The Vigil Network: 

Preservation and

Data

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CIRCULAR 460-C
Part C

The Vigil Network: 

Preservation and 

Access of Data

By W. W. Emmett and R. F. Hadley 

CONSERVATION NETWORKS

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 460-C

A U.S. confribufion fo the 

International Hydrological Decade

This volume complete in three parts

Washington 1968
United States Department of the Interior

STEWART L UDALL, Secretary

Geological Survey

William T. Pecora, Director

Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242
CONTENTS

Page

Purpose of the Vigil Network __________ 1

Contents of the repository file ___________ 1

Types of observations and examples of

tabulations ________________ 2

Stream-channel and valley-floor observations 2

Hillslope erosion ________________ 4

Reservoir sedimentation ____________ 4

Precipitation ______ ___________ 4

Types of observations and examples of

tabulations Continued 

Vegetation measurements _______________

Repository information ________________

References __________________________

Appendix: Sample of data for permanent

filing in the international repositories

Page

5

5

7

9

File cards for author and location index __ In pocket

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1. Planimetric map of Last Day Gully, Wyo _____________________________

2. Part of Hudson, Wyo., 1:24,000 map, showing location of Last Day Gully

3. Part of Lander, Wyo., 1:250,000 map, showing location of Last Day Gully

Page

13

14

15

TABLES

TABLE 1. Example

2. Example

3. Example

4. Example

5. Example

6. Example

7. Example

8. Example

9. Example

10. Example

11. Example

12. Example

[Tables 1-18 (p. 17-21) of appendix are not included in this list]

of location of stream-channel cross sections _________ _____

of cross-sectional survey of ground-surface elevation, station 0+00 

of long profile of channel-bed elevation _________________________

of channel scour and fill data measured by scour chains ________

of crest-stage gage record _____________________________________

of bank-recession pins ________________________________________

of headcut retreat and enlargement ___________________ 

of hillslope profile of ground-surface elevation ______________

of runoff and sediment yield to observation reservoir _ _____

of reservoir survey by cross-section method _______ ____

of storage-type precipitation data

of field data sheet and data calculations for vegetation measurements

Page 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3

3

4

4

4

5

6
CONSERVATION NETWORKS

PART C 

THE VIGIL NETWORK: PRESERVATION AND ACCESS OF DATA

BY W. W. EMMBTT and R. F. HADLEY

PURPOSE OF THE VIGIL NETWORK

In the United States the recognition of a 

deficiency in detailed data on hydrologic and 

geomorphic processes led to the idea of establishing a network of small drainage basins and 

other selected sites where observations of basic 

processes would be made over long periods of 

time (Leopold, 1962a). The network of observational areas has been named the Vigil Network (Leopold, 1962b). Publications on this 

concept of relatively simple observations of 

landscape (Emmett, 1965; Hadley, 1965; Hadley and Lusby, 1967; Leopold and Emmett, 

1965; Miller and Leopold, 1963) have included 

suggestions for installation, maintenance, and 

techniques of observation.

It is hoped that the Vigil Network can serve 

as a nucleus for international cooperation in 

hydrology especially in long-term programs 

of landscape observations. At the first session 

of the Coordinating Council for the International Hydrological Decade held May 24- 

June 3, 1965, at UNESCO House in Paris, 

France, Vigil basins were recognized as one 

of the Decade projects for collection of basic 

data (UNESCO, 1965, p. 10-11). The Coordinating Council considers Vigil basins as 

a special kind in UNESCO's classification of 

experimental and representative basins. In 

addition to the 58 Vigil Network sites established in the United States (Hadley, 1965), 

there are several sites on other continents 

which help to encompass the wide variety of 

landscapes and environments of the world.

One of the principal objectives of the Vigil 

Network is to preserve the results of the field 

measurements for future generations of scientists. This paper presents the plan for filing 

the data from Vigil Network sites in a uniform 

manner in the designated repositories. The 

appendix of this paper is a sample copy of a 

file which has actually been submitted to the 

repositories. This particular sample is a more 

complete version of the data which Leopold 

and Emmett (1965) used to illustrate the need 

for establishing the repositories. The location 

of repositories is discussed later in this paper.

CONTENTS OF THE REPOSITORY FILE

In a file deposited in the international repositories, the description of the site location 

and the permanent bench marks installed 

should be explicit so that subsequent investigators can find the field location with a minimum of effort. The format of the data of the 

original survey should be similar to that suggested in this paper. For resurveys, if data 

collected before a file has been submitted to 

the repositories fall within the guidelines suggested below, this data should be included to 

allow a comparison of the first survey with 

later ones. After the file has been deposited, 

only data meeting the requirements discussed 

below should be submitted to the repositories.

The site location can best be described by 

a tabulated roadlog of distances using permanently identifiable features as beginning and 

intermediate references. As an example, the 

description by Leopold and Emmett (1965, p.
14) or on page 11 in the appendix of this 

report should enable any observer to reach that 

site. A location sketch map, or a topographic 

map if one is available, is also helpful to a new 

observer in relocating the site. In addition, a 

topographic map allows the observer to be 

preaware of some of the physical characteristics of the area. However, to minimize the bulk 

of the folders a page-size cutout or photocopy 

of the pertinent area within the topographic 

map sheet may suffice. If plane-table or other 

survey maps are made, they should be included 

if they can be conveniently reproduced to fit the 

file-folder dimensions. However, care must be 

taken not to reduce a map so much that legibility of the map and its explanations are affected. 

Even simple sketch maps of the area are handy 

to the fieldman in relocating bench marks and 

are appropriate for inclusion in the file.

The file should include a physical description 

of the site, consisting of data on the geology, 

soils, vegetation, climate, and topography. The 

reasons for choosing the area for the particular 

long-term measurements should also be given.

Ground photographs of pertinent views may 

be included, but must be adequately identified 

by the position of the camera and the date of 

the photograph. If the film negative is on file 

and available for loan, its location and means 

of borrowing should be detailed.

Most important is the inclusion of data 

sheets which show the bench-mark elevations 

and the initial surveys. Resurveys made before 

a file is submitted to the repositories may be 

included if they do not materially add to the 

bulk of the file. However, data from resurveys 

that indicate a definite trend or reversal in 

trend should be included even if they constitute several additional tables. To standardize 

the format for presenting such data, the next 

section of this paper shows suggested table 

headings for the more common types of observations. The units for the data may be either 

metric or English and should preferably be 

the units principally used in the country of the 

station. Within a file the units should be consistent.

After the file has been deposited in the repositories, subsequent data, photographs, or 

maps of resurveys should be submitted only 

if they show an important trend or change in

the trend indicated by the data initially filed. 

This practice is to minimize maintenance 

efforts at the repositories and to keep individual files from becoming unnecessarily bulky 

with repetitious data.

Publications which relate to the studied area 

should be referenced in the file, but copies of 

the publications need not be included. References should be submitted to the repositories 

for publications issued after the date of filing.

A card index is available at each repository 

to facilitate retrieval of data on file. Details 

of submitting index cards with each file folder 

are discussed later in this paper.

TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS AND EXAMPLES 

OF TABULATIONS

Some observations made in the field by individual investigators are of a nonpermanent or 

short-term nature for example, mass-movement observations on hillslopes using wooden 

dowels or glass beads (Hadley and Branson, 

1965)and, in stream channels, the use of scour 

chains or painted rocks for channel-scour and 

particle-transport studies. If data of nonpermanent installations show significant results, however, they should be included in the 

repository file for the period of their collection 

provided that permanent bench marks are 

established in the basin. If possible, the locations of original bench marks should be 

detailed or shown on maps, so a later investigator can closely match the location of his 

measurements to that of the original measurements. The data can thus be used at a later 

time to compare results of similar studies for 

two periods even though the original installations cannot be exactly located or recovered. 

Data from sites having only nonpermanent 

installations should not be submitted to the 

repositories.

STREAM-CHANNEL AND VALLET-FLOOR OBSERVATIONS

Observations of stream channels and valley 

floors are usually conducted by surveying pro* 

files between permanently established bench 

marks. Thus, these bench marks must be adequately described and identifiable in the field. 

Commonly, a small metal tag may be affixed 

to the bench mark which describes the bench 

mark and its elevation. In instances where 

bench marks do not protrude above the ground
surface or are otherwise not easily found, a 

triangulation net extending from easily identifiable features should be included so that bench 

marks may be relocated. On long profiles 

extending more than 300 feet (or 100 m), 

intermediate bench marks should be established so that the stationing of resurveys con 

be maintained identical to that of the initial 

survey. Also, longitudinal profiles are assumed 

to be along the stream thalweg unless specified 

differently. For cross-sectional surveys, it is 

standard practice to present the data from the 

left-bank (looking downstream) bench mark 

to the right-bank bench mark.

The following skeleton tables (tables 1-3) 

are examples showing location of streamchannel cross sections and long-profile data. 

These tables are merely illustrative, and the 

data shown are by no means complete.

TABLE 1. Example of location, in feet, of streamAs previously mentioned, some types of 

observations are of a temporary nature, and 

the possibility of relocating them in the future 

is slight. However, if a significant shortrterm 

record is available at the time of filing with 

the repositories, they may be included to allow 

a comparison with later surveys even if reestablishment of the installation is necessary 

at the later survey. The initial investigator can 

decide whether or not these types of data 

should be included in the file. The following 

(tables 4-7) are suggested formats for several 

types of short-term measurements that are 

used in stream-channel and valley-floor observations.

TABLE 4. Example of channel scour and fill data 

measured by scour chains 1

August 10, 1062 August 15, 1963

2 Estimated Estimated

(feet) peak Net peak Net 

* ' discharge Scour Fill change discharge Scour Fill change 

(cfs) (feet) (feet) (feet) (cfs) (feet) (feet) (feet)

channel cross sections

Distance 

Cross-section Left-bank between Right-bank 

station * BM elevation 2 bench marks BM elevation 2

0+00 91.49 60.0 90.95 

3+00 98.77 50.0 100.75 

6+00 110.35 85.0 111.61

* Station location is referred to 0+00 at the fence line at mouth 

of channel. For example, 3+00 means 300 feet upstream from the 

fence line. 

2 Elevations, in feet, are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 

100.00 feet at the top of BM-A. The term "bench mark" (BM) 

refers to a 4-foot steel rod, %-inch diameter, driven into the ground 

and protruding about 6 inches.

TABLE 2. Example of cross-sectional survey of groundsurface elevation, in feet, station 0+00

Distance Elevation 2

left-bank August June July June Remarks 

BM * 1962 1963 1965 1966

0 (LB BM) 91.49 91.49 91.49 91.49 Elevations are for 

top of bench mark. 

0.0 90.99 91.07 91.03 91.03 Elevations are for 

ground surface. 

5.0 90.64 90.69 90.70 90.64 Do. 

10.0 89.95 89.961 89.92 89.99 Do.

* Distance, in feet, from left-bank bench mark toward right-bank 

bench mark. 

2 Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 ft 

at the top of BM-A.

0+00 13 0.06 0.11 0.05 20 0.04 0.04 0.00

1+00 11 .18 .17 .01 17 .02 .07 .05 

2+00 10 .11 .12 .01 15 .33 .36 .03

i For technique see Enunett (1966, p. 94-98), Leopold, Emmett, 

and Myrick (1966, p. 215-220), or Emmett and Leopold (1965, p. 

400-404). 

a Station location is referred to 0+00 at the fence line at mouth 

of channel For example, 1+00 means 100 ft upstream from the 

fence line.

TABLE 5. Example of crest-stage gage record 1

Water-surface Estimated Estimated 

Date of elevation 2 depth discharge 

flow (feet) (feet) (cfs)

July 1, 1962 _ 91.25 0.35 1.2

May 30, 1963 _ _ 91.09 .17 .6

June 26, 1963 _ 91.53 .76 3.1

i For technique see Leopold (1962, p. 3) or Enunett (1965, p. 

105). 

2 Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 ft 

at the top of BM-A.

TABLE 6. Example of bank-recession pins 1

Distance along Protrusion 3 (feet)

Pin BM pin 2 July 17, February 12, May 31, July 1, 

(feet) 1962 1963 1963 1963

1 9.0 0.62 0.21 0.36 0.50 

2 11.1 .58 .38 .21 .81 

3 15.4 .40 .19 .11 .72

TABLE 3. Example of long profile of channel-bed

elevation, in feet

Elevation 2

Channel station 1

0+00 

0+25 

0+60 

0+75 

1+00 

1+25

August 

1962

88.32 

88.58 

89.18 

89.68 

90.12 

90.98

June 

1966

88.36 

88.64 

89.24 

89.72 

90.20 

91.05

1 For technique see Emmett (1965, p. 93-94).

2 BM pin is 10-in. spike in 24-in. maple tree near station 3+00; 

spike driven 8 in. above ground surface.

3 Pins are redxiven to protrude 0.10 ft from bank at time of each 

observation.

TABLE 7. Example of headcut retreat and 

enlargement 1

* Station location is referred to 0+00 at the fence line at mouth 

of channel. For example, 1+00 means 100 ft upstream from the 

fence line.

2 Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 ft 

at the top of BM-A.

Distance from bench mark to bank (feet)

Line 

description

BM-D-BM-E 

BM-F-BM-G

1962

LB

9.6 

11.1

RB

7.3 

8.6

1963

LB

9.4 

11.0

RB

7.1 

8.4

1964

LB

9.2 

10.8

RB

6.9

8.4

1965

LB

8.9 

10.2

RB

6.7 

8.0

* For technique see Enunett (1965, p. 92-98) or Leopold, 

Emmett, and Myrick (1966, p. 229-232).
HILLSLOPE EROSION

The erosion of the surficial mantle on hillslopes with the resulting changes in profile 

shape, whether it be by subaerial erosion or 

mass movement, is often subtle; therefore, 

monitoring of hillslope profile over long periods 

has been neglected. Such observations need 

to be made in a variety of both climatic and 

lithologic environments to establish cause and 

effect relationships.

The data for hillslope observations to be 

placed in the repository files must include 

original surveys with location of permanent 

survey bench marks. The format of the following skeleton table is suggested.

TABLE 8. Example of hillslope profile of groundsurface elevation, in feet

Distance 

from top of 

hillslope !

0

0

5

*

91

Elevation

1964

100.0

99.5

96.4

*

61.3

1965

100.0

99.4

96.3

61.3

1966

100.0

99.4

96.3

*

61.4

1967

100.0

99.3

96.3

61.4

 Remarks

Elevations are for top

of bench mark.

Elevations are for

ground at base of

bench mark.

Elevations are for

ground surface. * *

Elevations are for

base of hillslope.

1 Measurements, in feet, should be designated as slope distance or 

horizontal distance.

Because of the possibility of mas® movement 

on hillslopes, more than one bench mark should 

be installed at each site to increase the accuracy in checking the elevation and position 

of markers as originally established.

There are types of observations in addition 

to hillslope profiles that furnish useful data on 

the erosion of landscapes. Although many of 

these observations do not lend themselves to 

standardized tabulation, they should be included in the repository file. Some of the types 

of observations being made are briefly summarized as an example.

The use of erosion pins or nails and washers 

to measure surficial erosion has proved to be 

a good supplement to profile surveys. The installation of erosion pins or nails, however, 

is a technique that requires annual maintenance and at best is subject to deterioration 

by rust and trampling by livestock. Therefore, 

the inclusion of erosion-pin data should be only 

a supplement to instrument surveys (see 

tables 15-16, appendix). Another point of

caution is that erosion pins may be subject to 

heaving by frost action. Also, hillslopes composed of swelling clays can puff up and give 

negative exposure measurement after a period 

of alternate freezing and thawing. Therefore, 

repeat surveys in this type of material should 

always be made at the same time of the year.

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

The use of small reservoirs on Vigil basins 

have proved very useful in studies of runoff 

and sediment yield and their relation to geomorphic characteristics. There are, however, 

some limitations that must be considered before choosing a reservoir as an observation 

station. The reservoir capacity-drainage area 

ratio should be sufficiently large to insure 

against spill during a flood having a recurrence 

interval of 50 years. This requirement allows 

direct measurement of runoff and sediment 

yield from the basin without estimating the 

volume of spill of both water and sediment. 

It should also improve the correlation of runoff 

and sediment yields with basin characteristics.

The following table formats (tables 9-10) 

for reservoir cross-section surveys and runoff 

and sediment yields should furnish adequate 

data for the repository file folder. In addition, 

a plan map or sketch of the reservoir showing 

location of bench marks and cross sections 

should accompany the data.

TABLE 9. Example of runoff and sediment yield to 

observation reservoir

Sediment yield Runoff

Period Acre-feet Acre-feet 

Acre-feet per square Acre-feet per square 

mile mile

July 1964-August 1965 ___.. 3.779 

September 1965-August 1966 1.169

12.81

3.96

24.80

17.92

105.1

75.9

TABLE 10. Example of reservoir survey by crosssection method, section A-A', survey, in feet, of 

August 9,1965

Distance from 

left-bank 

BM

1.0 

10.0 

20.0 

30.0

Water-surface 

elevation *

67.00 

67.00 

67.00 

67.00

Depth

0.00 

.20 

.60 

1.00

Elevation of 

reservoir 

floor i

67.00 

66.80 

66.40 

66.00

1 Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 ft 

at the top of BM-A.

PRECIPITATION

If a Vigil station is near a meteorological 

station, the detailed climatological data can
be used to supplement observations. However, 

most Vigil stations are in remote areas where 

precipitation data are scarce, particularly data 

on rainfall intensities. The minimum requirement should be a storage gage, charged with 

oil to reduce evaporation, where seasonal or 

annual precipitation can be measured. The 

suggested table (table 11) should be included 

in the repository file folder.

TABLE 11. Example of storage-type precipitation data

Period Precipitation, 

in inches

Remarks

April-October 1965__________

November 1965-March 1966 

9.3 

3.7

July was unusually wet. 

Mostly snow.

VEGETATION MEASUREMENTS

Vegetation measurements and descriptions 

are essential for the extrapolation of results 

of hydrological studies. Of the hundreds of 

methods that have been used to measure 

vegetation, the ones that measure areal coverage and weight or volume are the most meaningful in hydrologic studies. In addition to live 

vegetation, soil-surface features such as quantities of mulch or litter, bare soil, and rock 

should be measured.

The point quadrat method (Levy and 

Madden, 1933) can be used to measure foliage 

cover of herbs and low shrubs. For hydrological studies it is suggested that only the first 

hit as pins are pushed toward the soil surface 

be recorded. This method permits calculation, 

from tabulated data (table 12), of percentage 

cover per species and percentage of soil surface 

occupied by mulch or litter, rock, and bare 

soil. For calculation of foliage volumes the 

height of each plant unit should be measured 

and recorded. For measurement of possible 

vegetation changes over time, permanent metal 

stakes should be installed 100 feet (SO m) 

apart.

The permanent 100-foot transect suggested 

above may be used as one edge of a rectangular 

plot for sampling woody species (Canfield, 

1941). For each woody plant the length of the 

tape covered by live foliage should be recorded. 

For trees and large shrubs the depth of crown 

or foliage should also be recorded, and for both 

trees and shrubs heights should be recorded.

REPOSITORY INFORMATION

Arrangements have been completed with two 

organizations to serve as permanent repositories for basic data on Vigil Network sites. 

The two permanent repositories will be the 

Library, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, 

D.C., U.S.A., and the Library, Laboratory of 

Geomorphology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. It is anticipated that an eastern 

European country will soon make available 

facilties to establish a third repository.

The purpose of these permanent repositories 

is to prevent loss of data by neglect, fire, or 

other causes and to give scientists easy access 

to the data. The repositories will enable scientists to find field locations where observations of 

geomorphic processes over time are being made. 

Several procedures and data arrangements are 

suggested in this paper so that data can be 

submitted in standardized format. One benefit 

of standardization is that the material to be 

sent to the repositories can be prepared in a 

very simple fashion. The principal items include written descriptions and maps which will 

allow a person to find bench marks in the field. 

In addition, at least the original set of data 

taken at each observation point is tabulated 

so that future researchers will know the 

initial field conditions.

Data for each study site will be placed in 

a folder and kept on file in the repositories. 

A card index file will be provided so that a 

visitor can look up which investigators and 

what areas are represented in the filed material. Investigators are requested to fill out the 

form in the pocket of this report to facilitate 

the task of entering information on crossindexing cards in a uniform manner. Card 

number and type should be left blank, and the 

date is date of sufomittal. One copy of the index 

card should be included with each file folder. 

Another copy should be sent to R. F. Hadley, 

coordinator of Vigil Network activities in the 

United States (address shown on p. 7).

Both repositories are ready to receive material for permanent filing. Scientists are urged 

to prepare their data in the manner suggested 

in this paper, and to submit one copy to each
TABLE 12. Example of field data sheet and data calculations for vegetation measurements

Project _ 

Location 

Exposure 

Date

Observers ____ 

Vegetation type 

Slope percent

Sample No. __ 

Soil texture 

Elevation

Woody vegetation

Intercept Crown Foliage=/

Species (feet) Length Height depth (cu ft)

Juut

Pied

Arpu

Port

Qupa

From To (feet) (feet) (feet)

4 19 5 15 10 196.4

21 30 9 12 8 508.9

36 57 21 3 2 692.7

58 64 6 3 2 56.5

71 79 8 9 7 351.9

Foliage volume, in cubic feet, transecti/ 1,806.4

1,806.

of

4 4 100 = 18.1 cu ft per ft - 18.1 acre-ft

foliage per acre.

Herbaceous and ground cover

Species

Frame

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

TotalPercent

coverMulch

5

4

5

3

4

4

3

2

1

5

3

4

1

4

2

4

2

3

1

2

3

2

2

2

4

3

6

9

6

99

33.0

Average height

Average width 

Volumei/ 

Bare Rock

1

3

1

1

2

1

2

1

4

1

3

2

3

1

3

2

2

1

34

11.3

1

3

2

2

3

1

2

1

2

3

20

Erie

3

1

2

4

2

1

3

2

1

2

1

3

25

6.7 8.3

(feet)-

(feet)-

1

1 

2.1

Lyph

3

2

3

2

1

2

1

1

5

3

2

3

4

3

35

11,7

0.5

.5

.7

Bogr

2

2

2

3

2

1

2

3

2

4

1

2

2

4

3

1

2

3

41

13.7

0.3

.3 

.3

Ardi Boer

1

1

3

2

2

3 1

1

4 1

2

1 1

2 3

1

3 3

3

2

1

3

26 17

8.7 5.7

0,4 0.5

.4 .5 

.3 .4

Total

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

300

3.8

3.8"^ 50 « 0.076 cu ft per ft « 0.076 acre-ft per acre. 

18.1 + 0.076 18.176 acre-ft of foliage per acre.

i Formulas for calculating foliage volumes: 

a. Woody vegetation:

Volume of foliage = w i*h = formula for volume of a cylinder.

ifa X it X crown depth) = foliage volume per 100-foot plot.

Foliage volume per 100 feet -r- 100 = cubic feet of folage per foot of line intercept = acre feet of foliage per acre.

b. Herbaceous vegetation:

Volume of foliage = percent cover per species X height of species X i8 X rr.

Volume of foliage -=- length of line, in feet = cubic feet of foliage per foot of intercept line = acre feet of foliage per acre.

2 (Volume of fottage of woody plants + volume of foliage of herbaceous plants) = volume of foliage per acre.

Volume of foliage per acre X acres per basin = volume of foliage per basin.
of the repositories. These submissions can be 

addressed as follows:

Vigil Network Repository

Library

ILS. Geological Survey

Washington, B.C. 20242, U.S.A. 

and

Vigil Network Repository

c/o The Director

Laboratory of Geomorphology

University of Uppsala

Uppsala, Sweden

For additional information regarding the 

Vigil Network, the procedure for transmittal 

of folders to the repositories, a sample copy 

of a file folder (appendix) prepared for submission to a repository, or additional copies 

of the author-and-location-index file cards, 

write directly to the authors of this publication.

William W. Emmett 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Washington, D.C. 20242, U.S.A.

or

Richard F. Hadley 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Building 25, Federal Center 

Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A.

REFERENCES

Canfield, R. H., 1941, Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation: Jour. 

Forestry, v. 39, p. 388-394.

Emmett, W. W., 1965, The Vigil Network: Methods of 

measurement and a sampling of data collected: 

Symposium of Budapest, Internat. Assoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 66, p. 89-106.

Emmett, W. W., and Leopold, L. B., 1965, Downstream 

pattern of riverbed scour and fill: Federal InterAgency Conf. on Sedimentation, Jackson, Miss., 

1963, Proc., p. 399-409.

Hadley, R. F., 1965, Selecting sites for observation of 

geomorphic and hydrologic processes through time: 

Symposium of Budapest, Internat. Assoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 66, p. 217-233.

Hadley, R. F., and Branson, F. A., 1965, Surficial 

geology and microclimatic effects on vegetation, 

soils, and geomorphology in the Denver, Colorado 

area: Guidebook for 1-day field conferences, seventh INQUA [Internat Assoc. Quaternary Research] Cong., p. 56-63.

Hadley, R. F., and Lusby, G. C., 1967, Runoff and hillslope erosion resulting from a high-intensity thunderstorm near Mack, western Colorado: Water 

Resources Research, v. 3, no. 1, p. 139-143.

Leopold, L. B., 1962a, The Vigil Network: Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull., v. 7, no. 2, p. 5-9.

 1962b, The man and the hill: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 460-A, 5 p.

Leopold, L. B., and Emmett, W. W., 1965, Vigil Netr 

work sites: A sample of data for permanent filing: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull., v. 10, 

no. 3, p. 12-21.

Leopold, L. B., Emmett, W. W., and Myrick, R. Mi., 

1966, Channel and hillslope processes in a semiarid area, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 352-G, p. 193-253.

Levy, E. B., and Madden, E. A., 1933, The point 

method of pasture analysis: New Zealand Jour. 

Agriculture, v. 46, 267 p.

Miller, J. P., and Leopold, L. B., 1963, Simple measurements of morphological changes in river channels 

and hillslopes, in changes of climate: UNESCO, 

Proc. of Rome Symposium by UNESCO and World 

Meteorol. Organization, p. 421-427.

Schumm, S. A., and Lusby, G. C., 1963, Seasonal variation of infiltration capacity and runoff on hillslopes 

in western Colorado: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 

68, no. 12, p. 3655-3666.

UNESCO, 1965, UNESCO/NS/198.

APPENDIX: SAMPLE OF DATA FOR PERMANENT FILING IN THE 

INTERNATIONAL REPOSITORIES

VIGIL NETWORK SITE: LAST DAY GULLY NEAR HUDSON, WYO., U.SjV.

SUBMITTED BT: WILLIAM W. EMMETT AND LUNA B. LEOPOLD 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20242
VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

Card 

Type 

Date

No.

Dec* 1. 1967

: te name Last Day Gully

Vincipal site investigator William W* Emmett

Location Hudson, Wyoming, U.S.A.

U.S. Geological Survey 

Address Washington, D.C, 20242

"rposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance):

r"- annel change ^ Erosion 2 Sedimentation _3__ Mass movement 4 Vegetation 

"" "umber and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Stream channels

 annel cross sections

lour chains 3

°d profile 1_

"ater-surface profile

'^ charge:

Crest-stage gage 

Gaging station.

16 Erosion stakes 2 lines

Suspended sediment 

Chemical _____ 

 ' .her (specify) ____

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____ 

Cliff-recession markers 

Profiles_________ 

Water runoff ______ 

Other (specify) ___

2 lines

Further data* 

If a basin, drainage area 55 

If a plot 

Elev

acres

5,150

Ann. precipitation 

Relief 14?

in

Vegetation

r~ansects 

>Tadrats 

""asses

trees___ 

I-ee-ring data _ 

"V-,her (specify)

shrubs

Reservoir

Rain gage 

Soil chemistry _

Soil moisture _

Particle size:

Streambed

Bank___

Other 

sedimentation

Hillslope _ 

Pollen _____ 

Other (specify)

Geology:

Vegetation:

Hydrology:

Photography: Ground and

low-altitude aerial* 

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English
VIGIL NETWORK SITE: LAST DAY GULLY NEAR HUDSON, WYO., U.S.A.

By WILLIAM W. EMMBTT and LUNA B. LEOPOLD 

U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242

Last Day Gully is an example of a small 

ephemeral basin which has alternately degraded and aggraded in post-Pleistocene time, 

presumably in response to changes in climate. 

It terminates in a small alluvial fan on top of 

a 15-foot alluvial terrace in the valley of the 

Popo Agie River. The planimetric map of 

figure 1 illustrates the general configuration 

of Last Day Gully.

Because similar gullies in small basins are 

common and because their visual aspect alone 

does not indicate whether in the present 

climate these gullies are aggrading, stable, or 

degrading, this one was chosen for long-term 

observation as part of the Vigil Network.

This site is an ephemeral wash, or gully, 

about 1 mile northeast of Hudson, Wyo., NW */4 

sec. 6, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. (lat 42°55'33" N., 

long 108°34'19" W.). It is included on the 

topographic maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey entitled "Hudson, Wyo.," scale 

1:24,000 and "Lander, Wyo.," scale 1:250,000 

(parts of both appear in this folder, figs. 2-3). 

The main channel extends about 3,400 feet 

from the watershed divide to its end. The gully 

terminates in a semicircular alluvial fan. The 

gully bed is sandy silt and nearly free of vegetation. Vegetation adjacent to the channel consists of a mixture of low shrubs and grasses. 

Predominant shrubs are sagebrush (Artemisia 

tridentata Nutt.) and cactuses (Opuntia spp.). 

Grasses generally belong to the grama species 

(Bouteloua). Total vegetation cover varies 

but averages about 30-35 percent. The total 

area within the watershed is about 55 acres. 

The average elevation is 5,150 feet above sea 

level, and the relief between the watershed 

divide and the alluvial fan is 142 feet. Precipitation averages about 10 inches per year.

To reach the site of Last Day Gully, one may

start at the center of the village of Hudson, 

Wyo. (see Hudson, Wyo., 1:24,000 topographic 

map, fig. 2), proceed east on State Highway 

789 for three-quarters of a mile, and then turn 

north onto an unimproved side road. This road 

becomes a one-lane steel bridge crossing the 

Popo Agie River 200 yards from the junction 

with State Highway 789. After crossing the 

bridge one proceeds about 700 yards, leaves 

his automobile, and walks westerly along a 

fence, bearing N. 20° E. At a distance of 400 

feet along the fence is the mouth of Last Day 

Gully, where the channel terminates in a lowangle fan. The alluvial fan and fence line are 

indicated in the upper left of the enclosed 

planimetric map of Last Day Gully (fig. 1). 

The permanent reference points along the 

stream, consisting of 1/2-inch diameter steel 

rods driven in the ground and protruding 

about 6 inches above the ground surface, are 

noted on the map by a -small solid dot at each 

end of the lines marking the cross sections.

The principal measurements consist of 16 

cross-channel land-surface profiles surveyed at 

locations specified in table 1 of this file (p. 

17) and are also shown on the planimetric 

map (fig. 1). At the time of preparation of 

this file, four field surveys had been made; 

August 6-8, 1962, June 9-10, 1963, July 26, 

1965, and June 18, 1966. Elevation® from these 

surveys are listed in the next series of tables 

(tables 2-17). In addition to having bench 

marks, two of the cross sections were instrumented with 10-inch-l'ong steel pins driven into 

the ground at given locations (sections A-B 

and E-D). Values of erosion can be determined 

accurately at 'these pins and are given in the 

tables for sections, A-B and E-D in lieu of 

elevations from annual resurveys (tables 15- 

16). It is emphasized that these 10-inch-long

11
pins will not maintain their permanence if 

left unattended during periods of erosion that 

cause degradation exceeding the length of the 

pins.

In addition, a longitudinal profile of the main 

channel bed was surveyed over a distance of 

3,575 feet beginning 150 feet below the fence 

line near the junction of the channel mouth 

and its alluvial fan. These data are found in 

table 18 of this file.

Other observations are being made, including depth of channel scour, height of floodflow, 

retreat of channel headcuts, and mass movement on slopes. Channel scour is measured by 

scour chains at stations 3 + 00, 6 + 00, and 

9 + 00. The scour-fill record is incomplete because of the annual basis for resurvey. Scour, 

followed by slightly greater fill, is responsible 

for an overall aggradation of the channel bed. 

Height of floodflow is recorded on a crest-stage 

gage at station 1 + 50. Mass movement is being 

observed on two lines of pins installed near 

BM-D. These are indicated on the planimetric 

map (fig. 1) enclosed in this file. Annual surveys from the time of their installation in 1963 

to 1967 show no significant downhill movement 

of the pins.

The file of original field data includes a 

planimetric map (simplified reproduction, 

fig. 1) made by planetable survey of the channel 

in 1962 and black-and-white and color photographs taken from 1962 to 1966. Film negatives and the original planetable survey are 

on file with William W. Emmett, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242, U.S.A. 

Prints are available for the cost of reproduction.

The following publications are partly devoted to information about Last Day Gully: 

Emmett, W. W., 1965, The Vigil Network: 

Methods of measurement and a sampling 

of data collected: Symposium of Budapest, 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 66, 

p. 89-106.

Leopold, L. B., and Emmett, W. W., 1965, 

Vigil Network sites: A sample of data for 

permanent filing: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull., v. 10, no. 3, p. 12-21.

12
/Crest -stage gage

Mass-movement lines 

/ BM-D

Vence 

'Lower limit of fan

EXPLANATION

aM-c^^i,-~ '

Denotes cross section with end bench 

marks. For elevations, see tabulated 

data.

Indicates approximate location of steeper slopes

A^V**^ ,'v> 'h^^

Sfo. 18 + 00 X>*. -</ 

^ /^.""^^^

^4j^/1 ""^

«mm\iumitiiii|iiMiiiir"iiiui\\\» \

Watershed divide

200

I

Original survey scale 

I inch = IOO feet

400 FEET 

_I

FIGURE 1. Planimetric map of Last Day Gully, Wyo.

13
FIGURE 2. ^Part of Hudson, Wyo., 1:24^M)0 U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle map, showing 
FIGURE 3. Part of Lander, Wyo., 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey topographic map, showing loca
EXPLANATION OF COLUMN HEADINGS IN TABLES 1-18

Cross-section station and channel station: Station 

location is referred to 0+00 at the fence line at 

mouth of main channel. For example, 3+00 means 

300 feet upstream from the fence line. Stations along 

gully at which the cross sections A-B, C-B, and 

E-D occur are respectively 1 + 60, 2+50, and 7+20 

feet.

LB BM description: LB means left bank, facing downstream. LB BM is the left-bank bench mark, or 

reference point. The term "bench mark (BM)" 

refers to a 4-foot steel rod, 1%-inch diameter, driven 

into the ground and protruding about 6 inches. All 

bench marks have a brass identification tag attached 

which is imprinted with the bench-mark description, 

elevation, and LOG (an abbreviation for Last Day 

Gully).

RB BM description: Right-bank bench mark, or reference point. See also LB BMi description. 

LB BM and RB BM elevation: Elevations, in feet, are

referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 feet 

at the top of BM-A. The adding of 5,000 feet gives 

the approximate elevation above sea level.

Distance from LB BM: Distance, in feet, from leftbank bench mark toward righi>bank bench mark.

Elevation: Bench-mark elevations refer to the tops of 

the bench marks, and other elevations refer to the 

ground surface. Yearly variations in elevation for 

a given position on a sloping surface may not necessarily imply erosion or deposition of that amount 

because slight leeway in lateral placing of level rod 

gives variation in elevation. However, for flat or 

nearly flat surfaces, such as the channel bed, variations probably record actual changes. See also LB 

BM and RB BM elevation.

Erosion: Actual values, in feet, measured from pins 

driven into the ground. Negative values indicate 

deposition rather than erosion.

16
TABLE 1. Cross-section information

[See explanation of column headings preceding: tables]

Table

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Crosssection

station

-(0+85)

0-

8-

6-

9-

12-

15-

18-

21-

24-

27-

30-

f-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

-00

33+00 A-B

E-D

C-B

LB

BM

description

LB 0.85

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

A

E

C

LB

BM

elevation

(feet)

89.03

91.49

98.77

110.35

119.10

132.66

143.47

153.62

166.74

178.48

192.72

204.14

220.83

100.00

115.46

110.83

Distance

between

bench

marks

(feet)

100.0

60.0

50.0

85.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.2

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

100.0

142.0

120.0

282.0

RB

BM

RB

BM

description elevation

RB 0.85

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

B

D

B

(feet)

87.53

90.95

100.75

111.61

118.20

132.98

142.28

153.61

167.58

178.71

193.32

206.54

220.68

107.54

119.16

107.54

TABLE 2. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station (0+85)

[See explanation of column headings preceding: tables]

Distance 

from LB - 

BM

O(LBBM) 

0.0

5.0

10.0

13.0

15.0

16.0

16.5

17.5

17.8

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.3

22.0

22.6

23.0

23.5

25.0

27.0

27.2

28.0

28.5

29.5

30.0

31.0

32.0

35.0

40.0

41.5

42.0

44.0

45.0

47.0

47.5

48.0

49.0

50.0

52.0

55.0

60.0

62.0

65.0

70.0

73.0

73.5

75.0

76.5

77.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

100 (RB BM)

Elevation

Aug.

1962

89.03 

88.54

88.30

87.56

87.06

86.33

_

86.52

86.05

86.03

. 

86.21

86.29

85.88

_

85.85

. 

86.35

. 

86.19

86.20

85.95

. 

86.10

86.62

_

_

_

86.61

86.97

86.94

86.92

 -

87.00

87.03

86.89

86.85

86.85

86.92

86.92

86.88

87.53

June 

1963

89.03 

88.55

88.28

87.55

87.10

_

86.35

86.67

 .

. 

85.91

. 

85.77

86.78

 -

. 

86.38

. 

86.25

86.32

_

_

86.25

86.31

86.72

. _

86.64

86.95

86.92

. _

87.05

87.12

87.17

86.95

86.81

86.99

86.85

86.91

86.89

86.87

87.53

July 

196*5

89.03 

88.59

88.23

87.64

87.38

_

86.43

86.30

86.67

. 

. 

. 

. 

86.06

__

. 

86.14

. 

86.14

86.17

_

_ 

86.44

_

. _

. _

86.65

86.98

87.00

87.00

86.90

_ .

86.88

86.86

86.81

86.87

86.87

86.83

87.50

June 

1966

89.03 

88.53

88.14

87.65

87.39

87.24

86.92

86.45

86.32

86.48

86.66

. 

. 

86.54

. 

86.05

. 

86.05

. 

85.97

86.01

86.12

86.20

86.05

86.22

86.19

. _

86.32

86.39

86.78

86.64

86.52

86.71

86.92

86.87

87.08

86.94

86.85

86.87

_ 

86.90

86.75

86.77

86.81

86.90

86.88

86.87

87.54

TABLE 3: Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 0+00

[See explanation of column headings' preceding tables]

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

9.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

22.0

22.3

22.4

23.0

23.4

23.5

26.0

26.0

26.5

27.0

27.5

27.6

29.5

30.0

32.0

32.7

33.8

34.0

35.0

38.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

60(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

91.49

90.99

90.64

89.95

89.44

89.41

89.33

88.57

88.30

. .

88.31

. 

88.95

88.59

88.67

89.13

89.28

89.93

90.25

90.34

90.25

90.43

90.95

June 

1968

91.49

91.07

90.69

. _

89.96

89.47

89.42

89.23

. _

. _

_>

88.54

88.53

. 

88.64

_

. 

. 

. 

88.98

. 

88.87

89.19

89.25

89.93

90.27

90.38

90.27

90.50

90.95

July 

1965

91.49

91.03

90.70

. 

89.92

89.52

89.39

89.14

__

. 

. 

88.68

88.71

88.97

. 

89.05

. 

. _

. ,

89.25

89.91

90.37

90.28

90.27

90.40

90.93

June 

1966

91.49

91.03

90.64

90.28

89.99

89.44

89.38

89.36

 

__

88.73

__

88.63

 

. 

. 

. 

89.22

. 

89.02

. _

. 

89.29

89.81

89.91

90.27

90.27

90.25

90.39

90.96

TABLE 4. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 3+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

from LB - 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

10.0

12.0

15.0

20.0

24.0

24.3

25.0

25.4

25.8

26.0

27.0

27.8

28.5

30.0

30.8

31.7

35.0

37.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

98.77

98.30

98.18

97.88

_>

97.75

97.63

96.64

95.95

. 

95.42

95.45

. 

95.45

96.06

 .

97.66

. 

98.46

98.96

100.01

100.75

June 

1963

98.77

98.36

98.261

98.00

. _

97.79

97.68

. 

97.16

96.48

 -

95.80

__

95.55

. 

95.57

95.56

97.59

. 

98.46

98.96

100.03

100.77

July 

1965

98.77

98.33

98.20

98.00

. 

97.71

97.76

97.00

. 

95.77

. 

95.35

95.50

95.62

. 

98.26

98.42

98.96

100.02

100.75

June 

1966

98.77

98.28

98.18

97.92

97.62

97.74

97.72

97.16

. 

. 

95.81

. .

95.60

95.62

__

97.55

98.24

98.38

98.91

100.00

100.75

TABLE 5. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface

elevation, in feet, station 6+00 

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance fromLB 

BM Aug. 

1962

Elevation

June 

1963

July 

1965

June 

1966

O(LBBM) 110.35

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

16.5

16.7

109.98

108.71

107.86

106.99

110.35

110.04

108.73

107.84

107.00

106.65

110.35 110.35

110.01 109.95

108.76 108.75

107.80 107.82

107.15 107.16

106.97 

17
TABLE 5. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 6+00 Continued

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

TABLE 7. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 12+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

from LB - 

BM

17.0

20.0

20.5

20.9

21.0

21.9

22.9

23.0

24.3

245

25.0

26.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

540

55.0

58.0

58.3

59.0

59.5

60.0

62.5

63.0

65.0

67.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

85(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

106.37

. _ ,

103.64

108.60

 .

103.66

104.75

 .

106.31

106.59

106.49

105.95

106.01

106.60

104.62

 .

 .

104.57

106.23

106.84

107.61

108.40

109.36

110.71

111.61

June 

1963

_

10421

103.64

 .

103.60

103.60

103.5G

 .

103.98

_

 .

 .

106.32

106.63

106.44

105.95

106,00

105.68

 .

104.72

10447

104.94

106.24

106.81

 .

107.66

108.32

109.47

110.67

111.61

July 

1966

_

, .

103.80

103.59

103.59

103.69

__

__

 .

106.34

106.58

106.42

106.98

105.91

105.98

10444

 .

106.41

_ .

107.62

108.33

109.44

110.80

111.60

June 

1966

106.84

__

103.86

__

103.66

103.61

103.75

 .

105.97

106.41

106.58

106.42

105.90

105.99

105.68

10468

 .

10451

 .

_

106.43

107.24

107.62

108.38

109.53

110.69

111.61

Distance 

from LB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

7.8

10.0

14.5

14.6

15.fr

15.5

18.0

18.9

20.0

20.6

21.0

22.5

22.9

23.0

23.3

23.8

24.0

24.6

25.0

27.0

27.7

28.0

28.2

28.5

28.6

28.9

29.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

43.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

132.66

132.16

130.57

128.96

127.71

126.71

 .

123.72

123.23

123.13

_

124.47

_

_

_

 .

126.88

127.74

 .

128.10

128.88

129.94

131.18

132.37

132.98

June 

1963

132.66

132.23

130.59

129.86

129.01

127.71

126.81

 .

124.77

123.80

123.48

 .

123.37

 .

_

123.40

124.53

_

125.14

126.29

. 

127.76

128.16

128.94

129.95

131.22

132.45

132.99

July 

1965

132.66

132.20

130.57

128.96

127.80

126.83

__

_ 

123.13

123.13

123.28

124.39

 .

. 

_

 .

 .

126.78

. 

127.85

128.84

129.91

130.98

131.23

132.43

132.98

June 

1966

132.66

132.18

130.60

128.94

_ 

127.79

126.53

 .

__

 .

123.15

123.19

123.69

124.86

_

126.27

127.81

 .

. 

128.09

128.99

129.90

131.20

132.43

132.99

TABLE 6. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 9+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

10.0

12.5

15.0

16.5

18.0

18.2

19.0

19.5

20.0

21.0

25.0

25.5

26.8

26.3

26.7

27.0

27.3

27.7

28.1

28.4

28.5

30.0

31.0

32.0

33.0

33.5

33.8

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

119.10

118.26

118.03

117.69"

117.45

_

115.69

 .

116.60

115.69

115.61

 .

 .

 .

114.73

11474

114.72

115.22

117.10

117.13

116.84

116.97

117.44

118.20

June 

1963

119.10

118.30

118.04

117.73

117.47

 .

116.61

115.70

 .

_ .

115.88

114.96

_

115.12

_

115.12

 .

115.22

 .

116.17

117.12

117.12

116.93

116.99

117.47

118.21

July 

1965

119.10

118.26

118.01

117.66

117.33

117.46

115.90

 .

116.72

116.28

 .

115.60

114.75

114.72

114.80

_ .

115.53

117.04

116.82

116.99

117.44

118.20

June 

1966

119.10

118.25

117.99

117.64

117.33

117.45

116.88

115.86

115.92

116.71

116.25

115.64

_

_

114.80

114.72

115.26

. ,

_

16.96

_ .

__

117.10

116.86

116.97

117.42

118.20

TABLE 8. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 15+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance

fromLB

BM

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

June 

1963

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

7.5 

10.0 

15.0 

20.0 

22.6 

23.0

23.5

23.6

24.0

24.3

245

247

25.0

25.8

26.0

27.0

27.1

27.5

27.7

27.8

27.9

28.0 

28.8 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50.0 

50(BBBM)

143.47

142.82

141.69

140.03

138.81

138.84

138.08

135.96

135.90

136.15

136.31

138.19

138.75

138.77

140.15

141.22

141.77

142.28

143.47

142.84

141.65

141.07

139.99

138.74

138.71

138.37

13425

133.58

182.83

132.98

133.15

135.98

135.91

186.87

188.87

138.74

188.74

140.26

141.26

141.92

142.29

July 

1965

143.47

142.88

141.61

140.05

138.83

138.73

138.18

13432

134.26

133.28

133.14

135.72

136.32

138.26

138.68

138.74

140.28

141.20

141.89

142.28

June 

1966

143.47

142.82

141.63

140.07

138.88

138.74

138.26

133.85

134.01

136.00

136.29

136.42

138.67

138.74

140.13

141.22

141.82

142.29

18
TABLE 9. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 18+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance*

fromLB

BM

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

June 

1963

July 

1965

June 

1966

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0 

10.0 

13.0 

13.5 

15.0

15.3

15.4

15.7

16.4

16.5

16.6

16.7 

20.0 

25.0 

30.0 

35.0 

40.0 

45.0 

50.2 

59.2(RB BM)

153.62

152.98

151.30

150.96

150.63

149.79

149.25

149.18

149.88

150.33

150.47

150.48

150.33

151.00

152.33

153.08

153.61

153.62

152.94

151.34

150.97

149.66

149.23

149.14

148.89

148.84

150.03

150.23

150.53

150.57

150.35

150.99

152.23

153.11

153.61

153.62

152.91

151.33

150.92

150.56

149.70

148.84

148.72

149.96

150.32.

150.52

150.50

150.36

151.01

152.24

153.04

153.59

153.62

152.90

151.34

150.89

150.49

149.72

149.03

148.72

149.99

150.29

150.52

150.51

150.34

150.97

152.25

153.08

153.61

TABLE 10. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 21+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

from LB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

8.0

8.5

8.6

9.0

10.0

10.5

15.0

18.0

20.0

22.0

25.0

27.0

30.0

32.0

35.0

37.0

37.2

37.5

38.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

166.74

166.04

16421

161.86

161.54

161.74

162.25

162.80

163.59

164.75

165.77

166.06

166.70

167.02

167.58

June 

1963

166.74

166.08

164.01

161.79

161.61

_

161.77

162.26

162.83

__

163.68

_ 

164.83

^

165.90

_

166.17

166.72

167.03

167.58

July 

1965

166.74

166.06

164.20

161.95

161.60

161.56

161.75

161.82

162.62

162.97

163.83

165.79

_

_

166.13

166.73

167.02

167.57

June 

1966

166.74

166.09

164.21

161.79

_

161.75

 .

162.23

162.79

_

163.57

164.75

_

165.82

166.19

166.71

167.02

167.59

TABLE 11: Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 24+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance

fromLB

BM

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

June 

1963

July 

1965

Junto 

1966

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

7.5

8.0 

10.0 

10.7 

11.7 

13.0 

14.0 

15.0 

17.0 

18.0 

20.0 

20.2 

23.0 

23.3

178.48

178.06

175.83

174.44

174.38

173.38

173.13

173.03

178.48

178.01

175.80

174.35

174.12

173.76

173.40

173.23

173.19

175.01

178.48

177.98

175.82

174.60

174.20

173.48

173.15

173.19

173.00

174.92

178.48

177.96

175.75

174.55

174.26

173.35

173.04

TABLE 11. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 24+00 Continued

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance

from LB 

BM

23.6

24,0

25.0

26.5

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug.

1962

174.96

175.23

176.17

177.22

177.75

178.02

177.99

178.71

June

1963

_

175.49

_

176.23

177.31

177.76

178.01

178.00

178.71

July

1965

_

 

175.67

176.18

177.30

177.73

178.00

177.97

178.69

June

1966

174.98

 

176.12

177.24

177.82

178.01

177.99

178.72

TABLE 12. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 27+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

8.0

10.0

13.1

13.4

13.5

13.8.

14.0

14.2

14.5

15.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.1

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

192.72

191.97

190.35

_ _ ,

187.89

186.16

184.89

. 

184.95

186.14

. _

_

187.45

188.98

190.53

191.83

192.39

192.71

192.89

193.32

June. 

1963

192.72

192.01

190.28

189.25

188.10

185.95

185.02

. 

185.06

 _

185.27

186.32

187.46

189.03

190.53

191.86

192.43

192.73

192.96

193.34

July 

1966

192.72

192.04

190.28

187.90

186.03

. 

185.12

185.10

185.50

186.15

187.46

188.85

190.51

191.74

192.41

192.70

192,95

193.32

June 

1966

192.72

192.03

190.21

188.10

. 

185.93

185.38

185.16

185.52

186.28

187.46

188.89

190.44

191.77

192.41

192.71

192.94

193.33

TABLE 13. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 30+00

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

from LB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

15.4

15.5

17.5

17.7

17.8

20.0

21.0

21.4

21.5

23.0

23.1

23.5

25.0

27.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

50(RBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

204.14

203.38

204.50

201.74

200.72

198.20

198.45

_

200.21

200.78

201.83

202.90

203.92

204.79

205.24

206.44

June 

1963

204.14

203.48

202.56

201.71

200.82

200.65

198.28

_

198.51

 _

198.50

 .

200.17

200.96

201.43

201.83

202.82

203.82

204.77

205.31

206.44

July 

1966

204.14

203.46

202.58

201.68

200.82

198.40

 _

198.51

. 

 _

200.29

 _

201.49

201.86

202.84

203.83

204.75

205.32

206.44

June 

1966

204.14

203.43

202.64

201.76

200.81

 

198.60

. 

198.48

200.20

. 

__

201.40

201.90

202.88

203.85

204.76

205.32

206.45

19
TABLE 14. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station 33+00

[See explanation, of column headings preceding: tables]

Distance - 

fromLB 

BM

O(LBBM)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

lOO(BBBM)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

220.83

220.39

220.03

219.78

219.51

219.17

218.91

218.55

218.84

218.60

218.48

218.25

218.71

218.99

219.26

219.79

219.41

219.67

219.68

219.68

219.68

219.63

220.68

June 

1963

220.83

220.43

220.08

219.83

219.59

219.13

218.90

218.58

218.84

218.72

218.65

218.29

218.71

219.00

219.29

219.77

219.40

219.70

219.82

219.67

219.70

219.69

220.66

July 

1965

220.83

220.40

220.03

219.81

219.40

219.11

218.96

218.60

218.86

218.61

218.58

218.24

218.66

219.02

219.33

219.78

219.41

219.69

219.79

219.67

219.67

219.69

220.67

June 

1966

220.83

220.39

220.02

219.80

219.42

219.15

219.01

218.61

218.84

218.62

218.46

218.25

218.71

219.10

219.33

219.82

219.43

219.66

219.69

219.68

219.73

219.70

220.68

TABLE 15. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation and erosion, in feet, station A-B

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

O(BM-A)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

66.0

70.0

75.0

77.0

78.0

79.3

80.01

82.0

82.2

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

115.0

120.0

125.0

130.0

135.0

140.0

142.0

142(BAf-B)

Elevation

Aug. 

1962

100.00

99.66

99.51

99.20

98.75

98.16

97.46

96.45

95.86

95.24

94.82

94.58

94.67

94.78

94.50

94.55

94.53

94.07

93.33

91.70

91.74

91.86

92.41

93.23

94.56

95.46

96.64

97.84

98.88

100.16

101.70

103.37

104.37

105.31

105.84

105.71

107.54

June 

1963

_

0.010

.010

.010

.000

 .010

.015

.015

.010

.010

.010

.030

.010

.010

.000

.005

.000

. 

 .

_

 .100

.020

.050

.050

.050

.020

.030

 .020

.025

.115

.005

.010

.026

.020

Erosion, Aug.

July 

1966

_

0.010

.015

.010

 .010

 .020

.005

.015

.020

.025

.015

.030

.015

.025

 .015

.000

 .030

_

 .270

.005

.035

.055

.065

.055

.045

 .005

.040

.115

 .015

.010

.065

.006

1962 

June 

1966

_

0.010

.015

.010

 .010

 .020

.005

.015

.020

.025

.015

.030

.015

.025

 .015

.000

 .080

_

_

 .355

_ 

.030

.055

.055

.065

.035

.045

 .005

.050

.150

 .015

.010

.085

.006

i Channel bed.

TABLE 16. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation and erosion, in feet, station E-D

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Elevation

Distance 

from LB Aug. 

BM 1962

Erosion. Auer. 1962 

June 

1963

July 

1965

June 

1966

TABLE 16. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation and erosion, in feet, station E-D Continued

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Distance

,««u* T -Q from LID 

BM

10.01

12.0

14.0

16.02

16.7

17.0

18.08

19.5

20.0

22.0

24.0

24.2

26.0

218.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

112.0

114.0

116.0

118.0

120.0

120(£M-D)

i Channel wall.

2 Steep bank.

8 Channel bed.

Elevation

Aug.

1962

112.53

111.71

110.45

109.36

108.73

107.78

107.23

107.39

107.79

108.51

109.66

110.09

110.45

110.84

111.17

111.54

111.40

111.52

111.77

112.30

111.78

111.09

110.37

HO 05

110.66

111.13

111.38

112.08

113.40

114.58

116.22

116.98

117.63

117.97

118.44

118.85

119.16

June

1963

0.060

.070

.060

.180

 .020

.230

. .

.015

.040

.010

.000

.000

.000

.'015

.010

.020

.015

.025

.025

.000

.010

.000

.010

.020

.000

 .025

.000

.000

.015

.020

.000

Erosion, Aug.

July

1965

0.085

.090

.090

.520

 .220

.180

 .230

.000

.020

.040

.000

.005

.005

 .006

.035

.005

.035

 .005

.020

.016

 .025

.015

.010

 .005

.030

 .015

 .060

.010

.010

.020

.080

.005

1962 

June

1966

0.120

.140

.100

.630

. 

 .260

.095

 .230

.000

.020

.040

.000

 .005

.005

 .005

.020

.005

.035

 .005

.020

.015

 .025

.015

.000

 .005

.030

 .015

 .060

.010

.010

.020

.080

.025

TABLE 17. Cross-sectional survey of ground-surface 

elevation, in feet, station C-B

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

O(BM-E) 115.46

0.0 114.82

5.0 113.91

0.040

.010

0.050

.010

0.050

.010

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

O(BM-C)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

66.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

106.0

110.0

115.0

120.0

125.0

130.0

135.0

140.0

145.0

150.0

155.0

160.0

Elevation 

Aug. 1962

110.83

110.45

110.03

109.28

108.44

107.52

106.64

105.45

104.69

104.76

104.24

104.02

103.96

103.81

103.71

103.35

102.97

102.68

102.56

102.03

101.77

101.51

101.18

100.90

100.62

100.35

100.11

99.83

99.26

98.88

98.50

98.27

98.12

97.66

Distance 

fromLB 

BM

165.0

168.0

170.0

174.0

174.5

177.5

178.5

180.0

181.7

186.0

186.2

187.5

190.0

195.0

200.0

205.0

210.0

215.0

220.0

225.0

230.0

235.0

240.0

245.0

250.0

255.0

260.0

265.0

270.0

275.0

280.0

282.0

282(BM-B)

Elevation 

Aug. 1962

97.24

97.23

96.54

95.89

96.72

96.73

95.77

95.38

94.75

94.95

94.97

95.49

95.91

96.30

96.57

97.37

98.20

98.98

99.29

99.80

100.70

101.79

102.83

103.52

103.92

104.46

106.03

105.31

105.61

105.81

105.79

105.66

107.54

20
TABLE 18. Long profile of channel-bed elevation, in

feet, survey of August 7,1962 

[See explanation of column headings preceding' tables]

TABLE 18. Long profile of channel-bed elevation, in

feet, survey of August 7, 1962 Continued

[See explanation of column headings preceding tables]

Channel 

station

-U+50) -(1--25)

-(1-10)

-(1--00)

 (0--75)

-(0--50)

-(0--25)

OH-00 0--25

0--50

0+75

1+00

1+25

1+50

1+75

2+00

2- -25

2 --50

2- -75

3- -00

3- -25

3 --50

3- -75

4- -00

4- -25

4 --50

4- -75

5- -00

5- -25

5- -50

5- -75

6- -00

6- -25

6- -50

6- -75

7- -00

7- -25

7- -50

7- -75

8- -00

8+25

8+50

Elevation

83.95

84.02

84.73

85.31

86.46

87.20

87.92

88.32

88.58

89.18

89.68

90.12

90.98

91.41

92.01

92.87

93.32

94.26

94.96

95.43

95.90

96.60

97.35

97.99

98.71

99.74

100.49

100.96

101.49

102.05

102.78

103.59

104.21

104.93

105.87

106.58

107.22

108.10

109.06

109.64

111.19

112.30

Channel 

station

8+75

9- -00

9 --25

9- -50

9- -75

10- -00

10--25

10- -50

10- -75

11--00

11- -25

11 --50

11--75

12- -00

12- -25

12^-50

12- -75

13 --00

13--25

13- -50

13 --75

14^-00

14-i-25

14- -50

14- -75

15- -00

15- -00

15- -20

15- -20

15- -25

15- -50

15- -75

16- -00

16+25

16+50

16+75

17- -00

17- -25

17- -50

17- -75

18--00

Elevation

113.93

114.71

115.73

116.69

117.28

117.77

118.48

119.00

119.61

120.38

120.98

121.64

122.31

123.13

124.10

124.86

125.93

127.04

127.86

128.55

129.48

130.13

131.42

132.26

133.45

134.82

136.19

137.59

139.15

139.66

140.34

141.03

142.07

143.12

144.41

145.44

146.04

146.73

147.26

148.00

149.21

Channel 

station

18+25

18+50

18- -75

18- -75

19- -00

19- -25

19- -50

19- -75

20- -00

20- -25

20- -50

20- -75

20+81

20+85

21+00

21+25

21+50

21+75

22+00

22- -25

22- -50

22- -75

23 --00

23- -25

23- -46

23 --47

23 --48

23 --50

23- -75

24- -00

24- -25

24- -50

24- -75

25- -00

25- -25

25- -50

25- -75

25+83

25+87

26+00

26+25

Elevation

150.84

151.07

151.90

151.90

152.48

154.20

155.04

155.49

156.26

156.95

158.12

158.73

158.26

159.91

161.5&

162.08

162.75

164.19

164.95

165.27

165.60

166.16

166.90

168.50

169.66

170.06

170.82

171.01

172.16

173.05

174.42

174.98

176.29

177.53

178.49

179.58

180.33

180.62

181.37

181.95

182,64

Channel 

station

26+50

26+75

27+00

27+25

27+50

27+75

28+00

28+25

28+50

28- -75

28- -96

28- -97

29- -00

29- -12

29- -16

29- -25

29- -32

29- -50

29 --75

30- -00

30- -25

30- -35

30- -35

30- -50

30- -75

31- -00

31- -25

31- -50

31- -75

32- -00

32- -25

32+30

32+32

32- -50

32 --75

33- -00

33- -25

33- -50

33- -75

34- -00

34- -25

Elevation

183.28

183.95

184.84

186.83

187.71

188.87

190.03

190.64

191.00

191.80

192.47

193.33

193.56

194.52

196.89

196.48

195.91

197.44

197.86

198.20

198.60

199.35

201.64

202.55

203.80

204.83

205.64

207.53

209.23

210.96

211.97

212.40

213.80

215.17

216.85

218.20

219.97

221.92

223.91

226.05

223.49

21

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1968 O - 298-025

Site name

VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

Location

Card No. 

Type 

Date __

Principal site investigator. Address

Purposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance):

Channel change Erosion ___ Sedimentation ___ Mass movement ___ Vegetation

Number and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Stream channels

Channel cross sections .

Scour chains ___

Bed profile ___

Water-surface profile .

Discharge:

Crest-stage gage , 

Gaging station __

Suspended sediment 

Chemical ___ 

Other (specify) ____

Vegetation 

Transects ___ 

Quadrats ___ 

Grasses ___, shrubs

trees ___ 

Tree-ring data ___ 

Other (specify) ___

Hillslopes

Erosion stakes ______ 

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____ 

Cliff-recession markers _ 

Profiles _________ 

Water runoff _______ 

Other (specify) ____

Other

Reservoir sedimentation 

Rain gage _________ 

Soil chemistry ______ 

Soil moisture _______ 

Particle size:

Streambed ______ 

Bank _________ 

Hillslope _______ 

Pollen _________

Further data*

If a basin, drainage area _ 

If a plot _________ 

Elev_________ 

Ann. precipitation ______ 

Relief _________

Other (specify)

Geology: 

Vegetation: 

Hydrology: 

Photography: 

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English
Site name

VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

__ Location

Card No. 

Type 

Date ___

Principal site investigator Address

Purposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance): 

Channel change ___ Erosion ___ Sedimentation ___ Mass movement

Number and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Vegetation

Stream channels 

Channel cross sections . 

Scour chains ___ 

Bed profile ___ 

Water-surface profile . 

Discharge:

Crest-stage gage .

Gaging station __

Suspended sediment 

Chemical ___ 

Other (specify) ____

Hillslopes

Erosion stakes ______ 

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____ 

Cliff-recession markers _ 

Profiles _________ 

Water runoff _______ 

Other (specify) ____

Vegetation

Transects. 

Quadrats _ 

Grasses _

trees ___ 

Tree-ring data _ 

Other (specify)

shrubs

Other

Reservoir sedimentation 

Rain gage _________ 

Soil chemistry _______ 

Soil moisture _______ 

Particle size:

Streambed ______ 

Bank_________

Hillslope _ 

Pollen ______ 

Other (specify)

Further data*

If a basin, drainage area _ 

If a plot _________ 

Elev_________ 

Ann. precipitation ______ 

Relief _________ 

Geology:

Vegetation: 

Hydrology: 

Photography: 

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English
Site name

VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

__ Location

Card No. 

Type 

Date 

Principal site investigator. Address

Purposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance): 

Channel change ___ Erosion ___ Sedimentation ___ Mass movement

Number and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Vegetation

Stream channels 

Channel cross sections . 

Scour chains ___ 

Bed profile ___ 

Water-surface profile . 

Discharge:

Crest-stage gage .

Gaging station 

Hillslopes 

Erosion stakes _______

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____

Suspended sediment 

Chemical ___ 

Other (specify) ____

Cliff-recession markers 

Profiles_________ 

Water runoff ______ 

Other (specify) ___

Vegetation

Transects. 

Quadrats _ 

Grasses _

trees ___ 

Tree-ring data _ 

Other (specify)

shrubs

Other

Reservoir sedimentation 

Rain gage _________ 

Soil chemistry ______ 

Soil moisture _______ 

Particle size:

Streambed ______ 

Bank_________

Hillslope _ 

Pollen ______ 

Other (specify)

Further data*

If a basin, drainage area _ 

If a plot _________ 

Elev_________ 

Ann. precipitation ______ 

Relief _________ 

Geology:

Vegetation: 

Hydrology: 

Photography: 

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English
Site name

VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

Location

Card No. 

Type 

Date ___

Principal site investigator. Address

Purposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance):

Channel change Erosion ___ Sedimentation ___ Mass movement ___ Vegetation

Number and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Stream channels 

Channel cross sections . 

Scour chains ___ 

Bed profile ___ 

Water-surface profile . 

Discharge:

Crest-stage gage .

Gaging station __

Suspended sediment 

Chemical ___ 

Other (specify) ____

Vegetation 

Transects ___ 

Quadrats ___ 

Grasses ___, shrubs 

trees___

Tree-ring data _ 

Other (specify)

Hillslopes

Erosion stakes ______ 

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____ 

Cliff-recession markers _ 

Profiles_________ 

Water runoff _______ 

Other (specify) ____

Other

Reservoir sedimentation 

Rain gage _________ 

Soil chemistry _______ 

Soil moisture _______ 

Particle size:

Streambed 

Bank___

Hillslope. 

Pollen ____

Further data*

If a basin, drainage area _ 

If a plot _________ 

Elev________

Ann. precipitation ______ 

Relief _________

Other (specify)

Geology: 

Vegetation: 

Hydrology: 

Photography: 

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English
Site name

VIGIL NETWORK SITE 

INDEX CARD

__ Location

Card No. 

Type 

Date __

Principal site investigator. Address

Purposes (check; if more than one, number in order of importance): 

Channel change Erosion Sedimentation ___ Mass movement

Number and type of observations (if applicable, write number of such installations):

Vegetation

Stream channels 

Channel cross sections . 

Scour chains ___ 

Bed profile ___ 

Water-surface profile . 

Discharge:

Crest-stage gage .

Gaging station __

Suspended sediment 

Chemical ___ 

Other (specify) ____

HUlslopes

Erosion stakes ______ 

Mass-movement pins _ 

Painted rock lines ____ 

Cliff-recession markers _ 

Profiles_________ 

Water runoff _______ 

Other (specify) ____

Further data*

If a basin, drainage area _ 

If a plot _________ 

Elev_________ 

Ann. precipitation ______ 

Relief _________

Vegetation

Transects. 

Quadrats _ 

Grasses _

trees ___ 

Tree-ring data _ 

Other (specify)

shrubs

Other

Reservoir sedimentation 

Rain gage _________ 

Soil chemistry ______ 

Soil moisture _______ 

Particle size:

Streambed ______ 

Bank_________ 

Hillslope _______ 

Pollen _________

Other (specify)

Geology:

Vegetation:

Hydrology:

Photography:

Other:

* Include units of measurement, metric 

or English