditions is concave toward the horizontal axis and is generally parabolic in form.

In the preparation of the rating table the discharge for each tenth or half-tenth on the 

gage is taken from the curve. The differences between successive discharges are then taken 

and adjusted according to the law that they shall either be constant or increasing.

The determination of daily discharge of streams with changeable beds is a difficult problem. In case there is a weir or dam available, a condition which seldom exists on streams 

of this class, estimates can be obtained by its use. In case of velocity-area stations frequent 

discharge measurements must be made if the estimates are to be other than rough approximations. For stations with beds which shift slowly or are materially changed only during 

floods, rating tables can be prepared for periods between such changes, and satisfactory 

results obtained with a limited number of measurements, provided some of them are taken 

scon after the change occurs. For streams with continually shifting beds, such as the 

Colorado and Rio Grande, discharge measurements should be made every two or three days, 

and the discharges for intervening days obtained either by interpolation modified by gage 

height, or by Professor Stout's method, which has been described in full in the Nineteenth 

Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part IV, page 323, and in Engineering News of April 21,1904. This method, or a graphical application of it, is also much used 

in estimating flow at stations where the bed shifts but slowly.

COOPERATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Most of the measurements presented in this paper have been obtained through local 

hydrographers. Acknowledgment is extended to other persons and to corporations who

IRR 170 06 2
12 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

have assisted the local hydrographers in any way, either by furnishing records of the height 

of water or by supplying transportation.

The following list, arranged alphabetically by States, gives the names of the resident 

hydrographers and others who have aided in furnishing and preparing the data contained 

in this report:

Michigan (southern peninsula). District hydrographer, R. E. Horton. a Records have been furnished by the following individuals and corporations: Kalamazoo Valley Electric Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Charles A. Chapin Electric Company, Buchanan, Mich.; Newaygo Portland Cement 

Company, Newaygo, Mich.; Fletcher Paper Company, Alpena, Mich.; George S. Pierson, Kalamazoo, 

Mien.; L. W. Anderson, city engineer, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Traverse City, Mich.; citizens of Sherman, 

Mich. Transportation has been furnished by the Au Sable and Northwestern Railroad. In the maintenance of gaging stations on Huron River a large part of the expense has been borne by the Washtenaw 

Electric Company, Ann Arbor, Mich. Acknowledgment is also due to Lyman E. Cooley, Chicago, 111., 

and R. W. Hemphill, in connection with gagings on Huron River.

Michigan (northern peninsula). District hydrographer, F. W. Hanna. b Acknowledgment is due 

W. J. Phillips for voluntary observations furnished at Iron River.

New York. District hydrographer, R. E. Horton,a assisted by C. C. Covert. Records have been 

furnished by the following: E. A. Fisher, city engineer, and John F. Skinner, special assistant engineer, 

Rochester, N. Y.; T. P. Yates, Waverly, N. Y.; William S. Bacot, Utica, N. Y.; International Paper 

Company, Fort Edward, N. Y.; Schroon River Pulp and Paper Company, Warrensburg, N. Y.; Duncan Company, R. P. Bloss, Mechanicsville, N. Y.; George Beebo, deputy city engineer.. Syracuse, N. Y. 

Special acknowledgment is made of the interest and assistance of William Pierson Judson, deputy 

State engineer.

Ohio. District hydrographer, F. W. Hanna, assisted by M. S. Brennan and Sidney K. Clapp.

Vermont. District hydrographer, H. K. Barrows,c assisted by T. W. Norcross. Acknowledgment 

should be made to Professors A. D. Butterfleld and G. M. Brett, of the University of Vermont, for 

assistance rendered; to the Boston and Maine "Railroad for trip passes issued to H. K. Barrows and 

T. W. Norcross; and to the Rutland "Railroad and the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad 

for passes issued to H. K. Barrows.

LAKE MICHIGAN DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

The Lake Michigan drainage basin comprises a comparatively narrow strip of flat or 

gently rolling land in eastern Wisconsin, on the west shore of the lake, and a much wider 

strip of nearly the same character in Michigan, on the east shore. The principal streams 

entering the lake from the west are Fox and Menominee rivers; from the east St. Joseph, 

Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, and Manistee rivers.

The following pages give the results of data collected during 1905 in the Lake Michigan 

drainage basin.

ESCANABA RIVER BASIN.

ESCANABA RIVER NEAR ESCANABA, MICH.

Escanaba River rises southwest of Lake Superior near Champion, in the upper peninsular, 

of Michigan, flows southeastward for 70 miles, and enters Lake Michigan through Little Bay 

de Noc.

The gaging station was established in May, 1803. It is located at a highway bridge 4 

miles above the mouth of the river.

The channel is nearly straight and is 194 feet wide between bridge abutments. The bed 

of the stream is covered with small bowlders and is rough but permanent. The current is 

swift. It is impossible to make discharge measurements in the winter as the channel is 

filled with ice, and during the logging season the logs give trouble.

Discharge measurements are made from the lower side of the single-span highway bridge 

to which the gage is attached. The initial point for soundings is the inner face of the right 

abutment.

During 1905 gage readings were made by Felix Beauchamp. The chain gage which was 

established in May, 1803, was replaced August 4, 1C03, by a new standard gage, and the 

length of the chain was changed from 21.00 feet to 21.28 feet. The gage is referred to bench

a Office of district hydrographer for Michigan (southern peninsula) and New York, 75 Arcade, Utica, 

N. Y.

b Office of district hydrographer for Michigan (northern peninsula) and Ohio, 876 Federal Building. 

Chicago, 111.

f Office of district hydrographer for Vermont, 6 Beacon street, Boston, Mass., rooms 808-809.
ESCANABA RIVER BASIN. 13

marks as follows: (1) The top surface of the steel abutment at the right end of the bridge, 

on the downstream side; elevation, 15.15 feet. (2) A nail in the root of a 5-inch birch tree 

about 200 feet east of the east abutment and about 50 feet downstream; elevation, 18.81 

feet. Elevations are above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 484; 129, pp 17-18. 

Discharge: 97, p 484; 129, p 18. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, p 20. 

Gage heights: 97, p 484; 129, pp 18-19. 

Rating table: 129, p 19.

Discharge measurements ofEscanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 22.........

July 14.........

Hydrographer.

.....do..............................

.....do.............................

.....do... ..........................

Width.

Feet. 

194

195

194

'194

194

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

8%

754

689

455

455

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

4.07

2.82

2.32

1.09

1.07

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.62

3.80

3.49

2.37

2.35

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,349

2,129

1,595

497

487

Daily gage height, infect, of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., for 1905.

Day.

1.... .......................

2...........................

3- ..........................

4....... .

5...........................

6................. ...

7................... .. .

8...........................

9....................... .

10....................... ..

11....................... . .

12....................... . .

13..................... . . .

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19..................... . .

20. ..........................

21...........................

22...........................

23. ..........................

24. ..........................

25...........................

26. ..........................

27................... . . .

28...........................

29............... . . .

30...........................

31...........................

Apr.

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.0

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.3

4.3

3.8

4.0

3.8

3.3

3.2

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.8

3.9

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.3

4.4

4.3

May.

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.4

4.3

4.6

4.4

4.3

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.2

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.1

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.9

June.

2.9

2.8

2.8

3.1

3.8

4.0

4.1

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.3

' 3.4

3.5

2.3

2.5

3.0

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.4

3.5

3.4

3.2

July.

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.6

Aug.

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

Sept.

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.4

2.6

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.5

3.0

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.7

2.8

3.7

2.6

2.8

2.6

2.7

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

Oct.

2.1

2.2

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.4

3.0

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

Nov.

2.6.

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.7

Dec.

2.8

2.8

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.8

2.8

2.9

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.1
14 STKEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., from April 1 to December 31,

1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

140

200

260

320

385

450

520

600

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-f:.

680

770

860

960

1,080

1,205

1,330

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,455

1,580

1,710

1,845

1,985

2,130

2,280

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,435

2,590

2,745

2,905

3,065

3,225

3,390

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1903-1905. It is well defined between gage heights 2 feet and 4.6 feet. Above gage 

height 4.6 feet the rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 170 per tenth.

Estimated monthly discharge of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 800 square miles.]

Month.

July................................... .. .

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,390 

3,390 

2,590 

1,205 

960 

1,985 

1,080 

860 

1,205

Minimum.

1,330 

960 

450 

320 

200 

385 

320 

520 

680

Mean.

2,468 

2,322 

1,512 

669 

565 

708 

623 

699 

891

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

3.08 

2.90 

1.89 

.836 

.706 

.885 

.779 

.874 

1.11

Depth in 

inches.

3.44 

3.34 

2.11 

.964 

.814 

.987 

.898 

.975 

1.28

MENOMINEB RIVER BASIN. 

MENOMINEE RIVER NEAR IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH.

Menominee River begins at the junction of Brule and Michigamme rivers, in the extreme 

southeastern part of Iron County, Mich., in T. 41 N., R. 31 W., flows in a general southeasterly direction, and enters Lake Michigan through Green Bay. It forms, throughout 

its length, a part of the boundary between Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan.

The gaging station was established September 4, 1902. It is located at the Homestead 

highway bridge, 3.5 miles south of Iron Mountain, Mich.

The channel is straight and has a width of 220 feet between abutments. Both banks 

are high and not liable to overflow. The bed of the stream is composed of gravel and 

small bowlders. The current is moderate. Log jams give trouble and during the winter 

the river freezes beneath the bridge so that it is difficult to obtain measurements.

Discharge measurements are made from the single-span bridge, to which the gage is 

attached. The initial point for soundings is the face of the right abutment and is marked 

zero on the guard rail.

The gage, which was read during 1905 by Theodore Moll, was originally a vertical board 

fastened to the right abutment. November 18, 1904, a chain gage was established, with 

the same datum as that of the board gage and with a length of 28.19 feet from the end of 

the weight to the outside of the ring. The bench mark is the top of the 12-inch timber 

bridge seat Qi} t&e right abutment over the gage; elevation above zero of gage, 22.68 feet.
MENOMINEE RIVEK BASIN. 15

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, pp 257-258; 97, pp 474-475; 129, p 20, 

Discharge: 83, p 258; 97, p 475; 129, p 21. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, p 23. 

Gage heights: 83, p 258; 97, p 475; 129, p 21. 

Rating table: 129, p 22.

Discharge measurements of Mf nominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

April 12. .......

May 22.........

July 13.. .......

Hydrographer.

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Width.

Feet. 

220

215

208

225

207

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

2,271

2,035

1,421

2,100

1,346

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.90

2.32

1.78

2.50

1.83

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.43

6.85

3.67

6.58

3.24

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

6,588

4,718

2,524

5,230

2,469

Daily gage TieigTit, in feet, of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., for 1905.

Day.

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22. .............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28. .............

29. .............

30.:............

31..............

Jan.

2.6

2.35

2.6

2.6

2.8

3.2

2.9

2.92

2.95

2.78

2.75

2.5

3.0

Feb.

2.7

2.55

2.35

2.4

2.4

2.45

Mar.

2.35

2.38

2.45

2.6

2.62

2.6

2.3

2.22

2.25

2.35

2.5

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.65

2.98

3.4

3.8

4.6

6.0

7.6

7.4

Apr.

7.4

6.8

6.7

7.0

7.9

8.0

7.45

6.6

7.4

7.4

6.7

6.4

6.1

6.2

5.8

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.0

5.8

6.4

6.8

7.6

8.0

8.6

May.

9.1

9.2

9.2

9

0

9 2

9.8

9 6

9 1

9 0

9 1

8.3

7.4

8.6

9.7

10.1

10.2

9.3

6.0

5

O

5.8

3 4

June.

3.6

5.6

2.4

2.4

3.5

6.3

6.9

7.3

6.3

7.1

5.2

5 7

5.8

6.4

7.3

7.2

10.2

9.3

6.7

6.5

6.5

5.6

7.8

7.6

8.0

8.9

July.

5.5

8.6

6.4

7.1

8.0

8.0

7.6

7.6

4.2

5.2

4 9

5 0

4.3

44

6.1

3.9

3.4

2.2

3.4

3.95

4.6

4.6

Aug.

4.2

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.45

0 O

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.7

2

7*>

2.25

2.0

9 99

2.2

2.1

2.0

Sept.

2.8

3.9

7.2

8.0

7.8

7.0

6.3

K O

3.7

3.35

2.95

3.6

4.3

4.4

4.8

4.9

4.8

3

C

3.45

3.15

2.95

3.05

2.85

2.8

Oct.

2.82

2.8

2.5

2.42

2.42

2.35

2.4

2.42

2.4

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.8

2.9

2.82

2.98

3.1

3.3

3.5

3.5

3.55

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.3

Nov.

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.88

2.92

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.98

3.1

3.15

3.05

2.9

2.88

2.9

3.05

3.05

3.1

3.2

3.05

2.9.

2.5

1.8

Dec.

1.8

1.75

2.25

2.3

2.25

2.65

3.3

3.15

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.2

3.45

3

O

3.25

3.4

3.3

3.25

3.0

2.95

2.85

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.62

2.65

2.7

2.55

2.4

2.4

2.48

NOTE. Ice conditions January 1 to March 31. At no time was the river frozen entirely across, 

there being open water of varying area above and below the gage. Thickness of ice not more than 

0.2 foot except along the banks. Gage heights are to water surface.
16 STREAM NEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

SMion rating table for Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich.,from September 4,1902,

to December 31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

Discharge.

Sec. ft.

1,032

1,094

1,156

1,219

1,282

1,346

1,410

1,475

1,540

1,606

1,672

1,739

1,806

1,874

1,942

2,011

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2. 80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

^3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

Discharge.

Sec. ft.

2,080

2,150

2,220

2,290

2,361

2,432

2,503

2,575

2,647

2,719

2,792

2,866

2,940

3,015

3,090

3,166

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5,00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

Discharge.

Sec. ft.

3,242

3,319

3,396

3,474

3,552

3,630

3,708

3,865

4,023

4,183

4,345

4,510

4,680

4,860

5,040

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

Discharge.

Sec. ft.

5,230

5,420

5,615

5,815

6,025

6,235

6,450

6,670

6,900

7,140

7,380

7,630

7,890

8,150

8,410

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1902-1905. It is not well defined. Above gage height 9.60 feet the rating curve is 

a tangent, the difference being 140 per tenth.

Estimated monthly discharge of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area 2,415, square miles.]

Month.

April........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

7,140 

9,250 

9,250 

7,140 

3,090 

6,450 

2,611 

2,432 

2,539

Minimum.

4,265 

2,503 

1,806 

1,573 

1,540 

2,080 

1,772 

1,410 

1,378

Mean.

5,282 

6,810 

5,011 

3,850 

2,130 

3,284 

2,163 

2,204 

2,085

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

2.19 

2.82 

2.07 

1.59 

.882 

1.36 

.896 

.913 

.863

Depth in 

inches.

2.44 

3.25 

2.31 

1.83 

1.02 

1.52 

1.03 

1.02 

.995

IRON RIVER BASIN. 

IROK RIVER KEAR IROK RIVER, MICH.

This station was established September 1, 1903, by the engineers of the Oliver Iron Mining Company. It is located at the mine bridge, 1 mile below a dam used for ponding logs, 

which at times causes fluctuations.

The bed of the stream is composed of gravel and small bowlders and the current is swift. 

The stream rarely freezes over at the gaging station. The pumpage from the mine enters 

the stream a short distance above the gage; September 5, 1902, it amoupted to 1.7 secondfeet.

Discharge measurements are made from the mine bridge, which has a span of 30 feet 

between abutments.

The gage is a vertical board attached to a braced cedar post at the left end and upstream 

side of the bridge. It was read during 1905 by \V. J. Phillips, an engineer of the mining
WOLF RIVER BASIN, 17

company. All gage heights have been expressed in terms of their elevation above the mine 

datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 476; 129, p 24. 

Discharge: 97, p 476. 

Discharge, daily: 97, pp 479-482. 

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 483. 

 Gage heights: 97, p 477; 129, p 24. 

Rainfall data: 97, p 483. 

Rating table: 97, p 478.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Iron River near Iron River, Mic7i.,for 1905.

Day.

1. ...........

2............

3............

5............

7............

8............

10............

12............

13............

16............

Jan.

86.3

80.3

86.3

86.3

SA ^

86.3

86.3

SA ^

86.3

86.3

Feb.

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

SA 3

86.3

SA 3

86.15

86.15 

86. 15

8f>. 15

Mar.

86.15

86.15

80.2

86.2

86.2

86.2

86.2

86.2

86.2

86.2

Apr.

86.9

86.9

86.9

87.85

87.7

87.35

86.9

S6.9

87.4

87.1

87.4

87.1 

87.1

86.9

May.

86.95

87.1

87.5

87.35

87.2

87.4

87.3

87.25

87.2

87.2

Day.

17............

18............

19

20. ...........

21............

22............

23............

24............

ore

26............

97

28. ...........

29............ 

30............

01

Jan.

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3 

86.3

86.3

86.3 

86.3

86.3

Feb.

86.15

80.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15 

86.15

86.15

Mar.

86.2

86.2

86.2

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.15

86.5 

86.75

86.9

87.45 

87.4

87.65

Apr.

86.9

86.8

86.8

86.8

86.8

86.8

86.8

86.8

80.75

86.75

87.0

87.0 

87.0

May.

WOLF RIVER BASIN. 

WOI/F RIVER AT NORTHPORT, AVIS.

Wolf River rises about 30 miles south of the line between Michigan and Wisconsin, flows 

southward, and debouches into the head of Lake Poygan. It occupies a wedge-shaped 

valley, with a long, gradual western slope and a sharper slope on the eastern side. The 

principal tributaries, which enter from the west side, have considerable fall, the northern 

ones especially being frequently broken by rocky rapids.

The gaging station was established April 5, 1905. It is located at the highway bridge in 

Northport, Wis., a small town about 3 miles downstream from New London.

The channel is straight for 300 feet above and 600 feet below the station. Both banks 

are low, alluvial, and liable to overflow only during extreme high water. The right bank 

is occupied by farms and buildings; the left is partly wooded. The bed of the stream is 

composed of gravel and is free from vegetation and permanent. There is but one channel 

at all stages and it is divided by the center pier of the bridge. The current is moderate at 

low stages.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the bridge to which the 

gage is attached. The bridge has one turn span, with central pier, and a small pile approach 

on the left bank. The initial point for soundings is the inner face of the right abutment.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1905 by George F. Sansom, is bolted to the 

top of the plate girder of the bridge. The length of the chain from the end of the weight to 

the end of the chain proper is 23.52 feet. This length was changed to 16.52 feet September 

22, 1905, in order that all readings might be confined to the scale in the box. The gage is 

referred to bench marks as follows: (1) The top of the tubular iron pier at the downstream
18 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

right bank; elevation, 15.77 feet. (2) The top of the iron girder just opposite the pulley 

of the gage box; elevation, 22.34 feet. Elevations are above the datum of the gage.

Discharge measurements of Wolf River at Northport, Wis., in 1905.

Date.

May 27. ........

July 15........

September 22..

Hydrographer.

S. K. Clapp ........................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

F. W. Hanna ......................

Width.

Feet. 

182 '171

151

176

176

172

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

2,642

2,198

2,553

2,300

2,053

1,978

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.64

1.80

1.97

1.69

1.26

1.41

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.03

4.65

6.42

5.06

3.51

3.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

6,965

3,964

5.032

3,885

2,594

2,781

NOTE. All gage heights refer to new datum established September 22, 1905.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wolf River at Northport, Wis., for 1905.

Day.

1..................... ......

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8................. .........

9...........................

10........................... 

11...........................

12. 

13........................... 

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

18........................... 

19...........................

20...........................

21.................?.........

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25........................... 

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

oq

30. ..........................

31............................

Apr.

G.9

6.8

6.7

6.6

6.5 

6.4

6.3 

6.1 

6.0

5.8

5.2 

5.2

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.3

4.1

4.0 

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

May.

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.8

5.0 

5.0

5.2 

5.6

5.8

5.6

5.5

C 0

5.3 

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.6

4.6

4.8

5.0 

5.0

4.6

4.3

5.4

5.6

June.

6.0

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.6

5.6

5.4

5.3

5.8

5.8 

5.8

5.9 

6.1 

6.4

6.4

6.6

6.5

6.4 

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.3

5.1 

4.7

4.4

4.0

3.5

July.

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.3

4.3

4.6

4.6

4.9 

5.0

5.2 

5.1 

5.1

4.9

4.2

4.6

4.3 

4.8

4.6

4.45

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.3 

3.6

2.8

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.0

Aug.

2.0

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.3

2.2

2.4

2.9

3.3

4.0 

3.5

3.6 

3.6 

3.0

3.0

3.5

3.5

3.3 

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.4

2.5

2.3

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1,2

1.1

1.0

Sept.

1.6

2.4

2.2

2.6

3.1

3.4

3.6

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.5

2.8 

2.5

2.7

2.9

2.8

3.0 

'3.4

2.9

2.8

3.7

3.6

3.4 

3.25

3.1

2.9

2.75

2.35

Oct.

1.55

1.4

1.35

1.3

1. 15

1.1

.9

.85

.7

.65 

.6

.5 

.35 

.1

.25

.4

.75

.9 

1.15

1.5

2.2

2:6

2.9

3.2

3.4 

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.1

2.3

2.0

Nov.

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.95

2 1

2.3

2.5

2.7 

2.6

2.4 

2.3 

2.2

2.1

1.8

1.5

1.4 

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

.9

.8

.6 

.4

.2

.6

.8

1.9

Dec.

1.7

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.75

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.0 

1.9

1.95 

1.8 

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.1 

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.75 

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

NOTE. All gage heights refer to new datum established September 22, 1905.

ST. JOSEPH RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF

St. Joseph River rises at Bunday Hills, in northern Hillsdale County, Midi., flows southwestward into Indiana, turns northward at South Bend, recrosses the State line near
ST. JOSEPH RIVER BASIN. 19

Bertrand, and debouches into Lake Michigan at St. Joseph. The total area drained is 

approximately 4,586 square miles, of which 2,916 square miles are in Michigan and 1,670 

square miles are in Indiana. The drainage basin contains more than 400 small lakes, 

varying in surface area from one-eighth of a square mile to 6 square miles. Of these 

approximately 100 are in Indiana and 300 in Michigan. No storage is developed on the 

stream.

The drainage basin lies in a completely glaciated region and is overlain with diversified 

drift deposits. The current of the river from South Bend to its mouth was formerly 

reversed, and this valley formed an outlet for the waters of Lake Michigan, which turned 

to the southwest, through Kankakee River, at South Bend, and thus reached the Mississippi 

through Illinois River.

The basin of the St. Joseph in Michigan contains relatively little marsh land not artificially drained and relatively little uncleared land. About a third of the lakes, however, 

are without visible outlets. The proportion of undrained lakes in Indiana is smaller and 

the swamp lands are much more extensive.

Elkhart River, one of the principal Indiana tributaries of the St. Joseph, drains an area 

of about 500 square miles, which contains large lakes and extended swamps, the principal 

fall of the stream occurring in its passage from marsh to marsh.

ST. JOSEPH RIVER AND PORTAGE CREEK AT ME1STDON, MICH.

This station was established October 25, 1902. It is located at the Marantette Bridge, 

near Mendon, Mich.

The channel is straight for some distance below the bridge, but bends above. It is broken 

by an old bridge pier in the center, which causes eddying and some dead water. The bridge 

has a single span of 136.5 feet between abutments, stands squarely across the direction of the 

current, and affords a fairly permanent cross section for gaging, the bed being of smooth 

clay. The growth of aquatic plants in the channel changes the relation of gage height 

to discharge during the summer. Portage Creek enters the St. Joseph between the gage and 

the measuring section and complicates the problem somewhat. This river flows parallel to 

and about 1 mile distant from the St. Joseph at Mendon and was at one time diverted 

across the divide, affording water power with a fall of 26 feet, but this diversion has been 

discontinued.

Discharge measurements of St. Joseph River are made from Marantette Bridge. The 

initial point for soundings is the face of the right abutment, downstream side.

The gage, which was read during 1905 by William P. McCoy, is a vertical board attached 

to a cedar post near the water's edge, about half a mile above the station. The bench mark 

is the lop of the head of a spike driven into the brick wall at the southeast corner of the 

Masonic Hall building, 150 feet northwest from the gage; elevation above zero of gage, 

19.95 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, pp 265-206; 97, p 462; 129, p 26.

Discharge: 83, p 266; 97, p 463; 129, p 26.

Gage heights: 83, p 266; 97, p 463; 129, p 27.

Water powers: 83, p 266.

Discharge measurements of St. Joseph River at Mendon, Mich., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

H. R. Beebe...... .................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

130

129

Area of 

section.

8q. ft. 

512

481

500

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. -per sec. 

2.13

1.50

1.63

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.90

1.53

1.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,093

710

818

o Some grass in channel. Not much grass in channel.
20 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

A discharge measurement of Portage Creek made November 9, 1905, by E. F. Weeks gave 

the following results: Area of section, 26 square feet; mean velocity, 1.22 feet per second; 

gage height ( distance to water surface from top of hand rail on downstream side, right end of 

bridge), 22.75 feet; discharge, 31.6 second-feet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Joseph River at Mendon, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19

20..............

21.......:......

22..............

23. .............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27. .............

28. .............

29..............

30. .............

31..............

Jan.

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.45

1.35

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3 "

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

Feb.

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.6

Mar.

1.6

1.6

1.55

'1.45

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.45

1.5

1.6

2.1

2

C

3.1

3.55

3.8

3.65

3.4

3.15

2.75

2.65

2.6

Apr.

2.6

2.6

2.45

2.4

2.25

2.05

1 9

1.9

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.55

1.5

1 ^

1.5

1.95

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.4

May.

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.65

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.75

5.5

5.0

4.7

4.7

3.45

3.05

2.7

2.45

2.4

2.4

2.35

9 1^

2.05

2.0

2.0

June.

1.95

1.9

1.95

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.05

2.2

2.35

2.4

3.35

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.35

2.55

2.15

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.6

1.55

July.

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.05

2.35

2.5

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2,35

2.25

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

Aug.

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.72

1.75

1.75

1.72

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.65

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

Sept.

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

Oct.

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.25

1.4

1.45

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.7

f7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.45

1.35

1.3

Nov.

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.5

1 6

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.5

Dec.

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

NOTE. Ice conditions January and February. 

ST. JOSEPH RIVER NEAR BUCHANAN, MICH.

This station was established April 1, 1901. It is located at the dam of the South Bend 

Electric Company, 1 mile below the village of Buchanan.

The dam is of frame timber, of the Beardsley type, 10 feet high, and rests on an earth 

foundation, leakage being prevented by means of triple sheet-piling at the downstream toe. 

The upstream face of the dam has a slope of approximately 2.4 horizontal to 1 vertical. 

The downstream side is also faced with a sloping apron, the two slopes meeting at the crest 

at an angle of 90°. The dam is level and is 392.5 feet long. There was a small amount of 

leakage through the dam in 1901. Repairs were made in 1903, an estimate of the leakage 

was obtained, and a new profile was taken.

The crest gage is attached to piling 45 feet upstream from the crest and is read four times 

each day by Charles E. Babcock.
ST. JOSEPH EIVEE BASIN. 21

On the left-hand side of the dam are two 35-inch Leffel turbines, in separate verticalcylinder cases, connected by a single governor; from them power is transmitted to adjacent 

mills by manila rope. The average working head on the water wheels is 11.25 feet.

In June, 1904, a new power plant was put into operation at this dam. The new plant 

contains three units, each containing three wheels. The turbines are 68-inch LeffelSamson. The first and second units are controlled by Lombard governors; the third unit 

is controlled by hand. There is also a 40-inch Leffel-Samson turbine used to drive the 

exciters. A record is kept of the number of hours per day each turbine unit is operated, 

and governor readings are taken every four hours, showing the proportion and part of full 

gate opening at which the wheels are being operated. A record of the total electrical output, 

in kilowatt hours, is also obtained.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, pp 262-263; 129, pp 27-28. 

Discharge, daily: 83, pp 263-264; 129, pp 28-29. 

Discharge, monthly: 83, p 265; 129, p 30.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

1..... .............

2..................

3..................

4..................

5..................

6..............:...

7..................

8..................

9..................

10..................

11.................

12..................

13..................

14..................

15..................

16..................

17..................

18..................

19..................

20..................

21..................

22............. ....

23..................

24..................

25..................

26..................

27..................

28..................

29..................

30..................

31..................

Mar.

2,451

2,579

2,569

2,654

2,527

3,253

3,049

3,031

3,068

3,386

3,721

3,562

3,845

3,600

3,304

3,248

3,417

4,401

5,656

7,485

7,801

7,367

7,346

7,774

8,122

7,424

7,351

6,638

5,971

5,849

5,849

Apr.

5,559

5,000

5,269

5,019

5,019

4,953

4,717

4,326

3,814

3 9QO

3,432

4 086

6,098

6,249

5,865

5,412

5,352

May.

4,782

4,221

4,001

 3,558

3,731

3,857

3,587

4,164

3,986

3 O41

A lAI

6,810

10, 132

9 054

7,085

6,380

5,605

5,314

5,313

4,671

4,344

June.

4,154

3,945

3,952

3,230

3,672

3,459

3,435

3,659

3,570

3,473

4 496

4,837

4,481

4,167

3,328

3,693

3,244

0,476

3,099

2,740

2,472

2,565

July.

2,519

0 904

1,749

2,272

2,593

2,426

2,861

2,849

2,470

3,491

4,074

4 7flO

4,853

4,463

3,387

3 0ftQ

2,957

2,826

2,414

2

0QC

2

ono

1 849

2,453

Aug.

2,025

2,163

2,172

1,933

2,095

1,788

2,928

2,310

2,205

1,641

991

1 968

2,300

1 906

1 938

2,126

2,473

1 795

2,799

2

^07

1 971

1,983

Sept.

2,695

2,206

2,457

3,432

2,500

2,853

2,528

2,559

2,055

1,926

1,984

1 984

1,867

1,406

1,790

2,161

1,936

1,981

2,337

2,527

1,996

2,591

2,749

2,717

2,455

2,520

Oct.

1,466

2,548

2,007

2,114

1,802

1,985

2,127

1,297

1,965

1 QQQ

1 940

1,604

1,981

2,731

2

OQO

2 948

2,972

2,801

2

7C7

2 779

2 808

2,516

Nov.

2,681

2,925

2,562

2,735

2,113

2,970

3,005

2,896

3,326

3,481

3,164

2,422

3,138

2,706

2,617

2,195

1,846

2,678

2,227

2,094

2,685

2 794

2,998

Dec.

3,474

3,339

3,220

3,561

3,450

2,908

3,173

3,203

2,688

3,430

3,158

w 3,020

2,997

2,746

2,562

2,188

2,519

2,537

2,927

3,188

3,207

3,407

3,233

3,272

3,285

3,441

3,360

NOTE. Ice conditions January and February.
22 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of St. Joseph River near Buchanan, Mick., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 3,935 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,122 

6,249 

10,260 

4,837 

4,853 

2,928 

3,432 

3,087 

3,481 

3,561

Minimum.

2,451 

3,432 

3,558 

2,472 

1,749 

991 

1,406 

1,297 

1,846 

2,188

Mean.

4,784 

4,688 

6,080 

3,534 

2,994 

2,075 

2,308 

2,223 

2,617 

3,038

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.22 

1.19 

1.54 

.898 

.760 

.527 

.586 

.565 

.665 

.772

Depth in 

inches.

1.41 

1.33 

1.78 

1.00 

.876 

.608 

.654 

.651 

.742 

.890

KALAMAZOO RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Kalamazoo Eiver rises in southwestern Jackson County, Mich., flows in a general northwesterly direction, and enters Lake Michigan at Saugatuck. Its length is about 100 miles.

The drainage basin is mostly overlain with deep glacial deposits. There is no important 

outcrop of rock within the area, although in the vicinity of Ceresco the stream flows over 

sandstone of the Carboniferous system. Springs issuing from glacial moraines or breaking 

through the underlying sandstone from the great artesian basin of the State supply the river 

with a considerable body of water.

The soil of the drainage basin is light, comprising chiefly sand and sandy loam, except in 

the marshes and river valleys, where it is somewhat impervious.

Owing to its steady regimen the Kalamazoo is of great value for water power. Within 

the past five years three dams and power plants have been constructed to generate electricity 

for electric traction. An additional plant for this purpose is now under construction at 

Ceresco. Water power is also used for general manufacturing purposes at Allegan, Battle 

Creek, Albion, and other points.

KALAMAZOO RIVER NEAR ALLEGAN, MICH.

This station was established April 4,1901. It is located at the dam of the Commonwealth 

Power Company, in Trowbridge Township, 6 miles upstream by the river from Allegan.

The dam is of timber cribwork filled with stone, resting on a pile foundation in clay hardpan. It is equipped with three Taintor segmental flood gates, each of 19.7 feet clear width. 

The pond above the dam covers an area of 1,000 acres.

In the adjacent power house, forming a portion of the dam, are eight 43-inch Leffel-Samson turbines, arranged in two sets on a horizontal shaft, each set controlled by a separate 

governor. The turbines run continuously and the flow of the stream is nearly all utilized 

except in times of extreme freshet, when the water level is controlled by means of the flood 

gates. The effective head varies from 21 to 23 feet.

The gaging record includes the number of hours of daily run, the average gate opening of 

the turbines as indicated by the index wheels of the governors, the stage of water on the tailrace gage, and the reading of the crest gage. The crest gage is set with its zero at the elevation of the horizontal spillways, which have a crest width of 20 feet each and which are closed 

by the Taintor gates. The crest gage also serves to show the depth of water flowing over 

the crests of the Taintor gates or of flashboards placed on them. A record of the opening
KALAMAZOO RIVER BASIN.

and closing of the Taintor gates is kept. The crest and tailrace gages are set with a difference of elevation of 12 feet, and the bench mark to which both are referred is the top of the 

masonry pier at the entrance to the flume. The elevation of this bench mark above the zero 

of the crest gage is 16.05 feet, and above the zero of the tailrace gage, 28.05 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers of 

the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, pp 267-268; 97, pp 457-459; 129, p 32.

Discharge: 97, p 458.

Discharge, daily: 83, pp 269-270; 97, p 459; 129, pp 32-33.

Discharge, flood: 83, pp 268-269.

Discharge, monthly: 83, p 271; 97, p 460; 129, p 33.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofKalamazoo Eiver near Allegan, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2.. ............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9

10..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

1,229

1,204

1,128

917

928

1,061

1,001

1,129

980

833

707

' 789

1,020

901

1,065

925

1,128

992

928

929

882

940

1,065

989

779

789

732

948

878

Feb.

1,129

1,065

861

928

925

851

788

^28

928

914

811

571

716

1.183

859

861

925

855

788

992

1,232

716

928

861

788

725

789

720

Mar.

1,153

979

1,071

1,084

1,034

1,198

1,042

969

1,090

1,117

1,274

1,308

1,230

1,050

1,224

1,019

1,486

2,087

3,494

3,157

3, 493

3,470

4,091

4,073

3,702

3,162

3,152

2,860

2,783

2,533

Apr.

2,403

2,070

1,780

2,358

2,318

2,135

1,734

1,674

1,597

1,470

1,645

1,457

1,375

1,447

1,625

1,509

1,220

1,101

1,237

1,099

1,970

1,952

1,^54

1,778

1 8'\9

2,OJ4

1,949

1,735

1,545

1,484

May.

1,115

1,215

1,254

1,158

1,158

1,158

1,146

1,224

1,021

1,470

2,415

4,060

3,220

3,500

3,360

3,740

3,420

3,150

2,583

2,478

2,428

1,601

1,694

1,601

1,583

2,324

1,680

1,725

1,380

1,464

1,355

June.

1,304

1,268

1,219

1,196

1,087

1,592

2,025

2,187

2,282

2,715

3,317

3,275

3,275

2,470

2,580

2,236

1,718

1,592

1,515

2,008

1,896

1,530

1,469

990

1,034

1,020

J84

July.

1,076

932

981

1,261

1,259

1,268

1,390

1,661

1,80't)

1,464

2,167

2,310

2,365

2,583

1,970

2,054

1,419

1,415

1,345

1,322

1,207

1,16s)

1,465

1,114

1,157

951

891

959

707

707

779

Aug.

974

705

779

855

992

1,211

800

884

918

855

861

928

716

861

861

1,235

1,372

1,245

1,297

1,121

1,110

885

1,080

1,001

998

851

779

Sept.

840

1,020

1,161

844

984

983

1,161

851

991

786

926

958

928

917

840

914

746

956

856

946

1,153

1,178

1,044

1,006

861

861

861

858

716

990

Oct.

716

851

861

928

851

917

904

713

705

851

904

904

910

851

716

980

J28

925

989

917

989

1,043

1,770

769

928

1,092

989

1,209

904

773

Nov.

851

851

779

779

788

1,256

1,351

1,590

1,149

1,464

1,464

1,590

1,337

1,115

975

833

928

992

928

1,192

1,065

1,052

980

788

1,065

716

1,129

1,031

1,320

1,420

Dec.

1,066

1,^20

1,380

1,226

1,160

1,087

1,122

1,057

993

1,108

1,096

1,082

1,160

1,145

1,177

1,225

840

770

917

1,065

1,115

1,245

1,289

1,248

1,023

1;065

1,130

1,159

1,322

1,289

1,151
24 STREAM MEASUREMENTS, IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Kalamazoo River near Allegan, Midi., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,471 square miles.]

Month.

January ..................................

February ................................ ...

July.........................................

November .............................. .

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,506 

1,232 

5,219 

2,403 

4,060 

3,317 

2,583 

1,372 

1,178 

1,770 

1,590 

1,380

5,219

Minimum.

707 

571 

969 

1,099 

1,021 

984 

707 

705 

716 

705 

716 

770

571

Mean.

976 

880 

2,149 

1,720 

2,022 

1,806 

1,392 

!)57 

938 

924 

1,093 

1,130

1,332

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.664 

.598 

1.46 

1.17 

1.37 

1.23 

.945 

.651 

.638 

.628 

.743 

.768

.905

Depth in 

inches.

0.766 

.622 

1.68 

1.30 

1.58 

1.37 

1.09 

.751 

.712 

.724 

.829 

.885

12.31

REED'S SPRINGS NEAR ALBION, MICH.

A gaging station was established December 7 and 8, 1904, for the purpose df obtaining 

information concerning the permanence of the supply furnished to streams by the numerous 

springs in the Michigan moraines. A weir was erected on the largest group of such springs 

that has been observed in lower Michigan. This group is located near the western city 

limit of Albion, Mich., and the outflow passes into the Kalamazoo River below the junction 

of the two main branches.

The soil at the springs is coarse gravel and quicksand. Higher ground, including a 

morainic ridge, lies to the southwest. Within about 500 feet of the springs is a gravel pit, 

in which water sometimes occurs at an elevation about the same as that of the springs. 

Ground water in an adjoining well on land 10 to 20 feet above the springs is found at a 

depth of 14 feet.

The weir has a level crest of 3 feet net length, with two end contractions. The discharge 

is calculated by the Francis formula from gage readings taken once each week by M. O.Reed.
GRAND EIVER BASIN. 25

Gage heights, in feet, and discharge in second-feet, of Reed's Springs near Albion, Mich.,for

1904 and 1905.

Date.

1904. 

December 8

1905.

y

April 2. ......................

May 14. ......................

May 21.. .....................

May 28.......................

Gage 

height.

1.086 

1.09 

1.09 

1.09

1.10 

1.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.11 

1.13 

1.12 

1.12

Discharge.

2.64 

2.66 

2.66 

2.66

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

. 2.75 

2.72 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

3.14 

2.94 

2.94

Date.

1905.

July 9

July 16.......................

July 23. ......................

July 30. ......................

August 6 ........ ...........

August 13. ..................

August 27...................

September 3 .................

September 10 ................

September 24 ................

October 1 ....................

October 8. ...................

October 15. ..................

October 22.... ...............

October 29... ................

November 5 .................

November 12 ................

November 19. ...............

November 26. ...............

December 3..... .............

December 10 .................

December 17 .................

Gage 

height.

1.11 

1.12 

1.12 

1.12 

1.10 

1.12 

1.11 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.09 

1.09 

1.09 

1.09 

1.08 

1.08 

1.08 

1.08 

1.08 

1.085 

1.08 

1.08 

1.08 

1.09 

1.08

Discharge.

2.85 

2.94 

2.94 

2.94 

2.75 

2.94 

2.85 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.66 

2.66 

2.66 

2.66 

2.57 

2.57 

2.57 

2.57 

2.57 

2.62 

2.57 

2.57 

2.57 

2.66 

2.57

GRAND RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Grand River rises in the southern part of Jackson County, Mich., flows in a general northerly and northwesterly direction, and empties into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. Its 

drainage area, which comprises a rich agricultural region in the south-central portion of 

Michigan, includes extensive swamps and marshes but comparatively few lakes. At Grand 

Rapids the stream passes over a limestone ledge, making a considerable fall, which has been 

developed for power purposes, and at Grand Ledge a similar descent occurs over Carboniferous sandstone.

The Grand receives a number of important tributaries, notably Flat, Thornapple, Maple, 

Lookingglass, and Red Cedar rivers.

Gaging stations are maintained by the United States Geological Survey on the main 

stream at Grand Rapids and North Lansing, and arrangements have been made for the 

establishment of a station near the headwaters at Jackson. Observations of stage during 

floods are taken at a number of points along the river by the United States Weather Bureau.

GRAND RIVER AT JACKSON, MICH.

The gage at Jackson is not yet installed, but a current-meter measurement was -made 

November 11, 1905, by R. E. Horfon and E. F. Weeks at the North Street Bridge, at which 

point the stream flows over a sandstone bed. The water surface was 3.92 feet below the top 

of the downstream side of the right abutment, The discharge was 122 second-feet.
26 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAKT VI. 

GRAND RIVER AT NORTH LANSING, MICH.

This station was established March 2, 1901. It is located at the Seymour Street Bridge, 

a short distance below the North Lansing dam.

The channel is nearly straight for 200 feet above and below the station. The bed of the 

stream is composed of gravel and silt and above the bridge is thickly overgrown with weeds. 

The bridge makes a slight angle with the normal to the direction of the current. The current becomes sluggish at low stages.

Discharge measurements are made from the two-span bridge to which the gage is attached. 

Each span has a length of 92 feet. The initial point for soundings is the face of the left 

abutment, downstream side.

The vertical gage, which is read by Thomas Costigan, is attached to the downstream end 

of the central pier of the bridge.

About November 8, 1901, a low, submerged dam was constructed a short distance downstream from the gaging station, to supply water to the factory of the Michigan Beet Sugar 

Company. The diversion at this point is small compared with the flow of the stream. In 

order to determine the effect of the submerged dam on the gage readings, a second gage was 

established a little farther downstream and comparative readings were taken. The gage 

readings made prior to the construction of the dam were corrected from the data thus 

obtained.

Beginning October 10, 1904, gage readings have been taken three times each day at 

6 a. m., noon, and 6 p. m. The mean gage height for the day has been obtained by adding 

together twice the morning reading, the noon reading, and twice the afternoon reading, and 

dividing by 5. The different readings are thus given weight in proportion to the number of 

hours for which they are assumed to represent the stage of the stream. It was found that 

by using the three daily readings in this manner the integral discharge could be closely 

approximated.

Observations of the stage were taken at half-hour intervals during a portion of the lowwater season of 1904, in order to determine the diurnal variation in stage and discharge 

resulting from the draft and storage at the mills and dam just above the gaging station. The 

half-hourly observations were plotted, and the actual daily discharge was integrated from 

the diagrams by planimeter. The diurnal variation is a maximum in low water, decreasing 

in effect as the stage of the stream increases.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers of 

the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 65, p 315; 83, p 279; 97, p 448; 129, pp 33-35.

Discharge: 83, p 280; 97, p 449; 129, p 35.

Discharge, daily: 83, pp 281-282; 97, p 451.

Discharge, monthly: 83, p 283; 97, p 452; 129, p 37.

Flood-station data: 129, p 36.

Gage heights: 65, p 315; 83, p 280; 97, p 449 129, p 35.

Rating table: 97, p 450; 129, p 36.
GRAND RIVER BASIN. 27

Discharge measurements of Grand River at North Lansing, Mich, in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

H. R. Beebe.......................

E. F. Weeks.......................

Width.

Feet. 

186

189

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

559

724

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

1.41

1.51

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.12

3.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

788

1,093

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at North Lansing, Mich., for 1905.

Day.

1..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

14.............. 

1,1..............

10.............. 

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

29

23..............

24

25..............

26.............. 

27..............

28..............

9Q

Ofi

31..............

Jan.

1.92

2.13

1.98

' 2.1

2.04

2.05

1.87

1.94

2.38 

2.12

2.24

2.11 

1.86

2.01 

2.06

2.24 

2.11

2.16

2.14

1.93

2.05

1.73

2.02

2.16

2.66

2.3 

1.97

2.0

2.12

2.18

1.92

Feb.

1.99

1.98

2.1

2.06

1.56

9 2

2.14

2.36

2.08 

2.25

2.06

2.04 

2.16

2.14

2.08 

1.88

2.3

1.79

2.32

2.38

2.42

2.16

1.96

1.85

2.14 

2.36

2.18

Mar.

1.99

2.21

2.06

2.02

2.02

2.24

1.97

2.12

2.28 

2.32

2.42

2.57 

2.72

2.44 

2.52

2.5 

2.86

5.41

7.14

7.63

7.82

7.28

7.0

6.59

6.8

6.59 

5.93

5.57

5.43

Apr.

5.24

5.04

4.6

4.49

4.1

3.85

3.74 

3.55

3.77

3.91 

3.82

3.57 

3.48

3.09 

3.18

3.17

2.93

2.96

3.99

5.54

5.46

5.03

4.63

4.24 

4.14

3.9

3.53

May.

3.23

3.34

2.98

3.28

3.58

3.25

3.53 

3.34

4. OS

5.44 

6.42

7.12 

6.34

5.66 

5.3

5.66

5.43

4.96

4.22

4.06

3.75

3.74

3.57

3.8 

3.8

3.24

3.29

3.4

2.92

June.

2.76

2.77

2.6

2.27

2.64

13.39

12.85

12.08 

10.44

8.72

7.7 

7.28

6.07 

5.61

5.16 

4.62

4.18

3.8

3.82*

3.72

3.72

3.3

3.21

3.38 

3.14

2.86

2.86

2.8

July.

2.77

2.5

2.72

2.6

3.05

3.0

3.08

3.11

2.83 

3.28

3.89

4.04 

3.8

3.89 

3.61

3.42 

3.16

3.1

3.11

2.94

2.72

2.67

2.4

2.46

2.65

2. 58 

2.49

2.28

° 9

3.68

3.18

Aug.

3.39

2.97

2.87

3.04

3.0

3.02

2.83

2.88

2.84 

2.57

2.55

2.45 

2.66

2.64 

2.8

2.92

2.88

2.82

2.65

2.94

3.27

3.21

2.92

2.76

2.5

2.69 

2.3

2.62

2.54

2.7

2.6

Sept.

2.61

2.84

2.64

2.86

2.72

2.74

2.7

2.66

2.66 

1.98

2.54

2.67 

2.43

1.92 

2.31

2.4 

2.76

4.12

5.1

5.08

4.34

4.2

3.7

2.86

3.29

3.08 

2.63

2.72

2.51

2.32

Oct.

2.38

2.52

2.44

2 42

2.46

2.33

2.17

1.86

2.16 

2.12

2.22

2.29 

2.13

2.1 

2.06

2.2 

2.14

2.36

2.11

3.0

3.37

2.16

3.02

3.08

2.7

2.77 

2.72

2.46

2.35

2.7

2.5

Nov.

2.41

2.53

2.66

2.56

2.28

3.04

3.57

3.56

3.57 

3.63

3.31

3.16 

3.5

3.3 

3.3

3.16 

3.02

2.88

2.46

3.0

2.83

2.8

2.68

2.55

2.46

2.26 

2.75

2.93

3.32

3.3

Dec.

3.39

3.27

3.21

3.12

3.02

3.02

3.09

3.16

3.17 

3.48

3.64

3.07 

3.05

2.74 

2.62

2.34 

' 2.16

2.88

2.8

2.52

2.71

2.91

3.04

2.65

2.58

2.82 

2.77

2.82

2.99

3.61

NOTE. River partly frozen January 1 to April 1. 

IKK 170 06 3
28 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Grand River at North Lansing, Mich.,from January 1 to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.60

3.00

3.10

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

167

194

222

251

281

313

347

383

421

461

502

544

586

629

672

716

761

807

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.' 80

4.90

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

854

902

950

999

1,049

1,099

1,149

1,200

1,255

1,310

1,365

1, 420

3,475

1,530

1,585

1,640

1,700

1,760

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,820

1,880

1,940

2,000

2,065

2,130

2,195

2,265

2,335

2,405

2,485

2,565

2,645

2,730

2,815

2,900

2,990

3,080

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.90

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,170

3,260

3,445

3,635

3,830

4,030

4,240

4,455

. 4,675

4,900

5,130

5,370

5,610

5,870

6,130

6,400

6,680

The above table is applicable only for open-channet conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1902-1905. It is well defined between gage heights 1 foot and 5.4 feet, and fairly 

well defined above 5.4 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Grand River at North Lansing, Mich.,for 1905. 

i

[Drainage area, 1,230 square miles.]

Month.

April ........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

569 

469 

4,051 

2,091 

3,369 

12,630 

1,222 

897 

1, 820 

888 

1,014 

1,019

12,630

Minimum.

231 

183 

303 

685 

681 

410 

413 

421 

287 

269 

406 

369

183

Mean.

343 

355 

1,493 

1,240 

1,342 

2,801 

738 

631 

732 

479 

705 

711

964

R un-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.279 

.289 

1.21 

1.01 

1.09 

2.28 

.600 

.513 

.595 

.389 

.573 

.578

.784

Depth in 

inches.

0.322 

.301 

1.40 

1.13 

1.26 

2.54 

.692 

.591 

.664 

.448 

.639 

.666

10.65

NOTE. Estimates not corrected for ice conditions during January, February, and March. Discharge 

estimated December 31.
GKRAND EIVEE BASIN. 29

GRAND RIVER AT GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

This station was established March 12, 1901, by L. W. Anderson, city engineer of Grand 

Rapids. It is located at the Fulton Street Bridge.

The channel is straight for several hundred feet above and below the station and is 

broken by three bridge piers. The gaging section is shallow, and the bed is composed of 

cobblestones and gravel, underlain by limestone. The current is rapid and the velocity 

is poorly distributed at low stages.

Discharge measurements are made from the four-span bridge at which the gage is located. 

The initial point for soundings is the face of the left abutment, downstream side.

The gage, which was read during 1905 by Henry A. Hopie, is attached to the upstream 

end of the ice breaker of the left bridge pier. The elevation of its zero is 0.55 foot below 

the city datum. All gage heights have been expressed as elevations above the city datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 65, pp 315-316; 83, p 272; 97, p 442; 129, pp 37-38.

Discharge: 49, pp 242, 245; 83, p 272; 129, p 38.

Discharge, daily: 83, pp 275-276; 97, p 446;

Discharge, monthly: 75, pp 111-112; 83, p 277; 97, p 447; 129, p 40.

Flood-station data: 129, p 36.

Gage heights: 49, pp 242, 243-244; 65, pp 316-317; 83, pp 273-274; 97, p 443; 129, pp 38-39.

Rating table: 97, pp 444-446; 129, p 39.

Water powers: 49, pp 247-249.

Discharge measurements of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

March 19.. ... .

March 20......

March 21......

March 22......

March 23......

March 24......

March 25......

March 27......

March 28 ......

March 29 ......

March 30 ......

March 31 ......

April 1........

April 4........

Aprils........

April 11 .......

Hydrographer.

.....do................................ ...........................

.....do............................................................

.... .do. ............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do....................................... ....................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................................

.....do............................................. ..............

.....do. ....................................... ...................

.....do............................................................

. Gage 

height."

Feet. 

7.33

7.40

8.20

8.52

8.85

10.05

11.30

12.20

11.60

10.53

9.65

8.73

7.83

6.10

4.60

3.15

13.83

14.60

18.10

18.45

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

12,380

9,686

12,760

13,890

14,720

17,510

20,760

23,360

21,270

18,150

16,040

13,700

11,910

8,924

7,139

5,448

29,490

34,900

47,610

49,300

a Elevation above city datum.
30 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Midi., for 1905.

Day.

9

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22. .............

23.. ............ 

24.............. 

25. .............

26..............

27..............

28. .............

29. .............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

1.12

1.1

.95

.75

.65

.65

1.6

1.5

1.15

1.15

1.05

.9

.8

.62

.45 

.45 

.6

.6

.7

.7

.95

.75

Feb.

.9

.9

1.05

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.25

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.4

1.15

1.3

1.2

.95

.9

.8 

.8

.65

.7

.75

Mar.

.78

.82

.7

.7

.65

.65

.68

.7

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

4.05

7.2

8.2

8.22

8.52

8.85 

10.2 

11.35

12.15

11.52

Apr.

7 S^

5.75

5.4

X 5.1

4.62

3.2

2 95

2.8

2.6

O OC

1.85

1.4

1.4

1.7

3.68 

3.52

3.32

2 Q9

2.7

2

CC

May.

1.9

1.62

1.5

1.3

2.05

1.85

2.2

2.75

3.82

4.58

6.55

6.55

6.05

5.9

3.8 

3.25 

2.78

2.95

3

C

3

C

June.

3.15

2.75

2.3

2.65

10.6

14.2

18.12

18.42

17.7

16.45

15.25

13.8

12.52

11.15

9.85

8.7

6.2

5.0

4.05

3.45

3.0 

2.62

2.35

1.98

1.8

1.45

1.25-

July.

1.18

1.12

1.65

1.9

2.2

2.75

2.6

2.8

3.02

3.45

3.62

3.35

2.5

2.1

1.85

1.58

1.3

1.08

.75 

.6

.35

.25

.35

1.55

Aug.

1.75

1.45

1.1

2.2

2.55

1.85

1.35

1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.85

1.3

1.5

1.45

2.2

3.05

2.62

2.2 

1.65 

1.15

.95

.6

.55

.45

.3

Sept.

0.3

.65

1.85

1.75

1.35

1.1

.8

.5

.35

.3

.35

.35

.35

1.65

1.85

2.15

2.45

2.35

1.95 

1.3

1.0

.85

.75

.65

.55

Oct.

0.5

.5

.4

.35

.3

.2

.05

.15

.15

.2

.2

.2

.05

.2

2.45

3.25

3.18

2.8

2.4 

2.1 

1.9

1.7

1.3

.88

Nov.

0.8

.85

.75

.7

1.62

1.98

2.15

2.4

2.35

2.15

1.6

1.78

1.6

1.52

1.4

1.35

1.08

1.0

.8

.92 

.98 

1.05

7 r

1.3

1.85

Dec.

2.05

1.9

1.7

1.35

1.5

1.7

1.35

1.3

1.35

1.5

1.15

1.1

.65

.45

.55

.8

.8

1.05

1.05

1.22

.75

1.15

1.38

1.85

2.1

NOTE. No ice at this station during 1905.
GRAND EIVER BASIN. 31

Station rating table for Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich.,from January 1 to December 31,

1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.00 

0.10 

0.20 

0.30 

0.40 

0.50 

0.60 

0.70 

0.80 

0.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.70 

1.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,700

1,806

1,912

2,018

2,125

2,232

2,339

2,446

2,554

2,662

2,770

2,878

2,986

3,095

3,204

3,313

3,422

3,531

3,640

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,750

3,860

3,970

4,080

4,195

4,310

4,425

4,540

4,655

4,770

4,885

5,000

5,120

5,240

5,360

5,480

5,600

5,720

5,840

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6! 20

6.40

6.60

6.80

.7.00

7.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5,960

6,080

6,200

6,460

6,720

6,980

7,240

7,500

7,760

8,040

8,320

8,600

8,900

9,200

9,520

9,840

10,160

10,500

10,860

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.50

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

16.00

17.00

18.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

11,230

11, 610

12,000

12,400

12,820

13,260

13,700

14,160

14,640

15, 870

17,160

20,000

23,100

26, 560

 30,340

34,400

38,600

43,000

47, 450

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements 

made during 1901-1905. It is well defined between gage heights 8 feet and 14 feet. The table has been 

extended beyond these limits.

Estimated monthly discharge of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 4,900 square miles.]

Run-off.

Month.

April........................................

July.........................................

Maximum.

3,422

3,204

23,760

12,100

1J,190

49,340

"5,744

5,060

4,368

5,300

4,310

3,970

49,340

Minimum.

2,178

2,392

2,392

3,204

3,095

3,040

1,965

2,018

2,018

1,753

2,446

2,178

1,753

Mean.

2,696

2,832

8,706

5,819

5,996

15,670

3,707

3,204

2,892

2,813

3,201

3,067

5,050

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.550

.578

1.78

1.19

1.22

3.20

.757

.654

.590

.574

.653

.626

1.03

Depth in 

inches.

0.634

.602

2.05

1.33

1.41

3.57

.873

.754

.658

.662

.729

.722

13.99

NOTE. Discharge interpolated on days when gage was not read.
32 STEEAM MEASUEEMENTS IN 1905, PAET VI.

MUSKEGON RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OE BASIN.

Muskegon Eiver drains an area 2,663 square miles in extent, lying directly north of the 

Grand Eiver basin. Its headwaters rise in the north-central part of the southern peninsula 

of Michigan, whence it flows in a general southwesterly direction until it enters Lake Michigan near the city of Muskegon. Originally its basin was covered with pine timber, but it is 

now almost entirely cleared and large stump-covered areas form a conspicuous feature of the 

topography.

From the vicinity of Evart to Newaygo the Muskegon flows between high banks and has a 

rapid fall. Levels run for the purpose show that within a distance of 10 miles 5 miles each 

way from Big Eapids there is a total fall of 104 feet, practically all of which could be 

economically developed, as there are favorable sites for the location of dams. Sixteen feet 

of this fall are now utilized, and a new dam, which, it is stated, will develop 34 feet, is now 

under construction. It is intended to transmit the electric power to Grand Eapids and 

Muskegon.

In connection with power development good opportunities exist for the conservation of 

flow by artificial storage. The water surface areas of the principal lakes of the watershed 

and of the tributary drainage which they control is given below:

Drainage and surface areas of lakes in MusTcegon River watershed.

Lake. Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

57

67

67

185

252

Water 

surface.

Sq. miles. 

8.0

6.7

15.0

31.0

46.0

In the upper portion of the watershed there is a total lake area of about 110 square miles. 

Formerly a lumberman's dam was maintained for the purpose of flooding logs between 

Higgins and Houghton lakes, but this has been washed out. A lumberman's dam, built of 

logs and earth, which still remains about 1 mile below the foot of Houghton Lake, raises the 

water level in that lake 4 feet, providing a storage of 3,350,000,000 cubic feet, in round 

numbers.

MUSKEGOST KIVER AT STEWAYGO, MICH.

This station was established in March, 1901. It is located at the dam of the Newaygo 

Portland Cement Company, which crosses the" Muskegon in a deep valley above the village 

of Newaygo.

The dam is of timber, having framed cribs filled with stone. It is provided with a main 

spillway, with log ways, and with four flood ways. The flood ways are fitted with Taintor 

segmental flood gates, which are operated by a traveling crab. A record is kept of the time 

and amount of opening of the flood gates and log ways, as well as of the depth of water on 

the crests of the spillways. Ordinarily the log ways and flood gates are closed and the entire 

flow passes over the main spillway or through the turbines. Water is carried from the 

pond to the power house by a short headrace, separated from the stream channel by a crib 

breakwater.
MU8K.EGON RIVER BASIN. 33

The power house contained originally two turbine units, but the number has recently 

been increased to four units. Each unit comprises four 35-inch Leffel-Samson turbine 

runners mounted on a horizontal shaft, and connected to the electric generator by endless 

rope drives. Each unit is controlled by a Lombard governor, and beginning with August, 

1904, hourly readings of the governors have been taken.

The gaging record includes a statement of the number of hours a day each unit is operated, 

together with the average gate openings. The wheels are ordinarily operated continuously, 

twenty-four hours each day.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 49, pp 249-250; 83, p 285; 97, p 442; 129, pp 41-42. 

Discharge, mean daily: 129, pp 43-45. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, pp 45-46.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofMuskegon River at Newaygo, Midi., for 1905.

Day.

2..................

3..................

4.

5..................

6..................

7..................

8..................

9..................

10..................

11..................

12..................

13..................

14..................

15..................

16..................

17..................

18..................

19..................

20..................

21..................

22..................

23..................

24..................

25..................

26..................

27..................

28..................

2.1..................

30..................

31..................

Mar.

3,461

3,454

3,412

3,450

3,443

3,508

3,508

2,188

2,150

2,113

3,038

3,373

3,310

3,029

3,061

1,796

2,972

2,658

2,359

2,237

2,350

2,426

2,110

2,094

Apr.

2,171

2,173

2,269

2,207

2,533

2,669

2,485

2,466

2,472

2,631

2,669

2,615

2,557

2,383

2,446

2,301

1,963

1,955

2,019

1,876

1,979

1,843

1,813

1,876

1,864

1,589

1,580

1,482

1,493

1,504

May.

1,525

1,546

1,563

1,648

1,765

1,728

2,519

2,616

2,382

2,404

2,843

3,069

2,248

2,505

2,462

2,366

2,533

2,126

2,231

2,029

1,933

1,933

2,058

2,142

2,059

2,125

1,966

1,334

1,356

1,854

1,941

June.

1,697

1,634

1,578

1,504

3,120

6,885

7,121

5,438

3,713

2,966

2,407

2,354

2,156

2,003

1,896

1,961

1,422

1,347

1,309

1,255

1,422

1,356

1,290

3,352

1,255

1,388

1,222

1,214

1,170

1,146

July.

1,106

1,075

1,182

1,226

1,594

1,458

1,431

1,439

1,458

1,319

1,224

1,439

1 258

1,214

1,224

1,309

1,193

1,415'

1,308

1,309

1,373

1,194

1,066

1,199

1,125

1,111

1,090

1,089

1,258

1,378

1,114

Aug.

1,231

1,052

1,041

1,162

1,271

1,131

1,122

1,066

988

977

1,080

968

1,100

1,006

1,022

909

936

999

1,026

1,240

1,246

1,078

1,217

1,022

1,102

1,057

1,229

1,229

1,164

1,122

1,073

Sept.

1,080

1,200

1,565

1,410

1,373

1,104

1,066

968

950

1,015

1,050

1,000

1,136

1,146

1,286

1,326

1,420

1,293

1,214

1,190

1,138

1,037

1,089

1,025

1,013

967

860

869

977

Oct.

966

1,095

1,048

1,039

941

961

998

998

988

1,041

1,154

1,130

943

1,066

1,091

994

1,326

1,4GO

1,626

1,262

1,522

1,278

1,174

1,152

1,125

1,208

1,238

1,273

1,112

1,305

1,246

Nov.

1,256

1,229

1,234

1,293

1,047

1,243

1,466

1,410

1,319

1,489

1,223

1,228

1,295

1,439

1,480

1,256

983

1,020

1,094

1,131

1,287

1,239

1,191

1,256

1,389

1,357

1,000

1,427

1,617

1,085

Dec.

1,516

1,516

1,357

1,411

1,117

1,284

1,316

1,260

1,363

1,462

1,400

1,402

1,389

1,166

1,105

1,128

1,341

1,156

1,238

1, 162'

1,228

941

1,480

1,319

1,063

700

712

588

647

612

615

NOTE. Ice conditions January 1 to March 8.
34 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Muskegon River at Newaygo, Mich.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 2,352 square miles.]

Month.

March 8-31 ..................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,508 

2,669 

3,069 

7,121 

1,594 

1,271 

1,565 

1,626 

1,617 

1,516

Minimum.

1,796 

1,482 

1,334 

1,146 

1,066 

909 

860 

941 

983 

588

Mean.

2,812 

2,129 

2,091 

2,286 

1,264 

1,092 

1,129 

1,154 

1,266 

1,161

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.20 

.905 

.889 

.972 

.537 

.464 

.480 

.490 

.538 

.493

Depth in 

inches.

1.07 

1.01 

1.02 

1.08 

.619 

.535 

.536 

.565 

.600 

.568

MANISTEE BASIN.

MAKISTEE RIVER NEAR SHERMAN, MICH.

Manistee Kiver is the northernmost of the group of three large rivers draining the western 

part of the southern peninsula of Michigan. It has its source in southeastern Antrim 

County, flows in a general southwesterly direction, and enters Lake Michigan at the city 

of Manistee, an important lumber center. The harbor at the mouth of the river is excellent. 

The soil of the drainage basin is sandy, and the stream receives a large -portion of its supply 

from springs along the banks of the main river and tributaries. The fall is gradual and no 

important utilization of the water power has been made, the principal use of the stream 

being for rafting logs.

The gaging station was established July 10, 1903. It is located at North Bridge, near 

Sherman.

The bed of the stream is of clay and sand and has some logs in it, as is the case with 

many rivers used for lumbering. The river becomes frozen over in the winter to a small 

extent, so that the relation between gage height and discharge may be modified for that 

season.

Discharge measurements are made from the single-span bridge at which the gage is 

located. The initial point foT soundings is the left end of the bridge on the downstream 

side.

A standard chain gage, which was read twice each day during 1905 by Alien Wightman, 

is fastened to the bridge. The length of the chain is 17.27 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 440-441; 129, pp 46-47.

Discharge: 97, p 441; 129, p 47.

Gage heights: 97, p 441; 129, pp 47-48.

Discharge measurements of Manistee River near Sherman, Midi., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

E. F. Weeks. ......................

Width.

Feet. 

67

67

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

441

456

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.56

2.70

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.65

2.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,130

1,233
MANISTE3 EIVEB BASIN. 35

Daily gage height, in feet, of Manistee River, near Sherman, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

1..... .........

2... ...........

3..............

4........ ..

6.......... . .

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25. .............

26. .............

27..............

28. .............

29.............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

2.25

2.4

2.05

1.9

2.05

2 1

2.0

.9

.8

.65

.85

.95

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.2

2.35

2.35

2.4

2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1

1.9

1.95

3.4

5.05

4.4

4.0

Feb.

2.95

2.95

2.95

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.55

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.2

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.3

Mar.

2.05

2.05

2.05

2 1

2.05

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.7

1.95

1.95

2.1

2.15

2.55

3.1

3.05

2.95

2.95

3.3

4.15

4.6

4.95

5.35

6.0

6.35

Apr.

6

0

5.95

5.55

5.2

A QC

4.3

3.9

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.95

2.9

2.9

2.9

9 Q

2.9

3.2

May.

3.2

3.2 3.3'

3.3

3.3

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.45

3.45

3.35

3.1

3.0

3.0

2 g

2

0

2 9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.85

2.85

June.

2.8

2.7

2.6

3.05

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.05

2.95

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

July.

2.1

2.1

2.45

2.7

2.7

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.55

2.5

2.5

2.9

3.2

3.2

3.25

3.15

3.05

2.9

2.9

2.75

2.55

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.5

Aug.

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.15

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.15

. 2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.45

2.4

2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

Sept.

2.1

2.2

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.35

2.25

2.15

2 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.25

2.35

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.08

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Oct.

2.02

2.0

2.02

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.98

2.05

2.15

2.18

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.18

2.32

2.38

2.5

2.58

2.65

2.65

2.6

2.5

2.45

2.35

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

Nov.

2.3

2.28

2.25

2.5

2.52

2.58

2.6

2.72

2.78

2.78

2.72

2.7

2.55

2.48

2.45

2.45

2.42

2.35

2.38

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.42

2.48

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.65

Dec.

2.48

2.5

2.48

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.42

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.32

2.28

2.22

2.2

2.2

2.28

2.3

2.28

2.3

2.3

2.28

2.22

2.22

2 25

2.25

2.32

2.42

2.42

NOTE. River frozen entirely across, except for air holes, January 25 to February 22. Gage heights 

ire to the water surface in a hole in the ice. The following comparative readings were made:

Date.

February 4 ..............................................................

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

2.9

2.7

2.7

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

3.0

2.8

2.8

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

0.7

.8

.6

LAKE HURON DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

The area tributary to Lake Huron in the United States comprises the eastern part of 

the southern peninsula of Michigan. South of Saginaw Bay the Lake Huron slope is very 

narrow and the brooks and runnels by which it is drained are only a few miles in length. 

The so-called Thumb of the Mitten is drained chiefly by three short, northward-flowing 

streams known as Willow, Pinnepog, and Pigeon rivers, which lie in a flat, marshy region. 

The Saginaw River system is tributary to the bay at its head, while northward from the 

bay are Rifle, Au Sable, and Thunder Bay rivers, .streams having considerable fall, excel-
36 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

lent ground storage, and well-sustained flow. Cheboygan River also belongs in the Lake 

Huron drainage.

The country drained by these rivers is fairly level, rising toward the north. In only a 

few instances have the streams reached rock, their beds being worn in the drift. None 

of them are navigable except for short distances, and, so far as shipping is concerned, they 

are used only for harbors. The rainfall on the Huron slope of the State is less than that 

on the Michigan slope.

The following pages give the results of data collected during 1905 in the Lake Huron 

drainage basin.

THUNDER BAY RIVER BASIN. 

THUNDER BAT RIVER NEAR ALPENA, MICH.

Thunder Bay River rises in southern Montmorency County, in the northern part of the 

lower peninsula of Michigan, flows in a general northeasterly direction, and enters Lake 

Huron at Alpena. The region is largely underlain by fissured limestone, over which is more 

or less sand, and is covered with dwarfed timber, the original pine forest having been 

largely cut off. Numerous small lakes occur about the headwaters, and the basin also contains Hubbard Lake, which has a water surface of 13.4 square miles. The regimen of the 

stream is comparatively steady, but it is more or less influenced by the operation of lumbermen's dams.

The gaging station was established April 4, 1901. It is located at the darn of the Fletcher 

Paper Company, 4 miles above Alpena.

The dam is of timber, practically water-tight, and is usually surmounted by flashboards. 

It contains three spillway sections of 90, 105, and 181.5 feet, respectively, and a log slide 

40 feet wide. There is also a subsidiary log way and a headrace overflow, the latter 3 feet 

wide. The crest of the dam was originally level, but settlement of the middle section has 

made it necessary to subdivide the spillways into several short sections, each being assumed 

to be level at its average elevation, for purposes of computation.

The adjoining pulp and paper mill has 14 pairs of 26-inch Trump model turbines, arranged 

in three groups, each containing four turbines on horizontal shafts, with one double horizontal turbine.

The discharge over-the main dam has been computed by the weir formula, using coefficients derived from Cornell University experiment No. 13, of the United States Deep 

Waterways Board, for a dam of similar cross section. Discharge over the flashboard sections has been calculated by means of the Francis formula, and suitable formulas have been 

used for computation of the flow through the subsidiary log way and headrace overflow.

The record includes two readings each day of the depth on the crest gage, located 75 feet 

upstream from the head gates, opposite the left end of the dam. The daily run of the turbines and the working head on the wheels, which is determined from readings of the crest 

and tailrace gage, is also recorded.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, pp 289-290; 97, pp 436-437; 129, p 50. 

. Discharge: 83, p 290.

Discharge, daily: 83, pp 291-292; 97, p 437; 129 p 51. 

Discharge, low-water: 83, p 296. 

Discharge, monthly: 82, p 293; 97, p 438; 129, p 51. 

Rainfall data: 97, p 438.
THUNDER BAY RIVER BASIN. 37

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Thunder Bay River near Alpena, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25. .............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

702

 612

510

1 008

472

472

453

468

761

468

460

277

459

457

459

455

464

453

281

472

467

464

446

442

453

414

444

482

Feb.

472

472

472

453

363

446

479

464

440

435

438

429

421

433

410

299

442

444

439

444

452

448

415

. 429

448

Mar.

449

461

454

428

5.79

472

468

470

OQO

485

472

469

468

472

521

700

755

780

1,492

2,354

3,007

3,542

4,319

5,717

6,326

Apr.

5,343

3,678

1 749

1 cqc

1,335

1,279

1,281

78

1,026

976

956

959

915

816

May.

1 Q1Q

1,470

1,497

1,141

1,158

1,426

1,542

1,314

1,084

1,109

931

1,057

995

12

1,199

884

802

June.

686

574

010

336

7ftft

fiQfi

901

1,117

1 664

1,706

1,471

1 ICO

1 OA1

988

QOQ

Q97

1,371

1,228

841

21

834

660

517

509

July.

482

534

908

528

787

711

649

582

104

530

616

575

656

585

147

574

592

521

493

384

397

150

544

Aug.

CQ7

COA

COQ

493

454

1 CO

471

430

414

413

486

CO1

1 CO

C7Q

567

550

566

588

619

651

618

594

492

411

153

431

475

302

300

Sept.

QQQ

49$

404

477

480

460

61

A(\A

378

376

386

64

439

435

447

407

478

446

62

452

342

323

327

317

349

Oct.

408

QQ7

37Q

78

449

425

077

381

394

154

452

388

408

481

425

458

155

959

952

597

618

484

519

10

912

691

Nov.

546

546

533

565

401

760

976

846

804

509

644

588

636

457

613

589

589

559

589

670

461

727

696

631

450

Dec.

451

419

fiQC

489

629

581

476

326

511

576

601

557

489

547

484

484

607

626

673

717

698

10

Estimated monthly discharge of Thunder Bay River near Alpena, Mich.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,260 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

N ovem foer

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,008 

472 

6,326 

5,862 

1,982 

1,706 

908 

775 

494 

959 

976 

717

6,326

Minimum.

277 

271 

392 

78 

12 

,21 

11 

153 

61 

10 

431 

10

10

Mean.

497 

431 

1,268 

1,911 

1,262 

905 

492 

479 

371 

440 

633 

559

771

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.395 

.342 

1.01 

1.52 

1.00 

.718 

.391 

.380 

.294 

.349 

.503 

.444

.612

Depth in 

inches.

0.455 

.356 

1.16 

1.70 

1.15 

.451 

.801 

.438 

.328 

.402 

.561 

.512

8.31
38 8TEEAM MEASUBEMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

AU SABLE RIVER BASIN. 

ATI SABLE RIVER AT BAMFIELD, MICH.

Au Sable River rises in southern Otsego County and follows a tortuous course in a general 

southeasterly direction to its outlet in Lake Huron at Oscoda, Mich. Its drainage basin, 

1,932 square miles in extent, embraces a region at one time noted for the abundance of 

white pine, but the area is now almost entirely cleared of its valuable native timber and^ 

comprises a large extent of sandy plains covered with scrub conifers. Numerous small 

lakes, Uret sand areas, and undrained hollows occur, the topographic features being mainly 

the work of the retreating ice of the Glacial epoch. The basin is underlain by "Coldwster" 

shales, but rock outcrops are very rare, the stream bed being usually clay or sand. The 

tributaries are unimportant, nearly all the rainfall being absorbed by the porous sand areas.

At Bamfield, about 40 miles from the outlet, following the river, the elevation is about 

850 feet above sea level, and from this point to the mouth of the stream excellent sites for 

water power development occur. The stream bed is of firm clay and the river is flanked 

in many places by high terraced clay bluffs, rising 60 to 100 feet above the stream. In 

some places the upper half or two-thirds of the bluff is sand, the lower portion being clay, 

and at the clay horizons numerous springs occur.

The gaging station was established August 27, 1902. It is located at the highway bridge 

at Bamfield.

The channel is straight for 500 feet above the station and 800 feet below, with a width 

at ordinary stages of 140 feet. In the stretch below the station slight riffles occur. The 

bridge has three spans (one a main Pratt truss span of 92 feet), with flood channels at the 

ends. One truss is supported on trestle work that is clogged with drift, but only a small 

portion of the flow passes through this channel at high water. The right bank is skirted 

by a flood plain, which is, however, seldom overflowed. Beyond the flood plain on the right 

and close to the river on the left are high gravel banks. The bed of the stream is composed 

of sand and gravel and is somewhat rough, containing sunken logs and short piles, but is 

permanent. The velocity is moderate to rapid. The stream seldom freezes over in winter, 

so that the relation between gage height and discharge differs little from that of summer. 

Anchor ice backs up the water at times, however.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the Bamfield highway 

bridge. The initial point for soundings is the left end of the bridge hand rail at-4he overflow abutment, downstream side.

The gage, which was read twice daily during 1905 by William H. Bamfield, is a vertical 

scale attached to the left side of the left pier supporting the main bridge span on the downstream side. The temporary bench mark consists of wire spikes driven into the upstream 

end of the left pier; elevation above the zero of the gage, 8.00 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 83, p 288; 97 pp 434-435; 129, pp 52-53.

Discharge: 83, p 288; 97, p 435; 129, p 53.

Discharge, low-water: 83, p 296.

Discharge, monthly: 129, pp 54-55.

Gage heights: 83, p 289; 97, p 436; 129, p 53.

Rating table: 129, p 54.

Discharge measurements of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 16........

November 16 . .

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert .......................

E. F. Weeks.......................

Width.

Feet.

142

140

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

613

577

535

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.66

2.84

2.36

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.05

2.18

1.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,634-

1,637

1,266
AU SABLE RIVER BASIN. 39 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

2..............

4..............

5..............

7..............

8..............

10..............

11... ...........

1 Q

17..............

18..............

19

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24.. ............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28. .............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

3.45

3.4

3.2

3.05

2.9

2 fit

2 45

9 ^**

2.2

2.2

2.15

2 15

2 15

2.2

2.2

o -ic

9 1

9 1

2.0

2.05

2.05

2.1

2.0

2.05

Feb.

2

AK

2.05

2.05

2.1

2.0

1 9

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.05

1.05

1 OK

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.9

1.9

1.95

2.0

Mar.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

1 S

1.45

1.35

1.15

1.0

1.0

g

.8

.8

95

1.0

i or

2.35

3.1

3.45

3.45

3.5

Apr.

3 1

2.75

2.55

2

r

2.25

2

nc

2

n

1.75.

1.5

1.3

1.15

1.0

1 9

1.15

1.15

1 9

1 7.

1.4

1 45

1.45

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

May.

1.75

1.95

2.15

2.25

2.35

2.4

2

0

2

1 r

2.2

2.15

2

nr

2.0

2

nr

2.0

9 1

2

nr

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

2.0

1.9

1.5

1.65

1.5

1.5

June.

1.4

1.4

1.5

2.0

2

1

2

1 r

2 05

2.0

2.0

1 9

1 9

1 Q

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

July.

O n

.9

.95

.95

.95

g

.95

1 or

i or

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.05

1.3

1.4

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

Aug.

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

.9

Sept.

0 9

.95

1.05

1.4

1.5

1.15

1.1

1.0

.95

.95

.95

g

1.2

1.1

1.05

1.1

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.95

.9

Oct.

0 95

.95

.9

.9

.9

g

g

.9

.9

g

g

g

g

95

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.0

.9

.9

.9

,9

Nov.

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.2

1 0

1 0

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.2

1 9

1.0

1.0

].1S

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

Dec.

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.2

1 *?

1.4

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

NOTE. River frozen over January 1 to March 6. Thickness of ice increased from 1 foot to 2 feet.

Station rating table for Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.,from August 27, 1902, to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

875

919

963

1,000

1,050

1,100

1,140

1,200

1,240

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

Discharge.

Sec.~fi.

1,300

1,340

1,400

1,460

1,520

1,570

1,630

1,700

1,760

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.20

Gage 

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,830

1,900

1,960

2,040

2,110

2,190

2,260

2,340

2,490

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3^40

3.60

3.80

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,650

2,810

2,970

3,130

3,300

3,480

3,650

3,840

4,020

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharged measurements made during 1902-1905. It is fairly well defined between gage heights 0.7 foot and 3.5 feet. Above 

gage height 3.5 feet the rating curve is based on logarithmic extension.
40 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,425 square miles.]

Month.

March 7-31 ..................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,730 

2,410 

1,900 

1,730 

1,300 

1,300 

1,340 

1,140 

1,340 

1,300

Minimum.

1,000 

1,100 

1,340 

. 1,100 

1,050 

1,000 

1,050 

1,050 

1,100 

1,050

Mean.

1,703 

1,478 

1,631 

1,379 

1,133 

1,134 

1,114 

1,069 

1,202 

1,175

Kun-ofl.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.20 

1.04- 

1.14 

.968 

.795 

.796 

.782 

.750 

.844 

.825

Depth in 

inches.

1.12 

1.16 

1.31 

1.08 

.916 

.918 

.872 

.865 

.942 

.951

RIFLE RIVER BASIN. 

RIFLE RIVER NEAR STERLING, MICH.

Rifle River rises in the vicinity of Rose City, in northern Ogemaw County, flows southward and southeastward, and empties into Saginaw Bay about 5 miles below Omer, Arenac 

County. Its basin, covering about 385 square miles, is long and narrow, having a width 

of about 3 miles at the mouth of the stream, and comprises a considerable extent of the 

so-called "jack-pine" lands, which are covered with a light growth of wood. The region 

is heavily overlain with glacial deposits sand, overwash gravel, and till. The basin contains numerous small glacial lakes, but there is no controlled storage and a very small 

percentage of natural water surface. Ramifying tributaries at the headwaters give the 

stream a relatively large volume at the entrance of West Branch, in T. 21 N., R. 3 E. 

The region is wild and the stream is undeveloped, but it is being exploited with a view to 

the transmission of electric power to Saginaw and Bay City.

A temporary gaging station was established November 14, 1905. It is located near 

Sterling, at Meeker's bridge, in sec. 5, T. 19 N., R. 5 E., and is about 4 miles upstream 

from Omer, where a gaging station was formerly maintained. No important tributaries 

enter between the two points.

The bed of the stream at the station is of fine, shifting sand. The flow is confined underneath the bridge at all stages. A few miles above the station the river makes a rapid 

descent over a rock bed.

The gage, which was read by G. H. Meeker, is in two sections, each consisting of a 5-foot 

scale of enameled iron. The lower section is attached to the pile at the right-hand end of 

the bridge, downstream side; the upper section, reading from 5 to 10 feet, is attached to 

the docking at the left-hand end of the bridge, upstream side.

A discharge measurement made November 14, 1905, by Horton and Weeks showed a 

flow of 246 second-feet at gage height 2.10 feet.
RIFLE RIVER BASIN. 41

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rifle River near Sterling, Mich.,for 1905.

Day.

3............ 

4............

6............

7............

8............

9......:.....

Nov. Dec.

2.47

2 A

Day. '

10.......... 

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

Nov.

------

Dec.

2.45 

2.31

2.29

2.25

2.2

2.48

Day.

17......... 

18. ........

19. ........

20.........

21.........

22.........

23.........

Nov.

------

Dec.

2.54 

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.34

2.53

2.48

Day.

24.-.-.....

25.........

26.........

27.........

28. ........

29. ........

30.........

Nov.

2.54 

2.36

2.4

2.4

2.34

2.42

2.48

Dec.

MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS.

The measurements described below were made by Prof. J. B. Davis in the fall of 1905, at 

a time when the Rifle was at or very near the lowest stage reached during the year. The 

area of the stream section was determined by soundings in two, three, or four cross sections 

50 feet apart. Surface floats consisting of pieces of paper were used, and the tune consumed in passing each cross section was noted. The trials of the floats were repeated until 

the velocity of the most swiftly moving surface filament was determined. The mean velocity of the cross section was taken as 0.8 of the maximum surface velocity.

First measurement. Date, September 1, 1905; locality, main river above mouth of West 

Branch, near the east-west half quarter line in the NW. \ sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 3 E.; number 

of cross sections measured, four; number of trials of floats, four. The lower section was 

omitted because of dead water on one end of it; the three remaining sections differed considerably in shape; discrepancies in intervals between sections appeared from records. 

The approximate discharge as adopted is 131 cubic feet per second.

Second measurement. Date, September 1, 1905; locality, West Branch about 30 rods 

above mouth; number of cross sections measured, two; number of trials of float, five. The 

discharge as computed separately for each of the two float sections is as follows: Lower section, area 30.5 square feet, discharge 66 second-feet; upper section, area 27.5 square feet 

discharge 66 second-feet.

Third measurement. Date, September 3, 1905; locality, main river below West Branch 

and other inflows, in the NW. \ NE. | sec. 21, T. 21 N., R. 3 E.; number of cross sections 

measured, three; number of trials of float, eight. There was some interference from 

wind. The discharge as computed separately for each of the three float sections was as 

follows: Upper section, area 122 square feet, discharge 234 second-feet; middle section, 

area 124 square feet, discharge 239 second-feet; lower section, area 134 square feet, discharge 232 second-feet.

Fourth measurement. Date, September 4, 1905; locality, main river at the NE. J SE. \ 

sec. 25, T. 20 N., R. 3 E.; number of cross sections measured, three; number of trials of 

float, six. There was no wind at any time. The discharge as computed separately for each 

of the three float sections was as follows: Upper section, area 123 square feet, discharge 266 

second-feet; middle section, area 126 square feet, discharge 269 second-feet; lower section, 

area 130 square feet, discharge 270 second-feet.

Two discharge measurements of Rifle River were made during 1905 at the Detroit and 

Mackinac Railway bridge near Omer, Mich., where a gaging station was formerly maintained.

Discharge measurements of Rifle River at Omer, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 17........

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert .......................

H. R. Beebe.......................

Width.

Feet. 

76

70

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

290

234

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. jter sec. 

1.91

1.96

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.50

6.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

555

460
42 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

SAGINAW RIVER BASIN. 

TITTABAWASSEE RIVER AT EREELAKD, MICH.

Tittabawassee River is the northernmost of the three tributaries which unite to form 

Saginaw River at Saginaw, the combined catchment areas receiving the drainage from a 

crescent-shaped region of about 6,000 square miles surrounding Saginaw Bay. Tittabawassee River drains a region relatively flat, with clay soil predominating and with occasional sand patches, the glacial sands and clay overlying the rock of the Coal Measures to a 

depth of several hundred feet. The area is largely cleared and under cultivation. From 

railroad profiles it is estimated that the fall of the stream from Highwood to its mouth, a 

distance of about 50 miles along the river, is 140 feet.

The gaging station was established August 22, 1903. It is located at the Freeland highway bridge, 10 miles northwest of Saginaw, in sec 21, T. 13 N., R. 3 E., one-half mile from 

Freeland.

The channel is straight both above and below the station. The right bank has a flood 

plain which is inundated only at extreme flood stages; the left bank is high and smooth and 

is not subject to overflow. The bridge consists of two main spans, 320 feet between abutments, an auxiliary trestle span of 150 feet, and two overflow channels under the highway 

some distance from the right end of the bridge. The bed of the stream is,composed of clay 

and cobblestones and is fairly permanent, but tends to cut near the left bank. The current 

is uniform and has a medium velocity. It may be affected at times by strong winds, which 

have a free sweep through the valley.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the bridge, to which the 

gage is attached. The initial point for soundings is the left end of the hand rail on the downstream side.

A standard chain gage, which was read twice each day during 1905 by W. E. Dennison, 

is bolted to the upstream side of the iron guard rail of the bridge, 180 feet from the left entl. 

The length of the chain from the end of the weight to the marker is 31.33 feet. The gage is 

referred to bench marks as follows: (1) The top of a nail head 1 foot below the top of the 

cedar corner post of the road fence in front of the blacksmith's shop on the left bank; elevation above gage datum, 32.96 feet. (2) A circle inclosing the letters "B. M.," painted on 

the top of the downstream end of the left pier; elevation above gage datum, 22.88 feet. 

The elevation of the top of the gage pulley is 31.33 feet and that of the reference point, the 

top of the hand rail over the pulley, is 31.50 feet above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 431-432; 129, pp 56-57.

Discharge: 97, p 432; 129, p 57.

Gage heights: 97, p 432; 129, p 58.

Discharge measurements of Tittabawassee River at Freeland., Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 18........

June 11........

June 12........

November 15 ..

Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert .......................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do...........

.....do.............................

.....do.......... . . . . .

Horton and Weeks. ....... ......

Width.

Feet. 

269

228

370

264

226

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

2,469

5,228

4,688

3,248

2,726

2,563

2,166

2,111

1,132

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.69 

1.43

2.64

2.68

2.87

3.07

3.14

9 TO

2.58

1.07

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.76 

2.80

12.45

12.02

10.85

10.30

9.70

8.41

8.18

2.52

Discharge, a

Sec.-ft. 

5,853 

1,513

13,780

12, 550

9,328

8,480

8,048

5,618

5,476

61,214

a Discharge corrected for angle determined from measurements above 10.0 feet on gage. 

6 No correction for angle.
SAGINAW RIVER BASIN. 48

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tittabawasse e River at Freeland, Midi., for 1905.

Day.

1.. .......... .

4...... . .

5...... ...

0...... . .

8..............

9.. ............

10............ .

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23.......... ...

24..............

25..............

26..............

27............

28..............

23..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

2.5

2.62

2.58

2.5

2.32

2.3

2.31

2.35

2.36

2.34

2.3

2.35

2.4

2.42

2 42

2.56

2.59

2.6

2.64

2.68

2.68

Feb.

2.7

2.68

2.7

2.72

2.7

2.62

2.6

2.71

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.76

2.8

2 95

3.0

3.08

3.12

3.1

Mar.

3.11

3.12

3.15

3.2

3.25

3.22

3.25

3.28

3.3

3.3

3.28

3.25

3.28

3.4

4.32

5.41

6.5

7.2

7.85

9

K

13.4

11.3

10.12

9.5

9.78

Apr.

8.52

8.45

8.1

7.95

7.75

7.02

6.0

5.1

4.78

4.35

4.15

4 08

4.05

3.7

3.52

3.48

3.45

3.45

3.6

3.72

3.62

3.45

3.05

4.58

6.5

May.'

5.15

5.05

6.58

8.45

10.0

9.65

8.85

7.6

6 9

7 3

7.55

7.78

8.5

7.42

7.6

6.35

5.08

4. 85

4.15

4.0

3.9

3.85

3.8

4.2

5.15

June.

4.2

3.75

3.15

6.55

13.65

12.38

10.31

7.85

4.8

4.85

6.3

442

3.62

3.12

2.5

2.15

2.18

July.

2 19

2.15

2.28

2.48

2.65

2.95

3.25

3.38

3.4

3.32

3.31

3.35

3.42

3.38

3.28

3.2

3.05

2.48

2.3

1.85

1.91

1.95

5-0

2.0

1.95

Aug.

2.05

2.18

2.18

2.08

1.98

1.88

1.78

1.7

1 9

1.88

1.8

1.75

1.8

2.75

3.05

3.0

1 98

1 9

1 9

1.82

1 S

1 a

1.82

Sept.

1.92

2.11

2.55

2.92

2

KO

2.1

2 CO

1.88

1.7

1.7

1.9

2 Q 

2

C

2.32

2 1 ^

1 Q9

1 1.88KS

1 8

1.75

1 8

1 7fi

Oct.

1.75

1.82

2.0

1 9

1 99

1 9

1.82

3.32

4.28

4.38

4.3

3.72

3.16

9 0

2.8

2.f8

2.38

2.3

2.26

Nov.

2 OK

2.32

3.1

3.3

2.82

9 85

2

c

o 35

2 9

2.78

3.05

3.28

Dec.

5.38

5.42

3.22

2.78

2.98

3.08

3.22

3.31

3.25

3.2

3.16

3.12

3.15

3.38

3.68

3.68

NOTE. River frozen over January 1 to March 24. Thickness of ice approximately 1 foot.

LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

That portion of the Lake Erie drainage basin that lies within the United States, exclusive 

of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, covers the northern third of Ohio, a small corner of 

northeastern Indiana, and a similar area in southeastern Michigan. South of the lake the 

drainage area is narrow, the divide lying in places scarcely 50 miles back from the lake shore. 

To the west the width of the area is greater, and the Maumee, which enters the lake near 

Toledo, is the largest stream of northern Ohio. The average altitude of the watershed above 

Lake Erie is 500 feet, but the head of the Maumee at Fort Wayne, Ind., is only 170 feet above 

the lake. The surface is level or gently rolling.

The principal streams are Huron and Raisin rivers, which enter the lake from the Michigan 

corner, and Maumee, Black, and Cuyahoga rivers, which enter from Ohio. Of these the 

Maumee, formed by the junction of St. Marys and St. Joseph rivers at Fort Wayne, Ind., is 

the most important.

The work of the United States Geological Survey during 1905 in the Lake Erie drainage 

basin is set forth in the following pages:

IRR 170-
44 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

HURON RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Huron Kiver rises near the central part of Oakland County, Mich., flows southwestward, 

then southeastward, and is tributary to the west end of Lake Erie near the mouth of Detroit 

Kiver. The Huron receives the drainage from an irregularly shaped basin having its greatest length parallel to and lying at a distance of 25 to 30 miles from Detroit Kiver. This 

basin is connected with Lake Erie by a long, narrow valley, averaging 5 miles in width, 

extending from a point near Ypsilanti southeastward to Lake Erie, a distance of 28 miles. 

In this portion of its course a large part of the total fall of the river occurs. The conditions 

are thus nearly ideal for the development of water power, in that nearly the entire catchment 

area, all the large tributaries, and an extensive area affording lake and ground storage lie 

above the head of this narrow valley. '

The northern portion of the main catchment area is rolling and its topography is complex. 

The stream flows through a series of lakes, and north of Dover the entire basin is largely composed of lakes and surrounding marshes. In the vicinity of Ann Arbor the topography is 

very rolling. The stream has here a broad, flat valley, bordered by abrupt hills ranging in 

height from 100 to 200 feet. The channel is tortuous and changeable. Numerous abandoned sections remain as bayous. Large springs issue from the morainal hills.

Below Ypsilanti the drainage basin is flat, the soil, comparatively heavy and impervious, 

in mostly under cultivation, and the ground-water level is controlled by numerous drain 

trenches.

HURON RIVER AT DEXTER, MICH.

This station was established September 1, 1904. It is located just above the highway 

bridge in the village of Dexter.

A boat and cable section was selected a short distance below the highway bridge, and current-meter measurements have been made, as indicated in the accompanying table.

A vertical gage scale, divided decimally, was erected for use during low water. The gage 

is located just above a rapid, where it will be less affected by freezing than elsewhere. The 

record has been kept by the Washtenaw Electric Company, and has been furnished by R. W. 

Hemphill, manager.

A description of this station, with gage height and discharge data, is contained in WaterSupply Paper No. 129, United States Geological Survey, pages 63-64.

Discharge measurements of Huron River at Dexter, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 12 a.......

May 31 &.......

Hydrographer.

H. R. Beebe.......................

R. E. Horton ......................

Width.

Feet. 

177

116

125

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

519

335

438

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

3.07

1.31

1.33

Gage 

height

Feet. 

3.20

1.35

1.70

Discharge

Sec. ft. 

1,590

438

583

« Measurement at highway bridge. & Measurement made from boat.
HUEON ElVEE BASIN.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Dexter, Mich.,for 1905.

45

Day.

1.. ............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18.............'.

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30.............. 

31..............

Jan.

1.3

1.3

1 41

1 CC

1 31

1 Q

1 91

1.3

1.6

1.38

1.52

1.8

1.6

1.65

1 7f»

1 7*i

1.62

1.42

1.35

1.25

1.5

1.52

i 11

1 71

1.65

1.5

1.7

1.75 

1.6

Feb.

1.5

1.7

1.9

1.85

1.85

1.85

1 Q

1.78

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.68

1.65

1.72

1.7

1.7

1.7

Mar.

1.7

1.62

1.6

1.6

1 KK

1 K.9

1.5

1.5

1.42

1.32

1.28

1.25

1 91

1 91

1.38

1 IS

i i

2.6

as

q 1

3.35

3.15

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.1

2 92

9 85

2.8

2.9 

2.95

Apr.

2.75

2.62

2.48

2.3

2.22

911

2.1

1.92

1.8

1.78

1.9

1.85

1.72

1.68

1 IS

i i

1.5

' 1.45

1.38

1.3

1.85

2.3

9 91

2 O1

1 S

1 Q

1.72

1.65

1.52

May.

1.42

1.4

1 OK

1 0

1.4

1 fiO

1.85

1.82

1.78

1.75

9 91

3.05

2

QC

2 49

2.28

911

2.08

1 01

1 B9

1.65

1 *i

1 AK

1.4

i tt

1 OK

1.45

1 ^

1.3

1.3 

1.3

June.

1.25

1.22

1.15

1 1C

1.2

9 9

0 A

3.7

3.8

4 1

4.32

4.35

4.0

3.05

2.85

9 79

2.55

2.35

9 91

2 05

1.88

1.72

1.68

1.58

1 **

1.42

1.35

July.

1.35

1.48

1 19

1 48

1 31

1 91

1.35

1.35

1.5

1.7

1.72

1.7

1 CO

1 Pi

1 C

1 C

1.5

1 Pi

1 C

1.48

1 41

1.4

1 3

1 9Q

i 99

1 9

1.3

1.52 

1.48

Aug.

1.38

1.35

1.3

1.35

1.45

1 C

1.48

1.4

1.38

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.28

1 91

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.35

1.35

1.28

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.18 

1.15

Sept.

1.15

1.15

1.15

111

1 11

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.05

1 05

1.0

1.0

1 4s.

1.72

1.82

1.8

1.65

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 f\f\

1 CC

1 C

1.45

1.4

Oct.

1.35

1.38

1.5

1.5

1.45

1 4s.

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.28

1.25

1.18

1.12

1.18

1.52

1.9

2.1

2.05

1.92

1.85

1.82

1.8

1.75

1.55

1.32

1.42

Nov.

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.42

1.7

1.85

1.82

1.8

1.78

1.75

1.68

1.65

1.6

1.58

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.43

1.65

2.6

2.7

Dec.

2.4

2.05

2.0

1.9

1.88

1.85

1.82

1.8

1.8

1.78

1.7

1.68

1.65

1.58

1.5

1.42

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.58

1.5 

1.45

NOTE. Partial ice conditions existed during January, February, and March, but were not sufficient 

to materially modify the flow.

HURON RIVER AT GEDDES, MICH.

A record of the depth of overflow at the dam and of the run of the water wheels in the adjacent electric plant has been maintained at Geddes by the Washtenaw Electric Company 

since February 1, 1904.

A survey of the dam was made by R. E. Horton for the United States Geological Survey in 

September, 1904. New gages were erected, and the record'has been maintained and furnished to the Survey from that date. This gaging station affords opportunity to determine 

the discharge during low water in both summer and winter. At times when water flows over 

the dam the discharge is less certain. The computation of run-off during 1905 given in the 

accompanying table has been furnished by Gardner S. Williams.

A description of this station, with gage height and discharge data, is contained in WaterSupply Paper No. 129, United States Geological Survey, pages 64-65.
46 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Huron River, at Geddes, Mich., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 757 square miles.]

Month.

February. ................................................

July.......................................................

Mean discharge in secondfeet.

204 

170 

750 

668 

606 

1,106 

399

Run-off.

Secondfeet per 

square 

mile.

0.27 

.23 

.99 

.88 

.80 

1.46 

.53

Depth in 

inches.

0.31 

.24 

1.14 

.98 

.92 

1.63 

.61

Rainfall.

Inches.

1.66 

1.49 

1.66 

2.76 

5.58 

5.67 

478

HURON RIVER AT FRENCH LANDING, MICH. N

A temporary gage was erected at the Wabash Railroad bridge at Frenchville, Mich., 

and was maintained for a few weeks during the low-water season of 1903. A new gage 

was erected August 5, 1904, at the highway bridge at French Landing.

The stream freezes over in winter, and when it is frozen the conditions are unfavorable 

for the determination of the discharge. The right bank is never overflowed. The highway may be overflowed for a short distance from the bridge during extreme freshets.

The gage, which was read twice each day by F. L. Robbe, consists of a vertical scale, 

divided decimally, attached to the downstream side of the right-hand bridge, abutment. 

The record is furnished by the Washtenaw Electric Company, of Ann Arbor, Mich.

A discharge measurement, made May 13, 1905, by R. E. Horton, showed a flow of 1,941 

second-feet at gage height 7.10 feet.

Regular gage observations at this station were discontinued June 30, 1905.

A description of this station, with gage-height and discharge data, is contained in WaterSupply Paper No. 129, United States Geological Survey, page 66.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at French Landing, Mich., for 1905.

Day.

1. ......... 

2. .........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7. .........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

Jan.

2.38 

2.55

2.4

2.25

2.0

2.55

2.18

2.08

2.1

1.85

1.7

2.3

2.55

2.35

2.3

2.35

Feb.

2.45 

1.95

9, 4

2.35

2.2

1.35

2.7

? 45

2.45

2.35

2.25

1.95

2.3

2.45

2.3

2.3

Mar.

3.15 

2.75

2.85

2.95

2.7

3.05

3.25

3.2

3.35

3.45

3.75

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.65

3.7

Apr.

6.0

5 Ac

4.85

4.8

4.2

4.3

4.05

4.0

A 1>>

o QC

3.8

3.4

May.

3.3

2.8

2.7

2.95

3.45

3.5

3.95

3.6

4.1

6.2

7 ftp;

6.8

6.2

1 3

June.

2.65 

2.65

2.5

2.05

1.85

5.45

9.65

9.0

8.3

8.35

8.7

8 9

8.7

8.4

8.0

7.25

Day.

17........... 

18...........

19...........

20. ..........

21...........

22...........

23...........

24. ..........

25. ..........

26...........

27...........

28...........

29...........

30...........

31...........

Jan.

2.65 

2.6

2.5

2.45

2.65

2.45

2.3

2.7

2.5

2.25

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.65

Feb.

2.45 

2.3

1.6

2.3

2.95

2.7

2.5

2.85

2.8

2.6

2.55

2.95

Mar.

5.0 

6.4

8.95

8 6

7.2

6.7

6.45

6 4

6.5

6.35

6.45

6.4

5.7

5.7

6.05

Apr.

3.15 

2.95

2.7

2.9

3.9

5.35

5.4

5.15

4.55

4.15

4.15

3.9

3.8

3.2

May.

4.65 

4.5

4.35

4.1

3.75

3.6

3.35

2.95

2.8

2.9

2.85

2.7

2.75

2.85

2.7

June.

6.85 

6.75

5.85

5.5

4.95

4.75

4.5

3.95

3.6

3.65

3.25

'2.9

2.5

2.6

NOTE. River frozen entirely across January 1 to March 20, approximately. Average thickness of 

ice, 1.5 feet. Gage heights are to water surface in hole in ice.
HURON RIVER BASIN. 47

Station rating table for Huron River at French Landing, Mich.,from August 5, 1904, to June

SO, 1905,

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.00 

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

62 

71

81

91

102

114

126

139

153

168

184

202

220

239

259

280

301

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.70 

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

>2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

323 

345

367

390

415

440

466

493

520

547

574

601

629

657

685

713

741

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.40 

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

769 

797

826

855

884

913

942

1,002

1,064

1,126

1,188

1,250

1,312

1,374

1,436

1,498

1,560

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.20 

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,626 

1,692

1,758

1,824

1,890

1,958

2,026

2,094

2,162

2,230

2,300

2, £70

2,440

2,510

2,580

2,755

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on five discharge measurements made during 1904-5. It is not well defined, being based on a group of three measurements 

between 1.5 and 2 feet and one measurement at 7.1 feet. Below 1.5 feet the curve is very uncertain. 

Estimates based on this table are liable to considerable error above 2 feet and below 1 foot.

Estimated monthly discharge of Huron River at French Landing, Mioh.,for 1904-5.

Discharge in second-feet.

1904. 

August 5-31 ................................... . .

September...................................... . ...

October ........................................ . .....

November............................ ......... ........

1905. 

March 21-31. ...................................

April ...........................................

May. .................................. _ ............................

Maximum.

327

691

547

349

1,958

1,560

1,907

2,808

Minimum.

83

20

224

184

1,467

574

560

356

Mean.

215

307

347

250

1,678

1,013

902

1,434

NOTE. Ice conditions during December, 1904.

HURON RIVER AT FLATROCK, MICH.

This station was established August 6, 1904. It is located at the highway bridge below 

Metler's dam at Flatrock, Mich., about 8 miles above the mouth of the stream.

The stream bed is of horizontal rock overlain with sand and gravel. The current, aside 

from slight eddies and swirls carried by the water from the dam and mill above, is 

comparatively smooth and uniform. The banks are smooth and are overflowed only in 

highest freshets, occurring at rare intervals, such, for example, as the flood of March 26, 

1904, which overflowed the bank on the right-hand side of the bridge. The stream freezes 

over but little in winter, owing to the close proximity of the dam.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the highway bridge. 

The initial point for soundings is the face of the left abutment, downstream side of bridge.
48 STEEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAET VI.

The gage, which is read twice each day by C. L. Metier, is a vertical scale, divided decimally, attached to the downstream side of the left-hand bridge abutment. The gage 

datum is referred to the bench mark on the top of the coping stone of the left abutment, 

immediately over the gage. The gage datum is 14.10 feet below the bench mark.

A description of this station, with gage-height and discharge data, is contained in 

Supply Paper No. 129, United States Geological Survey, page 67.

Discharge measurements of Huron River at Flatrock, Mich., in 1905.

Date.

May 13.........

May 30. ........

Hydrographer.

R. E. Horton............... .......

H. R. Beebe. ......................

E F Weeks

Width.

Feet. 

100

100

100

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

682

296

304

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.54

1.93

1.86

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.28

2.58

2.64

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,729

571

566

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Flatrock, Mich., for'1905.

Day.

1..............

3..............

4..............

5.1............

6..............

7.............. 

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17.............. 

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22. .............

23

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

2.0

1.75

2.3

2.1

1.75

1.85

1.75 

1.85

1.8

2.5

2.2

1.G5

2.2

2.45

2.1

1.95

2.55 

2.1

2.05

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.15

2.55

2.45

2.55

2.7

2.35

2.3

2.4

2.35

Feb.

2.2

2.3

2.1

2.4 

2.3

2.25

2 25

2 2

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.35

2.28

2.65

2.55

2.7

2.7

2.45

2.9

Mar.

2.9

2.9

2.85

2.65

2.95 

3.0

3.05

3.25

3.4

3.15

3.55

7.35

7.85

7.6

6.0

6.05

6.1

5.95

5.85

5.45

Apr.

c 7

5.2

5.0

4.4

4.2 

4.0

3.8

3.75

3.8

3.8

3.0 

3.0

2.75

2.45

A 7K

5.0

4.9

4.0

3.85

3.75

3.3

May.

2.6

2.45

2.6

3.0 

3.4

3.65

3.G

3.7

5.4

6.35

4.55 

4.3

4.25

3.9

3.65

3.2

3.2

2.85

2.65

2.55

2.55

2.45

2.3

2.35

June.

2 2

1.95

1.9

3.8

7.5

7.8

7.4

7.4

7.7

7.75

7.4

6 95

6.5 

6.1

5.55

5.2

4 9

4.6

4.0

3.55

3.35

3.3

2.9

2.7

2.4

July.

2.2

2.2

2.25

2.85

2.3 

2.25^

2.15

2.15

2.9

3.45

3.95

3.8

.2.8 

2.7

2.5

2.35

 2.3

2.15

2.15

2.05

2.2

1.9

1.9

2.25

1.7

1.85

2.3

Aug.

2.3

1.95

1.85

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.05 

2.15

2.0

1.95

1.85

1.75

1.8

1.65

3.55

2.85

2.55 

2.15

1.95

2.65

2.3

2.2

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.75

1.65

1.65

1.6

Sept.

1.7

1.6

1.75

1.55

1.6

1.8

1.7 

1.55

1.5

1.35

1.2

1.5

1.65

1.4

1.35

1.25

1.65 

2.55

2.55

2.6

2.45

2.1

2.05

2.1

2.05

2.3

2.1

2.05

2.0

1.95

Oct.

1.85

1.75

2.15

2 2

2 1

2.0

1.95 

1.9 

2.15

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.75

1.7

1.55

1.8 

1.8

2.4

3.1

3.65

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.0

3.0

2.85

2.75

2.7

2.35

2.6

Nov.

2.4

2.15

2.1

2 2

2.2

2.4

3.1

3.55

3.5

3.3

3.3

3.05

3.0

3.1

3.0

2.85

2.75 

2.65

2.40

2.25

2.55

2.25

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.15

2.5

3.3

5.5

Dec.

5.6

4.85

4.25

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.55 

3.45

3.5

3.45

3.4

3.35

3.1

3.1

2.55

2.35

2.45 

2.50

2.7

2.45

2.5

3.45

3.9

3.7

2.65

2.8

3.1

3.05

3.05

2.9

2.75

NOTE. Partial ice conditions during the winter months.
HURON RIVER BASIN. 49

Station rating table for Huron River at Flatrock, Mich.,from August 5, 1904, to December

31,1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

95

108

124

141

158

176

194

213

232

252

272

293

 314

335

357

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

379

401

424

447

471

495

519

543

568

593

618

644

670

696

722

height.

Feet.

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

748

774

801

828

856

884

913

942

1,002

1,064

1,128

1,194

1,261

1,331

1,403

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,476

1,550

1,624

1,699

1,775

1,852

1,930

2,010

2,090

2,170

2,252

2,334

2,416

2,500

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on seven discharge measurements made during 1904-5. It is well defined between gage heights 0.3 foot and 2.6 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Huron River at Flatrock, Mich.,for 1904-5.

Discharge in second-feet.

1904. 

August 6-31 .........................................................

1905.

July .................................................................

September............................. . ... ....... . . ....... ...

December. .......................................... . . ....... ...

Maximum.

335

580

447

346

543

593

644

2,354

1,513

1,832

2,521

928

814

568

842

1,439

1,476

2,521

Minimum.

89

232

282

262

242

346

447

580

531

495

401

357

335

252

324

447

507

252

Mean.

209

320

351

292

313

463

515

1,149

957

846

1,340

548

434

389

513

612

753

710

a Discharge interpolated September 14, 1904, and August 29, 1905. 

NOTE. No correction made for ice conditions during the winter months.
50 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

MAUMEE; RIVER BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Maumee River is formed at Fort Wayne, Ind., by the junction of St. Joseph and St. 

Marys rivers and flows northeastward into Lake Erie at Toledo. The chief tributaries 

are Auglaize and Tiffin rivers. The total drainage area is 6,723 square miles. The country 

is flat and the river has not worn its valley very deep. The stream is about 600 feet wide 

at South Toledo, the depth ranging from 1 foot to 6 or 7 feet. The stream is subject to 

high freshets. The bed is of rock, up to Defiance at least, and the banks are of clay and 

gravel.

MAUMEE RIVER NEAR SHERWOOD, OHIO.

This station was established May 19, 1903. It is located at the highway bridge 2.5 

miles south of Sherwood, Ohio, and 200 feet upstream from the Cincinnati Northern Railroad bridge.

The channel is straight for 1,000 feet above and 500 feet below the station. Both banks 

are high and clean, and both may overflow at extremely high water. The bed of the 

stream consists of clay and gravel and some silt. There is one channel at all stages. The 

current is sluggish at extremely low water.

Discharge measurements are made from the two-span highway bridge, which has a total 

length of 300 feet between abutments. The initial point for soundings is the face of the 

south abutment.

The inclined gage which was established on the bank under the north end of the bridge 

was destroyed. A regulation chain gage, which was read during 1905 by George J. Coffin, 

was installed May 19, 1903. This is bolted to the hand rail of the bridge on the upstream 

side 200 feet from the south abutment. The length of the chain from the end of the weight 

to the marker is 28.88 feet. The gage is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A copper 

bolt in the stepping stone of the west wing wall of the north abutment; stone is in tier just 

below top tier; elevation above zero of gage, 22.30 feet. (2) A cut in the iron hand rail 

directly over the pulley of the gage; elevation above gage zero, 29.69 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 429; 129, p 68. 

Discharge: 97, p 429; 129, p 68. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, pp 70-71. 

Gage heights: 97, p 429; 129, p 69. 

Rating table: 129, p 70.

Discharge measurements of Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, in 1905.

Date.

May 25.........

October 28. ....

Hydrographer.

R. W. Pratt..... ..................

.....do................".............

Width.

Feet. 

250

251

249

248

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

928

1,146

608

465

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

1.44

1.72

.74

.55

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.96

4.82

2.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,332

1,966

449

256
MAUMEE EIVER BASIN. 51

Daily gage height, in feet, of Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, for 1905.

Day.

1.. ............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22. .............

23..............

24. .............

25. .............

26. .............

27. .............

28. .............

29. .............

30. .............

31..............

Jan.

4.0

4.0

3.8

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.4

3.4

3.9

3.9

0 Q

J.S

3.7

3.7

3. 65

3.6

3.6

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3

1

3 AC

2.9

2.8

'2.8

Feb.

2.8

2.7

2.6

2 Q

2.9

3.0

6.1

Mar.

8.1

9.1

9.2,

9.2

9.0

8.8

8.6

8.6

8.6

8.7

8.9

8.9

9.0

8.5

7.6

6.2

5.5

5.6

7.1

7.9

7.8

7.6

7.6

7.8

7.8

7.0

6.3

5 A

5.2

5.1

6.5

Apr.

7.0

6.4

4.8

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.2

3.25

3.4

3.6

4.0

4.2

4.2

3

D

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.25

5.9

10.6

11.3

10.2

8.7

7.8

7.5

7.1

6.1

5.6

May.

5.2

4.6

4.3

4.3

4.8

5.2

5.1

5.2

4.9

4.6

8.3

15.2

18.0

17.4

16.8

ICO

13.2

11.7

10..0

8.5

7.2

6.0

5.1

4.6

3.9

3.6

3

0

3

0C

3.3

3.3

4.0

June.

3.6

3.3

2.9

2.9

3.2

7.4

6.8

6.6

5.5

5.0

14.7

11.5

9 0

7.0

6.6

fi 9

6.0

5.3

4.8

4.0

3.8

4.1

4.6

4.7

3 Q

3.6

3

0

2.8

2.55

July.

2.45

2.45

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.75

2.75

2.55

2.6

2.8

3.4

4.75

4.35

4.0

3.8

3.4

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.65

2.55

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.05

2 A

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Aug.

2.05

2.1

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.95

2 AC

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.55

2.5

2.5

2.5"

2.5

2

K

2

C

2.85

2.65

2.50

Sept.

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2

1 C

2.15

3.05

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.7

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.85

3

OC

2

QC

2.75

2.35

Oct.

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.0

2 A

2.0

2.0

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.5

3.5

3.5

3.3

2.8

2

C

2.4

2.3

2.3

Nov.

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.1

9 1 t;

3.3

7.5

8.0

Dec.

8.0

7.5

7.0

5.6

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.8

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.05

s n

2.9

2.9

2.85

2.85

2.9

4.2

6.5

6.5

6.3

5.8

5.1

4.8

4.5

4.5

4.4

NOTE. River frozen entirely across both above and below gage January 1 to February 28. The ice 

gradually broke up March 1-10, approximately. During this period gage heights are to the water 

surface in a hole in the ice. The following comparative readings were also made:

Date.

February 26 ..... ....... ............. ........ ......

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

2.8

2.6

2.8

3.0

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

2.9

2.7

2.9

ai

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.4
52 STKEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, from May 19, 1903, to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.00

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

80

110

145

185

230

280

330

380

440

500

500

620

680

740

800

860

925

995

1,065

1,135

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,205

1,275

1,345

1,415

1,485

1,555

1,625

1,695

1,765

1,835

1,910

1,990

2,070

2,150

2,230

2,310

2,390

2,470

2,550

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.00

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.00

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,630

2,710

2,790

2,870

3,030

3,190

3,350

3,510

3,670

3,830

3,990

4,170

4,350

4,530

4,710

4,890

5,070

5,250

Gage 

height.

Feet.

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

10.50

11.00

11.50

12.00

12.50

13.00

13.50

14.00

15.00

16.00

17.00

18.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5,430

5,610

5,790

5,970

6,170

6,370

6,870

7,370

7,920

8,470

9,020

9,580

10,180

10,780

12,080

13,380

14, 780

16,280

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 18 discharge measurements made during 1903-1905. It is well denned between gage heights 1.8 feet and 6.2 feet. Above 6.2 

feet it is determined by one high-water measurement.

Estimated monthly discharge of Maumee River near Sherwood, Ohio, for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 2,190 square miles.]

Month.

March 11-31. .............. .:'. ..:.............

April. ....................... j ......:........

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,430 

7,700 

10,280 

11,090 

1,870 

590 

1,240 

995 

4,530 

4,530

Minimum.

2,150 

800 

830 

410 

145 

125 

205 

145 

185 

590

Mean.

3,796 

2,471 

4,582 

2,709 

534 

280 

508 

307 

596 

1,727

Run-ofl.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.73 

1.13 

2.09 

1.24 

.244 

.128 

.232 

.140 

.272 

.789

Depth in 

inches.

1.35 

1.26 

2.41 

1.38 

.281 

.148 

.259 

.161 

.304 

.910

ST. JOSEPH RIVER AT TORT WAYNE, INT>.

St. Joseph River rises in the southern part of Michigan, flows southwestward into Indiana, and at Fort Wayne unites with St. Marys River to form the Maumee.

The gaging station was established March 20, 1905. It is located on the first highway 

bridge about 1 mile above the junction with St. Marys River.

The channel is straight for 1,000 feet above and below the station. Both banks are 

high, alluvial, and not subject to overflow. About 300 feet below the bridge are remnants
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN. 53

of an old dam, which at low stages divert most of the water to the right side of the stream, 

where the channel is deepened. There is but one channel at all stages. The bed of the 

stream is composed of coarse gravel and is free from vegetation and permanent. High 

water in St. Marys River without a corresponding stage in St. Joseph River might cause 

backwater at this station, but the occurrence would be rare. There is a dam on the -river 

about 4 miles above the bridge and a small amount of water is diverted around the station by means of a canal.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the singlenspan bridge 

to which the gage is attached. The bridge has a length of 213 feet. The initial point 

for soundings is the inner face of the right abutment, downstream side.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1905 by Edward Towsley, is attached 

to the downstream side of the bridge, near the middle of the stream. The length of the 

chain from the end of the weight to the end of the last copper link is 26.24 feet. The 

gage is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) On the end of the outer end coping stone 

of the downstream wing of the left abutment, one-half foot from the downstream eastern edge of the stone; elevation above gage datum, 22.55 feet. (2) The top of the downstream lower truss chord opposite the pulley of the gage; elevation above gage datum, 25.00 

feet.

Discharge measurements of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1905.

Date.

May 26. ........

July 13. ........

Hydrographer.

S. K. Clapp.. ......................

.....do.............................

.....do .............................

Width.

Feet. 

170

160

160

150

153

159

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

939

348

511

214

214

374

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

3.55

1.56

1.94

.45

.51

1.17

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.29

3.04

3.65

2.00

2.10

2.99

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,331

544

S92

97

110

436

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind., for 1905.

Day.

1. .................

2..................

3..................

4................ .

5..................

6..................

7..................

8..................

9..................

10..................

11..................

12..................

13..................

14..................

15..................

16...... .........

17..................

18..................

19..................

20..................

21..................

22..................

23..................

Mar.

6.3

6.4

6.1

6.0

Apr.

4.45

4.0

3.6

°. i

3.15

3.05

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.95

3.6

4 05

3.8

3.5

o.3

3.25

3.1

6.7

8.4

8.1

May.

3.3

3.05

2.9

2,7

2 7

2.8

3.6

3.9

3.8

3.5

4.0

15.0

14.4

13.9

12.1

10.2

8.8

7.4

5.3

4.45

4.1

3.6

June.

3.0

2.9

2.8

4 9

4.15

5.2

4.4

4.2

4.1

7.8

7.1

5.6

5.0

4.7

4.3

4.05

3

C

3.1

3.9

4.45

July.

2.7

2.65

2.6

2.7

2.85

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.85

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.45

3.2

2.9

2.75

2.65

2.6

2.5

2.45

2.35

2.3

Aug.

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.05

2.05

2.05

2 n

2.0

2.0

1.9

Sept.

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

9 9

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.25

2.25

2.25

2

9

2

9C

2.2

2.2

Oct.

2.2

2.25

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.9

3.45

' 3.45

3.45

Nov.

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.3

2.45

2.4

2.35

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.65

2.0

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.35

Dec.

5.55

4.6

4.0

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.95

2.9

3.0

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.95

4.45

4.95
54 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

24. .................

25. .................

26..................

27..................

28..................

29..................

30..................

31..................

Mar.

5.2

4.7

4.3

3.9

4.45

5.2

Apr.

6.8

6.0

5.6

5.1

4.25

3.8

3.5

May.

3

0C

3.0

2.8

2.75

3.0

3.2

June.

4.5

3 7

3.2

3.0

2.9

July.

2

0

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.25

2.3

Aug.

2.0

2.2

2.25

2.75

2.75

2.65

2.4

2.3

Sept.

2.25

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

Oct.

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.65

2.55

2.5

2.45

Nov.

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

7.0

6.0

Dec.

4.45

3.95

3.65

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.25

NOTE. GJ/JC heights interpolated August 13-21.

Station rating table for St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,from March 20 to December 31,

1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

30

50

70

95

120

150

185

225

270

315

365

415

470

525

580

640

700

760

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.' 50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

825

890

960

1,030

1,100

1,175

1,250

1,330

1. 410

1,490

1.570

1,655

1,740

1,825

1,910

2,000

2,090

2,180

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,270

2,365

2,460

2,560

2,660

2,760

2,860

2,970

3,080

3,190

3,300

3,420

3,540

3,660

3,780

3,900

4,020

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,150

4,410

4,670

4,940

5,220

5,500

5,800

6,100

6,400

6,700

7,000

8,600

10,300

12,100

14,000

16,000

18,100

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on five discharge measurements made during 1905. It is well defined between gage heights 2 feet and 6.3 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1905.

Discharge in second-feet.

March 20-31 .........................................................

April ................................................................

June...................

July................................................................

August .................... ....

September. ................ ...

October....................... .... . .. . .. ... .............

December. ............. ...

Maximum.

3,420

6,100

18,100

9,620

1.030

390

185

792

4,150

2,510

Minimum.

1,100

415

365

365

150

70

120

30

185

225

Mean.

2,413

1,544

3,380

1,654

394

154

157

224

462

760
MAUMEE KIVEK BASIN. 55

ST. MARYS EIVJBE AT FORT WAYNE, IND.

St. Marys River rises in the western part of Ohio, flows northwestward, and unites with 

St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne to form the Maumee.

The gaging station was established March 20, 1905. It is located on the Taylor Street 

Bridge, in Fort Wayne, about 2.5 miles above the junction of the stream with the St. 

Joseph.

The channel is straight for 1,000 feet above and below the station. Both banks are 

high, alluvial, and not subject to overflow. The bed of the stream is composed of coarse 

gravel and is free from vegetation and permanent. There is but one channel at all stages. 

The current is swift and direct.

Discharge measurements are made from the upstream side of the single-span bridge to 

which the gage is attached. The length of the bridge between abutments is 166 feet. 

The initial point for soundings is the inner face of the right abutment, upstream side.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1905 by Clement S. Graham, is nailed 

to the downstream side of the bridge, near the center of the stream. The length of the 

chain from the end of the weight to the end of the last link is 28.01 feet. The gage is 

referred to bench marks as follows: (1) On the outer coping stone of the upstream wing 

wall of the right abutment, 0.2 foot each way from the edges meeting at the upstream 

corner; elevation, 27.59 feet above datum of gage. (2) The top surface of the hand rail 

at sounding point No. 80; elevation, 31.28 feet above datum of gage.

Discharge measurements of St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1905.

Date.

May 26.........

July 13.--......

Hydrographer.

S. K. Clapp................. .......

.....do.............................

.....do..............................

Width.

Feet. 

120

104

105 

104

105

113

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

600

199

254 

173

182

516

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.27

1.05

.97 

.70

.73

.87

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.59

2.17

2.51 

1.87

1.92

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-fl. 

1,301

208

246 

122

133

451

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind., for 1905.

Day.

3-------.-.........

4..................

S........... .......

6..................

r)

10....... ...........

11..................

13..................

14..................

15..................

16..................

17..................

18..................

19..................

Mar. Apr.

3.1

2.6

2.0

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.0

.8

.6

.3

May.

2.65

2.15

1.8

1.7

2.4

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.65

1.3

8.7

June.

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.68

3.25

2.17

3.35

2.22

2.0

5.2

7.75

4.8

3.3

2.2

1.87

1.92

2.25

2.17

2.0

July.

1.42

1.41

1.4

1.39

1.38

1.36

1.35

1.35

1.45

1.6

2.27

2.58

2.51

2.3

2.0

1.78

1.61

1.43

1.43

Aug.

1.04

1.04

1.04

1.04

1.04

1.04

1.2

1.17

1.14

1.1

1.08

. 1.04

1.04

1.18

1.83

2.65

2.3

2.05

2.08

Sept.

1.3

1.24

1.2

1.12

1.1

1.08

1.07

1.06

1.06

1.08

1.18

1.14

1.08

1.04

1.2

2.1

3.7

3.8

3.8

Oct.

1.55

1.55

1.7

1.95

2.1

2.0

1.94

1.89

1.84

1.78

1.6

1.51

1.44

1.39

1.35

1.33

1.33

1.4

1.4

Nov.

1.32

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.37

1.5

1.58

1.8

2.2

2.25

2.24

2.2

1.95

1.86

1.73

1.67

1.6

1.53

1.45

Dec.

3.4

3.0

3.1

4.06

4.35

5.57

5.2

4.1

2.85

2.55

2.4

2.07

2.45

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.95

1.78

1.7
56 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAPT VI. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Marys River at Fort Wayne, Ind.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

20..................

21..................

22...... ...........

23. .................

24. .................

25. .................

26. .................

27. .................

28. .................

29..................

30. .................

31..................

Mar.

3.5

2.9

2.5

2.6

2.1

1 Q

1.7

1.5

1.3

3 n

3.6

Apr.

1.75

6.1

7.0

5.6

4.45

3.9

3.8

4.0

5.1

4.6

3.8

May.

2

1 C

2

0

I Q

2.17

2 4

1.84

June.

1.75

1.61

1.8

1.82

1.73

1.67

1 65

1 65

1 65

1.55

1.5

July.

2.74

1.8

1.45

1.34

1.25

1.2

1.15

i 1 1?

1.13

1.11

1.09

1.06

Aug..

2.58

2.41

1.88

1.67

1.62

2.05

2.4

2.04

1.86

1.61

1.5

1.38

Sept.

3.9

4.1

4.4

4.4

4.1

3.6

3.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

1.6

Oct.

1.35

1.42

1.52

1.7

1.61

1.5

1.57

1.6

1.53

1.41

1.35

1.34

Nov.

1.42

1.4

1.38

1.37

1.36

1.35

1.34

1.4

1.88

4.68

4.35

Dec.

1.66

2.8

3.2

3.55

3.8

3.9

3.92

3.85

3.4

3.1

2.97

2.83

NOTE. Ice gorge below the gage caused backwater December 4-8 and 13-16. 

TTFFHST RIVER NEAR DEFIANCE, OHIO.

Tiffin River rises in southeastern Michigan, flows in a general southeasterly direction, 

and joins the Maumee at Defiance, 2 or 3 miles above the month of Auglaize River.

The gaging station was established May 19, 1903. It is located at the highway bridge 

on the new road to Evansport, one-half mile above the settlement of Brunnesburg and 3 

miles by river above the center of the city of Defiance.

The channel at the station is somewhat curved, but the section is at right angles to the 

direction of the current. Both banks are high. The right bank is not liable to overflow, 

but the left will overflow at extreme high stages on account of a low place in the road. 

The bed of the stream is composed of gravel and rock, with deposits of silt at the sides of 

the channel. The velocity is sluggish at low stages at the regular section, but can be 

measured by wading a short distance below the bridge.

Discharge measurements are made from the single-span highway bridge, 140 feet long 

between abutments. The initial point for soundings is the face of the south abutment.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1905 by F. A. Goddard, is located on the 

upstream hand rail of the bridge about 100 feet from the initial point for soundings. The 

length of the chain from the end of the weight to the marker is 28.00 feet. The bench 

mark is a cut on the upstream corner of the north abutment; elevation above gage datum, 

23.82 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 423; 129, pp 71-72. 

Discharge: 97, p 423; 129, p 72. 

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 425; 129, p 73. 

Gage heights: 97, p 424; 129, p 72. 

Eating table: 97, p 424; 129, p 73.

Discharge measurements of Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, in 1905.

Date.

May 25.........

July 12.........

October 27. ....

Hydrographer.

M. S. Brennan.. ...................

S. K. Clapp........................

R.W.Pratt.. ........ .............

.....do ...........:.... .............

Width.

Feet.

104

115

95

92

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

363

585

243

227

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec.

0.89

1.51

.35

.29

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.92

5.70

2.70

2.68

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

324

882

84

05
MAUMEE RIVER BASIN. 57 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, for 1905.

Day.

1. .............

2. .............

3..............

4.,.. ..........

5..............

6..............

7.... ..........

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13. .............

14..............

15..............

16. .............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26. .............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.25

3.15

3.0

°, n

°, n

°, n

°, n

3.15

3.25

3.3

°, 4

1 ^

Feb.

3.0

3.2

3.1

3.35

4 g

5.8

Mar.

6.9

7.5

7.7

7.4

«7.4

7.3

7.2

7.2

6.3

6.3

6.8

6.7

6.4

6.0

5.8

6.3

7.1

«7.7

8.3

8.3

8.3

8.0

7.7

7.4

a 6. 8

6.2

5.5

5.2

5.0

5.9

Apr.

5.1

oS.O

5.0

4.6

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.6

o3.6

3.5

3.5

4.0

5.2

4.35

4.3

4.1

3.8

3.5

8.4

10.8

«9.8

8.8

7.7

7.0

6

K

5.8

5.3

May.

4 9

4.2

4.0

3.7

°, 7

4.25

5.0

A Q

A K

14 0

1 K fi

al5.6

13.8

U K

9

K

8.3

6.6

«5.8

5.0

4.5

3.9

3.8

3

K

«3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

June.

3

0

3.5

3.3

«3.3

3.3

4.6

7.1

8.4

8.2

7 9

«9.6

11.4

in °.

8.7

7.7

7.1

5.8

aS.O

4

0

4.0

4

K

K O

5.2

«4.7

4.2

3 A

3.2

3.1

3.0

July.

2 or;

a 2. 9

2.9

3.8

3.5

3

0

3.8

4.0

5.8

5 A

4.8

4.1

03.8

3 A

3

1

2.9

2.8

2.8

<z2 7

2.7

2.5

2.5

2

K

2.5

2.5

a 2. 4

2.4

Aug.

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

«2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

o2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

Sept.

2

C

2.5

a2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

2

K

2.5

2

K

2.5

2

K

«2.5

2.5

2.8

2.8

2 Q

2 Q

2.9

o2.7

2.5

2.5

9 ^

2.5

2.5

2.5

Oct.

o2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.4

«2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.8

«3.2

3.5

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

«2.8

2.7

2.7

Nov.

9 7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.5

9 7

2.5

2 9

3

1

3 n

2.8

2.8

2.6

2.6

2.6

«2.6

2

K

. 2.7

8.2

8.4

Dec.

6.7

5.2

oS.O

4.7

4.5

4.2

3.8

3.7

3.4

o3.3

3.2

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

o Gage height interpolated.

NOTE. River frozen entirely across January 1 to February28. During the frozen period gage heights 

are to the water surface in a hole in the ice. The following comparative readings were also made.

Date. Water 

surface.

Feet. 

3.0

3.25

3.4

3.3

3.0

3.1

3.0

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

3.1

3.25

3.5

3.4

3.1

3.3

3.2

over ice.

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

0.4

.6

.7

.8

1.0

1.2

1.2

No ice record for December was made.
58 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, from January 1 to December 31,1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.40

2.60

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

36

52

69

86

104

122

140

159

178

198

219

240

262

285

309

334

360

387

414

442

470

499

528

558

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

7.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

588

619

650

681

712

743

775

807

839

871

904

937

970

1,004

1,038

1,072

1,107

1,142

1,177

1,212

1,248

1,284

1,320

1,356

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50

7.60

7.70

7.80

7.90

8.00

8.10

8.20

8.30

8.40

8.50

8.60

8.70

8.80

8.90

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,392

1,428

1,465

1,502

1,539

1,576

1,614

1,652

1,690

1,729

1,768

1,807

1,847

1,887

1,927

1,967

2,008

2,049

2,090

2,172

2,254

2,336

2,418

2,500

Gage 

height.

Feet.

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80

11.00

11.20

11.40

11.60

11.80

12.00

12.20

12.40

12.60

12.80

13.00

13.50

14.00

14.50

15.00

15.50

16.00

16.50

17.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,584

2,669

2,755

2,842

2,930

3,018

3,107

3,197

3,288

3,380

3,474

3,570

3,668

3,766

3,864

4,110

4,360

4,611

4,866

5,121

5,380

5,645

5,914

The above table is applicable only lor open-channel conditions. It is based on 13 discharge measurements made during 1903-1905. It is well defined between gage heights 2.3 feet and 5.7 feet. The 

table has been extended beyond these limits, being based on one measurement at 14 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Tiffin River near Defiance, Ohio, for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 748 square miles.]

Month.

May.........................................

July.........................................

December 1-15.. . ............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,807 

2,842 

6,130 

3,107 

970 

240 

122 

240 

1,847 

1-,212

Minimum.

650 

240 

198 

140 

36 

36 

36 

36 

52 

178

Mean.

1,287 

807 

1,454 

917 

250 

57.8 

62.0 

76.6 

197 

407

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.72 

1.08 

1.94 

1.23 

.334 

.077 

.083 

.102 

.263 

.544

Depth in 

inches.

1.98 

1.16 

2.24 

1.37 

.385 

.089 

.093 

.118 

.293 

.303
LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE. 59-

BLACK RIVER'BASIN. 

BLACK RIVER NEAR ELYRIA, OHIO.

The basin of Black River adjoins that of Verraillion River on the west and that of Rocky 

River on the east.

The gaging station was established May 23, 1903, the object being to furnish data for the 

water supply of near-by towns. It is located at the North Ridge Road Bridge, about 5 

miles from the center of the city of Elyria.

The channel is straight for 300 feet above and 200 feet below the bridge, which consists 

of a single span 123 feet long. The right bank is fairly high and overflows only at extreme 

flood stages, a large field adjacent being generally flooded at the same time. The left bank 

is a rocky bluff, 75 to 100 feet high, which can not overflow. The current at the regular 

section is sluggish at low stages, but may be measured by wading 500 feet below.

Discharge measurements are made from the highway bridge. The initial point for 

soundings is the face of the west abutment.

The original gage consisted of an inclined 1 by 6 inch board, set on edge in the bank and 

secured to long stakes, and a vertical section nailed to stakes driven into the ground. A 

regulation chain gage, which was read during 1905 by N. L. Dunfee, has been installed to 

replace the rod gage. The length of the chain from the end of the weight to the marker is 

24.67 feet. The gage is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A nail in the root of a double 

tree which is in line with the center of and 38 feet west from the west end of the bridge; 

elevation above gage datum, 28.74 feet. (2) The top of the flange of the fifth floor beam 

from the west abutment, on the downstream end, almost under the pulley of the gage; 

elevation above gage datum, 22.56 feet. The elevation of the center of the pulley is 24.67 

feet above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 420-421; 129, p 74. 

Discharge: 97, p 421; 129, p 74. 

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 422. 

Gage heights: 97, p 421; 129, p 75. 

Rating table: 97, p 422.

Discharge measurements of Black River near Elyria, Ohio, in 1905.

Date.

January 17. ...

May 24.........

Hydrographer.

R. W. Pratt. ...................... 

.....do.............................

M. S. Brennan. ....................

.....do .............................

Width.

Feet. 

75 

39

69

KK

55

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

119 

41

52

30

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

0.96 

.59

1.09

.40

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.80 

1.75

1.44 

1.08

1.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

114 

24

56 

10

12

CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN. 

CTJYAHOGA RIVER AT INDEPENDENCE, OHIO.

Cuyahoga River rises in eastern Geauga County, flows south-southwestward to a point 

within about 2 miles of Akron, then turns sharply and flows northwestward to Lake Erie. 

Its course is extremely tortuous. In one place a straight line 5 miles long would touch two 

points 12 miles apart by the channel. The valley consists largely of a series of basins, the 

hills reaching 200 feet or more in height. Many lakes and swamps occur in the headwater 

region.

The gaging station was established September 21, 1903. It is located at the highway 

bridge at the town of Independence, 10 miles south of Cleveland and 4 miles south of the 

gaging station formerly located on the highway bridge between Brooklyn and Newberg, 

Ohio.

IRR 170 06 5
60 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

The channel is straight for 200 feet above and 400 feet below the station. Both banks 

are high and thinly wooded. The bed of the stream is of hard clay, covered with scattered 

stones about 1 inch in diameter. The current is sluggish at low water, but fairly swift at 

high stages.

Discharge measurements are made from the single-span iron-truss highway bridge to 

which the gage is attached. This bridge is 130 feet long. The initial point for soundings is 

the inner face of the eastern abutment.

A standard chain gage, which was read during 1905 by W. H. Rupp, is bolted to the hand 

rail of the bridge on the downstream side, 100 feet west of the initial point. The length of 

the chain from the end of the weight to the back of the ring is 26.84 feet. The gage is 

referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A cross cut on the northeast corner of the top 

stone of the north wing wall of the west abutment; elevation, 23.65 feet. (2) A cross cut 

on the southwest corner of the top stone of the south wing wall; elevation, 22.58 feet. 

(3) The top of the inside I-beam of the lower chord, downstream side, at a point 100 feet 

west of the initial point; elevation, 23.95 feet. Elevations are above the 'datum of the 

gage. The elevation of the center of the pulley is 26.18 feet above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 418-419; 129, pp 75-76. 

Discharge: 97, p 419; 129, p 76. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, p. 78. 

Gage heights: 97, p 419; 129, pp. 76-77. 

Rating table: 129, pp 77-78.

Discharge measurements ofCuydhoga River at Independence, Ohio, in 1905.

Date.

July 8. .........

4Iydrographer.

M. S. Brenna 

8 K Clapp

R. W. Pratt.......................

Width. ^tfo°nf

Feet. Sq. ft. 

65 254. 

87 ' 238 

61 233

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec 

1.20 

1.11 

.94

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.29 

5.05 

5.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

305 

265 

219

Daily gage height, in feet, ofCuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10. ..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14. .............

15. .............

16..............

17.....'.........

18..............

19..............

Jan.

6.25 

6.0 

5.7 

5.65 

5.0 

5.6 

5.6 

5.5 

5.3 

6.0 

6.1 

5.1 

7.0 

6.8 

6.7 

 6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

5.85

Feb.

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6 

5.6

Mar.

7.7 

7.0 

7.0 

7.0 

7.6 

7.8 

8.8 

9.2 

11.9 

11.8 

10.0 

9.8 

9.0 

8.2 

7.2 

6.5 

7.8 

9.2 

17.3

Apr.

5.2 

5.2 

5.15 

5.4 

5.25 

5.5 

5.45 

5.3 

5.2 

4.9 

5.5 

6.75 

6.5 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

5.95 

6.0 

5.75

May

5.2 

5.2 

5.1 

5.0 

5.1 

5.0 

4.85 

5.1 

5.0 

5.05 

5.15 

12.6 

8.8 

7.5 

7.6 

7.2 

7.2 

7.2 

6.4

June.

5.65 

5.25 

5.05 

4.9 

4.85 

5.05 

6.2 

5.6 

5.35 

5.35 

5.6 

5.55 

5.45 

5.4 

5.45 

8.6 

7.65 

6.1 

6.15

July.

5.1 

5.0 

5.05 

5.25 

5.05 

5.0 

5.0 

5.1 

4.9 

4.8 

5.0 

5.2 

6.0 

6.' 3 

8.2 

. 5.8 

5.3 

5.2 

5.15

Aug.

5.4 

5.35 

5.3 

5.2 

5.1 

5.05 

5.05 

5.1 

5.0 

4.9 

5.05 

5.4 

5.5 

5.4 

6.4 

6.6 

6.3 

6.2 

5.5

Sept.

5.0 

5.0 

5.0 

5.05 

5.1 

5.1 

5.0 

5.0 

4.95 

4.9 

5.2 

6.0 

5.8 

5.6 

5.35 

6.0 

6.1 

6.6 

6.3

Oct.

5.15 

5.1 

5.1 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.55 

5.5 

5.5 

5.55 

6.0

Nov.

5.35 

5.35 

5.35 

5.3 

5.35 

6.15 

6.05 

6.2 

6.3 

6.2 

6.1 

6.0 

6.05 

5.9 

5.9 

6.0 

6.0 

5.8 

5.8

Dec.

8.35 

7.55 

8.2 

8.2 

7.35 

6.95 

6.6 

6.3 

6.0 

5.95 

5.8 

5.6 

5.6 

5.5 

5.3 

5.2 

5.1 

5.15 

5.25
CUYAHOGA JBIVEK BASIN. 61

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, for 1905 Continued.

Day.

20. .............

21..............

22. .............

23. .............

24. .............

25. .............

26. .............

27..............

28. .............

29..............

30

31..............

Jan.

5.85

5.8

5.7

5.65

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

Feb.

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

8.0

Mar.

14 9

ion

11.0

9.6

8.2

7.4

6.8

6.25

c Q

5.4

Apr.

5.55

10.2

8 9

7.8

6 9

6.65

6.1

5.85

5.8

5.5

5 4

May.

5.8

5.6

5.45

5.1

5

O

5.3

8.7

7.0

6.2

June.

7.4

7.2

6.8

6.8

6.0

C Q

c 7

c c

5.45

c oc

July.

9.5

7.7

6.1

5.8

5.95

5.6

5.3

5.1

C ft

5-1

5

O

5.4

Aug.

6.2

5.85

5.4

6.0

5.8

6

r

5.9

5.5

5

OC

5.2

5

0

5.0

Sept.

9.9

7.5

7.2

6.3

5.95

5.85

5.45

5.3

C 1

5.1

Oct.

7.0

6.85

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.1

5.9

5.65

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.3

Nov.

5.75

5.55

5.35

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.3

10.2

9.9

Dec.

5.25

7.1

8.6

8.1

7.9

7.2

7.0

6.5

6.0

6.05

5.9

6.0

NOTE. The river was frozen entirely across January 10 to February 28, approximately. March 1-10 

ice was breaking up. Thickness of ice 1 foot to 1.4 feet. Gage heights are to the water surface in a hole 

cut in the ice. Most of the time the water was flush with the top of the ice.

Station rating table for Cuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, from September 21, 1903, to 

August 23,1904, and from January 1 to December 31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

56

82

109

137

166

195

225

255

286

317

349

381

414

447

481

515

550

586

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50

7.60

7.70

7.80

7.90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

623.

660

698

736

774

812

852

892

932

972

1,012

1,053

1,094

1,136

1,178

1,220

1,263

1,306

Gage 

height.

Feet.

8.00

8.10

8.20

8.30

8.40

8.50

8.60

8.70

8.80

8.90

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,350

1,394

1,439

1,484

1,530

1,576

1,622

1,668

1,715

1,762

1,809

1,903

1,999

2,096

2,196

2,300

2,408

2,516

Gage 

height.

Feet.

10.60

10.80

11.00

11.20

11.40

11.60

11.80

12.00

12.20

12.40

12.60

12.80

13.00

13.20

13.40

13.60

13.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,624

2,734

2,845

2,959

3,077

3,197

3,221

3,445

3,573

3,701

3.830

3,960

4,090

4,222

4,356

4,492

4.630

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 13 discharge measurements made during 1903-1905. One flood measurement at gage height 14.65 feet serves to determine the 

upper part of the curve. It is well defined between gage heights 4.7 feet and 7.05 feet. Above gage 

height 13.7 the rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 70 per tenth.
62 STREAM MEASTJKEMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge ofOuyahoga River at Independence, Ohio, for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 698 square miles.]

Month.

March 11-31 .................................

July ........................................

September 1-29. .................. ..........

October 9-31. . ...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

642 

7,080 

2,408 

3,830 

1,622 

2,047 

774 

2,248 

932 

2,408 

1,622

Minimum.

317 

349 

195 

180 

180 

166 

195 

195 

255 

286 

255

Mean.

445 

2,408 

596 

740 

533 

446 

399 

487 

460 

572 

762

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.638 

3.45 

.854 

1.06 

.764 

.639 

.572 

.698 

.659 

.819 

1.09

Depth in 

inches.

0.214 

2.69 

.953 

1.22 

.852 

* .737 

.660 

.753 

.564 

.914 

1.26

LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE.

GENERAL' FEATURES.

In the northwestern part of the State of New York, between Niagara and St. Lawrence 

rivers, is an area aggregating 12,400 square miles drained by streams which flow into Lake 

.Ontario. The divide which controls this drainage is very irregular. Extending to the 

south and southeast from Fort Niagara, it passes around the headwaters of the Genesee a 

short distance into Pennsylvania; thence reentering New York it runs southward and eastward from the interior group of lakes, turns to the north, encircles the sources of Black River, 

turns again to the west, and descends to the lake. The country thus included is level or 

gently undulating in the counties bordering the lake, but farther south it becomes more 

rolling, and a series of ridges, gradually increasing in height, stretch down between Cayuga 

and Seneca, and their companion lakes, finally becoming merged with the elevated, broken 

country forming the principal divide, the abrupt slopes of which attain altitudes of from 

2,000 to 2,500 feet about the headwaters of the Genesee.

The easterly or Black River lobe of the drainage basin receives the run-off from the 

southwestern slope of the Adirondack Mountains largely a rugged and forest-covered 

area, receiving heavy precipitation, especially in the winter.

Drift deposits are generally scattered over the section, and the soil is in part derived from 

that source and in part from the disintegration of native rocks.

The principal streams of the area are the Oswego, formed by the union of Seneca and 

Oneida rivers, which drain the chain of lakes in central New York, and Genesee, Salmon 

and Black rivers.

OAK ORCHARD CREEK BASIN.

OAK ORCHARD CREEK NEAR MEDINA, N. Y.

Oak Orchard Creek drains a swampy plateau, having an elevation of 600 to 650 feet 

above tide, and lying in an east-west direction south of Medina and Albion, N. Y. At the 

western border of this swamp the stream turns northward, crosses Erie Canal at Medina, 

and enters Lake Ontario at Point Breeze.

The original Tonawanda Swamp had two outlets, the east end draining into Sandy 

Creek, near Holly, N. Y., and the west end being tributary to Tonawanda Creek. In 1824 

a channel was cut across the west end of the Tonawanda Swamp to Oak Orchard Creek, 

the object being to divert a portion of the flow of Tonawanda Creek to feed the long level
OAK ORCHARD CREEK BASIN. 63

of Erie Canal extending from Lockporl to Rochester. This feeder channel intercepts the 

drainage from a portion of Tonawanda Creek watershed, including Whitney Creek, a small 

tributary. The flow from the diverting dam on Tonawanda Creek into the feeder channel 

is controlled by gates and is cut off except during the season of canal navigation.

Water brought from lower Tonawanda Creek and from Lake Erie through the Erie Canal 

is passed over the waste wier at Medina, entering Oak Orchard Creek. The amount thus 

received by the watershed at times greatly exceeds that taken from Oak Orchard feeder 

for the supply of the canal. Hence the importance of the stream for water-power purposes 

is chiefly confined to its lower course, about 18 miles, from Medina to its mouth. In this 

distance occurs a fall of 250 feet. Throughout much of the distance the stream flows 

through a gulf cut in the drift overlying the Medina sandstone and affording a narrow 

flood plain.

A temporary gaging station was established on Oak Orchard Creek at Coon's bridge, 

which is located 6 miles from Medina along the stream and is just below the junction of 

Tonawanda feeder and the so-called Acker ditch, an artificial channel 2 miles long, leading 

Oak Orchard*Creek into the lower end of the feeder channel.

The stream bends about 100 feet above the bridge, but is straight below, and the current 

passes normal to the bridge, which has a single span of 60.8 feet between vertical masonry 

abutments. The low-water flow is confined in a central channel about 25 feet in width, 

with hard, gravel bed and smooth, uniform current. This channel was excavated by the 

State of New York in 1894. The remaining channel unoccupied by the low-water course 

is covered with silt and sand and has numerous willow bushes. A secondary flood channel, having a width of 26 feet between abutments, is 283 feet to the right of the main bridge. 

Water also flows over a highway between the two bridges in extreme freshets.

A low-water gage, reading from zero to 4.5 feet, is attached vertically to a brace post 

underneath the downstream side of the bridge, at the right-hand side of the low-water 

channel.

Regular gage observations were not taken during 1905. The discharge measurements 

listed below were made at a highway bridge 1 mile below Coon's bridge.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 412-415; 129, pp 79-80. 

Discharge: 97, pp 415-416; 129, p 80. 

Gage heights: 97, p 416; 129, p 81.

Discharge measurements of Oak Orchard Creelc near Medina, N. Y., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

C. C. Covert .......................

Width.

Feet.

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

618

444

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.21

1.76

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

10.80

8.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,368

770
8TEEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAET VI.

Station rating table for Oak Orchard Greek near Medina, N. Y., from May 17, 1903, to August

9, 1904.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

Discharge.

Sec.-fi. 

13

18

23

28

33

38

44

50

56

62

68

74

80

86

93

100

107

114

121

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.90

- 3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

128

135

142

149

157

165

173

181

190

199

208

217

226

236

246

256

266

277

288

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.80

490

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

299

310

321

333

345

357

309

381

394

407

420

433

447

475

504

534

565

597

629

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

8.80

9.00

9.20-

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80

11.00

 

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

663

697

732

768

804

842

881 

921

961

1,003

 1,045

1,089

1, 133

1,177

1,222

1,268

1,316

1,366

1,416

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 10 discharge measure 

ments made during 1903-1905. It is not well denned.

Estimated monthly discharge of Oak Orchard Creek near Medina, N. Y.,for 1903-4- 

[Drainage area, 143 square miles.]

Month.

1903. 

May 17-31 ...................................

July.........................................

August ......................................

September................ ........... .. ....

October.. ........................... .. ....

1904. 

March 5-31 ..................................

April. .......... ............................

May.........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

38 

20 

53 

122 

68 

38 

51 

74

1,321 

1,041 

404 

93 

56 

10

Minimum.

23 

10 

17 

0 

24 

19 

24 

26

"461 

319 

53 

12 

11 

2

Mean.

29.1 

13.2 

26. 1 

41.4 

43.3 

32.6 

33.7 

46.3

939 

576 

149 

40.8 

29.5 

5.2

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.203 

.092 

.183 

.290 

.303 

.228 

.236 

.324

6.57 

4.03 

1.04 

.285 

.206 

.036

Depth in 

inches.

0. 113 

.103 

.211 

.334 

.338 

.263 

.263 

.374

6.60 

450 

1.20 

.318 

.238 

.012
LAKE ONTARIO DRAINAGE. 65

GENESEE RIVER BASIN.-

DESCRIPTION OF BASEST.

Genesee River rises in Potter County, Pa., 8 or 10 miles south of the New York-Pennsylvania boundary, flows northwestward for about 32 miles by general course, then turns to 

the northeast, and empties into Lake Ontario 7 miles north of Rochester. The entire length 

of the stream, following bends, is about 135 miles, and the drainage area is 2,496 square 

miles.

In the northern counties the surface is rolling, with long, easy slopes, except along the 

streams, which usually lie in deep ravines hemmed in by steep banks. On the whole there 

is a gradual rise away from the lakes, and in the upper half of the basin the country becomes 

rough and is broken by ridges, the summits of which attain elevations of from 2,000 to 2,500 

feet above tide,

In the 39 miles between Belmont, in central Allegany County, and Portage, in southwestern Livingston County, the faJJ of the water surface is 253 feet, an average of 6.4 feet 

per mile. At Portage the river plunges down in three magnificent falls, and thence nearly 

to Mount Morris flows at the bottom of a deep gorge. From Mount Morris to Rochester 

the valley is broad and open and the stream is bordered by meadows subject to occasional 

overflow. At Rochester there is another abrupt descent over three heavy falls, amounting 

to about 260 feet within the city. *

The series of remarkable lakes tributary to the Oswego basin is continued westward into 

the basin of the Genesee and includes Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, and Honeoye lakes. 

These lakes serve as natural reservoirs and have inlets draining considerable areas at their 

upper ends. The slopes adjacent to the lakes themselves are narrow and steep and are 

drained by gulleys and torrential brooks. The area below the lakes is rolling and the soil 

is rich and extensively cultivated. The areas and elevations of these lakes are shown in the 

following table:

Areas and devotions of lakes in Genesee River basin.a

Lake. Elevation.

Feet. 

896

1,092

800

Watersurface 

area.

Sq. miles. 

2.8

.7

2.5

Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

46.8

12.6

39.6

Per cent 

water 

surface.

6.12

5.57

6.41

o These lake basins are shown on the. Honeoye, Canandaigua, Naples, and Wayland topographic atlas 

sheets of the United States Geological Survey, from which the areas have been taken, with the exception 

of those for Hemlock and Canadice lakes, which are from surveys of Rochester waterworks.

Above all the private dams at Rochester the State has a dam for diverting water to the 

Erie Canal, and in the basin of Black Creek, one of the upper tributaries of the Genesee from 

the west, are two reservoirs, owned by the State, also used for the benefit of the Erie Canal.

Cuba reservoir, on the Genesee-Allegheny divide, receives the drainage from a tributary 

area of 26.6 square miles. The storage volume is 454,000,000 cubic feet. The overflow 

from this reservoir enters Allegheny River. The storage water may be turned into the 

summit level of the abandoned Genesee Valley Canal and thence into Genesee River.

GENESEE RIVER AND CANASERAGA CREEK NEAR MOUNT MORRIS, N. Y;

This station was established May 22, 1903. It is located at the highway bridge near 

Mount Morris, a short distance below the inflow of Canaseraga Creek.o

About 300 feet above the bridge the channel bends abruptly, but it is straight for several 

hundred feet below the gage. The bed of the stream is of clay. During flood stages both 

banks are overflowed and the discharge can not be determined at this station.

oThe location of the gaging station and the course of the river from Jones Bridge to its outlet into 

Lake Ontario near Rochester is shown on the Caledonia, Honeoye, and Rochester topographic atlas 

sheets of the United States Geological Survey.
66 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Discharge measurements are made from a footbridge erected on the outriggers of the 

downstream side of the highway bridge, which consists of two spans of 174.3 and 31.7 feet, 

respectively. The initial point for soundings is the top of the face of the left abutment, 

downstream side. Measurements of Canaseraga Creek are also made from a bench-mark 

station near the mouth of the stream.

A standard chain gage, which is read twice daily by J. T. Trewer, is secured to the truss 

uprights near the center of the main bridge span on the upstream side. The length of the 

chain is 15.50 feet. The bench mark is the corner of the wing wall, left abutment, upstream 

side; elevation, 30.36 feet above datum plane of gage.

A temporary gaging station has also been established at the dam of the Mount Morris 

Water Power Company, in the village of Mount Morris. The dam is of masonry, having a 

horizontal crest of ogee cross section, suitable for accurate determination of discharge. 

A gage has been placed in the pond above the dam and observations were taken during the 

spring freshet of 1905 and also from September 1 to the end of the year. A portion of the 

flow is diverted through a section of the Genesee Valley Canal, which is utilized as a headrace, the power being used to drive a number of mills and factories. In order to determine 

the amount of this diversion a gage has been placed in the tailrace below the mills and a 

number of current-meter measurements have been made, as listed below.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following publications of the 

United States Geological Survey (Ann== Annual Eeport; WS=Water-Supply Paper):

Description: Ann 19, iv, pp 262-264; WS 97, p 411; 129, p 81-82.

Discharge: WS 97, p 411; 129, p 82.

Discharge, monthly: Ann 20, iv, pp 225-226.

Discharge, yearly: Ann 20, iv, p 52.

Gage heights: WS 97, p 412; 129, pp 82-83.

Hydrographs: Ann 19, iv, p 263; 20, iv, p 227.

Discharge measurements of Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

April 1........

Hydrographer.

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

C.C. Covert. ......................

Width.

Feet.

177

177

203

198

174

168

165

75

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

3,581

3,296

3,786

2,196

2,070

1,644

1,285

223

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

3.56

3.30

4.04

4.44

4.42

4.40

4.05

1.22

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

23.68

23.40

24.90

17.07

14.12

11.78

4.28

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

10,870

9,386

9,152

7,233

5,206

272

a Pondage on flats below, causing backwater at gaging station. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. T.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..... .........

8..............

9..............

10..............

It..............

Jan.

8.7

9.05

8.25

9.55

10.55

12.0

12.0

11.65

11.3

11.05

Feb.

7 9

7.8

7.5

7.6

7.6

7.5

7.35

7.4

7.4

Mar.

6.45

6.4

6.35

6.25

6.35

6.35

6.4

6.65

6.75

Apr.

9 9

8.4

8.45

8.2

7.9

7.45

7.05

7,35

May.

5.6

5.55

5.65

5.9

5.65

5.4

5.4

June.

4.42

4.37

5.47

8.77

7.76

6.56

5.71

6.51

July.

5.05

5.1

5.0

4.95

A. st;

4.85

4.75

4.75

4.65

Aug.

8.69

7.59

6.69

6.04

5.59

5.19

5.04

5.04

4.89

4.99

4,99

Sept.

4.35

4.5

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.25

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.0

4.15

Oct.

3.85

4.05

4.2

4.3

4.3

4.3

4.1

4.0

3.95

3.95

3,95

Nov.

5.1

5.05

5.05

5.2

6.95

6.3

6.3

5.95

5.6

Dec.

7.35

6.25

7.35

10.3

8.2

7.45

7.0

6.95

7.2

7.3

6,8
GENESEE EIVER BASIN. 67 

Daily gage height, in feet, ofGenesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24. .............

25..............

26..............

27.............:

28..............

29..............

30..............

01

Jan.

U OK

1° 35

11.35

10.55

10.45

10.3

10.1

9.85

9.5

9.35

9.1

8.85

8.5

8.6

8.55

8.45

8.3

Feb.

7.15

6.7

6.5

6.4

6.45

6.5

6.65

6.65

6.6

6.8

6.8

6.7

Mar.

6 9

6.6

6.65

6.8

7.9

23.55

24.7

24.2

24.75

24.7

23.6

20.4

16.8

Apr.

9 1

8.4

7.6

7 1

7 4^

7.55

7.45

17.95

11.9

9.7

7.8

7.2

6.8

6.5

6.4

May.

5i2

5.02

4.87

4.77

4.77

4.72

4.67

4.77

4.72

4.72

4.67

4.72

June.

5.41

4 96

8.71

7.91

7.46

7.76

13.81

11.26

6.11

5.86

5.3

July.

7.7

7.35

5.7

5.25

5.1

5.2

5.0

4.84

4.64

4.99

4.99

4.69

4.64

7.84

9.84

8.84

Aug.

5.68

5.38

5.08

5.08

4.93

4.73

4.58

4.43

4.43

4.38

4.28

4.26

4.15

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.35

Sept.

4.6

5.5

4.85

4.75

5.2

5.4

4.85

4.6

4.5

4.45

4.3

4.15

4.05

4.1

4.05

4.0

4.05

Oct.

4.0

4.2

4.55

4.65

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.2

5.65

5.65

5.4

5.25

5.55

5.25

5.15

5.0

4.85

4.75

4.65

4.6

Nov.

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

 > 1

5.15

5.2

5.15

5.1

4.9

4.85

4.7

4.65

4.75

4.8

4.8

4.7

6.5

12.15

Dec.

6.1

5.95

5.8

5.2

5.55

6.15

6.2

6.3

5.3

5.45

14.2

10.65

8.6

7.5

6.7

6.45

6.2

9.1

14.4

9.7

NOTE. River frozen entirely across January 1 to March 31, approximately. Thickness of ice 1 to 1.4 

feet. Gage heights are to the water surface in a hole in the ice.

Station rating table for Genesee River near Mount Morris, N. Y ., from May

December 31, 1905.

1903, to

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

180

201

225

251

279

310

344

380

418

458

500

544

588

632

676

720

764

808

852

896

942

990

1,040

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.30

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50

7.60

7.70

7.80

7.90

8.00

8.10

8.20

8.30

8.40

8.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,092

1,146

1,200

1,254

1,308

1,362

1,416

1,470

1,524

1,579

1,635

1,692

1,750

1,810

1,872

1,934

1,996

, 2,060

2,124

2,190

2,256

2,322

2,390

Gage 

height.

Feet.

8.60

8.70

8.80

8.90

9.00

9.20

9.40

9.60

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80

11.00

11.20

11.40

11.60

11.80

12.00

12.20

12.40

12.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,458

2,526

2,594

2 662

2,730

2,868

3,008

3,152

3,300

3,450

3,602

3,754

3,908

4,064

4,220

4,376

4,532

4.690

4,850

5,010

5,170

5,330

5,492

Gage 

height.

Feet.

12.80

13.00

13.20

13.40

13.60

13.80

14.00

14.20

14.40

14.60

14.80

15.00

15.20

15.40

15. GO

15.80

16.00

16.20

16.40

16.60

16.80

17.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

5,656

5,820

5,984

6,148

6,314

6,482

6,650

6,818

6,986

7,154

7,322

7,490

7,662

7,834

8,008

8,184

8,360

8,536

8,712

8,890

9,070

9,260

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It Is based on discharge measurements made during 1903-1905. It is not very well defined. Above gage height, 17 feet, there is liability 

of backwater at this station; hence no estimate have been made for gage heights above that stage,
68 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Oenesee River near Mount Morris, N. T.,for 1903-1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,070 square miles.]

Month.

1903.

May 22-31................................... 418

June......................................... 1,996

July......................................... 919

August...................................... 8,422

September................................... 2,778

October..................................... 6,247

November................................... 6,835

December................................... 1,853

1904.

January (28 days)........................... 8,422

February (22 days)......................... 9,043

March (15 days)............................. 9,205

April (28 days).............................. 7,028

May......................................... 5,738

June......................................... 6,986

July......................................... 1,965

August..................................... 698

September................................... 658

October..................................... 1,996

November................................... 475

December (30 days)......................... 4,142

1905.

April (29days).............................. 8,140

May......................................... 1,066

June......................................... 6,490

July......................................... 3,330

August...................................... 2,519

September................................... 720

October..................................... 786

November................................... 5,130

December................................... 6,986

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean

327

265

317

184

285

317

351

369

952

3,022

4,376

2,190

808

327

294

184

172

251

180

190

1,146

369

271

358

180

180

150

362

370

626

476

1,208

757

982

1,061

1,006

2,264

4,983

6,240

4,245

2,029

1,229

735

323

267

704

308

939

2,405 

598

1,346 

828 

583 

 311 

359 

784

1,921

Run-off.

Second-feet

per square

mile.

Depth in 

inches.

0.346

.585

.445

1.13

.707

.918

.992

.940

2.12

4.66

5.83

3.97

1.90

1.15

.687

.302

.250

.658

.288

.878

2.25 

.559

1.26 

.774 

.545 

- .291 

.336 

.733

1.80

0.129

.653

.513

1.30

.789

1.06

1.11

1.08

2.21 

3.81 

3.25 

4.13 

2.19 

1.28 

.792 

.348 

.2?9 

.759 

.321

2.43

.644

1.41

.892

.628

.325

.387

.818

2.08

NOTE. On the omitted days of January, February, March, April, and December, 1904, and April 

22,1905, the gage height was greater than 17 feet. No estimates were made for these days on account 

of probable backwater.

Discharge measurements ofCanaseraga Creek near Mount Morris, N. Y., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of 

section.

Mean 

velocity.

Gage 

height.

Discharge.

March 24 a.....

March 30.......

March 31.......

April 1........

August 25.....

Covert and Weeks. 

....do..............

.....do......

.....do......

C. C. Covert.

feet.

100

100

90

82

60

Sq.ft.

1,446

772

546

374

92

Ft. per sec. 

1.47 

3.72 

3.87 

3.86 

2.73

Feet. 

6.12

15.12

21.28

Sec.-ft. 

2,011 

2,8.77 

2,115 

1,444 

252

Backwater from Genesee River.
GENESEE RIVER BASIN. 69

Discharge measurements of tailraceof Mount Morris power canal near Mount Morris, N. Y.,

in 1905.

Date.

March 30.......

March 31...... -

March 31 ......

Hydrographer.

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

C. C. Covert.......................

Width.

Feet. 

34

34

33

36

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

106

102

95

85

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.32

2.22

2.06

1.91

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.62

2.35

2.11

2.08

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

245

221

189

158

GENESEE RIVER AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.

This station was" established February 9, 1904. It is located at the Elmwood Avenue 

Bridge, in Rochester, N. Y.

The stream bed is of gravel and is clean and fairly permanent. The bridge consists of 

six spans of about 125 feet each. Conditions are favorable for the use of a current meter. 

This gage is located above the State diverting dam, which causes, however, but little fluc- 

'tuation in the level.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of Elmwood Avenue 

Bridge. The initial point for soundings is the top of the face of the left abutment, downstream side. A standard cypress staff gage, which has been read during 1905 under the 

direction of E. A. Fisher, city engineer, is secured to the downstream face of the first pier 

from the right-hand abutment of the bridge. The gage is 16 feet long and is graduated 

decimally with galvanized-iron division marks.

During the low-water seasons of 1903 and 1904 a series of current-meter measurements 

were made in the Carroll & Fitzhugh and the Johnson & Seymour race ways, which receive 

their water supply from the Johnson & Seymour dam on the Genesee in Rochester. This 

dam is located below the point of diversion from Genesee River to the Erie Canal feeder, 

and the pond above the' dam receives only the supply available beyond that used by the 

extensive development at the three falls on the river which occur within the city limits. 

The dam is of masonry and is practically water-tight. An accurate profile of the crest 

of the dam has been obtained.

Measurements were taken both in the daytime and at night, in order to determine the 

relative day and night use of the water for power purposes. The water being drawn 

down to the minimum stage, the measurements represent, as nearly as possible, the natural 

low-water flow of the stream at this point.

Gage readings have been taken by the engineer department of the city of Rochester 

for a number of years, and the data have been used in computing the full discharge of the 

river.

The information furnished by the measurements at the dam will serve to extend the 

rating curve at Elmwood Avenue Bridge. The record at that point will, on the other 

hand, afford a basis for estimating the diversion of the two large power canals adjacent 

to the Johnson & Seymour dam.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 65, pp 139-140; 97, p 398; 129, pp 83-84. 

Discharge: 97, p 399; 129, p 84. 

- Discharge, flood: 65, p 141; 97, pp 400-403.

Elevation of water surface: WS 65, pp 141-142; 129, p 85..
70 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN -1905, PART VI.

Discharge measurements ofGenesee River at Rochester, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

March 22. ......

March 22. ......

March 25.......

March 27.......

March 27. ......

March 28.......

March 29.......

April 2. ........

Aprils.........

April 4. ........

May 28.....:...

Hydrographer.

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do........ ....................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............'................

C. C. Covert........................

Width.

Feet. 

382

382

382

382

382

382

382

373

372

372

352

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

4,222

4,202

4,304

4,199

4,164

4,046

3,959

2,136

1,891

1,819

974

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

5.87

5.92

5.92

6.00

5.94

5.82

5.69

3.06

2.75

2.52

.45

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

10.00

9.95

10.20

9.92

9.82

9.50

9.08

4.18

3.50

3.28

1.11

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

24,710

24,860

25,490

25,180

24, 750

23,550

22,530

6,530

5,197

4,576

441

Daily gage height, in feet, ofGenesee River at Rochester, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5....---.......

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18. .............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

2.8

2.9

3.1

3.4

2.3

2.8

2.2

2.1

2,0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.8

2.0

3.4

3.9

3.2

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.2

Feb. Mar^

2.2

7.7

7.1

9 AC

10.0

9 75

9 9

10.2

9 9

9.5

9.0

6 4

Apr.

5.2

4.2

3.6

3.2

3.0

3.1 3.0*

3.0

2.7

2.5

2.5

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.5

2

fi

2.6

2.6

2.7

6.6

3.9

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

May.

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.0

1 Q

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

June.

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2.6

2.3

2.1

2.5

2.1

1.9

1.7

1.6

3.0

3.8

3.4

3.0

3.5

4.7

3 9

3.1

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.9

July.

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.4

1.9

2.1

2.9

2.6

1.9

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

3.3

3.4

Aug.

3.1

3.0

2.7

2.3

2.0

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.2

1.2

Sept.

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Oct.

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.5

1 6

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.5

1.3

Nov.

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.5

2.2

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.25

3.5

4.8

3.5

Dec.

3.7

2.4

2.0

3.1

3.6

2.7

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.8

2.0

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.5

2.0

4.6

3.4

3.1

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

4.0

43

NOTE. Elver frozen January 28 to March 20.
GENESEE EIVEH BASIN. 71

CANADIfE LAKE OUTLET NEAR HEMLOCK, N. Y.

Canadice Lake is tributary to Genesee River through Hemlock Lake outlet and Honeoye 

Creek .a The area drained by the lake forms an irregular rectangle, the lake lying somewhat to the left of the longitudinal axis and the greater portion of the drainage being on 

the eastern slope. The western slope is narrow and precipitous. Bald Hill rises from an 

altitude of 1,090 feet at the lake to 1,803 feet at the summit and has its axis parallel to the 

lake at an average distance of three-fourths of a mile from it. The lake has a water surface 

area of 0.7 square mile and drains a total area of 12.6 square miles, 5.6 per cent of which 

is lake surface.

A weir was constructed at the outlet at the foot of the lake by the city engineer's department of Rochester, N. Y., in February, 1903. The entire yield of the drainage basin passes 

this weir.

A standard thin-edged weir, with a 5-foot crest and two end contractions, is so arranged 

with needle timbers at the ends that during high water the length may be increased to 

14.96 feet with no end contractions. The weii^crest stands 3 feet above the stream channel 

and is never submerged by backwater. There are two additional rectangular gates, each 

1 foot square, with three complete contractions and a fourth partial contraction at the 

bottom. The outflow from the lake above the weir is controlled by gates.

A reading of the depth on the weir is taken each morning, and also for each change of the 

gates, the depth being read to hundredths and corrections, being made for velocity of 

approach for the larger discharges. The discharge is calculated by the Francis formula. 

The record has been furnished by E. A. Fisher, city engineer, and John F. Skinner, principal 

assistant city engineer, of Rochester, N. Y. .

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 404-406; 129, p 86. 

Discharge: 97, pp 407-409. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, p 87. 

Diversions: 97, p 410. 

Gage heights: 97, p 409.

Estimated monthly discharge of Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y.,for 190^-5. 

[Drainage area, 12.6 square miles.]

Month.

1904.

July...................................................

Mean discharge in 

second-feet.

8.70 

26.51 

40.85 

32.46 

25.27 

17.19 

9.72 

8.35 

6.06 

5.04 

2.84 

3.97

15.58

Mean elevation of 

lake above 

low water, 

in feet.

1.42 

2.38 

2.90 

2.69 

3.15 

2.79 

2.43 

1.90 

1.22 

.65 

.15 

 0.24

1.79

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.690 

2.10 

3.24 

2.58 

2.01 

1.36 

.772 

.663 

.481 

.400 

.225 

.315

1.24

Depth 

in inches.

0.796 

2.27 

3.74 

2.88 

2.32 

1.52 

.888 

.764 

.537 

.460 

.251 

.362

16. 79 -

« This drainage basin is shown on the Honeoye and Wayland topographic atlas sheets of the United 

States Geological Survey.
72 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAET VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Oanadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y., for 1904-5 

Continued.

Month.

1905.

July...................................................

Mean discharge in 

second-feet.

12.2 

5.5 

13.2 

21.8 

11.2 

16.8' 

19.7 

18.0 

7.5 

6.1 

5.2 

6.1

12.36

Mean elevation of 

lake above 

low water, 

in feet.

.297 

.044 

.670 

2.055 

1.942 

2.573 

2.806 

2.386 

1.578 

.926 

.464 

.509

1.354

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

.968 

.437 

1.44 

1.73 

.889 

1.33 

1.56 

1.43 

.596 

.484 

.413 

.484

.980

Depth 

in inches.

1.12 

.455 

1.66 

1.93 

1.02 

1.48 

1.80 

1.65 

.665 

.558 

.461 

.558

13.36

HONEOYE CREEK AT EAST RUSH, N. Y.

Honeoye Creek, the outlet of Honeoye Lake, enters Genesee River at Genesee Valley 

Junction. Four miles below its source it is'joined by the combined outlet of Hemlock and 

Canadice lakes. The drainage area of the creek, approximately rectangular in form, is 

about 30 miles long and has an average width of 9.5 miles. The fall of 280 feet in the course 

of the stream has been largely used in the construction of dams. The diversion from Hemlock Lake by the city of Rochester is to be added to the measured run-off at East Rush to 

obtain the total yield of the drainage basin. The average diversion rate is about 22 secondfeet.

The gaging station was established February 13, 1903. It is located at the gristmill 

dam in the village of East Rush.

The dam is of timber, and its crest, 150.15 feet long, varies somewhat in level. The 

record includes the flow over the dam and the discharge through two Leffel standard 

turbines, one 48 inches and the other 35 inches in diameter. Record is also kept of the 

head on the turbines, the number of hours each runs per day, and the average gate opening. 

This last is obtained by noting the number of gear teeth out of the total possible number 

through which the wheel-gate stems may be turned to open the gates, allowance being 

made for lost motion. The bench mark is on the window sill near the flume. Its elevation 

is 5.145 feet above the datum of the crest gage and 12.62 feet above the datum of the 

tailrace gage, the difference between the datums of the two gages being, therefore, 7.475 

feet.

During 1905 the dam was repaired, and the discharge subsequent to September 30, 1905, 

has been calculated from a profile and survey made after these repairs were completed.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 403-404; 129, pp 87-88. 

Discharge, mean daily: 129, pp 89-90. 

Discharge, monthly: 129, p 90.
GENESEE EIVER BASIN. 73

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofHoneoye Creek at East Rush, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3. .............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7. .............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

43

83

53

41

42

53

53

16

41

41

41

41

42

14

53

42

88

98

15

79

66

41

40

4fl

40

16

40

38

Feb.

45

62

61

41

15

41

dn

41

55

41

36

31

28

36

36

15

38

39

60

66

30

41

15

41

Mar.

41

39

41

41

15

42

42

49

42

15

77

77

77

77

77

82

2,705

1,290

494

288

1,265

1,265

785

473

388

274

216

213

Apr.

96

67

62

47

64

58

64

42

42

64

44

42

16

42

42

42

42

130

345

89

626

568

366

366

216

May.

29

25

25

20

22

32

15

24

43

43

28

24

24

15

25

20

23

26

34

31

15

40

42

42

42

42

21

15

22

15

26

June.

20

 20

28

15

.37

58

68

60

74

39

16

39

19

16

26

31

41

155

324

180

112

232

in

71

37

51

39

39

30

18

July.

20

15

15

15

15

20-

25

20

15

20

15

28

25

62

59

37

21

29

1 15

15

45

37

15

20

15

24

42

42

37

42

Aug.

103

107

70

69

69

16

42

39

39

42

70

41

16

75

67

99

53

54

39

15

53

53

53

53

53

53

15

53

53

53

53

Sept.

52

52

12

52

48

52

52

47

34

26

52

40

56

56

46

42

15

39

21

42

76

75

66

49

73

34

52

52

45

42

Oct.

15

v 39

d9

40

39

39

39

15

39

39

39

58

61

44

43

42

39

42

42

53

43

57

41

44

41

30

37

36

43

33

31

Nov.

35

50

41

39

43

41

53

61

61

61

45

43

45

49

37

46

40

50

43

33

37

37

37

29

43

25

42

42

34

57

Dec.

45

44

43

55

42

61

87

101

165

169

77

87

87

61

35

42

25

42

42

58

124

283

321

121

96

85

85

85

124

222

219

Estimated monthly discharge ofHoneoye Creek at East Rush, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 238 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

98 

66 

2,705 

626 

43 

324 

62 

107 

76 

61 

61 

321

2,705

Minimum.

14 

15 

15 

16 

15 

15 

15 

15 

12 

15 

25 

25

14

Mean.

46 

39 

346 

138 

27 

67 

27 

54 

47 

40 

43 

101

81

Run-o fi.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.193 

.164 

1.45 

.580 

.113 

.281 

.113 

.227 

.197 

.168 

.181 

.424

.341

Depth in 

inches.

0.222 

.171 

1.67 

.647 

.130 

.314 

.130 

.262 

.220 

.194 

.202 

.489

4.65
74 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

OSWEGO RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Oswego River is formed by the union of Seneca and Oneida rivers about 12 miles northwest of Syracuse, N. Y., whence its course is northwestward to Oswego, where it enters 

Lake Ontario. The length of the river from the junction to the mouth is about 20.5 miles, 

and the drainage basin along this distance is a narrow strip of country/ moderately rolling. 

Above the junction of Seneca and Oneida rivers the basin spreads out, attaining an extreme 

width east and west of about 100 miles and north and south of from 70 to 80 miles. There 

is, on the whole, a gradual rise from the low, level lands which border Lake Ontario to the 

north-south ridges which separate the various lakes south of Seneca River and which farther south become merged with the still more elevated country lying along the southern 

boundary of the Lake Ontario watershed.

The most remarkable feature of the drainage basin is the chain of lakes stretching across 

its southern border. From west to east the principal lakes are, in order, Canandaigua, 

Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles, and Oneida. These seven lakes include a 

water surface of approximately 280 square miles, increased by four smaller lakes Cross, 

Onondaga, Otisco, and Cazenovia to about 295 square miles. The larger of the lakes, 

Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, are used for steam-towing navigation, having connection 

with the Erie and Oswego canals. Cayuga and Seneca lakes are noted for their depth and 

for the abrupt slopes of their beds. The influence of the lakes on Oswego River is of the 

utmost importance in contributing to the steadiness of its flow.

A fall of 100 feet in the course of the main river is largely utilized by seven dams, which 

also partly canalize the stream. The intervening stretches are covered by the Oswego 

Canal, which draws its water supply from the river.

OSWEGO RIVER AT BATTLE ISLAND, N. Y.

Oswego River is formed by the confluence of Oneida and Seneca rivers at Three River 

Point. The stream is shown throughout its course of 24 miles on the Oswego Special and 

Baldwinsville topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey. The drainage into the river below the junction of Oneida and Seneca rivers is of small extent and the 

tributaries are neither large nor numerous, receiving the drainage from a number of small 

lakes and marshes in a moderately rolling basin. Oneida and Seneca rivers are both notable for the large extent of lake and marsh area contained within their basins, Oneida 

Lake in the former and the Finger Lakes tributary to the latter stream affording extensive 

natural storage regulation of flow to Oswego River. The accompanying tables of discharge show the actual flow past the gaging station, not including the flow in Oswego canal.

This station was established September 14, 1900. It is 3 miles above the mouth of the 

river and 0.6 mile below the State dam at Battle Island. The discharge measurements 

from which the rating table has been deduced were made from a. cableway crossing the 

stream 2,900 feet below the gage. The bed of the stream is of rock, and the current is 

smooth.

The stream is paralleled at the gaging station by the Oswego Canal, through which a small 

amount of diversion takes place. >

A board gage in two sections is used. The bench mark is the top of a wire spike driven 

in a shelf cut in the base of a chestnut tree 300 feet northwest of the gage. Its elevation 

is 17.35 feet above gage datum. Gage readings have been taken twice each day during 

1905 by Miss May Parmley.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 65, p 134; 82, p 72; 97, p 378; 129, pp 93-94.

Discharge: 47, p 39; 65, p 136; 82, p 76; 97, p 378; 129, p 94.

Discharge, daily: 82, pp 72-74; 97, p 380.

Discharge, monthly: 82, p 75; 97, p 381; 129, p 95.

Gage heights: 65, pp 134, 135; 97, p 379; 129, p 94.

Rating table: 129, p 95. .
OSWEGO RIVER BASIN. 75

Daily gage height, in feet, ofOswego River at Battle Island, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10. .............

11..............

12......... ....

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27. .............

28. .............

29. ............. 

30..............

31..............

Jan.

5.65

5.92

5.6

6.2

5.5

5.5

5.5

5

0

5.8

5

7C

5

7C

5.88

5 7

5 7

5.75

5.4

5

7K

5.7

5.6

5.45

5.6

5.15

5

0

5.7

3.15 

3.4

3.4

Feb.

3.2

3.2

3.2

3 AC

3 19

3

OC

3 91

3 91

3 4

3 4

3

0

3 9

3 fi1

3

K

3.5

3.5

3

K

3 41

9 Q

3 1

3 3

3

0

3.3

3.3

3.1

2.8

3 91

3 9

Mar.

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.95

2.7

3.05

2.95

2.9

2.9

2.85

2.6

9 Q

2

n

2.9

2.8

9 Q

9 Q

3 9

7.05

7.15

7.1

7 3

9

CC

9.85

10 9

11.05

11.1 

11.0

10.95

Apr.

10.4

10.5

10.5

10.5

10.45

10.1

10.1

9

QC

9 8

Q fi

8.5

9.15

8

QC

8

7*

8.75

8.65

8.45

8.1

8.15

7.8

7.6

7.6

7.35 

7.5

May.

6 9

6.8

6 9

6.7

6.8

6.65

5

QC

6.0

5

QC

5 78

5

c

5.5

4

7C

5.2

5.52

5.3

5

QC

5 9

5.15

5.1

4 79

4.87

4.6

4 14

3.68

4.18 

3.95

3.88

June.

3 7

-.08

3.88

4.05

3 Q9

3

n

3.85

3

0

A AC

3 no

3

n

3.88

3.82

3.65

4.78

5.6

5.6

5.0

6.1

5.55

6.65

6

KK « 

6.4

6.5 

6.4

July.

6.5

5.4

6.75

6.65

6.55

6.6

5.6

5.4

5.2

5 4

5.45

5.55

5

QC

C A

4.9

4.5

4 Q1

4.8

4.6

4.2

3.28

4.28

3.95

3.72

3 4<>

3.38 

3.45

3.9

Aug.

3.86

3.8

3.68

3.6

3.38

3 09

3 Q

3.8

3.78

3.55

3

4c

3 9

3.8

3.78

3 79

3.68

3.68

3.2

3.6

3.5

3.38

3.35

3.3

3.28

-.21

3.1 

3.4

3.5

Sept.

3

4c

4 3

4.4

4.4

4 41

4.4

3

CC

4.25

4 31

4.28

4.12

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.62

3.6

3.5

3.25

3.85

3.75

3.6

3.45

3.4 

3.28

Oct.

1.69

3.4

3.35

3.35

3.3

3.28

3.12

_ 9C

3.3

3

9C

3.25

3.72

3.8

3.22

3.4

3.35

3.35

3.3

3.35

3.32

3.55

4.2

4.25

4.28

4.3

4.35

4.38

3.85 

4.4

4.32

Nov.

4.42

4.45

4 4S

4.42

5.15

5.25

4.95

4.95

5.0

K A

4.98

4.05

5.0

4.95

4.92

4.92

4.9

4.88

4.22

4.62

4.6

4.55

4.45

4.45

4.4

4.32

4.7

4.72

4.65 

4.62

Dec.

4.62

4.58

5.8

5.65

n 5

5.6

5.55

5.5

5.05

5.4

5.35

5

Q

5.35

5.2

5.2

5.35

6.0

5.6

5.82

5.7

5.6

5.45

6.15

6.1

5.95

5.85

5.8 

5.6

5.6

NOTE. River frozen January 1 to March 19. No ice jams or anchor ice. During this period the 

above readings were to water surface in a hole in the ice. The following comparative readings were 

also made:

Date.

March 18. ...............................................................

Water 

isurface.

Feet. 

3.1

3.4

3.4

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

3.4

3.6

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.2

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

1.3

1.0

IRE 170 06 6
76 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Oswego River at Battle Island, N. T., from January 1 to December 31,

1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,050

1,110

1,175

1,245

1,310

1,380

1,450

1,520

1,590

1,060

1,750

1,830

1,910

2,000

2,090

2,180

2,280

2,380

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,470

2,580

2.690

2,800

2,910

3,020

3,140

3,270

3,400

3,530

3,660

3,790

3,930

4,070

4,220

4,360

4.510

4,660

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

5.20

5.40

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,820

4,980

5,130

5,300

5,470

5,820

6,170

6,540

6,910

7,300

7,690

8,090

8,490

8,890

9,300

9,710

10,120

10,540

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.50

9.00

9.50

10.00

10.50

11.00

11.50

12.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

10,950

11,390

11,820

12,260

12,700

13, 130

13,580

14,700

15,830

16,990

18,190

19,360

20,540

21,760

22,970

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1900-1904. It is fairly well denned above gage height 0.9 foot. Below this point 

estimates are only approximate.

Estimated monthly discharge of Oswego River at Battle Island, N. Y., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 4,990 square miles.]

Month.

March 20-31 .................................

July.........................................

September. ........... ...........

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

20, 780 

19,710 

11,170 

10,640 

10,850 

5,332 

6,260 

6,170 

7,790 

9,610

Minimum.

10,120 

12,150 

4,948 

1,002 

4,332 

924 

4,290 

900 

5,560 

6,508

Mean.

16,220 

16, 370

7,978 

6,748 

7,177 

4,668 

5,312 

4,731 

6,730 

8,387

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

3.25 

3.28 

1.60 

1.35 

1.44 

.935 

1.06 

.948 

1.35 

1.68

Depth in 

inches.

1.45 

3.66 

1.84 

1.51 

1.66 

1.08 

1.18 

1.09 

1.51 

1.94

SENECA RIVER AT BALDWINS VILLE, N. Y.

Seneca River receives the drainage from the central group of lakes lying south of Lake 

Ontario and unites with Oneida River at Three River Point to form the Oswego. The 

drainage basin is rolling, but the slopes are not precipitous except in the deep, narrow valleys in which the lakes are situated and in certain other valleys not at the present time 

occupied by lakes.

The gaging station was established November 12, 1898. It is located at the State dam 

in Baldwinsville, 12 miles along the river from the junction of Seneca and Oneida rivers. «

o The location cf this station is shown on the Baldwinsville topographic atlas sheet of the United 

States Geological Survey.
OSWEGO EIVEE BASIN. 77

The record at this station includes the discharge over the main dam, which is calculated 

by the formula for a broad, flat-crested weir when flashboards are removed; the discharge 

over the flashboards is calculated by the Francis formula. Gage readings in the river 

channel below the dam are utilized to determine the average working head on the turbines. 

The discharge through the three main canals is determined from records of the run of 

water wheels kept in each mill and from the recorded lockage and opening of paddles at 

the Oswego Canal lock at the foot of the canal, a Current-meter measurements, to determine the leakage of the several mills, have been made during 1905, as in previous years, 

and allowance for this leakage has been made. The record has also been checked by 

current-meter measurements made during 1901, 1903, 1904, and 1905 at Belgium.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following publications of the 

United States Geological Survey (Ann=Annual Report; WS=Water-Supply Paper):

Description: WS 36, pp 183-184; 49, pp 222-223; 65, pp 128-129; 82, p 69; 97, p 394; 129, p 96.

Discharge: WS 47, p 39; 49, p 223; 65, p 129.

Discharge, daily: WS 36, p 184; 65, p 130; 82, p 69; 97, p 394; 129, p 97.

Discharge, monthly: WS 35, p 24; 65, p 131; 82, p 70; 97, p 395; 129, p 98.

Hydrograph: Ann 21, iv, p. 180.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Seneca River at Baldwinsville, N. Y., for 1905.

Day.

2. .............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7. .............

8. .............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14. .............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

4,108

3,972

3,712

3,470

3,811

3,752

3,701

3,628

3,708

3,608

3,569

3,387

3,309

3,015

3,015

2,967

2,577

3,079

3,135

Feb.

3,224

3,069

2,463

3,175

2,553

2,754

2,720

2,566

1,943

2,527

2,507

1,983

2,643

2,610

Mar.

2,212

2

QTM

2,368

1,890

2,194

2,195

2,354

2,370

2,442

2,483

4,380

4,865

7,318

7,282

9,186

9,392

9,354

9,514

9,434

Apr.

8,664

8,690

8,593

7,910

7,473

6 979

6,839

5,692

6,303

6,099

6,015

5,767

5,637

5,493

5,510

5,330

5,245

5,105

4,437

,

May.

4,769

4,579

4,394

4,451

4,446

4,122

4,056

Q Q*J7

3,044

3,879

3,836

3,796

3,747

3,771

2,883

3,376

3,344

3,184

3,231

2,596

2,843

June.

2,715

9 f^^rt

1,726

2,552

9 f^p;

2

Qco

3

QA9

2,452

2,847

2,925

2,911

4,205

4,822

5,167

5,471

July.

4,801

5,658

5,488

5,306

5,065

4,769

3 980

3, 968

4,285

3,983

3,898

3,748

3,608

3,288

3,243

2,241

3,053

2,713

2,701

1,981

Aug.

2,696

2,651

2,566

2,491

2,116

1,251

2,032

2

AOQ

2,176

2,426

2,449

2,407

1,857

2,271

1,215

2,073

2,101

2,092

1,899

Sept.

2,081

1,470

2,073

2,080

2

AQQ

1,324

2,121

2,104

1,441

2,065

2,054

1,996

1,996

1,974

2,134

2,146

1,989

1,976

2,081

1,964

Oct.

2,056

2,106

2,109

2,106

2,291

3,114

3,022

2,942

2,936

3,052

3,109

3,055

3,055

3,055

3,017

2,759

2,724

2,810

2,868

Nov.

3,100

3,025

2,469

3,137

3,247

3,097

3,097

3,137

3,177

3,003

2,769

2,976

2,780

2,674

2,582

2,665

2,554

2,770

2,569

2,567

3,065

Dec.

2,979

3,610

3,708

3,848

3,036

3,877

3,739

3,889

3,895

3,225

2,246

2,988

3,049

3,006

3,646

4,011

3,782

4,043

4,433

4,191

4,086

4,246

4,328

3,992

NOTE. Crest of dam slightly obstructed by ice January 1 to March 19.

a See Kept. State Engineer and Surveyor of New York, Supplement, 1902, pp. 77-81; idem, 1903, pp. 

39-40.
78 STREAM MEASUREMENTS I~S 1905, PART VI.

Estimated monthly discharge of Seneca River at Baldwinsville, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 3,103 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

4,276 

4,965 

9,514 

9,416 

5,001 

6,050 

5,658 

2,696 

2,161 

3,114 

3,247 

4,433

9,514

Minimum.

2,577 

1,943 

1,773 

4,437 

2,568 

1,316 

1,981 

1,215 

1,324 

1,413 

2,469 

2,246

1,215

Mean.

3,467 

2,793 

4,165 

6,720 

3,749 

3,762 

3,848 

2,127 

1,980 

2,535 

2,930 

3,616

3,474

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.12 

.899 

1.34 

2.16 

1.21 

1.21 

1.24 

.685 

.638 

.816 

.943 

1.16

1.12

Depth in 

inches.

1.29. 

.936 

1.54 

2.41 

1.40 

1.35 

1.43 

.790 

.712 

.941 

1.05 

1.34

15.19

Discharge measurements of Seneca River at Belgium, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

October 27.....

Hydrographer.

C. A. Poole ........................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

283

282

283

282

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft.

2,588

2,419

2,588

2,503

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

0.90

.96

1.14

1.14

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.70

4.10

4.70

4.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,328

2,333

2,944

2,843

CAYTJGA LAKE AT ITHACA, Y.

A gaging station was established by E. C. Murphy at the head of Cayuga Lake August 6, 

1905. A staff gage is used, attached to the wall of the breakwater about 150 feet from the 

light-house. Gage readings are taken once each day during the open season, and once a 

week during the winter by Fred Thomas.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cayuga Lake at Ithaca, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1............

2............

3............

4............

6............ 

7............

8............

g

10............

11............

12............

13............ 

14............

16............

Aug.

2.2 

2.3

2.2 

2.2

2.15

2.27

2.3

2.32 

2.25

Sept.

2.3

2.3

2.35

2.45

2.35

2.45 

2.4

2.45 

9 35

2.3

2.5

2.5 

2.4

2

0

2.3

Oct.

2.1

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.15

2.15 

2.0

2.0

1 Q^

2.1

2.15

9 flfi

Nov.

1.6

1.55

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 °.^

1 *?

1.3

1.1

Dec.

0 9

.8

.9

1.0

1.05

QK

95

1.05

1.05

Day.

17............

18............

19............

20............

21............

22............ 

23............

24............

27............

28............

29............ 

30............

Aug.

 M

2.35

2 2

2.2

2.25

2.28 

2.3

2.32

2.38

2.35

9 9

2.3 

2.35

Sept.

2.25

2.3

2.35

2.35

2.4

2.25 

2.35

2.3

2.1

2.15

2.1 

2.1

Oct.

2.0

1.85

2.05

1.95

2.1

1.95 

1.9

1.85 

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.65 

1.55

1.6

Nov.

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.1

1.0

.9 

.9

.75 

.75

.8

.85

.65

.8 

.95

Dec.

1.2

1.35
OSWEQO RIVER BASIN. 79

SKANEATELES LAKE OUTLET AT WILLOW GLEN, N. T,

Skaneateles Lake outlet enters Seneca River above Cross Lake, crossing the Erie Canal at 

Jordan. The fall from the foot of the lake to this point is 465 feet.

The surface of the lake has an elevation of 865 feet above tide. The valley on each side 

of the lake has an average width of 2.5 miles, and in this distance there is a rise of 400 to 

800 feet, the greater part of it being within a mile of the lake. The inflow to the lake is 

through numerous short lateral feeders flowing down these slopes. The drainage areas 

of the lake are shown below:

Drainage areas of Skaneateles Lake, a

Square miles. 

Land surface above State dam at Skaneateles.................................................... 60.25

Water surface of lake at Skaneateles............................................................. 12.75

Total drainage area above foot of lake (water surface= 17.46 per cent)..................... 73.00

Total area above Willow Glen weir............................................................... 74.25

Area above Erie Canal at Jordan................................................................. 93.00

The station was established March 10, 1895. It is located in the village of Willow Glen, 

1.5 miles below the foot of Shaneateles Lake.

Observation is made of the daily discharge over a thin-edged weir, having a crest length 

of 27 feet, with two end contractions. The discharge is calculated from the observed depth 

on a stake set with its top at crest level, 5.2 feet upstream from the weir, by means of the 

Francis formula, including corrections for end contractions and velocity of approach.

Since July 1, 1894, the water supply of the city of Syracuse has been drawn from Skaneateles Lake, and the amount of this diversion should be added to the discharge over Willow 

Glen weir to obtain the total run-off of the drainage basin. The calculated diversion, as 

determined from the record of gate openings and head at the inlet gates, using the formula 

for orifices with a constant coefficient stated as 0.62, has been furnished by the city of Syracuse. The observations at the weir and gates were taken by Edward Conron.

A complete description of the gagings which have been made on this stream is contained 

in the report on stream gagings in Supplement to Report of State Engineer and Surveyor 

of New York for 1902, pages 61-76. Information in regard to this station is contained in the 

following Water-Supply Papers of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 82, p 67; 97, pp 395-396; 129, p 91.

Discharge: 65, p 121.

Discharge, daily: 65, pp 118-119, 123-126; 82, p 67; 97, p 396; 129, p 92.

Discharge, monthly: 65, p 122, 128; 82, p 68; 97, p 397; 129, pp 92-93.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Skaneateles Lake outlet at Willow Glen, N. Y., for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

Jan.

82.8

82.8

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

Feb.

80.0

80.0

74.7

72.2

72.2

72.2

69.6

Mar.

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

38.3

Apr.

36.1

36.1

36.1

38.3

38.3

38.3

36.1

"38.3

36.1

36.1

36.1

May.

32.0

32.0

32.0

59.7

59.7

59.7

54.8

49.9

47.5

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

62.1

June.

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

69.6

64.6

59.7

59.7

62.1

59.7

59.7

59.7

July.

64.6

64.6

64.6

62.1

62.1

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

62.1

64.6

64. 6

Aug.

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7

57.2

54.8

54.8

54.8

57.2

59.7

64.6

69.6

Sept.

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

64.6

64.6

67.1

67.1

64.6

64.6

Oct.

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

97.2

100.0

97.2

91.2

91.2

Nov.

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

Dec.

85.5

85.5

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

40.5

« Areas here given have been taken from proceedings in condemnation of water powers rn Skaneateles 

outlet. The lake and its tributary area are shown on the Skaneateles, Tully, Cortland, and Moravia 

topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey.
80 STREAM MEASUREMENTS I1ST 1905, PART VI.

Daily discharge, in second.-feet, of STcaneateles Lake outlet at Willow Glen, N. Y.,for 1905 

Continued.

Day.

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21..............

22.............. 

23.............. 

24..............

25..............

26. .............

27. .............

28.............. 

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0 

80.0 

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.0 

80.0 

80.0

80.0

80.0

Feb.

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6 

69.6 

69.6

69.6

69.6

69.6 

69.6

Mar.

45.1

49.9

52.3

54.8

54.8

54.8

67.1

69.6 

74.7 

64.6

64.6

62.1

59.7 

54.8 

40.5

36.1

36.1

Apr.

36.1

36.1

36.1

36.1

36.1

36.1 

36.1 

36.1

34.0

32.0

32.0 

32.0 

36.1

34.0

May.

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7 

59.7 

59.7

59.7

59.7 

59.7 

59.7

59.7

59.7

June.

59.7

64.6

85.5

164.0

91.2

74.7

80.0

74.7 

69.6 

64.6

67.1

64.6 

64.6 

64.6

July.

64.6

64.6

62.1

62.1

62.1

62.1

62.1

62.1 

62.1 

62.1

59.7

59.7

57.2 

54.8 

59.7

59.7

59.7

Aug.

69.6

64.6

64.6

62.1

59.7

59.7

59.7

59.7 

59.7 

67.1

67.1

67.1

69.6 

69.6 

69.6

74.7

72.2

Sept.

64.6

64.6

64.6

64.6

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2 

91.2 

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2 

91.2 

91.2

91.2

Oct.

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

94.2

97.2

91.2

91.2 

91.2 

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2 

91.2 

91.2

91.2

91.2

Nov.

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

91.2

88.3

88.3 

85.5 

85.5

85.5

85.5

85.5 

85.5 

85.5

85.5

Dec.

40.5

40.5

......

......

Estimated monthly discharge of Slcaneateles Lake outlet at Willow Glen, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 74.2 square miles.]

Month.

February. . ..................................

May.........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

In outlet.

80.5 

71.1 

60.8 

35.8 

56.2 

69.1 

61.5 

62.8 

76.7 

92.2

89.5 

58.8

Through 

conduit.

18.9 

19.2 

619.4 

19.6 

19.1 

18.2 

19.1

Total.

99.4 

90.3 

80.2 

55.4 

75.3 

87.3 

80.6

Run-ofl.o

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.34 

1.22 

1.08 

.747 

1.01 

1.18 

1.09

Depth in 

inches.

1.54 

1.27 

1.24 

.833 

1.16 

1.31 

1.26

1 1ncluding diversion for water supply of Syracuse. & Interpolated.

ONEIDA RIVER NEAR EUCLID, N. Y.

Oneida Lake has a water-surface area of 80 square miles and lies at an elevation of 370 

feet above tide. The drainage basin within a radius of 10 miles to the south and west \3> 

relatively flat, with numerous marshy tracts. The lake receives, through Chittenango and 

Oneida creeks, drainage from an extensive area of the central New York plateau and, 

through Wood and Fish creeks on the east, drainage from a portion of the west slope of 

the plateau bordering the Adirondack Mountains. On the north the drainage area is less 

extensive and the inflowing streams are small.«

oA portion of the drainage area is shown on the Syracuse, Chittenango, Oneida, Onskany, Morrisville, Cazenovia, and Tully topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey.
08WEGO RIVER BASIN. 81

The outflow from the lake through Oneida River joins Seneca River at Three River 

Point, forming Oswego River. From Brewerton to Three River Point the distance in a 

straight line is but 8 miles; following the windings of the stream it is 16 miles.

The gaging station was established August 30, 1902. It is located 7 miles upstream 

from Three River Point.

Observations of stream stage, which are taken each morning and evening by Arthur 

McArthur, are made by measuring down to the water surface from a reference point on 

the bulkhead coping of the lock at Oak Orchard State dam, 0.4 mile above Schroeppel's 

bridge. The gage readings have been taken above the dam to avoid backwater from ice 

or other causes as far as possible. A calibration curve for the cross section of the stream 

at Schroeppel's bridge has been obtained by current-meter measurements.

Above a certain stage the dam becomes submerged and the discharge is modified. A 

special rating table deduced from measurements made during the period of submergence 

was used to calculate the discharge during the high-water period of 1904. Allowance is 

made for the opening of lock paddles in winter.

Information in regard to Oneida River is contained in the report on stream gagings in 

Supplement to Report of State Engineer and Surveyor of New York, 1902, pages 82-84. 

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers of 

the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, pp 381-382; 129, p 102.

Discharge: 97, p 382; 129. p 103.

Discharge, daily: 97, pp 384-385; 129, p 103.

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 386; 129, p 104.

Rating table: 97, p 383.

Discharge measurements of Oneida River near Eudid, N. Y., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

C.C. Covert........ ...............

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

265

270

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

933

995

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.33

1.46

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.10

4.64

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,175

1,457

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

2.............

3.............

4.............

5.............

6.............

7.............

8.............

9.............

10.............

11.............

12.............

13.............

14.............

15.............

16.............

17.............

18.............

19.............

20.............

Jan.

2,040

9 1RH

2,190

2,450

2,370

2,300

2,230

2,230

2,300

2,370

2,450

2,540

2,540

2,710

2,630

2,630

2,370

2,300

Feb.

2,450

2,300

2,010

1,800

1,660

1,560

1,560

1,610

1,660

1,660

1,660

1,660

1,560

1,610

1,610

1,560

1,510

1,460

1,460

Mar.

1,250

1,250

1,250

1,250

1,200

1,250

1,150

1,200

1,250

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,150

1,150

1,150

1.410

Apr.

12, 240

19 ^9ft

|9 ggo

12,960

13, 120

13, 120

13,200

12,960

12, 560

12, 160

12, 010

11,710

11,260

10,900

10,230

9 con

9 100

9,100

8,700

May.

5,560

5,930

5,680

5,440

5,560

5,190

5,080

4,970

4,520

4,740

4,410

4,290

4,180

4,070

3,870

3,670

2,980

3.160

June.

2,070

2,000

2,070

1,950

2,340

2,000

2,040

2,070

2,040

2,040

2,070

2,040

2,040

2,070

2,000

2,070

July.

3,260

3,060

3,160

3,060

3,020

3,060

3,060

2,940

2,850

2,630

2,420

2,420

2,340

2,380

2 9^0

1,920

Aug.

2,070

1,920

1,920

1,920

1,920

1,780

1,780

1,780

2,000

1,920

1,880

1,740

1,780

1,780

1,920

2,000

1,880

1 880

1,820

Sept.

1,780

1,950

2,210

2,250

2,340

2,470

2,550

2,510

2,550

2,720

2,470

2,470

2,380

2,380

2,550

2,380

2,380

2,210

2,210

Oct.

1,780

1,640

1,500

1,640

1,640

1,500

1,540

1,570

1,640

1,640

1,780

1,880

2,000

2,070

2,070

2,000

2,000

2,070

2,180

2,070

Nov.

2,630

2,850

2,980

2,550

2,550

2,550

2,630

3,060

2,980

3,160

3,160

3,110

2,940

3,060

2,980

2,890

2,800

2,980

2,980

2,890

Dec.

2,500

2,880

3,420

3,620

3,880

4,030

4,130

4,130

4,130

4,030

5,070

4,030

5,180

4,790

4,340

3,620

3,570

3,420

3,220

3,270
82 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Daily discharge, in second feet, of Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

21 .............

22.............

23.............

24.............

25.............

26.............

27. ........ ....

28.............

29.............

30.............

31.............

Jan.

2,230

2,300

2,450

2,540

2,790

3,520

3,320

2,630

2,230

2,230

2,370

Feb.

1,460

1,410

1,350

1,350

1,350

1,300

1,250

1,300

Mar.

1,610

1,800

2,010

2,370

3,930

5,840

8,150

9,520

10,380

11,110

11,410

Apr.

8,420

8,150

7,490

7,360

6,970

6,840

6,580

6,250

May.

3,060

2,890

2,720

2,890

2,800

2,720

2,720

2,550

2,550

2,380

2,380

June.

2,000

2,070

2,070

3,160

2,800

2,720

2,980

3,060

2,890

2; 800

July.

1,920

1,950

1,850

1,780

1,600

1,570

1,640

1,640

2,040

2,070

2,000

Aug.

1,740

1,570

1,400

1,300

1,090

990

1,240

1,400

1,500

1,500

1,680

Sept.

2,210

2,340

2,210

2,070

2,000

2,000

1,920

1,920

1,780

1,920

2,070

Oct.

2,000

2,210

2,420

2,590

2,760

2,980

2,980

2,630

2,550

2,550

2,550

Nov.

2,800

2,800

2,720

2,720

2,680

2,630

2,470

2,420

2,680

2,510

Dec.

3,420

3,620

3,720

3,620

3,720

3,830

3,830

4,080

4,130

3,670

3,930

Estimated monthly discharge of Oneida River near Euclid, N. Y., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,313 square miles.]

Month.

May.........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,520 

2,450 

11,410 

13,200 

5,930 

3,160 

3,260 

2,070 

2,720 

2,980 

3,160 

5,180

13,200

Minimum.

2,040 

1,250 

1,150 

6,250 

2,380 

1,950 

1,570 

990 

1,780 

1,500 

2,420 

2,500

990

Mean.

2,459 

1,592 

2,977 

10, 210 

3,905 

2,279 

2,362 

1,714 

2,240 

2,078 

2,805 

3,833

3,204

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.87 

1.21 

2.27 

7.78 

2.97 

1.74 

1.80 

1.31 

1.71 

1.58 

2.14 

2.92

2.44

Depth in 

inches.

2.16 

1.26 

2.62 

8.68 

3.42 

1.94 

2.08 

1.51 

1.91 

1.82 

2.39 

3.37

33.16

CHITTENATSTGO CREEK AT CHITTETSTANGO, N. Y.

This station was established May 22, 1901. It is located at the Main Street Bridge in 

the village of Chittenango and is one-half mile above the State dam diverting water for 

the supply of the summit level of Erie Canal.

The stream at this point is confined between parallel walls, affording a channel 50 feet 

wide, over which the bridge passes in a single span, having a length of 57 feet between abutments. The bridge is built at an angle with the normal to the stream.

Discharge measurements are made from the upstream side of the Main Street Bridge. 

The initial point for soundings is the face of the right abutment, upstream side.

The gage board, which is observed twice daily by Miss Bessie M. Kellogg, is secured in a 

vertical position to the right abutment on the upstream side, and reads decimally from 

zero to 8 feet. The bench mark is on the upstream corner of the coping of the right abutment; its elevation is 8.23 feet above gage datum.

The flow of Chittenango Creek above Chittenango is regulated by storage in Cazenovia 

Lake and Erieville reservoir.
OSWEGO RIVER BASIN. 83

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 65, pp 114-115; 82, pp 65-66; 97, pp 386-387; 129, pp 104-105, 107.

Discharge: 65, p 115; 82, p 66; 97, p 387; 129, p 105.

Discharge, daily: 97, pp 390-392.

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 393; 129, p 106.

Gage heights: 65, p 116; 82, p 66; 97, p 388; 129, p 105.

Rainfall data: 97, p 393.

Rating table: 97, pp 388-389; 129, p 106.

Water powers: 65, p 116.

Discharge measurements of Chittenango Creek at CMttenango, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

August 30.... .

Hydrographer.

C. J. Wood. ...... .................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

53

53

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

183

183

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

1.87

1.77

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.55

2.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

342

324

Daily gage height, in feet, of Ghittenango Greek at Ohittenango, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1. .............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13.............. 

T 4.. ............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30. .............

31..............

Jan.

1.75

1.9

1.85

1.9

1.85

1.85

3.7

2.6

2.25

1.95

1.85

1.95

1.8 

1.95

2.0

2.0

1.9

2.0

1.85

1.9

1.75

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.45

-1.6

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

Feb.

1.65

1.75

1.7

1.5

1.7

1.85

1.4

1.45

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45 

1.45

1.35

1.35

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.45

1.4

1.3

1.35

1.35

Mar.

1.35

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.3

1.25

1.35 

1.35

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

3.5

2.85

2.55

2.3

2.65

3.35

4.15

3.6

3.85

3.65

3.4

3.35

3.35

Apr.

2.7

2.35

2.2

2.75

3.3

2.7

2.85

2.45

2.4

2.5

2.85

2.65

2.25 

2.15

2.05

2.2

2.05

2.15

2.4

2.25

2.15

2.25

1.95

1.75

1.8

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.65

1.7

May.

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.7

1.65

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.65

1.6

1.65

1.6

1.65 

1.75

1.95

1.85

1.9

1.95

1.85

1.8

1.7

1.55

1.35

1.25

1.25

1.4

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.4

1.45

June.

1.45

1.4

1.45

1.4

1.5

1.75

1.55

1.65

1.85

1.65

1.45

1.45

1.35 

1.3

1.35

1.55

1.75

1.85

1.95

2.15

3.2

3.45

2.9

2.5

2.05

2.2

2.3

1.95

1.85

July.

1.85

2.35

2.25

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.45

1.35

1.35

1.45

1.55 

1.5

2.75

2.3

2.0

1.9

1.75

1.55

1.45

1.4

1.25

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.25

1.35

1.45

1.3

1.65

Aug.

1.85

1.55

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

. 1.5

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.55

1.5 

1.5

1.45

2.9

2.0

1.5

1.55

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.3

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.3

3.15

2.75

Sept.

1.95

1.65

2.0

2.1

1.95

1.9

1.95

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

2.45

2.05 

1.85

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5 '

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.35

1.3

Oct.

1.35

1.5

2.3

2.35

2.45

2.5

2.55

2.45

2.5

2.8

2.7

1.9 

1.85

1.65

1.45

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.95

1.85

1.75

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.55

1.55

1.75

Nov.

1.8

1.85

1.7

1.65

1.7

1.65

1.85

1.85

1.8

1.85

1.8

1.65

1.7 

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.68

1.6

1.65

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.75

1.65

1.85

1.95

Dec.

1.75

1.55

1.95

1.75

1.95

1.85

1.9

2.05

1.95

1.95

2.05

1.85

1.95 

2.05

1.95

2.05

2.1

2.05

1.85

1.95

2.5

2.35

1.95

1.85

1.95

2.05

1.95

2.0

1.95

2.15

2.05

NOTE. River frozen January 1 to March 18; two-thirds across to the end of January and entirely 

across February 1 to March 18. No anchor ice. Ice broke up along the edges during the early part of 

March. Ice 0.1 to 0.8 foot thick. Readings are to water surface.
84 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Chittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y.,from January 1 to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.00

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

1.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

30

35

40

50

60

70

85

100

115

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

135

155

180

210

240

275

315

355

395

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

440

485

530

580

630

680

735

790

850

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

910

970

1,035

1,100

1,170

1,240

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1904-5, and is well defined.

Estimated monthly discharge of Ghittenango Creek at Chittenango, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 79 square miles.]

Month.

March 19-31 .................................

April ........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,205 

680 

145 

762 

418 

605 

295 

440 

145 

315

Minimum.

240 

92 

45 

50 

45 

50 

50 

55 

85 

78

Mean.

692 

249 

90.4 

168 

105 

111 

104 

165 

108 

155

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

8.76 

3.15 

1.14 

2.13 

1.33 

1.41 

1.32 

2.09 

1.37 

1.96

Depth in 

inches.

4.24 

3.51 

1.31 

2.38 

1.53 

1.63 

1.47 

2.41 

1.53 

2.26

SALMON RIVER BASIN. 

SALMON RIVER NEAR PULASKI, N. Y.

Salmon River rises in the southwestern part of Lewis County, N. Y., flows first southward 

then northwestward, and enters Lake Ontario near Port Ontario. The basin above the 

gaging station is rolling and very sandy, rock lying near the surface in the upper part of the 

watershed, where there are also extensive tracts of original forest. The region is subject to 

heavy falls of snow, which sometimes accumulates in the forest areas to a depth of several 

feet and the gradual melting of which during March and April feeds the stream.

The gaging station was established September 5, 1900. It is located at Fox Bridge, near 

Pulaski, N. Y. a

The stream bed is of gravel and cobble, relatively flat and shallow. The bridge consists 

of two spans, 183.5 feet between abutments. There are two small overflow channels and a 

flood plain.

Current-meter measurements are made at 5-foot intervals across the stream from the 

downstream side of the bridge. The initial point for soundings is the face of the abutment 

at the right end of the bridge on the downstream side.

* The location of the gaging station is shown on the Pulaski topographic atlas sheet of the United 

States Geological Survey.
SALMON RIVEE BASIN. 85

The original gage was a vertical board scale attached to the upstream end of the center pier, 

having its zero mark 11.59 feet below the bench mark, which was the top of the capstone of 

the central pier, upstream end. This gage was carried away by ice in the winter of 1901-2, 

and was replaced July 23, 1902, by a standard weight-and-chain gage, having its datum at 

elevation 12.79 feet below the bench mark. The gage readings are taken twice each day 

by S. J. Fox, and have been continued throughout summer and winter, the winter readings 

being obtained by observing the height to which the water rises in a hole in the ice. Owing 

to the obstruction of the river channel by ice, the discharge for the winter period has not 

been deduced.

A measurement made June 2, 1905, by C. C. Covert showed a discharge of 404 second-feet 

at gage height 3.03 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 49, p 234; 65, p 105; 82, pp 64, 65; 97, p 373; 129, pp 107-108.

Discharge: 47, p 39; 49, p 234; 65, p 106; 82, p 64; 97, p 374; 129, p 108.

Discharge, daily: 65, pp 106-107; 82, p 65; 97, p 377.

Discharge, monthly: 65, p 107; 82, p 65; 97, p 377; 129, p 109. ,

Gage heights: 49, p 234; 97, p 375; 129, p 108.

Rating table: 97, p 376; 129, p 109.

Water powers: 65, p 106.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y., for 1905.

Day.

2..............

o

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10. .............

11..............

12.....---.-....

13..............

14..............

16..............

17...'...........

18..............

19.............. 

20..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

an... ...........

31..............

Jan.

3.86

.......

Feb.

.......

-------

Mar.

.......

-------

6.49

6.59

Apr.

6.39

5.54

5.19

5.19

7.14

6.54

5.44

4.74

4.34

4.54

4.99

5.29

5.29

5.36

4.79

4.49

4.16

3.92

3.74 

3.74

4 94

5.64

4.96

4.69

4.62

4.62

4.64 

4.74

4.79 

5.14

May.

4.62

4.22

4.39

4.12

4.49

4.39

4.04

3.92

3.69

3.52

3.46

3.34

3.54

3.56

3.52

3.59

3.99 

3.94

3.42

3". 29

3.16

3.06

3.12

3.86 

3.56

3.32 

3.39

3.32

June.

3.16

3.04

3.1

3.02

3.32

3.38

3.5

3.38

3.1

3.3

4.12

3.75

3.42

3.18

3.08

4.55

6.05

4.58 

4.6

3.85

3.62

3.3

3.18

4.3

5.02 

4.02

3.58 

3.35

July.

3.18

3.35

3.3

3.15

3.02

2.98

.2.95

2.92

2.88

2.8

2.98

3.0

3.68

3.35

3.05

2.92

2.88

2.98

2.9

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.72

2.7

2.62 

2.6

2.7 

5.02

4. 55

Aug.

3.7

3.4

3.15

9 95

2.8

2.88

3.75

3.38

3.1

2.9

2.9

3.22

3.6

3.15

3.08

3.8

3.5

3.2

3.02

2.82

2.78

2.75

2.62

2.65

2.6

2.6

2. 55 

2.6

2.62 

2.78

3.02

Sept.

2.9

2 72

4.0

4.32

3.7

3.5

3.22

3.05

2.9

2.88

2.8

2.92

2 98

2.92

2.82

2.75

2.75

2.72

2.85 

2.88

2.9

2.82

2.72

2.7

2.65

2.62

2.6 

2.6

2.62 

2.58

Oct.

2.55

2.55

3.15

3.15

3.0

2.9

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.65

2.65

4.55

5.62

5.1

4.2

3.82

3.48

3.32

4.45 

4.5

4.5

4.1

4.15

4.2

4.08

3.8

3.55 

3.48

3.35 

3.28

3.22

Nov.

3.6

3.7

3.45

3.4

3.38

3.68

5.05

4.55

4.35

4.05

3.85

3.72

4.02

4.25

3.82

3.7

3.55

3.48

3.45 

3.25

3.15

3.15

3.2

3.22

3.5

3.72

3.8 

3.5

4.42 

5.55

Dec.

3.95

3.9

5.48

5.1

4.28

4.0

3.9

3.72

3.55

3.5

3.12

3.32

3.32

3.25

2.98

3.0

3.1

3.15

3.25 

3.28

3.5

4.78

4.8

4.2

3.9

3.75

3.55 

3.9

4.25 

4.75

4.3

NOTE. River frozen solid to bottom January 1 to night of March 29. Flow sometimes entirely out 

of channel on flats, at other times water flowed over ice.
86 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating (ablefor Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y., from January 1,1903, to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

110

144

181

218

265

312

364

422

480

550

620

697

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

781

865

965

1,060

1,170

1,300

1,420

1,450

1,680

1,830

1,980

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,140

2,300

2,470

2,640

2,840

3,020

3,240

3; 460

3,700

3,950

4,200

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,490

4,780

5,100

5,770

6,530

7,340

8,190

9,070

10,000

11,000

12,060

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 1902-1905. It is well defined between gage heights 2.45 feet and 3.25 feet. Above 

gage height 3.25 feet the curve is based on three measurements at 6.3 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Salmon River near Pulaslci, N. Y., for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 264 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

9,720 

2,012 

5,265 

2,680 

965 

1,476 

4,000 

3,825 

3,652

Minimum.

905 

399 

376 

181 

181 

174 

200 

451 

354

Mean.

2,927 

955 

1,043 

488 

411 

374 

972 

1,048 

1,131

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

11.09 

3.62 

3.95 

1.85 

1.56 

1.42 

3.68 

3.97 

4.28

Depth in 

inches.

12.37 

4.17 

4.41 

2.13 

1.80 

1.58 

4.24 

4.43 

4.93

BLACK RIVER BASIN. 

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Black River rises in the western part of Hamilton County, N. Y., flows southwestward 

across Herkimer County into Oneida County, turns near Forestport and runs somewhat 

west of north through Lewis County to eastern Jefferson County, and then flows westward 

to Black River Bay, at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario. The upper part of the 

basin is very rugged and mountainous and contains a large number of lakes.

The regimen of the river is controlled by storage on its upper tributaries, including Beaver 

River at Beaver, a series of reservoirs at the headwaters of Moose River, and additional 

reservoirs at Forestport and on the headwaters of the main river.

Water is diverted from Black River through Forestport feeder to supply the Black 

River Canal at Boonville. A portion of this diverted water flows northward from Boonville and enters Black River again at Lyons Falls; the remainder flows southward through 

the Black River Canal and enters the Erie Canal at Rome. The amount of this diversion, 

which takes place during the season of canal navigation, is not recorded.
BLACK RIVER BASIN. 87

Measvrements made by the New York barge canal survey in 1900 and 1905, and by 

the United States Geological Survey in 1905 showed the following amounts of flow in the 

Black River Canal south of the Forestport feeder:

Discharge measurements of Black River Canal at the highway bridge below Lock No. 7 near 

Boonvitte, N. Y., in 1900 and 1905.

Date.

1900.

1905.

Elevation 

of water 

surface.

Feet.

488.22

488.32

488. 40

488.29

488.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

197

242

254

181

136

117

158

143

131

BLACK RIVER NEAR FELTS MILLS, X. Y.

This station was established August 29, 1902. It is located at the dam of the Black 

River Traction Company, near the village of Felts Mills. The dam is 9 miles upstream 

from Watertown and 7 miles upstream from the old Huntingtonville gaging station on 

this stream. The drainage area is estimated at 1,851 square miles, or 37.5 square miles 

less than at Huntingtonville. The intervening area is mainly drained by two small streams, 

Townsend and Rutland Hollow creeks.

The dam is of squared timber, rests on limestone foundation, and is very nearly watertight. It has a slope on the upstream face of 2.88 horizontal to 1 vertical. The crest is 

protected by boiler plate and the downstream face is vertical, giving a free overfall. The 

main crest is 380.6 feet long. There are two additional sections on the right-hand side, 

one 14.1 feet long and the other 17.9 feet. A similarly constructed dam, 117 feet long, at 

the left bank serves as an auxiliary spillway and as a headrace wall. The headrace is closed 

by a bulkhead, no water wheels having been installed.

The gage, which was read twice daily during 1905, at 7 a. m. and 6p.m., by William Vineall, 

is attached.vertically to a crib at the junction of the main and auxiliary spillways, 12 feet 

upstream from the crest, and correction is made to the gage readings for velocity of approach 

during high water. The discharge over the spillways has been calculated by means of the 

weir formula, using coefficients derived from experiments of the United States Geological 

Survey for a dam of similar cross section.

Owing to continuous discharge over the dam to a considerable depth during the years 

1903 and 1904, it has not been possible to obtain a new profile of the crest. The discharge 

has been calculated from the known elevations of the ends of the crest, and the results 

given are subject to revision. Settlement of the crest, if any has taken place, would have 

the effect of making the discharge at a given gage height greater than that given in the 

accompanying tables.

During 1905 a wood-pulp mill was erected at one end of this dam, but was not operated 

The record will be continued when the mill is in operation by including the recorded discharge 

through the turbines in the calculation of the flow.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 82, pp 62-63; 97, pp 363-364; 129, pp 110-111. 

Discharge, daily. 82, p 63; 129, pp 111-112. 

Discharge, monthly: 82, p 64; 129, p 113.
STKEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAET Vi.

Daily discharge in second-feet of Black River near Felts Mitts, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1. ............

2. ............

3.............

4.............

5.............

6.............

7.............

8.............

9.............

10.............

12........ ...

13.............

14.............

15. ............

16.............

17.............

18......... ...

19.............

20.............

21.............

22.......

23......... ...

24. ............

25. ............

26

27......... ...

28.............

29........ ....

30.............

31.............

Jan.

3,470

2,280

2,210

2,210

2 1 fiA

1,970

1,860

2,340

2,470

2,470

9 gQQ

2

0(20

1,640

i 7KA

1 Q9fi

1,970

1,750

1,690

1,860

(a)

2,080

Feb.

2,080

2 finn

2 47fi

2,470

2 1 f*fi

2 080

2 340

2 030

^ 210

2,340

1,970

1,520

1 640

1,520

1,370

1 3^

1,370

Mar.

1,520

1,020

1,420

1,320

1 1°0

1 1°0

Q90

847

1,020

1,020

1,120

975

QQA

1,520

3,830

4,270

4 7CA

6,690

Q 9EA

9

EOA

10 900

10, 700

14, 700

17 000

Apr.

17 onn

17 000

18,200

10, 700

9,750

10 400

9 990

10,500

9 990

9,870

7,810

5,920

5,400

6,110

7

crw"\

10,200

9 280

7,920

6,890

May.

7,700

6,110

5,720

5,640

S

KftA

4 910

4

CQA

4,200

1,120

QQA

QOO

1,020

847

QOO

847

761

453

QFL1

316

761

2,800

3,270

3,270

June.

3,130

2,800

2,210

1 860

1,860

2,730

3,340

3,470

3,830

5,150

4,910

4 190

3,400

6,300

9 280

9 ifin

7 9Q0

7 nor>

6 fion

8,480

8,590

8,480

July.

7,600

6,300

5,720

5,720

6,110

5,560

4,430

1,370

3,130

2

Q4A

2 030

2,150

2,210

2 600

o 73Q

2 HOT)

4 590

4,990

4 590

O 10A

1 920

1 800

1 690

1 640

1,640

Aug.

3,970

3,760

3,470

3,070

2,540

9 030

2,280

2,930

5,320

3,470

2,470

2,210

1 690

1 690

1,370

975

633

419

487

351

419

Sept.

1,470

1,220

1,220

4,200

4,350

7,090

9,750

4,510

3,900

3,470

3, 340

2,540

2,340

1,750

1,370

2,800

3,270

2,730

2,540

2,080

1,750

1,750

1,580

1,370

Oct.

1,320

1,520

1,420

1,970

1,860

1,640

1,520

1,320

1,520

1,320

2,600

3,270

2,340

3,540

5,070

4 120

3,830

'3, 400

3,000

1,750

2,080

2,730

Nov. Dec.

1,750

1,580

1,860

1,860

3,270 

5,070 

5,070 

5,07(1 

4,910 

4,430 

3,620 

3,540 

3,620 

3,540 

3,130 

3,000 

3,000 

2,600 

2,410 

2,340 

3,830 

3,690 

3,200 

2,860 

2,660 

2,540 

2,660 

3,340 

4,910

4,200

4,590

3,830

3,270

3,830

4,430

4,590

4,750

4,670

4,430

3,400

3,400

3,130.

3,400

3,270

2,470

2,540

3,690

1,860

1,860

2,080

2,470

3,270

3,130

2,340

4,910

4,120

3,540

3,400

5,400

5,560

a Record doubtful.

Estimated monthly discharge of Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 1,851 square miles.]

Month.

April . .:....................................

July......................... .......

December. .................. ........... . .

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,970 

2.730 

17,000 

18,200 

7,700 

10,500 

7,600 

6,010 

9,750 

5,070 

5,070 

5,560

Minimum.

1,640 

1,320 

804 

5,400 

316 

1,860 

1,640 

351 

1,220 

1,320 

1,580 

1,860

Mean.

2,279 

2,034 

3,816 

10,710 

3,161 

5,583 

3,373 

2,324 

2, 969 

2,395 

3,288 

3,607

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.23 

1.09 

2.06 

5.79

i.n

3.01

1.82 

1.26 

1.60 

1.29 

1.78 

1.95

Depth in 

inches.

1.42 

1.14 

2.38 

6.46 

1.97 

3.36 

2.10 

1.22 

1.79 

1.49 

1.92 

2.25
BLACK RIVER BASIN. 89

MOOSE RIVER AT MOOSE RIVER, N. Y.

Moose River is tributary to Black River at Lyons Falls, N. Y. Its drainage basin lies 

chiefly in Herkimer and Hamilton counties and comprises a wild, rugged, and uninhabited 

region, largely forest-covered, but containing also extensive tracts of cut and burned-over 

lands. The flow of the stream is more or less regulated by lumbermen's dams, the storage 

of which is utilized for floating logs.

The gaging station was established June 5, 1900. It is located at Moose River village.

The stream is smooth above the gaging station to the foot of McKeever dam, 2 miles 

upstream, but a short distance above the gage it is divided by an island which creates an 

ice jam during freshets. A short distance below the station a fall occurs. The bed of the 

stream is of cobble with occasional bowlders, the current is smooth, and the depth is fairly 

uniform. The stream freezes over in winter, alternate layers of ice and snow or slush 

often forming in such a manner as to prevent discharge measurements being made.

A cableway, having a clear span of 269 feet, was erected in June, 1903, from which 

current-meter measurements have since been made. The initial point for soundings is the 

left support of the cable.

The gage, which is read twice daily by Chris Hannan, consists of a graduated board 

scale, attached to posts on the left bank of the stream, and comprises a high-water and a 

low-water section. During the ice season the gage is read once each week. The gage was 

carried out by an ice freshet in February, 1903, and was replaced at a slightly different elevation. The bench mark is on the top of a bowlder on the left bank, 300 feet upstream 

from the cableway. Its elevation above the gage zero prior to February 28, 1903, was 

15.36 feet; after February 28, 1903, 15.53 feet.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 49, pp 234-235; 82, p 60; 97, p 371; 129, p 114.

Discharge: 97, p 371; 129, p 115.

Gage heights: 49, p 235; 65, p 99; 82, p 61; 97, p 372; 129, p 115.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..... .........

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..!...........

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

Jan.

3.05

2.8

2.65

2.55

2.4

2.3

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.35

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.25

2.2

Feb.

2.1

2.15

2.0

2.05

2.0

2.0

1.92

1.92

2.1

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.45

2.4

2.3

2.35

2.3

2.35

2.35

2.45

2.4

Mar.

2.3

2.4

2.35

2.4

2.3

2.22

2.22

2.22

2.22

2.3

2.22

2.22

2.22

2.35

3.0

2.8

2.35

2.35

2.45

2.55

2.75

3.0

3.15

Apr.

5.9

5.1

4.7

4.55

6.05

6.2

5.25

4.6

4.35

4.55

5.0

4.7

4.9

5.05

4.8

4.35

4.05

3.7

3.4

3.27

3.9

7.1

5.2

May.

4.15

3.55

3.2

3.65

4.25

4.0

3.95

3.9

3.85

3.75

3.5

3.45

3.45

3.55

3.1

2.75

2.45

2.3

2.3

2.55

2.45

2.6

2.65

June.

2.7

2.2

2.1

2.07

2.1

2.3

2.75

3.0

3.05

3.15

3.3

3.85

3.65

2.5

4.5

6.6

4.85

4.8

4.95

4.65

4.2

July.

3.45

4.05

5.0

4.25

3.85

3.45

3.3

2.95

2.75

2.2

2.05

1.95

2.2

2.65

3.0

2.55

2.65

3.35

3.6

4.1

3.8

3.25

2.8

Aug.

3.35

2.85

2.2

2.1

1.8

1.75

2.45

2.5

2.3

1.95

1.75

2.05

2.2

2.1

2.0

3.2

3.1

2.6

2.4

2.25

2.05

1.95

1.75

Sept.

2.7

2.75

4.35

6.65

6.6

4.35

4.1

3.8S

3.65

3.2

2.75

2.55

2.6

2.3

1.95

1.75

1.65

2.05

3.3

3.85

4.4

4.0

3.5

Oct.

1.52

1.75

2.1

2.35

2.05

2.15

2.25

1.85

1.9

1.85

2.25

3.4

3.9

3.45

3.05

2.65

2.4

2.55

2.8

3.4

3.55

3.25

2.8

Nov.

2.5

3.35

2.95

2.75

2.45

2.45

3.05

3.25

3.05

2.55

2.45

2.3

2.2

2.55

2.45

2.35

2.4

2.8

2.35

1.9

2.0

1.95

1.8

Dec.

2.9

2.45

2.8

3.35

3.3

3.15

2.9

2.65

2.55

2.35

2.25

2.35

2.2

2.15

2.0

2.0

1.95

2.0

2.1

1.9

1.82

2.1

2.1
90 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

01

Jan.

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.35

2.2

2.12

2.12

2 I*5

Feb.

2.35

2.3

2.3

2.35

2.3

Mar.

3.0

3.15

3.25

3.45

3.6

3.9

4.5

Apr.

4.4

4.25

4.4

4.2

4.3

4.5

5.3

May.

2.35

1.8

1.67

2.5

2.7

2.85

2. 95

3

D

June.

3.8

3.35

4.9

5.85

4.95

4.25

3.9

July.

2.35

2.0

2.05

1.95

1.9

1.82

2.25

3 7

Aug.

1.5

1.25

1.17

1.25

1.5

1.5

1.6

2.8

Sept. Oct.

3. 05 2, 65

2. 5 2. 65

2. 25 2. 45

2. 1 2. 05

1.9 2. 0

1. 75 2. 05

1. 62 1. 9

....... 1.75

Nov.

1.72

1.75

1.85

1.95

1.95

2.25

3.05

Dec.

2.4,'

2.5

2.1

2.0,

1.9

2.2

2.6c

3.1

NOTE. River frozen January 1 to March 31; readings are to the surface of the water in a hole cut in 

the ice. January 20-28, ice at gage 14 inches thick. January 31,2 inches of water on ice, also deep snow; 

stream frozen over throughout; no anchor ice; ice at gage 14 inches thick. February 4, conditions as 

above, but ice thickness 19 inches at gage and elsewhere. February 11, same; stream not frozen at 

rapids under bridge. February 18, same as preceding; ice thickness 19 to 20 inches; 2 feet of snow on 

ice. February 25, same as preceding; ice thickness 16 inches. March 4 and 11, same as preceding. 

March 18, layer of snow and water on ice has frozen; total ice thickness 2 feet. March 30, river breaking up. No ice during December.

Station rating table for Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,from June 5, 1900, to December

31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

Discharge.

Sec.-fl.

127

140

154

170

187

205

223

242

262

282

304

328

354

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

Discharge.

Sec.-fl.

382

412

444

477

511

547

585

626

669

715

763

812

862

Gage 

height.

Feet.

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

914

968

1,023

1,080

1,139

1,200

1,264

1,330

1,399

1,470

1,545

1,622

1,700

Gage 

height.

Feet.

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,780

1,870

1,960

2,060

2,160

2,260

2,370

2,480

2,590

2,700

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 12 discharge measurements made during 1903-4. It is well denned between gage heights 1 foot and 5 feet. Measurements 

above about 6 feet gage height are impossible at this station owing to the flashy character of the stream 

and the quantities of running ice or logs during high stages. Hence estimates above gage height 6 feet 

should be used with caution.

Estimated monthly discharge of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1900- 1905. 

[Drainage area, 346 square miles.]

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Month.

1900. 

June 5-30. ...................................

July.........................................

November. ..................................

Maximum.

547

1,051

547

397

547

2.110

Minimum.

140

133

162

154

162

232

Mean.

272

243

251

216

241

805

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.786

.702

795

.624

2.33

Depth in 

inches.

0.760

.809

.836

.696

804

2.60
BLACK RIVER BASIN. 91.

Estimated monthly discharge of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1900-1905 Cont'd.

Month.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean

Discharge in second-feet. Run-off.

Second-feet

per square

mile.

Depth in 

inches.

1901.

April 11-30................................... 5,880

May......................................... 2,260

June......................................... 3,910

July......................................... 1,330

August...................................... 787

September................................... 812

October...................................... 914

November................................... 1,023

December (26 days).......................... 2,645

1902.

March 21-81.................................. 4,855

April........................................ 2,700

May......................................... 2,760

June......................................... 1,051

July......................................... 2,370

August...................................... 1,200

'September................................... 397

October...................................... 1,780

November................................... 1,080

December 1-5................................ 763

1903.

April........................................ 5,005

May......................................... 511

June......................................... 1,622

July......................................... 1,169

August...................................... 1,915

September................................... 529

October...................................... 6,280

November................................... 647

1904.

April 9-30.................................... 4,705

May......................................... 5,400

June......................................... 3,180

July......................................... 888

August...................................... 1,915

September................................... 4,050

October...................................... 2,535

November................................... 1,023

1905.

April........................................ 5,640

May......................................... 1,915

June......................................... 4,855

July......................................... 2,700

August...................................... 1,232

September................................... 4,930

October..................................... 1,622

November................................... 1,232

December.................................... 1,232

1,277

773

374

256

218

346

333

246

309

1,200

847

266

450

286

227

191

266

360

477

511 

262 

242 

223 

252 

'l78 

382 

252

847

773

308

227

246

246

634

467

1,181

434

574

484

297

418

460

450

484

2,623

1,229

1,437

439

454

492

620

417

910

2,072

1,597

912

751

634

486

309

491

589

611

1,648

324

495

507

593

358

1,340

2,328

1,996

858

445

1,266

686

2,496

1,117

1,651

1,062

618

1,298

786

740

730

7.58

3.55

4.15

1.27

1.31

1.42

1.79

1.21

2.63

5.99

4.62

2.64

2.17

1.83

1.40

.893

1.42

1.70

1.77

4.76

.936

1.43

1.47

1.71

1.03

3.87

1.12

6.47

5.77

2.48

1.29

1.39

2.56

3.66

1.98

7.21

3.23

4.77

3.07

1.79

3.75

2.27

2.14

2.11

5.64

4.09

4.63

1.46

1.51

1.58

2.06

1.35

2.54

2.45

5.16

3.04

2.42

2.11

1.61

.996

1.64

1.90

.329

5.31

1.08

1.60

1.70

1.97

1.15

4.46

1.25

5.29

6.65

2.77

1.49

1.60

2.86

4.22

2.21

8.04

3.72

5.32

3.54

2.06

4.18

2.62

2.39

2.43

NOTE. Ice conditions January 1 to April 5,1901. Ice jam took the gage out April 5,1901. No ice in 

December, 1901. Gage washed out by high water December 15,1901. Riverfrozen: January 1 to March 

17, December 6-31, 1902, January 1 to March 12, December 1-31, 1903; January 1 to April 8, December 

1-31,1904; January 1 to March 31,1905.

IBB 170 06 7
92 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS.

Miscellaneous discharge measurements made in Lake Ontario drainage basin by 0. 0. Covert,

in 1905.

Date.

August 28.....

Stream.

outlet. 

.....do............

Locality.

N. Y. 

.....do..........

Width.

Feet. 

82

82

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

452

516

Mean 

velocity.

Ft.persec. 

0.86

.78

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.32

2.22

Discharge.

Sec. ft. 

387

402

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

St. Lawrence River receives the flow of a number of New York streams having their 

sources in a northerly slope of the Adirondacks and fed by the innumerable lakes with 

which the region is dotted. Some of these rivers, as the Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis, 

lie entirely within the United States; others, notably Salmon, Trout, Chateaugay, and 

English rivers, cross the international boundary and flow northward into the St. Lawrence 

in Canada, as does also Richelieu River, the outlet of Lake Champlain. The following table 

gives a list of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence in the United States, with the 

areas drained by them:

Drainage areas of St. Lawrence River tributaries in the United States.

Square miles. 

Oswegatchie River......................... 1,609

Grass River................................ 637

Raquette River............................ 1,219

St. Regis River............................. 910

Little Salmon Rivera...................... 103

Square miles. 

Salmon River a............................. 273

Trout River ft............................... 129

Chateaugay River 6........................ 199

English River 6............................. 53

Lake Champlain 6.......................... 8,187

The St. Lawrence drains, through Lake Champlain, an area of 4,560 square miles in the 

State of Vermont. This drainage is practically all from Missisquoi, Lamoille, and Winooski 

rivers and Otter Creek.

CHATEAUGAY RIVER BASIN.

Chateaugay River rises in northern New York, flows northeastward, and unites with the 

St. Lawrence about 20 miles north of the international boundary. The river has an extensive surface in Upper and Lower Chateaugay lakes, lying on the north slope of the Adirondacks.

A measurement of the ordinary spring discharge of the stream was made by the engineers 

of the United States'Deep Waterways Board at Ormstown, April 19, 1899. The discharge 

was 2,720 second-feet, or 13.6 second-feet per square mile of drainage area.

ENGLISH RIVER BASIN.

English River rises near the international boundary in the Dominion of Canada, flows 

southeastward into New York, and then recrosses into Canada, draining an area above the 

crossing of the boundary line of 53 square miles.

A measurement of the spring flow of this stream was made near the New York-Canada 

line on April 26, 1899, by the engineers of the United States Deep Waterways Board, at 

which time the discharge was 392 second-feet.

A current-meter measurement of this river was made September 1,1905, by R. E. Horton 

and E. F. Weeks, at the second highway bridge south of the international boundary, 2 miles 

from the point where the stream crosses into Canada. The discharge was 13 second-feet; 

the water surface was 13.10 feet below the top of the bearing plate at the right-hand end of 

the bridge, downstream side.

oAbove junction near international boundary. & Above New York State line.
ST. LAWKENCE KIVEK DRAINAGE. 93

OSWEGATCHIE RIVER BASIN. 

OSWEGATCHIE KIVEK NEAR OGDKNSBURG, >T. Y.

Oswegatchie River has its source in the region of lakes and timbered swamps in the southern part of St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The largest of the lakes is Cranberry Lake, which 

affords valuable storage to water-power users on its outlet, East Branch of Oswegatchie 

River. East and West branches flow in a general northwesterly direction and unite near 

Talcville. From Gouverneur to Oxbow the river flows south westward; it then turns 

sharply and flows northeastward to Rensselaer Falls, turns again to the northwest, receives 

the outlet of Black Lake at Galilee, and finally enters the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg.

The gaging station was established May 16,1903. It is located at Eel Weir Bridge, just 

below the junction of Oswegatchie River and Black Lake outlet.

The channel is in rock and is partly artificial, rock underneath the bridge having been 

removed by blasting to,increase the bridge opening. The bridge consists of two spans, the 

right being 129.6 feet long and the left 130.1 feet.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the bridge. The initial 

point for soundings is the top of the face of the right abutment, downstream side.

A standard chain gage, which is observed twice daily by Joseph H. La Rue, is attached to 

the ironwork of the bridge on the upstream side of the right-hand span. The bench mark 

is a square chisel draft on the upstream side of the right-hand abutment; elevation, 16.72 

feet above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 360; 129, pp 118-119. 

Discharge: 97, p 361; 129, p 119. 

Drainage areas: 97, p 361. 

Gage heights. 97, p 362; 129, p 120.

Discharge measurements of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

March 26.. ....

March 26......

April 14.......

Aprilie........

April 17. ......

Hydrographer.

.....do.............................

C. C. Covert .......................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

269

269

267

267

267

Area of 

section.

8q. ft. 

1,200

1,226

1,000

975

925

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

7.70

7.35

7.23

7.10

6.69

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

8.02

8.15

7.24

7.12

6.92

Discharge.

Sec. ft. 

9,237

9,014

7,238

6,926

6,187

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y., for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

Jan.

5.05

5.3

6.1

6.75

6.3

5.75

5.7

5.7

5.55

5.3

5.25

5.3

5.3

Feb.

4.65

4.65

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.65

4.6

4.6

Mar.

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Apr.

10.1

10.05

9.8

9.55

9 2

9.1

8.7

8.35

8.2

8.05

7.8

7.5

7.4

May.

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.C

5.9

5.9

6.25

5.95

5.95

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

June.

5.5

5.45

5.45

5.35

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.5

5.95

6.0

6.3

6.35

6.45

July.

6.45

6.5

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.45

6.25

6.1

6.05

5.8

5.7

5.6

Aug.

5.6

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.65

5.55

5.4

5.3

5.35

5.4

5.4

5.35

Sept.

5.15

5.05

5.15

5.25

5.4

5.5

5.55

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.55

5.4

5.4

Oct.

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.,8

4.8

4.8

4.85

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.8

5.0

Nov.

5.45

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.4

5.45

5.7

5.75

5.8

5.9

5.8

Dec.

5.9

5.95

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.75

5.7

5.7

5.7
94 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Daily gage heigkt,infeet,ofOswegatchie River near Ogdensburg,N.Y., for 1905 Continued.

Day.

14..............

IS..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25. .............

26..............

27. .............

28. .............

29...............

30. ..............

31. .............

Jan.

5 OK

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.95

4.8

4.75

4.7

4.7

Feb.

4 fi

4.6

4 6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4 6

4.6

4 6

4 K

4.5

4.5

Mar.

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.7

5.4

5.6

5.85

K QC

6.5

7.2

7 O^

8.85

9 35

9.7

10.1

Apr.

7.2

7 ">

7 05

6 9

6.7

6.7

6.3

C QC

6.0

S

ec

5.9

C QK

c Q

5.85

5.8

May.

S

ec

5.9

5.9

5.9

5 Q

c o

5 Q

C Q

C Q

5.85

5.75

5.7

5.5

June.

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.65

6.1

6.3

6.3

6.4

July.

5.55

5.4

5

9C

5

9

5.35

5.1

5 O

5.1

5.1

5.35

Aug.

5 OK

5.1

5.15

K 3K

5.6

5 Q

6.1

6.0

5.7

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.35

5.3

Sept.

5

qc

5.3

5

0

5

O

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.3

5.3

5.15

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

Oct.

5.0

K K

5.5

5.4

5.4

5 Q

5 7

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.4

Nov.

5

0

5.9

5

0

5.6

5 A

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.6

5.7

Dec.

5.45

5.4

5.4

5.35

5.2

5.1

5.4

5.85

6.15

6.3

6.4

6.4

6.45

6.8

7.1

NOTE. No ice at this station on account of swiftness.

RAQUETTE RIVER BASIN. 

RAQTJETTE RIVER AT MASSE5TA SPRINGS, K. Y.

Raquette River drains a long, narrow basin extending from northern Hamilton County 

to St. Lawrence River. Its sources are on an elevated plateau, dotted with mountains 

interspersed with lakes. The region is timbered, but numerous marsh and swamp areas 

exist, many of which are on the divide and feed streams flowing in opposite directions. 

The lakes of the headwaters afford ample opportunities for storage development.

Observations at the dam of the Hannawa Falls Power Company were taken from September, 1902, to March 31, 1903. The discharge has not been computed.

A gaging station was established at the highway bridge at Massena Springs September 

21, 1903. Observations were continued until October 17, 1903, when the station was 

temporarily abandoned. It was resumed April 9, 1904.

The channel is straight for 300 feet above and 1,000 feet below the bridge, which consists 

of a single span of 167.5 feet. The banks are not subject to overflow. The current is 

swift and uniform.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of the Massena Springs 

highway bridge. The initial point for soundings is the top of the right bridge abutment on 

the upstream side of the bridge.

The gage, which was read during 1905 by G. L. Buffum, consists of a vertical scale 

attached to the right abutment on the upstream side of the bridge. The bench mark is a 

cross painted on the outside downstream corner of the foundation adjacent to the sulphur 

springs; elevation above gage datum, 12.21 feet. The Sunday flow of this stream, like 

many others in this State, is often held back during the low-water season while ponds at 

mills above are being refilled. Where there is extensive pondage of this character the 

resultant effect may be shown in the stream for several days.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 359; 129, pp 120-121.

Discharge: 129, p 121.

Gage heights: 129, p 122.
EAQUETTE EIVEE BASttf. 95

Discharge measurements of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y., in 1905.

Date.

March 31 6.....

Aprillfc. ......

April 2........

April 15. ......

April 18. ......

July 26........

Hydrographer.

D. L. Mott.........................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

.....do.............................

C. C. Covert.......................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

174

173

172

172

172

172

174

172

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,709

1,537

1,744

2,138

2,138

1,709

1,253

 1,128

999

723

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

3.14

3.07

3.57

3.20

3.21

3.63

3.80

3.95

4.22

3.20

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

10.31

8.77

9.73

10.90

10.90

8.53

5.74

5.45

4.84

3.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

5,366

4,714

6,223

6,837

6,858

6,201

4,769

4,452

4,215

2,310

n Measured through ice 2.5 feet thick.

6 Ice gone at bridge, but backwater continued.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..........:..'.

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26...............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

Feb.

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.85

1.85

1.9

1.9

1.85

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.85

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.8

Mar.

1.8

1.9

1.95

2.05

1.9

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.45

1.4

1.3

1.2

Ac

1.1

1.2

1.75

8.25

7.1

6.0

6.4

6.55

7.2

11.65

10.05

9

nK

11.4

Apr.

10.7

6.55

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.85

6.35

5.9

5.6

5.65

5.9

5.9

S.8

5.75

5.4

5.3

4.75

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.7

4.75

4.55

4.5

4.5

4.45

4.4

4 S

May.

4.95

5.15

4.95

4.95

5.15

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.85

5.95

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.6

6

0

S OP:

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.9

K 7

S

o

4 9

4 85

4.8

4.75

4.75

4.85

4 6

June.

4.45

4.3

4.15

3.85

3.75

3.6

3.45

3.05

4.0

4.2

3.5

4.55

4.9

5.45

K O

4 7

4.4

4.85

5.4

5.35

6.7

7 Q^

7 i K

6.65

fi e;

fi e;

6.85

6 9

6 9

July.

7.3

10.55

9.65

8.7

7.8

6.8

6.45

5.95

5.6

5.35

3.95

3.85

3.7

3.65

3

QK

4.0

3.6

4.25

4.4

4.4

3 9

3.4

3.0

3.05

3.3

3.15

3.0

3.5

Aug.

3.55

3.7

3.65

3.3

3.1

3.0

3.2

3.55

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.15

3

n

3 9

4.3

4.6

4.2

3.95

3 A

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.0

3.0

3

1

3.35

Sept.

3.4

3.45

3.45

3.45

3.45

3.75

3.9

3.95

4.0

3.9

4.05

4.05

4.0

4.0

3

QK

3 Q

3.85

3.8

4.1

4.3

4.0

3

n

3.7

3.65

3.5

3.55

3.5

3.5

Oct.

3.3

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.4

3.5

3.35

2.85

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.65

3.1

3.45

3.2

3.3

3.0

2.8

2.95

3.1

3.1

3.7

3.3

2.95

3.1

3.15

2.95

1.95

2.9

2.9

Nov.

2.9

2.8

2.95

3.0

2.7

3.35

3.15

3.15

3.2

3.25

3.3

1.9

3.0

3.0

2.95

3.0

3.05

2.4

2.85

3

rt

2.45

2.55

2.4

1.75

Q 0

2.75

2.4

2.35

,

Dec.

3.2

3.45

1.75

4.3

6.0

6.0

5.8

5.4

5.25

4.4

5.0

6.05

3.95

4.75

5.1

4.0

4.1

3.85

3.8

4.4

5.0

4.35

5.S5

5.5

5.15

4.85

4.45

4.4

4.05

NOTE. River frozen entirely across January 1 to March. 20; March 20-31 ice going out. Daring 

frozen period the gags heights are to the water surface in a hole in the ice.
STKEAM MEAStTKEMENTS IN 1905, PABT VI.

Station rating table for Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y., from April 9, 1904, to

December 31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

190

226

265

310

355

400

445

495

545

595

650

705

760

820

880

940

1,005

1,070

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

1,140

1,210

1,285

1,360

1,435

1,515

1,595

1,680

1,770

1,860

1,950

2,040

2,130

2,220

2,310

2,400

2,490

2,580

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.60

3.70

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10 '

5.20

5.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

2,675

2,770

2,865

2,960

3,055

3,150

3,245

3,340

3,435

3,530

3,625

3,720

3,820

3,920

4,020

4,120

4,220

4,320

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.40

5.50

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

4,420

4,520

4,620

4,720

4,820

4,920

5,020

5,220

5,420

5,620

5,820

6,020

6,220

6,420

6,620

6,820

7,020

NOTE. The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge 

measurements made during 1904-5. It is well denned between gage heights 0.1 foot and 1.9 feet; also 

between 5 feet and 6 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y.,for 1904-5. 

[Drainage area, 1,169 square miles.]

Month.

1904.

July.........................................

190S. 

April 2-30. ..................................

July .........................................

November. ..................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,770 

5,270 

4,820 

2,040 

1,005 

2,580 

3,150 

3,578 

2,400

5,570 

5,020 

6,370 

9,570 

3,625 

3,340 

2,770 

2,445 

5,070

Minimum.

3,150 

3,388 

910 

265 

310 

650 

1,995 

1,105 

1,175

3,340 

3,625 

2,175 

2,130 

2,130 

2,490 

1,248 

1,105 

1,105

Mean.

4,437 

4,257 

.2,694 

978 

605 

1,011 

2,580 

2,125 

1,964

4,257 

4,349 

4,219 

3,929 

2,542 

2,869 

2,167 

1,943 

3,688

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

3.80 

3.64 

2.30 

.837 

.518 

.865 

2.21 

1.82 

1.68

3.64 

3.72 

3.61 

3.36 

2.17 

2.45 

1.85 

1.66 

3.15

Depth in 

inches.

3.11 

4.20 

2.57 

.965 

.597 

.965 

2.55 

2.03 

.562

3.93 

4.29 

4.03 

3.87 

2.50 

2.73 

2.13 

1.85 

3.63

a River frozen December 10-31, 1904.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE. 97

LAKE CHAMPLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN.

DESCRIPTION OF BASIN.

Lake Champlain occupies a long and narrow valley, extending in a north-south direction 

and forming a part of the boundary between New York and Vermont. The elevation of the 

lake is about 95 feet above tide and the water-surface area is 436 square miles.

The drainage basin is irregular in form, being about 75 miles wide from a point opposite 

Middlebury, Vt., northward to the outlet of the lake at Rouse Point, on the international 

boundary. South of Middlebury the average width of the basin is about 35 miles and the 

lake itself is very narrow, forming virtually a drowned river.

The tributary region is rugged and mountainous, mostly covered with forest, and with 

little depth of soil except in the stream valleys. The drainage is received almost entirely 

through large tributaries, there being little direct coast drainage into the lake. The outlet 

of the lake is Richelieu River, which flows northward from Rouse Point to St. Lawrence 

River.

In estimating the run-off from this basin in previous years the drainage area has been 

taken as 7,500 square miles. Maps have recently become available from which the area of 

the lake and its tributary drainage basin have been accurately determined, as shown in the 

following table:

Drainage areas tributary to Lake CJiamplain.

Locality. Area. Total 

area.

Sq. miles. Sq. miles. 

Pike River and adjacent area in Canada.......................................... « 242.0

Missisquoi River in Canada....................................................... & 245.0

Land area in Canada above outlet........................................... .......... « 487.0

Missisquoi River in Vermont...................................................... 6 615.0

(Total Missisquoi River, 860 square miles.) 

Lamoille River.................................................................... & 725.0

Winooski River.................................................................... 6 995.0

Otter Creek........................................................................ 6 935.0

Eastern coast drainage ..........-...-..-.........-..---.--..---.--.--.---.---.---- 6 534. 4

Mettawee, Poultney, and Castletoii rivers in Vermont............................ c 376.0

(Castleton River, 101 square miles.)

Land area in Vermont, except islands .........................---..-..---.- .......... 4,180. 4

(Poultney River, including Castleton River, C 265.8 square miles.) 

Wood Creek....................................................................... c 205.0

(Mettawee River, including Wood Creek, c 427.8 square miles.) 

Mettawee and Poultney rivers in New York...................................... e112.6

Lake George outlet................................................................ 220.1

Bouquet River.................................................................... c 268.9

Ausable River..................................................................... <* 521.3

Little Ausable River.............................................................. d 75.1

Saranac River..................................................................... d 629. 6

Little Chazy River................................................................ c 63.8

Big Chazy River................................................................... <* 299. 4

Western coast drainage........................................................... d 344.6

Land area in New York, except islands..................................... .......... 2,740. 4

Islands............................................................................ C 55.2 55.2

Total land area above outlet................................................ .......... 7,463.0

a From maps of Canadian Geological Survey. Scale: 4 miles = 1 inch.

6 From United States post-route maps. Scale: 12.5 miles = 1 inch.

c From topographic maps of United States Geological Survey. Scale: 1 mile = 1 inch.

d From Bien's Atlas of New York. Scale: 2.5 miles = 1 inch.

e From charts of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Scale: 1:40,000.
98 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Drainage areas tributary to Lake Champlain Continued.

Locality.

(Total Richelieu River, 936.3 square miles.)

Area.

Sq. miles. 

a 16. 5

6 419. 1

o310.0

o626.3

Total 

area.

Sq. miles.

435.6

7,898.6

310.0

8,208.6

626.3

8,834.9

a Prom maps of Canadian Geological Survey. Scala: 4 miles=l inch.

6 From charts of United States Coast and.Geodetic Survey. Scale: 1:40,000.

The land drainage area above Rouse Point is 7,463 square miles. Hence the run-off as 

heretofore computed represents substantially the outflow expressed as depth in inches on 

the land surface. As the precipitation on the lake probably exceeds the evaporation, the 

water surface of the lake, 436 square miles, should be added to the land area and the run-off 

computed for the whole drainage basin, 7,899 square miles.

The daily discharge of the lake has been determined from observations of the depth and 

discharge over the Chambly dam, 35 miles below the head of Richelieu River, made in 1898 

by the United States Board on Deep Waterways. A rating table has been derived from tke 

observations at the Chambly dam and the gage readings taken at Rouse Point. The area 

tributary to the river between Rouse Point and Chambly is 310 square miles, making the 

total drainage basin above Chambly 8,209 square miles.

Arrangements have been made with the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company to 

obtain additional observations to corroborate the rating table.

RICHELIEU RIVER AT FORT MONTGOMERY, B". Y.

A record of the height of Lake Champlain at Rouse Point, at the head of Richelieu River, 

the outlet of the lake, has been kept by the United States Corps of Engineers, beginning in 

1875. Through the courtesy of Capt. Harry Taylor, the gage readings taken by William 

McComb, the fort keeper, at 9 a. m. each day are reported weekly to the United States 

Geological Survey.

The depth of the water is taken on a reference mark on the base of the scarp wall, at the 

north face of bastian B, about 3 feet from the angle with the east curtain of Fort Montgomery. This reference point is l.SOfeet above an assumed zero, and 1.50 is added to the measured depth to determine the gage reading. In winter the depth as the water rises in a hole 

in the ice is commonly taken. On windy days the depth is taken in a well within the fort 

inclosure, by measuring the depth on a flagstone in the bottom of the well.

Elevations at Fort Montgomery, N. T.

Feet above tide. 

Elevation of reference point on scarp wall of Fort Montgomery <z.............................. 94.998

Elevation of gage zero.......................................................................... 93.601

A ssumed high water, Lake Champlain......................................................... 102.611

Assumed low water, Lake Champlain.......................................................... 93.361

The range of rise and fall of the lake is thus seen to be 9.25 feet, representing an available 

storage volume of 6.24 feet on the entire catchment area. A variation in level of 1 foot per 

month is equivalent to a continuous storage or draft at the rate of 4,685 second-feet.

a United States Deep Waterways Report, pt. 1, p. 429.
LAKE CHAM^PLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN. 99

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 82, p 77; 97, p 340; 129, p 125. 

Discharge, daily: 82, p 78; 97, ? 342; 129, pp 126-127. 

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 343; 120, p 127. 

Gage heights: 129, p 126.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Richelieu Siver at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1.. ............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8.... ..........

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22. .............

23..............

24. .............

25..............

36..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

1.3

1.28

1.25

1.2

1.25

1.25

1.35

1.35

1.4

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.43

1.48

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.38

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.S3

1.3

F«b.

1.32

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.28

1.3

1.33

1.3

1.28

1.3

1 91

1.25

1.28

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.3

1.3

1.28

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.23

1.28

Mar.

1.15

1.15

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.2

1.15

1.2

1.2

1.1S

1.15

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.35

 1.3

1.35

1.5

1.7

1.85

2.05

2,2

2.85

3.2

3.55

3.95

4.45

Apr.

4.9

5.0

5 03

5.1

5. Of

5.15

5.25

5.3

S.35

5.5

5.2

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.3

5.15

5.0

5.05

5.6

6.15

4.9

4.95

4.8

4.85

5.2

4.4

May.

4.5

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.7

4.35

4.3

4.35

4.3

4.2

4.25

4 o

4.0

4.05

4.0

4.1

4.05

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.65

3.75

3.75

3.7

3.5

3.5

3.45

3.35

June.

3.35

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.05

3.15

3.0

3.05

3.1

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.1

3.35

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.2

S. 1

3.2

3.25

3.3

July.

3.35

3.4

3.6

3.85

4.1

4.0

3.95

3.9

3.8

3.75

8.7

3.7

3.6

3.7

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.45

3.4

3.38

3.45

3.48

3.4

3.25

3.06

3.05

3.1

2.95

S. 15

3.27

Amg.

3.5

3.55

3.8

3.75

3.8

3.75

3.7

3.55

3.55

3.5

3.55

$.45

3.3

3.35

3.2

3.3

3.35

3.4

3.4

3.35

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.85

3.95

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.8

2.75

Sept.

2.8

2.75

3.0

2.9

S.65

3.15

S.2

3.38

3.35

3.3

3.35

3.25

3.1

3.0

3.25

3.15

3.25

3.S

3.15

3.4

3.5

3.65

3.S

3.55

3.5

3.55

3.5

3.35

3.3

3.2

Get.

3.25

3.3

3.2

3.35

3.05

2.9

3.05

2.9

2.8

2.85

3.1

3.3

2.7

2.8

2.85

2.6

3.05

2.5

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.6

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.35

2.25

2.2

2.3

Nov.

2.1

2.05

2.1

2.05

2.1

2.25

2.3

2.25

2.1

2.4

2.2

9 1

2.0

2.75

2.25

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.8

1.95

2.05

1.95

2.15

1.9

1.85

1.6

1.8

2.1

1.75

Dec.

1.85

2 1

1.95

1.9

2.15

2.2

2.1

2.15

2.1

2.0

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.05

2.05

2.1

2.05

2.0

1.95

2.0

2.1

1.95

2.0

2.0

2.05

2.0

2.05

2.0

2.05

2.1

NOTE. February 1, lake frozen from shore to shore; ice 15 to 22 inches at different places on the lake 

February 10, ice 18 to 20 inches thick. February 25, top of ice 1.35 feet; thickness of ice at gage, 18 inehes. 

March 10, top of ice,1.25feet; thickness of ice at gage, 23 inehes. March 17, top of ice, 1.25 feet; thickness 

of ioe at gage, 15 inches.
100 STEEAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PAKT VI.

Station rating table for Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,from January 1 to December 31, 1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

0.00

.10

.20

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

3,300

3,640

3,980

4,320

4,660

5,000

5,340

5,680

6,020

6,360

6,700

7,040

7,380

7,720

8,060

8,400

8,740

9,080

9', 420

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

3.60

3.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

9,760

10,100

10,440

10,780

11,120

11,460

11,800

12,160

12,520

12,880

13,240

13,600

13,980

14,360

14,740

15, 120

15,500

15,880

16,260

Gage 

height.

Feet.

3.80

3.90

4.00

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

"4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

16,640

17,020

17,400

17,820

18,240

18,660

19,080

19,500

19,940

20,380

20,820

21,260

21,700

22,180

22,660

23,140

23,620

24,100

Gage 

height.

Feet.

5.60

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

7.40

7.60

7.80

8.00

8.20

8.40

8.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

24,620

25,140

25,660

26,180

26,700

27, 860

29,020

30,220

31,460

32,700

34,020

35,340

36,700

38,100

39,500

40,980

42,460

43,940

The above table is based on measurements made at Chambly dam in 1898 by the U. S. Board on 

Deep Waterways.

Estimated monthly discharge of Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 7,750 square miles.]

Month.

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,332 

7,822 

19,290 

24,100 

20,380 

14,930 

17, 820 

17, 310 

16,070 

14,930 

12,700 

10, 780

24,100

Minimum.

7,380 

7,380 

7,040 

19,080 

14,930 

13,420 

13,420 

12,700 

12,700 

10,780 

8,740 

9,590

7,040

Mean.

7,890 

7,608 

9,233 

22,300 

17,490 

14,140 

15,500 

15,030 

14, 550 

12, 410 

10,060 

10,250

13,040

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

1.02 

.982 

1.19 

2.88 

2.26 

1.82 

2.00 

1.94 

1.88 

1.60 

1.30 

1.32

1.68

Depth in 

inches.

1.18 

1.02 

1.37 

3.21 

2.61 

2.03 

2.31 

2.24 

2.10 

1.84 

1.45 

1.52

22.88

NOTE. Discharge not affected by ice conditions on tho lake.
LAKE CHAMPLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN. 101

BIG CHAZY RIVER.

Big Chazy River is tributary to Lake Champlain from the New York side near the north 

end of the lake, a few miles below Rouse Point. The stream has two chief upper branches, 

which rise in the rugged, precipitous region of western Clinton County, flow in a general 

northeasterly direction, and unite at Mooers Forks. The flow of the branches above the 

junction is comparatively rapid, the descent being made in many places over smooth, 

sluice-like inclines. The source of the south branch is Chaay Lake, which was formerly 

used as a storage reservoir. Owing to the cutting of the timber and to the lower cost of 

iron materials, factories along the branches of this stream have gone out of business, and 

there are several abandoned dams.

Below Mooers Forks the main stream flows southeastward, then northeastward, and 

then southeastward again to the lake, a distance of 20 miles measured along its general 

course, descending in this distance from an elevation of 300 feet to 100 feet. The country 

is moderately rolling, and the river bed, which is shallow, is underlain by Potsdam sandstones. These sandstones also extend beneath the two main branches nearly to the headwaters of the stream. The soil, which covers the sandstone to a very slight depth over 

the greater portion of the area, is sandy and loamy, and the ground is chiefly utilized for 

pasturage. Numerous areas of bog and marsh exist, though the tributaries of the river 

are rather sparse. The conformation of the greater part of the drainage basin is conducive 

to moderate floods, except when influenced by ice, and to a low run-off during the dry 

season. A small part of the drainage area below the junction lies in Canada.

A measurement of the spring freshet discharge April 25, 1899, was made by the United 

States Deep Waterways engineers at Lake Champlain, 6 miles above the mouth of the 

stream. The discharge was found to be 1,038 second-feet, equivalent to 4 second-feet per 

square mile from the tributary drainage area of 257 square miles.

Current-meter measurements of the discharge in the two branches at highway bridges a 

few miles above the junction were made by Robert E. Horton, September 1, 1905, as 

follows: The south branch, at Wood Falls, discharge 74 second-feet, equivalent to 0.895 

second-foot per square mile from the tributary drainage area of 83 square miles; the north 

branch, at bridge above Park Creek, discharge 62 second-feet, equivalent to 0.65 secondfoot per square mile from a tributary drainage area of 94 square miles.

A timber dam, having an upstream face with an inclination of 4.5 horizontal to 1 vertical 

and a horizontal crest 125 feet long, was constructed in 1904 at Mooers Junction, on Big 

Chazy River. The drainage area at this point is 202.6 square miles. A gage has been 

placed at this dam, and the discharge has been determined as follows: Spring freshet of 

1905, discharge 3,680 second-feet, or 18.1 second-feet per square mile; summer freshet of 

1905, discharge 4,830 second-feet, or 23.84 second-feet per square mile. September 1, 1905, 

the flow at the dam was approximately 68 second-feet. The stream was very low at this 

date, but was not at its minimum stage.

The drainage areas tributary to the river are shown in the following table:

Drainage areas of Big Chazy River.

Point of measurement. Area.

Sq. miles.

61.0

9.0

11.0

5.8

96.4

Total 

area.

Sq. miles. 

2.1

22.1

83.1

92.1

93.7

104.7

1§6.8

202.6

299.0
102 S1REAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI

8ARA1STAC RIVER NEAR PLATTSBTJRG, N. Y.

Saranac River rises in southeastern Franklin County, N. Y., and flows northeastward to 

a point near fiadyville and thence eastward into Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. The southern boundary of the basin is the Ampersand Mountain range, and the stream drains the 

north slope of the most elevated region of the State of New York. About 16.2 per cent of 

the upper drainage area is water surface. The areas tributary to the river are shown in 

the following table:

Drainage areas of Saranac River.a

Location.

Above Franklin Falls. .............................................................

Above High Falls .................................................................

Area.

Sq. miles.

44.9

104.3

136.6

19.6

74.6

2.9

2.0

26.1

5.6

Total 

area.

Sq. miles. 

137.5

202.4

306.7

136.6

498.8

518.4

593.0

595.9

597.9

624.0

629.6

« From Bien's Atlas of New York.

In 1854 a timber dam was built below Lower Saranac Lake for the purpose of flooding 

logs. In 1899-1901 a masonry dam and lock were erected by the State at this point, raising 

the water level of Lower Saranac Lake 18 indies.

A gaging station was established at the dam of the Plattsburg Electric Light and Power 

Company, 6 miles above Plattsburg, March 17, 1903.

The record includes the flow over a straight spillway crest 171.25 feet in length, the 

discharge through two 5-foot waste gates when open, and the discharge through five 33- 

inch Victor turbines controlled by automatic governors. The gages are read and the 

record is furnished by A. E. Hare. Experiments have been made at Cornell University 

hydraulic laboratory on a model of the ogee section of the dam, from which coefficients 

have been derived for the calculation of the discharge.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 355; 129, pp 128-129.

Discharge, daily: 97, p 356; 129, p 129.'

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 356; 129, p 130.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1... ...........

2..............

3.... ..........

4..............

S... ...........

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10. .............

11..............

12. .............

Jan.

186

800

565

343

487

100

507

537

347

277

Feb.

337

334

297

234

1 4Q

AtY7

268

360

293

148

Mar.

490

242

OKI

462

514

484

4A9

OK4

18f

Apr.

1,401

1,370

1,468

1 97R

1 246

i i sn

i 070

2.033

May.

1 QftQ

1 542

1 #2ft

i £4fi

1 3S9.

1.222

June.

943

938

980

1,134

Q74

QrtO

QKQ

1,012

1 179

1,267

1,267

1.627

July.

1,604

3,682

2,833

2,127

1,681

1 129

1 R9^

1,477

1,366

1 ic\7

1 ftQ5

1.128

Aug.

2,543

1,595

1,640

1,029

070

716

QKA

ftQQ

800

700

448

Sept.

954

924

998

1,623

1 Q7R

1 R^?R

1 R9Q

1 789

1,636

1 ^4^

1 1QQ

999

Oct.

558

614

821

835

762

fiQI

KCO

EAO

4Q9

coe

767

Nov.

521

7^1

797

800

cce

867

071

904

1,084

004

715

Dec.

702

756

953

769

710

7OQ

865

7Q1

445?

758
LAKE CHAMPLAIN DEAINAGH BASII*. 103

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y.,for 1905 Continued.

Day.

13... ...........

14.. . ...........

15. .............

16..............

17.. ............

18..............

19..............

20. .............

21. .............

22..............

23. .............

24. --.-.........

25. .............

26..............

27. .............

28

29..............

30. .............

01

Jam.

308

384

244

438

604

288

342

452

325

135

382

308

265

399

259

492

194

455

432

Feb.

563

430

322

379

457

448

197

503

416

316

414

395

539

424

522

Mar.

340

385

348

689

304

521

2,743

2,190

1,674

1,479

1,416

1,561

2,288

2,343

2,941

2,519

9 Q°.9

3,589

A 1QQ

Apr.

1,867

1,530

1,473

1,108

973

1,003

931

1,027

1,001

1,293

1,741

1,417

1,480

1,264

1 160

i ^4n

975

May.

1,220

1,240

1,289

1,545

1,654

1,581

1,288

1,180

QQ4

813

761

964

844

1,006

984

959

June.

1,577

1,461

1,342

1,286

1,134

1,266

1,441

1 649

i 470

1,185

1,549

1,770

1,627

1,609

July.

1,154

962

1,012

825

1,001

1,084

1,831

QCQ

794

511

CCQ

587

CAO

7KK

1 405

4,189

Aug.

430

721

J16

1,783

1,740

1,462

1,334

737

CM£

747

69?

485

488

653

991

Sept.

995

909

1,006

955

817

1,512

1,870

1,654

1,506

1,459

1,155

866

924

856

774

772

7*q

Oct.

901

876

815

854

909

700

811

Q1 A.

876

749

S&A

587

^17

OQJ

538

Nov.

912

886

741

857

836

769

378

622

71 Q

716

716

675

637

726

687

1,075

Dec.

540

406

24C

' '63£

51«

683

686

7JK

766

534

864

914

784

655

CQK

765

679

Estimated monthly discharge of Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 624 square mfles.]

Month.

July.............----.-.-......--.-......----

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

800 

563 

4,199 

2,970 

1,709 

1,871 

4,189 

2,543 

1,978 

999 

1,154 

953

4,199

Minimum.

100 

148 

187 

931 

761 

908 

511 

419 

722 

234 

378 

246.

100

Mean.

370 

363 

, 1,261 

1,403 

1,261 

1,322 

1,386 

961 

1,219 

703 

766 

«80

975

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

O.S92 

.581 

2.02 

2.24 

2.02 

2.12 

2.22 

1.54 

1.95 

1.12 

1.22 

1.09

1.56

Depth in 

inches.

0.682 

.605 

2.33 

2.50 

2.33 

2.36 

2.56 

1.78 

2.18 

1.29 

1.36 

1.36

21.24

LAKE GEORGE OUTLET AT TICONDEROGA, N. Y.

Lake George occupies a valley extending in a northeast-southwest direction, between 

Schroon River on the west and the south arm of Lake Champlain on the east. The lake 

has an arerage width of from 1 to 2 miles, contains numerous islands, and kas precipitous, 

forest-covered slopes reaching to the shore on either side. The inflow is through small 

tributaries in deep-cut gullies on the side slopes. The lake lies at an elevation of 323 feet 

above tide, and the adjacent hills rise to elevations ranging between 1,200 and 2,000 feet 

within 1 to 2 miles of the lake margin. Outside of the main lake there is but little water 

surface within the drainage basin. The total area tributary to the lake above its outlet is 

220 square miles, 20.5 per cent (45 square miles) of which is water surface. " 

a The drainage basin of Lake George is shown on the Glens Falls, Bolton, Whitehall, Ticonderoga, 

and adjacent topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey.
104 STEBAM MEASUEEMENTS IN 1905, PAET VI.

The outlet of Lake George is a stream 3 miles long, entering Lake Champlain at Fort 

Ticonderoga. This stream leaves Lake George at a distance of 1.5 miles from Lake Champlain and at an elevation 220 feet greater. It makes an abrupt bend, in which occur, 

naturally, several cascades over rock. The water power is at present developed by dams 

located successively along the stream, the uppermost dam controlling the outflow from 

Lake George.

A gaging station was established August 24, 1904, at the "B" mill of the International 

Paper Company at Ticonderoga. This is the second dam below Lake George.

The dam is of masonry, is without leakage, and has a horizontal crest 6 feet in breadth 

and substantially level.

Observations of the depth on the crest of the dam and in the tailrace are taken four 

times each day by C. E. Carpenter. The discharge through the turbines is determined 

from current-meter measurements in the tailrace below the pulp mill.

A description of this station, with gage height and discharge data, is contamed in 

Water-Supply Paper No. 129, United States Geological Survey, pages 133-134.

Discharge measurements of Lake George outlet a at Ticonderoga, N. Y., in 1905.

Date. Hydrographer.

R. E. Ilorton....... ___._...____...

Width.

Feet. 

31

31

Area of 

section.

8q. ft. 

155

158

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

2.20

2.15

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.60

2.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

342

341

«Tailrace International Paper Company's "B " mill. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Lake George outlet at Ticonderoga, N. Y.,for 1904-

Day.

1............

2............

3............

4............

5............

6............

7. ...........

8............

9............

10............

11............

12.............

IS............

14............

15............

16............

Aug. Sept.

200

193

200

34

12

208

215

226

228

214

31

202

222

223

242

Oct.

51

254

241

84

179

197

258

235

238

Nov.

311

313

319

307

304

53

260

9 co

260

264

36

227

OOfi

283

Dec.

00 K

238

36

1 4?

914

46

160

193

205

9H9

202

Day.

17............

18............

19

20............

99

24............

26............

97

28. ...........

29............

30............

Q1

Aug.

228

194

186

192

16

205

203

Sept.

246

231

260

263

43

151

255

249

261

252

Oct.

242

227

223

242

34

185

302

298

290

320

275

77

243

Nov.

971

272

247

25

198

272

268

251

261

235

34

202

241

244

,

Dec.

199

46

17«

199

185

202

214

162

100

97

155

217

241

202

199

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Lake George outlet at Ticonderoga, N. Y.,for 1905.

Day.

1. .............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

Jan.

65

174

173

203

200

221

Feb.

174

172

174

176

189

Mar.

188

179

177

70

149

169

Apr.

Q4Q

4Q

309

438

438

472

May.

OOQ

COO

514

533

100

June.

438

411

442

106

430

419

July.

445

80

302

430

438

Aug.

445

438

453

430

70

308

Sept.

358

80

229

346

349

Oct.

84

353

361

353

355

358

Nov.

542

314

331

324

41

232

321

Dec.

263

254

60

177

235

247

241
LAKE CHAMPLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN. 105

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Lake George outlet at Ticonderoga, N. Y.,for 1905 Con.

Day.

8..............

9..............

10. .............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18. .............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26. .............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

84

172

223

222

205

214

211

56

163

221

217

221

223

213

68

153

217

212

205

223

193

151

196

Feb.

182

179

174

185

168

177

188

185

167

179

 165

190

182

178

182

177

70

141

185

Mar.

167

153

177

133

62

139

182

182

174

168

190

60

136

174

177

182.

182

215

70

164

244

260

337

Apr.

438

53

351

497

487

445

461

456

70

308

438

449

462

476

487

62

333

528

524

529

515

May.

355

488

512

515

488

472

-82

302

430

445

438

438

429

94

298

446

453

434

445

438

80

317

404

430

June.

430

449

449

84

319

445

445

445

445

405

113

290

434

438

408

438

450

97

286

415

423

426

438

July.

449

72

224

426

411

407

401

434

90

304

413

438

430

434

438

70

307

430

434

442

434

434

80

301

Aug.

456

415

335

434

442

90

274

383

413

392

399

387

70

250

356

362

362

359

367

90

245

350

324

349

Sept.

342

351

80

278

356

349

342

356

344

144

225

360

336

349

331

355

94

269

358

362

361

354

369

Oct.

97

292

358

353

348

349

349

56

251

343

335

328

324

321

75

212

307

321

317

321

311

46

238

329

Nov.

328

321

328

338

56

193

267

300

287

307

304

56

174

214

232

244

247

273

48

185

267

251

241

Dec.

217

260

60

190

241

241

244

254

260

80

182

244

247

247

244

257

60

24

180

247

241

254

244

60

Estimated monthly discharge of Lake George outlet at Ticonderoga, N. Y.,for 1904-5. 

[Drainage area, 220 square miles.] 

Month.

1904. 

August 24-31 ................................

October (30 days) ...........................

1905.

June............................... ......

July.........................................

August ......................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

228 

263 

320 

336 

241

223 

193 

361 

529 

533 

449 

449 

456 

369 

361 

342 

263

Minimum.

16 

12 

34 

25 

36

56 

70 

60 

48 

80 

84 

70 

70 

80 

46 

41 

24

Mean.

178 

199 

223 

233 

187

181 

173 

174 

377 

396 

370 

336 

338 

303 

281 

246 

202

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

0.809 

.905 

1.01 

1.06 

.850

.823 

.786 

.791 

1.71 

1.80 

1.C8 

1.53 

1.54 

1.38 

1.28 

1.12 

.918

Depth in 

inches.

0.241 

.976 

1.13 

1.18 

.980

.949 

.731 

.912 

1.91 

2.08 

1.87 

1.76 

1.78 

1.49 

1.48 

1.25 

1.06
106 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

OTTER CREEK AT MIDDLEBTJRY, VT.

Otter Creek rises in the northern part of Bennington County, Vt., flows northward, and 

enters Lake Champlain about 6 miles northwest of Vergennes. It drains a total area of 

925 square miles, all in Vermont, and of this 615 square miles are above Middlebury. 

Large tracts on the headwaters of the river are in forest. The slope of the river between 

Rutland and Middlebury is very small, but between Middlebury and the mouth it is greater. 

The slopes of the tributary streams are generally steep. Storage in the basin is insignificant.

A gaging station was established April 1, 1963, by H. K. Barrows. It is located at the 

railway bridge about ome-half mile south of the railway station at Middlebury, Vt.

The channel is curved for about 300 feet above the station and straight for 200 feet below. 

The current is sluggish at low stages. Both banks are fairly high and do not overflow. 

The bed of the stream is composed of sand and gravel. The channel is constant. There 

is a dam 800 feet below the station, which is used for power purposes. The water, however, never falls below the crest of this dam.

Discharge measurements are made from a boat just below the railway bridge, or at the 

Middlebury stone-arch highway bridge just above the dam.

A standard chain gage is fastened to the lower downstream chord of the railway bridge; 

length of chain, 27.52 feet. During 1905 the gage was read twice each day by R. P. Bingham. The benoh mark is the top of the south bolt of the bridge seat at the north abutment, downstream side; elevation, 20.08 feet above the datum of the gage.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Surrey:

Description: 97, p 353; 129, p 139. 

Discharge: 97, p 363; 129, p 139. 

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 355; 129, p 141. 

Gage heights: 97, p 354; 129, pp 139-140. 

Rating table; 97, p 354; 129, p 140.

Discharge measurements of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt., in 1905.

Date.

AprillOa......

April 10 6 ......

May 12«. ......

Hydrographer.

Butterfleld and Brett ..............

A. D. Butterfleld. .................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

G. M. Brett........................

Width.

Feet. 

120

120

120

120

189

120

118

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

597

711

768

581

1,520

367

334

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

6.30

6.89

7.24

S.45

2.26

3.73

2.83

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

15.65

16.72

17.22

15.52

15.50

13.40

12.90

Discharge.

Sec.-fl. 

3,760

4,900

5,560

3,750

3,430

1,370

946

« From arch bridge. & From railroad bridge.
LAKE CHAMPLAIN DRAINAGE BASIN. 107

Daily gage height, infect, of Otter Creek at Middlebury, Vt.,for 1905.

Day.

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7.. ............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19.............. 

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

12.0

12.65

12.3

12.25

Feb.

12.2

12.2

12.35

12.4

Mar.

12.35

12.3

14.15

15.0

15.5

Apr.

16.7

17.0

17.3

17.25

16.9

16.5

16.0

15.8

15.55

15.25

15.15

15.1

15.1

14.9

14.6

14.1

13.6 

13.3

13.35

14.25

14.4

14.1

13.8

13.4

13.4

13.4

13.4

May.

13.4

13.3

13.2

13.2

13.3

13.3

13.3

13.25

13. 15

13.15

12.85

12.8

13.05

13.15

13.0

12.9 

12.9

12.9

12.7

12.6

12.5

12.4

12.4

12.45

12.4

12.3

June.

12.3

12.2

12.25

12.4

12.3

12.6

101

13.15

13.15

12.9

12.7

12.85

12.95

12.5

12.5

13.1

13. 55 

13.9

13.6

14.3

14.5

14.45

14.0

13.75

14.5

'l4.5

14.2

13.75

July.

13.4

14.0

14.7

14.6

14.2

13.65

10 0

13.1

12.9

12.7

12.6

12.5

12.4

12.7

12.0

12.4

12.4

12.5 

12.5

12.4

12.3

12.3

12.0

12.3

12.45

12.5

12.4

12.35

12.65

14.6

Aug.

14.8

14.75

14.5

13.95

13.4

12.95

12.7

12.7

12.9

12.6

12.7

12.7

12.7

13.0

13.75

13.55

13.2 

12.85

12.6

12.6

12.5

12.45

12.4

12.4

12.3

12.15

12.3

12.3

12.65

Sept.

12.75

12.65

13.25

14.25

14.45

14.4

14.0

13.5

13.05

12.85

12.9

13.1

I9 95

12.8

12. 75

13.3

14.6 

14.8

14.95

14.9

14.85

14.6

14.2

13.65

13.4

13.2

12.95

12.9

Oct.

12.8

12.7

12.65

12.65

12.6

12.6

12.4

12.3

12.3

12.3

12.4

12.8

12.9

12.65

12.55

12.5

12.5 

12.55

12.7

12.8

12.7

12.65

12.6

12.5

12.5

12.4

12.4

12.3

12.4

Nov.

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.4

12.75

10 1

13.3

13.1

19 Q

12.7

12.6

12.6

12.5

12.55

12.5

12.5 

12.3

12.3

12.3

12.3

12.3

12.3

12.4

12.45

12.5

12.5

13.55

Dec.

to 7

11 d

14.1

14.0

10 Q

13.75

13,6

10 0

101

10 I

12.9

12.65

12.85

NOTE. River frozen January 1 to March 24; clear of ice March 29, and frozen again December 15-31. 

During frozen season gage heights were read to the surface of the water in a hole cut in the ice. The 

following comparative readings were taken:

Date. Water 

surface.

Feet. 

12.6

12.3

12.65

12.3

12.25

12.2

12.2

12.35

12.4

12.35

12.3

12.3

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

12.7

12.35

12.65

12.3

12.4

12.35

12.4

12.5

12.5

12.45

12.5

12.5

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

0.8

1.1

1.0

1.0

.9

1.1

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.7

Ice began to break March 24 and went out March 29. December 22 and 29 water flowed on top of ice; 

iee was estimated 0.2 foot thick.

IRR 170 06 8
108 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

WISTOOSKI RIVER AT RICHMOND, VT.

The headwaters of Winooski River lie in the Green Mountain district in the eastcentral part of Vermont; thence the stream flows in a general northwesterly direction 

into Lake Champlain near Burlington. The total area drained is 995 square miles. Considerable areas in the upper part of the basin are in forest. The storage, either artificial 

or natural, is insignificant. , A gaging station was established June 25, 1903, by H. K. Barrows, at the steel highway 

bridge one-fourth mile south of the railway station at Richmond, Vt.

The channel is straight for 100 feet above and 1,000 feet below the station and is about 

175 feet wide. The banks are about 8 to 15 feet high, and overflow during very high 

water. The bed of the stream is of sand and rocks and is permanent. The current is 

medium except at low water.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge. The initial point for soundings 

is at the top of the right abutment, downstream side. Gagings at low stages are made 

by wading at a point 2,500 feet upstream from the bridge, where the bed is of gravel and 

the current swift. A standard chain gage is fastened to the downstream side of the bridge; 

length of chain, 29.61 feet. During 1905 the gage was read twice each day by George 

Champang.

It is referred to bench marks as follows: On top of plate near the north end of the 

gage bo^t elevation, 28.76 feet. A marked point on the west end of the south abutment; elevation, 27.42 feet. Elevations are above gage datum.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the following Water-Supply Papers 

of the United States Geological Survey:

Description: 97, p 348; 129, p 141.

Discharge: 97, p 348; 129, p 141.

Discharge, monthly: 97, p 350; 129, p 143.

Gage heights: 97, p 349; 129, p 142.

Rating table: 97, p 349; 329, p 143.

Discharge measurements of WinoosTci River at Richmond, Vt., in 1905. 

Date.

April 3. ........

May ]3.........

Hydrographer.

.....do.............................

A. D. Butterfleld. .................

.....do.............................

Width.

Feet. 

75

75

182

179

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

109

114

1,550

1,100

Mean 

velocity.

Ft. per sec. 

1.89

2.30

1.98

1.07

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

65.45

e*5.58

6.65

4.97

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

206

262

3,070

1,180

o Average thickness of ice at gaging section, 2.07 feet. Average distance from water surface to bottom 

of ice, 1.71 feet at gaging section.

6 Gage height to top of ice, 5.65 feet. Ice 2.95 feet thick.

c Average distance water surface to bottom of ice, 1.86 feet. Average thickness of ice at gaging section, 2.23 feet.

d Gage height to top of ice, 5.78 feet. Ice 2.95 feet thick.
LAKE CHAMPLAIN DEAINAGE BASIN. 109

Daily gage height, in feet, of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1905.

Day.

1. .............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22.......'.......

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

Jan.

5.4

5.5

5.35

Feb.

5.3

5.3

Mar.

5.5

5.45

5.7

11.0

8.8

7.8

7.65

11.15

9.55

9.7

9.8

10.2

12.1

Apr.

8.6

7.1

6.55

6.3

7 45

7.6

7.3

6.7

6.35

7.2

7.6

7.2

6.8

6.4

6.05

5.9

5.7

5.5

5.6

6.7

8.4

6.8

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.9

5.95

6.0

6.1

May.

5.8

5.55

5.6

6.3

5.9

5.7

5.7

5.55

5.5

f, 4

<; 9

4.9

4.9

5.35

5.85

5.55

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.0

4.85

4.7

4.6

4.7

7.15

5.9

5.3

5.05

4 9

June.

4.9

4.8

5.45

5 OK

5.1

6.15

5.8

5.25

^ le;

4 QC;

^ 9

5.95

6.3

5.95

4.95

5.1

5.25

4.9

^ nz

5.35

5.5

5.1

4.8

4.5

4.7

6.4

5.65

5.5

5.0

July.

4.7

8.7

8.9

6.55

5.8

5.35

5.1

4.85

4 65

4 ^

4 65

4.5

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.95

4.8

4.85

4 9

4 tt

4 4

4.3

4.2

4.3

4.25

4.4

4.4 .

4.25

6.5

10.8

Aug.

7.95

6.5

5.55

5.1

4.85

4.95

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.65

4.5

4.4

4.45

4.2

4.2

7.0

6.45

5.3

4.95

4 7

4.65

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.25

4.45

4.15

4.4

6.5

Sept.

5.7

5.2

5.1

8.75

7.25

6.4

6.2

5.7

<; 9^

4.95

4.8

4.95

5.15

5.0

4.85

4.65

5.05

9.0

9.6

8.05

6.6

6.05

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.0

5.1

4.95

4.75

Oct.

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.55

4.5

4.4

4.4

4 ^

5.9

5.55

5.35

4.95

4.95

4.8

4.7

4.7

5.0

4.85

4.7

5.05

5.2

4.9

4.75

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.5

4.5

Nov.

4.8

5.0

4.85

4.8

5.0

4.95

5.4

5.55

5.2

5.1

4.9

4.8

5.4

5.65

5.15

5.1

5.2

4.85

4.75

4.7

4.6

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.95

5.2

5.05

4.9

4.7

7.1

Dec.

5.3

5.1

5.5

a7

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.15

4.9

5.35

4.95

NOTE. River frozen January 1 to about March 19 and again December 11-31. During the frozen season 

gage heights were read to the surface of the water in a hole cut m the ice. The following comparative 

readings were taken:

Date.

March 3 ...............................................................

March 17. ...............................................................

Water 

surface.

Feet. 

5.4

5.5

5.55

5.35

5.3

5.4

5.3

5.25

5.5

5.45

5.7

4.9

5.35

4.95

Top of 

ice.

Feet. 

5.45

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.65

5.65

5.75

5.25

5.05

5.15

Thickness of 

ice.

Feet. 

1.9

2.1

2.15

2.4

2.5

2.55

2.7

2.7

3.05

3.1

2.8

0.1

0.7

0.95

1.1

o Frozen over. Water flowing on top of ice.
110 STREAM MEASUREMENTS IN 1905, PART VI.

Station rating table for Winooslci River at Richmond, Vt.,from January 1 to December 31,

1905.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.10

4.20

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

368

430

497

570

651

739

833

932

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.40

5.50

5.60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,035

1,141

1,250

1,360

1,470

1,580

1,695

1,810

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.70

5.80

5.90

6.00

6.10

6.20

6.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,925

2,040

2,160

2,280

2,400

2,520

2,040

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

6.80

6.90

7.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,765

2,890

3,015

3,140

3,265

3,390

3,520

The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on four discharge measurements made during 1904-5 and on form of 1904 curve. It is fairly well defined between gage heights 

4.1 fest and 7.0 feet.

Estimated monthly discharge of Winooslci River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1905. 

[Drainage area, 885 square miles.]

Month.

March 19-31 .................................

May.........................................

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

11,100 

5,670 

3,715 

2,765 

9,010 

4,760 

7,130 

2,160 

3,650 

3,140

Minimum.

4,365 

1,695 

739 

651 

430 

399 

786 

570 

739 

1,250

Mean.

7,662 

3,065 

1,589 

1,515 

1,542 

1,202 

2,240 

940 

1,213 

1,762

Run-off.

Second-feet 

per square 

mile.

8.66 

3.46 

1.80 

1.71 

1.74 

1.36 

2.53 

1.06 

1.37 

1.99

Depth in 

inches.

4.19 

3.86 

2.08 

1.91 

2.01 

1.57 

2.82 

1.22 

1.53 

0.74
INDEX.

Acknowledgments..........................

Acre-foot, dejnition of.....................

Albion, Mich.:

Reed's springs near;

description......................... 24

gage heights........................ 25

Allegan, Mich.,

Kalamazoo River near:

description......................... 22-23

discharge, daily..................... 23

discharge, monthly................. 24

Alpena, Mich.,

Thunder Bay River near:

description......................... 36

discharge, daily.................... 37

discharge, monthly................. 37

Au Sable River at 

Bamfleld, Mich.:

description......................... 38

discharge........................... 38

discharge, monthly................. 40

gage heights........................ 39

rating table........................ 39

Baldwinsville, N. Y., 

Seneca River at:

description......................... 76-77

discharge, daily..................... 77

discharge, monthly................. 78

Bamfield, Mich.,

Au Sable River near:

description......................... 38

discharge........................... 38

discharge, monthly................. 40

gage heights......................... 39

rating table......................... 39

Battle Island, N. Y., 

Oswego River at:

description......................... 74

discharge, monthly................. 76

gage heights........................ 75

rating table......................... 76

Belgium, N. Y., 

Seneca River at:

discharge........................... 78

Big Chazy River:

description............................. 101

drainage areas.......................... 101

near Mooers Junction:

discharge............................ 101

near mouth (6 miles above)

discharge........................... 101

Big Chazy River, North Branch, at 

bridge above Park Creek:

discharge........................... 101

Big Chazy River, South Branch, at 

Wood Falls:

discharge........................... 101

Black River, N. Y., nearFelts Mills:

description......................... 87

discharge, daily.................... I 88

discharge, monthly................. 88

Black River basin, N. Y.:

description......................... 86

Black River canal near 

Boonville, N. Y.:

discharge........................... 87

Black River, Ohio, near 

Elyria:

description......................... 59

discharge........................... 59

Boonville, N. Y.,

Black River canal near:

discharge........................... 87

Buchanan, Mich ,

St. Joseph River near:

description......................... 20-21

discharge, daily..................... 21

discharge, monthly................. 22

Cable station, figure showing............... 8

Canadice Lake, N. Y.:

area and elevation of................... 65

Canadice Lake outlet near 

Hemlock, N. Y.:

description......................... 71

discharge, monthly................. 71-72

Canaseraga Creek nearMount Morris, N. Y.-

discharge........................... 68

Cayuga Lake at 

Ithaca, N. Y.:

description......................... 78

gage heights........................ 78

Champlain, Lake:

areas tributary to...................... 97-98

description of basin.................... 97

Chateaugay River, N. Y.:

description............................. 92

near Ormstown:

discharge..........--...-...-------- 92

Chittenango Creek at 

Chittenango, N. Y.:

description......................... 82-83

discharge........................... 83

discharge, monthly................. 84

' gage heights........................ 83

rating table..........---.- ...... 84

Computation, rules for.........------ ----- 4-5

111
112 INDEX.

Cuba reservoir, N. Y.: Page, 

storage volume of...................... 65

Current meters, classes of.................. 8

methods of using....................... 9-10

Cuyahoga River at 

'Independence, Ohio:

description......................... 59-60

discharge........................... 60

discharge, monthly................. 62

gage heights.......-..-.--.--.-..... 60-61

rating table......................... 61

Dejance, Ohio,

Tiffin River near:

description......................... 5t>

discharge........................... 56

discharge, monthly................. 58

gage heights......................... 57

rating table......................... 58

Dexter, Mich.,

Huron River at:

description......................... 44

discharge........................... 44

gage heights........................ 45

Discharge, methods of measuring and computing. ................................... 6-11

Drainage basins, list of..................... 2-3

East Rush, N. Y., 

Honeoye Creek at:

description......................... 72

discharge, daily..................... 73

discharge, monthly................. 73

Elyria, Ohio,

Black River near:

description......................... 59

discharge........................... 59

English River nearNew York-Canada boundary line:

discharge........................... 92

Equivalents, table of....................... 5-6

Erie, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 43

station data............................ 44-62

Escanaba River near 

Escanaba, Mich.:

description......................... 12-13

discharge........................... 13

discharge, monthly................. 14

gage heights........................ 13

rating table......................... 14

Euclid, N. Y.,

Oneida River near:

.description......................... 80-81

discharge........................... 81

discharge, daily..................... 81-82

discharge, monthly................. 82

Felts Mills, N. Y., 

Black River near:

description......................... 87

discharge, daily..................... 88

discharge, monthly................. 88

Flatrock, Mich., 

Huron River at:

description.......................... 47-48

discharge........................... 48

discharge, monthly................ > 49

gage heights........................ 48

rating table......................... 49

Floats, use of, in measuring discharge...... 8

Fort Montgomery, N. Y., Page.

Richelieu River at:

description......................... 98-99

discharge, monthly................. 100

gage heights........................ 99

rating table......................... 100

Fort Wayne, Ind.,

St. Joseph [of the Maumee] River at:

description......................... 52-53

discharge........................... 53

discharge, monthly................. 54

gage heights........................ 53-54

rating table......................... 54

St. Marys River at:

description......................... 55

discharge........................... 55

gage heights........................ 55-56

Freeland, Mich.,

Tittabawassee River at:

description......................... 42

discharge........................... 42

gage heights........................ 43

French Landing, Mich.,

Huron River at:

description......................... 46

discharge........................... 46

discharge, monthly................. 47

gage heights........................ 46

rating table......................... 47

Gaging stations, equipment of............. 7

Geddes, Mich.,

Huron River at:

description......................... 45

discharge, monthly................. 46

Genesee River near 

Mount Morris, N. Y.:

description......................... 65-66

discharge........................... 66

discharge, monthly................. 68

gage heights........................ 66-67

rating table......................... 67

Rochester, N. Y.:

description......................... 69

discharge........................... 70

gage heights........................ 70

Genesee River basin:

description............................. 65

George, Lake. See Lake George. 

Grand Rapids, Mich.,

Grand River at:

description.......................... 29

discharge........................... 29

discharge, monthly................. 31

gage heights........................ 30

rating table......................... 31

Grand River at 

Grand Rapids, Mich.:

description......................... 29

discharge........................... 29

discharg- monthly................. 31

gage heights........................ 30

rating table......................... 31

Jackson, Mich.:

discharge........................... 25

North Lansing, Mich.:

description......................... 26

discharge........................... 27

discharge, monthly........... . . 28
INDEX. 113

Grand River at 

North Lansing, Mich. Continued.

gage heights........................ 27

rating table......................... 28

Grand River basin, Mich.:

description............................. 25

Hemlock, N. Y.,

Canadice Lake outlet near:

description......................... 71

discharge, monthly................. 71-72

Hemlock Lake, N. Y.:

area and elevation of................... 65

Honeoye Creek at 

East Rush, N. Y.:

description......................... 72

discharge, daily..................... 73

discharge, monthly................ 73

Honeoye Lake, N. Y.:

area and elevation of................... 65

Huron, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 35-36

station data............................ 36-43

Huron River at 

Dexter, Mich.:

description......................... 44

discharge........................... 44

gage heights........................ 45

Flatrock, Mich.:

description......................... 47-48

discharge........................... 48

discharge, monthly................. 49

rating table.........................

French Landing, Mich.:

description.........................

discharge...........................

discharge, monthly.................

gage heights........................

rating table.........................

Geddes, Mich.:

description.........................

discharge, monthly.................

Huron River basin:

description.............................

Hydrographic surveys, annual appropriations for 

organization and scope of..............

Ice-covered streams, method of measuring 

flow of....................................

Independence, Ohio, 

Cuyahoga River at:

description.........................

discharge...........................

discharge, monthly.................

gage heights........................

rating table.........................

Iron Mountain, Mich., 

Menominee River near:

description.........................

discharge...........................

discharge, monthly.................

rating table... 

Iron River near 

Iron River, Mich.: 

description.... 

gage heights...

1-4 

10

59-60 

60 

62

60-61 

61

14-15

15

16

15

16

16-17 

17

Ithaca, N. Y.,

Cayuga Lake at:

description......................... 78

gage heights........................ 78

Jackson, Mich., 

Grand River at:

discharge........................... 25

Kalamazoo River near 

Allegan, Mich.:

description......................... 22-23

discharge, daily..................... 23

discharge, monthly................. 24

Kalamazoo River basin:

description............................. 22

Lake Champlain:

areas tributary to...................... 97-98

description of basin.................... 97

Lake George:

description............................. 103

Lake George outlet at 

Ticonderoga, N. Y.:

description......................... 104

discharge........................... 104

discharge, daily................... 104-105

discharge, monthly...".............. 105

Lake Erie drainage:

general features........................ 43

station data............................ 44-62

Lake Huron drainage:

general features........................ 35-36

station data............................ 36-43

Lake Michigan drainage:

general features........................ 12

station data............................ 12-35

Lake Ontario drainage:

general features........................ 62

station data............................ 62-92

Lakes in Genesee River basin:

areas and elevations of................. 65

Long Branch, N. Y.,

Onondaga Lake outlet at:

discharge........................... 92

Manistee River near 

Sherman, Mich.:

description......................... 34

discharge........................... 34

gage heights........................ 35

Massena Springs, N. Y., 

Raquette River at:

description......................... 94

discharge........................... 95

discharge, monthly................. 96

gage heights........---...-.....--.. 95

rating table........................ %

Maumee River near 

Sherwood, Ohio:

description......................... 50

discharge........................... 50

discharge, monthly................... 52

gage heights........................ 51

rating table......................... 52

Maumee River basin:

description............................. 50

Medina, N. Y.,

Oak Orchard Creek near:

description......................... 62-63

discharge........................... 63
114 INDEX.

Medina, N. Y. Continued. Page. 

Oak Orchard Creek near:

discharge, monthly................. 64

rating table......................... 64

Mendon, Mich.,

Portage Creek near:

description......................... 19

discharge........................... 20

St. Joseph River near:

description......................... 19

discharge........................... 19

gage heights.......... v ,............ 20

Menominee River near 

Iron Mountain, Mich.:

description......................... 14-15

discharge........................... 15

discharge, monthly................. 16

gage heights........................ 15

rating table......................... 16

Methods of computing stream flow......... 10-11

Methods of measuring stream flow......... 6-10

Michigan, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 12

station data............................ 12-35

Middlebury, Vt., 

Otter Creek at:

description......................... 106

discharge........................... 106

gage heights........................ 107

Miner's inch, definition ol.................. 3

Mooers Junction, N. Y., 

Big Chazy River near:

discharge........................... 101

Moose River at 

Moose River, N. Y.:

description......................... 89

discharge, monthly................. 90-91

.gage heights........................ 89-90

rating table.....:................... 90

Mount Morris, N. Y.,

Canaseraga Creek near:

discharge........................... 68

Genesee River near:

description......................... 65-66

discharge........................... 66

discharge, monthly................. 68

gage heights........................ 66-67

rating table......................... 67

Mount Morris power canal,tail race near:

discharge........................... 69

Mount Morris power canal, tail race near 

Mount Morris, N. Y.: 

discharge............................... 69

Multiple-point method of measuring discharge, description ol..................... 9

Muskegon River at 

Newaygo, Mich.:

description......................... 32-33

discharge, daily..................... 33

discharge, monthly................. 34

Muskegon River basin:

description............................. 32

Newaygo, Mich.,

Muskegon River at:

description......................... 32-33

discharge, daily..................... 33

discharge, monthly................. 34

New York-Canada boundary line, 

English River near:

discharge........................... 92

North Lansing, Mich., 

Grand River at:

description......................... 26

discharge........................... 27

discharge, monthly................ 28

gage heights....................... 27

rating table......................... 28

Northport, Wis., 

Wolf River at:

description......................... 17-18

discharge .................*".......... 18

gage heights........................ 18

Oak Orchard Creek near 

Medina, N. Y.:

description......................... 62-63

discharge........................... 63

discharge, monthly................. 64

rating table......................... 04

Ogdensburg, N. Y.,

Oswegatchie River near:

description......................... 93

discharge........................... 93

gage heights........................ 93-94

Omer, Mich.,

Rifle River near:

discharge........................... 41

Oneida River near 

Euclid, N. Y.:

description......................... 80-81

discharge........................... 81

discharge, daily..................... 81-82

discharge, monthly................. 82

Onondaga Lake outlet at 

Long Branch, N. Y.:

discharge........................... 52

Ontario, Lake, drainage:

general features........................ 62

station data............................ 62-92

Ormstown, N. Y.,

Chateaugay River at:

discharge........................... 92

Oswegatchie River near 

Ogdensburg, N. Y.:

description......................... 93

discharge........................... 93

gage heights........................ 93-94

Oswego River at 

Battle Island, N. Y.:

description......................... 74

discharge, monthly................. 76

gage heights........................ 75

rating table......................... 76

Oswego River basin:

description............................. 74

Otter Creek at 

Middlebury, Vt.:

description......................... 106

discharge........................... 106

gage heights........................ 107

Plattsburg, N. Y.,

Saranac River near:

description......................... 102

discharge, daily................... 102-103

discharge, monthly................. 103
INDEX. 115

Portage Creek at Page. 

Mend on, Mieh.:

discharge........................... 20

Pulaski, N. Y.,

Salmon River near:

description......................... 84-85

discharge........................... 85

discharge, monthly................. 86

gage heights........................ 85

rating table......................... 86

Raquette River at 

Massena Springs, N. Y.:

description......................... 94

discharge........................... 95

discharge, monthly................. 96

gage heights........................ 95

rating table......................... 96

Rating curves, methods of construction 

of......................................... 10-11

Rating tables, methods of construction 

of......................................... 10,11

Reed's Springs near 

Albion, Mich.:

description......................... 24

gage heights and discharge......... 25

Richelieu River at 

Fort Montgomery, N. Y.:

description.... ^.................... 98-99

discharge, monthly................. 100

gage heights........................ 99

rating table......................... lot

Richmond, Vt.,

Winooski River at:

description......................... 108

discharge................. ......... 108

discharge, monthly................ 110

gage heights........................ 109

rating table......................... 110

Rifle River, Mich.,

above mouth of West Branch:

discharge........................... 41

below mouth of West Branch:

discharge........................... 41

description of basin.................... 40

near Omer, Mich.:

discharge........................... 41

near Sterling, Mich.:

description......................... 40

discharge........................... 40

gage heights........................ 41

Rifle River, West Branch, 

above mouth:

discharge........................... 41

Rochester, N. Y.,

Genesee River near:

description......................... 69

discharge........................... 70

gage heights....................... 70

Rules for computation, fundamental and 

special.................................... 4-5

Run-off in inches, definition of............. 4

St. Joseph [of the Maumee] River, Ind., at 

Fort Wayne:

description......................... 52-53

discharge........................... 53

discharge, monthly................. 54

gage heights........................ 53-54

rating table......................... 44

St. Joseph River, Mich., near 

Buchanan:

description......................... 20-21

discharge, daily..................... 21

discharge, monthly................. 22

Mendon:

description......................... 19

discharge........................... 19

gage heights........................ 20

St. Joseph River basin:

description............................. 1G-19

St. Lawrence River drainage:

general features........................ 92

station data........................... 92-110

St. Marys River at 

Fort Wayne, Ind.:

description......................... 55

diseharge........................... 55

gage heights........................ 55-56

Salmon River near 

Pulaski, N. Y.:

description......................... 84-85

discharge........................... 85

discharge, monthly................. 86

gage heights........................ 85

rating table......................... 86

Saranae River, N. Y.:

description............................. 102

drainage areas.......................... 102

near Plattsburg, N. Y.:

description......................... 102

discharge, daily................... 102-103

discharge, monthly................. 103

Second-feet per square mile, definition of... 4 

Second-foot, definition of................... 3

Seneca River at 

Baldwinsville, N. Y.:

description......................... 76-77

discharge, daily..................... 77

discharge, monthly................. 78

Belgium, N. Y.:

diseharge........................... 78

Sherman, Mich.,

Manistee River near:

description......................... 34

discharge........................... 34

gage heights........................ 35

Sherwood, Ohio,

Maumee River near:

description......................... 50

discharge........................... 50

discharge, monthly................. 52

gage keights........................ 51

rating table......................... 52

Single-point method of measuring disckarge, 

description of............................. 9

Skaneateles Lake outlet at 

Willow Glen, N. Y.:

description......................... 79

discharge, daily..................... 79-80

discharge, monthly................. 80

Slope method of measuring discharge, use 

and valweof.............................. §

Sterling, Mich.,

Rifle River near:

description......................... 40

discharge........................... 40

gage heights........................ 41
116 INDEX.

Stream flow, field methods of measuring... 6-10

Stream flow, office methods of computing.. 10-11

Tables, explanation of...................... 4

Thunder Bay River near 

Alpena, Mich.:

description......................... 36

discharge, daily..................... 37

discharge, monthly................. 37

Ticonderoga, N. Y.,

Lake George outlet at:

description......................... 104

discharge........................... 104

discharge, daily................... 104-105

discharge, monthly................. 105

Tiffin River near 

Defiance, Ohio:

description......................... 56

discharge........................... 56

discharge, monthly................. 58

gage heights........................ 57

rating table......................... 58

Tittabawassee River at 

Freeland, Mich.:

description......................... 42

discharge........................... 42

gage heights........................ 43

Page.

Velocity methods of measuring discharge, 

description of............................. 7-10

Vertical velocity-curve method of measuring discharge, description of.............. 9

Weir method of measuring discharge, requirements of............................. 7

Willow Glen, N. Y.,

Skaneateles Lake outlet at:

description......................... 79

discharge, daily..................... 79-80

discharge, monthly................. 80

Winooski River at 

Richmond, Vt.:

description......................... 108

discharge........................... 108

discharge, monthly................. 110

gage heights........................ 109

rating table......................... 110

Wolf River at 

Northport, Wis.:

description......................... 17-18

discharge........................... 18

gage heights........................ 18

Wood Falls, N. Y.,

South Branch of Big Chazy River near:

discharge........................... 101
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL

SURVEY,

[Water-Supply Paper No. 170.]

The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual 

Reports; (2) Monographs; (3) Professional Papers; (4) Bulletins; (5) Mineral 

Resources; (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers; (7) Topographic Atlas of 

United States, folios and separate sheets thereof; (8) Geologic Atlas of United' 

States, folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had 

on application.

Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following 

ways:

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 

may be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application.

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for 

distribution.

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 

D. 0., from whom they may be had at practically cost.

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 

libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be 

consulted by those interested.

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 

subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 

into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and 

physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water 

storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investigations; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports.

Series P. The hydrographic progress reports contain the results of stream measurements. A 

report is issued for every calendar year, containing the results of data collected during that year. 

These reports were first published as a part of the Director's annual report or as a bulletin; they are 

now published as water-supply and irrigation papers. The following is a list, by years, of the publications containing the progress reports of stream measurements. A detailed index of these reports 

(1888-1903) is published as Water-Supply Paper No. 119.

1888. Tenth Annual Report, Part II,

1889. Eleventh Annual Report, Part II.

1890. Twelfth Annual Report, Part II.

1891. Thirteenth Annual Report, Part III.

1892. Fourteenth Annual Report, Part II.

1893. Bulletin No. 131.

1894. Bulletin No. 131; Sixteenth Annual Report, Part II.

1895. Bulletin No. 140.

1896. Water-Supply Paper No. 11; Eighteenth Annual Report, Part IV.

1897. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 15 and 16, Nineteenth Annual Report, Part IV.

1898. Water-Supply Papers Nos. 27 and 28, Twentieth Annual Report, Part IV.

1899. Water-supply Papers Nos 35. 36, 37. 38, and 39, Twenty-first Annual Report, Part IV.

1900. Water-Supply Papers Nos 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52; Twenty-second Annual Report, Part IV.

1901. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos, 65 and 75. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos 66 and 75.

1902. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 82 and 88. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 84 and 85.
II SEEIES LIST.

1903. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 97 and 98. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 99 and 100.

1904. East of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, and 129. 

West of Mississippi River, Water-Supply Papers Nos. 130, 131, 132,133, 134, and 135.

1905. East of Mississippi River, Nos. 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, and 171.

West of Mississippi River, Nos. 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, and 178.

The Geological Survey and the Reclamation Service have subofflees in different parts of the United 

States, from which hydrographie and reclamation work in the respective localities is carried on and 

where data may be obtained on application. These offices are located as follows:

Boston, Mass., 6 Beacon street; Utiea, N. Y., 75 Arcade; Atlanta, Ga., 409 Temple court; Austin, 

Tex., University of Texas; Chicago, 111., 876 Federal Building; Belle Fourehe, S. Dak.; Cody, Wyo.; 

Denver, Colo., Chamber of Commerce Building; Salt Lake, Utah; Los Angeles, Cal., 1108 Braly Building; San Franeiseo, Cal., 432 Merchants' Exchange Building; Phoenix, Ariz.; Carlsbad, N. Mex.; El 

Paso, Tex.; Billings, Mont.; Great Falls, Mont.; Hazen, Nev.; Boise, Idaho; Spokane, Wash., 421 Peyton Block; Portland, Oreg.

Correspondence should be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

JULY, 1906.

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