Forest 

Service

Washington’s Forest Resources: 

Forest Inventory and Analysis, 

2002–2011

United States Department of Agriculture

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical Report

PNW-GTR-962

April

2018 DEPAR TMENT OF AGRICULT URE
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Technical Editors

Justin Holgerson is a biologist, Sharon Stanton is an ecologist, Karen Waddell is a 

forester (retired), Marin Palmer is a forester, Olaf Kuegler is a statistician, and Glenn 

Christensen is a forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, Suite 400, 

Portland, OR 97205.

Contributing Authors

John Chase is a geographic information specialist, Joel Thompson is a forestry technician, Andrew Gray is a research ecologist, Sarah Jovan is a research ecologist, and 

John Mills is a research forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific 

Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, Suite 400, 

Portland, OR 97205; Heather Root is a botanist, Weber State University, 3848 Harrison 

Blvd, Ogden, UT 84408; Todd Morgan and Kate Marcille are foresters, University of 

Montana, Gallagher Business Building, 32 Campus Dr. Missoula, MT 59812; Leslie Brodie

is a forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 

Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512.

Cover: Subalpine larch and subalpine fir in the Pasayten Wilderness, eastern Washington, 

2016. Photo by Brian Gasper.
Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest 

Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Justin Holgerson, Sharon Stanton, Karen Waddell, Marin Palmer, 

Olaf Kuegler, and Glenn Christensen, Technical Editors

Contributing authors: John Chase, Joel Thompson, Andrew Gray, 

Sarah Jovan, Todd Morgan, John Mills, Heather Root, Kate Marcille, 

and Leslie Brodie

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Portland, Oregon

General Technical Report PNW-GTR-962

February 2018

Abstract

Holgerson, Justin; Stanton, Sharon; Waddell, Karen; Palmer, Marin; Kuegler, Olaf; 

Christensen, Glenn, tech. eds. 2018. Washington’s forest resources: Forest Inventory 

and Analysis, 2002–2011. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-962. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 112 p.

This report highlights key findings from data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program across all forest land in the state of Washington from 2002 through 2011, 

updating previously published findings from data collected up to 2006. We summarize and 

interpret basic resource information such as forest area, composition, ownership, volume, 

biomass, and carbon stocks; forest structure and function topics such as biodiversity, forest 

age, and dead wood; disturbance information such as wildfire, root disease, and invasive 

plants; and include data on tree growth, mortality, and removals for timber products. 

Keywords: Biomass, carbon, dead wood, fire, forest land, invasive plants, inventory, 

timber volume, timberland, monitoring. 

Summary

Key Forest Inventory and Analysis Statistics, Washington 2002–2011:

• Number of forested plots measured by the Forest Inventory and Analysis program 

(2002–2011): 5,996 

• Estimated total forest area: 22.4 million acres 

• Estimated number of trees: 9.8 billion 

• Estimated net live tree volume: 92.3 billion cubic feet

• Estimated aboveground biomass: 2.4 billion tons

• Estimated aboveground carbon: 1.1 billion megagrams

• Estimated forest area disturbed by wildfire (2002–2009): 1 million acres

• Total number of vascular plant species recorded: 977
Contents

1 Beginners Guide to Forest Inventory and Analysis 

1 Inception of the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program

1 Forest Inventory and Analysis in Washington

3 Common FIA Terminology 

4 Forest Area 

4 Forest Composition

17 Forest Ownership

19 Volume, Biomass, and Carbon

28 Annual Tree Growth, Removals, and Mortality in Washington

29 Privately Owned Timberland: Change Between 2000–2001 and 2007–2011 

29 State and Local Government: Change Between 2000–2001 and 2007–2011 

29 U.S. Forest Service Timberland: Change Between 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

36 U.S. Forest Service Reserved Forest Land: Change Between 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

38 Forest Health

38 Wildfire

40 Root Disease

44 Invasive Vegetation

46 Land Cover and Land Use Research Application—Changes in Land Use and Housing 

on Resource Lands in Washington state, 1976–20063

47 Air Quality: Lichens

48 Research Application–Epiphytic Macrolichen Indication of Air Quality and Climate in 

the Interior Forested Mountains of the Pacific Northwest4

50 Value of Washington’s Forests

50 Forest Products 

57 Urban Forest

57 Conclusion

58	 Common and Scientific Names

60 Acknowledgments

60 Metric Equivalents

61 Literature Cited

64 Appendix 1: Summary Data Tables

64 List of Summary data tables

Detailed Inventory Methods and Additional Data Tables (online only at 

https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr962-supplement.pdf)
1

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Beginners Guide to Forest 

Inventory and Analysis 

Inception of the Forest Inventory and 

Analysis Program

The U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis 

(FIA) program is a product of the McSweeney-McNary 

Forest Research Act of 1928 (USDA FS 2005). This 

legislation authorized a research program for the U.S. 

Forest Service and initiated “a comprehensive survey of the 

present and prospective requirements for timber and other 

forest products of the United States . . .” (fig. 1). During the 

1930s, an initial inventory of forest lands was completed 

in each county in Washington. Subsequent legislative 

actions provided additional direction to the program, but 

the core component of FIA, which is to assess and report 

on the status and trends in our nation’s forest resources, has 

remained the same.

Forest Inventory and Analysis in Washington

In the 1950s, a grid of field locations was generated across 

all lands in Washington using U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) quadrangle base maps or other available mapping 

resources (Frayer and Furnival 1999). This was the start of 

the “periodic” sample-based FIA inventory in Washington 

in which all field monitoring sites were visited within 2 to 

3 years and then revisited on an approximate 12-year cycle. 

Demand from the public for more current and timely forest 

resource information led to the passage of the Agriculture 

Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act in 1998 

(the Farm Bill). This legislation mandated an annual measurement of 20 percent of all plots on all forest land every 

year (subsequently funded to 10 percent in Western States); 

a nationally consistent core set of measurements; and production of a state report every 5 years. The annualized FIA 

inventory was implemented in Washington starting in 2002, 

and the first full cycle of measurements was completed in 

2011. The second cycle of annualized inventory (the same 

plots remeasured using the same field protocols) started in 

Washington in 2012.

Power of the annualized inventory—

Historically, each region of the country implemented 

inventory methods to best fit the forest conditions and client 

needs in the region, resulting in inconsistent national reporting (Gillespie 1999). The annualized design established 

nationally consistent sampling (fig. 2), plot design, field 

protocol, and estimation frameworks, making it possible 

to accurately monitor changes in forest conditions over 

time. Additionally, the scope of the inventory expanded to 

include nontimber forest components and a rigorous quality 

assurance program. In any given year, 15,000 to 20,000 

FIA plots are measured across the United States and used 

to obtain forest population estimates. Regional and national 

trends in the nation’s forests are available on an annual basis 

and are used by a wide variety of people to make informed 

resource management decisions. Annual estimates and 

reports at state, regional, and national levels are statistically 

valid owing to the nonbiased spatial and temporal sampling 

design used to measure permanent field sites.

Figure 1—South side of Douglas-fir located in Clatsop County, 

Oregon, 1941. Height is 210 ft to broken top, estimated age is 

1,000 to 1,200 years, and estimated volume is 105,650 board feet. 

Courtesy of the Forest History Society, Durham, NC. [Image ID#4359]
2

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

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0 25 50 12.5

Miles

. Plots Sampled Forest

NonforestWater

!

Figure 2—Forest inventory plots field sampled during the first annualized inventory of Washington, 2002–2011. An annualized inventory hexagonal grid and panel system is used to locate and sample Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. An additional intensified grid is measured on U.S. Forest Service lands outside wilderness. Locations are approximate (forest/nonforest geographic information system layer: Blackard et al. 2008).

J. Chase
3

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Common FIA Terminology 

What is a tree?—

The U.S. Forest Service defines a tree as a woody perennial plant, usually with a single well-defined stem carrying 

a crown, with a minimum height of 15 ft at maturity 

(USDA FS 2006).

What is a forest?—

Forests come in many shapes and sizes, varying from 

complex and species-diverse to monoculture plantations. For 

all data summarized in this report, the FIA program defines 

a forest as currently or formerly (within 30 years) at least 10 

percent stocked by trees of any size and not currently developed for nonforest use (USDA FS 2006).1

 Forests must be at 

least 1 ac where a minimum width of 120 ft is maintained.

What is a forest type and forest type group?—

Most forests contain multiple tree species but are grouped 

into a single forest type; the functional characteristics of 

these tree species are then used to more broadly classify 

each forest type into a forest group.

• Forest type describes the species with the plurality of 

nonovertopped live trees (USDA FS 2006) (example: 

Douglas-fir forest type or red alder forest type).

• Forest type group is a combination of forest types that 

share closely associated species or site requirements 

(USDA FS 2006) (for example: western hemlock/Sitka 

spruce forest type group).

What are the differences between timberland, 

other forest land, and reserved forest land?—

Forests can be classified into three main categories based on 

their productivity and level of management (fig. 3): 

• Timberland is forested land producing or capable of 

producing at least 20 ft3 of wood per acre per year 

(USDA FS 2006). 

• Other forest land is unproductive (not capable of 

producing 20 ft3 of wood per acre per year) (USDA 

FS 2006).

Figure 3—Forest land classification, (upper) Douglas-fir timberland, Trout Lake, Washington: (middle) high-elevation forest, 

Okanogan National Forest: (lower) Olympic National Park 

reserved forest. 

Amy Jesswein Jessica Deans Jessica Deans

1

 Note that starting in 2013 with the FIA database (FIADB ver. 6.0 

and later), the FIA program switched to a forest definition based 

on 10 percent canopy cover rather than 10 percent stocking (see 

Azuma and Gray 2014).
4

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

• Reserved forest is permanently protected from management for the production of wood products through 

statute (USDA FS 2007). Examples include national 

parks, national wilderness areas, and state parks. 

Commercial harvest can occur in some areas for habitat or recreational purposes, but is incidental.

Forest Resources in Washington—

The state of Washington is located in the Pacific Northwest 

which is widely known for its moist and temperate climate. 

The diverse geography and terrain within the region create 

microclimates that support a variety of forested ecosystems. 

The two geographic features with the strongest influence on 

climate in the Pacific Northwest are the Pacific Ocean and 

Cascade Mountains. The Cascades run from north to south 

with elevations that exceed 10,000 ft and divide the state 

into eastern and western regions. The west side of the state 

has a heavy maritime influence with moderate temperatures 

and substantial precipitation. Most of the moisture coming 

from the Pacific Ocean is dropped as precipitation on the 

west side of the Cascades owing to orographic lift, leaving 

the east side of the state drier (fig. 4). Without the Pacific 

Ocean to moderate temperature, the eastern side of Washington experiences more severe temperature fluctuations 

annually (fig. 5). Temperature and precipitation are two 

critical drivers of plant community assemblages; therefore, 

forest composition and structure differ throughout the 

state. Ecosections have been developed that geographically 

delineate the state into units based on similar geography and 

climate, which drive these ecological communities (fig. 6).

Forest Area 

Washington is the 18th largest state in the United States with 

42.4 million acres of land area (excluding water), of which 

53 percent (22.4 million acres) is covered by forest. Timberland represents 42.2 percent of state land area, unproductive 

or reserved forest is 10.5 percent of state area, and the 

remaining 47.3 percent is nonforest land (fig. 7). Sixty-six 

percent of western Washington is classified as forest land, 

while only 28 percent of total land area east of the Cascades 

is classified as forest land.

Most of Washington’s forests are productive, with 81 

percent classified as timberland (capable of adding wood at 

a rate of 20 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1). In western Washington, private 

corporate ownerships manage the most timberland (30 percent), while in eastern Washington, the U.S. Forest Service 

manages the most timberland (33 percent) (fig. 8). There 

are almost 4 million acres of reserved forest in Washington 

(where management for production of wood products is 

precluded by statute). Reserved forest is primarily composed of U.S. Forest Service wilderness areas and national 

parks (fig. 9). 

Forest Composition

The diverse geography of the state creates a spectrum of 

habitat, which in turn supports diverse vegetative communities. Almost 89 percent of Washington’s forests are composed of coniferous (softwood) forest types, while broadleaf 

deciduous (hardwood) forest types cover the remaining 11 

percent. Douglas-fir (see “Common and Scientific Plant 

Names” for Latin names and authorities of plant species), 

one of the world’s most important and valuable timber trees 

(Burns and Honkala 1990), is the predominant forest type 

group in Washington, representing 46 percent of the total 

forested area (fig. 10). The alder/maple forest type group is 

the most dominant hardwood group and contains about 8 

percent of total forest acreage (fig. 11). Douglas-fir forest 

is fairly evenly distributed across the state owing to its 

ability to grow under a wide variety of climatic conditions 

(Burns and Honkala 1990) (figs. 10 and 12). A balanced 

spatial distribution is also seen with the fir/spruce/mountain 

hemlock forest group, which is primarily found in higher 

elevations of the Cascades. Western hemlock/Sitka spruce 

forest is found almost exclusively in temperate rain forest on 

Washington’s west side, while lodgepole and ponderosa pine 

forests are mostly limited to eastern Washington.

Forest age in Washington varies greatly and in evenaged forests depends upon the last major stand-replacing 

natural disturbance (e.g., wildfire or windthrow) or treatment (e.g., clearcut); in uneven-aged forest, it is defined as 

the age of the predominant tree size class. The oldest stand 
5

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011 0 30 60 15.Miles 6–20 21–36 37–53 54–71 72–88 89–105 106–124 125–145 146–176 177–261 Figure 4—Mean annual precipitation (inches) in Washington (PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu, created 11 July 2012).

J. Thompson
6

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

High : 34.0Low : 10.0

0 30 60 15

.

Miles

Figure 5—Seasonal temperature fluctuation in Washington (degrees Fahenheit). Difference between average minimum temperature in summer and winter (PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu, created 11 July 2012).

J. Thompson
7

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Columbia Basin

Northern Cascades

Okanogan Highland

Western Cascades

PalousePrairie

Oregon and Washington Coast Ranges

Eastern Cascades

BlueMountains

Puget Trough

Willamette Valley

0 25 50 12.5

Miles

. Forest Nonforest

WaterEcological sections

Figure 6—Washington ecosections—delineated on the basis of similar climate, geomorphic processes, stratigraphy, geologic origin, topography, and drainage systems (Cleland et al. 1997).

J. Chase
8

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Figure 7—U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis area classification 

by land class category, Washington, 2002–2011.

Other federal 

government

Timberland area (thousand acres)

State and local 

government

Corporate 

private

Noncorporate 

private

USDA 

Forest Service

0

1,500

3,000

4,500

6,000

Western Washington Eastern Washington

Figure 8—Estimated timberland (forest capable of adding 20 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) area by ownership, Washington, 2002–2011.

Unreserved other forest 1.5% 

Reserved productive forest 7.3% 

Reserved other forest 1.7% 

Timberland

42.2% 

Nonforest land 

47.3% 
9

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Reserved forest (thousand acres)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service

State and local

government

National Park

Service

USDA Forest

Service

Figure 9—Total reserved forest area by ownership, Washington, 2002–2011.

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

Douglas-fir

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock

Hemlock/Sitka spruce

Ponderosa pine

Lodgepole pine

Western larch

Other western softwoods

Forest area (thousand acres)

Forest type group

Western Washington Eastern Washington

Figure 10—Area of softwood (coniferous) forest by forest type group, Washington 2002–2011. Standard errors shown are for state totals, 

not divided by east/west.
10

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Alder/maple group

Elm/ash/cottonwood group

Western oak group

Aspen/birch group

Other hardwoods

Woodland hardwoods group

Forest area (thousand acres)

Forest type group

Western Washington Eastern Washington

Figure 11—Area of hardwood (broadleaf deciduous) forest, Washington, 2002–2011. Standard errors shown are for state totals, not 

divided by east/west.

Lodgepole pine

Ponderosa pine

Hemlock/sitka spruce

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock

Douglas-fir

Counties

0 30 60 15

.

Miles

Figure 12—Distribution of forest type groups based on field observations at Forest Inventory and Analysis sample sites, 2002–2011.

J. Thompson
11

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

age recorded by an FIA field crew in Washington was an 

830-year-old Pacific silver fir forest located in the Gifford 

Pinchot National Forest. However, the majority of forests in 

Washington are relatively young, with 58 percent of stands 

age 80 or younger (fig. 13). Younger forests are dominated 

by the Douglas-fir forest type group, while old forest 

(stands greater than 200 years old) tend to be within the fir/

spruce/mountain hemlock or western hemlock/Sitka spruce 

forest type groups (fig. 14). Western Washington contains 

a greater percentage of old forest compared to eastern 

Washington; 13 and 5 percent, respectively. 

Trees in the Pacific Northwest are noted for their size 

(fig. 15). Certain areas within the state contain the ideal 

mix of precipitation, soil conditions, temperature, and time 

since severe disturbance to produce trees that are immense 

in diameter and height. The largest tree diameter recorded 

by a Washington FIA crew during the first annualized 

inventory (2002–2011) was a 139.5-inch western redcedar 

located in Olympic National Park. The tallest tree measured 

during this same time period was a 280-ft-tall Douglas-fir, 

also located in Olympic National Park. Although not all 

of Washington’s forests contain large trees, 68 percent 

of forested stands have been classified as large diameter, 

defined as having a plurality of canopy cover composed of 

trees at least 11.0 inches diameter for hardwoods or at least 

9.0 inches diameter for softwoods (fig. 16). 

Just how many trees are in Washington’s forests? It 

would be impossible to count every tree within the state, 

but an estimate can be generated based on the systematic 

and nonbiased sample used by FIA to inventory forests 

across all ownerships. About 9.8 billion trees are estimated 

to exist on forested lands in Washington, of which 94 

percent are alive and 6 percent are standing dead (snags) 

(fig. 17). The forest type group with the most trees is 

Douglas-fir, and the landowner group with the most trees is 

the U.S. Forest Service. 

Understory vegetation—

Understory vegetation refers to all vascular vegetation 

growing under a forest canopy (Helms 1998) or in recently 

disturbed forests (fig. 18). This includes all woody and nonwoody herbaceous cover. The structure and composition 

of understory vegetation has a major role in the ecological 

functioning of a forest by influencing wildlife habitat, 

soil stability, wildfire behavior, and overall forest health 

(Moir 1993). Forest Inventory and Analysis field crews 

sample understory vegetation on all forested plots (fig. 19). 

Total cover is estimated for tree seedlings and saplings as 

well as the most common shrubs, forbs, and graminoids. 

Field crews in Washington identified 977 unique species 

of vascular understory plants during the first annualized 

inventory cycle (2002–2011), which included 45 trees, 165 

shrubs, 616 forbs, and 151 graminoids. The most common 

understory vascular plant is western swordfern, which 

accounts for 57 percent of all forb cover within the state 

(fig. 20). Shrub cover is dominated by salal, vine maple, 

salmonberry, and common snowberry, which collectively 

make up 46 percent of all shrub cover. The average percentage cover of understory vegetation in Washington’s 

hardwood forests tends to be greater than cover in softwood 

forests (figs. 21 and 22). Softwood forests have a slightly 

greater percentage of seedling and sapling cover, while 

hardwood forests have a higher percentage of shrub, forb, 

and graminoid cover (fig. 21). 
12

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

1–40 41–80 81–120 121–160 161–200 200+

Forest area (thousand acres) 

Stand age class (years)

Softwoods Hardwoods

Figure 13—Forest area by stand age class for softwood and hardwood forest types, Washington, 2002–2011.

0

300

600

900

Forest area (thousand acres)

Forest type group

Western Washington Eastern Washington

Fir/spruce/ Douglas-fir

mountain

hemlock

Hemlock/

Sitka spruce

Western

larch

Lodgepole

pine

Ponderosa

pine

Other western

softwoods

Figure 14—Forest area of stands greater than 200 years old by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011.
13

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Small-diameter 

stands 16%

Large-diameter stands 68%

Not stocked 4%

Medium-diameter 

stands 12%

Figure 15—Large-diameter trees in Olympic National Park, 

Washington.

Figure 16—Percentage of forest stands by diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011. Diameter classes are defined as large diameter, 

≥11.0 inches diameter at breast height (d.b.h) for hardwoods or 

≥9.0 inches d.b.h for softwoods; medium diameter, 5.0 to 10.9 

inches d.b.h. for hardwoods or 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. for softwoods; small diameter, <5.0 inches d.b.h.

Jessica Deans

0

1

2

3

4

Douglas-fir

Estimated total trees (billions)

Forest type group

Live trees Dead trees

Fir/spruce/

mountain

hemlock

Hemlock/

Sitka spruce

Alder/

maple

Western

larch

Ponderosa

pine

Lodgepole

pine

Figure 17—Total live and dead trees by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011. 
14

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Pacific Northwest Region, Forest Service

Figure 18—Common understory vegetation in Washington (clockwise from top left: salal, Pacific trillium, western swordfern, vine maple).

Jessica Deans

Jessica Deans

Pacific Northwest Region, Forest ServicePacific Northwest Region, Forest Service

Figure 19—Field crew collecting vegetation data.
15

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Snowbrush ceanothus

Saskatoon serviceberry

Kinnikinnick

Common beargrass

Thimbleberry

Cascade azalea

Deer fern

Evergreen huckleberry

Grouse whortleberry

Oregon boxleaf

Cascara buckthorn

Red huckleberry

Western brackenfern

Oceanspray

Trailing blackberry

Oval-leaf blueberry

Cascade barberry

Thinleaf huckleberry

Common snowberry

Salmonberry

Vine maple

Salal

Western swordfern

Estimated area of forest land coverage (thousand acres) 

Understory species

0

25

50

Softwood forest Hardwood forest

Mean cover (percent)

Seedlings and saplings Shrubs Forbs Graminoids

Figure 20—Total cover of forest land by understory species, Washington, 2002–2011. Species with at least 100,000 ac understory cover 

are shown.

Figure 21—Mean cover of understory vegetation by life form in softwood and hardwood forests, Washington, 2002–2011.
16

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Mean cover of understory plants (percent)

Forest type group

Other hardwoods

Woodland hardwoods

Elm/ash/cottonwood

Other western softwoods

Hemlock/sitka spruce

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock

Ponderosa pine

Douglas-fir

Western white pine

Western oak

Alder/maple

Aspen birch

Western larch

Lodgepole pine

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 22—Mean total cover of understory vegetation by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011.
17

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Forest Ownership

The FIA program uses a nonbiased systematic sampling 

grid that includes all landowners: federal government, 

state and local government, private corporate, and private 

noncorporate. Just as Washington’s forests are diverse, so 

too are the individuals and groups that own them. Ownership strongly influences management practices; identifying 

patterns and trends in forest land ownership helps project 

the current state and future direction of forested ecosystems 

within the state. In addition, FIA’s National Woodland 

Owner Survey (NWOS) periodically collects survey data 

from individuals, families, and unincorporated groups who 

own forestlands or woodlands. 

Washington contains a substantial amount of public 

land. More than 44 percent of the state’s forest land is 

managed by federal agencies, and almost 13 percent of 

forest land is managed by state and local governments. 

Major federal forest land managers include the National 

Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service (figs. 23 and 24). 

Almost one-third of all federally managed land is held in 

reserved status, precluded by statute from management for 

the production of wood products (fig. 25). The Washington 

Department of Natural Resources is the primary state land 

management agency and oversees almost 3 million acres of 

forest land. 

Figure 23—The majority of forest land in Washington is publicly owned. The National Park Service is a major federal forest land manager.

Amy Jesswein
18

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

U.S. Forest

Service

National Park

Service

State

government

Corporate

private

Noncorporate

private

Forest area (thousand acres)

Owner group

Unreserved forest Reserved forest

Figure 24—Reserved and unreserved forest area by owner group, Washington, 2002–2011.

Bureau of Land Management

National Park Service

U.S. Dept. of Defense

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Forest Service

Bureau of Reclamation

Counties

0 30 60 15

.

Miles

Figure 25—Federal land management agencies in Washington, 2011 (Bureau of Land Management, Oregon-Washington state office).

J. Thompson
19

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

In Washington, 43 percent of forest is privately 

owned, of which half is managed by corporations focused 

on commercial timber production. Recently, some large, 

publicly owned timber companies reorganized into real 

estate investment trusts (REITs) and timberland investment 

management organizations (TIMOs). The REITs directly 

own forest land, whereas TIMOs manage lands owned 

by investors. The REITs and TIMOs own forest land as 

investment vehicles that compete with and complement 

alternative investments; these entities may or may not 

own wood-processing facilities. Noncommercial private 

landowners can be split into two groups: (1) family forest 

owners, which manage 11.7 percent of forest; and (2) nongovernmental conservation organizations, unincorporated 

partnerships, clubs, and American Indian tribal ownerships 

that manage an estimated 9.7 percent of forest. 

The NWOS focuses on family forest owners’ attitudes, 

management objectives, and concerns related to current and 

future forest ownership and management (Butler et al. 2016). 

Washington responses indicate the average forest holding was 

46 ac, tenure of ownership was 27 years, and age of primary 

owner was 61.8 years. The primary owner was usually male 

(78.4 percent) and white (98.6 percent). By total ownerships 

responding, the most common reasons for owning forest were 

as a primary residence, privacy, and to enjoy beauty or scenery 

(table 1). Timber sales during the 5 years preceding the survey 

occurred on 31 percent of family-owned forest acres. Primary 

forestry activities included the cut and removal of trees for 

personal use, reduction of invasive plants, and reduction of fire 

hazard. The most common concerns cited by this landowner 

group were high property taxes and wildfire (table 2). Washington NWOS results from the 2011 through 2013 survey are 

not statistically significant owing to small sample size.2

Volume, Biomass, and Carbon

Tree volume is a metric by which forest productivity and 

structure can be assessed and modeled to examine current 

forest conditions and project future forest status. Tree diameter and height measurements collected by ground-based 

field crews are used to produce volume estimates for single 

trees, which are then extrapolated to assess volume for 

entire forested stands. Volume estimates can then be used 

in additional models to study forest biomass and carbon 

storage. Forest volume, biomass, and carbon estimates in 

Washington are diverse and differ by forest type, ecological 

section, and management objectives (figs. 26 and 27).

Washington has an estimated 92.3 billion cubic feet of 

net merchantable volume in live trees on forest land, which 

equates to an average of 4,127 ft3 · ac-1 (per acre). The 

western hemlock/Sitka spruce forest type has the greatest 

mean live tree net volume at 7,355 ft3 · ac-1 (per acre). In 

contrast, western oak averages 955 ft3 · ac-1 (per acre). 

Western Washington’s forests contain greater mean live tree 

net volume per acre than eastern Washington’s forests across 

all forest type groups (fig. 28). Overall, coniferous (softwood) 

forests contain 92 percent of live net cubic volume, of which 

Douglas-fir accounts for 40 percent (fig. 29). 

The majority of total live tree volume is managed by 

the U.S. Forest Service, while the National Park Service has 

the greatest average net live tree volume per acre (fig. 30). 

Across all ownerships, two-thirds of forest volume is located 

on unreserved land, but the average volume per acre on 

reserved land is almost twice that of unreserved land. Forests 

managed by agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service and 

National Park Service have the majority of net live tree volume in larger diameter classes, while private and state- and 

local-managed lands have the majority of live tree volume in 

smaller diameter classes (fig. 31). These metrics are driven 

by location of forest (productive or unproductive sites), forest 

management objectives, and history of past disturbance. 

Aboveground forest biomass is composed of standing 

live and dead trees as well as woody debris found on the 

forest floor. Biomass estimates derived from FIA data are 

used as inputs to quantify the distribution of carbon stocks 

and estimate net primary production. The total aboveground 

forested biomass in Washington is estimated at 2.4 billion 

tons, with softwood forest types having 12 times the 

amount of biomass as hardwood forest types. Douglas-fir 

contributes the most biomass across the state, while western 

hemlock/Sitka spruce forests contain the most carbon per 

unit area (fig. 32). Total biomass and carbon storage estimates in western Washington forests are more than twice 

those in eastern Washington forests (fig. 33).

2

 Butler, B.J.; Hewes, J.H.; Dickinson, B.J.; Andrejczyk, K.; Butler, 

S.M.; Markowski-Lindsay, M. Unpublished results from the USFS, 

National Woodland Owner Survey for family forest and woodland 

ownerships with 10+ acres, 2011–2013. On file with: USDA Forest 

Service, Northern Research Station, 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200, 

Newtown Square, PA 19073. 
20

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table 1—Estimated area and number of family forest and woodland ownerships (10+ acres) by reason for 

ownership, National Woodland Owner Survey Washington, 2011–2013a

Totals Percentages

Reasonb Acres SE Ownerships SE Acres SE Ownerships SE

Number of

responses

- - - - - - - - - Thousands - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - -

To enjoy beauty or scenery 1,600 141 35 6 74.1 8 71.9 15.5 63

To protect nature or 

biological diversity

1,346 140 30 5 62.4 7.5 63.1 14.3 53

To protect water resources 1,372 140 27 5 64.3 7.7 55.8 13 54

To protect or improve 

wildlife habitat

1,397 141 27 5 64.7 7.6 56.6 12.9 55

For land investment 1,270 139 24 5 58.1 7.2 49.6 12.8 50

It is part of my home site/

primary residence

1,397 141 40 7 64 7.5 83.7 18.2 55

It is part of my cabin or 

vacation home site

381 93 3 1 18.1 4.5 6 2.5 15

It is part of my farm or ranch 813 124 14 4 38.1 6.3 30.1 9.5 32

For privacy 1,295 139 37 7 61.4 7.7 76.9 17.6 51

To raise my family 914 129 26 6 43.4 6.7 53.5 14.6 36

To pass land on to my 

children or other heirs

1,524 141 28 5 69.8 7.7 58.7 13.3 60

For firewood 660 116 12 3 31 5.8 24.9 7.7 26

For timber products 1,092 135 14 4 50.6 7 29.1 9.1 43

For nontimber products 178 66 5 2 8.2 3.1 11.4 5.4 7

For hunting 483 102 8 3 22.6 5 16.7 7.8 19

For recreation, other than 

hunting

838 125 13 4 39.8 6.5 27.8 8.6 33

Other 76 44 3 2 3.5 2 5.8 4 3

No answerc — — — — — — — — 0

SE = standard error; — = not available.

a

 Numbers include ownerships that rated an objective as very important or important on a five-point Likert scale.

b

 Categories are not mutually exclusive.

c

 Includes only ownerships that responded to none of the items above. Number of ownerships not responding differs for each item and are excluded from 

the percentages accordingly.
21

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table 2—Estimated area and number of family forest and woodland ownerships (10+ acres) by ownership 

concern, Washington 2011–2013a

Totals Percentages

Concernb Acres SE Ownerships SE Acres SE Ownerships SE

Number of

responses

- - - - - - - - - Thousands - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - -

Air pollution 524 110 12 4 25.3 5.6 26.6 10.2 19

Damage or noise from offroad vehicles882 132 14 4 42.7 7 33.2 11.5 32

Damage from animals 441 103 7 3 20.8 5 15.8 8.1 16

Development of nearby 

lands

1,075 139 25 6 52 7.6 56.3 16.2 39

Drought or lack of water 689 122 13 4 33.8 6.4 29.7 10.8 25

Global climate change 661 120 13 4 31.2 6 30.3 10.7 24

High property taxes 1,571 146 36 7 75 8.6 82.4 20.1 57

Invasive plant species 1,543 146 29 6 72.7 8.3 65.1 16 56

Keeping land intact for 

future generations

1,681 145 29 5 78.2 8.3 64.4 15.4 61

Misuse of forest/woodland, 

such as dumping

1,599 146 32 6 75.3 8.4 72.3 18 58

Trespassing or poaching 1,599 146 32 6 74.4 8.2 71.1 17.1 58

Unwanted insects or 

diseases

1,488 146 26 5 71.1 8.4 58.9 14.7 54

Water pollution 1,185 142 20 5 56.6 7.8 45.5 12.7 43

Wildfire 1,819 144 33 6 84.6 8.5 73 16.8 66

Wind or ice storms 827 130 17 5 40 6.8 39 12.1 30

Other 138 61 1 1 6.4 2.8 3.3 2.6 5

No answerc 0

SE = standard error.

a

 Numbers include ownerships that rated an issue a great concern or concern on a five-point Likert scale.

b

 Categories are not mutually exclusive.

c

 Includes only ownerships that responded to none of the items above. Number of ownerships not responding differs for each item and are excluded from 

the percentages accordingly.
22

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Figure 26—Washington old-growth forest.

Amy Jesswein
23

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Figure 27—Open, grown forest on the Colville Reservation, northeastern Washington.

Jessica Deans
24

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

Lodgepole pine

Aspen/birch

Alder/maple

Elm/ash/cottonwood

Douglas-fir

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock

Ponderosa pine

Hemlock/Sitka spruce

Mean live tree net volume (cubic feet/acre)

Forest type group

Western Washington Eastern Washington

0 10 20 30 40

Douglas-fir

Pacific silver fir

Western redcedar

Mountain hemlock

Engelmann spruce/subalpine fir

Lodgepole pine

Western larch

Bigleaf maple

Subalpine fir

Grand fir

Ponderosa pine

Red alder

Western hemlock

Live tree net volume (billion cubic feet)

Forest type group

Figure 28—Mean net live tree volume per acre on forest land by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011.

Figure 29—Total live tree net volume by forest type, Washington, 2002–2011. Forest types with less than 1 billion net cubic feet not shown.
25

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Bureau of Land Management

Noncorporate private

Corporate private

U.S. Forest Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

State and local

Departments of Defense or Energy

National Park Service

Live tree net volume (thousand cubic feet/acre)

Ownership group

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

20

40

60

80

100

U.S. Forest

Service

National

Park Service

State and local

government

All private

Volume by diameter class (percent)

Owner group

>33.0

21.0–32.9

9.0–20.9

5.0–8.9

Figure 30—Live tree net volume per acre by ownership, Washington, 2002–2011.

Figure 31—Percentage of live tree net volume by diameter class and owner group, Washington, 2002–2011.
26

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000

Other hardwoods

Woodland hardwoods

Western oak

Aspen/birch

Alder/maple

Elm/ash/cottonwood

Other western softwoods

Ponderosa pine

Lodgepole pine

Western larch

Douglas-fir

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock

Hemlock/Sitka spruce

Carbon (kilograms per hectare)

Forest type group

Live trees ≥1 inch d.b.h.

Snags ≥5 inches d.b.h.

Down wood ≥3 inches l.e.d.

Figure 32—Average aboveground carbon per hectare by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011; d.b.h = diameter at breast height; 

l.e.d. = large-end diameter.
27

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011 0 25 50 12.5.Miles

Biomass

High >250Dry tons/acreLow <1

Land cover

NonforestDevelopedWaterSnow and ice

Figure 33—Estimated live tree biomass (dry tons per acre) in Washington, 2002–2011 (forest/nonforest geographic information system layer: Blackard et al. 2008; landcover layer: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium National Land Cover Dataset, Homer et al. 2007; relief layer: USGS National Elevation Dataset, Gesch et al. 2002). Forest biomass represents the aboveground woody biomass of trees in tons per acre. This biomass is the accumulated ovendry weight of the stem, bark, stump, top, and live woody branches. The biomass of foliage, cones, fruits, and roots was not calculated and is not included in this estimate of aboveground biomass.

J. Chase
28

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Annual Tree Growth, Removals, and Mortality 

in Washington

Changes in wood volume over time are of interest as an 

aspect of sustainability and can be explained by examining 

growth, removals, and mortality of trees. These components 

are key factors in understanding how management, ecology, 

and climate change interact across the landscape. It is 

important to take into account that private forests are distinctly different from public forests in management practice 

as well as vegetation type, productivity, and topographic 

location. For example, the U.S. Forest Service manages vast 

areas of wilderness and other reserved land that cannot be 

compared directly with privately owned forests managed for 

production of wood products (fig. 34).

When the sum of all tree removals and mortality 

exceeds growth, total tree volume declines. In small areas, 

removals undertaken to reduce fire hazard or deter pest 

infestations may sometimes exceed growth in the short run. 

This trend, however, may be reversed in the long run by 

protecting against catastrophic mortality. Conversely, widespread mortality caused by bark beetles, for example, may 

offset growth gains and thus prevent or delay attainment of 

a stand’s desired future condition and reduce the production 

of ecological benefits such as sequestration of carbon or 

economic benefits such as forest products.

Previously, FIA conducted a forest inventory between 

2000 and 2001 on private, state, and local government 

timberland in Washington (Gray et al. 2005, 2006). Owing 

to numerous differences between the current inventory 

and those prior measurements, comparing this inventory’s 

volume estimates with those published from previous inventories will not produce valid change estimates. Differences 

include, for example, sampling different areas (forest land 

vs. timberland, with or without reserved land) and using different definitions (e.g., growing stock). To estimate volume 

change despite these differences, we estimated net change 

based on revisited plots, relying on the algorithms and 

definitions of today’s annual inventory. Between 2007 and 

Figure 34—Timber harvest, Washington.

Glenn Burkhart
29

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

2011, FIA remeasured a subset of the 2000–2001 inventory 

(355 plots). The remeasurement period ranged from 6 to 11 

years with an average of 8.5 years. We estimated growth, 

removals, and mortality using a subset of remeasured trees 

from the remeasured plots that were alive in 2000–2001 and 

5 inches or more diameter at breast height (d.b.h.).

The U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region 

installed a separate grid of plots on national forest lands in 

Washington (i.e., not including lands administered by Idaho 

Panhandle National Forest) between 1993 and 1997 (Max 

et al. 1996), and remeasured them between 1998 and 2007. 

A change inventory was compiled using FIA procedures 

and classification from subsequent remeasurements using 

annualized FIA procedures (Gray and Whittier 2014). The 

mean remeasurement interval on the 3,224 plots used in this 

analysis was 7.1 years. 

Privately Owned Timberland: Change Between 

2000–2001 and 2007–2011 

In western Washington, growth on private timberland 

was 131.2 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 (table 3). Industrial (corporate) 

timberland is more productive then noncorporate timberland (148.4 versus 93.6 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 of growth) (fig. 35). 

Although mortality rates are higher on noncorporate timberland (42.6 versus 33.5 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1, respectively), removals 

per acre are almost twice as high on corporate timberland 

(100.3 versus 65.7 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) and almost 31⁄2 times in 

absolute terms (349 versus 105 million ft3 · yr-1 (cubic feet 

per year)). Overall, growth exceeded mortality and removals 

on corporate private timberland (14.6 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1), but did 

not on noncorporate private timberland (-14.7 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1). 

However, neither change is statistically significant.

Private timberland in eastern Washington is almost 

half as productive as timberland in western Washington 

(60.6 versus 131.19 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) (fig. 35). Noncorporate 

timberland and corporate timberland are similarly productive (59.0 versus 65.8 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) and have about the 

same amount of mortality (14.9 versus 13.9 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) 

and removals (34.1 versus 38.4 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1). However, in 

absolute terms, noncorporate timberland has almost three 

times as much timber removal as corporate timberland in 

eastern Washington (76 versus 27 million ft3 · yr-1) (table 

4), likely because there is over twice as much noncorporate 

acreage. On corporate and noncorporate timberland, growth 

exceeded removals and mortality (13.5 versus 10.0 ft3 · ac-1 ·

yr-1). Neither change, however, is statistically significant. 

State and Local Government: Change Between 

2000–2001 and 2007–2011 

On average, state- and local- government owned timberland 

was as productive as corporate timberland in western 

Washington (147.4 compared to 148.4 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) and 

eastern Washington (63.8 compared to 65.8 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1). 

Although growth exceeded removals and mortality by 7.2 

ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 in western Washington and 4.3 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 in 

eastern Washington, it was not statistically significant (fig. 

35). Mortality rates were relatively high compared to private 

land (51.9 versus 28.4 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ). Similar changes were 

detected in biomass (table 5).

U.S. Forest Service Timberland: Change Between 

1993–1997 and 1998–2007

Growth on timberland managed by the U.S. Forest Service 

averages 85.0 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 , which was less productive than 

either state and local or private timber holdings (fig. 36). 

Forest Service timberland in western Washington was more 

productive (104.9 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) than in eastern Washington 

(57.0 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ) (tables 6 and 7). Mortality on U.S. Forest 

Service timberland (42.7 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ) was lower than state 

and local timberland (52.0 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ) and comparable to 

private timberland mortality (28.5 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ). Removals 

on U.S. Forest Service timberland (4.5 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 ) was an 

order of magnitude lower than removals on state and local 

or private timberland, with a net result of large increases in 

wood volume on U.S. Forest Service lands. Geographic and 

land use patterns of change in biomass were similar to those 

of volume. 
30

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table 3—Average annual volume (cubic feet) growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on 

nonnational forest timberland, Washington, 2000–2001 and 2007–2011

Private

Other federal State and local Corporate Noncorporate Total private

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre per year

Eastern Washington 

timberlanda

:

Growth 20.82 0 63.82 11.59 65.83 16.50 59.01 7.48 60.64 6.97

Mortality — — 35.81 14.11 13.93 4.93 14.91 3.18 14.68 2.67

Removals — — 23.73 21.71 38.41 25.06 34.14 16.17 35.16 12.62

Net change 20.82 0 4.28 25.92 13.49 34.79 9.96 18.33 10.8 15.58

Western Washington 

timberland:

Growth 68.74 14.40 147.36 16.16 148.42 13.14 93.63 16.20 131.19 10.47

Mortality 15.99 21.39 60.51 13.38 33.5 8.04 42.62 15.77 36.37 7.36

Removals 11.67 15.60 79.65 41.28 100.28 25.86 65.7 36.98 89.41 21.19

Net change 41.08 35.22 7.20 43.80 14.64 32.06 -14.69 44.64 5.41 25.94

Total:

Growth 50.23 16.74 118.42 11.53 134.59 11.5 73.48 8.08 105.42 7.14

Mortality 9.81 13.96 51.95 10.04 30.23 6.76 26.49 6.83 28.45 4.79

Removals 7.16 10.18 60.28 28.08 89.92 21.94 47.33 18.11 69.59 14.25

Net change 33.26 22.43 6.19 30.00 14.44 27.33 -0.34 21.49 7.38 17.42

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Ingrowth trees and trees 5 inches or greater at first measurement.
31

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

-200.00

-150.00

-100.00

-50.00

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Other federal State and local Corporate Noncorporate

Western Washinton

Removals Mortality Growth Net change

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

-80.00

-60.00

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

Other federal State and local Corporate Noncorporate

Eastern Washington

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

Figure 35—Average annual change in volume (cubic feet) of growth, removals and mortality per acre per year on nonnational forest 

timberland between 2000–2001 and 2007–2011 by ownership in Washington (error bars represent sampling error).
32

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table 4—Average annual volume (cubic feet) growth, removals, and mortality per year on nonnational forest 

timberland, Washington, 2000–2001 and 2007–2011

Private

Other federal State and local Corporate Noncorporate Total private

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Thousand cubic feet per year

Eastern Washington 

timberlanda

:

Growth 701 770 55,308 10,793 46,044 14,209 131,067 18,922 177,111 23,391

Mortality — — 31,032 12,438 9,745 4,077 33,125 7,190 42,870 8,080

Removals — — 20,569 19,169 26,866 18,344 75,824 36,816 102,690 36,734

Net change 701 770 3,708 22,419 9,433 24,316 22,118 40,627 31,551 45,756

Western 

Washington 

timberland:

Growth 3,674 2,329 240,979 28,506 516,298 50,850 149,342 28,920 665,641 54,306

Mortality 855 1,252 98,948 22,323 116,550 28,376 67,984 25,207 184,534 37,782

Removals 624 914 130,255 68,559 348,850 89,324 104,789 60,079 453,640 107,649

Net change 2,196 2,295 11,776 71,559 50,898 111,792 -23,431 71,234 27,467 131,626

Total:

Growth 4,375 2,453 296,288 30,481 562,342 52,798 280,410 34,560 842,752 59,130

Mortality 855 1,252 129,980 25,554 126,295 28,668 101,110 26,212 227,404 38,636

Removals 624 914 150,823 71,188 375,716 91,189 180,613 70,462 556,330 113,744

Net change 2,896 2,421 15,484 74,989 60,331 114,405 -1,313 82,005 59,018 139,352

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Ingrowth trees and trees 5 inches or greater at first measurement.
33

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table 5—Average annual biomass (tons) growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on nonnational 

forest timberland, Washington, 2000–2001 and 2007–2011

Private

Other federal State and local Corporate Noncorporate Total private

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Short tons per acre per year

Eastern Washington 

timberlanda

:

Growth 0.40 0.40 1.06 0.20 1.19 0.30 1.01 0.12 1.05 0.12

Mortality — — 0.59 0.24 0.29 0.11 0.29 0.06 0.29 0.05

Removals — — 0.35 0.32 0.64 0.41 0.57 0.26 0.59 0.20

Net change 0.40 0.40 0.11 0.38 0.25 0.58 0.14 0.30 0.17 0.26

Western Washington 

timberlanda

:

Growth 1.34 0.30 2.73 0.30 2.81 0.25 1.79 0.31 2.49 0.20

Mortality 0.31 0.31 1.18 0.26 0.63 0.14 0.79 0.28 0.68 0.13

Removals 0.23 0.23 1.49 0.77 1.85 0.48 1.19 0.67 1.64 0.39

Net change 0.79 0.65 0.07 0.82 0.33 0.60 — — 0.17 0.48

Total:

Growth 0.97 0.33 2.15 0.21 2.54 0.22 1.33 0.15 1.96 0.14

Mortality 0.19 0.19 0.98 0.19 0.57 0.12 0.50 0.12 0.54 0.09

Removals 0.14 0.14 1.10 0.52 1.65 0.40 0.83 0.32 1.26 0.26

Net change 0.64 0.42 0.08 0.55 0.32 0.51 0.00 0.38 0.17 0.32

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Ingrowth trees and trees 5 inches or greater at first measurement.
34

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

-80.00

-60.00

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

Forest land Timberland Reserved forest land Low-productivity 

forest land

Western Washington

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

Low-productivity 

forest land

-60.00

-40.00

-20.00

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

Forest land Timberland Reserved forest land

Eastern Washington

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

Removals Mortality Growth Net change

Figure 36—Average annual change in volume (cubic feet) of growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on national forest land 

between 1993–1997 and 1998–2007 by ownership in Washington (error bars represent sampling error).
35

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table 6—Average annual volume (cubic feet) growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on National 

Forest System land, Washington, 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

Forest land Timberland Reserved forest land

Low-productivity 

forest land

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre per year

Eastern Washington:

Growth 56.95 1.00 60.33 0.99 51.71 2.85 30.98 2.80

Mortality 42.85 2.33 40.52 2.29 53.21 6.69 22.35 7.01

Removals 3.80 0.80 5.34 1.13 — — — —

Net change 10.30a 2.62 14.47a 2.71 -1.50 7.12 8.63 7.25

Western Washington:

Growth 104.90 1.70 119.50 1.93 76.14 3.44 54.33 5.58

Mortality 47.26 4.71 45.81 2.68 52.41 14.90 30.14 7.42

Removals 5.50 2.07 8.11 3.04 — — — —

Net change 52.14a 5.15 65.58a 4.37 23.73a 14.40 24.19a 7.80

Total:

Growth 77.53 0.93 85.04 1.01 63.23 2.25 39.06 2.82

Mortality 44.74 2.42 42.73 1.74 52.83 7.88 25.04 5.27

Removals 4.53 1.00 6.49 1.43 — — — —

Net change 28.26a 2.68 35.82a 2.42 10.40 7.80 14.02a 5.49

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Estimate is significant, different from zero at the 95 percent significance level.
36

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table 7—Average annual volume (cubic feet) growth, removals, and mortality per year on National Forest 

System land, Washington, 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

Forest land Timberland Reserved forest land

Low-productivity 

forest land

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Thousand cubic feet per year

Eastern Washington:

Growth 259,908 5,257 195,926 3,614 57,888 3,975 6,093 843

Mortality 195,550 10,904 131,588 7,538 59,566 7,798 4,395 1,451

Removals 17,337 3,668 17,337 3,668 — — — —

Net change 47,021a 11,961 47,001a 8,812 -1,679 7,970 1,698 1,439

Western Washington:

Growth 360,029 6,504 278,299 5,158 76,076 4,396 5,654 956

Mortality 162,195 16,275 106,694 6,293 52,365 15,016 3,136 878

Removals 18,879 7,089 18,879 7,089 — — — —

Net change 178,954a 17,699 152,726a 10,291 23,711a 14,416 2,518a 881

Total:

Growth 619,936 7,951 474,225 6,205 133,963 5,470 11,748 1,274

Mortality 357,745 19,483 238,282 9,801 111,931 16,814 7,532 1,696

Removals 36,217 7,981 36,217 7,981 — — — —

Net change 225,975a 21,406 199,727a 13,548 22,032 16,530 4,216a 1,688

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Estimate is significant, different from zero at the 95 percent significance level.

U.S. Forest Service Reserved Forest Land: 

Change Between 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

Growth on reserved forests under U.S. Forest Service 

management averaged 76.1 ft3

 · ac-1 · yr-1 in western 

Washington and 51.7 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1 in eastern Washington. 

Western Washington reserved forest land growth was 

similar to growth seen on western Washington nonindustrial 

private timberland (93.6 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1) (fig. 37). There was 

no significant difference between growth and mortality on 

eastern Washington U.S. Forest Service reserved forest land, 

resulting in no net change in volume. Net volume change in 

western Washington U.S. Forest Service reserved forest was 

23.7 ft3

 · ac-1 · yr-1, which is greater than western Washington 

state and local, and private timberlands (7.2 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1

and 5.4 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1, respectively). Similar changes were 

detected in biomass (table 8).
37

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Western Washington

Forest Service–

all forest land

Forest Service–

timberland

Forest Service–

reserved

Corporate

timberland

Noncorporate

timberland

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Forest Service–

all forest land

Forest Service–

timberland

Forest Service–

reserved

Corporate

timberland

Noncorporate

timberland

Eastern Washington

Annual volume change (ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1)

Removals Mortality Growth Net change

Figure 37—Combined average annual change in volume (cubic feet) of growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on national forest land between 1993–1997 and 1998–2007 by land status compared to privately owned timberland between 2000–2001 and 2007–2011 

in Washington (error bars represent sampling error). Note that although volume changes are on an annual per-acre basis, Forest Service 

estimates of change cover a different timeframe than private timberland.
38

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Forest Health

Forests are complex ecosystems, composed of plants, 

animals, fungi, and nonbiotic elements. Trees dominate 

forested landscapes, but less obvious components such as 

fungi and soil microbes are also important (Molina 1994), 

with each piece of the system playing a role in creating a 

balanced and healthy environment. Healthy forests sequester carbon from the atmosphere and provide long-term 

carbon storage (Harmon et al. 1990) as well as remove 

pollutants to improve air quality (Nowak et al. 2013). In 

Washington, forests comprise nearly half of the land area, 

and the health of these forests affects the surrounding environments. Changing climate patterns, forest management 

activities, and growing human populations influence these 

forests. Some impacts on forest health such as wildfire are 

high profile, and clear lines can be drawn to how impacts 

affect the surrounding environment. Other forest health 

issues such as root disease are less discrete yet just as ubiquitous. Consistent monitoring and reporting of trends in 

forest health are important to ensure informed management 

decisions are made by local and regional forest managers. 

Wildfire

Wildfire is a naturally occurring forest disturbance in 

Washington and is particularly important in eastern 

Washington where the historical fire regime in many areas 

consisted of frequent, low-intensity surface fires in forests 

dominated by widely spaced, fire-tolerant trees such as 

ponderosa pine (Cooper 1960). Land use and land management changes that began in the late 19th century (e.g., fire 

suppression, timber harvest, grazing, and road construction) 

have driven the development of a new fire regime in eastern 

Washington, consisting of higher intensity wildfire and tree 

mortality (Agee 1994, Everett et al. 2000) (fig. 38).

Table 8—Average annual biomass (tons) growth, removals, and mortality per acre per year on National Forest 

System land, Washington, 1993–1997 and 1998–2007

Forest land Timberland Reserved forest land

Low-productivity 

forest land

Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Short tons per acre per year

Eastern Washington:

Growth 1.02 0.02 1.10 0.02 0.88 0.05 0.54 0.05

Mortality 0.81 0.04 0.78 0.04 0.97 0.12 0.42 0.11

Removals 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.02 — — — —

Net change 0.13a 0.05 0.21a 0.05 -0.09 0.12 0.13 0.12

Western Washington:

Growth 1.96 0.03 2.26 0.04 1.37 0.06 0.97 0.11

Mortality 0.97 0.09 0.96 0.05 1.05 0.29 0.62 0.14

Removals 0.10 0.03 0.15 0.05 — — — —

Net change 0.89a 0.10 1.15a 0.08 0.33 0.27 0.35a 0.15

Total:

Growth 1.42 0.02 1.58 0.02 1.11 0.04 0.69 0.05

Mortality 0.88 0.05 0.86 0.03 1.00 0.15 0.49 0.09

Removals 0.09 0.02 0.12 0.02 — — — —

Net change 0.46a 0.05 0.60a 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.20a 0.09

— = not available; SE = standard error.

a

 Estimate is significant, different from zero at the 95 percent significance level.
39

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Figure 38—Eastern Washington wildfire.

Brian Gasper

The FIA program estimates wildfire occurrence and 

impact on forested land by analyzing field crew measurements and associated year of wildfire disturbance. Between 

1995 and 2009, the estimated average annual area of forest 

burned in Washington was 66,017 ac (<0.3 percent of 

forested land). Estimated annual area of forest disturbed by 

wildfire statewide ranged from 17,000 ac in 1996 to more 

than 261,000 ac in 2006 (fig. 39). Wildfire impact on forests 

in eastern Washington was greater, with annual mean area 

disturbed by wildfire at 64,228 ac, compared to 1,789 ac in 

western Washington.
40

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Root Disease

Four primary root diseases are responsible for most of the 

damage to timber in Washington state: laminated root rot, 

Armillaria root disease, annosus root disease, and black 

stain root disease (Hadfield et al. 1986) (fig. 40). All tree 

species are affected by one or more root-destroying fungi, 

and root disease is thought to be associated with at least 

18 percent of the annual conifer mortality in the Western 

United States (Hadfield et al. 1986). Unlike insect infestation (e.g., bark beetles), it is often difficult to recognize that 

root disease is affecting a tree because root fungi are not 

easily seen. Root disease may be detected by symptoms in 

tree crowns such as yellowing of foliage or loss of needles 

but can only be accurately identified by digging to expose 

tree roots. These root diseases are naturally occurring and 

important for nutrient cycling. However, some of these 

diseases, such as annosus root disease, are causing more 

damage than in the past in response to human forest management activities (e.g., timber harvest and fire suppression).

In Washington, FIA field crews identified root disease 

on more than 22 percent of all sampled forested plots, 

resulting in an estimated 5.6 billion cubic feet of live tree 

gross volume with root disease damage. Armillaria was the 

most prevalent root disease, occurring on almost 15 percent 

of plots, followed by laminated root rot (5 percent of plots) 

and annosus root disease (1 percent of plots). Observations 

of root disease are evenly distributed across forested areas 

of the state (fig. 41). A little more than half of all observations were in Douglas-fir forest, despite Douglas-fir covering only 46 percent of Washington’s forests (fig. 42). 

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Area (acres)

Year

Forest area disturbed by wildfire

West of the Cascade Range

East of the Cascade Range

Figure 39—Estimated forest land area disturbed by wildfire based on Forest Inventory and Analysis field observations and associated 

year of disturbance, Washington, 1996–2009. 
41

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Figure 40—Laminated root rot.

Janelle Cossey
42

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

AnnosusArmillariaBlack stainLaminatedUnknown

NonforestForestWaterCounties

0 30 60 15

.

Miles

Figure 41—Distribution of root disease observations on Forest Inventory and Analysis plots in Washington, 2002–2011 (forest/nonforest geographic information system layer: Blackard et al. 2008).

J. Thompson
43

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

200

400

600

800

0

Unknown

Laminated

Annosus

Black stain

Armillaria

Forest type

Douglas-fir Western

hemlock

Pacific Grand fir

silver fir

Ponderosa

pine

Western

larch

Lodgepole

pine

Western

red cedar

Root disease incidence (plot count)

Figure 42—Percentage of forested plots with observed root disease, Washington, 2002–2011. The eight forest types where Armillaria 

was most prevalent are shown.
44

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Mean species richness

Ecological section

Blue Mountains

Columbia Basin

Eastern Cascades

Northern Cascades

Okanogan Highland

Coast Range

Puget Trough

Western Cascades

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Nonnative species

Native species

Figure 43—Mean species richness per forested plot by ecological section, Washington, 2002–2011.

Invasive Vegetation

Nonnative invasive plants can potentially spread quickly 

and overtake native plant habitat, often outcompeting 

natives. As an example, Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) 

not only grows rapidly and is able to tolerate poor soil 

conditions, but the dense stands formed are both inaccessible and unpalatable to native wildlife (LeBlanc 2001). 

Altered vegetative composition on affected lands can have 

large economic impacts through lost or degraded land use 

coupled with eradication costs (Mooney and Hobbs 2000, 

Pimentel et al. 2005, Vitousek et al. 1996). 

Native and nonnative species richness, quantified by the 

mean number of species per plot, showed that the average 

species richness derived from nonnative plants on forested 

land ranged from 1 to 12 nonnatives, depending on ecological section (fig. 43). The average nonnative cover per plot 

varied by ecological section from as little as 0.9 percent in 

the Blue Mountains of southeast Washington to 11 percent 

on the Coast Range (fig. 44). The most prevalent nonnative 

species were Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) 

and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), covering an estimated 

115,000 and 114,000 ac of forest land, respectively (fig. 45).
45

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

Himalayan blackberry

Cheatgrass

Common velvetgrass

Thistle

Common St. Johnswort

Scotch broom

Cutleaf blackberry

Bulbous bluegrass

Hairy cat's ear

Purple foxglove

Orchardgrass

English holly

English ivy

Oxeye daisy

Acres

Nonnative common name

Figure 45—Estimated area covered by the most abundant nonnative plant species on forest land, Washington, 2002–2011.

0

5

10

15

20

Puget

Trough

Average cover (percent)

Ecological section

Blue

Mountains

Columbia

Basin

Eastern

Cascades

Northern

Cascades

Okanogan

Highland

Coast

Range

Western

Cascades

Figure 44—Estimated mean nonnative plant cover per forested plot by ecological section, Washington, 2002–2011.
46

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Land Cover and Land Use Research Application—Changes in Land Use and Housing on 

Resource Lands in Washington state, 1976–20063

Washington state has experienced substantial population 

growth recently, with 2.5 million more people living 

here in 2006 than in 1976, an increase of 77 percent. 

Most of the homes, businesses, and infrastructure to 

support those people needed to be built on land that 

was previously used for other purposes, like forestry 

or agriculture (fig. 46). How and where development 

occurs has wide-ranging social, economic, and ecological implications. Forest Inventory and Analysis’ (FIA) 

mandate to monitor forests includes tracking changes 

in land use that lead to losses and gains of forest lands. 

While our inventory plots provide reliable and definitive 

statistics on those changes, the inventory plot grid is 

too sparse to make definitive assessments of county- or 

watershed-level changes and short time periods. To 

address this, we adopted techniques developed by FIA 

over the years that have been applied with great results 

in Oregon in collaboration with the Oregon Department 

of Forestry. We classified digital imagery from 1976, 

1994, and 2006 to land use, assigned classifications to 

a systematic-random grid of 44,554 photointerpretation 

points on nonfederal lands, and identified houses within 

80-ac circles around each nonurban point. We found that 

1.16 million acres of forest and agricultural lands were 

converted to residential and urban land uses over this 

30-year period. The greatest changes in land use were 

in western Washington, where nonfederal forest lands 

declined 4.7 percent over 30 years (an annual rate of 0.2 

percent—the equivalent of losing an area of land the size 

of a football field every 42 minutes). Agricultural lands 

in western Washington declined at a rate of 0.7 percent 

per year, for a net loss of 22 percent over 30 years. 

Housing density on these resource lands also increased, 

particularly around agricultural areas. Low-density 

residential lands increased substantially, more than 

doubling over 30 years in eastern Washington. We hope 

to continue this work with newer imagery to assess how 

changes in regulation, economy, and population are 

affecting land use in the state

Gray, A.N.; Azuma, D.L.; Lettman, G.J.; Thompson,

J.L.; McKay, N. 2013. Changes in land use and 

housing on resource lands in Washington State, 1976-

2006. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-881. Portland, 

OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 51 p. 

3

Author: Andrew Gray.

Figure 46—Agricultural area near Sequim, Washington, with recent urbanization and dispersed housing development in the 

nearby forest. 

Andrew Gray
47

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Air Quality: Lichens

Air quality in many of Washington’s forests is fair to excellent, but there are some forests near major metropolitan areas 

(e.g., Seattle) with evidence of degraded air quality (Eilers 

et al. 1994, Geiser and Neitlich 2007). Air quality impacts 

to vegetation depend on many factors, the most important 

being plant life stage, species, pollutants, site conditions, 

and degree of exposure. Effects of poor air quality in forests 

include decline in stand productivity and shifts in community 

composition when sensitive species are damaged or killed. 

The FIA program monitors two indicators for air quality: 

injury to ozone-sensitive plants and the composition of lichen 

communities. Air quality instrumentation is thinly distributed in Washington’s forests (USEPA 2008) so monitoring 

using indicator species allows for a spatially comprehensive 

assessment of air quality and risks to forest health across the 

landscape. Ozone indicators have not been collected since 

Campbell et al. (2010), so are not included in this report.

Lichens—

Over 5,500 surveys of epiphytic lichen communities have 

been collected by the FIA program on phase 3 plots (see 

FIA Methods and Design in online supplement) across the 

country (1992–2012). An additional 2,972 surveys were collected by the USFS Air Resources Management Program, 

mostly in Oregon, Washington, and Alaska (1989 to present). Survey data on abundance and diversity are used to 

score air quality at each plot by examining the distribution 

of pollution indicator species; examining land use patterns; 

correlating scores to pollutant measurements; and in some 

cases, conducting laboratory analysis of nitrogen and sulfur 

accumulation in collected lichens. Results from 5 years of 

surveys (1998–2001 and 2003) in Washington’s west-side 

forests provide strong evidence that nitrogen pollution is 

heavily affecting some stands (table 9). Results suggest 

that the Puget Trough ecoregion, which includes many of 

western Washington’s agricultural and metropolitan areas, 

is part of a major nitrogen hotspot that extends into foothill 

forests of the Coast and Cascade Ranges. Beyond degrading air quality, the ecological and economic impacts of 

excessive nitrogen pose an increasing concern for terrestrial 

and aquatic ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Nitrogen 

pollution can cause accelerated accumulation of fuels, soil 

acidification, shifts in plant communities, and a decline in 

mycorrhizal fungi (Fenn et al. 2003).
48

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Research Application–Epiphytic Macrolichen Indication of Air Quality and Climate in the Interior 

Forested Mountains of the Pacific Northwest4

As human populations in Washington continue to grow, 

so do the accompanying industrial, transportation, and 

agricultural support networks. These elements of a growing society can potentially negatively affect air quality. 

Lichen communities, which are sensitive to changes in 

air quality owing to their unique biology, can be used as 

indicators to monitor impacts to air quality across the 

landscape (fig. 47). Biomonitoring using Forest Inventory 

and Analysis (FIA) lichen community data has proven 

successful in western Washington (Geiser et al. 2010) 

(table 9), and this study sought to extend monitoring 

efforts farther east in the Pacific Northwest. To interpret 

climate and air quality patterns in the region, lichen 

community data collected by FIA and the National 

Forest System Region 6 Air Resources Management 

Program were compiled from 1,006 locations within 

the interior forested mountains of Washington, Oregon, 

Idaho, and parts of California and Montana (fig. 48). 

First, the relationship between the presence of 

individual lichen species and concentrations of nitrogen 

in lichen tissue at each plot was used to develop a lichen 

community index. In the rain shadow of the Cascade 

Mountains, precipitation substantially influenced lichen 

community composition. By stratifying the sample to 

balance plots across a combination of nitrogen deposition 

zones, elevation, and presence of hardwood tree species, 

a lichen community index was developed independent 

of climate effects. The Lichen community index was 

Figure 47—Lichens.

Kyle Dodson

Table 9—Forest Inventory and Analysis plots sampled for lichen community, climate index information, 

western Pacific Northwest (PNW) and western Washington, 1998–2001, 2003

Western

PNW

Western 

Washington

Northern

Cascades

OR and WA 

Coast Ranges

Puget

Trough

Western 

Cascades

Number of plots

Plots surveyeda 243 103 19 37 18 29

Air quality index category:b

Best: -1.4 to -0.11 — — 12 21 1 12

Good: -0.11 to 0.02 26 10 0 5 1 4

Fair: 0.02 to 0.21 40 17 2 6 5 4

Degraded: 0.21 to 0.35 21 8 2 3 0 3

Poor: 0.35 to 0.49 13 5 1 0 2 2

Worst: 0.49 to 2.00 32 17 2 2 9 4

Air quality index score

Air quality score extremes -1.28 to 1.59 -1.22 to 1.59 -1.08 to 1.23 -1.22 to 1.59 -0.73 to 1.49 -1.07 to 0.81

Average score on air quality index -0.06 -0.07 -0.28 -0.23 0.38 -0.02

Standard deviation on air quality index 0.49 0.56 0.63 0.52 0.46 0.45

— = not available; SE

a

 Plot totals do not include quality assurance surveys or plots without lichens present.

b

 Categories are based on the analysis of Geiser and Neitlich (2007).
49

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

calibrated with nitrogen concentration measured in 

PM2.5 (particulate less than 2.5 μm in diameter) at 12 

instrumented sites in the study area and used to derive a 

critical level. (Critical levels and critical loads are thresholds of pollution linked to negative effects on sensitive 

biota that managers use for land use planning). It was 

determined that the critical level for nitrogen was 0.37 

μg · m3 · yr-1, corresponding with a concentration of 1.02 

percent nitrogen in the lichen Letharia vulpina. Critical 

loads for nitrogen deposition were estimated to be 1.54 

and 2.51 kg · ha · yr-1 for harm to lichen communities and 

elevated nitrogen concentrations in lichens, respectively.

Plots were mapped throughout the interior mountains of the Pacific Northwest that were below, at, or 

above critical levels. Lichen communities above critical 

levels included more nitrogen-loving lichen species, 

whereas those below had a greater array of more sensitive species. This has ecological implications beyond 

mapping air quality because sensitive species frequently 

have different ecological functions such as providing 

important forage, nesting materials, and habitat for 

mammals, birds, and invertebrates.

Geiser, L.H.; Jovan, S.E.; Glavich, D.A.; Porter, M.K. 

2010. Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric 

nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and 

Washington Forests, USA. Environmental Pollution. 

158(7): 2412–2421.

Root, H.T.; Geiser, L.H.; Jovan, S.; Neitlich, P. 2015.

Epiphytic macrolichen indication of air quality and 

climate in interior forested mountains of the Pacific 

Northwest, USA. Ecological Indicators. 53: 95–105. 

4

 Author: Heather Root.

Figure 48—Estimated nitrogen (N) concentration in PM2.5 for plots sampled in 2003–2011 using the (A) lichen N concentration 

index and (B) lichen community index after correcting for climatic moisture deficit. The yellow plots are within the 95 percent 

confidence interval corresponding to the critical level of 0.37 (1) g · m3 · yr-1 (table 3? Should this be table 9 mentioned in the 

sidebar); red plots are higher than this interval and green are lower. The background agriculture layer is based on 2006 data from 

the Multi-Resolution Land Characterization (https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd06 data.php; 6 August 2012).
50

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Value of Washington’s Forests

Forests have both tangible and intangible value. Measurable 

resources such as timber are well known, whereas boughs 

used in the floral industry are a less widely recognized 

forest product. These tangible resources can generally be 

extracted from the forest, processed, and sold on an open 

market, which makes their value relatively easy to quantify. 

Intangible resources such as wildlife habitat, clean water, 

human health, and recreation have value that is dependent 

upon the individual stakeholder (fig. 49). Although it is 

difficult to assign values to intangible resources, they serve 

an important role in supporting local communities and have 

a societal impact. 

Forest Products 

Timber and nontimber forest products are resources 

extracted from the forest and can generally be quantified. 

Timber comes from harvesting trees that are then milled to 

produce wood products used in the construction of buildings 

or pulped to produce paper and paper products. Nontimber 

forest products are materials or commodities obtained from 

the forest that do not require harvesting trees and may 

include nuts, seeds, berries, mushrooms, foliage, medicinal 

plants, fuelwood, game animals, or livestock forage (fig. 50).

Timberlands are defined as forests that are capable of 

producing at least 20ft3 · ac · yr-1 of wood volume annually 

and are not reserved, and site classes are used to indicate 

relative timberland productivity. A site class is a variable 

that indicates potential for annual growth within a specific 

Figure 49—Forest recreation has tremendous value: horse packing, Pasayten, Washington.

Brian Gasper
51

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

forested stand and varies based on factors such as climate, 

soil structure and composition, slope, aspect, and species 

interactions. Only about 13 percent of Washington’s 

timberland can be classified as highly productive (capable of 

adding 165 ft3 · ac · yr-1 of wood volume). The vast majority 

of highly productive timberland (98 percent) is found in 

western Washington. Douglas-fir, western hemlock/Sitka 

spruce, and alder/maple forest groups all have at least 20 

percent of their timberland acreage in a highly productive 

site class while ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and western 

larch all have less than 2 percent classified as highly 

productive (fig. 51). 

In Washington, the U.S. Forest Service has more forest 

land under its management than any other government 

agency, but only 12 percent of Forest Service timberland is 

classified as highly productive (fig. 52). State forests have 

the greatest percentage of high productivity timberland at 

31 percent, while private land contains 25 percent highly 

productive timberland.

Timber harvest in Washington occurs on private, 

state, and federal lands. Between 2002 and 2011, the 

mean annual harvest as recorded by Washington State 

Department of Natural Resources was 3.2 billion board 

feet Scribner (Washington DNR 2015). Of the timber 

harvested, Douglas-fir represented 43 percent of the total 

cut. Timber harvest during the 2002 to 2011 period was 

particularly dynamic, with total harvest volume falling 

more than 40 percent between the 2004 high and the 2009 

low. The harvest reduction coincided with the economic 

downturn and collapse of new home construction in the 

United States during the same time period (2008-2009) 

and the rebound reflects the economic recovery beginning 

in 2010 (fig. 53). 

The United States is the world’s largest producer of 

softwood products, with yields in Washington state second 

only to Oregon among the states (fig. 54). Washington’s 

forests generate nearly $5 billion annually in wood product 

sales, or 1.5 percent of the state’s gross domestic product. 

Log and lumber commodities are ranked third among 

Washington’s exports, according to the state’s Department 

of Commerce (Smith 2012). 

In 2011, Washington nontimber forest products accounted 

for almost $1 million in U.S. Forest Service special forest 

product permit sales (USDA FS 2015) (table 10). Bough 

and grass products led the way in permit sales, and, when 

combined, these two products account for almost 75 percent 

of total special forest product permit sales. 

Figure 50—Morels after a fire.

Glenn Burkhart
52

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Douglas-fir Western

larch

Alder/

maple

Timerland area (percent)

Forest type group

Fir/spruce/

mountain 

hemlock

Hemlock/

Sitka spruce

Ponderosa

pine

Lodgepole

pine

High Medium Low

Productivity class

Figure 51—Timberland productivity by forest type group, Washington, 2002–2011. (Low productivity = less than 85 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1; 

medium productivity = 85 to 164 ft3 · ac-1 · yr -1; high productivity = greater than 164 ft3 · ac-1 · yr -1).
53

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

National

forest

State

government

Local

government

All private

owners

Other

federal

Timberland area (percent)

Owner group

Productivity class High Medium Low

Figure 52—Timberland productivity by owner group, Washington, 2002–2011. (Low productivity = less than 85 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1; medium 

productivity = 85 to 164 ft3 · ac-1 ·yr-1; high productivity = greater than 164 ft3 · ac-1 · yr-1).

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Thousand board feet

Year

Eastern Washington harvest

Western Washington harvest

Washington timber harvest data (2002–2011)

Figure 53—Annual timber harvest in Washington (Washington Department of Natural Resources data), 2002–2011.
54

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table 10–U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service Special Forest Product Permit Sales, 

Washington, 2011

Product Permit sales

Limb/bough $597,740 

Grass $121,106 

Foliage $76,485 

Fruits/berries $70,650 

Mushrooms $50,370 

Xmas tree $34,943 

Transplant $11,560 

Other plant $4,107 

Cones $113 

Seeds $60 

Herbs $20 

Total $967,154 

Figure 54—Heavy thinning is a common silvicultural practice in Washington forests. 

Jessica Deans
55

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Removals for Timber Products5

Volume removed from forest inventory during the 

harvesting of timber is known as removals. Removals 

are an important indicator of the sustainability of 

timber harvest. Removals that exceed net growth for 

extended periods could indicate overharvesting and 

decreasing forest inventory. Removals can come from 

two sources: growing stock trees (live trees of commercial species meeting specified standards of quality 

or vigor), or dead trees and other nongrowing stock 

sources (e.g., tree limbs and tops).

The two general types of removals are timber 

products harvested for processing by mills and logging 

residue (i.e., volume cut or killed but not used). Removals, as reported here, are based on 2002 and 2010 

surveys of Washington’s primary forest products industry 

(Smith 2012, Smith and Hiserote 2005) and Washington 

Department of Revenue forest excise tax data (Larsen 

and Hguyen 2004, Largent et al. 2012). More detailed 

timber products and logging residue data for Washington 

and other states are available from Forest Inventory and 

Analysis’ timber products outtput (TPO) web site: http://

srsfia2.fs.fed.us/php/tpo_2009/tpo_rpa_int1.php

Removals from timberlands in Washington fluctuated substantially during the 2002 to 2011 period. Total 

removals exceeded 1.2 billion ft3

 in 2002 and were less 

than 940 million ft3

 in 2010 (tables 11 and 12). Growing-stock material accounted for the majority of removals in both 2002 and 2010. Total removals for timber 

products were 20 percent less in 2010 compared to 

2002 (756 and 951 million cubic feet, respectively). 

Growing stock was the leading source for all products, 

with the exception of fuelwood, whereas logging residue primarily came from nongrowing stock sources. 

In both years, sawlogs6

were the leading industrial 

product from both growing and nongrowing sources. 

Logging residue decreased substantially between 2002 

and 2010, from both growing (51 percent reduction) 

and nongrowing (25 percent reduction) stock sources. 

The proportion of logging residue to industrial product 

was lower in 2010 relative to 2002. This proportional 

reduction may be a result of the dramatic increase in 

pulpwood between the two years (116 million cubic feet 

increase) and the subsequent use of smaller materials 

that would otherwise be left as logging residue.

Table 11—Volume (cubic feet) of removals by source of material and removal type, Washington, 2002–2010

Source of material

2002 2010

Growing 

stock

Other 

sources Total

Growing 

stock

Other 

sources Total

Thousand cubic feet

Roundwood products

Sawlogs 719,222 32,141 751,362 467,362 15,408 482,770

Veneer logs 53,986 2,413 56,399 33,611 477 34,088

Pulpwood 67,229 3,004 70,233 182,214 4,328 186,542

Post, poles, and pilings 5,527 247 5,774 8,114 126 8,239

Miscellaneous products 463 21 484 39 3 42

Total industrial products 846,426 37,825 884,251 691,340 20,342 711,682

Fuelwood — 66,526 66,526 — 44,480 44,480

Total timber products 846,426 104,351 950,777 691,340 64,822 756,162

Logging residue 52,621 208,590 261,211 25,943 156,484 182,426

Total removals 899,047 312,940 1,211,987 717,283 221,305 938,588

— = not available.
56

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

The distribution of removals across public and 

private forest ownerships underwent notable changes 

from 2002 to 2010. Though total removals for timber 

products decreased, public removals increased for 

both U.S. Forest Service (21 to 37 million cubic feet) 

and other public (135 to 210 million cubic feet) ownerships (table 12). Conversely, private lands experienced a 36 percent decrease in total timber product 

removals. Sawlogs were the leading product across 

all ownerships, though 2010 removals for sawlogs 

were lower for each ownership than 2002 levels. 

However, pulpwood dramatically increased across all 

ownership types. Pulpwood removals on public lands 

increased more than fourfold while private pulpwood 

more than doubled. 

Largent, L.; Calhoon, C.; Smith, D. 2012. Washington timber harvest report 2010. Washington State 

Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 42 p. 

(http://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/obe_wa_timber_harvest_report_2010.pdf).

Larsen, D.N.; Quynh, H. 2004. Washington 

timber harvest 2002. Washington State Department 

of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 74 p. (http://

file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/obe_watimber_harvest_

report_2002.pdf). 14 April 2017).

Smith, D. 2012. Washington mill survey 2010. 

Series Report 21. Washington State Department of 

Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 118 p. (http://file.dnr.

wa.gov/publications/obe_econ_rprt_millsurv_2010.

pdf). (3 April 2017).

Smith, D.; Hiserote, B. 2005. Washington mill 

survey 2012. Series Report 16, Washington State 

Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 46 

p. (http://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/obe_econ_rprts_

millsurv_2002.pdf). (14 April 2017).

5 Authors: Todd A. Morgan and Kate Marcille, Bureau of 

Business and Economic Research, University of Montana.

6 Log volumes exported from Washington to other states and 

countries are included in the sawlog timber product category.

Table 12—Volume (cubic feet) of removals by ownership and removal type, Washington, 2002–2010

Ownership

2002 2010

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

public Private Total

U.S. 

Forest 

Service

Other 

public Private Total

Thousand cubic feet

Roundwood Products

Sawlogs 9,819 99,639 641,905 751,362 18,128 139,513 325,129 482,770

Veneer logs 3,790 13,886 38,722 56,399 1,859 11,213 21,017 34,088

Pulpwood 2,607 10,510 57,116 70,233 12,090 50,649 123,802 186,542

Post, poles, and pilings 2,338 1,929 1,506 5,774 312 3,096 4,831 8,239

Miscellaneous products — — 484 484 — 42 — 42

Total Industrial Products 18,554 125,965 739,732 884,251 32,389 204,513 474,779 711,682

Fuelwood 3,034 9,213 54,279 66,526 4,781 5,955 33,744 44,480

Total Timber Products 21,587 135,178 794,012 950,777 37,171 210,468 508,523 756,162

Logging Residue 5,449 36,769 218,992 261,211 8,706 51,620 122,101 182,426

Total Removals 27,037 171,947 1,013,004 1,211,987 45,876 262,088 630,624 938,588

— = not available
57

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Urban Forest

In 2011, the FIA program installed 190 plots on the standard 

FIA grid within census defined urban areas of Washington 

(cities with a population of 50,000 or more). Data from 

these plots were compiled and run through a software package known as iTree Eco (Nowak et al. 2008) to determine 

the value of the trees to city inhabitants. The estimated 

compensatory value of Washington’s urban forest is $58.8 

billion. Carbon storage in Washington’s urban forests is 

worth $1.8 billion, annual carbon sequestration is worth 

$44.9 million, and annual pollution removal $169 million 

per year. Washington’s urban forests also decrease building 

energy usage by $10.6 million annually. Urban forests with 

larger and more numerous healthy trees tend to hold higher 

economic value.

Conclusion

This report presents an updated overview of Washington’s 

forest resources, highlighting information that is new as 

well as confirming previously known information. We 

expect some readers will be eager to see more indepth 

research and analysis on selected topics to fully understand 

current statuses, changes, and relationships in Washington’s 

forests. The values presented here cannot be compared to 

Campbell et al. 2010 to assess change in forest resources 

over the last decade; these data are a continuation of the full 

10-year cycle. The first 10-year cycle is now complete for 

all forested plots measured from 2002 to 2011. All future 

measurements will be remeasurements assessing the change 

that occurred during the 10 years between visits. With these 

data, we can continue quantifying trends in Washington’s 

forests at multiple scales, now with a consistent, nationally 

standardized sample across all forested lands. 
58

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Common and Scientific Names

Life form Common name Scientific name

Trees: Alder Alnus spp. 

Ash Fraxinus spp. 

Aspen Populus spp.

Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum Pursh

Birch Betula spp.

Cedar Thuja spp. 

Cottonwood Populus spp. 

Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco

Elm Ulmus spp. 

Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.

Grand fir Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.

Hemlock Tsuga spp. 

Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.

Maple Acer spp. 

Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.

Oak Quercus spp. 

Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes

Pine Pinus spp. 

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson

Red alder Alnus rubra Bong.

Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.

Spruce Picea spp. 

Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Subalpine larch Larix lyallii Parl.

True fir species Abies spp. 

Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.

Western larch Larix occidentalis Nutt.

Western redcedar Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don

Shrubs: Cascade azalea Rhododendron albiflorum Hook.

Cascade barberry Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.

Cascara buckthorn Frangula purshiana (DC.) A. Gray

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake

Cutleaf blackberry Rubus lacinatus Willd.

Dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium spp. 

Dwarf Oregon grape Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.

English holly Ilex aquifolium L.

English ivy Hedera helix L.
59

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Life form Common name Scientific name

Evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Pursh

Grouse whortleberry Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg ex Coville

Himalayan blackberry Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees

Kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.

Oregon boxleaf Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.

Oval-leaf blueberry Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm.

Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium Sm.

Salal Gaultheria shallon Pursh

Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis Pursh

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ex M. Roem.

Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link

Snowbrush ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus Nutt.

Thinleaf huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr.

Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schltdl.

Vine maple Acer circinatum Pursh

Forbs: Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

Canada thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Common beargrass Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.

Deer fern Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm.

Hairy cat’s ear Hypochaeris radicata L.

Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Pacific trillium Trillium ovatum Pursh

Purple foxglove Digitalis purpurea L.

St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum L.

Thistle spp. Cirsium spp. 

Western brackenfern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Western swordfern Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl

Graminoids: Bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa L.

Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum L.

Common velvetgrass Holcus lanatus L.

Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L.

Lichens: Wolf lichen Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue

Fungi: Annosus root disease Fomes annosus; Heterbastidion annosum

Armillaria root disease Armillaria obscura; Armillaria mellea

Black stain root disease Ceratocystis wagneri; Verticicladiella wagnerii

Laminated root rot Phellinus weirii; Poria weirii
60

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all Forest Inventory and Analysis crew 

members operating in Washington during the 2002–2011 

field seasons for their hard work, significant input to 

improved protocol, and persistent attention to data quality 

throughout 10 years of plot measurements. We also thank 

members of the information management team for compiling the Washington raw plot measurements into meaningful 

data for analysis. This team’s commitment to data quality 

made this report possible. We also thank the analysts that 

helped design the inventory, quality assurance procedures, 

and compilation algorithms. Additionally, we thank the 

reviewers of this manuscript for their invaluable comments.

Metric Equivalents

When you know: Multiply by: To find:

Inches (in) 2.54 Centimeters

Feet (ft) 0.3048 Meters

Miles (mi) 1.609 Kilometers

Acres (ac) 0.405 Hectares

Board feet 0.0024 Cubic meters

Cubic feet (ft3

) 0.0283 Cubic meters

Cubic feet per acre (ft3

/ac) 0.06997 Cubic meters per hectare

Square feet (ft2

) 0.0929 Square meters

Square feet per acre (ft2

/ac) 0.229 Square meters per hectare
61

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

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64

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Appendix 1: Summary Data Tables

The values presented here cannot be compared to the 

previous report (Campbell et al. 2010) or that dataset to 

assess change in forest resources over the past decade; 

these data are a continuation of the full 10-year cycle. The 

first 10-year cycle is now complete for all forested plots 

measured from 2002 to 2011. The following tables contain 

basic information about the forest resources of Washington 

as they relate to the discussions of current forest issues 

and basic resource information presented in this report. 

These tables aggregate data to a variety of levels, including 

county, ecosection, owner group, and forest type, allowing 

Pacific Northwest Research Station Forest Inventory and 

Analysis (FIA) inventory results to be applied at various 

scales and used for various analyses. Many other tables 

could be generated from the Washington annual data, but 

space limits us to just the key ones. Data are also available 

for download in nonsummarized form at www.fia.fs.fed.us. 

The national FIA website (http://www.fia.fs.fed.us/toolsdata/default.asp) contains a tool for querying the Washington annual data and generating custom tables or maps. 

Some of the tables in this appendix contain summaries of 

regional variables; data for regional variables currently are 

not included in the national FIA database (FIADB). An 

additional 84 summary data tables have been published as 

an online supplement (app 2: tables A2-1 through A2-84), 

and information on regional variables, field manuals, and 

local contact information is available at: http://www.fs.fed.

us/pnw/rma/index.php. 

Please note that information in the tables presented and 

in those generated from the FIADB may differ. As new data 

are added each year to FIADB, any tables generated from it 

will be based on the current full set of data in FIADB (e.g., 

2002–2011, 2003–2012, etc.), whereas tables in this publication contain data from only 2002–2011. The user can take a 

snapshot of data from FIADB by selecting the desired years 

and population tables to generate tables that are similar, 

but probably not identical, to those presented here owing to 

quality assurance updates. 

List of Summary data tables

Area—

Table A1-1—Area of forest land, by county and land status, 

Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-2—Area of forest land, by county and ownership 

group, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-3—Area of forest land, by ownership and land status, eastern and western Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-4—Area of forest land, by forest type group, ownership group, and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-5—Area of forest land, by forest type group and 

stand age class, Washington, 2002–2011

Number of live trees—

Table A1-6—Number of live trees on forest land, by county 

and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-7—Number of live trees on forest land, by species 

group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-8—Number of dead trees on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-9—Number of growing stock trees on timberland, 

by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011
65

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Tree volume— 

Table A1-10—Net volume of live trees on forest land, by 

ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-11—Net volume of dead trees on forest land, by 

ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-12—Net volume of live trees on forest land, by 

county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-13—Net volume of live trees on forest land, by 

forest type group and stand size class, Washington, 2002–

2011

Table A1-14—Net volume of live trees on forest land, 

by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-15—Net volume of live trees on forest land, by 

species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-16—Average net volume per acre of live trees 

on forest land, by forest type group and stand size class, 

Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-17—Average net cubic volume per acre of dead 

trees on forest land, by forest type group and stand size 

class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-18—Net volume of growing stock trees on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-19—Net volume of growing stock trees on timberland, by species group and ownership group, Washington, 

2002–2011

Biomass—

Table A1-20—Aboveground biomass of live trees on forest 

land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-21—Aboveground biomass of dead trees on forest 

land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-22—Aboveground biomass of live trees on forest 

land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-23—Aboveground biomass of dead trees on forest 

land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-24—Average aboveground biomass per acre of 

live trees on forest land, by forest type group and ownership 

group, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-25—Average aboveground biomass per acre of 

dead trees on forest land by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-26—Average aboveground biomass per acre of 

live trees on forest land, by forest type group and stand size 

class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-27—Average aboveground biomass per acre of 

dead trees on forest land, by forest type group and stand 

size class, Washington, 2002–2011

Carbon—

Table A1-28—Aboveground carbon mass of live trees on forest 

land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-29—Aboveground carbon mass of dead trees on 

forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-30—Average aboveground carbon mass per acre 

of live trees on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-31—Average aboveground carbon mass per acre of 

dead trees on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011
66

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Down wood—

Table A1-32—Volume of down wood on forest land, by forest type group and down wood diameter class, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-33—Biomass of down wood on forest land, 

by forest type group, ownership group, and land status, 

Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-34—Biomass of down wood on forest land, by 

county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-35—Average volume per acre of down wood on 

forest land, by forest type group and down wood diameter 

class, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-36—Average biomass per acre of down wood on 

forest land, by forest type group, ownership group, and land 

status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-37—Average biomass per acre of down wood 

on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-38—Average biomass per acre of down wood on 

forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–

2011

Table A1-39—Average biomass per acre of all dead wood 

(dead trees and down wood) on forest land, by county and 

land status, Washington, 2002–2011

National forest —

Table A1-40—Area of forest land, by national forest and 

land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-41—Net volume of live trees on forest land, by 

national forest and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-42—Aboveground biomass of live trees on forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-43—Biomass of down wood on forest land, by 

national forest and down wood diameter class, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-44—Average net volume per acre of live trees on 

forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 

2002–2011

Table A1-45—Average aboveground biomass per acre of 

live trees on forest land, by national forest and land status, 

Washington, 2002–2011

Timber products output and removals—

Table A1-46—Total roundwood output by product, species 

group, and source of material, Washington, 2010

Table A1-47—Volume of timber removals by source of material, species group, and removal type, Washington, 2010

Understory vegetation—

Table A1-48—Estimated area of forest land covered by the 

most abundant vascular plant nontimber forest products, by 

plant group and species, Washington, 2002–2011

Table A1-49—Index of vascular plant species richness on 

forest land, by ecological section, Washington, 2011

Table A1-50—Estimated area of forest land covered by selected nonnative vascular plant species and number of sample plots, by life form and species, Washington, 2002–2011

Evidence of fire

Table A1-51—Forest land area on which evidence of fire 

was observed, by year, Washington 1996–2009
67

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-1—Area of forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

Western Washington:

Clallam 720.0 57.3 10.6 5.7 730.6 57.5 296.9 38.8 26.1 11.8 323.0 40.1 1,053.6 70.1

Clark 188.9 32.9 3.9 3.1 192.8 33.2 3.5 4.3 — — 3.5 4.3 196.3 33.5

Cowlitz 590.3 58.1 7.8 6.3 598.1 58.4 30.2 7.6 — — 30.2 7.6 628.3 58.9

Grays Harbor 1,139.5 76.3 23.7 11.7 1,163.2 77.0 — — — — — — 1,163.2 77.0

Island 43.9 14.9 — — 43.9 14.9 4.3 4.0 — — 4.3 4.0 48.2 15.5Jefferson 504.7 49.3 6.5 5.2 511.2 49.5 390.1 42.6 57.8 19.0 447.9 45.2 959.1 67.2

King 670.4 56.3 30.8 10.5 701.2 57.6 131.8 30.1 25.6 13.6 157.4 32.5 858.6 65.7

Kitsap 161.6 30.4 — — 161.6 30.4 — — — — — — 161.6 30.4

Lewis 1,179.5 72.5 12.3 6.8 1,191.9 72.8 119.2 21.1 27.6 13.8 146.8 25.2 1,338.7 77.0

Mason 457.3 46.6 4.6 2.5 461.8 46.7 32.4 13.8 — — 32.4 13.8 494.2 48.7Pacific 544.9 55.3 14.0 7.9 558.9 56.2 19.1 10.6 4.4 5.4 23.4 11.8 582.4 57.4

Pierce 524.3 50.9 14.7 8.4 539.0 51.6 194.5 34.0 32.0 15.7 226.6 36.7 765.6 63.3

San Juan 58.1 16.5 — — 58.1 16.5 13.3 8.8 — — 13.3 8.8 71.4 18.7

Skagit 610.3 51.7 8.1 6.5 618.4 52.0 135.3 26.9 13.7 7.3 148.9 27.9 767.3 59.0Skamania 843.9 39.6 11.4 4.4 855.3 39.7 89.3 19.6 18.9 9.2 108.2 20.7 963.5 43.8

Snohomish 575.9 47.7 33.0 12.9 608.9 47.5 183.1 32.5 62.7 21.3 245.8 37.0 854.8 59.0

Thurston 248.7 37.7 6.3 6.3 255.0 38.2 — — — — — — 255.0 38.2

Wahkiakum 139.1 29.0 6.5 6.4 145.5 29.7 — — — — — — 145.5 29.7

Whatcom 467.5 45.6 30.8 9.2 498.3 46.4 298.5 41.9 79.2 24.6 377.7 48.1 875.9 66.8

Total 9,668.7 122.3 225.0 30.3 9,893.7 122.0 1,941.4 66.5 348.0 45.1 2,289.4 64.6 12,183.2 132.4
68

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-1—Area of forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 67.9 15.9 1.7 1.9 69.6 15.9 — — — — — — 69.6 15.9

Chelan 781.3 39.4 79.1 12.1 860.4 40.5 293.1 42.4 110.5 26.6 403.6 48.4 1,264.0 63.1

Columbia 130.2 21.5 0.5 0.5 130.6 21.5 75.7 17.7 — — 75.7 17.7 206.3 27.8

Douglas 4.9 4.8 — — 4.9 4.8 — — — — — — 4.9 4.8

Ferry 1,218.6 69.8 24.6 7.8 1,243.2 70.1 6.9 6.6 — — 6.9 6.6 1,250.1 70.4

Garfield 77.4 13.9 2.9 2.3 80.3 14.1 36.9 15.9 — — 36.9 15.9 117.2 21.2

Kittitas 690.4 51.5 31.7 7.9 722.1 52.0 28.9 11.8 4.6 4.3 33.4 14.0 755.5 53.9

Klickitat 510.7 54.4 74.6 20.8 585.3 58.1 2.0 2.3 — — 2.0 2.3 587.4 58.3

Lincoln 63.5 19.6 — — 63.5 19.6 — — — — — — 63.5 19.6

Okanogan 1,567.2 73.8 101.7 16.2 1,668.9 74.8 419.1 48.9 197.5 35.9 616.7 55.1 2,285.5 92.5

Pend Oreille 722.2 44.8 15.4 5.0 737.6 44.8 25.2 14.1 7.3 7.7 32.4 16.0 770.0 47.5

Spokane 342.3 43.7 2.6 2.6 344.9 43.8 40.0 15.8 — — 40.0 15.8 384.9 46.5

Stevens 1,148.0 73.2 12.1 6.9 1,160.1 73.4 50.4 16.9 — — 50.4 16.9 1,210.6 74.7

Walla Walla 20.3 10.9 — — 20.3 10.9 — — — — — — 20.3 10.9

Whitman 28.0 12.4 — — 28.0 12.4 — — — — — — 28.0 12.4

Yakima 867.2 64.0 46.4 14.6 913.6 65.5 168.8 34.0 73.2 23.7 242.0 39.9 1,155.6 76.7

Total 8,240.1 130.7 393.3 35.1 8,633.3 130.6 1,147.0 61.0 393.1 46.2 1,540.0 54.0 10,173.3 137.3

All counties 17,908.7 118.2 618.3 46.3 18,527.0 113.6 3,088.4 78.7 741.1 63.8 3,829.4 68.3 22,356.5 117.7

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
69

Table A1-2—Area of forest land, by county and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011 Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Ownership group

National forest Other federal

State and local 

government Private Total

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

Western Washington:

Clallam 215.0 19.9 302.5 38.2 163.6 30.9 372.6 46.1 1,053.6 70.1

Clark 2.0 2.0 3.5 4.3 64.2 19.9 126.6 26.6 196.3 33.5

Cowlitz 35.6 8.3 — — 113.2 25.7 479.4 52.3 628.3 58.9

Grays Harbor 121.6 13.7 — — 165.1 31.3 876.4 69.6 1,163.2 77.0

Island — — — — 10.9 7.6 37.4 13.5 48.2 15.5

Jefferson 146.5 21.9 403.4 41.5 188.6 31.6 220.6 35.6 959.1 67.2

King 302.6 34.7 1.7 1.7 244.1 37.7 310.2 41.8 858.6 65.7

Kitsap — — 6.3 6.3 34.1 14.3 121.2 26.1 161.6 30.4

Lewis 431.7 28.7 36.6 15.4 144.2 29.3 726.2 63.6 1,338.7 77.0

Mason 111.0 12.9 28.1 13.2 66.2 19.7 288.9 40.5 494.2 48.7

Pacific — — 19.1 10.6 87.6 22.8 475.7 51.6 582.4 57.4

Pierce 160.5 24.8 240.7 36.4 37.0 14.9 327.3 43.2 765.6 63.3

San Juan — — 2.9 3.6 12.3 8.2 56.2 16.4 71.4 18.7

Skagit 303.9 27.9 46.6 16.8 122.8 27.2 294.0 40.9 767.3 59.0

Skamania 782.3 29.0 1.5 1.8 82.3 22.4 97.4 24.1 963.5 43.8

Snohomish 519.1 40.3 7.4 6.5 186.8 32.4 141.5 27.6 854.8 59.0

Thurston — — 11.3 7.9 54.0 17.5 189.7 33.2 255.0 38.2

Wahkiakum — — — — 16.9 10.3 128.7 27.9 145.5 29.7

Whatcom 357.3 39.4 187.4 31.6 129.7 27.3 201.5 34.4 875.9 66.8

Total 3,489.1 47.1 1,298.9 43.9 1,923.7 72.5 5,471.5 113.6 12,183.2 132.4

 

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 33.1 7.4 — — 6.7 4.8 29.7 13.1 69.6 15.9

Chelan 1,091.4 54.4 71.5 20.8 32.6 14.1 68.6 19.7 1,264.0 63.1

Columbia 139.4 19.7 — — 6.9 4.6 59.9 19.1 206.3 27.8

Douglas — — — — — — 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.8

Ferry 452.1 22.9 11.7 8.4 32.1 13.4 754.2 64.4 1,250.1 70.4

Garfield 97.0 17.9 — — — — 20.2 11.3 117.2 21.2

Kittitas 432.9 31.6 — — 122.4 27.1 200.2 34.5 755.5 53.9

Klickitat 4.0 2.8 5.3 4.7 99.8 24.6 478.2 52.4 587.4 58.3

Lincoln — — — — 5.9 6.0 57.6 18.7 63.5 19.6

Okanogan 1,475.3 62.4 16.7 10.1 266.3 38.6 527.2 55.6 2,285.5 92.5

Pend Oreille 503.9 28.2 4.6 2.6 25.3 12.0 236.3 36.4 770.0 47.5

Spokane — — 12.0 8.4 54.7 17.8 318.2 42.1 384.9 46.5

Stevens 212.3 18.4 68.8 17.8 187.6 32.1 741.9 62.2 1,210.6 74.7

Walla Walla — — — — — — 20.3 10.9 20.3 10.9

Whitman — — — — — — 28.0 12.4 28.0 12.4

Yakima 476.6 44.8 6.3 6.3 94.4 23.1 578.3 57.6 1,155.6 76.7

Total 4,918.0 47.4 196.9 28.2 934.7 59.9 4,123.7 115.7 10,173.3 137.3

 

All counties 8,407.0 48.6 1,495.8 43.2 2,858.4 70.3 9,595.2 113.8 22,356.5 117.7

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
70

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-3—Area of forest land, by ownership and land status, eastern and western Washington, 2002–2011 Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land Eastern Washington ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand acres Forest Service: National forest 3,336.8 35.2 238.2 20.0 3,575.1 30.1 956.6 51.9 386.3 45.8 1,342.9 42.8 4,918.0 47.4 Total 3,336.8 35.2 238.2 20.0 3,575.1 30.1 956.6 51.9 386.3 45.8 1,342.9 42.8 4,918.0 47.4 Other federal government: Bureau of Land Management 42.8 15.1 7.7 6.6 50.5 16.3 — — — — — — 50.5 16.3 National Park Service — — — — — — 78.8 21.9 — — 78.8 21.9 78.8 21.9

Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 50.3 16.3 — — 50.3 16.3 50.3 16.3

Other federal government 10.9 6.8 — — 10.9 6.8 6.4 6.6 — — 6.4 6.6 17.3 9.5

Total 53.7 16.6 7.7 6.6 61.4 17.7 135.5 26.5 — — 135.5 26.5 196.9 28.2

State and local government:

Local 22.8 10.9 — — 22.8 10.9 14.4 9.6 — — 14.4 9.6 37.2 14.5

State 829.1 57.1 21.2 11.5 850.3 57.5 40.5 16.0 6.8 6.5 47.2 17.3 897.5 58.6

Total 851.9 58.2 21.2 11.5 873.1 58.5 54.9 18.6 6.8 6.5 61.6 19.8 934.7 59.9

Corporate private 1,189.9 79.6 29.7 13.0 1,219.6 80.5 — — — — — — 1,219.6 80.5Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

17.7 10.4 2.2 2.1 19.9 10.6 — — — — — — 19.9 10.6

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, or clubs 

1.7 1.7 — — 1.7 1.7 — — — — — — 1.7 1.7

American Indian 1,581.6 88.3 30.1 12.9 1,611.7 89.1 — — — — — — 1,611.7 89.1

Individual 1,206.7 77.7 64.1 18.0 1,270.8 79.7 — — — — — — 1,270.8 79.7

Total 2,807.7 105.6 96.4 22.2 2,904.1 107.0 — — — — — — 2,904.1 107.0

All private 3,997.6 114.5 126.1 25.6 4,123.7 115.7 — — — — — — 4,123.7 115.7

All owners 8,240.1 130.7 393.3 35.1 8,633.3 130.6 1,147.0 61.0 393.1 46.2 1,540.0 54.0 10,173.3 137.3
71

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-3—Area of forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

Western Washington Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

USDA Forest Service:

National Forest 2,414.3 30.4 102.5 16.8 2,516.8 28.1 784.2 46.8 188.0 34.4 972.3 46.4 3,489.1 47.1

Total 2,414.3 30.4 102.5 16.8 2,516.8 28.1 784.2 46.8 188.0 34.4 972.3 46.4 3,489.1 47.1

Other federal government:

Departments of Defense or Energy 37.2 14.7 — — 37.2 14.7 — — — — — — 37.2 14.7National Park Service — — — — — — 1,031.4 40.0 149.2 27.9 1,180.6 36.4 1,180.6 36.4

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 19.1 9.9 4.4 5.4 23.4 11.2 23.4 11.2

Other federal 47.7 16.8 6.5 6.4 54.2 18.0 3.5 4.3 — — 3.5 4.3 57.7 18.5

Total 84.9 22.3 6.5 6.4 91.5 23.2 1,053.9 40.6 153.5 28.5 1,207.4 37.3 1,298.9 43.9

State and local government:

Local 315.4 42.8 17.2 8.8 332.7 43.7 40.2 15.2 6.5 6.4 46.6 16.5 379.3 46.6

State 1,462.3 56.4 12.5 6.7 1,474.9 56.5 63.1 19.0 — — 63.1 19.0 1,538.0 56.6

Other public 6.5 6.4 — — 6.5 6.4 — — — — — — 6.5 6.4

Total 1,784.3 70.3 29.7 11.1 1,814.0 71.0 103.2 24.3 6.5 6.4 109.7 25.1 1,923.7 72.5

Corporate private 3,534.1 109.9 46.9 16.2 3,581.0 110.7 — — — — — — 3,581.0 110.7Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

243.2 37.9 — — 243.2 37.9 — — — — — — 243.2 37.9

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, or clubs 

13.4 8.2 — — 13.4 8.2 — — — — — — 13.4 8.2

American Indian 272.3 40.5 6.3 6.3 278.6 41.0 — — — — — — 278.6 41.0

Individual 1,322.1 76.6 33.1 13.2 1,355.2 77.3 — — — — — — 1,355.2 77.3

Total 1,851.2 90.1 39.4 14.7 1,890.5 90.7 — — — — — — 1,890.5 90.7

All private 5,385.2 113.0 86.3 21.8 5,471.5 113.6 — — — — — — 5,471.5 113.6All owners 9,668.7 122.3 225.0 30.3 9,893.7 122.0 1,941.4 66.5 348.0 45.1 2,289.4 64.6 12,183.2 132.4
72

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-4—Area of forest land, by forest type group, ownership group, and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 Ownership group and land status Forest Service Other federal State and local government Private corporate Private noncorporate Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land All owners Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand acres Softwoods: Douglas-fir 2,465.1 54.4 414.7 42.7 69.2 19.2 346.1 40.2 1,261.1 66.4 70.3 20.6 2,556.2 104.2 1.4 1.4 1,611.7 85.9 5.6 5.9 8,801.4 155.8 Fir/spruce/ mountain hemlock 1,225.1 45.1 1,476.8 69.6 21.0 10.5 467.7 43.1 169.6 31.1 3.9 2.9 246.1 36.9 12.7 8.9 264.7 38.8 12.6 8.9 3,900.1 110.5 Hemlock/Sitka spruce 812.8 33.9 147.5 28.1 13.7 9.0 447.4 42.1 447.0 46.2 37.8 14.5 786.9 63.4 14.6 8.7 393.5 46.2 4.2 4.1 3,105.3 107.3

Lodgepole pine 304.0 23.2 168.0 32.4 — — 4.4 5.4 40.6 15.1 10.3 8.2 10.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 159.9 29.6 6.3 6.3 710.1 53.7

Ponderosa pine 336.0 23.7 46.7 16.0 6.0 4.7 42.0 14.1 223.4 33.5 18.5 10.9 326.3 43.7 4.3 4.1 1,031.5 70.8 8.2 6.5 2,042.9 91.6

Western larch 201.1 18.5 11.3 8.2 — — 8.8 7.0 39.3 15.0 5.1 5.6 29.1 12.1 — — 61.7 18.2 — — 356.3 34.4

Other western 

softwoods 

34.5 8.0 167.3 30.2 — — — — 0.1 0.1 6.8 6.5 2.3 1.3 — — 2.8 2.8 6.3 6.3 220.1 32.7

Total 5,378.6 46.0 2,432.2 57.8 109.9 24.4 1,316.4 39.2 2,181.1 70.1 152.7 29.9 3,957.1 120.4 39.3 15.1 3,525.8 116.9 43.2 15.9 19,136.3 146.2

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 87.6 15.0 27.1 8.6 15.6 9.5 20.9 9.6 341.6 42.8 47.9 15.8 505.2 50.4 11.9 7.2 666.9 57.1 17.4 8.4 1,742.0 88.1

Aspen/birch 31.3 7.5 5.2 2.4 — — — — 7.5 5.6 3.7 3.8 17.4 10.0 — — 66.3 18.8 3.0 3.0 134.4 23.9

Elm/ash/

cottonwood 

12.9 4.7 8.0 5.4 — — 6.4 5.2 31.5 13.4 14.0 8.1 30.2 12.2 0.7 0.7 35.6 13.3 26.8 11.7 166.1 27.9

Western oak 1.3 1.3 — — — — 3.3 4.1 6.0 5.8 — — 38.8 14.6 24.7 12.3 32.3 12.8 45.5 15.6 151.9 28.6

Woodland 

hardwoods 

21.6 8.7 14.8 9.9 — — — — 5.3 4.7 — — 4.6 3.4 — — 35.9 14.7 — — 82.1 20.5

Other hardwoods 7.7 4.0 6.1 3.0 3.7 3.8 — — — — — — 53.4 17.4 — — 60.3 18.0 — — 131.2 25.7

Total 162.4 19.9 61.2 14.7 19.3 10.3 30.6 11.6 391.8 45.3 65.6 18.2 649.6 57.0 37.3 14.2 897.5 66.0 92.6 21.4 2,407.8 101.5

Nonstocked 210.1 18.7 162.5 30.0 9.4 7.6 10.2 7.6 63.2 17.9 4.0 3.3 117.3 23.7 — — 235.6 36.5 — — 812.4 59.7

All forest types 5,751.1 43.5 2,655.9 54.5 138.7 27.7 1,357.2 38.0 2,636.2 70.8 222.3 35.1 4,724.0 125.9 76.6 20.7 4,658.8 126.6 135.8 26.6 22,356.5 117.7

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
73

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-5—Area of forest land, by forest type group and stand age class, Washington, 2002–2011

Stand age class (years)

1–20 21–40 41–60 61–80 81–100 101–120 121–140

Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 1,684.9 88.8 1,722.3 84.0 882.9 61.5 1,502.5 80.3 1,178.4 70.6 492.1 42.0 295.1 32.6

Fir/spruce/Mountain 

hemlock 

280.4 34.5 366.4 38.8 287.2 40.0 469.5 48.3 489.8 47.7 257.6 33.2 225.1 33.2

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 342.2 40.8 575.2 53.4 526.5 51.4 405.6 42.4 177.7 27.7 71.3 17.0 59.9 15.2

Lodgepole pine 111.4 19.7 72.2 16.0 126.7 24.3 170.2 26.8 102.3 20.1 48.6 14.9 30.2 12.0

Ponderosa pine 122.9 24.6 189.9 31.4 294.7 39.8 462.0 48.2 541.0 52.9 161.3 29.4 81.8 19.7

Western larch 28.1 9.6 28.4 8.3 53.5 14.3 134.2 22.1 50.9 13.3 16.8 7.7 14.8 5.3

Other western softwoods 3.5 2.2 20.0 8.2 36.8 13.9 34.0 14.5 27.5 12.1 25.2 12.6 2.3 1.7

Total 2,573.4 104.8 2,974.6 107.0 2,208.2 99.4 3,178.0 113.9 2,567.6 104.7 1,072.9 65.6 709.3 53.8

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 560.3 53.3 404.3 44.1 366.0 42.2 277.1 37.8 104.6 24.0 9.7 5.6 — —

Aspen/birch 37.3 13.7 8.5 6.3 20.1 7.6 43.5 14.4 17.7 8.1 — — 0.1 0.1

Elm/ash/cottonwood 37.6 13.6 5.2 3.4 30.6 12.5 59.5 17.4 20.8 9.2 2.6 2.1 — —

Western oak 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 9.8 6.9 76.0 21.1 30.2 11.9 6.0 6.1 1.6 1.6

Woodland hardwoods 0.9 0.9 15.8 8.7 4.6 4.3 25.0 12.0 21.4 11.3 2.0 2.0 — —

Other hardwoods 50.3 15.6 16.9 9.1 35.6 14.1 17.2 9.5 11.2 7.1 — — — —

Total 691.9 58.6 456.4 46.6 466.6 47.1 498.4 50.7 205.8 32.3 20.3 8.8 1.8 1.7

Nonstocked — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

All forest types 3,265.2 115.8 3,431.0 113.8 2,674.8 107.8 3,676.4 121.9 2,773.4 108.6 1,093.2 66.1 711.0 53.8

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
74

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-5—Area of forest land, by forest type group and stand age class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Stand age class (years) 141–160 161–180 181–200 201 plus Unknown All classes Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand acres

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 280.3 32.2 143.6 22.1 138.7 24.7 468.3 44.5 — — 8,789.2 155.5

Fir/spruce/Mountain 

hemlock 

270.7 36.2 188.9 32.0 246.1 36.4 816.5 62.0 — — 3,898.2 110.5

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 98.3 21.7 25.1 8.9 81.7 19.1 740.8 51.8 — — 3,104.2 107.3

Lodgepole pine 12.8 6.5 9.4 8.9 6.7 7.1 17.5 11.1 — — 708.0 53.7

Ponderosa pine 75.2 17.7 25.5 7.9 42.8 14.1 42.3 12.6 — — 2,039.5 91.6

Western larch 5.7 3.2 1.9 1.9 4.9 2.9 17.2 8.9 — — 356.3 34.4

Other western softwoods 16.9 9.2 2.5 2.1 14.1 9.2 37.2 15.4 — — 220.1 32.7

Total 759.8 56.8 396.9 41.6 535.0 50.8 2,139.9 84.4 — — 19,115.5 146.4

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 9.0 7.0 2.5 2.1 — — — — — — 1,733.4 87.9

Aspen/birch — — — — — — 1.7 1.9 — — 128.9 23.6

Elm/ash/cottonwood 1.8 1.2 0.5 0.5 — — — — — — 158.5 27.2

Western oak 11.1 6.9 — — 6.0 6.1 — — — — 151.9 28.6

Woodland hardwoods 6.3 6.3 3.0 3.0 — — 1.4 1.8 — — 80.5 20.4

Other hardwoods — — — — — — — — — — 131.2 25.7

Total 28.2 11.7 5.9 3.7 6.0 6.1 3.1 2.6 — — 2,384.4 101.3

Nonstocked — — — — — — — — 812.4 59.7 812.4 59.7

All forest types 788.0 58.1 402.8 41.8 541.0 51.2 2,143.0 84.5 812.4 59.7 22,312.3 118.4

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
75

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-6—Number of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Western Washington:

Clallam 342,427.6 44,217.5 9,545.3 5,188.4 351,972.9 44,449.1 142,902.9 25,603.2 7,802.2 3,502.9 150,705.1 25,792.7 502,678.0 51,386.8

Clark 54,692.6 14,567.3 120.5 120.2 54,813.1 14,567.6 287.4 357.5 — — 287.4 357.5 55,100.5 14,572.0

Cowlitz 237,431.0 31,886.3 437.9 352.1 237,868.9 31,888.2 11,060.9 7,114.7 — — 11,060.9 7,114.7 248,929.8 32,672.0

Grays Harbor 510,683.2 53,116.1 11,205.9 7,470.5 521,889.1 53,572.5 — — — — — — 521,889.1 53,572.5

Island 15,311.1 7,085.4 — — 15,311.1 7,085.4 5,626.9 5,214.9 — — 5,626.9 5,214.9 20,938.1 8,797.6

Jefferson 262,695.1 34,112.3 5,916.0 5,693.2 268,611.2 34,534.6 156,360.6 23,064.4 22,779.0 7,931.4 179,139.6 24,087.2 447,750.8 42,380.1

King 360,308.0 50,408.6 8,064.1 3,282.6 368,372.1 50,525.7 75,814.7 28,208.9 9,467.5 5,132.9 85,282.2 28,492.4 453,654.3 57,890.7Kitsap 60,781.0 14,935.0 — — 60,781.0 14,935.0 — — — — — — 60,781.0 14,935.0Lewis 492,608.8 42,511.3 3,017.7 1,390.6 495,626.6 42,535.5 75,432.1 17,055.7 4,709.2 3,046.2 80,141.3 17,384.7 575,767.9 45,924.9

Mason 172,021.9 21,377.9 2,235.3 1,349.5 174,257.2 21,441.2 14,495.2 6,125.1 — — 14,495.2 6,125.1 188,752.4 22,291.2

Pacific 178,002.3 24,900.6 4,727.1 3,466.9 182,729.3 25,176.5 6,991.2 4,253.5 1,120.5 1,393.6 8,111.8 4,454.4 190,841.1 25,563.4

Pierce 208,088.2 25,754.2 5,753.0 4,119.0 213,841.2 26,075.1 73,366.6 15,012.4 34,039.8 21,085.1 107,406.4 25,724.0 321,247.6 36,628.3

San Juan 18,805.2 7,059.9 — — 18,805.2 7,059.9 2,000.4 1,395.2 — — 2,000.4 1,395.2 20,805.6 7,196.4Skagit 362,578.4 45,155.6 4,433.1 3,559.1 367,011.5 45,284.6 65,882.6 15,376.6 5,650.5 3,632.2 71,533.2 16,032.2 438,544.7 48,005.3

Skamania 377,001.3 22,753.6 3,252.6 1,668.6 380,254.0 22,747.6 35,745.2 11,357.2 2,711.8 1,991.9 38,457.0 11,311.9 418,710.9 25,239.8

Snohomish 277,179.5 35,056.6 10,716.6 4,786.5 287,896.1 35,028.9 100,413.2 28,163.6 37,847.9 14,517.5 138,261.1 30,519.5 426,157.3 46,164.6

Thurston 88,335.6 18,711.5 2,731.8 2,735.8 91,067.4 18,903.7 — — — — — — 91,067.4 18,903.7

Wahkiakum 38,882.4 10,451.7 324.2 321.1 39,206.6 10,455.0 — — — — — — 39,206.6 10,455.0

Whatcom 232,177.9 29,530.9 27,720.8 11,170.5 259,898.7 31,495.5 184,301.9 32,641.6 72,011.8 36,795.7 256,313.7 48,178.1 516,212.4 57,538.1

Total 4,290,011.3 116,727.3 100,202.0 18,079.8 4,390,213.3 117,151.1 950,681.9 58,081.8 198,140.3 45,219.2 1,148,822.2 69,160.7 5,539,035.5 135,059.7
76

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-6—Number of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 25,127.2 9,988.0 30.5 34.6 25,157.7 9,987.4 — — — — — — 25,157.7 9,987.4

Chelan 210,505.0 19,368.5 21,911.8 5,478.3 232,416.7 20,062.8 68,429.3 16,622.6 38,381.0 14,403.1 106,810.2 21,535.5 339,227.0 29,389.7

Columbia 22,428.5 6,391.3 — — 22,428.5 6,391.3 21,532.5 7,716.4 — — 21,532.5 7,716.4 43,960.9 10,019.5

Douglas 114.1 113.9 — — 114.1 113.9 — — — — — — 114.1 113.9Ferry 455,130.3 39,311.5 7,716.7 4,159.7 462,847.0 39,550.9 1,347.1 1,286.2 — — 1,347.1 1,286.2 464,194.1 39,566.0Garfield 20,684.2 4,247.8 346.6 379.4 21,030.8 4,253.7 9,255.3 4,220.6 — — 9,255.3 4,220.6 30,286.1 5,992.3Kittitas 230,270.5 22,197.0 9,494.3 4,159.3 239,764.8 22,553.3 12,270.4 6,879.8 452.3 429.9 12,722.7 7,021.3 252,487.6 23,620.3

Klickitat 165,966.1 23,396.5 22,163.8 9,209.5 188,130.0 25,102.7 368.7 415.9 — — 368.7 415.9 188,498.6 25,106.1

Lincoln 15,733.6 7,791.3 — — 15,733.6 7,791.3 — — — — — — 15,733.6 7,791.3

Okanogan 496,486.3 36,711.0 35,043.3 9,144.2 531,529.6 37,650.0 201,907.3 39,570.8 97,513.6 26,167.8 299,421.0 46,229.5 830,950.6 59,550.1

Pend Oreille 433,565.5 31,717.4 5,344.7 2,852.8 438,910.2 31,729.7 28,133.1 20,795.2 2,571.9 2,715.2 30,705.1 20,952.1 469,615.2 38,023.2

Spokane 129,217.6 24,725.0 266.3 265.7 129,484.0 24,726.4 7,909.5 4,430.5 — — 7,909.5 4,430.5 137,393.4 25,112.1

Stevens 433,538.7 40,817.5 3,828.6 2,233.7 437,367.3 40,869.5 32,238.2 14,640.0 — — 32,238.2 14,640.0 469,605.5 43,202.5

Walla Walla 5,873.6 3,601.0 — — 5,873.6 3,601.0 — — — — — — 5,873.6 3,601.0Whitman 4,695.8 3,859.2 — — 4,695.8 3,859.2 — — — — — — 4,695.8 3,859.2Yakima 292,796.6 30,554.7 16,306.3 9,320.7 309,102.9 31,894.0 80,982.9 18,575.8 15,279.4 5,353.0 96,262.3 18,886.5 405,365.2 37,066.5

Total 2,942,133.8 83,063.3 122,452.8 18,187.9 3,064,586.7 84,305.1 464,374.3 48,472.0 154,198.3 29,332.9 618,572.6 52,418.4 3,683,159.2 98,780.6

All counties 7,232,145.2 132,914.2 222,654.8 25,596.7 7,454,800.0 133,475.6 1,415,056.2 72,344.7 352,338.6 53,798.0 1,767,394.7 83,140.3 9,222,194.7 155,252.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = fewer than 50 trees were estimated.

a Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
77

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-7—Number of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002-2011

Diameter class (inches)

1.0–2.9 3.0–4.9 5.0–6.9 7.0–8.9 9.0–10.9 11.0–12.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 629,002.9 29,682.8 358,221.1 17,943.5 267,666.5 9,033.3 231,793.4 7,627.2 177,849.4 5,733.3 129,391.2 4,060.7

Engelmann and other spruces 81,262.4 11,356.4 31,069.6 4,901.6 16,513.4 1,797.3 11,410.5 1,354.6 8,703.8 870.7 6,842.1 779.9

Lodgepole pine 163,222.4 27,181.4 86,944.2 11,502.5 74,417.8 7,655.7 54,219.3 4,346.0 27,722.5 2,203.5 15,181.0 1,424.5

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 145,071.8 18,196.7 68,784.6 8,011.5 38,455.1 2,544.8 28,590.2 2,057.9 23,687.6 1,658.5 17,869.7 1,234.5

Sitka spruce 19,643.0 5,070.0 9,079.2 3,094.6 5,028.5 916.1 3,697.9 823.0 3,404.2 873.6 2,503.9 640.2

True fir 1,026,823.0 47,585.5 379,073.9 19,006.2 214,298.5 8,157.9 133,710.0 5,188.4 87,375.3 3,427.5 58,351.8 2,367.3

Western hemlock 783,294.4 55,760.1 297,531.8 17,766.7 181,695.6 7,458.3 124,546.5 5,252.1 91,285.7 3,799.0 66,244.6 2,947.6

Western larch 41,969.2 6,827.9 21,808.1 3,278.3 20,779.3 2,080.4 15,341.1 1,426.3 12,431.2 1,020.8 9,417.4 717.8Western redcedar 337,499.6 32,736.7 111,753.3 10,266.2 57,542.5 3,198.8 37,041.4 2,078.7 22,084.0 1,379.0 16,085.2 1,016.0

Western white pine 20,503.7 3,595.5 3,381.8 1,028.8 2,706.1 386.3 1,696.6 257.2 919.7 163.2 554.4 126.8

Other western softwoods 252,727.2 24,564.3 92,423.6 10,790.5 47,975.3 3,580.3 31,517.8 2,351.0 20,204.1 1,645.9 13,965.8 1,212.9

Total 3,501,019.5 103,221.7 1,460,071.3 40,200.5 927,078.5 17,965.8 673,564.8 12,101.8 475,667.5 8,344.8 336,407.1 6,015.6

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 18,558.9 5,992.0 6,159.0 1,736.7 5,121.8 881.1 3,842.6 685.0 2,465.7 416.9 1,729.7 361.3

Oak 17,102.6 4,823.8 23,361.3 7,307.5 13,016.1 3,323.0 4,267.2 1,087.4 1,661.1 413.0 776.8 261.9Red alder 198,514.9 21,324.8 102,206.4 10,964.0 67,698.4 4,519.0 48,349.1 2,977.1 32,267.1 2,148.3 23,768.2 1,733.9

Woodland hardwoods 41,201.4 11,231.9 12,363.6 2,410.4 6,152.9 675.5 2,954.7 368.5 1,465.8 255.1 1,259.9 253.7

Other western hardwoods 217,018.8 31,654.7 56,193.6 7,700.1 38,754.3 3,443.2 19,292.7 1,757.2 12,671.0 1,185.4 7,790.0 799.5

Total 492,396.8 41,154.5 200,283.9 15,567.0 130,743.4 6,927.2 78,706.3 3,874.0 50,530.7 2,594.6 35,324.5 2,004.8

All species groups 3,993,416.3 111,931.1 1,660,355.2 43,316.9 1,057,821.9 19,100.3 752,271.1 12,559.5 526,198.1 8,547.4 371,731.6 6,198.4
78

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-7—Number of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 13.0–14.9 15.0–16.9 17.0–18.9 19.0–20.9 21.0–22.9 23.0–24.9 Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand trees Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 91,440.1 2,923.9 63,678.4 2,127.5 43,569.6 1,591.5 31,534.9 1,242.3 23,072.9 1,072.6 16,389.2 858.4Engelmann and other 

spruces 

4,944.2 557.0 3,571.7 425.2 2,445.9 336.2 2,369.2 353.0 1,422.5 269.4 1,124.4 218.5

Lodgepole pine 7,979.8 852.0 3,043.0 481.8 1,158.4 218.6 464.6 129.0 199.8 81.5 107.4 57.1Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 13,483.5 991.3 10,812.2 810.9 6,900.8 598.7 5,757.0 536.1 3,988.8 448.8 2,425.2 247.1Sitka spruce 1,414.7 342.2 1,126.0 248.9 738.7 177.9 548.1 163.7 345.4 114.8 403.6 140.5

True fir 41,064.1 1,845.7 26,112.0 1,228.3 19,095.8 1,016.6 14,937.7 925.8 10,298.6 718.2 7,100.2 523.7Western hemlock 46,882.3 2,214.6 31,583.5 1,577.8 21,164.1 1,086.7 14,154.3 877.6 9,590.4 682.1 7,509.3 605.5

Western larch 5,771.9 489.4 3,883.0 396.7 1,890.1 231.9 1,563.8 215.4 1,012.5 198.3 759.7 155.4

Western redcedar 11,307.9 851.3 8,712.9 672.5 6,057.3 522.1 5,034.6 499.4 3,285.6 386.4 2,738.5 334.9

Western white pine 598.5 127.7 431.8 105.1 154.5 42.8 158.3 84.7 174.8 83.0 40.2 19.1

Other western softwoods 9,726.9 887.3 6,066.6 620.1 4,922.5 512.2 4,720.4 566.7 3,527.9 429.8 2,480.9 360.4

Total 234,613.9 4,416.6 159,021.0 3,198.9 108,097.6 2,405.3 81,243.0 2,054.8 56,919.1 1,646.7 41,078.5 1,305.4

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 1,286.7 332.6 940.9 228.9 770.5 180.3 672.5 168.9 421.8 159.0 396.2 116.4

Oak 570.4 210.4 288.8 128.0 324.2 142.3 151.5 75.9 117.0 66.9 12.6 8.9

Red alder 14,316.4 1,114.7 9,502.2 830.8 6,722.7 728.9 3,118.7 429.2 1,433.5 260.9 919.7 206.6

Woodland hardwoods 364.5 92.0 207.7 83.9 79.8 43.7 48.5 43.3 -- -- 37.7 35.9

Other western hardwoods 5,432.5 663.1 3,847.1 551.2 2,765.0 498.9 1,993.2 331.6 853.4 185.5 1,006.9 257.5

Total 21,970.4 1,396.5 14,786.7 1,068.4 10,662.2 940.5 5,984.4 583.8 2,825.7 360.3 2,373.1 348.7

All species groups 256,584.4 4,534.4 173,807.7 3,315.6 118,759.9 2,561.6 87,227.3 2,137.8 59,744.8 1,675.2 43,451.6 1,352.5
79

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-7—Number of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Diameter class (inches)

25.0–26.9 27.0–28.9 29.0–30.9 31.0–32.9 33.0–34.9 35.0–36.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 12,400.8 711.1 8,647.5 595.7 5,606.6 359.1 4,041.5 216.3 3,289.6 190.4 2,425.8 153.4

Engelmann and other spruces 664.1 111.2 532.4 101.0 306.7 57.7 245.0 51.8 155.2 37.1 106.4 26.2

Lodgepole pine 91.2 51.5 14.7 12.9 — — 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 — —

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 1,858.8 129.3 1,231.7 92.9 939.0 80.5 626.6 66.1 313.8 48.5 277.0 40.5

Sitka spruce 603.9 151.8 226.8 92.6 76.3 41.0 148.2 33.4 72.4 21.8 85.6 25.6

True fir 5,247.9 442.1 3,448.5 319.6 2,512.0 256.8 1,893.0 143.6 1,527.3 117.2 1,034.5 99.7

Western hemlock 4,847.8 443.5 4,029.5 402.9 2,873.5 286.7 2,085.6 152.8 1,534.7 117.4 1,336.2 112.3

Western larch 478.5 74.7 301.9 47.0 236.5 43.4 160.3 32.8 65.0 18.0 60.3 18.8

Western redcedar 2,283.7 305.9 1,413.0 219.9 1,200.1 193.6 801.7 83.2 696.6 77.2 507.6 61.0

Western white pine 48.4 19.8 119.5 75.3 22.8 11.3 38.2 20.1 11.2 8.6 4.1 2.9

Other western softwoods 1,670.4 259.6 1,310.4 238.9 1,040.3 191.8 836.3 107.5 729.9 115.5 619.4 92.9

Total 30,195.6 1,069.8 21,275.9 869.7 14,813.8 608.3 10,882.7 346.0 8,402.1 294.1 6,456.9 249.3

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 399.0 143.8 379.1 135.3 292.6 117.7 98.6 28.0 99.6 29.2 43.5 15.8

Oak 10.1 8.1 32.0 26.1 — — — — — — 12.2 8.8

Red alder 306.4 103.3 267.7 99.7 132.9 64.3 37.2 17.8 20.6 11.4 18.3 9.6

Woodland hardwoods — — 5.6 5.9 2.2 2.1 — — — — — —

Other western hardwoods 596.1 171.5 293.8 102.0 228.6 73.8 165.9 38.8 76.0 23.6 62.4 19.7

Total 1,311.6 255.0 978.2 197.9 656.2 152.4 301.7 53.7 196.1 39.1 136.5 28.3

All species groups 31,507.2 1,094.4 22,254.1 896.1 15,470.0 631.5 11,184.4 351.4 8,598.2 297.4 6,593.4 251.7
80

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-7—Number of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 37.0-38.9 39.0-40.9 41.0-42.9 43.0-44.9 45.0-46.9 47.0-48.9 49.0 + All classes Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand trees Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 1,990.8 134.8 1,449.2 106.7 1,284.0 109.4 886.4 90.2 661.9 75.1 542.7 69.2 2,183.5 202.8 2,109,019.9 50,509.7

Engelmann and other spruces 96.6 24.1 38.2 14.4 26.9 13.5 27.3 14.4 3.6 2.7 9.2 7.9 — — 173,891.3 16,776.4

Lodgepole pine — — 2.0 2.0 — — — — — — — — 5.6 5.9 434,786.2 38,694.8

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 171.2 31.9 84.8 17.6 130.8 30.5 67.2 17.9 21.7 8.6 26.6 10.8 22.1 9.0 371,597.8 26,710.2

Sitka spruce 21.2 11.3 37.8 15.0 27.6 12.8 19.6 11.0 26.0 13.0 34.0 14.4 137.3 35.5 49,449.9 8,427.7

True fir 912.8 91.6 745.3 97.9 421.2 56.1 407.5 59.4 324.0 47.7 167.9 40.8 539.6 84.3 2,037,422.2 71,580.0

Western hemlock 1,301.4 109.4 1,017.8 97.8 810.8 94.7 577.7 67.3 577.8 79.1 385.5 51.3 1,255.0 152.4 1,698,115.8 74,914.5

Western larch 45.7 15.9 19.3 9.3 21.0 10.7 2.0 2.0 3.7 2.8 6.5 6.4 32.8 12.5 138,060.9 10,878.6

Western redcedar 479.3 58.2 475.6 63.8 391.7 53.4 282.2 45.3 241.9 39.9 155.0 28.8 1,658.0 210.2 629,729.2 44,662.8

Western white pine — — 1.9 2.0 — — — — — — — — 6.3 6.3 31,572.7 4,140.8

Other western softwoods 417.1 70.1 337.9 62.7 192.5 47.3 193.1 44.1 118.3 36.4 97.9 26.7 168.5 40.3 497,991.1 37,547.3

Total 5,436.1 225.6 4,209.9 215.8 3,306.4 174.2 2,463.1 147.1 1,979.0 137.8 1,425.3 107.1 6,008.6 341.5 8,171,637.1 147,153.8

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 19.0 9.6 37.6 14.7 33.0 12.8 16.3 9.3 22.2 10.3 2.0 2.0 20.9 11.1 43,829.4 7,162.3

Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 61,704.0 12,663.1

Red alder 6.5 6.4 7.7 7.1 — — — — — — — — — — 509,614.5 31,474.3

Woodland hardwoods 2.2 2.1 — — — — — — — — — — — — 66,146.5 11,980.5

Other western hardwoods 41.1 15.8 52.1 17.1 31.4 14.1 37.1 15.4 15.9 7.7 — — 44.5 19.0 369,263.1 36,963.1

Total 68.8 19.7 97.4 23.6 64.3 19.0 53.4 18.0 38.1 15.7 2.0 2.0 65.3 25.3 1,050,557.6 52,767.0

All species groups 5,504.8 227.3 4,307.3 216.9 3,370.7 175.1 2,516.5 148.5 2,017.1 138.8 1,427.3 107.1 6,074.0 342.4 9,222,194.7 155,252.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = fewer than 50 trees were estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥ 1 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
81

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-8—Number of dead treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011

Diameter class (inches)

5.0–6.9 7.0–8.9 9.0–10.9 11.0–12.9 13.0–14.9 15.0–16.9 17.0–18.9 19.0–20.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 52,541.7 2,315.8 30,095.3 1,351.9 18,282.0 976.1 13,246.8 769.0 8,937.0 585.8 6,588.8 496.4 5,120.8 413.5 4,164.8 379.8

Engelmann and other spruces 4,214.0 686.2 3,299.1 530.4 3,158.0 620.9 2,180.0 400.3 1,625.6 396.2 1,402.1 324.3 556.0 130.0 405.2 107.2

Lodgepole pine 31,672.1 2,630.9 18,988.4 1,803.5 12,132.3 1,497.7 5,677.0 889.7 2,980.9 413.9 1,667.2 343.2 482.0 161.8 331.1 113.0

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 4,135.7 486.5 4,361.9 475.4 2,665.2 335.3 1,586.2 237.6 1,404.4 233.5 1,179.0 213.2 793.2 167.0 489.5 130.6Sitka spruce 712.3 213.1 276.2 100.7 297.0 97.3 155.5 94.4 107.1 63.6 — — 68.5 52.2 77.2 54.2

True fir 36,951.4 2,236.8 25,866.6 1,723.0 17,482.4 1,169.1 12,604.7 956.4 9,547.5 796.6 6,578.7 551.9 4,519.7 446.6 2,728.8 340.0Western hemlock 24,117.9 1,749.0 11,669.5 896.1 7,052.9 627.0 4,543.4 431.8 3,153.7 358.6 2,824.5 308.5 1,746.8 226.8 1,572.4 228.9

Western larch 8,460.5 848.9 4,800.2 533.2 2,407.3 345.2 1,543.5 238.8 1,215.6 234.4 783.4 144.1 566.8 138.5 293.9 86.8

Western redcedar 5,157.3 647.8 2,083.2 337.9 1,266.6 222.5 1,251.8 205.1 1,050.4 193.0 762.3 177.0 829.8 167.2 699.3 151.0

Western white pine 908.6 191.4 1,458.1 329.7 1,040.4 256.1 902.8 221.7 470.4 120.2 605.6 177.9 148.0 57.2 111.7 53.0

Other western softwoods 5,393.3 699.9 4,727.7 625.5 3,456.4 551.0 3,244.1 387.6 2,283.6 358.7 1,471.4 222.9 1,352.3 289.1 953.4 204.2

Total 174,264.9 5,144.4 107,626.2 3,385.9 69,240.6 2,633.5 46,935.7 1,779.8 32,776.1 1,344.7 23,863.0 1,023.2 16,184.0 801.4 11,827.2 640.4

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 1,000.4 268.3 576.1 197.0 275.9 97.0 159.2 64.1 218.8 86.7 125.2 69.1 98.1 56.2 23.8 17.0

Oak 950.9 354.5 347.5 145.1 141.5 73.4 97.7 61.5 — — 62.3 49.1 — — — —

Red alder 8,417.7 809.6 4,838.6 571.8 3,868.7 470.3 2,210.3 295.0 1,479.2 238.4 869.1 194.0 377.3 110.9 234.1 92.9

Woodland hardwoods 282.1 102.2 188.4 85.7 99.4 56.6 — — 23.8 17.0 — — — — — —

Other western hardwoods 5,130.6 607.1 2,476.9 390.2 1,374.5 246.3 655.1 177.1 173.9 77.7 155.0 74.6 87.4 55.3 77.6 54.5

Total 15,781.8 1,111.9 8,427.6 738.9 5,760.0 548.6 3,122.2 356.9 1,895.7 265.1 1,211.6 224.0 562.7 146.3 335.5 108.7

All species groups 190,046.6 5,245.8 116,053.8 3,453.9 75,000.6 2,689.1 50,057.9 1,810.3 34,671.8 1,367.6 25,074.6 1,046.0 16,746.8 814.4 12,162.6 648.7
82

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-8—Number of dead treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 21.0–22.9 23.0–24.9 25.0–26.9 27.0–28.9 29.0–30.9 31.0–32.9 33.0–34.9 35.0–36.9 Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 3,306.2 339.1 2,573.6 294.5 1,707.3 197.4 2,078.5 237.0 1,450.8 173.1 965.9 86.9 789.7 81.9 811.7 75.8

Engelmann and other spruces 347.4 108.9 199.5 80.4 204.6 42.1 170.7 38.0 122.9 34.8 91.8 26.9 73.4 40.6 22.8 10.0

Lodgepole pine 212.8 91.0 2.0 2.0 28.6 14.2 25.7 13.3 8.2 6.6 1.7 1.9 — — — —Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 414.2 113.9 225.5 53.1 188.1 33.2 141.1 23.8 88.4 20.1 80.0 18.3 87.0 25.2 84.3 22.5

Sitka spruce 26.1 32.5 38.9 38.5 8.9 8.5 77.4 54.2 45.9 39.2 13.1 9.1 14.9 9.1 16.6 10.4True fir 2,103.5 257.2 1,728.4 262.4 1,234.6 185.4 929.0 156.1 516.1 93.2 451.3 54.6 346.5 44.5 300.2 42.3

Western hemlock 1,221.9 191.0 1,400.8 215.8 891.8 167.2 971.7 176.4 928.7 155.6 774.8 77.1 682.9 70.6 550.7 64.2

Western larch 337.2 91.0 217.5 75.8 129.2 24.2 95.8 19.1 76.5 25.2 71.7 18.5 29.8 11.8 39.3 15.1

Western redcedar 430.6 115.9 290.3 98.6 340.1 102.7 419.6 118.5 197.8 61.3 229.2 38.6 158.3 29.8 157.7 31.5

Western white pine 120.1 60.6 91.5 59.2 32.7 14.4 27.0 15.7 65.3 53.1 8.1 4.1 2.2 2.1 6.1 3.5

Other western softwoods 683.0 164.3 542.3 133.1 374.7 95.1 319.8 101.4 308.0 70.5 265.2 47.3 126.0 30.5 130.6 30.9

Total 9,203.0 541.8 7,310.3 504.3 5,140.7 353.9 5,256.3 372.9 3,808.6 278.6 2,952.8 149.7 2,310.8 135.2 2,120.1 123.2

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 31.4 34.5 12.4 8.6 3.9 2.8 1.7 1.9 — — 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —Red alder 211.4 89.5 — — — — — — — — 6.3 6.3 — — — —

Woodland hardwoods — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

Other western hardwoods 38.7 38.5 — — 31.4 34.5 11.8 12.0 37.0 37.7 — — 6.0 6.1 6.5 6.4

Total 281.5 103.1 12.4 8.6 35.3 34.6 13.5 12.2 37.0 37.7 8.3 6.6 8.0 6.4 8.5 6.7

All species groups 9,484.5 554.8 7,322.7 504.4 5,176.0 355.5 5,269.8 373.5 3,845.6 281.9 2,961.1 149.8 2,318.7 135.3 2,128.5 123.4
83

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-8—Number of dead treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Diameter class (inches)

37.0–38.9 39.0–40.9 41.0–42.9 43.0–44.9 45.0–46.9 47.0–48.9 49.0 + All classes

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:Douglas-fir 623.3 62.5 547.9 59.4 422.3 48.2 364.3 48.5 346.8 47.4 278.7 41.6 1,430.0 136.3 156,673.9 4,899.3

Engelmann and other spruces 41.8 20.9 19.1 10.4 2.0 2.0 25.8 14.7 — — 20.4 12.6 3.9 2.8 18,186.1 2,476.5

Lodgepole pine — — — — — — — — — — — — 8.0 4.0 74,217.8 5,982.6

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 24.7 10.7 29.3 14.1 9.1 4.4 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 6.0 3.5 14.0 7.4 18,010.4 1,213.1Sitka spruce 31.9 17.4 14.7 9.3 19.3 11.0 16.7 10.5 23.2 12.2 10.8 8.4 90.0 25.0 2,142.5 409.9

True fir 244.3 38.7 180.7 31.4 90.7 20.6 78.8 21.6 95.4 24.3 73.8 17.7 170.5 33.5 124,823.5 5,861.9

Western hemlock 502.9 56.6 434.2 58.9 320.7 43.6 389.5 56.3 248.0 39.0 191.8 33.4 739.2 81.6 66,930.9 3,231.7

Western larch 11.6 4.8 13.5 8.7 10.3 4.6 16.1 9.7 8.4 6.7 — — 3.8 2.8 21,132.0 1,660.9

Western redcedar 173.8 30.8 161.3 29.4 178.6 36.8 156.1 32.0 130.3 27.2 66.2 17.9 1,195.2 126.1 17,385.7 1,304.5

Western white pine — — 2.0 2.0 — — — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 6,002.4 1,029.9

Other western softwoods 89.2 21.3 87.6 19.7 81.7 18.7 52.9 14.8 41.2 14.3 28.5 12.8 168.2 31.8 26,181.2 2,157.9

Total 1,743.4 106.7 1,490.3 98.9 1,134.7 81.9 1,101.9 86.6 895.0 75.4 676.3 63.2 3,824.7 221.5 531,686.5 11,726.6

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,532.7 465.2

Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,600.0 499.9

Red alder — — — — — — — — — — — — 12.9 12.8 22,525.6 1,613.8

Woodland hardwoods — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 593.6 156.1

Other western hardwoods — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — — — — — 2.0 2.0 10,266.3 1,075.7

Total — — — — 2.0 2.0 — — — — — — 14.9 13.0 37,518.2 2,085.1

All species groups 1,743.4 106.7 1,490.3 98.9 1,136.7 81.9 1,101.9 86.6 895.0 75.4 676.3 63.2 3,839.6 222.6 569,204.6 11,877.5

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = fewer than 50 trees were estimated.a Includes all dead trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory.
84

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-9—Number of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 Diameter class (inches)

5.0-6.9 7.0-8.9 9.0-10.9 11.0-12.9 13.0-14.9 15.0-16.9 17.0-18.9 19.0-20.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 252,275.0 8,714.5 220,065.0 7,513.7 168,465.0 5,632.3 121,195.8 3,928.0 84,568.5 2,823.2 56,910.8 1,976.6 38,349.6 1,465.6 27,325.6 1,137.1

Engelmann and other spruces 10,998.8 1,050.9 7,542.9 740.5 5,649.6 595.5 4,140.0 451.9 2,945.7 374.3 2,196.3 279.6 1,461.0 229.1 1,118.2 202.5

Lodgepole pine 50,175.3 4,809.9 37,919.6 2,830.4 19,637.3 1,401.7 10,425.5 960.2 5,052.5 552.2 1,957.7 293.4 786.3 157.6 233.4 74.9

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 36,037.1 2,470.3 27,562.2 2,033.7 22,426.2 1,623.2 17,109.7 1,203.0 12,773.2 956.9 10,204.5 765.3 6,458.1 570.5 5,167.5 516.6

Sitka spruce 4,713.4 896.2 3,266.2 805.6 2,932.7 850.5 2,339.2 633.6 1,356.5 338.8 890.0 223.0 555.8 146.0 453.5 151.7

True fir 126,863.1 6,167.3 76,038.2 3,377.7 49,780.7 2,214.9 31,384.6 1,416.1 20,019.5 1,006.2 13,232.3 710.6 9,286.6 554.8 6,810.6 447.5

Western hemlock 151,140.5 6,864.5 105,941.4 4,992.8 77,546.8 3,578.4 56,075.1 2,793.4 38,575.7 1,985.6 25,666.7 1,428.3 16,546.6 964.2 10,298.4 726.8

Western larch 20,366.9 2,072.2 14,928.7 1,407.4 11,747.6 956.2 8,624.1 640.7 5,447.2 457.7 3,322.5 340.4 1,759.1 221.9 1,421.3 200.8

Western redcedar 49,544.4 2,897.8 31,023.5 1,832.9 18,511.7 1,236.1 13,801.3 910.6 9,380.7 719.4 6,702.9 555.2 5,161.3 482.9 3,856.9 411.1

Western white pine 2,327.6 358.9 1,537.2 245.1 829.8 151.8 543.9 126.3 507.5 114.1 420.0 104.4 143.8 41.2 158.3 84.7Other western softwoods 12,285.1 1,539.4 8,484.5 1,105.1 5,613.8 723.7 3,142.4 470.5 2,349.3 381.0 1,483.0 235.0 1,103.7 204.3 1,024.5 206.5

Total 716,727.1 15,239.7 534,309.2 10,482.8 383,141.0 7,415.4 268,781.4 5,251.6 182,976.2 3,802.0 122,986.7 2,765.3 81,612.1 2,028.2 57,868.0 1,651.4

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 4,646.7 865.0 3,153.5 599.3 2,138.7 388.2 1,608.4 351.8 1,123.0 323.5 777.5 208.9 670.3 170.1 518.2 150.6

Oak 6,172.9 1,669.2 2,310.4 664.3 953.7 307.4 425.7 211.4 321.6 153.4 102.6 63.0 141.1 90.9 37.4 38.2

Red alder 61,811.2 4,279.2 45,398.0 2,902.7 29,553.4 2,059.8 21,895.5 1,686.8 12,986.4 1,069.7 8,622.8 809.8 6,339.8 713.5 2,801.0 405.6

Other western hardwoods 36,224.1 3,367.5 17,436.0 1,675.9 11,342.3 1,102.7 6,907.4 771.9 4,551.2 594.4 3,558.6 540.4 2,466.4 479.9 1,803.1 307.6

Total 108,854.9 6,082.2 68,297.8 3,648.9 43,988.1 2,455.7 30,837.1 1,927.9 18,982.2 1,318.2 13,061.6 1,028.4 9,617.6 907.5 5,159.7 543.2

All species groups 825,582.0 16,383.9 602,607.0 10,994.0 427,129.1 7,655.9 299,618.5 5,460.1 201,958.5 3,936.3 136,048.2 2,904.9 91,229.7 2,207.5 63,027.7 1,742.8
85

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-9—Number of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Diameter class (inches)

21.0–22.9 23.0–24.9 25.0–26.9 27.0–28.9 29.0–30.9 31.0–32.9 33.0–34.9 35.0–36.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 19,260.3 940.0 13,870.8 773.7 9,878.6 619.3 7,090.8 530.8 4,556.2 312.8 3,086.0 174.1 2,441.3 157.1 1,712.0 112.6

Engelmann and other spruces 558.0 124.7 555.9 124.6 281.5 45.0 176.5 33.1 147.4 31.8 73.8 22.2 60.1 15.4 24.5 8.8

Lodgepole pine 199.8 81.5 38.2 17.2 21.7 10.9 14.7 12.9 — — 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 — —

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 3,695.6 433.3 2,340.6 245.3 1,703.6 121.1 1,148.9 89.5 881.8 78.6 580.1 62.6 258.2 39.6 259.3 38.9

Sitka spruce 264.0 100.0 266.4 119.4 379.5 119.7 226.8 92.6 60.3 39.5 100.0 26.8 30.9 14.0 61.8 22.3

True fir 4,606.2 354.9 3,083.9 270.7 2,472.2 224.0 1,546.8 152.6 1,073.9 127.1 751.7 70.7 690.1 68.1 473.5 54.4Western hemlock 7,275.4 563.3 4,983.7 468.1 3,324.7 365.0 2,235.7 246.0 1,832.8 222.6 1,042.6 90.2 830.2 76.7 638.7 62.7

Western larch 969.0 192.9 637.0 133.2 397.8 54.8 259.0 42.1 202.0 40.2 139.4 28.2 51.3 14.9 58.4 18.7

Western redcedar 2,734.5 351.5 1,967.5 272.1 1,726.9 257.8 1,110.3 194.3 955.6 173.5 541.7 58.6 560.2 64.1 388.7 51.4Western white pine 74.7 43.5 7.6 3.9 42.0 18.5 79.9 61.2 9.9 6.9 5.9 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.1 2.9

Other western softwoods 795.0 149.7 499.7 117.5 385.7 123.1 205.7 84.6 321.6 73.2 146.5 26.6 125.5 25.3 147.8 32.0

Total 40,432.4 1,317.1 28,251.5 1,030.2 20,614.1 845.8 14,095.1 656.4 10,041.7 464.6 6,474.0 239.3 5,058.1 211.3 3,768.8 164.2

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 231.8 108.9 312.6 102.9 264.1 107.5 206.3 95.2 245.0 111.0 75.3 22.6 61.8 23.0 37.2 14.5

Oak 37.4 38.2 — — 10.1 8.1 — — — — — — — — 6.1 6.3Red alder 1,351.7 255.6 799.7 195.8 306.4 103.3 191.3 83.8 131.2 64.3 37.2 17.8 12.8 9.0 12.0 7.3

Other western hardwoods 740.7 173.9 851.7 232.5 543.9 158.7 205.1 85.1 180.4 62.8 155.0 37.9 64.0 21.9 58.1 18.9

Total 2,361.6 326.9 1,964.1 318.1 1,124.4 227.4 602.6 152.7 556.6 142.1 267.6 49.9 138.6 32.9 113.5 25.6

All species groups 42,794.0 1,347.6 30,215.5 1,081.0 21,738.5 872.7 14,697.7 676.9 10,598.3 491.2 6,741.6 245.7 5,196.7 215.1 3,882.3 167.5
86

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-9—Number of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 37.0–38.9 39.0–40.9 41.0–42.9 43.0–44.9 45.0–46.9 47.0–48.9 49.0 + All classes Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand trees

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 1,300.7 94.3 949.9 76.4 728.9 69.3 513.9 53.1 378.6 45.2 300.4 36.1 1,141.3 116.0 1,036,365.0 22,102.9

Engelmann and other spruces 33.0 11.3 21.4 9.7 10.3 6.9 — — 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 — — 37,998.4 3,001.2

Lodgepole pine — — 2.0 2.0 — — — — — — — — 5.6 5.9 126,482.0 8,633.0

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 147.8 29.2 72.8 16.2 86.5 20.7 55.9 15.4 21.7 8.6 26.6 10.8 22.1 9.0 149,039.9 7,396.1

Sitka spruce 21.2 11.3 16.9 9.5 20.5 10.8 8.2 6.7 6.5 6.4 34.0 14.4 70.0 25.7 18,074.2 3,132.1

True fir 380.2 45.9 249.4 33.3 159.3 25.8 152.1 23.5 139.2 24.7 51.2 17.6 162.6 32.9 349,407.8 12,654.6

Western hemlock 596.5 55.8 438.5 44.1 340.9 41.4 247.0 31.9 195.5 25.5 176.0 27.3 468.1 63.7 506,417.2 18,143.2

Western larch 38.4 13.9 11.7 4.9 13.3 7.2 2.0 2.0 3.7 2.8 6.5 6.4 32.8 12.5 70,439.7 4,568.8

Western redcedar 284.8 40.3 296.5 44.8 254.8 36.2 189.5 36.5 137.6 24.6 89.7 19.6 670.0 78.9 149,891.0 7,102.0Western white pine — — 1.9 2.0 — — — — — — — — 6.3 6.3 6,704.3 725.9

Other western softwoods 87.5 20.3 97.5 27.3 28.9 11.1 33.1 10.4 23.6 8.8 29.2 10.2 59.3 17.2 38,472.8 4,019.5

Total 2,890.0 138.5 2,158.4 112.7 1,643.4 99.4 1,201.6 81.8 908.0 65.5 715.6 59.6 2,638.0 170.2 2,489,292.4 32,374.3

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 12.7 7.3 18.6 9.8 20.4 9.6 10.0 6.9 12.1 7.7 2.0 2.0 14.6 9.1 16,160.8 2,039.4

Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10,519.0 2,579.9

Red alder 6.5 6.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — 192,257.0 9,582.6

Other western hardwoods 34.5 14.5 40.6 14.7 25.0 12.6 24.2 12.4 9.6 4.4 — — 31.8 14.2 87,253.6 6,423.4

Total 53.7 17.4 59.2 17.7 45.4 15.8 34.2 14.2 21.6 8.9 2.0 2.0 46.4 16.8 306,190.3 12,570.5

All species groups 2,943.7 140.9 2,217.7 114.0 1,688.8 100.4 1,235.8 83.5 929.6 66.3 717.6 59.6 2,684.4 170.9 2,795,482.8 33,390.3

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = fewer than 50 trees were estimated.a Includes live growing stock trees of commercial species that are ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height; excludes trees that are classified as rough or rotten cull.
87

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-10—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Forest Service:

National forest 27,652.2 428.4 742.3 111.9 28,394.6 422.5 9,513.9 522.3 1,367.7 252.3 10,881.6 502.1 39,276.1 629.0

Total 27,652.2 428.4 742.3 111.9 28,394.6 422.5 9,513.9 522.3 1,367.7 252.3 10,881.6 502.1 39,276.1 629.0

Other federal government:

Bureau of Land Management 113.7 51.1 8.1 7.8 121.8 51.6 — — — — — — 121.8 51.6

Department of Defense or Energy 291.8 124.6 — — 291.8 124.6 — — — — — — 291.8 124.6

National Park Service — — — — — — 11,274.1 528.2 499.2 149.2 11,773.3 500.3 11,773.3 500.3

Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 344.0 107.2 0.9 1.1 344.9 107.2 344.9 107.2

Other federal government 307.7 124.2 71.9 70.6 379.5 142.8 46.9 37.6 — — 46.9 37.6 426.5 147.6

Total 713.2 182.9 80.0 71.0 793.2 195.9 11,665.0 531.9 500.1 149.3 12,165.1 503.9 12,958.3 536.7

State and local government:

Local 1,721.8 281.3 69.7 41.6 1,791.5 285.2 310.3 113.8 12.3 12.2 322.6 114.4 2,114.1 306.3

State 11,153.4 511.2 53.9 24.2 11,207.3 510.3 662.0 184.6 3.5 3.4 665.6 184.6 11,872.9 510.9

Other public 50.8 50.3 — — 50.8 50.3 — — — — — — 50.8 50.3

Total 12,926.0 583.7 123.6 48.1 13,049.6 584.8 972.3 216.5 15.9 12.7 988.1 216.8 14,037.8 592.2

Corporate private 13,021.6 544.8 137.4 61.8 13,159.0 547.2 — — — — — — 13,159.0 547.2

Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

733.5 156.4 9.3 8.9 742.8 156.6 — — — — — — 742.8 156.6

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, clubs 

103.6 83.3 — — 103.6 83.3 — — — — — — 103.6 83.3

American Indian 4,448.6 334.8 68.8 47.9 4,517.3 337.6 — — — — — — 4,517.3 337.6

Individual 7,296.3 451.9 166.1 59.7 7,462.4 455.0 — — — — — — 7,462.4 455.0

Total 12,582.0 548.1 244.1 76.9 12,826.2 551.3 — — — — — — 12,826.2 551.3

All private 25,603.6 638.4 381.6 98.3 25,985.2 639.7 — — — — — — 25,985.2 639.7

All owners 66,895.1 907.6 1,327.5 171.8 68,222.6 904.7 22,151.1 775.5 1,883.7 293.4 24,034.8 742.9 92,257.4 1,130.4

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
88

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-11—Net volume of dead treesa on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Million cubic feet Forest Service: National forest 3,889.0 107.2 175.8 32.8 4,064.9 109.6 2,031.7 165.2 332.8 74.4 2,364.5 168.9 6,429.4 199.5 Total 3,889.0 107.2 175.8 32.8 4,064.9 109.6 2,031.7 165.2 332.8 74.4 2,364.5 168.9 6,429.4 199.5 Other federal government: Bureau of Land Management 12.2 9.1 0.9 1.2 13.2 9.2 — — — — — — 13.2 9.2 Departments of Defense or Energy 16.8 8.3 — — 16.8 8.3 — — — — — — 16.8 8.3

National Park Service — — — — — — 1,515.9 111.0 136.1 39.4 1,652.0 108.7 1,652.0 108.7

Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 31.7 13.3 — — 31.7 13.3 31.7 13.3

Other federal government 30.3 14.6 0.8 0.8 31.1 14.6 4.8 4.9 — — 4.8 4.9 35.9 15.4

Total 59.3 19.1 1.7 1.4 61.0 19.1 1,552.4 111.3 136.1 39.4 1,688.5 109.0 1,749.5 110.4

State and local government:

Local 127.7 31.9 5.0 3.2 132.6 32.0 22.9 10.7 6.5 6.4 29.3 12.4 162.0 34.3

State 1,010.1 87.6 6.9 4.9 1,017.0 87.7 63.3 21.9 — — 63.3 21.9 1,080.3 88.6

Other public 0.9 0.9 — — 0.9 0.9 — — — — — — 0.9 0.9

Total 1,138.6 93.1 11.9 5.9 1,150.6 93.2 86.1 24.3 6.5 6.4 92.6 25.2 1,243.2 94.6

Corporate private 802.8 55.2 9.0 4.6 811.8 55.3 — — — — — — 811.8 55.3Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations

40.0 10.2 — — 40.0 10.2 — — — — — — 40.0 10.2

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, or clubs

3.8 3.0 — — 3.8 3.0 — — — — — — 3.8 3.0

American Indian 598.7 69.1 15.4 10.8 614.0 69.8 — — — — — — 614.0 69.8

Individual 427.0 42.1 6.0 2.7 433.0 42.2 — — — — — — 433.0 42.2

Total 1,069.5 79.7 21.4 11.1 1,090.8 80.3 — — — — — — 1,090.8 80.3

All private 1,872.2 92.0 30.4 12.0 1,902.6 92.4 — — — — — — 1,902.6 92.4

All owners 6,959.2 168.0 219.9 35.5 7,179.0 169.8 3,670.3 200.7 475.3 84.4 4,145.6 202.6 11,324.6 261.8

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory.
89

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-12—Net cubic volume of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Western Washington:

Clallam 3,831.5 362.5 25.5 15.2 3,856.9 362.6 3,413.3 488.7 71.2 37.4 3,484.5 488.9 7,341.4 608.2

Clark 897.2 201.1 6.2 6.2 903.5 201.2 22.3 27.8 — — 22.3 27.8 925.8 203.1

Cowlitz 1,989.6 255.8 5.8 4.6 1,995.4 255.9 116.8 54.1 — — 116.8 54.1 2,112.2 261.5

Grays Harbor 4,505.8 409.4 106.5 60.7 4,612.3 413.6 — — — — — — 4,612.3 413.6

Island 185.9 73.3 — — 185.9 73.3 12.3 11.4 — — 12.3 11.4 198.2 74.1

Jefferson 2,832.7 341.1 25.0 19.4 2,857.7 341.5 4,598.6 568.0 306.1 137.7 4,904.7 576.3 7,762.4 672.1King 3,351.3 339.0 133.3 51.1 3,484.5 343.8 896.3 256.2 178.1 128.2 1,074.3 280.9 4,558.9 442.1

Kitsap 801.2 202.5 — — 801.2 202.5 — — — — — — 801.2 202.5

Lewis 5,344.2 399.5 43.7 31.5 5,387.9 400.9 1,245.5 256.0 31.7 24.4 1,277.2 258.8 6,665.1 474.8

Mason 1,431.6 207.9 24.6 17.6 1,456.2 208.7 409.7 186.6 — — 409.7 186.6 1,865.9 278.6

Pacific 2,278.6 305.1 11.1 7.9 2,289.7 305.5 108.9 68.6 0.9 1.1 109.8 68.5 2,399.5 312.7

Pierce 2,458.8 316.6 79.1 70.9 2,537.9 324.1 1,786.9 345.9 103.7 62.8 1,890.5 347.2 4,428.4 475.0

San Juan 280.5 97.1 — — 280.5 97.1 128.1 92.7 — — 128.1 92.7 408.6 134.2Skagit 3,193.5 315.1 7.6 5.6 3,201.2 315.2 1,278.5 305.0 8.8 5.6 1,287.3 305.1 4,488.5 438.4

Skamania 5,897.2 357.9 28.6 21.2 5,925.8 357.9 493.7 146.0 66.9 72.9 560.6 155.2 6,486.5 388.4

Snohomish 4,041.9 405.6 132.6 84.9 4,174.4 404.8 1,324.2 292.1 214.2 105.0 1,538.4 302.1 5,712.8 499.0

Thurston 1,001.6 213.7 42.5 42.5 1,044.1 217.8 — — — — — — 1,044.1 217.8

Wahkiakum 730.3 214.5 11.1 11.0 741.4 214.8 — — — — — — 741.4 214.8

Whatcom 2,643.0 288.2 85.8 33.6 2,728.8 289.8 1,989.0 317.0 62.5 28.4 2,051.5 317.7 4,780.3 429.7

Total 47,696.3 904.8 769.1 154.5 48,465.3 904.0 17,824.0 733.6 1,044.1 233.9 18,868.1 700.1 67,333.5 1,114.7
90

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-12—Net cubic volume of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 123.8 32.6 0.1 0.2 124.0 32.6 — — — — — — 124.0 32.6

Chelan 2,041.3 159.7 144.1 34.6 2,185.4 162.7 1,017.1 239.9 203.3 68.8 1,220.5 246.7 3,405.9 295.1

Columbia 253.2 41.9 — — 253.2 41.9 349.0 110.9 — — 349.0 110.9 602.2 118.6Douglas 2.8 2.8 — — 2.8 2.8 — — — — — — 2.8 2.8

Ferry 2,711.2 190.9 25.4 9.5 2,736.6 191.0 13.0 12.4 — — 13.0 12.4 2,749.6 191.3

Garfield 185.0 34.6 0.3 0.3 185.4 34.6 148.0 74.1 — — 148.0 74.1 333.4 81.8

Kittitas 2,065.7 173.9 60.6 22.2 2,126.2 175.1 124.7 63.7 0.3 0.3 125.0 63.8 2,251.2 186.3Klickitat 1,226.9 184.9 54.4 17.5 1,281.4 186.0 12.8 14.4 — — 12.8 14.4 1,294.1 186.6

Lincoln 70.9 25.1 — — 70.9 25.1 — — — — — — 70.9 25.1

Okanogan 2,808.2 163.8 135.3 32.0 2,943.5 166.0 1,130.9 199.4 258.1 79.5 1,389.0 209.1 4,332.5 266.3Pend Oreille 2,122.2 133.1 25.2 9.3 2,147.4 133.0 135.1 78.7 21.9 23.1 157.0 81.9 2,304.3 156.2

Spokane 572.0 107.6 2.2 2.2 574.2 107.6 122.5 62.2 — — 122.5 62.2 696.7 124.1

Stevens 2,239.5 170.7 16.7 9.5 2,256.1 170.9 221.3 83.9 — — 221.3 83.9 2,477.4 187.0

Walla Walla 33.9 22.8 — — 33.9 22.8 — — — — — — 33.9 22.8Whitman 40.0 26.5 — — 40.0 26.5 — — — — — — 40.0 26.5

Yakima 2,702.2 256.4 94.2 49.6 2,796.4 260.8 1,052.8 227.9 355.9 150.1 1,408.7 262.0 4,205.1 369.7

Total 19,198.8 450.9 558.5 75.4 19,757.2 452.3 4,327.1 359.7 839.5 177.2 5,166.7 361.0 24,923.9 573.0

All counties 66,895.1 907.6 1,327.5 171.8 68,222.6 904.7 22,151.1 775.5 1,883.7 293.4 24,034.8 742.9 92,257.4 1,130.4

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
91

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-13—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by forest type group and stand size class, 

Washington 2002–2011

Stand size class

Large-diameter 

stands

Medium-diameter 

stands

Small-diameter 

stands All classes

Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 35,245.5 1,022.3 1,422.2 115.3 369.2 38.9 37,037.0 1,016.4

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 18,082.0 787.2 541.4 81.9 235.5 29.1 18,858.9 783.3

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 22,227.6 951.1 498.6 83.1 112.9 23.0 22,839.1 951.7

Lodgepole pine 1,063.4 163.7 531.4 81.0 43.0 9.9 1,637.8 181.0

Ponderosa pine 3,322.7 208.1 60.4 20.8 109.8 27.0 3,493.0 209.7

Western larch 970.6 136.3 127.1 38.1 14.4 4.3 1,112.1 141.1

Other western softwoods 148.8 32.6 25.6 10.3 17.1 5.9 191.5 34.0

Total 81,060.6 1,181.0 3,206.7 184.5 901.9 60.3 85,169.3 1,145.3

 

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 4,683.2 404.6 966.6 111.2 112.1 25.0 5,761.9 414.4

Aspen/birch 144.2 52.5 77.0 25.8 11.5 5.5 232.7 58.7

Elm/ash/cottonwood 672.8 169.4 17.4 10.4 2.6 1.5 692.8 169.7

Western oak 61.6 34.4 67.6 22.7 15.9 6.2 145.1 41.6

Woodland hardwoods 28.1 14.3 4.7 2.9 17.1 8.1 50.0 16.6

Other hardwoods 76.6 56.0 24.3 14.1 24.2 8.0 125.0 58.3

Total 5,666.5 440.3 1,157.6 117.3 183.4 28.6 7,007.5 449.4

Nonstocked — — — — — — 80.6 12.0

All forest types 86,727.1 1,181.8 4,364.3 215.2 1,085.4 66.2 92,257.4 1,130.4

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.

a

 Includes all live trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
92

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-14—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002-2011 Ownership group Private Forest Service Other federal government State and local government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Million cubic feet Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 14,179.8 505.6 3,924.4 531.4 6,766.9 488.5 6,860.7 418.4 5,305.1 399.1 12,165.8 541.7 37,037.0 1,016.4

Fir/spruce/mountain 

hemlock 

13,396.9 592.4 3,517.0 442.6 698.4 178.1 390.8 88.5 855.8 167.8 1,246.6 188.0 18,858.9 783.3

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 8,250.4 457.2 5,176.7 527.6 3,939.5 471.7 3,725.9 389.4 1,746.6 263.1 5,472.5 454.2 22,839.1 951.7

Lodgepole pine 1,047.5 138.2 0.9 1.1 113.8 41.7 57.5 51.2 418.1 96.7 475.5 109.1 1,637.8 181.0

Ponderosa pine 853.3 89.1 125.7 42.4 365.8 68.0 449.4 76.0 1,698.7 160.2 2,148.2 174.1 3,493.0 209.7

Western larch 729.6 103.3 63.3 53.0 113.9 56.2 60.6 30.0 144.7 49.2 205.4 57.3 1,112.1 141.1

Other western softwoods 178.0 33.2 — — 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.4 6.8 5.4 9.9 6.4 191.5 34.0

Total 38,635.6 636.9 12,807.9 536.7 12,001.9 572.2 11,548.0 527.3 10,175.9 514.4 21,723.9 635.2 85,169.3 1,145.3

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 376.7 66.7 116.7 53.2 1,672.3 259.5 1,452.9 202.2 2,143.3 254.3 3,596.2 318.4 5,761.9 414.4

Aspen/birch 46.9 17.4 — — 28.3 21.0 1.3 1.2 156.1 52.1 157.4 52.1 232.7 58.7

Elm/ash/cottonwood 153.2 86.4 31.1 29.2 311.7 127.6 53.2 27.4 143.7 59.1 196.8 65.1 692.8 169.7

Western oak 3.5 3.5 2.1 2.6 9.3 9.0 62.8 34.8 67.4 20.5 130.1 40.4 145.1 41.6

Woodland hardwoods 22.9 12.9 — — 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 23.7 10.3 25.4 10.4 50.0 16.6

Other hardwoods 7.7 5.1 0.4 0.4 — — 35.4 30.2 81.5 49.6 116.9 58.1 125.0 58.3

Total 611.0 112.3 150.3 60.6 2,023.4 285.1 1,607.2 208.4 2,615.6 268.8 4,222.9 332.1 7,007.5 449.4

Nonstocked 29.5 5.4 0.1 0.1 12.5 5.9 3.9 3.1 34.6 8.4 38.5 8.9 80.6 12.0

All forest types 39,276.1 629.0 12,958.3 536.7 14,037.8 592.2 13,159.0 547.2 12,826.2 551.3 25,985.2 639.7 92,257.4 1,130.4

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated. a Includes all live trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
93

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-15—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011

Diameter class (inches)

5.0–6.9 7.0–8.9 9.0–10.9 11.0–12.9 13.0–14.9 15.0–16.9 17.0–18.9 19.0–20.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 630.0 21.8 1,492.4 50.7 2,220.9 74.8 2,680.4 88.6 2,821.8 96.4 2,777.2 98.1 2,579.8 103.6 2,452.3 103.4

Engelmann and other spruces 38.8 4.6 75.1 9.4 111.5 11.8 148.2 18.3 157.8 19.0 160.7 20.1 148.8 21.0 182.4 28.8

Lodgepole pine 225.5 24.4 408.0 33.1 376.8 30.4 329.9 33.0 242.3 27.9 128.6 20.9 67.8 13.2 31.0 8.8

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 58.6 4.1 120.9 9.4 209.8 15.5 273.1 19.7 331.3 25.4 376.9 28.9 323.9 30.5 369.3 35.8

Sitka spruce 10.1 1.9 21.2 5.3 37.8 11.2 50.4 12.4 41.2 9.7 44.2 9.9 37.7 9.2 39.5 12.5

True fir 454.5 18.7 810.6 32.2 1,063.2 43.3 1,184.3 50.2 1,261.5 58.4 1,158.7 56.4 1,154.2 62.8 1,189.2 76.6Western hemlock 468.3 21.2 911.4 41.6 1,312.2 57.2 1,611.8 75.9 1,707.6 85.6 1,645.3 86.6 1,448.3 77.7 1,262.0 81.5

Western larch 60.3 6.5 116.1 11.4 174.3 14.5 209.5 17.2 187.6 16.6 172.3 18.3 114.0 14.6 117.4 16.7

Western redcedar 132.9 7.9 224.3 13.9 245.4 15.9 288.2 19.0 290.0 22.3 294.8 24.8 270.7 24.9 279.7 29.4

Western white pine 5.9 0.9 11.4 1.8 12.2 2.1 14.3 3.4 21.2 4.7 23.0 5.8 10.8 3.1 15.0 8.4

Other western softwoods 63.6 5.5 119.1 9.8 160.3 14.3 189.9 18.3 203.1 20.1 192.3 19.9 204.9 23.5 253.5 32.6

Total 2,148.4 47.3 4,310.5 83.7 5,924.5 110.8 6,979.9 135.0 7,265.6 148.0 6,974.0 151.0 6,361.0 154.6 6,191.4 166.7

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 15.4 2.6 30.2 5.5 37.1 6.3 44.3 9.4 48.3 12.1 49.4 12.0 48.2 10.6 49.8 14.1

Oak 23.0 5.9 18.0 4.6 12.9 3.4 8.7 3.3 7.4 2.7 5.4 2.3 8.3 4.2 4.1 2.5

Red alder 196.5 13.8 379.7 24.3 477.6 34.1 566.7 43.9 514.9 42.8 466.7 44.5 436.9 49.9 246.5 35.0

Woodland hardwoods 8.9 1.1 8.2 1.2 6.8 1.1 8.9 1.7 4.6 1.2 3.9 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.8 1.6

Other western hardwoods 109.0 10.1 143.2 13.4 173.4 16.7 173.2 19.1 180.3 23.8 179.1 26.7 173.0 35.6 141.7 24.5

Total 352.8 19.3 579.4 30.0 707.7 39.4 801.8 50.1 755.6 51.8 704.5 55.1 668.0 64.9 443.8 45.8

All species groups 2,501.3 50.6 4,889.9 87.7 6,632.2 115.2 7,781.7 141.1 8,021.1 153.6 7,678.4 158.8 7,028.9 166.3 6,635.2 173.3
94

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-15—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 21.0–22.9 23.0–24.9 25.0–26.9 27.0–28.9 29.0–30.9 31.0–32.9 33.0–34.9 35.0–36.9 Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 2,238.1 109.4 1,983.9 113.2 1,833.8 114.1 1,514.0 113.0 1,103.0 74.7 908.2 50.0 840.5 50.2 708.4 47.6Engelmann and other spruces 142.5 29.8 134.6 28.1 95.1 15.9 93.0 18.2 63.9 12.6 58.0 12.7 41.5 10.2 32.9 8.2

Lodgepole pine 16.6 7.0 11.7 6.6 9.0 4.9 1.5 1.3 -- -- 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 -- --

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 325.6 37.6 250.6 25.6 229.8 16.3 187.5 14.3 170.2 15.0 132.1 14.6 76.9 12.7 77.6 11.3Sitka spruce 32.5 11.1 52.5 18.8 86.7 22.7 35.9 15.3 15.1 7.9 32.3 7.6 18.3 5.7 24.9 7.4

True fir 1,047.7 75.1 921.6 70.8 840.0 74.5 650.3 64.7 568.3 60.8 485.8 37.7 472.0 38.1 354.9 35.5

Western hemlock 1,098.0 80.8 1,018.0 83.6 754.2 73.3 762.3 78.2 624.3 62.6 525.2 39.9 446.1 35.7 427.5 37.7

Western larch 96.7 20.0 85.9 17.8 63.1 10.2 47.5 7.9 41.8 7.6 31.2 6.6 15.9 4.5 15.7 5.0

Western redcedar 218.9 27.5 226.5 30.1 240.0 32.5 164.3 25.8 172.9 28.5 130.8 14.5 126.4 13.8 107.4 13.3

Western white pine 15.4 7.6 5.3 2.5 7.9 3.2 15.7 9.3 4.7 2.4 10.9 6.0 3.6 2.7 1.2 0.9

Other western softwoods 248.7 32.4 239.8 36.6 194.7 32.2 169.2 32.3 172.9 32.3 166.3 21.0 167.7 30.5 165.8 25.9

Total 5,480.8 167.1 4,930.3 167.2 4,354.2 168.0 3,641.2 161.1 2,937.2 127.7 2,482.0 82.2 2,210.0 81.3 1,916.3 78.8

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 39.4 13.4 59.1 17.9 71.0 25.4 77.5 30.2 66.8 27.4 25.2 7.4 28.3 8.3 12.1 4.5

Oak 3.8 2.7 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.6 1.2

Red alder 142.5 27.5 107.6 25.7 39.1 14.0 34.2 14.5 24.1 10.9 10.0 4.8 2.6 1.8 2.7 1.5

Woodland hardwoods -- -- 0.8 0.7 -- -- 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

Other western hardwoods 69.2 15.6 107.1 28.8 73.1 21.1 35.1 13.0 31.4 10.2 27.5 6.7 12.0 4.4 11.3 3.8

Total 255.0 34.1 275.0 42.1 183.7 37.0 147.2 35.9 122.5 31.1 62.7 11.6 42.9 9.5 27.7 6.2

All species groups 5,735.8 169.6 5,205.3 172.9 4,537.8 171.3 3,788.4 166.0 3,059.7 132.0 2,544.7 83.3 2,252.9 82.0 1,944.0 79.2
95

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-15—Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Diameter class (inches)

37.0–38.9 39.0–40.9 41.0–42.9 43.0–44.9 45.0–46.9 47.0–48.9 49.0 + All classes

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 656.3 45.8 531.9 41.6 524.0 48.7 392.9 43.9 323.8 38.8 286.7 37.7 1,715.6 171.5 33,215.8 763.2

Engelmann and other spruces 32.2 8.2 15.0 5.7 12.9 6.5 14.0 7.4 1.7 1.3 5.7 5.0 — — 1,766.4 165.1

Lodgepole pine — — 0.3 0.3 — — — — — — — — 1.7 1.8 1,853.3 132.9

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 55.4 10.8 30.9 6.8 54.5 12.9 28.3 8.0 10.3 4.3 15.5 6.4 17.5 7.2 3,726.4 167.4

Sitka spruce 8.0 4.6 14.1 5.7 13.5 6.3 10.1 6.0 14.3 7.6 21.5 9.1 136.4 42.5 798.2 103.3

True fir 372.2 38.7 345.9 46.3 213.6 29.9 224.9 33.6 198.8 29.0 107.6 26.7 453.2 72.2 15,532.9 528.8

Western hemlock 479.3 42.3 395.2 39.6 332.1 40.5 272.8 34.2 292.8 43.3 201.8 29.4 797.2 111.0 18,793.6 611.6

Western larch 12.5 4.6 6.5 3.3 6.9 3.8 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.2 2.2 2.2 16.1 6.5 1,595.9 93.1

Western redcedar 106.8 13.4 123.4 15.8 105.6 14.9 97.5 15.6 87.1 15.1 60.0 11.6 1,097.7 165.3 5,091.3 271.3

Western white pine — — 1.3 1.4 — — — — — — — — 5.3 5.3 185.1 22.8Other western softwoods 116.1 20.1 115.2 22.4 63.3 18.8 65.2 18.2 54.7 21.0 40.5 12.3 94.4 25.7 3,461.2 249.5

Total 1,838.8 82.2 1,579.8 89.3 1,326.4 76.7 1,106.6 71.7 984.8 77.1 741.6 60.1 4,335.2 278.8 86,020.2 1,102.7

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 6.2 3.2 11.8 4.7 10.9 4.5 6.5 3.8 7.7 4.0 0.7 0.7 8.7 4.6 754.5 117.3

Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 94.6 19.3Red alder 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 — — — — — — — — — — 3,652.1 215.9

Woodland hardwoods 0.3 0.2 — — — — — — — — — — — — 46.1 5.2

Other western hardwoods 5.7 2.5 12.4 4.4 6.9 3.3 6.2 3.1 4.0 1.8 — — 15.1 6.3 1,690.0 162.3

Total 14.2 4.5 26.0 6.6 17.8 5.6 12.8 4.9 11.8 4.9 0.7 0.7 23.8 8.7 6,237.2 314.4

All species groups 1,853.0 82.4 1,605.8 89.5 1,344.2 76.8 1,119.4 72.0 996.6 77.3 742.3 60.1 4,359.0 279.0 92,257.4 1,130.4Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
96

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-16—Average net volume per acre of live treesa on forest land, by forest type group and stand size 

class, Washington, 2002–2011

Stand size class

Large-diameter 

stands

Medium-diameter 

stands

Small-diameter 

stands All classes

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 5,454.80 110.99 1,382.91 65.63 281.48 25.10 4,208.06 92.42

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 6,450.89 180.35 1,607.46 147.04 309.75 28.17 4,835.47 156.32

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 8,889.92 190.62 2,143.91 203.21 303.17 51.81 7,354.78 194.82

Lodgepole pine 3,516.18 284.09 2,299.08 160.75 243.83 39.86 2,306.45 169.33

Ponderosa pine 1,969.20 76.08 780.23 166.80 395.28 75.58 1,709.85 69.30

Western larch 3,799.57 309.68 2,195.56 248.48 335.95 75.72 3,121.22 252.12

Other western softwoods 1,386.81 123.27 623.02 114.48 238.09 40.88 869.98 97.46

Total 5,741.96 70.60 1,599.07 55.59 299.32 16.39 4,450.67 57.43

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 5,409.42 236.13 1,888.13 117.31 307.61 58.23 3,307.56 169.97

Aspen/birch 3,525.98 383.14 1,774.39 285.38 230.26 89.62 1,731.57 303.79

Elm/ash/cottonwood 5,359.58 799.03 1,700.18 421.81 86.03 36.62 4,171.34 715.31

Western oak 1,558.88 684.79 961.61 163.21 377.15 76.52 954.68 209.56

Woodland hardwoods 854.09 175.77 306.17 100.98 507.51 123.80 608.51 108.30

Other hardwoods 6,303.55 1,416.41 1,351.87 377.97 238.94 57.13 952.88 396.69

Total 5,074.07 218.07 1,729.71 99.11 294.98 37.91 2,910.30 141.72

Nonstocked — — — — — — 99.16 13.01

All forest types 5,693.00 66.62 1,631.76 48.60 298.58 15.06 4,126.65 50.82

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 cubic feet per acre was estimated; 

the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a

 Includes all live trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
97

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-17—Average net cubic volume per acre of dead treesa on forest land, by forest type group and stand 

size class, Washington, 2002–2011

Stand size class 

Large-diameter 

stands

Medium-diameter 

stands

Small-diameter 

stands All classes

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 436.04 18.06 139.00 19.62 215.14 54.54 368.42 15.75

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 1,037.55 44.30 296.32 105.37 352.32 74.15 839.96 38.03

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 1,060.47 52.27 257.90 67.93 156.23 40.08 891.91 44.26

Lodgepole pine 667.28 80.37 354.08 78.50 900.12 250.02 623.22 78.01

Ponderosa pine 138.16 14.14 45.63 23.22 95.72 62.21 128.85 14.41

Western larch 498.40 65.61 376.32 127.85 147.98 79.90 436.30 53.14

Other western softwoods 451.57 101.46 331.91 180.99 36.22 17.08 293.91 63.37

Total 636.66 15.60 211.20 24.59 266.38 34.88 533.76 12.87

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 373.44 34.87 158.17 26.99 98.37 26.64 252.65 21.00

Aspen/birch 210.16 78.29 259.13 63.03 588.39 213.48 366.99 87.55

Elm/ash/cottonwood 179.62 42.33 52.16 52.16 25.00 17.94 143.54 34.48

Western oak 34.07 21.69 31.94 16.10 90.46 29.00 48.74 13.21

Woodland hardwoods 353.37 165.90 136.45 116.26 419.48 217.05 339.73 114.68

Other hardwoods 374.76 206.82 22.34 15.92 60.23 23.94 84.18 32.63

Total 333.09 28.75 145.70 21.74 144.98 27.32 232.42 16.96

Nonstocked — — — — — — 678.09 112.29

All forest types 614.41 14.56 194.81 19.27 245.61 29.34 506.55 11.71

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 cubic feet per acre was estimated; 

the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a

 Includes all dead trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory.
98

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-18—Net volume of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 Diameter class (inches) 5.0–6.9 7.0–8.9 9.0–10.9 11.0–12.9 13.0–14.9 15.0–16.9 17.0–18.9 19.0–20.9 Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 599.8 21.0 1,428.3 50.0 2,117.2 73.6 2,525.7 85.9 2,627.6 93.7 2,522.0 93.6 2,317.4 98.2 2,163.9 97.0Engelmann and other spruces 26.9 2.8 52.2 5.6 76.3 8.6 93.6 11.1 97.8 13.6 103.5 13.6 91.5 14.9 88.7 16.3

Lodgepole pine 156.1 16.1 297.8 23.6 282.7 21.7 237.3 22.4 159.2 17.1 87.0 12.9 47.3 9.5 17.9 6.1

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 55.5 4.0 117.2 9.3 199.7 15.1 260.9 19.1 312.4 24.2 354.5 27.2 303.7 29.0 332.3 34.6

Sitka spruce 9.6 1.9 18.7 5.2 32.7 11.0 47.4 12.3 39.6 9.6 35.9 9.0 29.5 8.0 31.9 11.3

True fir 284.3 14.4 478.9 21.2 619.1 27.6 648.2 28.9 637.4 32.3 599.6 32.8 583.0 35.9 559.2 37.6

Western hemlock 402.5 19.8 793.1 39.9 1,137.3 54.4 1,373.4 72.2 1,421.0 78.3 1,343.9 79.0 1,161.7 70.4 929.4 68.5

Western larch 59.0 6.4 112.8 11.2 164.6 13.6 189.8 14.6 175.9 15.3 147.2 15.4 106.2 14.1 105.3 15.2

Western redcedar 116.4 7.2 190.6 12.0 211.3 14.5 251.5 17.0 245.1 19.4 238.0 21.4 241.1 23.7 221.2 24.8

Western white pine 5.3 0.8 10.3 1.7 10.9 2.0 14.1 3.4 18.6 4.4 22.3 5.7 10.4 3.0 15.0 8.4

Other western softwoods 19.1 2.7 36.0 5.1 48.0 6.8 47.1 8.0 50.4 8.0 50.9 7.9 49.7 9.3 59.6 11.6

Total 1,734.5 40.1 3,536.0 73.8 4,899.9 99.7 5,688.9 119.0 5,785.1 130.0 5,504.8 133.4 4,941.4 135.1 4,524.4 137.9

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 14.0 2.5 25.7 5.0 32.2 5.9 41.1 9.2 42.8 11.8 40.1 10.7 41.2 9.7 42.5 13.4

Oak 11.5 3.3 10.2 2.9 8.0 2.7 5.7 3.0 5.3 2.5 2.2 1.4 4.8 3.6 1.9 1.9

Red alder 183.4 13.4 359.8 23.9 443.4 33.0 524.0 42.8 475.7 41.6 431.8 43.7 416.6 49.1 231.1 34.3

Other western hardwoods 102.2 9.9 130.8 12.9 157.4 15.5 154.7 18.4 150.7 20.6 166.1 26.1 157.2 34.9 126.4 22.3

Total 311.1 18.2 526.5 29.1 640.9 37.9 725.4 48.6 674.4 49.3 640.2 53.7 619.8 63.7 401.8 43.8

All species groups 2,045.7 43.9 4,062.5 78.3 5,540.8 104.6 6,414.3 125.9 6,459.5 136.2 6,145.0 142.3 5,561.3 148.3 4,926.2 145.2
99

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-18—Net volume of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Diameter class (inches)

21.0–22.9 23.0–24.9 25.0–26.9 27.0–28.9 29.0–30.9 31.0–32.9 33.0–34.9 35.0–36.9

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 1,916.6 99.6 1,713.3 105.0 1,499.3 102.8 1,257.1 102.0 916.2 67.4 716.3 41.9 643.9 43.0 515.4 35.8Engelmann and other spruces 54.8 12.7 65.4 14.3 41.9 6.6 31.0 5.7 29.6 6.6 17.0 5.2 16.6 4.1 7.9 2.8

Lodgepole pine 16.6 7.0 4.2 1.8 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 — — 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 — —

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 298.0 35.8 241.8 25.4 212.9 15.4 175.1 13.8 160.1 14.7 122.4 13.8 61.8 9.7 72.7 10.7

Sitka spruce 24.1 9.5 34.6 15.9 53.7 17.7 35.9 15.3 11.7 7.6 20.2 5.8 6.7 3.1 15.7 5.5

True fir 485.3 38.6 408.3 37.6 403.5 37.7 302.0 30.7 248.3 29.7 198.5 18.1 214.9 21.6 166.8 19.2

Western hemlock 834.4 66.7 678.2 64.9 543.6 62.5 430.2 47.8 395.7 47.8 263.0 23.2 243.5 23.8 207.7 21.2

Western larch 93.6 19.7 71.1 14.8 53.1 7.5 41.0 7.1 36.3 7.1 26.7 5.5 12.8 3.8 15.7 5.0

Western redcedar 193.7 25.9 169.1 25.0 184.6 27.3 131.4 22.7 140.9 26.1 91.7 10.1 105.7 12.2 84.6 11.5

Western white pine 6.7 3.9 1.2 0.6 7.0 3.0 9.7 6.5 1.8 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.9

Other western softwoods 58.7 11.8 50.0 11.4 43.8 14.3 31.6 13.8 60.5 13.3 32.1 5.9 31.3 6.2 41.2 8.7

Total 3,982.6 136.2 3,437.2 135.8 3,046.0 136.2 2,446.5 122.1 2,001.1 96.5 1,490.8 57.1 1,339.8 58.2 1,128.9 51.5

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 22.9 10.5 46.9 16.0 46.9 19.7 43.0 21.8 55.2 25.6 19.3 6.1 17.9 6.6 10.0 4.0

Oak 2.1 2.1 — — 0.6 0.5 — — — — — — — — 1.1 1.1Red alder 139.0 27.3 99.7 25.2 39.1 14.0 32.2 14.4 23.8 10.9 10.0 4.8 2.6 1.8 2.4 1.4

Other western hardwoods 59.3 14.4 91.1 26.7 65.5 18.9 24.7 10.7 29.3 10.1 26.5 6.6 11.9 4.4 10.3 3.5

Total 223.3 32.5 237.7 39.7 152.1 32.1 100.0 28.2 108.3 29.5 55.8 10.7 32.4 8.1 23.9 5.6

All species groups 4,205.9 139.2 3,674.9 142.2 3,198.0 139.5 2,546.5 126.1 2,109.4 101.6 1,546.5 58.4 1,372.2 59.0 1,152.8 52.0
100

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-18—Net volume of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and diameter class, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Diameter class (inches) 37.0–38.9 39.0–40.9 41.0–42.9 43.0–44.9 45.0–46.9 47.0–48.9 49.0 + All classes Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Million cubic feet Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 440.3 33.4 355.1 29.7 301.9 29.2 225.5 23.6 188.6 22.7 158.5 19.9 906.6 96.0 28,056.4 652.4

Engelmann and other spruces 11.4 3.9 8.3 3.7 4.9 3.2 — — 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 — — 921.1 87.3Lodgepole pine — — 0.3 0.3 — — — — — — — — 1.7 1.8 1,314.8 86.5

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 47.8 9.9 26.8 6.3 37.7 9.2 22.0 6.2 10.3 4.3 15.5 6.4 17.5 7.2 3,458.9 159.0

Sitka spruce 8.0 4.6 6.1 3.5 9.6 5.0 3.2 2.6 3.1 3.1 21.5 9.1 82.1 36.1 581.6 89.2

True fir 157.5 19.3 114.9 15.2 79.2 12.8 84.2 13.3 86.5 15.2 34.5 10.9 130.0 30.6 7,524.1 277.4

Western hemlock 213.5 20.1 170.6 17.3 139.1 17.3 116.6 15.3 97.5 13.1 93.4 14.9 303.2 43.6 13,292.5 496.1

Western larch 10.5 4.0 3.8 1.6 3.8 1.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.2 2.2 2.2 16.1 6.5 1,449.3 80.4

Western redcedar 69.5 10.4 84.8 12.5 77.4 11.3 66.1 12.4 52.4 9.2 39.5 8.6 460.5 60.8 3,667.2 188.1

Western white pine — — 1.3 1.4 — — — — — — — — 5.3 5.3 144.1 18.1

Other western softwoods 28.1 6.7 37.2 9.5 11.5 4.3 15.0 4.8 12.4 5.0 12.7 4.6 40.3 13.4 867.2 92.0

Total 986.6 49.4 809.3 43.0 665.0 40.9 533.5 35.7 452.8 33.3 378.8 32.8 1,963.4 138.2 61,277.3 869.3

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 4.0 2.4 5.2 2.6 7.0 3.3 3.7 2.6 4.9 3.2 0.7 0.7 6.6 4.1 573.8 98.0

Oak — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 53.3 14.2Red alder 2.1 2.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,416.5 211.6Other western hardwoods 5.6 2.5 10.3 4.1 5.6 3.1 5.8 3.0 2.9 1.3 — — 11.4 5.1 1,505.9 152.5

Total 11.7 4.0 15.5 4.8 12.6 4.5 9.6 4.0 7.8 3.5 0.7 0.7 18.0 6.6 5,549.4 296.9

All species groups 998.2 49.7 824.8 43.3 677.7 41.1 543.1 36.2 460.6 33.5 379.5 32.8 1,981.4 138.3 66,826.7 907.3

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes live growing stock trees of commercial species that are ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height; excludes trees that are classified as rough or rotten cull.
101

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-19—Net volume of growing stock treesa on timberland, by species group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011

Ownership group

Private

Forest Service

Other federal 

government

State and local 

government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners

Species group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 10,595.5 297.4 469.8 150.0 5,786.0 395.1 6,347.8 340.9 4,857.2 327.7 11,205.0 433.1 28,056.4 652.4

Engelmann and other spruces 599.9 46.6 7.8 6.5 155.1 63.4 14.0 7.9 144.2 36.6 158.3 37.4 921.1 87.3

Lodgepole pine 772.2 50.8 13.9 8.3 103.1 29.0 38.2 11.7 387.5 62.3 425.7 63.2 1,314.8 86.5

Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 862.2 49.4 17.4 7.9 376.7 54.2 444.6 64.4 1,757.9 130.4 2,202.6 141.8 3,458.9 159.0

Sitka spruce 67.7 33.8 — — 145.8 47.2 235.8 56.9 132.3 37.9 368.1 68.0 581.6 89.2

True fir 5,499.4 216.0 40.6 27.0 658.3 114.9 561.6 77.6 764.2 105.8 1,325.8 128.8 7,524.1 277.4

Western hemlock 5,510.7 194.9 71.2 59.7 3,284.4 342.2 3,283.9 279.1 1,142.3 168.6 4,426.3 310.4 13,292.5 496.1Western larch 806.5 45.2 16.8 12.5 156.9 33.4 107.6 22.6 361.5 52.2 469.0 56.2 1,449.3 80.4

Western redcedar 1,541.0 90.8 30.0 26.6 624.8 86.6 550.7 87.9 920.7 111.2 1,471.4 139.5 3,667.2 188.1

Western white pine 90.8 13.2 1.2 0.6 18.3 8.5 8.3 3.5 25.4 8.5 33.8 9.2 144.1 18.1

Other western softwoods 739.9 82.2 — — 20.9 22.5 30.6 19.1 75.9 28.9 106.5 34.5 867.2 92.0

Total 27,085.9 426.8 668.9 176.3 11,330.3 543.9 11,623.2 505.6 10,569.2 488.9 22,192.3 592.3 61,277.3 869.3

Hardwoods:

Cottonwood and aspen 103.3 16.7 1.4 1.2 180.2 80.1 61.2 16.5 227.6 51.8 288.9 54.2 573.8 98.0

Oak 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 7.4 3.3 25.9 12.1 18.6 6.5 44.4 13.8 53.3 14.2

Red alder 306.7 35.5 18.4 14.7 969.5 127.6 1,044.9 121.9 1,076.8 121.0 2,121.8 167.4 3,416.5 211.6

Other western hardwoods 126.3 19.3 23.9 16.4 423.0 111.5 258.4 50.7 674.2 90.1 932.7 102.5 1,505.9 152.5

Total 537.3 47.0 44.3 22.1 1,580.0 195.9 1,390.5 139.8 1,997.2 184.8 3,387.7 224.4 5,549.4 296.9

All species groups 27,623.2 428.2 713.2 182.9 12,910.3 583.3 13,013.7 544.7 12,566.4 547.9 25,580.1 638.3 66,826.7 907.3Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated. a Includes live growing stock trees of commercial species that are ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; excludes trees that are classified as rough or rotten cull.
102

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-20—Aboveground biomass of live treesa on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand tons Forest Service: National forest 556,072.6 8,139.7 15,664.0 2,288.2 571,736.6 8,000.4 184,100.2 9,894.4 28,778.5 4,867.9 212,878.7 9,421.1 784,615.3 11,770.2 Total 556,072.6 8,139.7 15,664.0 2,288.2 571,736.6 8,000.4 184,100.2 9,894.4 28,778.5 4,867.9 212,878.7 9,421.1 784,615.3 11,770.2 Other federal government: Bureau of Land Management 2,410.2 997.0 233.0 216.7 2,643.2 1,018.4 — — — — — — 2,643.2 1,018.4 Departments of Defense or Energy 5,618.5 2,375.7 — — 5,618.5 2,375.7 — — — — — — 5,618.5 2,375.7

 National Park Service — — — — — — 222,393.8 10,207.9 10,850.8 3,125.5 233,244.5 9,671.7 233,244.5 9,671.7

 Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 6,701.2 2,066.1 37.2 46.3 6,738.4 2,065.3 6,738.4 2,065.3

Other federal government 5,710.1 2,275.2 1,392.9 1,368.1 7,103.0 2,653.1 1,002.4 828.7 — — 1,002.4 828.7 8,105.4 2,779.5

Total 13,738.9 3,431.1 1,625.9 1,385.2 15,364.7 3,694.2 230,097.4 10,280.3 10,888.0 3,125.8 240,985.3 9,734.8 256,350.1 10,325.2

State and local government:

Local 33,903.5 5,460.9 1,303.8 737.0 35,207.3 5,530.1 6,008.0 2,188.5 237.8 235.5 6,245.8 2,201.2 41,453.1 5,931.9

State 220,562.3 9,621.6 1,082.4 497.2 221,644.8 9,601.5 12,965.9 3,588.7 187.7 181.7 13,153.5 3,593.3 234,798.3 9,594.5

Other public 923.9 915.0 — — 923.9 915.0 — — — — — — 923.9 915.0

Total 255,389.7 11,051.5 2,386.2 889.0 257,775.9 11,067.4 18,973.9 4,196.5 425.4 297.4 19,399.3 4,207.0 277,175.2 11,191.5

Corporate private 269,744.5 10,526.2 2,745.0 1,090.5 272,489.5 10,561.6 — — — — — — 272,489.5 10,561.6

Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

15,738.7 3,212.0 231.8 221.3 15,970.5 3,219.6 — — — — — — 15,970.5 3,219.6

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, clubs 

1,943.8 1,556.9 — — 1,943.8 1,556.9 — — — — — — 1,943.8 1,556.9

American Indian 89,714.9 6,515.3 1,604.8 988.5 91,319.7 6,577.4 — — — — — — 91,319.7 6,577.4

Individual 147,734.0 8,637.4 4,070.1 1,240.5 151,804.0 8,708.7 — — — — — — 151,804.0 8,708.7

Total 255,131.4 10,507.3 5,906.6 1,599.0 261,038.0 10,580.1 — — — — — — 261,038.0 10,580.1

All private 524,875.9 11,983.9 8,651.6 1,929.3 533,527.5 12,002.6 — — — — — — 533,527.5 12,002.6

All owners 1,350,077.1 16,984.7 28,327.7 3,413.8 1,378,404.7 16,908.8 433,171.5 14,856.5 40,091.9 5,792.7 473,263.4 14,167.4 1,851,668.1 21,207.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated. a Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, 

and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
103

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-21—Aboveground biomass of dead treesa on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

Forest Service:

National forest 76,471.8 1,985.3 3,254.6 577.3 79,726.4 2,021.1 36,084.1 2,873.5 5,978.0 1,379.6 42,062.1 2,968.8 121,788.6 3,552.6

Total 76,471.8 1,985.3 3,254.6 577.3 79,726.4 2,021.1 36,084.1 2,873.5 5,978.0 1,379.6 42,062.1 2,968.8 121,788.6 3,552.6

Other federal government:

Bureau of Land Management 232.7 165.9 29.9 37.2 262.6 170.0 — — — — — — 262.6 170.0

Departments of Defense or Energy 321.3 156.7 — — 321.3 156.7 — — — — — — 321.3 156.7

National Park Service — — — — — — 29,784.8 2,209.1 2,578.2 774.1 32,363.0 2,172.2 32,363.0 2,172.2

Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 606.9 258.0 — — 606.9 258.0 606.9 258.0

Other federal government 571.6 264.9 15.4 15.1 587.0 265.3 81.8 83.2 — — 81.8 83.2 668.7 278.0

Total 1,125.6 349.3 45.2 40.1 1,170.9 351.5 30,473.4 2,215.1 2,578.2 774.1 33,051.7 2,177.8 34,222.6 2,200.0

State and local government:

Local 2,603.1 642.6 99.1 60.8 2,702.3 645.5 443.6 207.3 113.9 112.8 557.4 236.0 3,259.7 685.8

State 20,157.0 1,678.8 122.4 79.7 20,279.4 1,679.3 1,211.2 422.1 — — 1,211.2 422.1 21,490.6 1,696.2Other public 18.1 17.9 — — 18.1 17.9 — — — — — — 18.1 17.9

Total 22,778.2 1,795.3 221.5 100.2 22,999.7 1,796.8 1,654.7 468.7 113.9 112.8 1,768.6 482.0 24,768.3 1,820.6

Corporate private 17,016.5 1,150.4 180.7 85.9 17,197.2 1,152.3 — — — — — — 17,197.2 1,152.3

Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

857.2 216.0 — — 857.2 216.0 — — — — — — 857.2 216.0

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, clubs 

70.9 56.1 — — 70.9 56.1 — — — — — — 70.9 56.1

American Indian 11,077.4 1,220.9 256.6 175.4 11,334.0 1,232.0 — — — — — — 11,334.0 1,232.0

Individual 8,549.8 806.2 119.5 49.2 8,669.3 807.3 — — — — — — 8,669.3 807.3

Total 20,555.4 1,440.8 376.1 182.1 20,931.5 1,449.3 — — — — — — 20,931.5 1,449.3

All private 37,571.9 1,737.0 556.8 201.0 38,128.7 1,741.8 — — — — — — 38,128.7 1,741.8

All owners 137,947.6 3,163.2 4,078.1 620.6 142,025.7 3,188.0 68,212.3 3,658.1 8,670.1 1,586.0 76,882.4 3,713.2 218,908.2 4,842.9

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated.

a Includes all dead trees ≥ 5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory. Aboveground biomass is estimated from ground to actual height, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
104

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-22—Aboveground biomass of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousands tons

Western Washington:

Clallam 76,081.1 6,946.1 617.2 367.1 76,698.2 6,948.5 66,897.1 9,461.3 1,302.2 676.0 68,199.4 9,463.2 144,897.6 11,731.5

Clark 17,752.3 3,907.2 140.6 140.3 17,892.9 3,910.8 551.8 686.2 — — 551.8 686.2 18,444.7 3,970.6

Cowlitz 40,611.2 5,000.1 93.8 75.4 40,705.0 5,000.7 2,260.3 984.9 — — 2,260.3 984.9 42,965.3 5,096.4

Grays Harbor 91,033.3 7,904.4 1,852.8 1,022.1 92,886.1 7,965.9 — — — — — — 92,886.1 7,965.9Island 3,644.8 1,440.9 — — 3,644.8 1,440.9 323.0 299.3 — — 323.0 299.3 3,967.8 1,471.7

Jefferson 57,928.5 6,865.9 561.8 420.1 58,490.4 6,876.0 91,995.2 11,203.6 6,260.7 2,809.0 98,255.9 11,381.6 156,746.3 13,352.6

King 67,844.0 6,639.4 2,599.1 969.0 70,443.0 6,727.6 17,834.3 4,884.4 3,366.8 2,412.5 21,201.1 5,336.3 91,644.1 8,543.6

Kitsap 15,538.6 3,805.3 — — 15,538.6 3,805.3 — — — — — — 15,538.6 3,805.3

Lewis 106,756.3 7,660.1 857.3 608.5 107,613.6 7,686.8 23,079.6 4,608.8 654.8 478.2 23,734.4 4,668.5 131,348.0 8,947.8

Mason 29,109.9 4,006.0 465.1 328.7 29,575.1 4,022.9 8,482.5 3,926.5 — — 8,482.5 3,926.5 38,057.6 5,599.1

Pacific 45,169.5 5,892.7 228.3 146.2 45,397.9 5,899.0 2,098.3 1,330.5 37.2 46.3 2,135.5 1,330.6 47,533.4 6,037.5Pierce 48,725.1 6,032.8 1,590.6 1,375.2 50,315.8 6,182.8 34,275.6 6,707.9 2,510.5 1,432.6 36,786.1 6,765.6 87,101.9 9,165.2San Juan 5,493.8 1,847.7 — — 5,493.8 1,847.7 2,614.2 1,895.0 — — 2,614.2 1,895.0 8,108.0 2,646.7Skagit 63,318.8 6,053.5 223.6 164.3 63,542.4 6,055.7 25,052.0 5,822.2 283.7 162.2 25,335.7 5,825.1 88,878.1 8,396.8

Skamania 115,416.8 6,850.9 674.7 524.1 116,091.5 6,854.8 9,328.2 2,738.2 1,300.0 1,404.3 10,628.3 2,927.0 126,719.8 7,419.2

Snohomish 78,906.3 7,657.4 2,705.8 1,718.0 81,612.2 7,639.1 28,128.6 6,192.1 4,402.8 2,064.3 32,531.4 6,359.0 114,143.6 9,804.4

Thurston 20,142.8 4,085.6 794.5 795.7 20,937.3 4,160.9 — — — — — — 20,937.3 4,160.9

Wahkiakum 14,143.5 4,037.7 197.3 195.5 14,340.8 4,042.3 — — — — — — 14,340.8 4,042.3

Whatcom 51,871.3 5,527.3 1,860.4 685.1 53,731.7 5,563.1 38,453.2 6,039.9 1,949.8 827.1 40,403.0 6,068.9 94,134.7 8,225.9

Total 949,488.2 17,024.6 15,462.9 3,003.4 964,951.1 16,992.1 351,373.8 14,191.3 22,068.7 4,668.2 373,442.5 13,512.1 1,338,393.7 21,116.2
105

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-22—Aboveground biomass of live treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousands tons

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 2,540.1 618.6 5.3 6.1 2,545.4 618.5 — — — — — — 2,545.4 618.5

Chelan 41,149.5 3,133.0 2,867.9 665.2 44,017.4 3,194.0 19,518.0 4,539.4 4,370.1 1,438.2 23,888.1 4,700.1 67,905.6 5,675.1

Columbia 4,547.2 733.0 — — 4,547.2 733.0 6,037.5 1,824.0 — — 6,037.5 1,824.0 10,584.7 1,965.8Douglas 58.9 58.7 — — 58.9 58.7 — — — — — — 58.9 58.7Ferry 58,518.8 3,911.3 542.8 188.1 59,061.5 3,912.9 240.2 229.4 — — 240.2 229.4 59,301.8 3,917.7

Garfield 3,433.0 605.3 9.5 7.2 3,442.4 605.7 2,889.7 1,422.5 — — 2,889.7 1,422.5 6,332.2 1,546.1Kittitas 42,844.1 3,538.9 1,266.6 447.5 44,110.7 3,561.0 2,731.5 1,362.7 12.2 11.6 2,743.6 1,368.2 46,854.3 3,814.7

Klickitat 26,921.4 3,982.0 2,109.3 664.1 29,030.7 4,040.8 259.9 293.2 — — 259.9 293.2 29,290.6 4,051.4Lincoln 1,481.1 510.0 — — 1,481.1 510.0 — — — — — — 1,481.1 510.0

Okanogan 61,577.9 3,497.2 3,197.4 697.0 64,775.3 3,540.2 21,115.0 3,383.4 6,462.2 1,655.9 27,577.3 3,631.8 92,352.6 5,056.4

Pend Oreille 43,599.8 2,621.8 475.9 181.0 44,075.8 2,617.7 2,570.5 1,461.9 420.7 444.1 2,991.2 1,524.0 47,067.0 3,029.0

Spokane 11,971.3 2,061.2 43.1 43.0 12,014.3 2,061.6 2,293.3 1,158.6 — — 2,293.3 1,158.6 14,307.7 2,360.6

Stevens 48,409.0 3,564.7 360.1 208.9 48,769.2 3,568.9 4,319.4 1,587.7 — — 4,319.4 1,587.7 53,088.6 3,838.4

Walla Walla 743.6 476.6 — — 743.6 476.6 — — — — — — 743.6 476.6

Whitman 840.1 592.8 — — 840.1 592.8 — — — — — — 840.1 592.8

Yakima 51,953.1 4,839.4 1,986.8 1,003.5 53,939.9 4,934.9 19,822.6 4,298.1 6,758.0 2,831.0 26,580.6 4,928.5 80,520.6 6,974.5

Total 400,588.9 8,969.9 12,864.8 1,630.3 413,453.6 9,009.2 81,797.7 6,559.6 18,023.2 3,431.0 99,820.8 6,544.8 513,274.5 11,009.6

All counties 1,350,077.1 16,984.7 28,327.7 3,413.8 1,378,404.7 16,908.8 433,171.5 14,856.5 40,091.9 5,792.7 473,263.4 14,167.4 1,851,668.1 21,207.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
106

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-23—Aboveground biomass of dead treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued) Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousands tons

Western Washington:

Clallam 5,926.3 747.3 29.5 16.5 5,955.8 747.3 7,486.6 1,275.4 248.9 178.6 7,735.5 1,279.3 13,691.3 1,481.0

Clark 1,289.7 375.1 — — 1,289.7 375.1 1.1 1.3 — — 1.1 1.3 1,290.8 375.1

Cowlitz 2,385.9 498.5 — — 2,385.9 498.5 331.7 172.1 — — 331.7 172.1 2,717.6 527.3Grays Harbor 10,133.4 1,077.3 229.1 167.3 10,362.4 1,089.5 — — — — — — 10,362.4 1,089.5

Island 147.2 55.9 — — 147.2 55.9 — — — — — — 147.2 55.9

Jefferson 7,434.4 1,352.7 21.0 15.6 7,455.4 1,352.7 14,355.7 2,103.7 1,475.4 606.0 15,831.1 2,149.5 23,286.5 2,546.2

King 5,325.7 784.9 195.0 91.5 5,520.8 789.7 3,025.1 1,004.2 695.2 499.2 3,720.3 1,104.2 9,241.0 1,347.5Kitsap 694.2 174.8 — — 694.2 174.8 — — — — — — 694.2 174.8

Lewis 7,303.3 709.8 29.7 16.0 7,333.0 710.3 3,009.0 791.8 134.4 97.0 3,143.4 798.1 10,476.4 1,063.4

Mason 2,497.2 377.3 12.8 10.7 2,510.0 377.4 1,461.7 678.5 — — 1,461.7 678.5 3,971.7 776.0

Pacific 2,509.7 410.0 19.3 19.3 2,529.0 410.4 168.6 122.4 — — 168.6 122.4 2,697.6 427.9

Pierce 4,114.8 672.0 46.1 31.3 4,160.9 673.2 4,281.3 956.7 673.8 498.9 4,955.1 1,061.6 9,116.0 1,257.0

San Juan 300.2 153.1 — — 300.2 153.1 190.7 169.1 — — 190.7 169.1 490.9 228.1

Skagit 6,794.8 820.2 16.9 16.8 6,811.7 820.4 2,320.0 728.1 97.1 76.0 2,417.0 732.1 9,228.8 1,099.1

Skamania 12,547.2 1,054.1 118.9 92.0 12,666.1 1,056.5 1,931.6 553.5 211.6 193.6 2,143.2 566.0 14,809.3 1,193.8Snohomish 8,648.4 1,034.1 490.0 354.7 9,138.4 1,062.4 2,994.5 896.4 581.5 334.3 3,576.0 942.9 12,714.5 1,411.4

Thurston 809.7 261.8 — — 809.7 261.8 — — — — — — 809.7 261.8Wahkiakum 1,171.4 465.4 8.3 8.2 1,179.7 465.5 — — — — — — 1,179.7 465.5

Whatcom 5,534.2 786.3 267.8 101.9 5,801.9 792.1 3,903.3 795.8 96.4 44.6 3,999.7 795.7 9,801.6 1,122.2

Total 85,567.7 2,706.9 1,484.4 427.5 87,052.1 2,719.2 45,460.8 2,718.9 4,214.3 995.7 49,675.1 2,690.8 136,727.2 3,781.7
107

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-23—Aboveground biomass of dead treesa on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 (continued)

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousands tons

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 336.6 105.9 1.3 1.5 337.9 105.8 — — — — — — 337.9 105.8

Chelan 8,204.5 783.0 719.0 263.6 8,923.5 819.2 5,340.8 1,575.0 359.6 184.3 5,700.4 1,584.8 14,623.9 1,783.6Columbia 1,179.4 302.2 — — 1,179.4 302.2 1,386.6 501.7 — — 1,386.6 501.7 2,566.0 585.7

Ferry 5,913.3 629.9 154.3 83.4 6,067.6 633.8 — — — — — — 6,067.6 633.8

Garfield 915.1 241.8 0.7 0.8 915.8 241.8 1,309.3 790.2 — — 1,309.3 790.2 2,225.1 826.4Kittitas 4,237.2 474.7 193.0 66.8 4,430.3 479.1 361.3 186.2 — — 361.3 186.2 4,791.6 514.0

Klickitat 1,787.6 377.4 82.3 43.6 1,869.9 379.8 61.7 69.5 — — 61.7 69.5 1,931.6 386.1

Lincoln 72.8 45.3 — — 72.8 45.3 — — — — — — 72.8 45.3

Okanogan 11,210.7 964.0 992.0 313.7 12,202.6 1,004.1 9,116.9 1,810.9 2,966.0 1,180.7 12,082.8 2,096.7 24,285.5 2,323.4

Pend Oreille 6,018.5 436.7 78.4 35.1 6,096.9 435.2 551.1 370.1 154.2 162.8 705.3 404.2 6,802.1 593.9

Spokane 549.9 192.1 — — 549.9 192.1 100.7 74.6 — — 100.7 74.6 650.7 206.1Stevens 4,281.9 496.3 42.1 30.1 4,324.0 498.3 440.5 247.1 — — 440.5 247.1 4,764.5 549.4

Walla Walla 45.2 42.8 — — 45.2 42.8 — — — — — — 45.2 42.8

Whitman 24.6 16.2 — — 24.6 16.2 — — — — — — 24.6 16.2Yakima 7,602.6 962.7 330.7 144.7 7,933.4 972.6 4,082.7 1,123.4 976.0 373.2 5,058.7 1,155.5 12,992.0 1,510.3

Total 52,379.9 1,815.6 2,593.7 450.1 54,973.6 1,845.2 22,751.5 2,565.2 4,455.8 1,234.5 27,207.3 2,678.7 82,181.0 3,242.7

All counties 137,947.6 3,163.2 4,078.1 620.6 142,025.7 3,188.0 68,212.3 3,658.1 8,670.1 1,586.0 76,882.4 3,713.2 218,908.2 4,842.9

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated.a Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory. Aboveground biomass is estimated from ground to actual height, includes stem wood, bark, and 

branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
108

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-24—Average aboveground biomass per acre of live treesa on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011 Ownership group Private Forest Service Other federal government State and local government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Tons per acre Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 99.64 2.38 185.07 14.36 100.59 5.05 56.41 2.40 68.58 3.37 61.13 1.95 85.55 1.71

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 95.14 3.06 137.86 11.61 79.95 13.76 35.35 4.95 59.32 7.64 47.75 4.77 93.30 2.84Hemlock/Sitka spruce 175.67 4.90 228.44 10.58 160.83 10.54 92.21 5.94 86.65 8.14 90.36 4.79 148.25 3.81

Lodgepole pine 48.32 3.53 8.54 0.03 53.29 9.09 64.79 31.43 50.29 6.08 51.60 6.31 49.28 2.94

Ponderosa pine 41.98 2.56 50.94 7.95 29.33 3.23 27.06 2.63 31.32 1.88 30.30 1.56 32.86 1.25

Western larch 74.40 4.87 138.85 8.18 53.63 16.34 47.26 12.42 50.87 7.89 49.71 6.68 67.12 4.47

Other western softwoods 23.31 2.18 — — 27.33 0.60 24.68 16.48 16.88 0.88 18.46 3.93 23.18 2.02

Total 98.85 1.47 177.57 6.65 102.04 3.95 59.75 2.02 57.73 2.03 58.80 1.36 89.27 1.07

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 65.55 6.81 62.15 15.41 83.36 7.93 57.38 5.00 63.07 4.65 60.62 3.42 66.06 3.05

Aspen/birch 26.28 7.14 — — 45.15 18.89 5.87 2.01 44.81 7.96 36.99 7.39 34.76 5.41

Elm/ash/ ottonwood 131.20 40.75 110.34 43.36 121.88 22.08 32.36 13.77 47.54 12.27 42.51 9.76 77.98 12.33

Western oak 55.17 — 21.18 0.00 43.25 0.00 29.14 11.08 34.61 4.74 32.15 5.63 32.55 5.27Woodland hardwoods 11.70 3.15 — — 7.92 0.00 6.90 3.04 14.14 2.01 13.32 1.87 12.26 1.69

Other hardwoods 13.61 6.57 7.80 — — — 17.77 12.47 30.74 14.44 24.65 9.69 23.01 8.45

Total 53.23 7.04 61.53 15.15 84.86 7.30 48.92 4.26 54.83 3.63 52.41 2.76 58.84 2.55

Nonstocked 1.72 0.27 1.05 0.60 3.24 1.10 0.85 0.54 3.04 0.55 2.31 0.43 2.09 0.24All forest types 93.33 1.37 171.38 6.46 96.97 3.42 56.76 1.79 54.44 1.69 55.60 1.16 82.82 0.95

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.a Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
109

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-25—Average aboveground biomass per acre of dead treesa on forest land by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002–2011

Ownership group

Private

Forest Service

Other federal 

government

State and local 

government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 11.32 0.66 17.94 2.52 7.41 0.77 3.50 0.29 4.45 0.48 3.87 0.26 7.51 0.31

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 15.80 0.80 18.73 1.90 11.46 3.23 2.47 0.54 12.45 2.12 7.63 1.25 14.85 0.65Hemlock/Sitka spruce 26.30 1.43 34.36 3.19 17.92 2.36 5.26 0.73 7.11 1.34 5.87 0.66 18.30 0.88

Lodgepole pine 13.28 1.78 — — 7.44 2.35 5.37 2.99 6.29 1.45 6.20 1.34 10.96 1.29Ponderosa pine 5.56 0.97 2.68 1.58 1.85 0.56 1.33 0.32 1.75 0.30 1.65 0.24 2.43 0.27

Western larch 9.94 1.29 12.40 5.66 4.83 1.56 6.00 2.08 7.15 2.62 6.78 1.91 8.56 0.98

Western white pine 23.44 4.87 — — — — — — — — — — 23.44 4.87Other western softwoods 3.43 0.92 — — — — — — 3.93 1.70 3.13 1.63 3.30 0.84

Total 14.35 0.42 22.91 1.46 9.25 0.73 3.63 0.25 4.71 0.35 4.14 0.21 10.33 0.24

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 6.00 1.37 22.17 4.23 6.61 1.07 4.14 0.72 4.07 0.52 4.10 0.43 5.16 0.42

Aspen/birch 12.56 3.63 — — 4.12 2.96 1.88 1.46 4.85 1.72 4.26 1.43 6.50 1.50

Elm/ash/cottonwood 2.99 1.26 0.17 0.12 4.88 1.69 2.99 1.78 1.23 0.53 1.81 0.72 2.74 0.68

Western oak 3.17 0.00 9.02 0.00 — — 1.42 0.39 1.01 0.37 1.19 0.28 1.33 0.34

Woodland hardwoods 9.82 3.07 — — 0.52 0.00 29.90 10.94 1.24 0.90 4.46 3.16 6.58 2.23

Other hardwoods 4.48 3.31 1.12 0.00 — — 0.95 0.49 2.69 1.46 1.87 0.83 2.12 0.81

Total 7.30 1.12 16.93 3.93 6.22 0.94 3.70 0.59 3.52 0.41 3.59 0.34 4.71 0.34

Nonstocked 21.64 3.00 35.42 29.56 5.00 2.10 1.27 0.83 2.69 0.96 2.22 0.70 12.16 1.88

All forest types 14.49 0.42 22.88 1.47 8.66 0.62 3.58 0.22 4.37 0.28 3.97 0.18 9.79 0.22

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.a Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory. Aboveground biomass is estimated from ground to actual height, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
110

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-26—Average aboveground biomass per acre of live treesa on forest land, by forest type group and 

stand size class, Washington, 2002–2011

Stand size class

Large-diameter 

stands

Medium-diameter 

stands

Small-diameter 

stands All classes

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 108.64 2.05 36.61 1.52 10.14 0.67 85.55 1.71

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 121.33 3.33 42.32 3.65 12.56 0.90 93.30 2.84

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 177.43 3.78 52.56 4.42 12.06 1.47 148.25 3.81

Lodgepole pine 65.31 4.63 55.12 3.70 14.17 2.40 49.28 2.94

Ponderosa pine 37.39 1.37 18.51 3.56 9.37 1.44 32.86 1.25

Western larch 77.55 5.42 56.51 6.06 19.38 4.52 67.12 4.47

Other western softwoods 30.60 3.02 18.46 2.93 14.80 2.13 23.18 2.02

Total 112.74 1.33 41.06 1.29 11.40 0.47 89.27 1.07

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 102.97 4.27 42.60 2.19 11.33 1.52 66.06 3.05

Aspen/birch 66.66 7.41 36.22 5.33 7.48 1.93 34.76 5.41

Elm/ash/cottonwood 99.43 13.45 35.20 8.42 3.60 1.43 77.98 12.33

Western oak 46.57 15.39 33.77 5.10 17.38 6.11 32.55 5.27

Woodland hardwoods 16.79 2.29 7.19 2.54 10.17 1.90 12.26 1.69

Other hardwoods 137.64 21.30 36.65 9.54 6.81 1.24 23.01 8.45

Total 97.08 3.91 40.17 1.89 10.25 1.06 58.84 2.55

Nonstocked — — — — — — 2.09 0.24

All forest types 111.60 1.25 40.83 1.08 11.20 0.43 82.82 0.95

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 bone-dry tons per acre was 

estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a

 Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass 

of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
111

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-27—Average aboveground biomass per acre of dead treesa on forest land, by forest type group and 

stand size class, Washington, 2002–2011

Stand size class

Large-diameter 

stands

Medium-diameter 

stands

Small-diameter 

stands All classes

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 8.85 0.35 3.06 0.41 4.41 1.10 7.51 0.31

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 18.45 0.77 5.42 1.81 5.78 1.12 14.85 0.65

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 21.76 1.03 5.42 1.42 3.10 0.78 18.30 0.88

Lodgepole pine 11.33 1.35 6.47 1.32 16.19 4.07 10.96 1.29

Ponderosa pine 2.60 0.26 0.87 0.40 1.84 1.18 2.43 0.27

Western larch 9.64 1.19 8.03 2.39 2.87 1.53 8.56 0.98

Western white pine 26.16 4.85 — — 5.60 — 23.44 4.87

Other western softwoods 4.35 0.94 5.57 3.06 0.53 0.27 3.30 0.84

Total 12.35 0.29 4.23 0.45 4.94 0.63 10.33 0.24

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 7.55 0.69 3.44 0.58 1.92 0.52 5.16 0.42

Aspen/birch 3.60 1.32 4.76 1.17 10.37 3.61 6.50 1.50

Elm/ash/cottonwood 3.42 0.84 0.82 0.62 0.56 0.42 2.74 0.68

Western oak 1.03 0.64 1.05 0.52 2.07 0.51 1.33 0.34

Woodland hardwoods 6.66 3.17 2.75 2.29 8.26 4.28 6.58 2.23

Other hardwoods 8.74 4.90 3.13 2.91 1.15 0.43 2.12 0.81

Total 6.70 0.57 3.21 0.47 2.76 0.50 4.71 0.34

Nonstocked — — — — — — 12.16 1.88

All forest types 11.93 0.27 3.98 0.36 4.56 0.53 9.79 0.22

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 bone-dry tons per acre was 

estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a

 Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory. Aboveground biomass is 

estimated from ground to actual height, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
112

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-28—Aboveground carbon massa of live treesb on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002–2011 Land status Unreserved forests Reserved forests Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Thousand megagrams U.S. Forest Service: National forest 252,234.5 3,692.2 7,105.2 1,037.9 259,339.7 3,629.0 83,507.9 4,488.1 13,053.9 2,208.1 96,561.8 4,273.4 355,901.5 5,339.0 Total 252,234.5 3,692.2 7,105.2 1,037.9 259,339.7 3,629.0 83,507.9 4,488.1 13,053.9 2,208.1 96,561.8 4,273.4 355,901.5 5,339.0 Other federal government: Bureau of Land Management 1,093.3 452.2 105.7 98.3 1,199.0 461.9 — — — — — — 1,199.0 461.9 Departments of Defense or Energy 2,548.6 1,077.6 — — 2,548.6 1,077.6 — — — — — — 2,548.6 1,077.6

National Park Service — — — — — — 100,877.8 4,630.3 4,921.9 1,417.7 105,799.7 4,387.1 105,799.7 4,387.1

Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 3,039.7 937.2 16.9 21.0 3,056.6 936.8 3,056.6 936.8

Other federal government 2,590.1 1,032.0 631.8 620.6 3,221.9 1,203.5 454.7 375.9 — — 454.7 375.9 3,676.6 1,260.8

Total 6,231.9 1,556.4 737.5 628.3 6,969.4 1,675.7 104,372.2 4,663.1 4,938.8 1,417.9 109,311.0 4,415.7 116,280.4 4,683.5

State and local government:

Local 15,378.6 2,477.1 591.4 334.3 15,970.0 2,508.4 2,725.2 992.7 107.9 106.8 2,833.1 998.5 18,803.1 2,690.7

State 100,047.1 4,364.4 491.0 225.5 100,538.1 4,355.2 5,881.3 1,627.8 85.1 82.4 5,966.4 1,629.9 106,504.5 4,352.1

Other public 419.1 415.1 — — 419.1 415.1 — — — — — — 419.1 415.1

Total 115,844.8 5,013.0 1,082.4 403.3 116,927.2 5,020.2 8,606.6 1,903.5 193.0 134.9 8,799.5 1,908.3 125,726.7 5,076.5

Corporate private 122,356.1 4,774.7 1,245.1 494.7 123,601.2 4,790.7 — — — — — — 123,601.2 4,790.7

Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

7,139.1 1,457.0 105.1 100.4 7,244.2 1,460.4 — — — — — — 7,244.2 1,460.4

Unicorporated partnerships, 

associations, clubs 

881.7 706.2 — — 881.7 706.2 — — — — — — 881.7 706.2

American Indian 40,694.7 2,955.4 727.9 448.4 41,422.6 2,983.5 — — — — — — 41,422.6 2,983.5Individual 67,012.1 3,917.9 1,846.2 562.7 68,858.3 3,950.3 — — — — — — 68,858.3 3,950.3

Total 115,727.6 4,766.1 2,679.2 725.3 118,406.8 4,799.1 — — — — — — 118,406.8 4,799.1

All private 238,083.7 5,435.9 3,924.4 875.1 242,008.1 5,444.4 — — — — — — 242,008.1 5,444.4

All owners 612,395.0 7,704.3 12,849.4 1,548.5 625,244.4 7,669.9 196,486.6 6,738.9 18,185.7 2,627.6 214,672.3 6,426.3 839,916.7 9,619.5

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 megagrams was estimated. 

a Includes all live trees ≥1 inch in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.b Total aboveground carbon mass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated by applying a factor of 0.5 to aboveground biomass estimated from regional biomass equations, and converting to metric units. Convert megagrams of carbon to tons of biomass by multiplying by 2.204586. The result will be approximate owing to rounding.
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Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-29—Aboveground carbon massa of dead treesb on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

Ownership Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand megagrams

U.S. Forest Service:

National forest 34,687.6 900.5 1,476.3 261.8 36,163.9 916.8 16,367.8 1,303.4 2,711.6 625.8 19,079.4 1,346.6 55,243.3 1,611.5

Total 34,687.6 900.5 1,476.3 261.8 36,163.9 916.8 16,367.8 1,303.4 2,711.6 625.8 19,079.4 1,346.6 55,243.3 1,611.5

Other federal government:

Bureau of Land Management 105.6 75.3 13.6 16.9 119.1 77.1 — — — — — — 119.1 77.1

Departments of Defense or Energy 145.7 71.1 — — 145.7 71.1 — — — — — — 145.7 71.1

National Park Service — — — — — — 13,510.4 1,002.1 1,169.5 351.1 14,679.9 985.3 14,679.9 985.3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 275.3 117.0 — — 275.3 117.0 275.3 117.0Other federal 259.3 120.2 7.0 6.8 266.2 120.3 37.1 37.8 — — 37.1 37.8 303.3 126.1

Total 510.6 158.4 20.5 18.2 531.1 159.4 13,822.8 1,004.8 1,169.5 351.1 14,992.2 987.8 15,523.4 997.9

State and local government:

Local 1,180.8 291.5 45.0 27.6 1,225.7 292.8 201.2 94.0 51.6 51.2 252.8 107.0 1,478.6 311.1

State 9,143.2 761.5 55.5 36.2 9,198.7 761.7 549.4 191.5 — — 549.4 191.5 9,748.1 769.4

Other public 8.2 8.1 — — 8.2 8.1 — — — — — — 8.2 8.1

Total 10,332.2 814.4 100.5 45.5 10,432.7 815.0 750.6 212.6 51.6 51.2 802.2 218.7 11,234.9 825.8

Corporate private 7,718.7 521.8 82.0 39.0 7,800.7 522.7 — — — — — — 7,800.7 522.7

Noncorporate private:

Nongovernmental conservation or 

natural resource organizations 

388.8 98.0 — — 388.8 98.0 — — — — — — 388.8 98.0

Unincorporated partnerships, 

associations, clubs 

32.2 25.5 — — 32.2 25.5 — — — — — — 32.2 25.5

American Indian 5,024.7 553.8 116.4 79.5 5,141.1 558.8 — — — — — — 5,141.1 558.8Individual 3,878.2 365.7 54.2 22.3 3,932.4 366.2 — — — — — — 3,932.4 366.2

Total 9,323.9 653.5 170.6 82.6 9,494.5 657.4 — — — — — — 9,494.5 657.4

All private 17,042.6 787.9 252.6 91.2 17,295.2 790.1 — — — — — — 17,295.2 790.1All owners 62,573.0 1,434.8 1,849.8 281.5 64,422.9 1,446.1 30,941.1 1,659.3 3,932.8 719.4 34,873.9 1,684.3 99,296.7 2,196.7

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 megagrams was estimated.a Total aboveground carbon mass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated by applying a factor of 0.5 to aboveground biomass estimated from regional biomass 

equations, and converting to metric units. Convert megagrams of carbon to tons of biomass by multiplying by 2.204586. The result will be approximate due to rounding.

b Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory.
114

Table A1-30—Average aboveground carbon massa per hectare of live treesb on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002-2011, sampled plots

Ownership group

Private

U.S. Forest Service Other federal

State and local 

government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Kilograms per hectare

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 111,681.94 2,673.00 207,437.10 16,093.68 112,745.05 5,660.98 63,230.97 2,694.63 76,868.94 3,779.60 68,514.05 2,184.45 95,884.68 1,920.85

Fir/spruce/mountain 

hemlock 

106,640.23 3,432.98 154,524.01 13,014.00 89,616.49 15,423.68 39,625.73 5,551.26 66,487.82 8,565.94 53,522.42 5,350.27 104,581.96 3,188.33

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 196,901.37 5,495.77 256,051.06 11,863.16 180,271.10 11,808.37 103,354.29 6,655.13 97,117.67 9,119.07 101,286.21 5,369.41 166,163.34 4,265.35Lodgepole pine 54,164.18 3,951.85 9,566.92 31.91 59,728.27 10,193.33 72,616.79 35,229.78 56,365.37 6,809.32 57,835.04 7,067.73 55,234.33 3,295.45

Ponderosa pine 47,055.75 2,871.25 57,100.81 8,905.31 32,876.48 3,616.68 30,330.21 2,943.53 35,110.97 2,105.21 33,957.65 1,750.94 36,827.26 1,395.96

Western larch 83,395.25 5,456.92 155,630.56 9,172.32 60,112.85 18,314.63 52,977.26 13,921.09 57,013.18 8,841.12 55,719.86 7,491.94 75,231.23 5,010.42

Other western softwoods 26,127.53 2,444.87 — — 30,635.67 676.64 27,660.93 18,473.52 18,917.85 988.93 20,694.68 4,403.45 25,985.61 2,264.52

Total 110,794.35 1,650.92 199,030.53 7,454.40 114,374.29 4,423.77 66,971.89 2,268.80 64,707.48 2,278.92 65,903.65 1,527.55 100,060.12 1,203.53

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 73,469.06 7,634.34 69,657.31 17,272.39 93,432.02 8,890.29 64,317.98 5,606.43 70,690.72 5,214.00 67,947.87 3,828.19 74,044.84 3,416.28

Aspen/birch 29,455.76 8,007.84 — — 50,604.79 21,170.13 6,582.08 2,249.65 50,223.96 8,924.91 41,465.21 8,281.38 38,966.71 6,064.22

Elm/ash/cottonwood 147,058.66 45,678.83 123,677.46 48,605.28 136,607.57 24,749.85 36,271.78 15,437.33 53,287.81 13,757.57 47,649.69 10,935.87 87,402.33 13,815.91

Western oak 61,832.73 0.00 23,743.51 0.00 48,474.35 — 32,658.79 12,417.26 38,797.97 5,308.56 36,038.86 6,307.26 36,482.43 5,902.09

Woodland hardwoods 13,118.66 3,528.04 — — 8,878.31 7,735.52 3,412.26 15,844.18 2,254.84 14,932.10 2,090.48 13,739.97 1,895.02

Other hardwoods 15,257.44 7,361.95 8,747.42 — — — 19,913.85 13,974.32 34,453.39 16,188.81 27,624.96 10,862.04 25,786.14 9,469.80

Total 59,659.13 7,891.41 68,968.38 16,975.99 95,112.72 8,186.44 54,837.49 4,776.78 61,456.82 4,069.17 58,745.55 3,088.57 65,950.67 2,854.12

Nonstocked 1,926.54 306.88 1,174.29 667.41 3,631.87 1,237.78 954.47 607.60 3,408.12 620.53 2,592.43 476.38 2,338.75 274.23All forest types 104,609.10 1,534.70 192,092.34 7,246.20 108,687.87 3,831.44 63,622.42 2,007.04 61,024.50 1,897.45 62,324.27 1,302.84 92,835.60 1,062.99

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 kilograms per hectare was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a Total aboveground carbon mass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated by applying a factor of 0.5 to aboveground biomass estimated from regional biomass equations, and converting to metric units. Convert kilograms per hectare of carbon to tons per acre of biomass by multiplying by 0.00089. The result will be approximate due to rounding. b Includes all live trees ≥1 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
115

Table A1-31―Average aboveground carbon massa per hectare of dead treesb on forest land, by forest type group and ownership group, Washington, 2002-2011

Ownership group

Private

U.S. Forest Service Other federal

State and local 

government Corporate Noncorporate All private All owners

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Kilograms per hectare

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 12,692.84 739.53 20,109.67 2,819.67 8,310.40 861.82 3,922.84 320.69 4,987.83 538.18 4,335.39 286.35 8,415.57 348.14

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 17,714.82 891.62 20,990.70 2,124.67 12,850.53 3,623.69 2,764.80 602.18 13,955.49 2,377.47 8,554.13 1,400.92 16,649.80 728.40

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 29,474.64 1,606.25 38,514.49 3,578.04 20,082.84 2,646.42 5,896.12 820.06 7,964.24 1,497.82 6,581.91 744.88 20,510.09 982.88

Lodgepole pine 14,880.59 1,996.02 ― ― 8,341.19 2,639.16 6,016.51 3,346.66 7,048.22 1,620.63 6,954.92 1,502.07 12,279.98 1,441.88

Ponderosa pine 6,232.24 1,092.09 3,003.15 1,767.59 2,072.90 632.36 1,486.89 355.84 1,958.22 332.99 1,844.52 266.93 2,720.66 297.19

Western larch 11,144.36 1,440.87 13,902.45 6,345.52 5,409.28 1,746.00 6,721.83 2,334.85 8,016.94 2,939.44 7,601.92 2,145.52 9,596.27 1,094.09

Other western softwoods 5,663.57 1,225.66 ― ― ― ― ― ― 4,407.10 1,907.11 3,511.46 1,831.65 5,374.99 1,131.87

Total 16,085.29 474.42 25,684.67 1,641.98 10,367.81 822.98 4,068.89 276.75 5,280.61 390.75 4,640.52 234.74 11,578.86 269.08

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 6,726.53 1,530.52 24,853.23 4,745.74 7,407.32 1,203.24 4,635.33 808.42 4,562.46 586.03 4,593.83 482.26 5,788.36 473.91

Aspen/birch 14,075.98 4,066.25 ― ― 4,622.71 3,318.98 2,111.38 1,633.21 5,438.76 1,933.23 4,770.97 1,603.32 7,284.77 1,677.14

Elm/ash/cottonwood 3,349.98 1,410.74 186.21 138.00 5,465.87 1,890.29 3,352.17 1,999.73 1,379.08 599.13 2,032.85 805.25 3,066.98 763.08

Western oak 3,550.46 3,550.46 10,109.92 10,109.92 ― ― 1,589.66 438.83 1,126.74 419.57 1,334.79 309.38 1,492.91 378.31

Woodland hardwoods 11,003.31 3,441.30 ― ― 582.72 582.72 33,513.44 12,264.45 1,389.65 1,003.31 5,003.02 3,544.02 7,377.33 2,504.01

Other hardwoods 5,021.55 3,712.72 1,257.15 0.00 ― ― 1,063.32 548.66 3,012.57 1,639.80 2,097.12 928.90 2,381.51 904.94

Total 8,183.05 1,258.36 18,971.64 4,402.99 6,970.90 1,051.33 4,145.70 658.00 3,943.43 454.65 4,026.28 380.44 5,281.63 378.07

Nonstocked 24,258.79 3,367.79 39,702.02 33,138.37 5,607.65 2,358.70 1,426.64 934.51 3,017.39 1,072.12 2,488.56 787.47 13,631.57 2,105.44

All forest types 16,237.50 469.83 25,644.19 1,646.29 9,712.32 693.55 4,015.31 250.55 4,893.29 311.20 4,454.03 198.73 10,975.22 242.90

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 kilograms per hectare was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.

a Total aboveground carbon mass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated by applying a factor of 0.5 to aboveground biomass estimated from regional biomass equations, and converting to metric units. Convert kilograms per hectare of carbon to tons per acre of biomass by multiplying by 0.00089. The result will be approximate due to rounding.b Includes all dead trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height; smaller dead trees were not measured in this inventory.
116

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962 Table A1-32―Volume of down wood on forest land, by forest type group and down wood diameter class, Washington, 2002-2011 Down wood diameter class (inches) Fine-wood size classesa Coarse-wood size classesb 0.1–0.24 0.25–0.9 1.0–2.9 3.0–9.0 10.0–19.0 ≥20.0 All down wood Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Million cubic feet Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 98.1 2.7 513.9 13.6 1,835.6 58.2 2,742.3 71.6 4,869.6 141.1 6,728.6 311.5 16,788.1 483.2

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 35.6 1.5 203.2 8.1 578.1 25.7 1,214.3 53.6 3,092.1 125.9 3,367.1 212.6 8,490.5 346.9Hemlock/Sitka spruce 41.1 2.3 194.5 9.0 673.7 34.4 1,298.7 58.6 3,339.0 143.5 7,323.9 416.1 12,870.8 578.2

Lodgepole pine 4.4 0.5 34.1 3.1 148.6 16.3 427.7 40.8 451.1 53.9 195.0 63.3 1,260.9 132.1

Ponderosa pine 6.5 0.9 83.8 12.8 270.5 19.0 337.0 23.2 402.1 31.3 381.8 48.9 1,481.8 102.4

Western larch 3.1 0.4 25.5 3.2 85.5 10.5 203.9 27.2 248.3 33.6 123.3 25.4 689.8 83.2

Other western softwoods 0.7 0.1 6.5 1.1 18.0 3.8 29.7 5.7 64.8 13.5 21.2 7.2 140.9 24.7

Total 189.6 3.4 1,061.5 19.8 3,610.1 66.7 6,253.6 97.9 12,466.9 201.0 18,141.0 516.3 41,722.7 692.8

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 12.2 1.0 86.4 5.9 326.5 25.3 474.4 31.1 784.0 56.4 1,506.7 146.7 3,190.2 222.7

Aspen/birch 0.8 0.2 6.7 1.5 26.9 6.1 50.4 10.9 60.5 14.7 16.1 5.2 161.5 32.9

Elm/ash/cottonwood 1.3 0.4 7.7 1.6 27.2 5.5 46.1 9.7 70.6 24.4 57.4 23.2 210.4 57.2

Western oak 0.3 0.1 8.1 5.7 115.3 105.8 11.9 3.3 11.3 3.8 5.1 2.9 152.0 113.5

Woodland hardwoods 0.3 0.1 4.6 1.9 17.3 7.9 19.5 6.2 36.2 13.4 29.8 13.1 107.7 37.5

Other hardwoods 0.7 0.2 5.5 1.3 25.7 6.4 43.7 12.3 63.5 20.9 81.4 38.2 220.5 69.1

Total 15.7 1.1 118.9 8.6 538.8 109.4 646.1 36.6 1,026.2 67.0 1,696.5 153.4 4,042.2 267.4

Nonstocked 7.0 3.1 39.2 5.4 133.6 17.4 201.3 22.4 322.5 34.9 357.8 60.1 1,061.4 111.3

All forest types 212.3 4.5 1,219.6 20.9 4,282.5 126.1 7,101.0 97.3 13,815.7 202.0 20,195.2 532.1 46,826.4 704.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error.a The diameter of each piece was visually estimated before being counted within each size class. Counts were used as input to volume equations for fine-wood.b Diameter classes are based on the diameter at the large end of the piece for decay classes less than 5, and based on the transect diameter for decay class 5 pieces. The diameter of each piece was measured and recorded to the nearest inch. Because of this, class breakpoints for 9, 10, 19, and 20 actually represent 0.4 inch above and below the value. For example, 9 represents 8.6 to 9.4 inches.
117

Table A1-33—Biomass of down wooda on forest land, by forest type group, ownership group, and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Ownership group and land status

U.S. Forest Service Other federal State and local government Private

Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land All forest land

Forest type group Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 37,777.9 1,210.4 5,815.9 1,052.4 717.0 276.6 5,889.8 911.7 19,469.5 1,515.2 1,003.5 333.4 53,677.6 2,557.5 15.0 12.1 124,366.3 3,468.8

Fir/spruce/mountain 

hemlock 

23,746.7 1,218.2 18,918.8 1,447.8 309.3 173.6 7,159.2 945.4 3,932.4 897.1 63.1 48.5 9,808.2 1,262.6 248.6 144.0 64,186.3 2,600.9

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 27,151.9 1,456.5 4,414.0 1,182.6 331.2 239.0 18,172.8 2,252.4 15,529.8 2,048.9 823.2 348.1 27,681.0 2,267.3 141.3 80.8 94,245.3 4,234.2

Lodgepole pine 4,557.3 431.5 2,352.5 553.3 — — 0.6 0.7 862.9 404.2 108.6 86.3 2,370.2 621.2 285.7 249.0 10,537.8 1,052.4

Ponderosa pine 2,711.7 261.1 741.6 432.7 22.9 17.9 225.0 122.3 1,156.8 253.6 183.1 120.5 7,608.6 673.9 39.2 33.3 12,688.8 889.1

Western larch 3,247.5 348.1 210.9 174.5 — — 168.5 153.3 1,145.7 519.0 44.7 49.0 1,301.8 356.4 — — 6,119.0 757.1

Other western softwoods 468.6 143.0 650.1 148.1 — — — — 5.4 5.7 9.0 8.7 60.0 30.1 24.3 24.2 1,217.4 209.5

Total 99,661.5 1,825.8 33,103.8 1,820.9 1,380.4 404.3 31,615.9 2,037.8 42,102.3 2,410.7 2,235.3 505.2 102,507.5 3,304.4 754.2 301.9 313,360.9 5,074.2

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 1,760.7 359.8 377.4 156.0 293.2 223.3 659.5 320.1 4,641.2 761.9 605.1 211.3 14,043.3 1,199.7 313.9 131.8 22,694.3 1,526.2Aspen/birch 270.2 80.4 17.0 8.8 — — — — 81.8 60.6 10.2 10.4 828.1 239.2 9.5 9.7 1,216.8 260.0Elm/ash/cottonwood 156.6 61.4 79.1 71.4 — — 50.4 45.3 651.9 367.5 68.2 46.0 393.0 122.5 163.1 79.5 1,562.3 411.2

Western oak 16.6 16.6 — — — — 16.5 20.5 18.3 17.7 — — 1,307.2 1,129.4 184.4 76.4 1,543.1 1,132.3

Woodland hardwoods 340.7 199.4 101.9 59.1 — — — — 0.8 0.7 — — 441.6 223.6 — — 885.1 304.9

Other hardwoods 56.0 33.4 76.2 50.4 14.4 14.9 — — — — — — 1,572.4 506.8 — — 1,718.9 510.6

Total 2,600.8 425.0 651.5 188.5 307.6 223.8 726.5 321.6 5,394.1 841.2 683.4 216.5 18,585.6 1,747.0 670.9 171.8 29,620.4 2,029.6

Nonstocked 2,318.5 282.0 2,139.5 478.9 7.4 5.9 85.1 63.0 610.2 258.9 32.7 23.1 3,912.2 700.0 — — 9,105.4 932.0

All forest types 104,580.8 1,834.5 35,894.8 1,839.4 1,695.4 461.4 32,427.4 2,085.5 48,106.6 2,442.9 2,951.4 546.2 125,005.2 3,530.1 1,425.0 346.6 352,086.7 5,187.2Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated; for details on down woody material biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement.

a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch.
118

Table A1-34—Biomass of down wooda on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

Western Washington:

Clallam 15,748.1 1,591.9 118.4 62.3 15,866.5 1,592.3 7,360.0 1,165.4 82.4 55.3 7,442.4 1,165.3 23,309.0 1,972.0

Clark 2,576.4 647.4 18.3 15.7 2,594.6 648.2 7.5 9.3 — — 7.5 9.3 2,602.1 648.2

Cowlitz 11,885.2 1,592.1 60.6 48.7 11,945.8 1,592.8 412.3 151.5 — — 412.3 151.5 12,358.1 1,600.0

Grays Harbor 25,769.8 2,372.6 328.7 251.9 26,098.5 2,384.4 — — — — — — 26,098.5 2,384.4

Island 353.4 133.1 — — 353.4 133.1 85.7 79.4 — — 85.7 79.4 439.1 155.0Jefferson 13,286.6 1,667.0 112.7 91.4 13,399.3 1,668.9 14,934.1 2,167.9 519.3 192.8 15,453.3 2,162.3 28,852.6 2,755.8

King 13,054.9 1,404.6 343.4 163.1 13,398.3 1,423.9 1,781.1 562.6 482.4 308.9 2,263.5 629.8 15,661.8 1,548.6

Kitsap 1,744.4 395.1 — — 1,744.4 395.1 — — — — — — 1,744.4 395.1Lewis 19,400.9 1,482.2 105.7 70.4 19,506.6 1,484.2 2,165.0 490.1 128.0 74.5 2,293.0 502.4 21,799.6 1,564.7

Mason 6,082.0 741.8 37.7 24.3 6,119.7 742.6 634.9 335.7 — — 634.9 335.7 6,754.5 814.9

Pacific 10,550.4 1,346.7 128.6 73.0 10,679.1 1,355.2 582.1 414.4 0.6 0.7 582.6 414.4 11,261.7 1,416.4

Pierce 9,245.8 1,231.9 133.2 80.6 9,379.0 1,234.4 3,456.0 739.5 780.8 580.1 4,236.8 915.3 13,615.8 1,536.7

San Juan 515.4 190.1 — — 515.4 190.1 213.4 175.3 — — 213.4 175.3 728.8 258.6

Skagit 12,847.0 1,305.0 65.6 60.6 12,912.6 1,306.4 3,097.2 831.6 39.4 24.4 3,136.6 832.8 16,049.2 1,548.8

Skamania 15,705.9 1,067.6 156.7 93.5 15,862.5 1,074.1 1,884.1 471.4 271.3 167.7 2,155.4 487.3 18,017.9 1,166.8

Snohomish 13,417.8 1,349.8 301.7 191.1 13,719.5 1,345.0 3,846.4 1,166.9 336.8 169.5 4,183.2 1,171.0 17,902.7 1,771.9

Thurston 2,766.6 562.9 56.6 56.7 2,823.2 565.6 — — — — — — 2,823.2 565.6

Wahkiakum 2,492.0 608.6 48.8 48.3 2,540.8 610.4 — — — — — — 2,540.8 610.4

Whatcom 10,431.7 1,160.0 554.4 263.1 10,986.2 1,186.7 4,341.0 808.9 288.9 180.2 4,629.9 821.0 15,616.1 1,442.7

Total 187,874.3 4,199.2 2,571.1 493.8 190,445.5 4,202.0 44,800.6 2,581.6 2,929.8 737.8 47,730.4 2,569.8 238,175.8 4,873.7
119

Table A1-34—Biomass of down wooda on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 653.4 179.1 0.1 0.1 653.5 179.1 — — — — — — 653.5 179.1

Chelan 9,724.6 626.0 597.8 123.0 10,322.4 632.6 3,658.9 846.9 503.1 154.6 4,162.0 860.8 14,484.4 1,066.2

Columbia 1,175.0 226.0 46.3 47.0 1,221.4 232.0 1,065.4 416.4 — — 1,065.4 416.4 2,286.8 476.7

Douglas 22.5 22.4 — — 22.5 22.4 — — — — — — 22.5 22.4Ferry 12,286.4 830.9 214.7 93.4 12,501.1 834.4 8.6 8.2 — — 8.6 8.2 12,509.7 834.4

Garfield 986.9 172.8 1.4 1.4 988.3 172.7 320.0 162.2 — — 320.0 162.2 1,308.4 236.9

Kittitas 9,295.3 844.9 273.6 89.2 9,568.8 848.9 391.5 216.2 27.9 26.5 419.4 236.9 9,988.2 881.3

Klickitat 4,711.4 659.7 260.7 91.8 4,972.1 671.8 9.9 11.2 — — 9.9 11.2 4,982.0 673.0

Lincoln 372.9 129.5 — — 372.9 129.5 — — — — — — 372.9 129.5

Okanogan 17,102.3 1,011.5 854.3 225.9 17,956.6 1,029.8 6,440.3 974.2 1,800.2 543.0 8,240.5 1,061.0 26,197.1 1,475.5

Pend Oreille 9,219.1 654.9 123.6 52.9 9,342.7 654.6 423.0 249.9 100.8 106.4 523.8 270.9 9,866.5 708.4

Spokane 1,880.6 361.9 0.0 0.0 1,880.6 361.9 203.2 89.8 — — 203.2 89.8 2,083.7 372.5

Stevens 9,956.4 849.8 181.1 107.9 10,137.5 856.5 645.2 270.1 — — 645.2 270.1 10,782.6 891.0

Walla Walla 163.8 114.8 — — 163.8 114.8 — — — — — — 163.8 114.8Whitman 97.9 48.7 — — 97.9 48.7 — — — — — — 97.9 48.7Yakima 13,865.4 1,684.9 427.8 173.7 14,293.3 1,692.5 3,192.4 735.9 625.3 241.2 3,817.8 752.9 18,111.1 1,852.4

Total 91,513.7 2,416.7 2,981.5 369.2 94,495.3 2,421.5 16,358.3 1,310.4 3,057.3 601.1 19,415.6 1,287.9 113,910.9 2,720.6

All counties 279,388.1 4,475.5 5,552.6 616.0 284,940.7 4,470.1 61,158.9 2,814.7 5,987.1 950.9 67,146.0 2,787.3 352,086.7 5,187.2

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated; for details on down wood biomass biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement.a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch.
120

Table A1-35―Average volume per acre of down wood on forest land by, forest type group and and down wood diameter class, Washington, 2002-2011

Down wood diameter class (inches)

Fine-wood size classesa Coarse-wood size classesb

0.1–.24 0.25–0.9 1.0–2.9 3.0–9.0 10.0–19.0 ≥20.0 All down wood

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 11.15 0.24 58.39 1.17 208.56 5.32 311.57 5.93 553.27 12.86 764.49 32.88 1,907.43 43.61

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 9.12 0.30 52.11 1.55 148.23 4.99 311.36 10.67 792.82 24.35 863.34 48.22 2,176.98 64.47Hemlock/Sitka spruce 13.25 0.58 62.62 1.91 216.94 7.92 418.21 11.31 1,075.24 28.21 2,358.48 110.04 4,144.74 124.24

Lodgepole pine 6.22 0.48 47.99 2.75 209.32 17.06 602.33 40.36 635.21 54.13 274.66 85.33 1,775.73 122.33

Ponderosa pine 3.20 0.42 41.00 5.97 132.40 7.23 164.99 8.81 196.84 12.86 186.91 22.28 725.33 38.37

Western larch 8.83 0.65 71.67 5.66 240.09 16.91 572.36 50.35 696.90 63.36 346.10 59.34 1,935.97 122.25

Other western softwoods 3.25 0.45 29.45 3.53 81.94 17.10 134.71 23.23 294.21 56.79 96.35 30.83 639.91 97.81

Total 9.91 0.17 55.47 0.96 188.65 3.18 326.79 4.58 651.48 9.80 947.99 26.51 2,180.30 33.76

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 7.00 0.42 49.59 2.26 187.40 10.93 272.34 11.60 450.04 23.81 864.94 71.64 1,831.31 88.53

Aspen/birch 6.06 0.87 49.79 6.60 200.04 24.62 375.20 43.22 450.27 68.52 120.06 32.33 1,201.41 101.50

Elm/ash/cottonwood 7.90 2.02 46.07 6.31 163.92 19.21 277.70 33.28 425.26 124.76 345.62 123.15 1,266.47 258.09

Western oak 1.90 0.48 53.41 35.86 758.57 677.97 78.52 15.78 74.52 23.16 33.24 18.44 1,000.16 719.94

Woodland hardwoods 3.99 0.71 55.81 17.46 210.73 77.63 237.16 56.56 441.27 127.17 362.67 129.82 1,311.63 327.24

Other hardwoods 5.71 0.83 41.91 5.89 195.48 24.67 333.36 62.03 484.07 124.58 619.96 261.50 1,680.48 395.30

Total 6.52 0.35 49.39 2.93 223.77 44.28 268.34 10.28 426.20 21.72 704.57 56.11 1,678.79 85.05

Nonstocked 8.60 3.71 48.26 5.44 164.45 17.66 247.77 21.11 397.04 33.93 440.43 69.84 1,306.55 106.92

All forest types 9.50 0.20 54.55 0.90 191.55 5.53 317.63 4.15 617.97 8.81 903.33 23.65 2,094.53 30.57

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups.a The diameter of each piece was visually estimated before being counted within each size class. Counts were used as input to volume equations for fine-wood.b Diameter classes are based on the diameter at the large end of the piece for decay classes less than 5, and based on the transect diameter for decay class 5 pieces. The diameter of each piece was measured and recorded to the nearest inch. Because of this, class breakpoints for 9, 10, 19, and 20 actually represent 0.4 inches above and below the value. For example, 9 represents 8.6 to 9.4 inches.
121

Table A1-36―Average biomass per acre of down wooda on forest land, by forest type group, ownership group, and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Ownership group and land status

U.S. Forest Service Other federal State and local government Private

Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land Timberland Other forest land All forest land

Forest type group Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Softwoods:

Douglas-fir 15.325 0.350 14.023 1.812 10.357 2.754 17.020 1.783 15.438 0.927 14.268 2.120 12.879 0.487 2.143 0.277 14.130 0.306

Fir/spruce/mountain hemlock 19.383 0.666 12.811 0.790 14.736 2.926 15.306 1.438 23.189 3.191 16.348 3.140 19.202 1.470 9.822 2.883 16.458 0.480

Hemlock/Sitka spruce 33.404 1.169 29.925 5.586 24.249 7.723 40.622 3.485 34.743 2.778 21.764 3.893 23.451 1.176 7.519 2.282 30.349 0.914

Lodgepole pine 14.991 0.839 14.003 1.732 — — 0.128 0.000 21.232 5.965 10.509 0.864 13.930 2.547 22.689 11.564 14.840 0.933

Ponderosa pine 8.071 0.523 15.892 5.977 3.812 1.205 5.352 2.381 5.177 0.786 9.897 2.970 5.604 0.369 3.149 1.302 6.211 0.334

Western larch 16.147 0.862 18.725 2.937 — — 19.143 5.112 29.184 6.209 8.797 0.000 14.339 1.924 — — 17.173 1.159

Other western softwoods 13.573 2.754 3.887 0.695 — — — — 50.851 50.851 1.336 0.000 11.724 2.560 3.836 3.836 5.531 0.817

Total 18.529 0.304 13.611 0.702 12.563 2.375 24.018 1.530 19.303 0.944 14.639 1.727 13.699 0.379 9.144 2.669 16.375 0.246

Hardwoods:

Alder/maple 20.107 2.870 13.948 4.292 18.763 8.345 31.506 8.337 13.587 1.460 12.635 2.427 11.981 0.671 10.736 2.410 13.027 0.585

Aspen/birch 8.625 1.542 3.295 0.419 — — — — 10.876 0.421 2.760 2.760 9.888 1.233 3.213 0.000 9.054 0.902

Elm/ash/cottonwood 12.181 2.839 9.869 3.158 — — 7.913 5.025 20.722 7.204 4.873 1.461 5.966 0.801 5.923 1.087 9.406 1.818

Western oak 12.630 12.630 — — — — 4.983 0.000 3.075 3.075 — — 18.372 14.878 2.627 0.790 10.155 7.166

Woodland hardwoods 15.775 4.278 6.889 3.116 — — — — 0.157 0.157 — — 10.910 3.789 — — 10.774 2.617

Other hardwoods 7.273 2.210 12.416 8.146 3.876 3.876 — — — — — — 13.833 3.161 — — 13.099 2.796

Total 16.019 1.730 10.654 2.424 15.899 7.311 23.726 7.029 13.767 1.440 10.424 1.944 12.014 0.903 5.163 0.929 12.302 0.660

Nonstocked 11.033 0.910 13.165 2.213 0.782 0.782 8.352 0.024 9.653 3.111 8.133 5.058 11.087 1.510 — — 11.209 0.864All forest types 18.184 0.289 13.515 0.656 12.228 2.269 23.894 1.509 18.249 0.816 13.278 1.364 13.323 0.342 6.709 1.235 15.749 0.224

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.0005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots within forest type groups; for details on down woody debris biomass calculation see Forest Inventory and Analysis Methods and Design Supplement.

a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch.
122Table A1-37―Average biomass per acre of down wooda on forest land, by ownership and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

Ownership Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

U.S. Forest Service:

National forest 18.184 0.289 9.537 0.944 17.701 0.278 16.307 0.937 7.414 0.962 14.101 0.740 16.709 0.286

Total 18.184 0.289 9.537 0.944 17.701 0.278 16.307 0.937 7.414 0.962 14.101 0.740 16.709 0.286

Other federal government:

Bureau of Land Management 8.880 2.762 4.562 0.328 8.225 2.404 — — — — — — 8.225 2.404

Department of Defense 18.698 5.427 — — 18.698 5.427 — — — — — — 18.698 5.427National Park Service — — — — — — 26.629 1.725 10.844 3.631 24.760 1.594 24.760 1.594

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service — — — — — — 16.524 5.428 0.129 0.129 15.556 5.214 15.556 5.214

Other federal 10.563 3.083 4.995 4.995 10.003 2.814 3.143 0.553 — — 3.143 0.553 9.103 2.521

Total 12.228 2.269 4.761 0.236 11.533 2.099 25.846 1.639 10.541 3.548 24.096 1.522 22.812 1.386

State and local government:

Local 19.095 2.941 10.047 3.256 18.657 2.813 9.510 1.961 15.735 15.735 10.170 1.862 17.414 2.446

State 18.155 0.832 18.901 2.938 18.166 0.821 14.594 2.145 1.336 1.336 13.781 2.148 17.967 0.789

Other public 7.280 7.280 — — 7.280 0.000 — — — — — — 7.280 7.280

Total 18.249 0.816 15.911 2.578 18.204 0.803 12.840 1.624 8.378 4.984 12.495 1.562 17.862 0.761

Corporate private 16.172 0.528 6.565 1.238 16.018 0.522 — — — — — — 16.018 0.522

Noncorporate private:

NGOs and conservation or natural 

resource organizations 

14.054 2.184 7.851 7.851 14.002 2.167 — — — — — — 14.002 2.167

Unincorporated partnerships, 

associations, or clubs 

4.036 1.292 — — 4.036 1.292 — — — — — — 4.036 1.292

American Indian 12.555 0.774 10.310 5.699 12.511 0.767 — — — — — — 12.511 0.767

Individual 8.545 0.489 5.445 1.089 8.430 0.474 — — — — — — 8.430 0.474

Total 10.434 0.430 6.790 1.801 10.331 0.421 — — — — — — 10.331 0.421

All private 13.323 0.342 6.709 1.235 13.176 0.336 — — — — — — 13.176 0.336All owners 15.601 0.236 8.981 0.741 15.380 0.229 19.803 0.832 8.079 1.055 17.534 0.699 15.749 0.224

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.0005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots; for details on down woody debris biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement. NGO = nongovernmental organization.a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch.
123

Table A1-38—Average biomass per acre of down wooda on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Western Washington:

Clallam 21.873 1.431 11.129 1.187 21.717 1.413 24.790 2.232 3.155 1.977 23.041 2.212 22.123 1.193

Clark 13.639 2.401 4.640 0.571 13.455 2.351 2.168 2.168 — — 2.168 2.017 13.257 2.323

Cowlitz 20.133 1.813 7.772 7.772 19.972 1.794 13.673 3.630 — — 13.673 3.630 19.670 1.719

Grays Harbor 22.616 1.500 13.873 7.626 22.438 1.479 — — — — — — 22.438 1.479Island 8.049 0.943 — — 8.049 0.943 19.919 19.919 — — 19.919 19.919 9.109 1.248Jefferson 26.325 2.159 17.440 11.445 26.213 2.141 38.285 3.989 8.977 1.570 34.500 3.658 30.083 2.081

King 19.475 1.318 11.139 3.933 19.108 1.280 13.516 2.680 18.814 5.511 14.379 2.446 18.241 1.142

Kitsap 10.796 1.278 — — 10.796 1.278 — — — — — — 10.796 1.278

Lewis 16.448 0.839 8.571 5.305 16.367 0.834 18.155 2.657 4.644 1.505 15.618 2.405 16.285 0.788

Mason 13.300 1.181 8.280 3.820 13.251 1.169 19.584 5.992 — — 19.584 5.992 13.666 1.181

Pacific 19.362 1.509 9.158 2.982 19.106 1.483 30.547 15.238 0.129 0.129 24.889 13.585 19.338 1.525

Pierce 17.636 1.639 9.038 2.676 17.401 1.602 17.764 2.172 24.381 14.919 18.699 2.805 17.785 1.401

San Juan 8.873 1.819 — — 8.873 1.819 16.003 6.931 — — 16.003 6.931 10.205 2.127

Skagit 21.050 1.428 8.132 1.338 20.881 1.413 22.893 3.758 2.884 1.329 21.058 3.577 20.916 1.334

Skamania 18.611 0.904 13.697 5.937 18.545 0.896 21.107 3.522 14.345 4.889 19.925 3.025 18.700 0.867Snohomish 23.298 1.614 9.148 3.825 22.531 1.552 21.003 5.288 5.370 1.963 17.015 4.084 20.945 1.620

Thurston 11.122 1.481 8.993 8.993 11.070 1.445 — — — — — — 11.070 1.445

Wahkiakum 17.919 2.264 7.534 7.534 17.457 2.210 — — — — — — 17.457 2.210

Whatcom 22.314 1.559 18.029 6.512 22.049 1.514 14.544 1.763 3.648 2.043 12.260 1.590 17.828 1.151

Total 19.431 0.375 11.425 1.606 19.249 0.369 23.076 1.197 8.418 1.821 20.848 1.061 19.550 0.360
124

Table A1-38—Average biomass per acre of down wooda on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 9.618 2.090 0.053 0.053 9.386 2.040 — — — — — — 9.386 2.040

Chelan 12.447 0.561 7.555 1.001 11.997 0.521 12.485 2.282 4.552 0.889 10.312 1.713 11.459 0.652

Columbia 9.028 1.285 101.989 101.989 9.351 1.328 14.077 4.248 — — 14.077 4.248 11.085 1.829

Douglas 4.635 4.635 — — 4.635 4.635 — — — — — — 4.635 4.635Ferry 10.083 0.497 8.729 2.747 10.056 0.490 1.242 1.242 — — 1.242 1.242 10.007 0.489

Garfield 12.758 2.061 0.486 0.215 12.311 1.986 8.665 2.648 — — 8.665 2.648 11.162 1.598

Kittitas 13.464 0.792 8.619 1.990 13.251 0.763 13.568 5.089 6.098 6.098 12.547 3.839 13.220 0.748

Klickitat 9.225 0.822 3.494 0.880 8.494 0.763 4.911 4.911 — — 4.911 4.911 8.482 0.759

Lincoln 5.874 1.063 — — 5.874 1.063 — — — — — — 5.874 1.063

Okanogan 10.913 0.462 8.404 1.513 10.760 0.443 15.366 1.478 9.114 2.067 13.363 1.217 11.462 0.466Pend Oreille 12.765 0.611 8.026 2.093 12.666 0.600 16.804 3.218 13.871 13.871 16.147 2.560 12.813 0.590

Spokane 5.493 0.782 0.006 0.006 5.452 0.778 5.083 0.941 — — 5.083 0.941 5.414 0.704Stevens 8.672 0.532 14.973 3.494 8.738 0.530 12.796 3.140 — — 12.796 3.140 8.907 0.526

Walla Walla 8.082 3.288 — — 8.082 3.288 — — — — — — 8.082 3.288

Whitman 3.493 0.928 — — 3.493 0.928 — — — — — — 3.493 0.928Yakima 15.988 1.508 9.229 2.249 15.645 1.441 18.911 2.064 8.548 1.949 15.778 1.796 15.673 1.199

Total 11.106 0.247 7.582 0.681 10.945 0.238 14.262 0.921 7.778 1.170 12.607 0.742 11.197 0.231

All counties 15.601 0.236 8.981 0.741 15.380 0.229 19.803 0.832 8.079 1.055 17.534 0.699 15.749 0.224

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.0005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots; for details on down woody material biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement.a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch.
125

Table A1-39―Average biomass per acre of all dead wood (dead trees and down wood)a on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Western Washington:

Clallam 30.105 1.847 13.901 0.969 29.869 1.823 50.007 4.269 12.684 8.507 46.989 4.272 35.117 1.909

Clark 20.467 3.372 4.640 0.571 20.144 3.299 2.475 2.475 — — 2.475 2.475 19.833 3.265

Cowlitz 24.175 2.170 7.772 7.772 23.961 2.148 24.675 7.051 — — 24.675 7.051 23.995 2.073

Grays Harbor 31.509 1.878 23.540 12.070 31.347 1.855 — — — — — — 31.347 1.855

Island 11.402 1.178 — — 11.402 1.178 19.919 19.919 — — 19.919 19.919 12.162 1.259

Jefferson 41.056 3.992 20.690 12.611 40.798 3.952 75.088 6.585 34.483 7.688 69.844 6.027 54.363 3.645

King 27.419 1.801 17.465 5.114 26.982 1.741 36.472 6.909 45.928 16.009 38.013 6.407 29.004 1.890

Kitsap 15.092 1.463 — — 15.092 1.463 — — — — — — 15.092 1.463

Lewis 22.640 1.122 10.976 5.817 22.519 1.114 43.388 6.460 9.518 2.306 37.029 5.912 24.110 1.209

Mason 18.762 1.510 11.088 4.425 18.686 1.495 64.674 14.044 — — 64.674 14.044 21.702 2.122

Pacific 23.968 1.656 10.535 2.581 23.631 1.626 39.394 17.445 0.129 0.129 32.091 15.948 23.971 1.691

Pierce 25.485 2.228 12.163 3.318 25.120 2.174 39.771 4.159 45.421 27.751 40.569 5.298 29.693 2.272

San Juan 14.042 2.647 — — 14.042 2.647 30.305 14.754 — — 30.305 14.754 17.078 3.958

Skagit 32.183 2.161 10.228 1.878 31.897 2.138 40.041 6.683 9.992 3.201 37.285 6.269 32.943 2.138

Skamania 33.479 1.779 24.095 12.173 33.354 1.761 42.746 5.020 25.536 10.073 39.738 4.526 34.070 1.654

Snohomish 38.314 2.659 24.004 10.788 37.539 2.582 37.354 8.849 14.642 5.034 31.561 6.902 35.819 2.711

Thurston 14.377 2.012 8.993 8.993 14.244 1.967 — — — — — — 14.244 1.967

Wahkiakum 26.341 4.105 8.818 8.818 25.562 3.994 — — — — — — 25.562 3.994

Whatcom 34.151 2.635 26.736 8.225 33.694 2.518 27.622 3.192 4.866 2.438 22.851 2.908 29.019 1.921

Total 28.281 0.530 18.022 2.782 28.048 0.522 46.493 2.132 20.528 3.919 42.546 1.924 30.772 0.554
126

Table A1-39―Average biomass per acre of all dead wood (dead trees and down wood)a on forest land, by county and land status, Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

County Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

Eastern Washington:

Asotin 14.572 3.184 0.817 0.817 14.239 3.103 — — — — — — 14.239 3.103

Chelan 22.948 1.219 16.643 3.198 22.368 1.145 30.709 5.740 7.805 2.217 24.436 4.393 23.029 1.608

Columbia 18.090 3.083 101.989 101.989 18.381 3.090 32.397 8.372 — — 32.397 8.372 23.524 3.883

Douglas 4.635 4.635 — — 4.635 4.635 — — — — — — 4.635 4.635

Ferry 14.935 0.786 15.001 3.768 14.936 0.774 1.242 1.242 — — 1.242 1.242 14.861 0.772

Garfield 24.588 3.862 0.722 0.366 23.719 3.734 44.116 18.457 — — 44.116 18.457 30.146 6.658

Kittitas 19.602 1.121 14.701 3.286 19.387 1.081 26.091 8.336 6.098 6.098 23.357 6.227 19.562 1.075

Klickitat 12.725 1.157 4.596 1.150 11.689 1.073 35.490 35.490 — — 35.490 35.490 11.771 1.076

Lincoln 7.020 1.186 — — 7.020 1.186 — — — — — — 7.020 1.186

Okanogan 18.066 0.859 18.163 3.399 18.072 0.831 37.117 4.121 24.130 6.261 32.957 3.467 22.088 1.170

Pend Oreille 21.101 0.958 13.114 3.129 20.934 0.938 38.699 9.788 35.086 35.086 37.890 7.615 21.649 1.025Spokane 7.100 1.207 0.006 0.006 7.046 1.200 7.604 2.302 — — 7.604 2.302 7.104 1.101

Stevens 12.402 0.754 18.453 5.309 12.465 0.751 21.534 6.276 — — 21.534 6.276 12.843 0.772

Walla Walla 10.314 4.949 — — 10.314 4.949 — — — — — — 10.314 4.949Whitman 4.370 0.926 — — 4.370 0.926 — — — — — — 4.370 0.926Yakima 24.754 1.877 16.362 3.581 24.328 1.796 43.095 5.901 21.889 4.153 36.683 4.676 26.916 1.753

Total 17.463 0.364 14.177 1.387 17.313 0.352 34.099 2.481 19.115 3.453 30.274 2.038 19.275 0.433

All counties 23.304 0.333 15.577 1.359 23.046 0.324 41.890 1.630 19.778 2.588 37.611 1.405 25.541 0.359

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.0005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots; for details on down woody debris biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement.a Includes down wood with diameters ≥0.1 inch at the transect intersection.
127

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-40―Area of forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

National forest Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand acres

National forests:

Colville 988.2 12.4 35.4 7.7 1,023.7 10.0 25.2 14.1 7.3 7.7 32.4 16.0 1,056.1 18.9

Gifford Pinchot 1,009.0 14.7 17.2 5.3 1,026.2 14.2 212.0 16.6 31.2 13.8 243.2 17.3 1,269.4 15.1

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie 873.7 24.1 65.3 14.7 939.0 21.7 420.2 31.7 140.1 30.7 560.3 31.4 1,499.3 31.6

Okanogan 819.0 32.2 88.5 12.5 907.5 32.9 496.3 49.5 209.1 36.2 705.4 55.1 1,612.9 63.3

Olympic 521.4 8.8 12.9 4.8 534.2 7.4 59.9 20.0 — — 59.9 20.0 594.1 21.3

Umatilla 151.9 7.0 5.1 2.9 157.0 6.8 112.6 18.3 — — 112.6 18.3 269.6 19.5

Wenatchee 1,257.2 37.9 113.0 14.1 1,370.2 38.0 414.7 46.4 186.6 34.1 601.3 51.6 1,971.5 62.8

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

21.9 4.8 — — 21.9 4.8 — — — — — — 21.9 4.8

Idaho Panhandle 108.9 8.9 3.3 1.9 112.2 8.4 — — — — — — 112.2 8.4

All national forests 5,751.1 43.5 340.7 26.1 6,091.9 37.3 1,740.8 60.4 574.3 56.4 2,315.2 48.5 8,407.0 48.6

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 acres was estimated.
128

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-41―Net volume of live treesa on forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

National forest Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Million cubic feet

National forests:

Colville 3,005.4 87.1 47.3 12.8 3,052.7 85.7 135.1 78.7 21.9 23.1 157.0 81.9 3,209.7 118.5

Gifford Pinchot 7,374.8 217.4 39.5 21.9 7,414.3 216.6 1,564.6 197.2 87.0 76.5 1,651.6 188.9 9,065.9 267.2

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie 6,736.3 281.4 265.6 94.5 7,001.8 276.0 3,441.9 352.1 442.4 163.4 3,884.3 329.7 10,886.2 408.0

Okanogan 1,766.0 94.4 104.7 24.7 1,870.7 96.0 1,630.9 230.6 258.0 79.4 1,888.9 237.5 3,759.5 253.9

Olympic 3,938.4 171.0 50.6 23.1 3,989.1 169.4 330.8 136.3 — — 330.8 136.3 4,319.9 217.4

Umatilla 458.6 33.3 0.5 0.3 459.1 33.3 497.0 113.0 — — 497.0 113.0 956.1 117.8

Wenatchee 3,885.0 166.8 227.9 42.7 4,112.8 167.8 1,913.6 299.0 558.5 161.4 2,472.1 318.0 6,584.9 358.8

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

149.5 34.4 — — 149.5 34.4 — — — — — — 149.5 34.4

Idaho Panhandle 338.3 29.6 6.3 3.6 344.6 28.4 — — — — — — 344.6 28.4

All national forests 27,652.2 428.4 742.3 111.9 28,394.6 422.5 9,513.9 522.3 1,367.7 252.3 10,881.6 502.1 39,276.1 629.0

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50,000 cubic feet was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
129

Table A1-42―Aboveground biomass of live treesa on forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

National forest Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

National forests:

Colville 63,979.7 1,570.4 965.4 259.8 64,945.1 1,534.0 2,570.5 1,461.9 420.7 444.1 2,991.2 1,524.0 67,936.3 2,162.3

Gifford Pinchot 144,412.3 4,081.4 910.7 536.0 145,323.1 4,066.6 29,093.0 3,478.6 1,710.1 1,474.5 30,803.0 3,318.8 176,126.1 4,842.5

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie 133,634.2 5,386.3 5,486.5 1,914.7 139,120.7 5,266.2 69,337.1 7,006.5 9,115.1 3,145.6 78,452.2 6,514.9 217,572.9 7,897.1

Okanogan 38,139.5 1,928.7 2,520.4 533.1 40,659.9 1,961.8 30,889.8 3,993.2 6,420.0 1,647.4 37,309.8 4,175.8 77,969.8 4,558.6

Olympic 79,106.7 3,263.2 1,120.7 504.6 80,227.4 3,222.6 6,600.1 2,673.5 — — 6,600.1 2,673.5 86,827.6 4,187.2

Umatilla 8,400.0 555.7 14.8 9.1 8,414.8 555.4 8,927.2 1,906.5 — — 8,927.2 1,906.5 17,341.9 1,985.7

Wenatchee 78,697.3 3,284.2 4,543.2 830.1 83,240.5 3,296.7 36,682.6 5,672.2 11,112.6 3,097.6 47,795.2 6,017.4 131,035.7 6,846.6

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

2,820.9 646.0 — — 2,820.9 646.0 — — — — — — 2,820.9 646.0

Idaho Panhandle 6,881.9 560.0 102.3 58.8 6,984.1 539.4 — — — — — — 6,984.1 539.4

All national forests 556,072.6 8,139.7 15,664.0 2,288.2 571,736.6 8,000.4 184,100.2 9,894.4 28,778.5 4,867.9 212,878.7 9,421.1 784,615.3 11,770.2

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated.a Includes all live trees ≥1 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
130

Table A1-43―Biomass of down wood on forest land, by national forest and down wood diameter class, Washington, 2002-2011

Down wood diameter class (inches)

Fine-wood size classesa Coarse-wood size classesb

0.1–0.24 0.25–0.9 1.0–2.9 3.0–9.0 10.0–19.0 ≥20.0 All down wood

National forest Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE Total SE

Thousand tons

National forests:

Colville 108.41 4.23 722.04 28.66 2,057.10 98.68 4,127.18 193.94 5,792.00 297.33 2,025.05 188.06 14,831.79 557.39

Gifford Pinchot 160.56 6.49 767.19 26.28 1,984.79 84.30 2,375.22 91.28 7,247.92 310.19 11,398.07 632.20 23,933.76 845.32

Mount BakerSnoqualmie 160.58 8.53 765.71 34.49 2,085.98 115.19 2,902.34 138.93 8,692.57 396.44 18,738.87 1,292.86 33,346.05 1,612.10

Okanogan 120.11 6.37 759.90 38.37 2,304.74 124.49 4,609.52 304.60 8,082.83 567.74 4,911.49 560.70 20,788.59 1,228.62

Olympic 98.83 6.69 360.31 17.04 975.41 56.11 1,499.62 84.38 4,365.94 293.53 8,541.28 633.21 15,841.39 815.50Umatilla 18.56 2.09 166.93 18.62 398.73 40.02 557.07 60.80 1,405.08 185.37 1,094.54 288.28 3,640.92 446.62

Wenatchee 210.09 11.34 1,150.75 54.49 3,479.67 214.92 4,353.45 215.64 9,096.02 490.54 7,584.63 643.75 25,874.61 1,280.63

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

3.16 1.32 12.65 3.11 34.59 7.91 56.34 19.24 148.85 45.80 202.25 56.44 457.83 114.04

Idaho Panhandle 8.70 0.91 81.44 8.93 312.21 36.82 280.05 26.73 773.28 114.09 306.59 81.66 1,762.27 238.12

All national forests 889.00 16.95 4,786.92 76.80 13,633.24 284.34 20,760.80 412.52 45,604.49 877.76 54,802.77 1,790.92 140,477.22 2,467.46

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 50 bone-dry tons was estimated; for details on down woody material biomass calculation see “FIA Methods and Design” Supplement.a The diameter of each piece was visually estimated before being counted within each size class. Counts were used as input to volume equations for fine-wood.b Diameter classes are based on the diameter at the large end of the piece for decay classes less than 5, and based on the transect diameter for decay class 5 pieces. The diameter of each piece was measured and recorded to the nearest inch. Because of this, class breakpoints for 9, 10, 19, and 20 actually represent 0.4 inches above and below the value. For example, 9 represents 8.6 to 9.4 inches.
131

Table A1-44―Average net volume per acre of live treesa on forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

National forest Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Cubic feet per acre

National forests:

Colville 3,041.13 79.65 1,336.88 210.05 2,982.17 77.12 5,366.70 885.43 3,011.37 3,011.37 4,838.95 835.66 3,039.20 83.55

Gifford Pinchot 7,309.10 202.67 2,298.26 1,058.27 7,225.23 199.32 7,378.93 767.84 2,786.59 1,835.22 6,789.60 724.77 7,141.76 203.09

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie 7,710.19 282.93 4,064.72 1,005.01 7,456.53 269.75 8,191.65 650.19 3,156.63 974.93 6,932.33 553.32 7,260.63 268.27

Okanogan 2,156.25 78.61 1,182.65 215.34 2,061.28 74.29 3,285.99 363.13 1,233.89 297.66 2,677.76 274.25 2,330.89 126.78

Olympic 7,553.96 302.21 3,936.72 979.86 7,466.89 294.29 5,526.16 1,398.01 — — 5,526.16 1,398.01 7,271.33 306.57

Umatilla 3,019.30 235.16 94.69 14.79 2,924.94 225.80 4,412.94 766.63 — — 4,412.94 766.63 3,546.55 349.07

Wenatchee 3,090.26 104.68 2,015.84 272.38 3,001.62 97.11 4,614.96 527.81 2,992.30 641.28 4,111.31 400.99 3,340.06 140.83

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

6,815.17 481.30 — — 6,815.17 481.30 — — — — — — 6,815.17 481.30

Idaho Panhandle 3,107.56 277.14 1,907.18 1,907.18 3,072.36 268.89 — — — — — — 3,072.36 268.89

All national forests 4,808.13 70.47 2,178.81 257.42 4,661.07 66.71 5,465.14 262.23 2,381.34 357.56 4,700.13 205.90 4,671.83 73.53

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 cubic feet per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots.a Includes all live trees ≥5 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes.
132

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-45―Average aboveground biomass per acre of live treesa on forest land, by national forest and land status, Washington, 2002-2011

Land status

Unreserved forests Reserved forests

Timberland Other forest Total Productive Other forest Total All forest land

National forest Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Tons per acre

National forests:

Colville 64.741 1.383 27.261 3.999 63.444 1.341 102.127 10.267 57.878 57.878 92.212 12.076 64.328 1.415

Gifford Pinchot 143.125 3.773 53.023 26.141 141.617 3.713 137.210 13.163 54.783 34.980 126.632 12.558 138.746 3.673

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie 152.955 5.316 83.971 20.211 148.155 5.071 165.019 12.507 65.041 18.151 140.013 10.706 145.112 5.124

Okanogan 46.569 1.495 28.469 4.280 44.803 1.415 62.238 5.933 30.707 5.411 52.892 4.497 48.341 2.111

Olympic 151.728 5.758 87.152 19.680 150.173 5.598 110.253 26.537 — — 110.253 26.537 146.151 5.848

Umatilla 55.299 3.892 2.922 0.353 53.609 3.748 79.269 12.549 — — 79.269 12.549 64.328 5.709

Wenatchee 62.599 2.011 40.190 5.163 60.750 1.865 88.466 9.975 59.544 11.978 79.489 7.513 66.465 2.646

Other areas:

Columbia River Gorge 

National Scenic Area 

128.625 8.690 — — 128.625 8.690 — — — — — — 128.625 8.690

All national forests 96.689 1.324 45.974 5.187 93.853 1.253 105.754 4.881 50.108 6.611 91.950 3.815 93.329 1.369

Note: Totals may be off because of rounding; data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 0.005 bone-dry tons per acre was estimated; the average was calculated using a ratio of means formula across plots.a Includes all live trees ≥1 inches in diameter at breast height, consisting of growing stock, rough cull, and rotten cull tree classes. Aboveground biomass of the tree from ground to tip, includes stem wood, bark, and branches; calculated with regional biomass equations.
133

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-46―Total roundwood output by product, species group, and source of material, 

Washington, 2010

Source of material

Growing-stock trees

Products and species group Sawtimber Poletimber Other sources All sources

Thousand cubic feet

Sawlogs:

Softwood 415,565 32,097 15,128 462,790

Hardwood 18,288 1,412 280 19,980

Total 433,852 33,510 15,408 482,770

Veneer logs:

Softwood 31,812 498 459 32,769

Hardwood 1,281 20 18 1,320

Total 33,094 518 477 34,088

Pulpwood:

Softwood 147,723 16,414 3,886 168,023

Hardwood 16,269 1,808 442 18,519

Total 163,992 18,221 4,328 186,542

Post, poles, and pilings:

Softwood 2,304 5,809 126 8,239

Hardwood 0 0 0 0

Total 2,304 5,809 126 8,239

Miscellaneous prodcuts:

Softwood 35 4 3 42

Hardwood 0 0 0 0

Total 35 4 3 42

Total industrial products:

Softwood 597,440 54,822 19,602 671,864

Hardwood 35,838 3,240 740.050 39,818

Total 633,278 58,062 20,342 711,682

Fuelwood:a

Softwood 0 0 42,493 42,493

Hardwood 0 0 1,987 1,987

Total 0 0 44,480 44,480

Total roundwood products 633,278 58,062 64,822 756,162

a

 Includes residential fuelwood consumption as reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/

seds-data-complete.cfm?sid=US#Consumption.
134

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-47―Volume of timber removals by source of material, species group, and removal type, Washington, 2010

Source of material

Growing stock Other sourcesa All sources

Removal type Softwoods Hardwoods Total Softwoods Hardwoods Total Softwoods Hardwoods Total

Thousand cubic feet

Industrial products:

Sawlogs 447,662 19,700 467,362 15,128 280 15,408 462,790 19,980 482,770

Veneer logs 32,310 1,301 33,611 459 18 477 32,769 1,320 34,088Pulpwood 164,137 18,077 182,214 3,886 442 4,328 168,023 18,519 186,542

Fuelwoodb 42,493 1,987 44,480 44,480

Posts, poles, and pilings 8,114 0 8,114 126 0 126 8,239 0 8,239

Miscellaneous products 39 0 39 3 0 3 42 0 42

Total industrial products 652,262 39,078 691,340 62,095 2,727 64,822 671,864 39,818 756,162

Logging residue 24,476 1,466 25,943 152,065 4,419 156,484 176,541 5,885 182,426

Total removals 676,738 40,545 717,283 214,160 7,145 221,305 848,405 45,703 938,588

a Other removals come from plot data—change of land use, withdrawls for wilderness, etc.b Includes residential fuelwood consumption reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm?sid=US#Consumption.
135

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-48―Estimated area of forest land covered by the most abundant 

vascular plant nontimber forest products, by plant group and species, 

Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Plant group and scientific name Common name Total SE

Acres

Tree seedlings and saplings:

Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir 265,015 20,254

Abies grandis Grand fir 129,024 12,182

Abies lasiocarpa Subalpine fir 118,424 11,568

Alnus rubra Red alder 145,153 15,614

Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa pine 101,560 9,410

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir 642,740 37,954

Thuja plicata Western redcedar 144,682 12,384

Tsuga heterophylla Western hemlock 494,867 31,114

Shrubs:

Acer circinatum Vine maple 847,752 36,437

Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon serviceberry 105,597 6,062

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Kinnikinnick 108,706 9,222

Ceanothus velutinus Snowbrush ceanothus 103,610 11,811

Corylus cornuta Beaked hazelnut 72,988 8,543

Frangula purshiana Cascara buckthorn 179,682 13,523

Gaultheria shallon Salal 938,267 42,998

Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray 267,536 15,103

Mahonia nervosa Cascade barberry 425,864 21,835

Paxistima myrsinites Oregon boxleaf 166,352 11,642

Rhododendron albiflorum Cascade azalea 125,399 14,425

Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry 117,173 8,976

Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry 614,794 29,982

Rubus ursinus California blackberry 318,581 20,185

Salix Willow 81,165 8,188

Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry 94,479 8,841

Symphoricarpos albus Common snowberry 509,750 23,885

Vaccinium membranaceum Thinleaf huckleberry 437,006 24,146

Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaf blueberry 331,648 23,223

Vaccinium ovatum California huckleberry 140,998 18,817

Vaccinium parvifolium Red huckleberry 195,092 9,596

Vaccinium scoparium Grouse whortleberry 148,985 16,675
136

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-48―Estimated area of forest land covered by the most abundant 

vascular plant nontimber forest products, by plant group and species, 

Washington, 2002-2011 (continued)

Plant group and scientific name Common name Total SE

Acres

Herbs:

Achillea millefolium Common yarrow 66,270 3,719

Arnica cordifolia Heartleaf arnica 79,462 6,541

Athyrium filix-femina Common ladyfern 77,006 6,369

Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrowleaf balsamroot 61,004 7,592

Blechnum spicant Deer fern 140,894 9,624

Chamerion angustifolium Fireweed 26,951 5,535

Claytonia sibirica Siberian springbeauty 29,652 4,479

Fragaria vesca Woodland strawberry 31,171 2,968

Fragaria virginiana Virginia strawberry 37,240 4,077

Polystichum munitum Western swordfern 1,278,333 42,355

Pteridium aquilinum Western brackenfern 232,801 16,233

Urtica dioica Stinging nettle 30,672 5,505

Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian 35,883 5,387

Xerophyllum tenax Common beargrass 112,775 13,583

Note: Data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error.
137

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-49―Index of vascular plant species richness on forest land, by ecological section, Washington, 2011

Species 

richness/plot

Native richness/

plot

Nonnative

richness/plot

Native species

cover (sum)

Nonnative cover

(sum)

Ecological section

Number

of plots Mean SE

Total 

richness

Species 

turnover Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE

Blue Mountains 4 57.3 7.8 153 2.7 47.0 6.0 4.0 1.4 122.2 17.6 0.9 0.4Columbia Basin 1 67.0 — 67 — 51.0 — 12.0 — 142.2 2.3Eastern Cascades 10 53.7 5.9 258 4.8 46.0 5.7 4.3 1.3 109.0 7.6 1.7 0.7Northern Cascades 39 35.5 2.0 416 11.7 32.3 1.9 0.9 0.4 135.2 9.3 1.8 1.2Okanogan Highland 32 60.0 3.6 460 7.7 50.3 2.8 6.0 1.2 135.6 5.1 5.3 2.0

Oregon and Washington 

Coast Ranges

35 33.0 2.1 286 8.7 27.1 1.6 3.5 0.9 186.9 12.7 11.0 5.4

Puget Trough 13 33.7 4.1 190 5.6 27.8 3.1 3.4 0.8 209.8 13.7 6.0 3.9

Western Cascades 29 44.2 2.7 349 7.9 38.1 2.3 3.2 0.8 174.7 13.0 6.1 3.6Note: Data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = value can not be estimated. Native and nonnative species values only include vegetation records identified to the species level. Species’ cover at the plot level were summed with no overlap assumptions (total cover could exceed 100 percent).
138

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-962

Table A1-50―Estimated area of forest land covered by selected nonnative vascular plant species 

and number of sample plots,a

 by life form and species, Washington, 2002-2011

Area covered Number of

Plant group and Scientific name Common name Total SE plots

Acres 

Shrubs:

Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom 19,887 5,829 47

Hedera helix English ivy 6,128 2,796 10

Ilex aquifolium English holly 6,418 1,248 69

Rubus armeniacus Himalayan blackberry 115,857 14,032 205

Rubus laciniatus Cutleaf blackberry 19,753 4,404 82

Forbs:

Centaurea diffusa Diffuse knapweed 2,147 1,230 11

Cirsium arvense Canada thistle 12,964 3,847 58

Cirsium Thistle 11,831 3,490 76

Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 5,161 1,838 44

Digitalis purpurea Purple foxglove 13,413 2,009 119

Hieracium aurantiacum Orange hawkweed 2,356 1,385 9

Hypericum perforatum Common St. Johnswort 21,286 2,819 144

Hypochaeris radicata Hairy cat’s ear 16,562 4,682 47

Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy 5,211 2,130 22

Linaria dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax 2,527 734 28

Mycelis muralis Wall-lettuce 4,860 1,659 43

Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil 1,813 809 11

Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 2,006 510 42

Grasses:

Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass 114,306 12,699 233

Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass 8,694 2,307 64

Holcus lanatus Common velvetgrass 31,794 6,428 68

Poa bulbosa Bulbous bluegrass 19,050 4,959 53

Note: Data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error. Estimates are likely low for all species because only plants present at >3 percent 

cover on a subplot were recorded, and because most grasses and some forbs can be difficult to identify to species outside of their short 

flowering seasons. 

a

Total number of sample plots with accessible forest land was 3,774.
139

Washington’s Forest Resources: Forest Inventory and Analysis, 2002–2011

Table A1-51—Forest land area on which evidence of fire was observed, by year, Washington, 

1996-2009

West of the Cascades East of the Cascades All Washington

Year Total SE Total SE Total SE

Acres

1996 1,939 1,970 15,060 5,506 16,999 5,848

1997 — — 17,365 7,515 17,365 7,515

1998 5,990 5,976 25,157 11,439 31,147 12,900

1999 — — 33,986 12,133 33,986 12,133

2000 — — 37,615 12,297 37,615 12,297

2001 6,461 6,347 95,968 23,214 102,429 24,066

2002 — — 72,386 18,434 72,386 18,434

2003 — — 198,969 37,923 198,969 37,923

2004 — — 126,503 22,832 126,503 22,832

2005 — — 93,376 26,765 93,376 26,765

2006 12,447 12,465 248,772 39,514 261,219 41,433

2007 — — 124,052 41,498 124,052 41,498

2008 — — 112,050 42,359 112,050 42,359

2009 — — 72,361 48,129 72,361 48,129

Average 1,789 1,023 64,228 5,598 66,017 5,690

Note: Data subject to sampling error; SE = standard error; — = less than 500 acres estimated.



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